Indo-European

/ˌɪndəʊˌjʊəɹəˈpiːən/

Coined by English polymath Thomas Young in 1813, from Indo- + European, relating to the geographical extremes in India and Europe (which was valid before the discovery of Tocharian languages in the early 20th century).

coin

Two theories of the origins of the Indo-Europeans currently compete. M. Gimbutas believes that early Indo-Europeans entered southeastern Europe from the Pontic Steppes starting ca. 4500 B.C. and spread from there. C. Renfrew equates early Indo-Europeans with early farmers who entered southeastern Europe from Asia Minor ca. 7000 BC and spread through the continent.

1992, R.R. Sokal, N.L. Oden, B.A. Thomson, “Origins of the Indo-Europeans: genetic evidence”, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 89, →DOI, →PMID:

Thus, although at least one term for ‘alder’ can be reconstructed to PIE, the wide distribution of this tree prevents it from being diagnostic of the earlier location of the Indo-Europeans.

1997, J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, “ALDER”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, →ISBN, page 12:

(anthropology, archaeology, linguistics) A member of the original ethnolinguistic group hypothesized to have spoken Proto-Indo-European and thus to have been the ancestor for most of India and Western Eurasia.

հնդեվրոպացի

member of Proto-Indo-European ethnolinguistic group


transcultural

(sociology, anthropology) Extending through more than one human culture.

ylikulttuurinen

extending through more than one human culture


transcultural

pt-adj

transcultural m or f (plural transculturais)

[tɾɐ̃ʃ.kuʊ̯.tuˈɾaʊ̯]

(sociology, anthropology) transcultural (that involves different cultures; relating to different cultures)


man

Tok Pisin: man

→ Cantonese: man

→ Chinook Jargon: man

→ Korean: 맨 (maen)

→ Mandarin: man (mān)

→ Spanish: man

→ Thai: แมน (mɛɛn)

→ Volapük: man

From Middle English man, from Old English mann m (“human being, person, man”), from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann- m, from Proto-Indo-European *mon- (“human being, man”). Doublet of Manu.

mang

dialectal rendering, suggesting a Spanish accent

mane

dialectal rendering, suggesting an AAVE accent

mon

used in the vocative, in places such as Jamaica and Shropshire in England

a woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle

a woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle

behind every great man there stands a woman

behind every successful man there stands a woman

every man is the architect of his own fortune

give a man a fish and you feed him for a day

teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

the best laid plans of mice and men go oft astray

the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry

The evidence suggests that close relatives of early man, in lineages that later became extinct, also were able to use tools.

1990, The Almanac of Science and Technology, →ISBN, page 68:

(anthropology, archaeology, paleontology) A member of the genus Homo, especially of the species Homo sapiens.


tribe

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tribe, tribu, from Old French tribu, from Latin tribus. Doublet of tribus.

the Twelve Tribes of Israel; Germanic tribes; Celtic tribes

The Formation of Kazakh Identity: From Tribe to Nation-state

(history, anthropology) An ethnic group larger than a band or clan (and which may contain clans) but smaller than a nation (and which in turn may constitute a nation with other tribes). The tribe is often the basis of ethnic identity.


archaic

From archaism (“ancient or obsolete phrase or expression”) or from French archaïque, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊκός (arkhaïkós, “old-fashioned”), from ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “from the beginning, antiquated, ancient, old”), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning, origin”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I am first”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).

der

[...] prefer the third explanation for the advanced-looking features of Neandertals (Chapter 7) and the Ngandong hominins (Chapter 6), but they have had little to say about the post-Erectine archaics from China.

(paleoanthropology) (A member of) an archaic variety of Homo sapiens.


sedentary

en-adj

sedentary (comparative more sedentary, superlative most sedentary)

more sedentary (comparative)
most sedentary (superlative)

migratory

antonym(s) of “living in a fixed geographical location”

From Middle French sédentaire, from Latin sedentārius (“sitting”), from sedeō (“I sit, I am seated”).

(anthropology, of a human population) Living in a fixed geographical location; the opposite of nomadic.


katana

katanka (diminutive)
katana (nominative singular)
katany (nominative plural)
katany (genitive singular)
katan (genitive plural)
katanie (dative singular)
katanom (dative plural)
katanę (accusative singular)
katany (accusative plural)
kataną (instrumental singular)
katanami (instrumental plural)
katanie (locative singular)
katanach (locative plural)
katano (singular vocative)
katany (plural vocative)

(ethnography) a twin caftan worn in some regional Polish folk costumes for women

(ethnography) a type of covering in men's folk costumes that reaches one's ankles

(ethnography, historical, military) a short-tailed jacket worn by soldiers in the 18th century


state

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Latin statuslbor.
Old French estatbor.
Middle English stat
English state
From Middle English stat (as a noun); adopted c. 1200 from both Old French estat and Latin status (“manner of standing, attitude, position, carriage, manner, dress, apparel; and other senses”), from stare (“to stand”). Doublet of estate and status. The sense of "polity" develops in the 14th century. Compare French être, Greek στέω (stéo), Italian stare, Portuguese estar, Romanian sta, and Spanish estar.

der

something is rotten in the state of Denmark

there is something rotten in the state of Denmark

(anthropology) A society larger than a tribe. A society large enough to form a state in the sense of a government.


熟

→ Thai: สุก (sùk)

→ Zhuang: sug

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯwɢ): phonetic 孰 (OC *djɯwɢ, “cooked; ripe”) + semantic 灬 (“fire”) – cooked with fire.
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Proto-Kiranti (*tʰok ~ tʰuk, "ripen; cooked") (Schuessler, 2007)

Han compound

熟黎

(historical ethnography) civilized; settled


生

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. A conservative version is 𤯓, which is unrelated to 㞷 (匩 > 匡) and 𡴀 > 丰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese is *sraeng, but it comes from an earlier *srjaeng, as seen in Wang Renxu's edition of the Qieyun.

och-l

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

生黎

(historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage


AI

en-noun

AI (countable and uncountable, plural AIs)

Audio (US)

(linguistics, anthropology) Initialism of atavistic-idiosyncratic.


function

From Middle French function, from Old French fonction, from Latin functiō (“performance, execution”), from functus, perfect participle of fungor (“to perform, execute, discharge”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy”).

دَالَّة

mathematics: a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs

(anthropology) The role of a social practice in the continued existence of the group.


judo

eo-head

judo (accusative singular judon, plural judoj, accusative plural judojn)

judon (accusative singular)
judoj (plural)
judojn (accusative plural)

Borrowed from German Jude, Latin iudaeus.

Katolikoj, protestantoj, ortodoksuloj, judoj, islamanoj, budhanoj kaj aliaj estis membroj de tiu internacia aŭ supernacia societo.

1983, Claude Piron, chapter 21, in Gerda malaperis!, Brazil: Chapecó Fonto, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-11-07:

Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists and others were members of this international or supernational society.


Mongolian

en-adj

Mongolian (comparative more Mongolian, superlative most Mongolian)

more Mongolian (comparative)
most Mongolian (superlative)

Originally from Mongol + -ian, a translation (1706) of the German mongolisch, mongalisch. Subsequently, from the name of the country of Mongolia + -an.

The Mongolian variety inhabits eastern Asia, Finland, and Lapland in Europe, and includes the Esquimaux of North America.

1828, John Stark, Elements of natural history:

The white (or Caucasian), the yellow (or Mongolian), and the black (or Ethiopian)

1834, Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, volume II:

It was not so much their Mongolian features that impressed everyone...

1990, Louis de Bernières, The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts:

(anthropology, dated) Resembling or having some of the characteristic physical features of the mongoloid racial type.


Aberdonian

From Medieval Latin Aberdonia (“Aberdeen”) + -an.

(British English, Scotland, ethnography) A citizen or inhabitant of, or person born in, Aberdeen, NE Scotland.


culture

en-noun

culture (countable and uncountable, plural cultures)

From Middle French culture (“cultivation; culture”), from Latin cultūra (“cultivation; culture”), from cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“till, cultivate, to grow, worship”) (related to colōnus and colōnia), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”).

der

(anthropology) Any knowledge passed from one generation to the next, not necessarily with respect to human beings.

ܡܲܪܕܘܼܬܵܐ

anthropology: any knowledge passed from one generation to the next


bark

sq-noun

bark m (plural barqe, definite barku, definite plural barqet)

barqe (plural)
barku (definite)
barqet (definite plural)
bark (indefinite nominative singular)
barku (definite nominative singular)
barqe (indefinite nominative plural)
barqet (definite nominative plural)
bark (accusative indefinite singular)
barkun (accusative definite singular)
barqe (accusative indefinite plural)
barqet (accusative definite plural)
barku (dative indefinite singular)
barkut (dative definite singular)
barqeve (dative indefinite plural)
barqeve (dative definite plural)
barku (ablative indefinite singular)
barkut (ablative definite singular)
barqesh (ablative indefinite plural)
barqeve (ablative definite plural)

From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰor-uko-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”). Compare Messapic βάρυκα (báruka). A doublet of bie, barrë, and barrë.

Janë të një barku

(ethnography) lineage, all offspring of the same mother


MBD

en-noun

MBD (countable and uncountable, plural MBDs)

Four kinds of first-cousin marriages are possible. A man could marry (1) his father's brother's daughter (FBD), (2) his mother's brother's daughter (MBD), (3) his father's sister's daughter (FZD), or (4) his mother's sister's daughter[…]

2015 January 4, Bobbi S. Low, Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look at Human Behavior - Revised Edition, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(anthropology) Initialism of mother's brother's daughter.


PIE

(linguistics, anthropology, etc.) Initialism of Proto-Indo-European.


band

Cantonese: band

→ German: Band (colloquial)

→ Japanese: バンド (bando)

→ Korean: 밴드 (baendeu)

Derived from Middle English band, from Old French bande, from Old Occitan banda (“regiment of troops”), perhaps from Frankish *bend, from Proto-Germanic *bandiz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie; bond, band”). Compare German Bande (“band”).

der

(anthropology) A small group of people living in a simple society, contrasted with tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

banda

anthropology: small group of people living in a simple society


clan

→ Catalan: clan

→ Danish: klan

→ Dutch: clan

→ French: clan
→ Turkish: klan

→ Galician: clan

→ German: Clan

→ Italian: clan

→ Norwegian Bokmål: klan

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: klan

→ Polish: klan

→ Russian: клан (klan)

→ Portuguese: clan, clã

→ Spanish: clan

→ Swedish: klan

Borrowed from Irish clann (“offspring, children of the family”) and Scottish Gaelic clann, both from Old Irish cland, borrowed from Old Welsh plant, itself borrowed from Latin planta (“shoot, offspring”). Doublet of plant and planta.

