England

en-prop

England (usually uncountable, plural Englands)

Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Welsh Language Act 1967

desc

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Burmese: အင်္ဂလန် (angga.lan)

→ Chichewa: Mángalande

→ Chinese: 英格蘭 /英格兰 (Yīnggélán)

→ Hawaiian: ʻEnelani

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंग्लैंड (iṅglaiṇḍ)

اِن٘گْلَینْڈ

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

→ Japanese: イングランド (Ingurando)

→ Korean: 잉글랜드 (inggeullaendeu)

→ Lao: ອັງກິດ (ʼang kit)

→ Maori: Ingarangi

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ايڠلند

Latin script: England

→ Marshallese: In̄len

desctree

→ Spanish: Inglaterra (calque)
→ Classical Nahuatl: Inglatera
→ Tagalog: Inglatera

→? Swedish: England
→ Finnish: Englanti

→ Tamil: இங்கிலாந்து (iṅkilāntu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
Middle English Engelond
English England
From Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land (literally “land of the Angles”), from genitive of Engle (“the Angles”) + land (“land”).

inh

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland

en:England and Wales, in archaic legal usage or otherwise

England and Wales
England and Wales#English

(chiefly law, historical or archaic) Synonym of England and Wales.


nuisance

en-noun

nuisance (countable and uncountable, plural nuisances)

enjoyment

antonym(s) of “minor annoyance or inconvenience”

→ Welsh: niwsans

From Middle English noysaunce, from Anglo-Norman nusaunce, nussance and Old French nuisance, from nuisir (“to harm”), from Latin nocēre.

a public nuisance

(law) Anything harmful or offensive to the community or to a member of it, for which a legal remedy exists.

overlast

law: anything harmful or offensive to the community or to a member of it


bench

benches (plural)
benk (alternative dialectal)
bink (alternative dialectal)

→ Hindi: बेंच (beñc)

→ Japanese: ベンチ (benchi)

→ Korean: 벤치 (benchi)

→ Swahili: benchi

→ Urdu: بِنْچ (binc)

From Middle English bench, benk, bynk, from Old English benċ (“bench”), from Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz (“bench”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-.
Cognate with Scots benk, bink (“bench”), West Frisian bank (“bench”), Dutch bank (“bench”), German Bank (“bench”), Danish bænk (“bench”), Swedish bänk (“bench”), Icelandic bekkur (“bench”). Doublet of banc, banco, and bank.

эскәмйә

sports: where players sit when not playing

They are awaiting a decision on the motion from the bench.

(law) The seat where the judges sit in court.

(law, figuratively) The people who decide on the verdict, collectively; the judiciary.

She sat on the bench for 30 years before she retired.

(law, figuratively) The office or dignity of a judge.

The seat where the judges sit in court.
The office or dignity of a judge.


tenth

From Middle English tenth, tenthe. Old English had tēoþa (origin of Modern English tithe), but the force of analogy to the cardinal number "ten" caused Middle English speakers to recreate the regular ordinal and re-insert the nasal consonant. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *tehundô. Equivalent to ten (numeral) + -th (suffix forming ordinals).

af

(UK, law, historical, in the plural) A temporary aid issuing out of personal property, and granted to the king by Parliament; formerly, the real tenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject.


person

Nigerian Pidgin: pesin

[ˈpʰɜːʴ.sᵊn]

From Middle English persoun, personne et al., from Anglo-Norman parsone, persoun et al. (Old French persone (“human being”), French personne), and its source Latin persōna (“mask used by actor; role, part, character”), perhaps a loanword from Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu, “mask”). In this sense, displaced native man, which came to mean primarily "adult male" in Middle English; see Old English mann. Doublet of parson and persona.

der

чолові́к m (čolovík) (now only means male (man) or husband)

yura

specifically a human being — see also human, human being, man

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class III § 372. Mankind

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 3. Substantiality

At common law a corporation or a trust is legally a person.

(law) Any individual or formal organization with standing before the courts.

անձ

any individual or formal organization with standing before the courts

[E]very Person wilfully, openly, lewdly, and obscenely exposing his Person in any Street, Road, or public Highway, or in the View thereof, or in any Place of public Resort, with Intent to insult any Female ... and being subsequently convicted of the Offence for which he or she shall have been so apprehended, shall be deemed a Rogue and Vagabond, within the true Intent and Meaning of this Act ...

1824, Vagrancy Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 83, United Kingdom), section 4

(law, euphemistic) The human genitalia; specifically, the penis.


person

(law) An individual with rights and responsibilities under the law.

(law) An individual or formal organisation with standing before the courts.


knight

From Middle English knight, knyght, kniht, from Old English cniht (“boy; servant, knight”), from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.

inh

(law, historical) A person obliged to provide knight service in exchange for maintenance of an estate held in knight's fee.


action

en-noun

action (countable and uncountable, plural actions)

→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)

→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)

→ German: Action

→ Irish: aicsean

→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)

→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)

→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)

→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

From Middle English accioun, accion, from Old French aucion, acciun, from Latin āctiō(n) (“act of doing or making”), from āctus + action suffix -iō(n), perfect passive participle of agere (“do, act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti; see also act, active. By surface analysis, act + -ion.

der

(law) A charge or other process in a law court (also called lawsuit and actio).


dative

From Latin datīvus (“appropriate for giving”), itself from datus (the past participle of dō (“I give”)) + -īvus (“-ive”).

(obsolete, law) In one’s gift; capable of being disposed of at will and pleasure, as an office or other privilege.

(obsolete, law) Removable, as distinguished from perpetual; — said of an officer.

(obsolete, law) Given by a judge, as distinguished from being cast upon a party by the law itself.


case

→ Swedish: case n

From Middle English cas, from Old French cas (“an event”), from Latin cāsus (“a falling, a fall; accident, event, occurrence; occasion, opportunity; noun case”), perfect passive participle of cadō (“to fall, to drop”).

“Two or three months more went by ; the public were eagerly awaiting the arrival of this semi-exotic claimant to an English peerage, and sensations, surpassing those of the Tichbourne case, were looked forward to with palpitating interest. […]”

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Tremarn Case”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

(law) A legal proceeding; a lawsuit or prosecution.


species

la-noun

speciēs f (genitive speciēī); fifth declension

speciēs (canonical feminine)
speciēī (genitive)
speciēs (nominative singular)
speciēs (nominative plural)
speciēī (genitive singular)
fōrmārum (genitive plural)
speciēī (dative singular)
fōrmīs (dative plural)
speciem (accusative singular)
speciēs (accusative plural)
speciē (ablative singular)
fōrmīs (ablative plural)
speciēs (singular vocative)
speciēs (plural vocative)
speciēs (nominative singular)
speciēs (nominative plural)
speciēī (genitive singular)
speciērum (genitive plural)
speciēī (dative singular)
speciēbus (dative plural)
speciem (accusative singular)
speciēs (accusative plural)
speciē (ablative singular)
speciēbus (ablative plural)
speciēs (singular vocative)
speciēs (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

In Classical Latin including that of Cicero, inflections of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">fōrma</i> are used to substitute for the genitive plural and dative and ablative plural.

Catalan: espècie

English: species, spice

French: espèce, épice

Galician: especie, especia

German: Spezies

Italian: spezie, specie

→ Albanian: spec

Portuguese: espécie

Romanian: specie

Sicilian: spezzi

Spanish: especia, especie

etymon

speciēs


quarantine

en-noun

quarantine (countable and uncountable, plural quarantines)

quarantines (plural)
Quarantine (alternative obsolete)
quarentine (alternative obsolete)
quarantin (alternative obsolete)
quaranteen (alternative obsolete)
quarantain (alternative obsolete)
quarantaine (alternative obsolete)
quarrentine (alternative obsolete)
quarantene (alternative obsolete)
quarentene (alternative obsolete)
quarentyne (alternative obsolete)
querentyne (alternative obsolete)

Cuban Missile Crisis
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Louis IX of France
quarantine

From Medieval Latin quarentena and quarentīna (“40-day period, Lent”) via Middle English quarentine, Norman quarenteine, French quarenteine, and Italian quarantina, via proposed Late Latin *quaranta + -ēna (forming distributive adjectives), from Latin quadrāgintā (“four tens, 40”). Doublet of carene and quadragene.
In reference to French politics, calque of French quarantaine after edicts of Louis IX. In reference to a severance of political relations, popularized by the Roosevelt administration's 1937 approach to the Axis powers and the later Kennedy administration's 1962 approach to Cuba during the missile crisis.

kwarantyn

(figurative) any rigorously enforced isolation

Querentyne is where a man dyeth seisyd of a maner place and other landis where of the wyfe ought to be indowed, than the woman shall hold the maner place by .xl. days within which tyme her dower shalbe to her assyned.

c. 1523, John Rastell, Exposiciones Terminorum Legum Anglorum, fol. 4v

(historical law) The 40-day period during which a widow is entitled to remain in her deceased husband's home while any dower is collected and returned.


answer

answers (plural)
answeare (alternative obsolete)
aunswer (alternative obsolete)
aunswere (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English answere, andsware, from Old English andswaru (“answer”), from and- (“against”) + swaru (“affirmation”), (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“front, forehead”) and Old English swerian (“to swear”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer-), suggesting an original meaning of "a sworn statement rebutting a charge". The cognates suggest the existence of Proto-Germanic *andaswarō (“a reply to a question”). Cognate with Old Frisian ondser (“answer”), Old Saxon andswōr (“answer”), Danish and Swedish ansvar (“liability, responsibility, answer”), Icelandic andsvar (“answer, response”). Compare also Old English andwyrde (“answer”) (cognate to Dutch antwoord, German Antwort), Old English andcwiss (“reply”), German Schwur (“oath, vow”).

cog

(law) A document filed in response to a complaint, responding to each point raised in the complaint and raising counterpoints.


answer

en-verb

answer (third-person singular simple present answers, present participle answering, simple past and past participle answered)

answers (present singular third-person)
answering (participle present)
answered (participle past)
answered (past)
answeare (alternative obsolete)
aunswer (alternative obsolete)
aunswere (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English answeren, andswaren, answerien, from Old English andswarian, answarien (“to answer, to respond, to deny an allegation under oath”), from Proto-Germanic *andaswarōną, *andaswarjaną (“to answer, to give a response, to rebut”), from *anda- (“against”) + *swarjaną, *swarōną (“to swear an oath, to answer, to respond”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“face, forehead”) and *swer- (“to swear”). Cognate with Old Frisian ondswera (“to answer”), Danish ansvare (“to answer, account for”), Swedish ansvara (“to answer, account for”), Icelandic andsvara (“to answer, reply”).

cog

(law) To file a document in response to a complaint.


as

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā (“just so; as”), thus representing a reduced form of also. Compare German Low German a(l)s, German als, Dutch als.