отог

group of relatives with some degree of political organization

Coordinate term: lineage

(anthropology) A group of people all descended from a common ancestor, in fact or belief, especially when the exact genealogies are not known.


tra

sq-noun

tra m (plural trerë, definite trari, definite plural trerët)

trerë (plural)
trari (definite)
trerët (definite plural)


Proto-Indo-European

/ˌpɹəʊ̯təʊ̯ˌɪndə(ʊ̯)ˌjʊə̯ɹəˈpiːən/

/ˌpɹoʊ̯toʊ̯ˌɪndoʊ̯ˌjʊɹəˈpi.ən/

(anthropology, countable) A person who spoke the Proto-Indo-European language.


Proto-Indo-European

/ˌpɹəʊ̯təʊ̯ˌɪndə(ʊ̯)ˌjʊə̯ɹəˈpiːən/

/ˌpɹoʊ̯toʊ̯ˌɪndoʊ̯ˌjʊɹəˈpi.ən/

(linguistics, anthropology) Of or pertaining to the Proto-Indo-European language, or the people who spoke it.

նախահնդեվրոպական

pertaining to the Proto-Indo-European language, or the people who spoke it — see also Indo-European


patrilineal

The Xhosa are a proud and patrilineal people with an expressive and euphonious language and an abiding belief in the importance of laws, education and courtesy.

1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London: Abacus, published 2010, page 4:

(anthropology) Pertaining to descent through male lines.


patrilineal

es-adj

patrilineal m or f (masculine and feminine plural patrilineales)

patrilineales (feminine masculine plural)


Aryan

General American, Mary–marry–merry merger

From Sanskrit आर्य (ā́rya, “noble; noble one”) + -n. The Sanskrit word is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *áryas (the original Indo-Iranian autonym). Borrowed into English in the 19th century, at first as a term for the Indo-Iranian languages, and later partly extended to the Indo-European languages and peoples following a theory by Friedrich Schlegel that connected the Indo-Iranian words arya/ā́rya with German Ehre (“honor”) and some older Germanic names, thus assuming that it was the original Indo-European autonym meaning "the honorable people". The original meaning of the Indo-Iranian autonym and its possible Indo-European origin/cognates are disputed (see the Wikipedia article for further details).
The same Proto-Indo-Iranian root is the ultimate source of the country name Iran.

der

[The] Caucasian race includes two sub-races, — the Xantho-chroic and Melanochroic of Huxley. The seat of this race is Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia, its linguistic division being into Aryans, Semites, and Hamites.

1892, Charles Morris, The Aryan Race: Its Origins and Its Achievements:

The surest principle of classification is based on language, but the results must be tested by a study of the physical characteristics of the various races. According to this method of classification, the races of the world may be divided as follows: Aryan, Semitic, Hamitic, Turanian, Negroid. The name Caucasian is generally applied to the first three divisions, — Aryans, Semites, and Hamites. Aryan. — This includes the ancient Hindus […] the Persians, Greeks, Italians, Celts, Teutons, and Slavs.

1900, Frank Moore Colby, Outlines of General History:

(ethnography, dated) A subdivision of the Caucasian racial and linguistic grouping, when that grouping is defined as consisting of Aryans, Semites, and Hamites.

အာရိယန်

in ethnography, a subdivision of the Caucasian race


hombre

Chavacano: hombre

→ English: hombre

→ French: hombre
→ English: ombre

→ Papiamentu: hòmber

Inherited from Old Spanish omne, from Latin hominem, homō, from Old Latin hemō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ (“earthling”). The Old Spanish form omne was first dissimilated to omre and then a gliding sound -b- arose before the -r-. Compare the same development in hambre and nombre.

manos besa el hombre, que querría ver cortadas

(anthropology, archaeology, paleontology) man, (individual of the species Homo sapiens, the genus Homo, or the subtribe Hominina)


Yup'ik

Borrowed from Yup'ik Yup'ik (“real person”), from Proto-Eskimo *iŋuɣpiɣ, from *iŋuɣ (“human, person”).

(ethnology) A member of an Eskimo people of western and southwestern Alaska.


affine

1970 [Routledge and Kegan Paul], Raymond Firth, Jane Hubert, Anthony Forge, Families and Their Relatives: Kinship in a Middle-Class Sector of London, 2006, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 135,
The element of personal idiosyncracy may be expected to be most marked in regard to affines (i.e. those related by marriage) and particularly with the consanguines of affines, who are linked by still more tenuous bonds. There are many possible degrees of affinal relationship here, but broadly affines separate into two main types: spouse of consanguine of Ego, and consanguine of spouse of Ego—exemplified by my brother's wife, and my wife's brother.

In contrast to bonds of kaḅisu membership, which require ritual maintenance and can produce intense factional rivalries, and those of affines, which demand ongoing exchanges, unmediated relations of blood are created by nothing more than physical procreation.[…]People's ability to swivel between these two rhetorical possibilities reflects the inherent tension that lies between affines, who are both others and extensions of oneself.

1997, Webb Keane, Signs of Recognition: Powers and Hazards of Representation in an Indonesian Society, University of California Press, page 51:

For the Cubeo the Vekürüwá and Okómiwa were, as they say, designated to be their affines, in a manner that was calculated to emphasize their similarities rather than the formal differences that set contemporary intermarriages apart. I suspect that Cubeo themselves sense that an excessive intimacy with the contingent of affines may have been suitable for a formative period of still ambiguous distinctions, but not for the real social world.

2004, Irving Goldman, Cubeo Hehénewa Religious Thought, Columbia University Press, page 64:

(anthropology, genealogy) A relative by marriage.


lithic

(anthropology) A stone tool or projectile


robust

en-adj

robust (comparative more robust or (uncommon) robuster, superlative most robust or (uncommon) robustest)

more robust (comparative)
robuster (comparative uncommon)
most robust (superlative)
robustest (superlative uncommon)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-robust.wav

robust association of massive baryonic objects

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an individual or skeletal element: strongly built; muscular; not gracile.


ethnology

en-noun

ethnology (usually uncountable, plural ethnologies)

(anthropology) The branch of anthropology that studies and compares the different human cultures.


negroid

en-adj

negroid (comparative more negroid, superlative most negroid)

more negroid (comparative)
most negroid (superlative)

They were human and yet not human. I should say that they were a little higher in the scale of evolution than Ahm, possibly occupying a place of evolution between that of the Neanderthal man and what is known as the Grimaldi race. Their features were distinctly negroid, though their skins were white. A considerable portion of both torso and limbs were covered with short hair, and their physical proportions were in many aspects apelike, though not so much so as were Ahm's. They carried themselves in a more erect position, although their arms were considerably longer than those of the Neanderthal man. As I watched them, I saw that they possessed a language, that they had knowledge of fire and that they carried besides the wooden club of Ahm, a thing which resembled a crude stone hatchet. Evidently they were very low in the scale of humanity, but they were a step upward from those I had previously seen in Caspak.

1918 September–November, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The Land That Time Forgot”, in The Blue Book Magazine, Chicago, Ill.: Story-press Corp., →OCLC; republished as chapter VIII, in Hugo Gernsback, editor, Amazing Stories, (please specify |part=I to III), New York, N.Y.: Experimenter Publishing, 1927, →OCLC:

(anthropology, dated, offensive) Pertaining to a racial classification of humanity including people indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa and their diaspora in other parts of the world.


negroid

"Round-headed," he muttered. "Brachycephalic, gray-eyed, black-haired, with suggestion of the negroid. Celtic, I presume?"

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

(anthropology, dated, offensive) A person with characteristics of Africans, particularly coiled hair and dark skin.


negroid

negroid (indefinite positive)
negroit (indefinite neuter positive singular)
negroida (indefinite plural positive)
negroide (archaic indefinite masculine plural positive)
negroide (definite masculine positive singular)
negroida (definite positive)

(especially anthropology, dated, offensive) negroid


negroid

negroid (indefinite nominative singular)
negroids (genitive indefinite singular)
negroiden (definite nominative singular)
negroidens (definite genitive singular)
negroider (indefinite nominative plural)
negroiders (genitive indefinite plural)
negroiderna (definite nominative plural)
negroidernas (definite genitive plural)

(anthropology, dated, offensive) a negroid


matrilineal

/ˌmeɪtɹɪˈlɪnɪəl/

Kerala traditionally has matrilineal inheritance.

Enkidu expresses the values of nature, matrilineal conservatism, and the populism of the assembly, the assembly of village elders from the days before military dictatorship.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 191:

(anthropology) Tracing descent only through female ancestors.


matrilineal

ماتريلينيال (Jawi)


matrilineal

es-adj

matrilineal m or f (masculine and feminine plural matrilineales)

matrilineales (feminine masculine plural)


alterity

en-noun

alterity (countable and uncountable, plural alterities)

Nominal declensions, verbal case endings, gerundival constructions, in short, the full range of grammatical alterations—for which Sanskrit has a particular genius and meticulous order—announce language itself as a field of alterity.

2014, Dan Lusthaus, Buddhist Phenomenology, →ISBN:

(philosophy, anthropology) Otherness; the entity in contrast to which an identity is constructed.


hebreo

eo-head

hebreo (accusative singular hebreon, plural hebreoj, accusative plural hebreojn)

hebreon (accusative singular)
hebreoj (plural)
hebreojn (accusative plural)

Kristanoj, hebreoj, aŭ mohametanoj,
Ni ĉiuj de Di' estas filoj.

1933, L. L. Zamenhof, “Preĝo sub la verda standardo”, in The British Esperantist:

Christians, Jews, or Muslims,
We are all sons of God.

(ethnography, religion, dated) Jew, Hebrew


abbandono

(ethnology) a funeral custom wherein the body is left on the ground as food for wild animals and birds


clever

en-adj

clever (comparative cleverer or more clever, superlative cleverest or most clever)

cleverer (comparative)
more clever (comparative)
cleverest (superlative)
most clever (superlative)

dull

antonym(s) of “smart, intelligent or witty”

ineffectual

antonym(s) of “resourceful, perhaps cunning”

→ German: clever

→ Limburgish: klevver

From East Anglian dialectal English cliver (“expert at seizing”), from Middle English cliver (“tenacious”).
* perhaps from Old English *clifer, clibbor (“clinging”);
* or perhaps from Dutch, Low German, or East/Saterland Frisian (compare kluftich (“clever, prudent”), probably derived from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban (“to cleave, split”));
* or dialectal Norwegian klover (“ready, skillful”), itself borrowed from Middle Low German klever, related to kleven (“to stick”), from Old Saxon klibōn, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, related to the Old English word above;
* possibly influenced by Old English clifer (“claw, hand”) (compare clawian (“to claw”)).
Related to cleave. Perhaps influenced by Welsh celfydd (“talented, dexterous, expert”).

cog

When a clever man is out hunting and comes across the tracks of, say, a kangaroo, he follows them along and talks to the footprints all the time for the purpose of injecting magic into the animal which made them.

1904, Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, volume XXXVIII, page 255:

Prior to this, the two women, who were “clever,” and possessed a certain amount of magical “power,”[…].

1947, Oceania,, volumes 16-17, page 330:

Fred is the clever fellow or tribal doctor who practises with the Kuku-Yalanji people. The tribal doctor’s work includes curing sickness, finding out the causes of death, predicting the future and making and stopping rain.

1991, John & Sue Erbacher, Aborigines of the Rainforest:

(anthropology, of an Aboriginal Australian) Possessing magical abilities.


xanthous

The xanthous variety springs up out of every black-haired race.

1841, James Cowles Prichard et al., Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind, page 227:

[…] the xanthous, or fair class, comprises those who have brown, auburn, yellow, flaxen, or red hair; […]

1842, James Laurie, System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi, London: Stevenson & Co., page 106:

(archaic, ethnology) Pertaining to people with yellowish, red, auburn, or brown hair.


cranium

From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”).

uder

In this study, the cranium recovered from the River Witham in Lincoln exhibited a black metallic staining on the surfaces of the teeth.

2014, Emma L. Brown, Ronald A. Dixon, Jason W. Birkett, “The Discolouration of Human Teeth from Archaeological Contexts: Elemental Analysis of a Black Tooth from a Roman Cranium Recovered from the River Witham, Lincoln, UK”, in Journal of Anthropology, volume 2014, →DOI:

(anthropology, informal) The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible).

cranio

upper part of skull without the mandible


banda

From Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐍉 (bandwō, “sign, token”).


decorum

decorum (nominative singular)
decora (nominative plural)
decorum (genitive singular)
decorów (genitive plural)
decorum (dative singular)
decorom (dative plural)
decorum (accusative singular)
decora (accusative plural)
decorum (instrumental singular)
decorami (instrumental plural)
decorum (locative singular)
decorach (locative plural)
decorum (singular vocative)
decora (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin decōrum. Doublet of dekoracja and dekorować.

(anthropology) decorum (appropriate social behavior; propriety)


gens

Bilecik Province
Marcus Aurelius
Roman emperor

Borrowed from Latin gēns (“gens; people, tribe”), from Proto-Italic *gentis, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis (“birth; production”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”) + *-tis (suffix forming abstract or action nouns from verb roots). Doublet of kind, genesis, and jati. See also gender, generate, gentile, genus; also Latin gigno (“I bring forth”).

gentile

of or pertaining to a gens or several gentes

The Kamilaroi are divided into six gentes, standing with reference to the right of marriage, in two divisions, […] Originally the first three gentes were not allowed to intermarry with each other, because they were subdivisions of an original gens; but they were permitted to marry into either of the other gentes, and vice versâ.

1877, Lewis H[enry] Morgan, “Organization of Society upon the Basis of Sex”, in Ancient Society: Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →OCLC, part II (Growth of the Idea of Government), pages 51–52:

The taboos, the laws, the rules of gentes, tribes, and nations, from the lowest to the highest, are upheld by a vague terror and sacred awe which society impresses on man by threats of ill-luck, fearful evil, and terrible punishments befalling sinners and transgressors of the tabooed, of the holy and the forbidden, charged with a mysterious, highly contagious, and virulently infective life-consuming energy.

1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress, Boston, Mass.: Richard G. Badger, the Gorham Press, →OCLC, page 25:

While a woman and a man [who are native Hawaiians] primarily establish a family, they nonetheless remain members of different genses, and it is only as members of different genses that they are able to set up the family. At the same time, the children belong to the family of their parents, but owing to the validity of their mother's side—exclusively, to the gens of their mother. Thus, the members of one and the same family, the closest blood-related community, are members of two different genses.

2006, Dzemal Sokolovic, “Man (between Individualism and Totalitarianism)”, in Nation vs. People: Bosnia is Just a Case, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, →ISBN, part I (Man and Social Grouping), page 15:

(anthropology) A tribal subgroup whose members are characterized by having the same descent, usually along the male line.


monogenesis

en-noun

monogenesis (usually uncountable, plural monogeneses)

/mɒnəˈd͡ʒɛnəsɪs/

Some held that negritude was a product of living under the tropical sun, a perhaps beneficial adaptation to a fierce climate – an environmentalist solution chiming with monogenesis and Lockean malleability models.

2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Penguin, published 2004, page 248:

(anthropology) The theory that mankind originated with a single ancestor or ancestral couple.


insular

en-adj

insular (comparative more insular, superlative most insular)

more insular (comparative)
most insular (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin insularis (“of or belonging to an island”), from insula (“an island”), perhaps, from in (“in”) + salum (“the main sea”).

bor

(linguistics, anthropology) (often with a capital letter) Relating to the varieties of a language or languages spoken chiefly on islands. Insular Latin, Latin as it was spoken in Britain and Ireland. Insular Celtic, the Celtic languages of Britain, Ireland and also Brittany, as opposed to those spoken in mainland Europe other than Brittany. Insular Scandinavian, relating to the Icelandic and Faroese languages as opposed to the ones spoken in Sweden, Denmark and Norway.


Caucasian

en-adj

Caucasian (comparative more Caucasian, superlative most Caucasian)

more Caucasian (comparative)
most Caucasian (superlative)

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Mugan plain
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
The Big Lebowski

From Caucasus (“mountain range in Eastern Europe between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea”) + -ian (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘from, related to, or like’, or forming nouns with the sense ‘one from, belonging to, relating to, or like’). The anthropological sense (no longer regarded as scientific) was popularized by the German anthropologist and physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), based on the belief that the first humans originated from there.
Noun sense 2 (“cocktail”) was popularized by the film The Big Lebowski (1998): see the quotation.

nb...

Praemissa est epistola ad virvm perillvstrem Iosephvm Banks baronetvm regiae Societatis Londin. praesidem

Caucasian bear

Ursus arctos syriacus or Ursus arctos arctos

(anthropology, dated) Of a racial classification pertaining to people having certain phenotypical features such as straight, curly, or wavy hair and very light to brown pigmented skin, and originating from Europe, parts of Northern Africa and Central, South, and Western Asia.

indaa

of a racial classification pertaining to people having certain phenotypical features such as straight, curly, or wavy hair and very light to brown pigmented skin


Caucasian

(anthropology, dated) A member of the Caucasian racial classification (adjective sense 2).


cultural anthropology

/ˌkʊltʃəɹəl ˌænθɹəˈpɑlədʒi/

(anthropology) The field of anthropology that studies human behavior, culture, and social interaction; one of four commonly recognized fields of anthropology.


affinal

The names of their affinal relatives must be avoided in speaking either to a man or woman, or even when speaking in their presence.

2018, Daniel Elazar, Kinship in the Admiralty Islands, Routledge, →ISBN:

(anthropology) Of a family relationship by marriage of a relative (or through affinity), as opposed to consanguinity; in-law.


environmentalist

As we remarked once before, there are two extreme views with respect to life, one attributing everything to the environment, the other to inherent abilities. If, for example, an unusual number of distinguished men are born and reared in the same locality, the environmentalists assert that the causes for their appearance were entirely external and that had their parents changed habitats with those residing elsewhere the result would have been the same, except that the family names of these eminent men would have been different.

1926, Clark Wissler, The Relation of Nature to Man in Aboriginal America, published 1971, pages 211–212:

(anthropology, social sciences) One who holds the view that environment, rather than heredity or culture, is the primary factor in the development of an individual or group.


Australoid

(anthropology) A member of the racial classification that includes Veddahs, Negritos, New Guineans, Melanesians, Micronesians and Australian aborigines.

australoide

a person with Australoid characteristics


Caucasoid

en-adj

Caucasoid (comparative more Caucasoid, superlative most Caucasoid)

more Caucasoid (comparative)
most Caucasoid (superlative)

It's also nice to see some non-white skin in these pages since almost all of the skin aimed at the "gay market" is distinctly Caucasoid.

1990 August 31, Christopher Wittke, “Athletes (review)”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 7, page 16:

(anthropology, dated, offensive) Being a member of a racial classification of humanity composed of many peoples inhabiting Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and parts of Central Asia, as well as their descendants in other regions of the world.


Caucasoid

(anthropology, dated, offensive) A member of this racial classification.


mongoloid

/ˈmɒŋɡəˌlɔɪd/

/ˈmɑŋɡəˌlɔɪd/

Both American Indians and Mongoloids have shovel-shaped incisor teeth and, at birth, display the Mongoloid spot — a blue spot above the rump, which fades within a short time; many also have the Mongoloid, or epicanthic, fold of the inner part of the upper eyelid.

1983, Bertha Pauline Dutton, American Indians of the Southwest, page 3:

On the average, he found caucasoids to have the longest heads and mongoloids the roundest; mongoloids the straightest hair and negroids the most tightly curled; caucasoids the narrowest noses and negroids the broadest.

1991, Floyd James Davis, Who is Black?: One Nation's Definition, page 19:

As before, the genetic distance between Caucasoid and Mongoloid is the smallest and that between Negroid and Mongoloid is the largest.

1997, Masatoshi Nei, Arun K. Roychoudhury, Genetic Relationship and Evolution of Human Races, page 38:

(anthropology, dated, offensive) A member of the racial classification of humanity composed of peoples native to North Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Pacific Oceania, and the Americas, as well as their diaspora in other parts of the world.

蒙古人种

member of the racial classification composed of peoples native to North Asia, East Asia, Pacific Oceania, and the Americas, and their diaspora


mongoloid

mongoloid (indefinite positive)
mongoloit (indefinite neuter positive singular)
mongoloida (indefinite plural positive)
mongoloide (archaic indefinite masculine plural positive)
mongoloide (definite masculine positive singular)
mongoloida (definite positive)

(anthropology, dated, offensive) mongoloid


mongoloid

mongoloid (indefinite nominative singular)
mongoloids (genitive indefinite singular)
mongoloiden (definite nominative singular)
mongoloidens (definite genitive singular)
mongoloider (indefinite nominative plural)
mongoloiders (genitive indefinite plural)
mongoloiderna (definite nominative plural)
mongoloidernas (definite genitive plural)

(anthropology, dated, offensive) a mongoloid


Ulotrichi

From Ancient Greek οὖλος (oûlos) and θρίξ (thríx).

(archaic, anthropology) Human races that have "crisp" or "woolly" hair, according to a system by Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent of classifying different races of humans as separate species.


matrilocal

In barring the way, he is enacting a ritual which demands that the new way of patrilocal marriage pay its respect to the more ancient way of matrilocal marriage.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 191:

(anthropology, of a people or culture) In which newly married couples live with the wife's family.


patrilocal

(anthropology, of a people or culture) In which newly married couples live with the husband's family.


moiety

Borrowed from Middle French moytié, from Old French meitié (“half”) (modern French moitié (“half”)), from Late Latin medietās (“centre, midpoint; half”), from Latin medius (“half; middle”) + -tās (from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts (suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being)). Medius is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”), possibly from *me-dʰi- (“among; with”), from *me (“in the middle of; among; with”). The word is a doublet of mediety.

der

The villages are divided into two patrilineal totemic moieties and two patrilineal ceremonial moieties. The totemic moieties are subdivided into patrilineal clans (ngaiva): there are between fifty and a hundred clans of which between ten or twenty are represented in any one village[…].