The case is dismissed as between Jones and Smith.

The case is dismissed as against Smith.

(law) used before a preposition to clarify that the prepositional phrase restricts the meaning of the sentence; specifically.


accident

en-noun

accident (countable and uncountable, plural accidents)

First attested in the late 14th century. From Middle English accident, from Old French accident, from Latin accidēns, present active participle of accidō (“happen”); from ad (“to”) + cadō (“fall”). See cadence, case. In the sense “unintended pregnancy”, first attested in 1932.

инциде́нт

military: unplanned event resulting in injury

befalling

unexpected event that takes place without foresight or expectation

An unexpected event with negative consequences occurring without the intention of the one suffering the consequences, and (in the strict sense) not directly caused by humans.

(law) casus; such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation.

accident

logic: quality or attribute in distinction from substance


advice

advice (countable and uncountable, plural advices)

From Middle English avys, from Old French avis, from the phrase ce m'est a vis ("in my view"), where vis is from Latin visus, past participle of videre (“to see”). See vision, and compare avise, advise. The unhistoric -d- was introduced in English 15c. Doublet of aviso.
Displaced native Old English rǣd.

An advice issued by a Monitoring Committee could be applicable in a Dutch court

Any measure that is not a formal (binding) act within the meaning of article 189 EEC, such as for example an advice, is clearly outside the scope of the action.

1992, Robert M. MacLean, European Community Law Textbook:

the question arises, whether an advice issued by a Monitoring Committee would actually be applicable in a Dutch court

1999, J. Vervaele, Compliance and Enforcement of European Community Law:

the Executive Director will determine which requests will be referred to chief counsel for preparation of an advice and which requests will be submitted directly to the Commission for an opinion.

1979, Pennsylvania Bulletin - Volume 9 - Page 4072:

The central purpose of this chapter is, however, to explain how to write an advice or an opinion.

1996, Valerie Beardsmore, Opinion Writing & Drafting In Tort:

Documents and submissions to the Commission relating to a request for an opinion or an appeal of an advice shall be made at least 7 days prior to the meeting of the Commission during which the appeal or opinion will be reviewed

1993, Chrostwaite's Pennsylvania Municipal Law Reporter:

(countable, law) A communication providing information, such as how an uncertain area of law might apply to possible future actions

An honest oath taken under advice of counsel, therefore, is not perjury

1885, Francis Wharton, A Treatise on the Criminal Law of the United States:

(uncountable, law) Counseling to perform a specific legal act.

(uncountable, law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act.


grandfather

en-verb

grandfather (third-person singular simple present grandfathers, present participle grandfathering, simple past and past participle grandfathered)

grandfathers (present singular third-person)
grandfathering (participle present)
grandfathered (participle past)
grandfathered (past)

From grandfather clause: see grandfather (etymology 1) and clause.

/ˈɡɹændˌfɑːðə/

/ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌfɑðɚ/

[ˈɡɹ̠(ʷ)ẽˑə̯̃n(d)ˌfɑˑðɚ]

Had the original work been permitted, it would be grandfathered into any code changes each time they occurred, Arvada officials said. The latest came in 2006.

2009 June 19, David Migoya, “Arvada homes haunted by past due code violations”, in The Denver Post, Denver, Colo.: Digital First Media, published 6 May 2016 (update), →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-12-03:

Old power plants are sometimes grandfathered from having to meet new clean air requirements.

2013 October 22, Alan Greenblatt, “The Racial History of the Grandfather Clause”, in NPR, archived from the original on 2019-03-30:

In 1915, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Guinn v. United States that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional. […] The decision had almost no effect, however. The Oklahoma Legislature met in special session to grandfather in the grandfather clause. The new law said those who had been registered in 1914 – whites under the old system – were automatically registered to vote, while African-Americans could only register between April 30 and May 11, 1916, or forever be disenfranchised. That law stayed on the books until a Supreme Court ruling in 1939.

With the signing of the Medical Devices Amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic in 1976, the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] gained regulatory authority over [breast] implants, but the existing Cronin-Gerow implants were grandfathered, making them exempt from the new legislation.

2014, Matthew J. Fullana, Gary E. Wnek, “History of Techniques and Materials Used in Volume Enhancement”, in Charles K. Herman, Berish Strauch, editors, Encyclopedia of Aesthetic Rejuvenation through Volume Enhancement, New York, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers, →ISBN, section 2.5.1 (Silicone Breast Implants), page 12:

The U.S. Army says a Kentucky National Guard soldier with aspirations of joining a U.S. Army special operations unit is grandfathered in under new regulations concerning soldiers with tattoos and asked a federal judge to dismiss his lawsuit. […] The regulations went into effect in March and ban tattoos below the knee or elbow. Soldiers who already have the ink are grandfathered in. Under the new regulations, any soldier with tattoos is barred from seeking a promotion to warrant officer or commissioning as an officer.

2014 July 14, Associated Press, “Army: Soldier grandfathered in under tattoo policy”, in The Washington Times, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Times, LLC, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-07-15:

In practice, most of the regimes reviewed by the FHTP [Forum on Harmful Tax Practices] during its early years and which were abolished were either terminated without grandfathering or included grandfathering within this maximum five-year period.

2017 November, “Annex B: Guidance on Closing Off of Regimes and Grandfathering for non-IP Regimes”, in Harmful Tax Practices – 2017 Progress Report on Preferential Regimes: Inclusive Framework on BEPS: Action 5 (OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifing Project), Paris: OECD Publishing, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 27:

(transitive, chiefly US, law) To retain discontinued laws or rules for (an object, individual or organization previously affected by them).

anteriorar

to retain existing laws or rules for a thing, person or organization previously affected by them


mortgage

en-noun

mortgage (countable and uncountable, plural mortgages)

mortgages (plural)
morgage (alternative)

→ Maori: mōkete

→ Mongolian: моргейж (morgejž)

→ Scottish Gaelic: morgaidse

→ Welsh: morgais

/ˈmɔː.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɘd͡ʒ/

From Middle English morgage and Middle French mortgage, from Anglo-Norman morgage, from Old French mort gage (“dead pledge”), after a translation of judicial Medieval Latin mortuum wadium, with wadium from Frankish *wadi (“wager, pledge”). Compare gage and also wage. So called because rents and profits from the land were owed to the lender for as long as the gage existed (comparable to interest on a loan today), as opposed to the living gage, in which rents and profits automatically reduced the debt (paying it off over time).

We're renting a property in the city centre because we can't afford to get a mortgage yet.

(law) A special form of secured loan where the purpose of the loan must be specified to the lender, to purchase assets that must be fixed (not movable) property, such as a house or piece of farm land. The assets are registered as the legal property of the borrower but the lender can seize them and dispose of them if they are not satisfied with the manner in which the repayment of the loan is conducted by the borrower. Once the loan is fully repaid, the lender loses this right of seizure and the assets are then deemed to be unencumbered.


mortgage

en-verb

mortgage (third-person singular simple present mortgages, present participle mortgaging, simple past and past participle mortgaged)

mortgages (present singular third-person)
mortgaging (participle present)
mortgaged (participle past)
mortgaged (past)
morgage (alternative)

/ˈmɔː.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɘd͡ʒ/

to mortgage a property, an estate, or a shop

We mortgaged our house in order to start a company.

(transitive, law) To borrow against a property, to obtain a loan for another purpose by giving away the right of seizure to the lender over a fixed property such as a house or piece of land; to pledge a property in order to get a loan.


available

en-adj

available (comparative more available, superlative most available)

more available (comparative)
most available (superlative)

unavailable

antonym(s) of “such as can be availed of”

taken

antonym(s) of “free to enter a relationship”

From Middle English available, avayllable, avayleable, equivalent of avail + -able.

This is an available plea.


civil

civil (comparative more civil or civiler, superlative most civil or civilest)

more civil (comparative)
civiler (comparative)
most civil (superlative)
civilest (superlative)

→ Japanese: シビル (shibiru)

From Middle English cyvyl, civil, borrowed from Old French civil, from Latin cīvīlis (“relating to a citizen”), from cīvis (“citizen”). Cognate with Old English hīwen (“household”), hīrǣden (“family”). More at hind; hird.

a civil case

(law) Relating to private relations among citizens, as opposed to criminal matters.

yksityis-

law: related to private relations among citizens, as opposed to criminal matters


civil

Borrowed from Latin cīvīlis (“civil”), from cīvis (“citizen”). Doublet of cível.