1973, Francis Korn, “A Question of Preferences: The Iatmül Case”, in Elementary Structures Reconsidered: Lévi-Strauss on Kinship, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 83:

The moieties are linked to or bear the names of beings or forces expressing the cosmic dichotomy. Most common are heaven and earth moieties, "above" and "below," or moieties named after birds and land animals (or aquatic animals), as is the case among the Winnebago and in the phratry system of the Northwest Coast Indians.

1979, Åke Hultkrantz, “The Great Tribal Ceremonies”, in Monica Setterwall, transl., The Religions of the American Indians, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, published 1980, →ISBN, part I (Tribal Religions), page 112:

(anthropology) Each descent group in a culture which is divided exactly into two descent groups.


sacrum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin sacrum. Doublet of sakra.

(anthropology) sacrum (the sacred world)


rite of passage

en-noun

rite of passage (plural rites of passage)

After John officially attained his majority, Robert bought him his first beer. This is a common American rite of passage.

The so-called rites of passage, which occupy such a prominent place in the life of a primitive society (ceremonials of birth, naming, puberty, marriage, burial, etc.), are distinguished by formal, and usually very severe, exercises of severance, whereby the mind is radically cut away from the attitudes, attachments, and life patterns of the stage being left behind.

1968, Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, 2nd edition, London: Fontana Press, published 1993, page 10:

In the final, affirming piece, "They Tell Me...Now I Know," the girlchild narrator begins menstruation, thus undergoing her rite of passage into womanhood.

1989 December 17, Terri L. Jewell, “The Power Of Black Women Together”, in Gay Community News, volume 17, number 23, page 13:

Not only did these holiday resorts become a rite of passage for TV's biggest talents – Red Coats comedians, magicians and presenters were often scouted, then sent to perform live at places like the London Palladium, before securing a television contract – but the culture within them meant that the audience were already invested in this type of entertainment once they returned home.

2021 September 15, Laura Martin, “How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, in BBC:

(anthropology) A ceremony or series of ceremonies, often very ritualized, to celebrate a transition in a person’s life. Baptisms, bar mitzvahs, weddings and funerals are among the best known examples.


PST

(linguistics, anthropology) Initialism of Proto-Sino-Tibetan.


IE

See also: PIE

(linguistics, anthropology, etc.) Initialism of Indo-European.


agonistic

en-adj

agonistic (comparative more agonistic, superlative most agonistic)

more agonistic (comparative)
most agonistic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀγωνιστικός (agōnistikós).

Although most agonistic interactions consist of signals of threat and submission, symbolic aggression is effective only because the possibility of escalation exists […]

1978, Donald Symons, “The Question of Function: Dominance and Play”, in Euclid O. Smith, editor, Social Play in Primates, New York: Academic Press, page 207:

This was clearly such an event, but like the ancient religion of Israel, it was also deeply agonistic.

2006, Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation, Atlantic Books, published 2007, page 66:

Sociality swung wildly between extremes of collective affiliation and agonistic striving for dominance.

2014, Lucas Bessire, Behold the Black Caiman: A Chronicle of Ayoreo Life, The University of Chicago Press, Introduction, p. 8:

(zoology, anthropology) Characterised by conflict or hostility.


AAS

(anthropology) Initialism of Australian Anthropological Society.


shinny

shinny (canonical)
shinny hockey (canonical)

(US, anthropology) A hockey-like game played by American Indians.


mateship

en-noun

mateship (usually uncountable, plural mateships)

From mate + -ship. Cognate with Dutch maatschap (“partnership”).

The mateships of the three last-named animals are solitary, though in the case of wolves, the separated members of various mateships gather in packs during the winter months.

1942, Fred August Moss, Edward Lee Thorndike, Comparative Psychology, page 370:

Further, in most cultures without systems of codified laws, long-term mateships are ritually sanctioned by the community. If we are not to have too provincial a conception of marriage, these mateships should also count as marriages.

2005, David J. Buller, Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology And The Persistent Quest For Human Nature, page 259:

In Homo sapiens we find two types of polygamous mateships, polygyny and polyandry, and social structures based on these are ordinarily called “families.” Relatively rare in man in an institutionalized form, polyandrous mateships appear to be absent in infrahuman primates.

2010, A. Irving Hallowell, “15: The Protocultural Foundations of Human Adaptation”, in Yehudi A. Cohen, editor, Human Adaptation: The Biosocial Background, page 164:

The most frequent conflict within human mateships is the conflict between male sexual persistence and female sexual resistance.

2012, Dietrich Klusmann, Wolfgang Berner, “Chapter 14: Sexual Motivation in Mateships an Sexual Conflict”, in Todd K. Shackelford, Aaron T. Goetz, editors, The Oxford Handbook of Sexual Conflict in Humans, page 233:

(countable, zoology, psychology, anthropology) A relationship based on mating.


bilateral

en-adj

bilateral (comparative more bilateral, superlative most bilateral)

more bilateral (comparative)
most bilateral (superlative)

(anthropology) Involving descent or ascent regardless of sex and side of the family.

bilateral

involving descent or ascent regardless of sex and side of the family


кава

kava (romanization)
кава (nominative singular)
кава-влак (nominative plural)
кавам (accusative singular)
кава-влакым (accusative plural)
каван (genitive singular)
кава-влакын (genitive plural)
кавалан (dative singular)
кава-влаклан (dative plural)
каваге (comitative singular)
кава-влакге (comitative plural)
кавала (comparative singular)
кава-влакла (comparative plural)
каваште (inessive singular)
кава-влакыште (inessive plural)
каваш (illative singular)
кава-влакыш (illative plural)
кавашке (illative singular)
кава-влакышке (illative plural)
каваш (lative singular)
кава-влакеш (lative plural)
кавам (first-person possessive singular)
кавана (first-person plural possessive)
кават (possessive second-person singular)
кавада (plural possessive second-person)
каваже (possessive singular third-person)
кавашт (plural possessive third-person)

mhr-decl-noun-table

кава-влаклан

кава-влакыште

кава-влакышке


domus

Borrowed from Latin domus. Doublet of dome and duomo.

The domus was a unique and unprecedented concentration of tilled fields, seed and graain stores, people, and domestic animals, all coevolving with consequences no one could possibly have foreseen.

2017, James C Scott, chapter 2, in Against the Grain, New Haven and London: Yale University, →ISBN, page 73:

(anthropology, archaeology) A farmstead with its people, plants and animals, considered as a unit.


kulttuuri

kulttuuri (nominative singular)
kulttuurit (nominative plural)
kulttuuri (accusative nominative singular)
kulttuurit (accusative nominative plural)
kulttuurin (accusative genitive singular)
kulttuurit (accusative genitive plural)
kulttuurin (genitive singular)
kulttuurien (genitive plural)
kulttuureiden (genitive plural)
kulttuureitten (genitive plural)
kulttuuria (partitive singular)
kulttuureita (partitive plural)
kulttuureja (partitive plural)
kulttuurissa (inessive singular)
kulttuureissa (inessive plural)
kulttuurista (elative singular)
kulttuureista (elative plural)
kulttuuriin (illative singular)
kulttuureihin (illative plural)
kulttuurilla (adessive singular)
kulttuureilla (adessive plural)
kulttuurilta (ablative singular)
kulttuureilta (ablative plural)
kulttuurille (allative singular)
kulttuureille (allative plural)
kulttuurina (essive singular)
kulttuureina (essive plural)
kulttuuriksi (singular translative)
kulttuureiksi (plural translative)
kulttuuritta (abessive singular)
kulttuureitta (abessive plural)
kulttuurein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kulttuurini (nominative singular)
kulttuurini (nominative plural)
kulttuurini (accusative nominative singular)
kulttuurini (accusative nominative plural)
kulttuurini (accusative genitive singular)
kulttuurini (accusative genitive plural)
kulttuurini (genitive singular)
kulttuurieni (genitive plural)
kulttuureideni (genitive plural)
kulttuureitteni (genitive plural)
kulttuuriani (partitive singular)
kulttuureitani (partitive plural)
kulttuurejani (partitive plural)
kulttuurissani (inessive singular)
kulttuureissani (inessive plural)
kulttuuristani (elative singular)
kulttuureistani (elative plural)
kulttuuriini (illative singular)
kulttuureihini (illative plural)
kulttuurillani (adessive singular)
kulttuureillani (adessive plural)
kulttuuriltani (ablative singular)
kulttuureiltani (ablative plural)
kulttuurilleni (allative singular)
kulttuureilleni (allative plural)
kulttuurinani (essive singular)
kulttuureinani (essive plural)
kulttuurikseni (singular translative)
kulttuureikseni (plural translative)
kulttuurittani (abessive singular)
kulttuureittani (abessive plural)
kulttuureineni (comitative plural)
kulttuurisi (nominative singular)
kulttuurisi (nominative plural)
kulttuurisi (accusative nominative singular)
kulttuurisi (accusative nominative plural)
kulttuurisi (accusative genitive singular)
kulttuurisi (accusative genitive plural)
kulttuurisi (genitive singular)
kulttuuriesi (genitive plural)
kulttuureidesi (genitive plural)
kulttuureittesi (genitive plural)
kulttuuriasi (partitive singular)
kulttuureitasi (partitive plural)
kulttuurejasi (partitive plural)
kulttuurissasi (inessive singular)
kulttuureissasi (inessive plural)
kulttuuristasi (elative singular)
kulttuureistasi (elative plural)
kulttuuriisi (illative singular)
kulttuureihisi (illative plural)
kulttuurillasi (adessive singular)
kulttuureillasi (adessive plural)
kulttuuriltasi (ablative singular)
kulttuureiltasi (ablative plural)
kulttuurillesi (allative singular)
kulttuureillesi (allative plural)
kulttuurinasi (essive singular)
kulttuureinasi (essive plural)
kulttuuriksesi (singular translative)
kulttuureiksesi (plural translative)
kulttuurittasi (abessive singular)
kulttuureittasi (abessive plural)
kulttuureinesi (comitative plural)
kulttuurimme (nominative singular)
kulttuurimme (nominative plural)
kulttuurimme (accusative nominative singular)
kulttuurimme (accusative nominative plural)
kulttuurimme (accusative genitive singular)
kulttuurimme (accusative genitive plural)
kulttuurimme (genitive singular)
kulttuuriemme (genitive plural)
kulttuureidemme (genitive plural)
kulttuureittemme (genitive plural)
kulttuuriamme (partitive singular)
kulttuureitamme (partitive plural)
kulttuurejamme (partitive plural)
kulttuurissamme (inessive singular)
kulttuureissamme (inessive plural)
kulttuuristamme (elative singular)
kulttuureistamme (elative plural)
kulttuuriimme (illative singular)
kulttuureihimme (illative plural)
kulttuurillamme (adessive singular)
kulttuureillamme (adessive plural)
kulttuuriltamme (ablative singular)
kulttuureiltamme (ablative plural)
kulttuurillemme (allative singular)
kulttuureillemme (allative plural)
kulttuurinamme (essive singular)
kulttuureinamme (essive plural)
kulttuuriksemme (singular translative)
kulttuureiksemme (plural translative)
kulttuurittamme (abessive singular)
kulttuureittamme (abessive plural)
kulttuureinemme (comitative plural)
kulttuurinne (nominative singular)
kulttuurinne (nominative plural)
kulttuurinne (accusative nominative singular)
kulttuurinne (accusative nominative plural)
kulttuurinne (accusative genitive singular)
kulttuurinne (accusative genitive plural)
kulttuurinne (genitive singular)
kulttuurienne (genitive plural)
kulttuureidenne (genitive plural)
kulttuureittenne (genitive plural)
kulttuurianne (partitive singular)
kulttuureitanne (partitive plural)
kulttuurejanne (partitive plural)
kulttuurissanne (inessive singular)
kulttuureissanne (inessive plural)
kulttuuristanne (elative singular)
kulttuureistanne (elative plural)
kulttuuriinne (illative singular)
kulttuureihinne (illative plural)
kulttuurillanne (adessive singular)
kulttuureillanne (adessive plural)
kulttuuriltanne (ablative singular)
kulttuureiltanne (ablative plural)
kulttuurillenne (allative singular)
kulttuureillenne (allative plural)
kulttuurinanne (essive singular)
kulttuureinanne (essive plural)
kulttuuriksenne (singular translative)
kulttuureiksenne (plural translative)
kulttuurittanne (abessive singular)
kulttuureittanne (abessive plural)
kulttuureinenne (comitative plural)
kulttuurinsa (nominative singular)
kulttuurinsa (nominative plural)
kulttuurinsa (accusative nominative singular)
kulttuurinsa (accusative nominative plural)
kulttuurinsa (accusative genitive singular)
kulttuurinsa (accusative genitive plural)
kulttuurinsa (genitive singular)
kulttuuriensa (genitive plural)
kulttuureidensa (genitive plural)
kulttuureittensa (genitive plural)
kulttuuriaan (partitive singular)
kulttuuriansa (partitive singular)
kulttuureitaan (partitive plural)
kulttuurejaan (partitive plural)
kulttuureitansa (partitive plural)
kulttuurejansa (partitive plural)
kulttuurissaan (inessive singular)
kulttuurissansa (inessive singular)
kulttuureissaan (inessive plural)
kulttuureissansa (inessive plural)
kulttuuristaan (elative singular)
kulttuuristansa (elative singular)
kulttuureistaan (elative plural)
kulttuureistansa (elative plural)
kulttuuriinsa (illative singular)
kulttuureihinsa (illative plural)
kulttuurillaan (adessive singular)
kulttuurillansa (adessive singular)
kulttuureillaan (adessive plural)
kulttuureillansa (adessive plural)
kulttuuriltaan (ablative singular)
kulttuuriltansa (ablative singular)
kulttuureiltaan (ablative plural)
kulttuureiltansa (ablative plural)
kulttuurilleen (allative singular)
kulttuurillensa (allative singular)
kulttuureilleen (allative plural)
kulttuureillensa (allative plural)
kulttuurinaan (essive singular)
kulttuurinansa (essive singular)
kulttuureinaan (essive plural)
kulttuureinansa (essive plural)
kulttuurikseen (singular translative)
kulttuuriksensa (singular translative)
kulttuureikseen (plural translative)
kulttuureiksensa (plural translative)
kulttuurittaan (abessive singular)
kulttuurittansa (abessive singular)
kulttuureittaan (abessive plural)
kulttuureittansa (abessive plural)
kulttuureineen (comitative plural)
kulttuureinensa (comitative plural)

Borrowed from Swedish kultur, ultimately from Latin cultūra.

(anthropology) culture (any knowledge passed from one generation to the next)


bricoleur

From French bricoleur; apparently a borrowing from the work of French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss.

The engineer has science to guide him; the bricoleur has intuition. Significantly, while the bricoleur can only classify perceived differences, the engineer's scientific system enables him to classify things not yet seen.

2002, Sherene H. Razack, editor, Introduction: Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping a White Settler Society, page 12:

The bricoleur’s awareness of constructivism and historicity helps her point out these omissions and their effects on the knowledge-production processes.
In this context critical hermeneutics facilitates bricoleurs’ attempts to identify socially oppressive forms of meaning-making and research processes.

2004, Joe L. Kincheloe, Kathleen S. Berry, Rigour and Complexity in Educational Research: Conceptualizing the bricolage, page 11:

Glassie was attracted to Claude Lévi-Strauss's metaphor of the artisan as bricoleur — someone who brings together materials that happen to be at hand and uses them to carry out the task of building what needs to be built.

2005, Sandra K. Dolby, Self-Help Books: Why Americans Keep Reading Them, page 85:

The bricoleur is a specialist in combinatorial logic, a craftsman who creates objects by rearranging other objects.

2007, Boris Wiseman, Levi-Strauss, Anthropology, and Aesthetics, Cambridge University Press, page 208:

Through playful exploration (rather than deductive/analytic reasoning) of what is possible, the bricoleur adjusts past solutions, reframes, or manipulates technical memories of past events and projects to make them bear upon or even redefine the problem at hand.[…]Rather than having been designed in advance with specific purposes in mind, the bricoleur’s instrumental resources are experiential leftovers that summarize his technical life journey.

2012, Jannis Kallinikos, “4: Form, Function, and Matter: Crossing the Border of Materiality”, in Paul M. Leonardi, Bonnie A. Nardi, Jannis Kallinikos, editors, Materiality and Organizing: Social Interaction in a Technological World, page 75:

We see in this picture what a potent political bricoleur he is, borrowing images and rhetoric from any source and combining them in new, lucid collages with changed meanings.

2024 July 15, Jonathan Jones, “‘Is this what a second Trump presidency will be like?’ – our art critic on the chilling shooting image”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(anthropology, art) A person who constructs bricolages; one who creates using whatever materials are available.


Samoyed

From Russian самое́д (samojéd), probably from Sami *saam-edne (“land of the people”); compare Finnish Suomi (“Finn”).
In the course of borrowing, the word was folk-etymologically reinterpreted as сам (sam, “self, own”) + есть, ед- (jestʹ, jed-, “eat”), "self-eater."

The Samoyeds are Idolaters and Witches, obſeruing diuelliſh ſuperſtitions

1613, Samuel Purchas, “[Asia.] Of other Northerne people adioyning to the Tartars.”, in Purchas His Pilgrimage. Or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages and Places Discouered, from the Creation vnto this Present. […], London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, book IV (Of the Armenians, Medes, Persians, Parthians, Scythians, Tartarians, Chinois, and of Their Religions), page 363:

(anthropology) A member of the Samoyedic peoples of the Siberian Urals, who speak Samoyedic languages.


fictive kin

en-noun

fictive kin (countable and uncountable, plural fictive kin or fictive kins)

fictive kin (plural)
fictive kins (plural)

Ebaugh (2000) described three types of fictive kin (family-type) relationships, based not on blood or marriage, but rather on religious rituals or close friendship ties, that constitutes a type of social capital which many immigrants bring with them that facilitates their adjustment to the host society. […] Fictive kin are shared widely in Spanish-speaking countries, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.

2005, John G. Bruhn, The Sociology of Community Connections, New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →ISBN, page 59:

Most studies indicate that Black family members live in proximity, in part an outcome of segregated communities. These close-knit communities helped to produce strong fictive kin relations with neighbors and fellow church members, which in turn provided support in the face of discrimination from the larger society.

2006, Roberta L. Coles, “African American Families”, in Race & Family: A Structural Approach, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, →ISBN, page 166:

In the socialist era […] [t]he custom of making fictive kin became less popular or went underground. Since the late 1970s, however, the custom has revived in Nanying. While many features of fictive kin relationships remain the same, the motive for establishing the relationship has changed. Most commonly, people attempt to improve household status through the establishment of fictive kin links.

2007, Xiyi Huang, “Network of Social Relationships in Resource Distribution”, in Power, Entitlement and Social Practice: Resource Distribution in North China Villages, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, →ISBN, page 143:

Attaining fictive kin status requires that a person have prolonged physical proximity to a family member in order to develop a relationship that is both interdependent and mutually beneficial. Persons generally obtain fictive kin status by consistently contributing to the emotional or material needs of an individual over time.

2011, Constance Dallas, “Fictive Kin Relationships”, in Martha Craft-Rosenberg, Shelley-Rae Pehler, editors, Encyclopedia of Family Health, volume 1, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, →ISBN:

(anthropology, ethnography) Someone who, though unrelated by birth or marriage, has such a close emotional relationship with another that they may be considered part of the family.


nomadic

en-adj

nomadic (comparative more nomadic, superlative most nomadic)

more nomadic (comparative)
most nomadic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek νομαδικός (nomadikós), equivalent to nomad (“a member of a society or class of herdsmen”) + -ic (forming adjectives).

(anthropology) Of or related to itinerant herdsmen.

Of or relating to nomads.
Of or related to itinerant herdsmen.


pyknic

From Ancient Greek πυκνός (puknós, “thick”) + -ic, as a calque of German pyknisch.

af

(anthropology) A short, thickset person characterised by thick neck, large abdomen and relatively short limbs; an endomorph.


paleoanthropology

(anthropology) The scientific study of ancient human remains.


culture shock

en-noun

culture shock (countable and uncountable, plural culture shocks)

Having grown up in rural Arkansas, I experienced tremendous culture shock on moving to Harlem.

I went through another, reverse culture shock when I got back to Israel and the efort ^([sic]) required to change from cherished and catered-to visitor to an ordinary working woman kept me away from my typewriter jor ^([sic]) months.

1982 December 4, Ilana Weinstock, “Letters From My Aunt”, in Gay Community News, volume 10, number 20, page 4:

(anthropology, sociology) A state of anxious confusion experienced by someone exposed to an alien or unfamiliar environment.


nomad

From Middle French nomade, from Latin Nomas (“wandering shepherd”), from Ancient Greek νομάς (nomás, “roaming, wandering, esp. to find pasture”), from Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “pasture”). Compare Numidia.

der

The life of the people called the Nomads or Grazyers...

1587, Philippe de Mornay, translated by Philip Sidney et al., A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, viii, p. 113:

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame. With more settled people, animals were harnessed to capstans or caged in treadmills to turn grist into meal.

2013 August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

(anthropology) A member of a society or class who herd animals from pasture to pasture with no fixed home.

بَدَوِيّ

a member of society or class who wander with their herds


survival

en-noun

survival (countable and uncountable, plural survivals)

Thus, if some old rhyme or saying has in one place a solemn import in philosophy or religion, while elsewhere it lies at the level of the nursery, there is some ground for treating the serious version as the more original, and the playful one as its mere lingering survival.

1871, Edward Burnett Tylor, Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art, and custom^([IA]), Volume 1, chapter 3: "Survival in culture", page 78:

Another survival of marriage by capture is discovered among the Ceylonese, where it is common at royal marriages for the king and queen to throw perfumed balls and squirt scented water at each other.

1894, James William Black, “Savagery and survivals”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 45, page 391:

The banded ones were all dressed in white gowns — a gay survival from Old Style days, when cheerfulness and May-time were synonyms — days before the habit of taking long views had reduced emotions to a monotonous average.