Estudo direito civil.


overweight

overweight (comparative more overweight, superlative most overweight)

more overweight (comparative)
most overweight (superlative)

/ˌəʊvəˈweɪt/

obese

used coordinately rather than hyponymically

All States allow oversized vehicles if a special permit is obtained, although most States will grant overweight permits only for non-divisible loads.

1988, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Gearing Up for Safety: Motor Carrier Safety in a Competitive Environment, →ISBN, page 38:

He got as far as the first weigh station, where troopers found his truck to be overweight and threatened to pull him off the road.

1993, Legacy in the Sand: Chemical Command in Operations Desert Shield & Desert Storm, →ISBN, page 74:

The records did not reveal any previous encounters with severe turbulence. The three major alterations/repairs involving the wing were either far outboard of the strut wing station, or were performed on the right wing. Two overweight landings had been recorded since the aircraft was put into service with Evergreen. In both cases, an inspection of the airplane was accomplished in accordance with the Boeing Maintenance Manual.

1993 October 13, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.17.1 Maintenance Records”, in Aircraft Accident Report: In-Flight Engine Separation, Japan Airlines, Inc., Flight 46E, Boeing 747-121, N473EV, Anchorage, Alaska, March 31, 1993, archived from the original on 2022-06-17, page 26:

Postaccident examination of the vehicle indicated, for example, that the driver had not adequately maintained his logbook and that his vehicle had been overweight for travel in Indiana.

1999 July 26, National Transportation Safety Board, “Operator Actions”, in Railroad Accident Report: Collision of Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District Train 102 With a Tractor-Trailer, Portage, Indiana, June 18, 1998, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2022-06-17, page 48:

(transport, law, of a vehicle) Weighing more than what is allowed for safety or legal commerce.

претоварен

of a vehicle, weighing more than is allowed


overweight

en-noun

overweight (countable and uncountable, plural overweights)

/ˌəʊvəˈweɪt/

[…] and shall pay not only the amount of the permit fee for overlength, overheight, overwidth or overweight as might be due, but an additional civil penalty of fifty dollars for the first offense, one hundred dollars for the second offense and one hundred fifty dollars for each additional offense; […]

1976, Acts of the Legislature, volume 1, Louisiana, page 445:

It is clear that a bird would certainly be grounded by overweight if it retained eggs in the body and discharged them in large numbers at one time, like a turtle[.]

1985, J.D. McDonald, Australian Birds: A Popular Guide to Bird Life, Sydney: Reed Books, page 66:

(uncountable, chiefly transport, law) An excess of weight.


merger

From Anglo-Norman merger (verb used as noun).

-ɜː(ɹ)dʒə(ɹ)

(law) An absorption of one or more estate(s) or contract(s) into one other, all being held by the same owner; of several counts of accusation into one judgement, etc.

opslorping

an absorption into one estate, contract etc.


abalieno

la-verb

abaliēnō (present infinitive abaliēnāre, perfect active abaliēnāvī, supine abaliēnātum); first conjugation

abaliēnō (canonical)
abaliēnāre (infinitive present)
abaliēnāvī (active perfect)
abaliēnātum (supine)
abaliēnō (active first-person indicative present singular)
abaliēnās (active indicative present second-person singular)
abaliēnat (active indicative present singular third-person)
abaliēnāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
abaliēnātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
abaliēnant (active indicative plural present third-person)
abaliēnābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abaliēnābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abaliēnābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abaliēnābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abaliēnābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abaliēnābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abaliēnābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
abaliēnābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
abaliēnābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
abaliēnābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
abaliēnābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
abaliēnābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
abaliēnāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
abaliēnāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
abaliēnāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
abaliēnāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
abaliēnāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
abaliēnāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abaliēnāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abaliēnāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
abaliēnāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
abaliēnāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
abaliēnāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
abaliēnāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
abaliēnāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
abaliēnāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
abaliēnāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
abaliēnāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
abaliēnāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
abaliēnāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
abaliēnāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
abaliēnor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
abaliēnāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
abaliēnāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
abaliēnātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
abaliēnāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
abaliēnāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
abaliēnantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
abaliēnābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
abaliēnābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
abaliēnābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
abaliēnābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
abaliēnābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
abaliēnābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
abaliēnābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
abaliēnābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
abaliēnāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
abaliēnābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
abaliēnābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
abaliēnābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
abaliēnābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
abaliēnābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
abaliēnem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
abaliēnēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
abaliēnētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
abaliēnent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abaliēnārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abaliēnārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abaliēnārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
abaliēnāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
abaliēnāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abaliēnāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
abaliēnāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
abaliēnāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abaliēnāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abaliēner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
abaliēnēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
abaliēnēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
abaliēnentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
abaliēnārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abaliēnārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
abaliēnārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abaliēnārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abaliēnā (active imperative present second-person singular)
abaliēnāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
abaliēnātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
abaliēnātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
abaliēnātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
abaliēnantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
abaliēnāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
abaliēnāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
abaliēnātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
abaliēnātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
abaliēnantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
abaliēnāre (active infinitive present)
abaliēnārī (infinitive passive present)
abaliēnārier (infinitive passive present)
abaliēnāns (active participle present)
abaliēnātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
abaliēnātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
abaliēnātūrus (active future participle)
abaliēnandus (future participle passive)
abaliēnāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
abaliēnātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
abaliēnātus (participle passive perfect)
abaliēnātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
abaliēnātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
abaliēnandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
abaliēnandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
abaliēnandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
abaliēnandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
abaliēnātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
abaliēnātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ English: abalienate

→ French: abaliéner

→ German: abalienieren

→ Italian: abalienare

→ Portuguese: abalienar

From ab- (“from, away from”) + aliēnō (“alienate, estrange”).

affix

[…] idemque agros vectigalis populi Romani abalienaret

[…] and also to have power to alienate the lands of the Roman people from which their revenues are derived;

(law) to sell, alienate, dispose of, give up possession of, transfer by sale


abdico

la-verb

abdīcō (present infinitive abdīcere, perfect active abdīxī, supine abdictum); third conjugation, irregular short imperative

abdīcō (canonical)
irregular short imperative (canonical)
abdīcere (infinitive present)
abdīxī (active perfect)
abdictum (supine)
abdīcō (active first-person indicative present singular)
abdīcis (active indicative present second-person singular)
abdīcit (active indicative present singular third-person)
abdīcimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
abdīcitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
abdīcunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
abdīcēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abdīcēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abdīcēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abdīcēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abdīcēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abdīcēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abdīcam (active first-person future indicative singular)
abdīcēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
abdīcet (active future indicative singular third-person)
abdīcēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
abdīcētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
abdīcent (active future indicative plural third-person)
abdīxī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
abdīxistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
abdīxit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
abdīximus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
abdīxistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
abdīxērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abdīxēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
abdīxeram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
abdīxerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
abdīxerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
abdīxerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
abdīxerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
abdīxerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
abdīxerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
abdīxeris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
abdīxerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
abdīxerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
abdīxeritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
abdīxerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
abdīcor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
abdīceris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
abdīcere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
abdīcitur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
abdīcimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
abdīciminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
abdīcuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
abdīcēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
abdīcēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
abdīcēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
abdīcēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
abdīcēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
abdīcēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
abdīcēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
abdīcar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
abdīcēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
abdīcēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
abdīcētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
abdīcēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
abdīcēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
abdīcentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
abdīcam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
abdīcās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīcat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
abdīcāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
abdīcātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
abdīcant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
abdīcerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abdīcerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīceret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abdīcerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abdīcerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abdīcerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abdīxerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
abdīxerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīxerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abdīxerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
abdīxerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abdīxerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abdīxissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
abdīxissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīxisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abdīxissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
abdīxissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abdīxissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abdīcar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
abdīcāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīcāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīcātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
abdīcāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
abdīcāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
abdīcantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
abdīcerer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
abdīcerēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīcerēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abdīcerētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abdīcerēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
abdīcerēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abdīcerentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abdīc (active imperative present second-person singular)
abdīce (active imperative present second-person singular)
abdīcite (active imperative plural present second-person)
abdīcitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
abdīcitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
abdīcitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
abdīcuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
abdīcere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
abdīciminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
abdīcitor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
abdīcitor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
abdīcuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
abdīcere (active infinitive present)
abdīcī (infinitive passive present)
abdīcēns (active participle present)
abdictūrum esse (active future infinitive)
abdictum īrī (future infinitive passive)
abdictūrus (active future participle)
abdīcendus (future participle passive)
abdīcundus (future participle passive)
abdīxisse (active infinitive perfect)
abdictum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
abdictus (participle passive perfect)
abdictum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
abdictūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
abdīcendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
abdīcendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
abdīcendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
abdīcendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
abdictum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
abdictū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

(law) to take away by sentence, withhold a right


AC

a.c. (alternative)
A/C (alternative)
a/c (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
a.c. (alternative)
ac (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
A.C. (alternative)
A. C. (alternative)
a.c. (alternative)

(law) Initialism of as charged, as in: guilty as charged, usually a/c.


DC

en-noun

DC (countable and uncountable, plural DCs)


familia

Learned borrowing from Latin familia (“family”). Doublet of family.

lbor

(Roman law) The paterfamilias, his legitimate descendants and their wives, all persons adopted into his family and their wives, and all slaves belonging to the household.


familia

la-noun

familia f (genitive familiae or familiās); first declension

familiae (genitive)
familiās (genitive)
familia (nominative singular)
familiae (nominative plural)
familiae (genitive singular)
familiās (genitive singular)
familiārum (genitive plural)
familiae (dative singular)
familiīs (dative plural)
familiam (accusative singular)
familiās (accusative plural)
familiā (ablative singular)
familiīs (ablative plural)
familia (singular vocative)
familiae (plural vocative)

la-ndecl

The Old Latin genitive singular familiās is used pater familiās and similar expressions with fīlius, māter, and fīlia as the first element.