1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Phase the First: The Maiden, chapter 2:

(anthropology) A custom or belief that persists in folklore from earlier times, when the rationale behind it is forgotten.


monoculture

monoculture (countable and uncountable, plural monocultures)

/ˈmɒnəˌkʌlt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

It also isn’t going to be broadcast on TV networks that yearn to re-create the previous century’s monoculture. Our attention spans and tastes keep fracturing, and the ratings for late-night comedy keep declining.

2023 September 27, Spencer Kornhaber, “The Weirdos Living Inside Our Phones”, in The Atlantic:

(anthropology) A culture or society that lacks diversity; a society marked by monoculturalism.


ethnography

ethnography (countable and uncountable, plural ethnographies)

/ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/

/ɛθˈnɒɡɹəfi/

Holonym: anthropology

By the end of the century, the APS’s membership included the leaders of the American anthropological establishment, whose primary investigative interests were the ethnography, linguistics, archeology, and physical anthropology of the American Indian, within a theoretical structure that was essentially historical.

1997, Jacob W. Gruber, “American Philosophical Society”, in History of Physical Anthropology, page 64:

(anthropology) The branch of anthropology that scientifically describes specific human cultures and societies.


melanic

en-adj

melanic (comparative more melanic, superlative most melanic)

more melanic (comparative)
most melanic (superlative)

The melanic, or black class, includes all individuals or races who have black hair; […]

1842, James Laurie, System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi, London: Stevenson & Co., page 106:


headhunter

→ German: Headhunter m

Theirs was the spirit which upheld Darwin among the gauchos of the Argentine or Wallace among the head-hunters of Malaya.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

(anthropology) A person who practises headhunting, the taking and preserving of a person's head after killing them.


patriarchy

en-noun

patriarchy (countable and uncountable, plural patriarchies)

/ˈpeɪ̯tɹɪɑːkɪ/

/ˈpætɹɪɑːkɪ/

From Latin patriarchia, from Byzantine Greek πατριαρχία (patriarkhía), from Koine Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “patriarch”), from πατρία (patría) and ἄρχω (árkhō). By surface analysis, patri- + -archy.

der

(anthropology, history) A social system in which the father is head of the household, having authority over women and children, and in which lineage is traced through the male line.


ergology

en-noun

ergology (countable and uncountable, plural ergologies)

(ethnology) Knowledge originating from the study of the object culture of non-European traditional societies.


tribu

Borrowed from Spanish tribu, from Latin tribus.

(anthropology) tribe (society larger than a band)


polygenism

/pəˈlɪd͡ʒənɪzəm/

2003: Such pigmental indelibility spelt polygenism for some: blacks formed a distinct species altogether, a separate creation. — Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason (Penguin 2004, p. 248)

(ethnology) The belief that humans descended from more than one ancestral pair.


ras

ms-noun

ras (Jawi spelling رس, plural ras-ras, informal 1st possessive rasku, 2nd possessive rasmu, 3rd possessive rasnya)

رس (Jawi)
ras-ras (plural)
rasku (first-person informal possessive)
rasmu (possessive second-person)
rasnya (possessive third-person)

ras Cina


gracile

en-adj

gracile (comparative more gracile, superlative most gracile)

more gracile (comparative)
most gracile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gracile.wav

/ˈɡɹeɪˌsaɪl/

Borrowed from Middle French gracil, gracile (“slender, thin”) (modern French gracile (“gracile”)), or directly from its etymon Latin gracilis (“slender, slim, thin; lean, meagre, scanty; simple, unadorned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kerḱ- (“to become thin; to wane”). The sense “graceful or gracefully slender” was apparently influenced by the non-cognate word grace. The English word is cognate with Italian gracile (“delicate, frail; slender, thin”), Portuguese grácil, Spanish grácil (“graceful; delicate; slender”), and a doublet of gracilis.

cog

This tentative comparison, plus consideration of individual skulls, shows the Neolithic pre-Greeks more Mediterranean than the Greeks, with emphasis on intermediate or gracile Mediterranean rather more than on the rugged Basic White trend, [...]

1945, J. Lawrence Angel, “Neolithic Ancestors of the Greeks”, in American Journal of Archaeology, volume 49, number 3, →DOI, page 256:

Where stratified fossil sequences are known, "gracile" fossils precede robust ones. The extremely robust hominids do not appear on the scene until about 2 million years ago, followed shortly thereafter by an "advanced" gracile. Both the advanced gracile and robust forms probably evolved from earlier gracile australopithecines.

1981, Nancy Makepeace Turner, “Early Hominid Lifeways: The Critical Role of an Interpretive Framework”, in On Becoming Human, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 254:

At various times since Homo first appeared in Africa, it shared the continent with more robust hominids, perhaps several different species of them. [...] They seem to have evolved from more ‘gracile’ apes (gracile being the opposite of robust). The gracile apes are also placed in the genus Australopithecus, and we too almost certainly emerged from among gracile australopithecine ranks.

2004, Richard Dawkins, “Ape-men”, in The Ancestor’s Tale: The Dawn of Life, New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, pages 86–87:

We would also expect increasing home-range size in Neanderthals in 'edge' regions (bordering the MLB and the plains), such as south-west France, in response to habitat fragmentation during periods of expansion of open vegetation. A more gracile morphology would have been far more efficient over larger areas.

2004, Clive Finlayson, “Comparative Behaviour and Ecology of Neanderthals and Modern Humans”, in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 117:

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an animal or skeletal element: having a slender frame.


avunculate

(anthropology) The relationship between a man and his sister's children, generally her sons.

(anthropology) Among certain tribal peoples, for example, the Korowai, a special relationship between a man and a maternal uncle, and the mutual responsibilities between them.


berdache

From French bardache, from Italian bardassa, perhaps from Arabic بَرْدَج (bardaj, “slave”). Doublet of bardash.

These culturally bound assumptions have bedevilled the entire anthropological literature on the berdache in Native American cultures, and it is because of this that I have followed the lead of Angelino and Shedd when referring to the phenomenon of the berdache-transgenderal, for as Fitzgerald (1977) points out: "A berdache . . . may be a transvestite, but a transvestite need not be a berdache; and neither need be homosexual."

1980, Kenneth E. Read, “Observations on the Current State of Anthropological Research on Homosexual Behavior”, in Other Voices: The Style of a Male Homosexual Tavern, Novato, Cali.: Chandler & Sharp Publishers, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 187:

Gender is the sociocultural designation of biobehavioral and psychosocial qualities of the sexes; for example, woman (female), man (male), other(s) (e.g., berdaches²). Notions of gender are culturally specific and depend on the ways in which cultures define and differentiate human (and other) potentials and possibilities. While many people in Western society may think first of heterosexual women and men when the word "gender" is mentioned, there are more gender possibilities than just those two.

1989, Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Christine Roberts, “Sex, Sexuality, Gender, and Gender Variance”, in Sandra Morgen, editor, Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Research and Teaching, Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 439:

Male berdache have been documented in nearly 150 North American societies, while female berdache (females who take on the lifeways of males) appear in half as many groups.

2005, Michael J Horswell, Decolonizing the Sodomite, University of Texas, published 2006, page 20:

(anthropology, dated, now offensive, ethnic slur) Among Native Americans, a person who identifies with any of a variety of gender identities which are not exclusively those of their biological sex; a transgender person.

wíŋkte

Native American who identifies with a gender identity not exclusively corresponding to their biological sex — see also two-spirit


marga

id-noun

marga (first-person possessive margaku, second-person possessive margamu, third-person possessive marganya)

margaku (first-person possessive)
margamu (possessive second-person)
marganya (possessive third-person)

* Ultimately from Pali magga (“oath; road”) and Sanskrit मार्ग (mārga, “reach, range; mark, scar; track of a wild animal”), vṛddhi derivative of मृग (mṛga, “game animal; deer”).
** Inherited from Malay marga (“wild animal”), from Classical Malay marga, from Old Malay margga (“track, way”) (as in Talang Tuwo inscription (684 CE), compare to Balinese ᬫᬵᬃᬕ᭄ᬕ), came from above.
** The sense of clan is a semantic loan from Toba Batak marga (“clan”), came from above.
** The sense of hamlet is a semantic loan from Musi marga (“hamlet”), came from above.
** The sense of road is a semantic loan from Javanese ꦩꦂꦒ (marga, “road”), came from above.
* The sense of family name is a semantic loan from Dutch familienaam (“family name”) as semantic extension of clan.
* The sense in taxonomy is a semantic loan from Dutch geslacht (“genus”, literally “linage, generation”) and Latin genus (literally “group; type, class; lineage, descent”) as semantic extension of clan.

sl

a group of people all descended from a common ancestor, in fact or belief.

(anthropology) clan:
specifically, the marga, Batak clan.


Stamm

de-noun

Stamm m (strong, genitive Stammes or Stamms, plural Stämme)

Stammes (genitive)
Stamms (genitive)
Stämme (plural)
Stamm (nominative singular)
Stämme (definite nominative plural)
Stammes (genitive singular)
Stamms (genitive singular)
Stämme (definite genitive plural)
Stamm (dative singular)
Stamme (dative singular)
Stämmen (dative definite plural)
Stamm (accusative singular)
Stämme (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German stam, from Old High German stam, from Proto-Germanic *stamnaz, *stamniz, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”). Cognate with English stem.


polygynandry

If you've never heard of polygynandry before, this isn't surprising because it is a very unusual mating system, found only in a tiny number of vertebrate species and in no other primates.

2016, David P. Barash, Out of Eden, Oxford, page 29:

(anthropology, zoology) A mating pattern involving multiple males and multiple females.


mother-in-law style

(linguistics, anthropology) The style of speech and manners which are to be observed between an Australian aboriginal man and his mother-in-law (i.e. wife's mother). Depending on the particular people, this can go so as far as an entirely separate vocabulary of words.


Siberian

[saɪˈbɪəɹɪən]


patriclan

Patrilect is a marker of patriclan membership and thus a symbol of identity.

1991, Philip Baldi, Patterns of Change - Change of Patterns, →ISBN:

(anthropology) A clan, with membership determined by patrilineal descent from a common ancestor.


chiefdom

(anthropology) A society larger than a tribe, but smaller or simpler than a state.


Proto-Polynesian

(anthropology, countable) A person who spoke the Proto-Polynesian language.


Proto-Polynesian

(linguistics, anthropology) Of or pertaining to the Proto-Polynesian language, or the people who spoke it.

Próta-Pholainéiseach

of or pertaining to the Proto-Polynesian language, or the people who spoke it


Comanche

de-noun

Comanche m (weak, genitive Comanchen, plural Comanchen, feminine Comanchin)

Comanchen (genitive)
Comanchen (plural)
Comanchin (feminine)
Comanche (nominative singular)
Comanchen (definite nominative plural)
Comanchen (genitive singular)
Comanchen (definite genitive plural)
Comanchen (dative singular)
Comanchen (dative definite plural)
Comanchen (accusative singular)
Comanchen (accusative definite plural)

(ethnology, sciences) Alternative spelling of Komantsche


keräily

keräily (nominative singular)
keräilyt (nominative plural)
keräily (accusative nominative singular)
keräilyt (accusative nominative plural)
keräilyn (accusative genitive singular)
keräilyt (accusative genitive plural)
keräilyn (genitive singular)
keräilyjen (genitive plural)
keräilyiden (genitive plural)
keräilyitten (genitive plural)
keräilyä (partitive singular)
keräilyjä (partitive plural)
keräilyitä (partitive plural)
keräilyssä (inessive singular)
keräilyissä (inessive plural)
keräilystä (elative singular)
keräilyistä (elative plural)
keräilyyn (illative singular)
keräilyihin (illative plural)
keräilyllä (adessive singular)
keräilyillä (adessive plural)
keräilyltä (ablative singular)
keräilyiltä (ablative plural)
keräilylle (allative singular)
keräilyille (allative plural)
keräilynä (essive singular)
keräilyinä (essive plural)
keräilyksi (singular translative)
keräilyiksi (plural translative)
keräilyttä (abessive singular)
keräilyittä (abessive plural)
keräilyin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
keräilyni (nominative singular)
keräilyni (nominative plural)
keräilyni (accusative nominative singular)
keräilyni (accusative nominative plural)
keräilyni (accusative genitive singular)
keräilyni (accusative genitive plural)
keräilyni (genitive singular)
keräilyjeni (genitive plural)
keräilyideni (genitive plural)
keräilyitteni (genitive plural)
keräilyäni (partitive singular)
keräilyjäni (partitive plural)
keräilyitäni (partitive plural)
keräilyssäni (inessive singular)
keräilyissäni (inessive plural)
keräilystäni (elative singular)
keräilyistäni (elative plural)
keräilyyni (illative singular)
keräilyihini (illative plural)
keräilylläni (adessive singular)
keräilyilläni (adessive plural)
keräilyltäni (ablative singular)
keräilyiltäni (ablative plural)
keräilylleni (allative singular)
keräilyilleni (allative plural)
keräilynäni (essive singular)
keräilyinäni (essive plural)
keräilykseni (singular translative)
keräilyikseni (plural translative)
keräilyttäni (abessive singular)
keräilyittäni (abessive plural)
keräilyineni (comitative plural)
keräilysi (nominative singular)
keräilysi (nominative plural)
keräilysi (accusative nominative singular)
keräilysi (accusative nominative plural)
keräilysi (accusative genitive singular)
keräilysi (accusative genitive plural)
keräilysi (genitive singular)
keräilyjesi (genitive plural)
keräilyidesi (genitive plural)
keräilyittesi (genitive plural)
keräilyäsi (partitive singular)
keräilyjäsi (partitive plural)
keräilyitäsi (partitive plural)
keräilyssäsi (inessive singular)
keräilyissäsi (inessive plural)
keräilystäsi (elative singular)
keräilyistäsi (elative plural)
keräilyysi (illative singular)
keräilyihisi (illative plural)
keräilylläsi (adessive singular)
keräilyilläsi (adessive plural)
keräilyltäsi (ablative singular)
keräilyiltäsi (ablative plural)
keräilyllesi (allative singular)
keräilyillesi (allative plural)
keräilynäsi (essive singular)
keräilyinäsi (essive plural)
keräilyksesi (singular translative)
keräilyiksesi (plural translative)
keräilyttäsi (abessive singular)
keräilyittäsi (abessive plural)
keräilyinesi (comitative plural)
keräilymme (nominative singular)
keräilymme (nominative plural)
keräilymme (accusative nominative singular)
keräilymme (accusative nominative plural)
keräilymme (accusative genitive singular)
keräilymme (accusative genitive plural)
keräilymme (genitive singular)
keräilyjemme (genitive plural)
keräilyidemme (genitive plural)
keräilyittemme (genitive plural)
keräilyämme (partitive singular)
keräilyjämme (partitive plural)
keräilyitämme (partitive plural)
keräilyssämme (inessive singular)
keräilyissämme (inessive plural)
keräilystämme (elative singular)
keräilyistämme (elative plural)
keräilyymme (illative singular)
keräilyihimme (illative plural)
keräilyllämme (adessive singular)
keräilyillämme (adessive plural)
keräilyltämme (ablative singular)
keräilyiltämme (ablative plural)
keräilyllemme (allative singular)
keräilyillemme (allative plural)
keräilynämme (essive singular)
keräilyinämme (essive plural)
keräilyksemme (singular translative)
keräilyiksemme (plural translative)
keräilyttämme (abessive singular)
keräilyittämme (abessive plural)
keräilyinemme (comitative plural)
keräilynne (nominative singular)
keräilynne (nominative plural)
keräilynne (accusative nominative singular)
keräilynne (accusative nominative plural)
keräilynne (accusative genitive singular)
keräilynne (accusative genitive plural)
keräilynne (genitive singular)
keräilyjenne (genitive plural)
keräilyidenne (genitive plural)
keräilyittenne (genitive plural)
keräilyänne (partitive singular)
keräilyjänne (partitive plural)
keräilyitänne (partitive plural)
keräilyssänne (inessive singular)
keräilyissänne (inessive plural)
keräilystänne (elative singular)
keräilyistänne (elative plural)
keräilyynne (illative singular)
keräilyihinne (illative plural)
keräilyllänne (adessive singular)
keräilyillänne (adessive plural)
keräilyltänne (ablative singular)
keräilyiltänne (ablative plural)
keräilyllenne (allative singular)
keräilyillenne (allative plural)
keräilynänne (essive singular)
keräilyinänne (essive plural)
keräilyksenne (singular translative)
keräilyiksenne (plural translative)
keräilyttänne (abessive singular)
keräilyittänne (abessive plural)
keräilyinenne (comitative plural)
keräilynsä (nominative singular)
keräilynsä (nominative plural)
keräilynsä (accusative nominative singular)
keräilynsä (accusative nominative plural)
keräilynsä (accusative genitive singular)
keräilynsä (accusative genitive plural)
keräilynsä (genitive singular)
keräilyjensä (genitive plural)
keräilyidensä (genitive plural)
keräilyittensä (genitive plural)
keräilyään (partitive singular)
keräilyänsä (partitive singular)
keräilyjään (partitive plural)
keräilyitään (partitive plural)
keräilyjänsä (partitive plural)
keräilyitänsä (partitive plural)
keräilyssään (inessive singular)
keräilyssänsä (inessive singular)
keräilyissään (inessive plural)
keräilyissänsä (inessive plural)
keräilystään (elative singular)
keräilystänsä (elative singular)
keräilyistään (elative plural)
keräilyistänsä (elative plural)
keräilyynsä (illative singular)
keräilyihinsä (illative plural)
keräilyllään (adessive singular)
keräilyllänsä (adessive singular)
keräilyillään (adessive plural)
keräilyillänsä (adessive plural)
keräilyltään (ablative singular)
keräilyltänsä (ablative singular)
keräilyiltään (ablative plural)
keräilyiltänsä (ablative plural)
keräilylleen (allative singular)
keräilyllensä (allative singular)
keräilyilleen (allative plural)
keräilyillensä (allative plural)
keräilynään (essive singular)
keräilynänsä (essive singular)
keräilyinään (essive plural)
keräilyinänsä (essive plural)
keräilykseen (singular translative)
keräilyksensä (singular translative)
keräilyikseen (plural translative)
keräilyiksensä (plural translative)
keräilyttään (abessive singular)
keräilyttänsä (abessive singular)
keräilyittään (abessive plural)
keräilyittänsä (abessive plural)
keräilyineen (comitative plural)
keräilyinensä (comitative plural)

From keräillä (“to collect, gather”) + -y.


Capoid

(anthropology) a member of the racial classification of humanity composed of the Khoi and San people of Southern Africa.


companionate marriage

en-noun

companionate marriage (plural companionate marriages)

(social history, anthropology) A conception of marriage where complicity, communication and support between spouses are considered important, rather than purely material questions of inheritance etc.


antropologia

antropologia (nominative singular)
antropologii (genitive singular)
antropologii (dative singular)
antropologię (accusative singular)
antropologią (instrumental singular)
antropologii (locative singular)
antropologio (singular vocative)


homology

homology (countable and uncountable, plural homologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homology.wav

Henri Poincaré
Homology
MathWorld
singular homology

From homo- + -logy.
In topology, first used by French polymath Henri Poincaré, in the sense (close to what is now called a bordism) of a relation between manifolds mapped into a reference manifold: that is, the property of such manifolds that they form the boundary of a higher-dimensional manifold inside the reference manifold. Poincaré's version was eventually replaced by the more general singular homology, which is what mathematicians now mean by homology.

homologia

biology, psychology: relationship of having a common evolutionary or developmental origin

The relationship of being homologous; a homologous relationship.

(anthropology) The relationship, between temporally separated human beliefs, practices or artefacts, of possessing shared characteristics attributed to genetic or historical links to a common ancestor.


Arabist

(anthropology, linguistics) A scholar who studies Arab or Arabic culture, politics, or language.

arabista

a scholar who studies Arab or Arabic culture, politics, or language


Skraeling

After Old Norse skrælingi (of disputed etymology), the Norse name for the native inhabitants of Greenland and continental North America (Eastern Canada).

1974, H. F. McGee, Native Peoples of Atlantic Canada, Carleton University Press, page 2,
This time all the staves were being swung anti-sunwise, and the Skraelings were all yelling aloud, so they took red shields and held them out against them.

2005, Jonathan Clements, A Brief History of the Vikings, Constable & Robinson (Robinson), unnumbered page,
The Skraelings were soon back in greater numbers, and openly hostile. The Vikings killed many of them in the ensuing battle, and witnessed a Skraeling chief hurling a captured Viking axe into the lake – purportedly in fear of its magical properties.

2014 [1911, William Heinemann], Arthur G. Chater (translator), Fridtjof Nansen, In Northern Mists, [1911, Nansen, Nord i Tåkeheimen], Cambridge University Press, page 80,
A valuable piece of evidence of the Norsemen having early had intercourse with the Skrælings in Greenland is a little carved walrus, of walrus-ivory, which was found during excavations on the site of a house in Bergen, and which appears to be of Eskimo workmanship.

(historical, ethnology) A member of a race of native people encountered by early Norse settlers to Greenland, often equated with Inuit or American Indians.


emic

en-adj

emic (comparative more emic, superlative most emic)

more emic (comparative)
most emic (superlative)

Coined by American linguist Kenneth Pike in 1954 from phonemic.
* Kenneth Lee Pike (1982) Linguistic Concepts: An Introduction to Tagmemics, page 44: “Generalizing from phonemics, I coined the term emic in 1954.”

coin

A useful example of the emic-etic distinction may be made by comparing the concept “waves on the ocean or sea” from the perspective of a European American with that of a Truk Islander […] The proposed etics here might be that both cultures understand the use of waves as vehicles for surfing and as movement reflecting the transfer of energy […] certain differences, or emics exist, for European Americans the waves may be sources of beauty — the Truk Islander has learned to use them […] as a road map.