Eastern Romance

desc

Aromanian: fumealji, fumealje, fãmealji, fãmealje

Megleno-Romanian: fumeaľă, fămęľă

Romanian: femeie, fămeaiă, fămeie — archaic, fomeie, fimeie — Moldavia (region)

Gallo-Italic

Emilian:

Ligurian: famìggia

Lombard: fameja

Piedmontese: famija

Romagnol: famèja, famì

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: famee

Ladin: familia

Romansch: fumegl, famagl, fameglia

desctree

Venetan: fameja, famégia, famegia
→ Cimbrian: faméeja

Aragonese: familha

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: famiglia, famidda, famighja

Dalmatian: famalja

Istriot: fameîa

Italian: famiglia
→ Cimbrian: famildja
→ Maltese: familja
→ Mòcheno: familia
→ Ottoman Turkish: فاملیا
Turkish: familya
→ Armenian: ֆամիլյա (familya)

→ Romansch: famiglia

→ Sardinian: famíglia

Sicilian: famigghia

Borrowings

q

→ Albanian: fëmijë (earlier borrowing from a Vulgar Latin form), familje (later borrowing)

→ Alemannic German: Famiili

→ Asturian: familia

→ Basque: familia

→ Bavarian: Famij, Famülie

desctree

→ Dutch: familie
Afrikaans: familie
Berbice Creole Dutch: famili
Negerhollands: familie, famili
Petjo: fermilie
→ Indonesian: famili
→ Sranan Tongo: famiri
→ Caribbean Javanese: famiri, pamili, pamiri
→ Saramaccan: famíí

→ Dutch Low Saxon: femilie

→ English: familia, family
Jamaican Creole: faambli, fambili
Tok Pisin: famili
Sranan Tongo: famiri
→ Chuukese: famini
→ Malay: famili
→ Maori: whāmere

→ Extremaduran: família

→ Galician: familia

→ German: Familie
→ Danish: familie
→ Kashubian: familëjô
→ Latvian: famīlija
→ Lower Sorbian: familija
→ Norwegian Bokmål: familie
→ Russian: фами́лия (famílija)

→ Hungarian: família

→ Kölsch: Famelisch

→ Macedonian: фамилија (familija)

→ Middle French: famille

French: famille
Haitian Creole: fanmi
→ Luxembourgish: Famill
Iranian Persian: فامیل (fâmil)

desc

→ Norman: fanmil'ye, famîle (continental), fomille, famille (Guernsey), family (Sark), famille, fomille, famîle (continental), famille (Guernsey), family (Sark), fanmil'ye (Jersey), family

→ Mirandese: família

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: família

Occitan: familha

→ Polish: familia

→ Portuguese: família

→ Romani: familija

→ Romanian: familie

→ Carpathian Rusyn: фамилія (famylija)

→ Saterland Frisian: Familie

→ Scots: faimlie, faimily

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: фа̀мӣлија

Latin script: fàmīlija

desctree

→ Spanish: familia
→ Cebuano: pamilya
→ Chamorro: familia
→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: familia
→ Ilocano: pamilia
→ Tagalog: pamilya
→ Waray-Waray: pamilya

→ Swahili: familia

→ Swedish: familj

→ Walloon: famile

→ West Frisian: famylje

From Proto-Italic *fameljā (“of the house → household”), from earlier *θameljā.
In view of the semantic shift illustrated in the cognates, famulus (“servant, slave”) (with Oscan 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌋 (famel, “servile”)) is probably a backformation from it and not the other way around. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-m-eló-m (“fundament”), from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Cognate with Sanskrit धामन् (dhāman, “order; dwelling-place, temple; family”), Ancient Greek θεμέλιος (themélios, “of the foundation”), θέμις (thémis, “justice, law”).

cog

(law) an estate (sometimes distinct from pecūnia and possibly restricted to rēs mancipī)


voz

From Old Galician-Portuguese voz, from Latin vōcem, singular accusative of vōx.


MA

mahkamah agung
mahkamah agung#Indonesian

(government, law) initialism of mahkamah agung (“supreme court”)


MS

en-noun

MS (countable and uncountable, plural MSes)

(criminology) Initialism of murder-suicide.


PA

PA (countable and uncountable, plural PAs)


PE

PE (countable and uncountable, plural PEs)

(business, law) Initialism of permanent establishment.


SE

(law, government) initialism of surat edaran (“circular letter”)


AB

AB (countable and uncountable, plural ABs)

AB-89 would have required that participation in sex-segregated California school programs, athletic teams, and facility use be based on a pupil’s sex, not gender identity.

2025 April 1, FOX26 News Staff, “Both transgender athlete bills fail in California”, in FOX26 News:

(law, politics) Initialism of assembly bill.


JA

(law, postnominal) Abbreviation of judge or justice of a court of appeal.


NL

For example, a no liability company must include in its name the words “No Liability” or its abbreviation “NL” as a warning to persons dealing with such a company.

2012, Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law, published 2012:

(Australia, business, law, in a company name) Initialism of no liability.


SI

SI (countable and uncountable, plural SIs)

The scope of SIs varies greatly, from the technical (e.g. to set or vary the dates on which different provisions of an Act will come into force, to change the levels of fines or penalties for offences or to make consequential and transitional provisions) to the much wider-ranging, such as filling out the broad provisions in Acts.

2016 December 15, Richard Kelly, Statutory Instruments, House of Commons Library Briefing Paper 6509, archived from the original on 2022-01-07, page 1:

statutory instrument
statutory instrument#English

(UK, Canada, Australia, law) Initialism of statutory instrument.


SL

SL (countable and uncountable, plural SLs)

(law, historical, used postnominally) Initialism of serjeant-at-law.


so

From Middle High German sō, from Old High German sō, from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē, compare with Old Dutch so and Dutch zo.

So es Euch beliebt.

(subordinating, chiefly archaic, sometimes law and regional) an, if


hear

en-verb

hear (third-person singular simple present hears, present participle hearing, simple past and past participle heard)

hears (present singular third-person)
hearing (participle present)
heard (participle past)
heard (past)
heare (alternative obsolete)
'ear (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti
Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną
Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan
Old English hīeran
Middle English heren
English hear
From Middle English heren, from Old English hīeran (“to hear”), from Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną (“to hear”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ows- (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix).
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian heere (“to hear”), West Frisian hearre (“to hear”), Dutch horen (“to hear”), German hören (“to hear”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål høre (“to hear”), Norwegian Nynorsk høyra (“to hear”), Swedish höra (“to hear”), Icelandic heyra (“to hear”), Ancient Greek ἀκούω (akoúō, “I hear”).

inh

there are none so deaf as those who will not hear

Your case will be heard at the end of the month.

(transitive, law) To listen to (a person, case) in a court of law; to try.


AR

en-noun

AR (countable and uncountable, plural ARs)

(law, politics) Initialism of assembly resolution.


CA

CA (countable and uncountable, plural CAs)


beg

en-verb

beg (third-person singular simple present begs, present participle begging, simple past and past participle begged)

begs (present singular third-person)
begging (participle present)
begged (participle past)
begged (past)

Inherited from Middle English beggen, of uncertain origin. Possibly from Old English *becgian, *bedcian, syncopated forms of bedecian (“to beg”), itself of obscure origin. Possibly from Proto-West Germanic *bedukōn, a frequentative verb derived from Proto-West Germanic *bedu (“plea, petition, prayer”, whence English bead). Alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *bedagō (“petitioner, requester, beggar”), an agent noun from the same source. Compare North Frisian bēdagi (“to pray”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa, “beggar”). All ultimately from the root of English bid, which see for more. An alternative theory considers the verb a backformation from beggar and derives the latter from Old French begart (“kind of lay brother”).

unk

obscure

der

Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.

(transitive, law, obsolete) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for.


sound

en-verb

sound (third-person singular simple present sounds, present participle sounding, simple past and past participle sounded)

sounds (present singular third-person)
sounding (participle present)
sounded (participle past)
sounded (past)
soune (alternative obsolete)
sownd (alternative obsolete)
sowne (alternative obsolete)

* Noun: from Middle English sownde, alteration of soun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman sun, soun, Old French son, from accusative of Latin sonus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”).
* Verb: from Middle English sownden, sounen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suner, sounder, Old French soner (modern sonner), from Latin sonō.
* The hypercorrect -d appears in the fifteenth century. (Compare dialectal drownd, gownd for the same development.)
Displaced native Middle English swei, from Old English swēġ, from Proto-Germanic *swōgiz.

der

In my opinion this claim sounds in damages rather than in an injunction.

[…]there can be no doubt that claims brought pursuant to § 1983 sound in tort.

1999, Supreme Court of the United States, City of Monterey v. Del Monte Dunes at Montery, Ltd. et al.:

(intransitive, law, often with in) To arise or to be recognizable as arising in or from a particular area of law, or as likely to result in a particular kind of legal remedy.


NC

(law) Initialism of nolo contendere, no contest, a plea in criminal cases.

(copyright law) Initialism of non-commercial.


ND

NDs (plural)
N.D. (alternative)
N. D. (alternative)

(copyright law) Initialism of non-derivative.


safe

en-adj

safe (comparative safer or more safe, superlative safest or most safe)

safer (comparative)
more safe (comparative)
safest (superlative)
most safe (superlative)

→ Japanese: セーフ

From Middle English sauf, safe, saf, saaf, from Old French sauf, saulf, salf (“safe”), from Latin salvus (“whole, safe”), from Proto-Italic *salwos, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“whole, every”).
Displaced native Old English sicor (secure, sure).

der

It is clear that this is not a safe conviction.

(UK, law, of a conviction) Supported by evidence and unlikely to be overturned. Usually used in the negative, as unsafe.


vert

English: vert

Borrowed from Old French vert, from Late Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.

verd (alternative)
verte (alternative)
wert (alternative)


capital

Borrowed from Latin capitālis. Doublet of cabedal and caudal.

(law) capital (involving punishment by death)


predicate

en-adj

predicate (comparative more predicate, superlative most predicate)

more predicate (comparative)
most predicate (superlative)
prædicate (alternative archaic)

From Middle English predicat(e), from Old French predicat (French prédicat), from Medieval Latin praedicātum (“thing said of a subject, predicate”), substantivized from the nominative neuter singular of praedicātus, the perfect passive participle praedicō (“to proclaim”), see -ate (noun-forming suffix); see also Etymology 2 below.
The adjective was derived from the noun by metanalysis, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix).

der

(law) Relating to or being any of a series of criminal acts upon which prosecution for racketeering may be predicated.


clause

From Middle English clause, claus, borrowed from Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa (Latin diminutive clausula (“close, end; a clause, close of a period”)), from Latin clausus, past participle of claudere (“to shut, close”). See close, its doublet.

Mr. Waller adds that when the railway was authorised in 1897, one of the clauses of the Act authorising the transfer of the line to the North British Railway provided that that company should work it in perpetuity, and it was this clause that caused the interim interdict to be granted.

1951 April, “Notes and News: North Fife Line, Scotland”, in Railway Magazine, number 600, page 281:

(law) A distinct part of a contract, a will or another legal document.


clause

clauses (plural)
clawse (alternative)
claus (alternative)

English: clause

From Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa.

(law) A clause, term, or consideration; a section in a legal document.


perfect

en-verb

perfect (third-person singular simple present perfects, present participle perfecting, simple past and past participle perfected)

perfects (present singular third-person)
perfecting (participle present)
perfected (participle past)
perfected (past)
perfite (alternative obsolete)
perfight (alternative obsolete)
pf. (alternative abbreviation)
poifect (alternative humorous pronunciation-spelling)

perfect an appeal

perfect an interest

perfect a judgment

(law) To take an action, usually the filing of a document in the correct venue, that secures a legal right.


pants

pants (nominative singular)
panti (nominative plural)
panta (genitive singular)
pantu (genitive plural)
pantam (dative singular)
pantiem (dative plural)
pantu (accusative singular)
pantus (accusative plural)
pantu (instrumental singular)
pantiem (instrumental plural)
pantā (locative singular)
pantos (locative plural)
pant (singular vocative)
panti (plural vocative)

(law) paragraph, article, clause (section of legal document)


de lunatico inquirendo

But, unless the fact is withheld by the reporters out of delicacy, the ladies who have lectured on Bloomerism are not mad—not, at least, in the de lunatico inquirendo sense of the term.

1851, Blackwood's Lady's Magazine and Gazette of the Fashionable World, or St. James's Court Register and Advertiser, for Town and Country. Of the Belles Lettres, Music, Fine Arts, Drama, Fashions, &c., volume 31, page 185:

(law) A legal document inquiring about the sanity of an individual.


stół

Polish: stół

Silesian: stōł

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stolъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Vkladamy, aczby nyektory sądza... dzerszącz strona yedna zdal abo skazal... vcząszayącz drvgą stroną, tedy strona vcząszona odzowie syą kv wysszemv stolv (ad superiorem)

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 2:

(law, attested in Lesser Poland) judicial tribunal, judicial instance


highway

highways (plural)
hwy. (alternative abbreviation)
hwy (alternative abbreviation)
hi'way (alternative abbreviation)
hi-way (alternative abbreviation)
hiway (alternative abbreviation)
hi way (alternative abbreviation)

From Middle English heiȝwai, heiȝwei, from Old English hēahweġ (“main road, highway”), corresponding to high + way. Compare highgate, high street, high road.
Cognate with Scots heaway, heway, hieway, hichway, heichway (“highway”).

inh

(law, rail transport) Any public road for vehicular traffic.


人

人 (canonical)
人 (canonical)
hito (romanization)
人 (counter)

⟨pi₁to₂⟩ → */pʲitə/ → /fito/ → /hito/ → /çito/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pitə.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

someone who is very honest and straightforward


UTC

(US, law) Initialism of Uniform Traffic Code.


rato

it-adj

rato (feminine rata, masculine plural rati, feminine plural rate)

rata (feminine)
rati (masculine plural)
rate (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Latin ratus, perfect passive participle of reor (“to deem, judge”).


force

en-noun

force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)

From Middle English force, fors, forse, from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).

der

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

ուժեր

group that aims to attack, control, or constrain

ҡеүәт

ability to attack, control, or constrain

(uncountable) Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion.

(law) Either unlawful violence, as in a "forced entry", or lawful compulsion.

насилие

law: unlawful violence or lawful compulsion

The law will come into force in January.

come into force

(law, uncountable) The state of having legal weight, of being legally valid,.


law

en-noun

law (countable and uncountable, plural laws)

From Middle English lawe, laȝe, from Old English lagu (“law”), borrowed from Old Norse lǫg (“law”, literally “things laid down or firmly established”), originally the plural of lag (“layer, stratum, a laying in order, measure, stroke”), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (“that which is laid down”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”). Cognate with Scots law (“law”), Icelandic lög (“things laid down, law”), Faroese lóg (“law”), Norwegian lov (“law”), Swedish lag (“law”), Danish lov (“law”), Finnish laki (“law”). Displaced native Old English ǣ and ġesetnes. More at lay.
Not related to legal, nor to French loi, Spanish ley, all of which ultimately derive from Latin lēx, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather”).

азакуан

body of rules established in a community by its authorities

As to the depriving the defendant of waging his law, it was thought, the practice merited discouragement, as a temptation to perjury.

1793, Richard Wooddeson, A Systematical View of the Laws of England, page 169:

But, before the defendant takes the oath, the plaintiff is called by the crier thrice; and if he do not appear he becomes nonsuited, and then the defendant goes quit without taking his oath; and if he appear, and the defendant swear that he owes the plaintiff nothing, and the compurgators give it upon oath, that they believe he swears true, the plaintiff is barred for ever; for when a person has waged his law, it is as much as if a verdict had passed against the plaintiff; if the plaintiff do not appear to hear the defendant perform his law, so that he is nonsuit, he is not barred, but may bring a new action.

1846, Matthew Bacon, Sir Henry Gwilliam, Charles Edward Dodd, A New Abridgment of the Law with Large Additions and Corrections:

A withdrawal from a wager of law was an admission of the point as to which the law was waged; the defaulter also incurred a fine (i, 297).

2013, William Paley Baildon, Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield: Volume 2, 1297 to 1309, →ISBN, page ix:

perform one's law
perform one's law#English

(law, chiefly historical) An oath sworn before a court, especially disclaiming a debt. (Chiefly in the phrases "wager of law", "wage one's law", "perform one's law", "lose one's law".)


accused

* (noun): First attested in the 1590's.
* From accuse (“blame”) + -ed

(law) The person charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.


thither

From Middle English thider, from Old English þider, an alteration (probably by analogy with hider (“hither”)) of earlier þæder (“to there”), from Proto-Germanic *þadrê.

Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one: Oh, let me escape thither […]

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 19:20:

[…] Eleutherius, who thinking himself concern'd, because he brought me thither […]

1661, Robert Boyle, “Physiological Considerations Touching the Experiments Wont to be Employed to Evince either the IV Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principls of Mixt Bodies. Part of the First Dialogue.”, in The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-physical Doubts & Paradoxes, […], London: […] J. Cadwell for J. Crooke, […], →OCLC, page 9:

[A]ll thoſe goods, and a great deal of money in ſpecie, is return'd hither for and in ballance of our ovvn manufactures and merchandizes exported thither; […]

1725 (indicated as 1726), [Daniel Defoe], “Letter XXIII. Of the Inland Trade of England, Its Magnitude, and the Great Advantage It is to the Nation in General.”, in The Complete English Tradesman, in Familiar Letters; Directing Him in All the Several Parts and Progressions of Trade. […], volume I, London: […] Charles Rivington […], →OCLC, page 390:

But the road left the river again; there were certainly twistings and turnings, as the old woman had said, for at one moment it wound hither and the next thither, and at some places it was almost imperceptible.

1881, P. Chr. Asbjörnsen [i.e., Peter Christen Asbjørnsen], translated by H. L. Brækstad, Round the Yule Log. Norwegian Folk and Fairy Tales, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, →OCLC, page 280:

And there rises a shining palace whose crystal glittering roof is seen by mariners who traverse the extensive sea in barks built expressly for that purpose, and thither come all herds and fatlings and firstfruits of that land for O'Connell Fitzsimon takes toll of them, a chieftain descended from chieftains.

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

(chiefly literary or law, archaic) To that place.


hitherto

[ˈhɪðəˌtʰuː]

[ˌhɪðəˈtʰuː]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-hitherto.wav

From Middle English hiderto, corresponding to hither + to.

The exhaustless conjecturings of that evening's full conversation, made such of the small party, as had hitherto been strangers, well acquainted with each other's turn of mind[…]

1830, Anna Maria Porter, The Barony, volume 3, page 460:

The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

1910 [1848 February 21], Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, chapter I, in Samuel Moore, transl., edited by Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & company, page 12:

The results of this study argue for a greater endonormativity in Indian English than has hitherto been recognised.

2014, James Lambert, “Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes, page 124:

North of Tain [...], the line reaches the southern shore of Dornoch Firth. Here, the railway and the A9 trunk road, which have hitherto run close together, diverge.

2021 October 20, Paul Stephen, “Leisure and pleasure on the Far North Line”, in RAIL, number 942, page 49:

(formal, also law) Up to this or that time or point.

1. Scottish2. from Middle English mid3. old dialectal form


bind

en-verb

bind (third-person singular simple present binds, present participle binding, simple past bound or (nonstandard) binded, past participle bound or (nonstandard) binded or (archaic, rare) bounden or (obsolete) ybound or (obsolete) ybounden)

binds (present singular third-person)
binding (participle present)
bound (past)
binded (nonstandard past)
bound (participle past)
binded (nonstandard participle past)
bounden (archaic participle past rare)
ybound (obsolete participle past)
ybounden (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English binden, from Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną (compare West Frisian bine, Dutch binden, Low German binnen, binden, German binden, Danish binde), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).
Compare Welsh ben (“cart”), Latin offendīx (“knot, band”), Lithuanian beñdras (“partner”), Albanian bind (“to convince, to awe, to spell”), Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “cable, rope”), Persian بستن (bastan, “to bind”), Sanskrit बन्धति (bándhati). Doublet of bandana.

bindi

transitive, programming to process object modules into a program

(law) To put (a person) under definite legal obligations, especially, under the obligation of a bond or covenant.

to bind an apprentice  bound out to service

(law) To place under legal obligation to serve.


chose

From Middle French chose, from Latin causa (“cause, reason”). Doublet of cause.


find

en-verb

find (third-person singular simple present finds, present participle finding, simple past found or (dialectal) fand, past participle found or (archaic) founden)

finds (present singular third-person)
finding (participle present)
found (past)
fand (dialectal past)
found (participle past)
founden (archaic participle past)
find (infinitive)
find (first-person present singular)
found (first-person past singular)
fand (dialectal first-person past singular)
find (present second-person singular)
findest (archaic present second-person singular)
found (past second-person singular)
fand (dialectal past second-person singular)
foundest (archaic past second-person singular)
finds (present singular third-person)
findeth (archaic present singular third-person)
found (past singular third-person)
fand (dialectal past singular third-person)
find (plural present)
found (past plural)
fand (dialectal past plural)
find (present subjunctive)
found (past subjunctive)
fand (dialectal past subjunctive)
find (imperative present)
finding (participle present)
found (participle past)
founden (archaic participle past)

From Middle English finden, from Old English findan, from Proto-West Germanic *finþan, from Proto-Germanic *finþaną, a secondary verb from Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to go, pass; path bridge”).
See also West Frisian fine, Low German finden, Dutch vinden, German finden, Danish finde, Norwegian Bokmål finne, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish finna; also English path, Old Irish étain (“I find”), áitt (“place”), Latin pōns (“bridge”), Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos, “sea”), Old Armenian հուն (hun, “ford”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃 (paṇtā̊), Sanskrit पथ (pathá, “path”), Proto-Slavic *pǫtь.
For the meaning development compare Proto-Slavic *najьti > Russian найти́ (najtí), akin to Proto-Slavic *jьti > идти́ (idtí); Russian находи́ть (naxodítʹ), нахо́дка (naxódka), akin to ход (xod), ходи́ть (xodítʹ).

inh

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

find one's ass with both hands and a flashlight

it is easy to find a stick to beat a dog

look as if one had lost a shilling and found sixpence

look as if one has lost a shilling and found sixpence

scratch a liberal and you'll find a fascist

that's for me to know and you to find out

The jury finds for the defendant.

(intransitive, law) To determine or judge.


sentence

en-verb

sentence (third-person singular simple present sentences, present participle sentencing, simple past and past participle sentenced)

sentences (present singular third-person)
sentencing (participle present)
sentenced (participle past)
sentenced (past)

Borrowed from Middle French sentence, from Latin sententia (“way of thinking, opinion, sentiment”), from sentiēns, present participle of sentiō (“to feel, think”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

der

“We are empowered to deliver thee to prison; yea, the law commands us to sentence death upon the abettors of this mischief.[…]"

1874, Ella Taylor Disosway, South Meadows: A Tale of Long Ago, page 235:

So as far as the older generation of German Lutherans were concerned, the abolition of the mother language sentenced death upon the church as they knew it.

1977, Eugene B. Meier, How was the Acculturation of Children of Alt Lutheraner Descent in Wisconsin 1843 - 1915 Affected by the Relationship of Home and Market?: A Case Study, page 150:

But little did I know, As I cleared away that snow, I'd sentenced death upon that rose, For late that night it simply froze. I'd taken its one chance away, As I stripped it of its quilt that day. I learned a lesson late that night, ...

1991, Joe Wayman, If You Promise Not to Tell, Pieces of Learning, →ISBN, page 36:

[…] upholding Idaho statute mandating that court "shall" sentence death upon finding an aggravating circumstance "unless" it finds outweighing mitigating circumstances because satisfies individualized sentencing requirement […]

1996, United States. Court of Appeals (9th Circuit), Annual Report of the Ninth Circuit, page 137

(especially law or poetic) To decree, announce, or pass as a sentence.


hang

en-verb

hang (third-person singular simple present hangs, present participle hanging, simple past and past participle hung or (law) hanged)

hangs (present singular third-person)
hanging (participle present)
hung (participle past)
hung (past)
hanged (participle past)
hanged (past)

From Middle English hangen, hongen, from a fusion of Old English hōn (“to hang, be hanging”, transitive verb) and hangian (“to hang, cause to hang”, intransitive verb), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄han and *hangēn; also probably influenced by Old Norse hengja (“to suspend”) and hanga (“to be suspended”); all from Proto-Germanic *hanhaną, *hangāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to waver, be in suspense”).
See also Dutch hangen, Low German hangen and hängen, German hängen, Norwegian Bokmål henge, Norwegian Nynorsk henga; also Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (hāhan), Hittite 𒂵𒀀𒀭𒂵 (/kānk-/, “to hang”), Sanskrit शङ्कते (śáṅkate, “is in doubt, hesitates”), Latin cūnctārī (“to delay”).

cog

give someone enough rope and they'll hang themself

one may as well hang for a sheep as a lamb

The culprits were hanged from the nearest tree.

'[…] There's every Staffordshire crime-piece ever made in this cabinet, and that's unique. The Van Hoyer Museum in New York hasn't that very rare second version of Maria Marten's Red Barn over there, nor the little Frederick George Manning—he was the criminal Dickens saw hanged on the roof of the gaol in Horsemonger Lane, by the way—'

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 3, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

As things go from bad to worse for Putin in his maniacal, murderous attack on Ukraine, he could end up like Milosevic, or worse. The court could change its rules and hang him, the way the Allies hanged Nazi war criminals at the end of World War II.

2022 March 10, Peter Lucas, “Lucas: Putin has blood on his hands and The Hague must make him pay”, in Boston Herald, archived from the original on 2022-08-06:

(transitive, law) To kill (someone) by suspension from the neck, usually as a form of execution or suicide.

lynch

execute (someone) by suspension from the neck

You will hang for this, my friend.

(intransitive, law) To be executed by suspension by one's neck from a gallows, a tree, or other raised bar, attached by a rope tied into a noose.


hung

en-adj

hung (not generally comparable, comparative more hung, superlative most hung)

more hung (comparative)
most hung (superlative)

you'd complain if you were hung with a new rope

(law) Of a jury, unable to reach a unanimous verdict in a trial.


hurt

hurtes (plural)
hert (alternative)
hirt (alternative)
hirte (alternative)
horte (alternative)
hurte (alternative)
hyrt (alternative)

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.


lay

en-verb

lay (third-person singular simple present lays, present participle laying, simple past laid, past participle laid or (colloquial) lain)

lays (present singular third-person)
laying (participle present)
laid (past)
laid (participle past)
lain (colloquial participle past)
lay (infinitive)
lay (first-person present singular)
laid (first-person past singular)
lay (present second-person singular)
layest (archaic present second-person singular)
laid (past second-person singular)
laidst (archaic past second-person singular)
laidest (archaic past second-person singular)
lays (present singular third-person)
layeth (archaic present singular third-person)
laid (past singular third-person)
lay (plural present)
laid (past plural)
lay (present subjunctive)
laid (past subjunctive)
lay (imperative present)
laying (participle present)
laid (participle past)

Inherited from Middle English leyen, leggen, from Old English leċġan (“to lay”), from Proto-West Germanic *laggjan, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaną (“to lay”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *ligjaną (“to lie, recline”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie, recline”).
Cognate with West Frisian lizze (“to lay, to lie”), Dutch leggen (“to lay”), German legen (“to lay”), Norwegian Bokmål legge (“to lay”), Norwegian Nynorsk leggja (“to lay”), Swedish lägga (“to lay”), Icelandic leggja (“to lay”), Albanian lag (“troop, band, war encampment”).

cog

the best laid plans of mice and men go oft astray

the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry

to lay the venue


learned

en-adj

learned (comparative more learned, superlative most learned)

more learned (comparative)
most learned (superlative)
learnèd (alternative)
learnéd (alternative)

From Middle English lerned, lernd, lernyd, equivalent to learn + -ed, which replaced the earlier lered (“taught”), from Old English (ġe)lǣred, past participle of lǣran (“to teach”). Learn formerly had the meaning “to teach”, which is now found only in nonstandard speech, as well as its standard meaning of “to learn”.

(law, formal) A courteous description used in various ways to refer to lawyers or judges.


leave

en-noun

leave (countable and uncountable, plural leaves)

From Middle English leve, from Old English lēaf (“permission, privilege”), from Proto-Germanic *laubō, *laubą (“permission, privilege, favour, worth”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love, hold dear”). Cognate with obsolete German Laube (“permission”), Swedish lov (“permission”), Icelandic leyfi (“permission”). Related to Dutch verlof, German Erlaubnis. See also love.

der

Might I beg leave to accompany you?

The applicant now seeks leave to appeal and, if leave be granted, to appeal against these sentences.

Since I have your good leave to go away, / I will make haste: but, till I come again, / No bed shall e'er be guilty of my stay, / Nor rest be interposer 'twixt us twain.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


lie

en-verb

lie (third-person singular simple present lies, present participle lying, simple past lay or (colloquial) laid, past participle lain or (colloquial) laid or (obsolete) lien)

lies (present singular third-person)
lying (participle present)
lay (past)
laid (colloquial past)
lain (participle past)
laid (colloquial participle past)
lien (obsolete participle past)
lie (infinitive)
lie (first-person present singular)
lay (first-person past singular)
lie (present second-person singular)
lyest (archaic present second-person singular)
lay (past second-person singular)
layst (archaic past second-person singular)
lies (present singular third-person)
lyeth (archaic present singular third-person)
lay (past singular third-person)
lie (plural present)
lay (past plural)
lie (present subjunctive)
lay (past subjunctive)
lie (imperative present)
lying (participle present)
lain (participle past)
lien (archaic participle past)

From Middle English lien, liggen, from Old English liċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *liggjan, from Proto-Germanic *ligjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-.
Cognate with West Frisian lizze, Dutch liggen, German liegen, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål ligge, Swedish ligga, Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian Nynorsk liggja, Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ligan); and with Latin lectus (“bed”), Irish luí, Russian лежа́ть (ležátʹ), Albanian lag (“troop, band, encampment”).
As a noun for position, the noun has the same etymology above as the verb.

cog

a corresponding transitive version of this word

An appeal lies in this case from the ordinary to the arches.

(law) To be sustainable; to be capable of being maintained.


reading

en-noun

reading (countable and uncountable, plural readings)

From Middle English reding, redynge, redunge, from Old English rǣding (“reading”), equivalent to read + -ing.

(politics, law) One of several stages a bill passes through before becoming law.

четене

one of several stages a bill passes through


back

en-verb

back (third-person singular simple present backs, present participle backing, simple past and past participle backed)

backs (present singular third-person)
backing (participle present)
backed (participle past)
backed (past)

From Middle English bak, from Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend”). The adverb represents an aphetic form of aback.
Compare Middle Low German bak (“back”), from Old Saxon bak, and West Frisian bekling (“chair back”), Old High German bah, Swedish and Norwegian bak. Cognate with German Bache (“sow [adult female hog]”).

pakata

of wind: to shift in an anticlockwise direction

you can't put the shit back in the horse

you can't put the toothpaste back in the tube

you can't put the toothpaste back into the tube

(law, of a justice of the peace) To sign or endorse (a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender).


mal

head

mal (definite accusative malı, plural mallar or (dated) emval)

malı (accusative definite)
mallar (plural)
emval (dated plural)
mal (nominative singular)
mallar (nominative plural)
malı (accusative definite singular)
malları (accusative definite plural)
mala (dative singular)
mallara (dative plural)
malda (locative singular)
mallarda (locative plural)
maldan (ablative singular)
mallardan (ablative plural)
malın (genitive singular)
malların (genitive plural)
malım (first-person nominative singular)
mallarım (first-person nominative singular)
malın (nominative second-person singular)
malların (nominative second-person singular)
malı (nominative singular third-person)
malları (nominative singular third-person)
malımız (first-person nominative plural)
mallarımız (first-person nominative plural)
malınız (nominative plural second-person)
mallarınız (nominative plural second-person)
malları (nominative plural third-person)
malımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
mallarımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
malını (accusative definite second-person singular)
mallarını (accusative definite second-person singular)
malını (accusative definite singular third-person)
mallarını (accusative definite singular third-person)
malımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
mallarımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
malınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
mallarınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
mallarını (accusative definite plural third-person)
malıma (dative first-person singular)
mallarıma (dative first-person singular)
malına (dative second-person singular)
mallarına (dative second-person singular)
malına (dative singular third-person)
mallarına (dative singular third-person)
malımıza (dative first-person plural)
mallarımıza (dative first-person plural)
malınıza (dative plural second-person)
mallarınıza (dative plural second-person)
mallarına (dative plural third-person)
malımda (first-person locative singular)
mallarımda (first-person locative singular)
malında (locative second-person singular)
mallarında (locative second-person singular)
malında (locative singular third-person)
mallarında (locative singular third-person)
malımızda (first-person locative plural)
mallarımızda (first-person locative plural)
malınızda (locative plural second-person)
mallarınızda (locative plural second-person)
mallarında (locative plural third-person)
malımdan (ablative first-person singular)
mallarımdan (ablative first-person singular)
malından (ablative second-person singular)
mallarından (ablative second-person singular)
malından (ablative singular third-person)
mallarından (ablative singular third-person)
malımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
mallarımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
malınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
mallarınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
mallarından (ablative plural third-person)
malımın (first-person genitive singular)
mallarımın (first-person genitive singular)
malının (genitive second-person singular)
mallarının (genitive second-person singular)
malının (genitive singular third-person)
mallarının (genitive singular third-person)
malımızın (first-person genitive plural)
mallarımızın (first-person genitive plural)
malınızın (genitive plural second-person)
mallarınızın (genitive plural second-person)
mallarının (genitive plural third-person)
malım (first-person singular)
mallarım (first-person singular)
malsın (second-person singular)
mallarsın (second-person singular)
mal (singular third-person)
maldır (singular third-person)
mallar (singular third-person)
mallardır (singular third-person)
malız (first-person plural)
mallarız (first-person plural)
malsınız (plural second-person)
mallarsınız (plural second-person)
mallar (plural third-person)
mallardır (plural third-person)

Arabic language
Ottoman Turkish language

From Ottoman Turkish مال (mal), from Arabic مَال (māl, “property”).


trite

en-adj

trite (comparative triter, superlative tritest)

triter (comparative)
tritest (superlative)

From Latin trītus "worn out," perfect passive participle of terō (“I wear away, wear out”).

It is trite to say that the mere fact that a decision does not favour the applicant or that the applicant disagrees with the decision does not establish that the decision is tainted with bias.

2017, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Taucar v Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario, 2017 ONSC 2604

(law) So well established as to be beyond debate: trite law.


criminal

pt-adj

criminal m or f (plural criminais, not comparable)

Borrowed from Late Latin or Juridical Latin criminālis (“criminal”), from Latin crīmen (“verdict; crime”).

Antecedente criminal.

(law) criminal (of or relating to crime or penal law)


actor

actors (plural)
acter (alternative uncommon)
actour (alternative obsolete)

→ Scottish Gaelic: actair

→ Welsh: actor

Inherited from Middle English actour, from Anglo-Norman actor, Middle French actor, and their source, Latin āctor (“doer”), from agō (“to do”). Equivalent to act + -or. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄκτωρ (áktōr, “leader”), from ἄγω (ágō, “lead, carry, convey, bring”).

(obsolete, law) Someone who institutes a legal suit; a plaintiff or complainant.


actor

ca-noun

actor m (plural actors, feminine actora)

(law) legal entity who is party to a contract


actor

la-noun

āctor m (genitive āctōris, feminine āctrīx); third declension

āctor (canonical masculine)
āctōris (genitive)
āctrīx (feminine)
āctor (nominative singular)
āctōrēs (nominative plural)
āctōris (genitive singular)
āctōrum (genitive plural)
āctōrī (dative singular)
āctōribus (dative plural)
āctōrem (accusative singular)
āctōrēs (accusative plural)
āctōre (ablative singular)
āctōribus (ablative plural)
āctor (singular vocative)
āctōrēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: actor

→ Catalan: actor

→ Middle English: actour

English: actor

→ Scottish Gaelic: actair

→ Welsh: actor

→ Italian: attore

→ Middle French: acteur

desctree

→ Dutch: acteur
Afrikaans: akteur
→ Indonesian: aktor

French: acteur

→ Norman: acteur

→ Norwegian Bokmål: aktør

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: aktør

→ Russian: актёр (aktjór), актёръ (aktjór) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: aktyor
→ Bashkir: актёр (aktyor)
→ Tajik: актёр (aktyor)
→ Uzbek: aktyor
→ Yiddish: אַקטיאָר (aktyor)

→ Swedish: aktör

→ Turkish: aktör

→ Occitan: actor

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: abtor, autor, outor (semi-learned)
Galician: actor
Portuguese: ator

→ Persian: بازیگر

→ Polish: aktor

→ Romanian: actor

→ Spanish: actor

Agent noun formed from āctus + -tor, perfect passive participle of agō (“do, act, make”).

(law) prosecutor, plaintiff, advocate, orator


actor

es-noun

actor m (plural actores, feminine actora, feminine plural actoras)

actores (plural)
actora (feminine)
actoras (feminine plural)


factor

factors (plural)
factour (alternative archaic)

From Middle French facteur, from Latin factor (“a doer, maker, performer”), from factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”).

uder

incremental power transfer distribution factor

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

A person or business organization that provides money for another's new business venture; one who finances another's business.

A business organization that lends money on accounts receivable or buys and collects accounts receivable.


brief

From Middle English breef, breve, bref, from Old French brief, bref, from Latin brevis (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus (“short, brief”). Doublet of merry.

der

(law) A writ summoning one to answer; an official letter or mandate.

A written answer or any other brief shall be submitted to the court while allowing a period necessary for the opponent to make preparations with regard to the matters stated therein.

1996, Japanese Rules of Civil Procedure, Article 79, Section 1

ügyvédi megbízás

a writ summoning one to answer to any action

(law) A memorandum of points of fact or of law for use in conducting a case.

(law) An attorney's legal argument in written form for submission to a court.

(English law) The material relevant to a case, delivered by a solicitor to the barrister who is counsel for the case.

(English law, slang) A barrister who is counsel for a party in a legal action.


brief

en-verb

brief (third-person singular simple present briefs, present participle briefing, simple past and past participle briefed)

briefs (present singular third-person)
briefing (participle present)
briefed (participle past)
briefed (past)

(transitive, law) To write a legal argument and submit it to a court.


addition

en-noun

addition (countable and uncountable, plural additions)

Sense of “what is added” dates from 14th century, from Middle English addicioun, addition, from Old French adition, from Latin additiōnem, accusative singular of additiō, from addō (“add, put”).

[…]They clip vs drunkards, and with Swiniſh phraſe / Soyle our addition, and indeede it takes / From our atchieuements, though perform’d at height / The pith and marrow of our attribute[…]

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:

(chiefly law) A title annexed to a person's name to identify him or her more precisely.


common

en-adj

common (comparative more common or commoner, superlative most common or commonest)

commoner (common comparative)
most common (superlative)
commonest (superlative)

rare

antonym(s) of “occurring in large numbers or in a large quantity”

From Middle English comun, from Anglo-Norman comun, from Old French comun (rare in the Gallo-Romance languages, but reinforced as a Carolingian calque of Proto-West Germanic *gamainī (“common”) in Old French), from Latin commūnis (“common, public, general”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moy-ni-s (“held in common”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, change”). Displaced native Middle English imene, ȝemǣne (“common, general, universal”) (from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English mene, mǣne (“mean, common”) (also from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English samen, somen (“in common, together”) (from Old English samen (“together”)). Doublet of gmina and mean.

epicè

grammar: of the gender resulting from the coalescence of the masculine and feminine genders

gender of coalescence of masculine of feminine

common law

As to eleemoſynary corporations, by the dotation the founder and his heirs are of common right the legal viſitors, to ſee that that property is rightly employed, which would otherwiſe have deſcended to the viſitor himſelf: […]

1765, William Blackstone, “Of Corporations”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book I (Of the Rights of Persons), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 469:

(law) Arising from use or tradition, as opposed to being created by a legislative body.


common

(law) The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right.


pledge

From Middle English plege, from Anglo-Norman plege, from Old French plege (Modern French pleige) from Medieval Latin plevium, plebium, from plebiō (“I pledge”), from Frankish *plehan (“to pledge; to support; to guarantee”). Akin to Old High German pflegan (“to take care of, be accustomed to”), Old Saxon plegan (“to vouch for”), Old English plēon (“to risk, endanger”). More at plight.

peng

delivery of personal property to secure the payment of a debt

(law) A bailment of personal property to secure payment of a debt without transfer of title.

The personal property so pledged, to be kept until the debt is paid.


thing

things (plural)
thang (alternative pronunciation-spelling slang usually)
thin' (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
thinge (alternative archaic)
thynge (alternative obsolete)
ting (alternative)

From Middle English thing, from Old English þing, from Proto-West Germanic *þing, from Proto-Germanic *þingą.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Ding (“thing”), West Frisian ting, ding (“thing”), Dutch ding (“thing”), German Low German Ding (“thing”), German Ding (“thing”), Swedish, Danish and Norwegian ting (“thing”), Faroese ting (“parliament, assembly”), Icelandic þing (“congress, assembly”).
The word originally meant "assembly", then came to mean a specific issue discussed at such an assembly, and ultimately came to mean most broadly "an object". Compare Latin rēs, also meaning "legal matter", and same transition from Latin causa (“legal matter”) to "thing" in Romance languages. Modern use to refer to a Germanic assembly is likely influenced by cognates (from the same Proto-Germanic root) like Old Norse þing (“thing”), Danish ting, Swedish ting, and Old High German ding with this meaning.

render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

there's no such thing as a stupid question

throw things at the wall and see what sticks


condition

en-noun

condition (countable and uncountable, plural conditions)

From Middle English condicioun, from Old French condicion (French condition), from Latin condicio. Unetymological change in spelling due to confusion with conditio.

kunto (e.g. when asked from a patient mikä sun kunto on?)

(only with the suffix -ban in this sense) karban

fee simple subject to condition subsequent

(law) A clause in a contract or agreement indicating that a certain contingency may modify the principal obligation in some way.


stay

From Middle English steyen, staien, from Old French estayer, estaier (“to fix, prop up, support, stay”), from estaye, estaie (“a prop, stay”), from Middle Dutch staeye (“a prop, stay”), a contracted form of staede, stade (“a prop, stay, help, aid”) (compare Middle Dutch staeyen, staeden (“to make firm, stay, support, hold still, stabilise”)), from Proto-West Germanic *stadi (“a site, place, location, standing”), from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“a standing, place”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing”). Influenced by Old English stæġ ("a stay, rope"; see below). Cognate with Old English stede (“a place, spot, locality, fixed position, station, site, standing, status, position of a moving body, stopping, standing still, stability, fixity, firmness, steadfastness”), Swedish stödja (“to prop, support, brace, hold up, bolster”), Icelandic stöðug (“continuous, stable”). More at stead, steady.
Sense of "remain, continue" may be due to later influence from Old French ester, esteir (“to stand, be, continue, remain”), from Latin stāre (“stand”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above; however, derivation from this root is untenable based on linguistic and historical grounds.
An alternative etymology derives Old French estaye, estaie, from Frankish *stakā, *stakō (“stake, post”), from Proto-Germanic *stakô (“stake, bar, stick, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“rod, pole, stick”), making it cognate with Old English staca (“pin, stake”), Old English stician (“to stick, be placed, lie, remain fixed”). Cognate with Albanian shtagë (“a long stick, a pole”). More at stake, stick.

cog

The governor granted a stay of execution.

Later that day, however, Judge O'Kelley signed a stay of execution when Mr. Potts authorized other attorneys to renew his appeals.

1980 June 25, “A.C.L.U. Seeks to Stay Execution of Georgian”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Just before the deadline Donald Kowalski's attorney, Jack Fena, was able to obtain a stay in order to give him time to file a motion to overturn the testing order.

1988 August 20, Jennie McKnight, “'Free Sharon Kowalski Day' Events Draw National Attention”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 6, page 10:

An appellate judge temporarily stayed the monitor’s work until a three-judge federal appeals panel can decide whether the stay should be kept in place longer while Apple undertakes a full challenge to the appointment of a monitor.

2014 January 21, Matthew Goldstein, “Apple Wins Temporary Stay on Court Monitor”, in New York Times:

(law) A postponement, especially of an execution or other punishment.


fortuitous

en-adj

fortuitous (comparative more fortuitous, superlative most fortuitous)

more fortuitous (comparative)
most fortuitous (superlative)

/fɘˈt͡ʃʉː.ɘ.tɘs/

(law) Happening independently of human will.

неволен

law: happening independently of human will


sit

en-verb

sit (third-person singular simple present sits, present participle sitting, simple past sat or (dated, poetic) sate, past participle sat or (archaic, dialectal) sitten)

sits (present singular third-person)
sitting (participle present)
sat (past)
sate (dated past poetic)
sat (participle past)
sitten (archaic dialectal participle past)
sit (infinitive)
sit (first-person present singular)
sat (first-person past singular)
sate (dated first-person past poetic singular)
sit (present second-person singular)
sat (past second-person singular)
sate (dated past poetic second-person singular)
sattest (past second-person singular)
sits (present singular third-person)
sat (past singular third-person)
sate (dated past poetic singular third-person)
sit (plural present)
sat (past plural)
sate (dated past plural poetic)
sit (present subjunctive)
sat (past subjunctive)
sate (dated past poetic subjunctive)
sit (imperative present)
sitting (participle present)
sat (participle past)
sitten (archaic dialectal participle past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
Middle English sitten
English sit
From Middle English sitten, from Old English sittan, from Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, from Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sitte, Low German sitten, Dutch zitten, German sitzen, Swedish sitta, Norwegian Bokmål sitte, Norwegian Nynorsk sitja; and with Irish suigh, Latin sedeo, Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ).

etymon

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope

where you stand depends on where you sit

In what city is the circuit court sitting for this session?

(law, government) Of a legislative or, especially, a judicial body such as a court, to be in session.


spent

(law, chiefly UK) Of legislation or an enactment: no longer in force due to all of its provisions having expired or been completed.

(law, chiefly UK) Of a conviction: no longer appearing on a person's criminal record.


withdraw

From Middle English withdrawe (“act of stopping a judicial proceeding”), from withdrawen, withdrauen (verb): see etymology 1.

inh

(law) Synonym of withdraught (“a dismissal of a lawsuit with prejudice based on a plaintiff's withdrawal of the suit; a retraxit; also, a fine imposed on a plaintiff for such a dismissal”).


incorporate

en-verb

incorporate (third-person singular simple present incorporates, present participle incorporating, simple past and past participle incorporated)

incorporates (present singular third-person)
incorporating (participle present)
incorporated (participle past)
incorporated (past)

/ɪŋˈkɔː.pə.ɹeɪt/

/ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɹeɪt/

/ɪŋˈkɔː.pə.ɹət/

/ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɚ.ət/

/ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɚ.ət/

From Middle English, from Late Latin incorporātus, perfect passive participle of incorporō (“to embody, to incorporate”), from in- (“in”) + corpus, corporis (“body”).

(US, law) To include (another clause or guarantee of the US constitution) as a part (of the Fourteenth Amendment, such that the clause binds not only the federal government but also state governments).


ipso facto

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ipsō factō.

ubor

(chiefly law) by that very fact itself; automatically, ipso facto