1996, Advanced Methodological Issues in Culturally Competent Evaluation for Substance Abuse Prevention:

In contemporary Anglophone usage, the term 'dhow' has come to refer generically and exonymically to traditional wooden vessels of the western Indian Ocean, whatever their particular forms or emic classification.

2015, John P. Cooper, Dionisius A. Agius, Tom Collie, Faisal al-Naimi, “Boat and ship engravings at al-Zubārah, Qatar: the dāw exposed?”, in Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, volume 45: Papers from the forty-eighth meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the British Museum, London, 25 to 27 July 2014 (2015), →ISSN, pages 35–47:

(social sciences, anthropology) Of or pertaining to the analysis of a cultural system or its features from the perspective of a participant in that culture.


etic

en-adj

etic (comparative more etic, superlative most etic)

more etic (comparative)
most etic (superlative)

Coined by American linguist Kenneth Pike in 1954 from phonetic.
* Kenneth Lee Pike (1962) With Heart and Mind: A Personal Synthesis of Scholarship and Devotion, page 37: “I have coined the term etic to refer to the detached observer’s view […]”

(social sciences, anthropology) Of or pertaining to analysis of a culture from a perspective situated outside all cultures.


nuncle

From rebracketing of phrases an uncle, mine uncle, thine uncle, etc. Compare neam and naunt.
For the verb, OED suggests an evolution in sense "to claim to be one's uncle" > "to cheat". It compares this derivation with cozen, which it derives from cousin.
For the technical anthropological sense, compare nibling.

(linguistics, anthropology, in the study of kinship terminology) Aunt or uncle; sibling of a parent (regardless of gender).


tectiform

tectiform (comparative more tectiform, superlative most tectiform)

more tectiform (comparative)
most tectiform (superlative)

From New Latin tēctiformis (“roof-shaped”), from tēctum (“roof”) + -ifōrmis.

(biology, anthropology) Roof-shaped; sloping downwards on two sides from a raised central ridge.


tectiform

1924, American Anthropologist, Volume 26, New Series, page 48,
The tectiforms reproduce in a remarkable manner the simple shelters, tents, and huts in use today among primitive and nomadic races in various parts of the world.

Because of their composition and the coexistence in them of meanders and tectiforms they differ from chimpanzee drawings, which are in many other ways a comparable phenomenon.

2014, David Maclagan, Line Let Loose: Scribbling, Doodling and Automatic Drawing, page 8:

Inclusion of both ideomorphs and tectiforms as proto-art, and adaptation of the images to the natural textures of the rock surfaces as proto-cinema, suggests that the need to animate and annotate go beyond mere literal representation.

2015, Molly Fuller, Robert Miltner, “Chapter 9: Land as Ekphrastic Prompt for Memoirist Prose Poems in N. Scott Momaday's The Way to Rainy Mountain”, in Sandra Lee Kleppe, editor, Ekphrasis in American Poetry: The Colonial Period to the 21st Century, page 162:

(anthropology) A type of cave painting or engraving, having in its simplest form the shape of an upward-pointing wedge or arrow, thought to represent the roof of a tent or rudimentary building.


asili

From Swahili asili (“origin”); introduced in this sense by Marimba Ani.

Law, religion and worldview emerge from the chrysalis of the asili. In western culture, the asili is characterised by separation and universalism.

2002, Susan Hawthorne, Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation, Bio/diversity, page 381:

(anthropology) The central seed or "germinating matrix" of a culture.


etnografi

etnografi (indefinite nominative singular)


etiologia

etiologia (nominative singular)
etiologie (nominative plural)
etiologii (genitive singular)
etiologii (genitive plural)
etiologij (archaic genitive plural)
etiologii (dative singular)
etiologiom (dative plural)
etiologię (accusative singular)
etiologie (accusative plural)
etiologią (instrumental singular)
etiologiami (instrumental plural)
etiologii (locative singular)
etiologiach (locative plural)
etiologio (singular vocative)
etiologie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin aetiologia.

aetiology (establishment of a cause, origin, or reason for something)

(anthropology, narratology) pourquoi story


etnografia

etnografia (nominative singular)
etnografii (genitive singular)
etnografii (dative singular)
etnografię (accusative singular)
etnografią (instrumental singular)
etnografii (locative singular)
etnografio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English ethnography. By surface analysis, etno- + -grafia.


etnografia

(anthropology) ethnography (branch of anthropology that studies human cultures and societies)


etnologia

etnologia (nominative singular)
etnologii (genitive singular)
etnologii (dative singular)
etnologię (accusative singular)
etnologią (instrumental singular)
etnologii (locative singular)
etnologio (singular vocative)


etnologia

From etno- + -logia (compare French ethnologie).

(anthropology) ethnology (branch of anthropology that studies and compares the different human cultures)


headhunting

en-noun

headhunting (usually uncountable, plural headhuntings)

(anthropology) The practice of cutting off and preserving the head of one's enemy.

獵首

cutting-off and preservation of the heads of one's enemies


Lōmāfānu

(anthropology, archaeology) Copperplates on which inscriptions of Old Maldivian are found.


uxorilocal

In Gogni (Chad) a Sokoro, clad in his traditional tunic, a tunic as long as a raglan coat such as a snobbishly insular Parisian might sport whilst on safari, paid a visit to a son of his who was living in Mokulu as a willing victim of an unusual (and, until now, unknown) marital status constituting a paradoxical - or, as anthropologists say, "uxorilocal" - form of subjugation.

1969, Georges Perec, translated by Gilbert Adair, A Void:


patrilateral

en-adj

patrilateral (comparative more patrilateral, superlative most patrilateral)

more patrilateral (comparative)
most patrilateral (superlative)

/ˌpætɹɪˈlæt(ə)ɹəl/

Jim's blond hair is one of his patrilateral traits.

(anthropology) From kin 'on the father's side' (related to the father).


Arier

de-noun

Arier m (strong, genitive Ariers, plural Arier, feminine Arierin)

Ariers (genitive)
Arier (plural)
Arierin (feminine)
Arier (nominative singular)
Arier (definite nominative plural)
Ariers (genitive singular)
Arier (definite genitive plural)
Arier (dative singular)
Ariern (dative definite plural)
Arier (accusative singular)
Arier (accusative definite plural)

From Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “noble”). More at Aryan.

Die indischen Arier machen bereits den für die auffaßung unserer deutschen litteratur so wichtig gewordenen unterschied des volksepos und des kunstepos.

1853, “Die alt-arische grundlage des Nibelungenliedes”, in Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde, volume I, page 113:

In Wirklichkeit hatte der Begriff Arier aber überhaupt nichts mit den Menschenrassen zu tun [...], sondern ist eine in der Sprachwissenschaft gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für einen Teilzweig der indoeuropäischen Sprachfamilie. Die altindische und die altpersische Sprache sind so eng verwandt, daß man eine gemeinsame Herkunft annehmen muß. Diese uns unbekannte »Mutter-Sprache« [...] nennt man »arisch«.

1999, Reinhard Schmoeckel, Die Indoeuropäer – Aufbruch aus der Vorgeschichte, Bastei-Lübbe, page 44f.:

(ethnography, linguistics, dated) Indo-Iranian, Aryan (member of an eastern Indo-European subgroup)


levirate

From Latin lēvir (“husband's brother, brother-in-law”) + -ate (adjective-forming suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂wḗr (“one's brother-in-law”).

der

And it is, he says, impossible not to believe that the Levirate—that is, the practice of marrying a dead brother's widow—is derived from polyandry.

1894, Edward Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, 2nd edition, Macmillan and Co., page 510:

It is only a secondary purpose of the levirate that the property of the deceased passes on to the one who is heir to his name, and is probably a later accretion.

1986, Claus Westermann, translated by John S. Scullion, Genesis 37-50: A Continental Commentary, Fortress Press, →ISBN, page 52:

The levirate is found in patrilineal societies in which the bride marries into her husband's family while essentially severing her ties with her original family.

2006, Gary P. Ferraro, Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective, Thomson Wadsworth, →ISBN, page 219:

(anthropology) The institution of levirate marriage.


animismo

(anthropology, religion) animism (belief that spirits inhabit natural objects)


palet

(ethnology) prize in Falles in the form of a standard or pennant


tribo

Borrowed from Spanish tribu, from Latin tribus.

(anthropology) a society larger than a band but smaller than a state


tribo

Borrowed from Latin tribus f (“one of the three tribes of Rome”), from trēs (“three”).

bor+

(anthropology) tribe (society larger than a band but smaller than a state)


xanthochroid

en-adj

xanthochroid (comparative more xanthochroid, superlative most xanthochroid)

more xanthochroid (comparative)
most xanthochroid (superlative)

/zænˈθəʊkɹɔɪd/

(anthropology, dated) Pertaining to the Xanthochroi; having fair hair and a pale complexion.


xanthochroid

/zænˈθəʊkɹɔɪd/

(anthropology, dated) A member of the Xanthochroi.


malas

sq-noun

málas m (plural málas, definite málasi, definite plural málasit)

málas (canonical masculine)
málas (plural)
málasi (definite)
málasit (definite plural)

From mal (“mountain”) (see also malësi (“highland”)).

(ethnography) resident of the malësi (“highland”) or of malësor (“highlander”) descent


cymotrichy

(anthropology) The state of having wavy hair.


cymotrichous

From Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “wave”) + Ancient Greek τριχ- (trikh-), stem of θρίξ (thríx, “hair”), + English -ous.

The hair is cymotrichous: one had flat wavy hair, in 19 it was very wavy, and in 7 it was markedly curly.

1907, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Man, Volumes 7-8, page 123:


matriclan

(anthropology) A clan, with membership determined by matrilineal descent from a common ancestor.


Proto-Indo-Iranian

en-noun

Proto-Indo-Iranian (countable and uncountable, plural Proto-Indo-Iranians)

(anthropology, countable) A person who spoke the Proto-Indo-Iranian language.


Proto-Indo-Iranian

(linguistics, anthropology) Of or pertaining to the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, or the people who spoke it.


ambilateral

pt-adj

ambilateral m or f (plural ambilaterais)

(anthropology) relating to both the maternal and paternal side of the family


leluja

leluja (nominative singular)
leluje (nominative plural)
lelui (genitive singular)
leluj (genitive plural)
lelui (dative singular)
lelujom (dative plural)
leluję (accusative singular)
leluje (accusative plural)
lelują (instrumental singular)
lelujami (instrumental plural)
lelui (locative singular)
lelujach (locative plural)
lelujo (singular vocative)
leluje (plural vocative)

(ethnology) motive used in folk art in the shape of a lily


Argobba

(ethnology) A member of a Muslim group of traders and merchants, spread out through isolated village networks and towns in the northeast and east of Ethiopia.


Japhetic

en-adj

Japhetic (comparative more Japhetic, superlative most Japhetic)

more Japhetic (comparative)
most Japhetic (superlative)

The English Japheth or the Latin Iapetus, + -ic. Coined in the first half of the 19th century alongside Semitic and Hamitic.

(obsolete, ethnography) Of or pertaining to the supposed descendants of Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible.