mandar

gl-verb

mandar (first-person singular present mando, first-person singular preterite mandei, past participle mandado)

mando (first-person present singular)
mandei (first-person preterite singular)
mandado (participle past)
mandar (impersonal infinitive)
mandar (first-person infinitive singular)
mandares (infinitive second-person singular)
mandar (infinitive personal singular)
mandarmos (first-person infinitive plural)
mandardes (infinitive plural second-person)
mandaren (infinitive personal plural)
mandando (gerund)
mandado (masculine participle past singular)
mandado (first-person masculine participle past singular)
mandado (masculine participle past second-person singular)
mandados (masculine participle past plural)
mandados (first-person masculine participle past plural second-person)
mandada (feminine participle past singular)
mandada (feminine first-person participle past singular)
mandada (feminine participle past second-person singular)
mandadas (feminine participle past plural)
mandadas (feminine first-person participle past plural second-person)
mando (first-person indicative present singular)
mandas (indicative present second-person singular)
manda (indicative present singular)
mandamos (first-person indicative plural present)
mandades (indicative plural present second-person)
mandan (indicative plural present)
mandaba (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mandabas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mandaba (imperfect indicative singular)
mandabamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mandabades (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mandaban (imperfect indicative plural)
mandei (first-person indicative preterite singular)
mandaches (indicative preterite second-person singular)
mandou (indicative preterite singular)
mandamos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
mandastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
mandaron (indicative plural preterite)
mandara (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
mandaras (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
mandara (indicative pluperfect singular)
mandaramos (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
mandarades (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mandaran (indicative pluperfect plural)
mandarei (first-person future indicative singular)
mandarás (future indicative second-person singular)
mandará (future indicative singular)
mandaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
mandaredes (future indicative plural second-person)
mandarán (future indicative plural)
mandaría (conditional first-person singular)
mandarías (conditional second-person singular)
mandaría (conditional singular)
mandariamos (conditional first-person plural)
mandariades (conditional plural second-person)
mandarían (conditional plural)
mande (first-person present singular subjunctive)
mandes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
mande (present singular subjunctive)
mandemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mandedes (plural present second-person subjunctive)
manden (plural present subjunctive)
mandase (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
mandases (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mandase (imperfect singular subjunctive)
mandásemos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mandásedes (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandasen (imperfect plural subjunctive)
mandar (first-person future singular subjunctive)
mandares (future second-person singular subjunctive)
mandar (future singular subjunctive)
mandarmos (first-person future plural subjunctive)
mandardes (future plural second-person subjunctive)
mandaren (future plural subjunctive)
manda (imperative second-person singular)
mande (imperative singular)
mandemos (first-person imperative plural)
mandade (imperative plural second-person)
manden (imperative plural)
non mandes (imperative negative second-person singular)
non mande (imperative negative singular)
non mandemos (first-person imperative negative plural)
non mandedes (imperative negative plural second-person)
non manden (imperative negative plural)
mandar (impersonal infinitive)
mandar (first-person infinitive singular)
mandares (infinitive second-person singular)
mandar (infinitive singular third-person)
mandarmos (first-person infinitive plural)
mandardes (infinitive plural second-person)
mandarem (infinitive plural third-person)
mandando (gerund)
mandado (first-person masculine participle past singular third-person)
mandado (masculine participle past second-person singular)
mandados (masculine participle past plural)
mandada (feminine first-person participle past singular third-person)
mandada (feminine participle past second-person singular)
mandadas (feminine participle past plural)
mando (first-person indicative present singular)
mandas (indicative present second-person singular)
manda (indicative present singular third-person)
mandamos (first-person indicative plural present)
mandades (indicative plural present second-person)
mandais (indicative plural present second-person)
mandam (indicative plural present third-person)
mandava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mandavas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mandava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mandávamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mandávades (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mandáveis (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mandávais (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mandavam (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
mandei (first-person indicative preterite singular)
mandaste (indicative preterite second-person singular)
mandache (indicative preterite second-person singular)
mandou (indicative preterite singular third-person)
mandamos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
mandastes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
mandárom (indicative plural preterite third-person)
mandaram (indicative plural preterite third-person)
mandara (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
mandaras (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
mandara (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
mandáramos (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
mandárades (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mandáreis (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mandárais (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mandaram (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
mandarei (first-person future indicative singular)
mandarás (future indicative second-person singular)
mandará (future indicative singular third-person)
mandaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
mandaredes (future indicative plural second-person)
mandareis (future indicative plural second-person)
mandarám (future indicative plural third-person)
mandarão (future indicative plural third-person)
mandaria (conditional first-person singular)
mandarias (conditional second-person singular)
mandaria (conditional singular third-person)
mandaríamos (conditional first-person plural)
mandaríades (conditional plural second-person)
mandaríeis (conditional plural second-person)
mandaríais (conditional plural second-person)
mandariam (conditional plural third-person)
mande (first-person present singular subjunctive)
mandes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
mande (present singular subjunctive third-person)
mandemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mandedes (plural present second-person subjunctive)
mandeis (plural present second-person subjunctive)
mandem (plural present subjunctive third-person)
mandasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
mandasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mandasse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mandássemos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mandássedes (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandásseis (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandassem (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mandar (first-person future singular subjunctive)
mandares (future second-person singular subjunctive)
mandar (future singular subjunctive third-person)
mandarmos (first-person future plural subjunctive)
mandardes (future plural second-person subjunctive)
mandarem (future plural subjunctive third-person)
manda (imperative second-person singular)
mande (imperative singular third-person)
mandemos (first-person imperative plural)
mandade (imperative plural second-person)
mandai (imperative plural second-person)
mandem (imperative plural third-person)
nom mandes (imperative negative second-person singular)
nom mande (imperative negative singular third-person)
nom mandemos (first-person imperative negative plural)
nom mandedes (imperative negative plural second-person)
nom mandeis (imperative negative plural second-person)
nom mandem (imperative negative plural third-person)

From Old Galician-Portuguese mandar, from Latin mandāre, present active indicative of mandō (“order, commission”).

Mando a o capellan da capella de sam fruytoso. os panos que trouxer de cotio cerame et pellote et saya. et o meu tabardo agoadeyro

1348, Antonio López Ferreiro, editor, Galicia Histórica. Colección diplomática, Santiago: Tipografía Galaica, page 308:

I bequeath to the chaplain of the chapel of Saint Fructuosus my daily clothes, cloak and garment and robe, and my water overcoat


nugatory

en-adj

nugatory (comparative more nugatory, superlative most nugatory)

more nugatory (comparative)
most nugatory (superlative)

But these regulations would have been impotent and nugatory, had not the licentious nobles been awed by the sword of the civil power.

1788, Edward Gibbon, chapter LXX, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume VI, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC:

The word "necessary" is considered as controlling the whole sentence, and as limiting the right to pass laws for the execution of the granted powers to such as are indispensable, and without which the power would be nugatory.

1819, Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland (17 U.S. 316)

He protested against the Fugitive Slave Law as necessarily nugatory and utterly impossible of execution because unanimously condemned by the public sentiment of the North.

1905, William Gardner, chapter IV, in The Life of Stephen A. Douglas:

(law) Having no force, inoperative, ineffectual.


garnish

en-verb

garnish (third-person singular simple present garnishes, present participle garnishing, simple past and past participle garnished)

garnishes (present singular third-person)
garnishing (participle present)
garnished (participle past)
garnished (past)

From Middle English garnysshen, from Old French garniss-, stem of certain forms of the verb garnir, guarnir, warnir (“to provide, furnish, avert, defend, warn, fortify, garnish”), from a conflation of Old Frankish *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) and *warnōn (“warn, protect, prepare, beware, guard oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *warnijaną (“to worry, care, heed”) and Proto-Germanic *warnōną (“to warn”); both from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to defend, protect, cover”). Cognate with Old English wiernan (“to withhold, be sparing of, deny, refuse, reject, decline, forbid, prevent from, avert”) and warnian (“to warn, caution, take warning, take heed, guard oneself against, deny”). More at warn.

cog

(law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to.

When the editorial board of Fire met again, we did not plan a new issue, but emptied our pockets to help poor Thurman whose wages were being garnished weekly because he had signed for the printer’s bills.

1966, Langston Hughes, “The Twenties: Harlem and Its Negritude”, in Christopher C. De Santis, editor, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, volume 9, page 473:

(law) To have (money) set aside by court order (particularly for the payment of alleged debts); to garnishee.


laden

de-verb

laden (class 6 strong, third-person singular present lädt, past tense lud, past participle geladen, past subjunctive lüde, auxiliary haben)

lädt (present singular third-person)
lud (past)
geladen (participle past)
lüde (past subjunctive)
haben (auxiliary)
haben (auxiliary)
laden (infinitive)
ladend (participle present)
geladen (participle past)
lade (first-person indicative present singular)
laden (first-person indicative plural present)
lade (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
laden (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
lädst (indicative present second-person singular)
ladet (indicative plural present second-person)
ladest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
ladet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
lädt (indicative present singular third-person)
laden (indicative plural present third-person)
lade (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
laden (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
lud (first-person indicative preterite singular)
luden (first-person indicative plural preterite)
lüde (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
lüden (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
ludest (indicative preterite second-person singular)
ludst (indicative preterite second-person singular)
ludet (indicative plural preterite second-person)
lüdest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
lüdet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
lud (indicative preterite singular third-person)
luden (indicative plural preterite third-person)
lüde (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
lüden (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
lad (imperative second-person singular)
lade (imperative second-person singular)
ladet (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe geladen (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben geladen (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe geladen (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben geladen (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast geladen (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt geladen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest geladen (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet geladen (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat geladen (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben geladen (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe geladen (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben geladen (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte geladen (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten geladen (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte geladen (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten geladen (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest geladen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet geladen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest geladen (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet geladen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte geladen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten geladen (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte geladen (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten geladen (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
laden werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde laden (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden laden (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest laden (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet laden (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde laden (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden laden (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde laden (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden laden (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde laden (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden laden (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst laden (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet laden (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest laden (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet laden (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird laden (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden laden (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde laden (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden laden (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
geladen haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde geladen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden geladen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde geladen haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden geladen haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde geladen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden geladen haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst geladen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet geladen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird geladen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden geladen haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden geladen haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)

From Middle High German laden (weak verb, but also strong) from Old High German ladon, from Proto-West Germanic *laþōn.


laden

laad (past singular)
laadt (participle past)
laden (participle past)
hebben (auxiliary)
laden (infinitive)
laad (first-person present singular)
laad (first-person preterite singular)
laadst (present second-person singular)
laadst (preterite second-person singular)
laadt (present singular third-person)
laad (preterite singular third-person)
laadt (plural present)
laden (plural preterite)
laad (imperative singular)
laadt (imperative plural)
laden (participle present)
laadt (participle past)
laden (participle past)

From Middle Low German lāden, from Old Saxon lathōn.


acknowledgment

en-noun

acknowledgment (countable and uncountable, plural acknowledgments)

acknowledgments (plural)
acknowledgement (alternative)

(law) The act of a person admitting a child as their own.

припозна́ване

act of a man admitting a child as his own

(law) A formal statement or document recognizing the fulfillment or execution of a legal requirement or procedure.

потвържде́ние

formal statement or document recognizing the fulfilment or execution of a legal requirement or procedure


deed

From Middle English dede, from Old English dēd, dǣd (“deed, act”), from Proto-West Germanic *dādi, from Proto-Germanic *dēdiz (“deed”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁tis (“deed, action”). Analyzable through Proto-Germanic as do + -th. Doublet of thesis.
The real estate sense derives from the fact that property deeds are traditionally used to demonstrate proof of ownership of a legal title in common law jurisdictions, such as England & Wales and most of the United States.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian died, Dutch daad (“deed, act”), German Low German Daad, German Tat (“deed, action”), Swedish, Norwegian and Danish dåd (“act, action”). The Proto-Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek θέσις (thésis, “setting, arrangement”).

cog

(law) A legal instrument that is executed under seal or before a witness; sometimes required for certain legal activities, such as the transfer of certain kinds of property.

I inherited the deed to the house.

(by extension, real estate) The legal title to real estate; ownership.


charge

en-noun

charge (countable and uncountable, plural charges)

From Middle English chargen, from Old French chargier, from Late Latin carricō (“to load”), from Latin carrus (“a car, wagon”); see car. Doublet of cargo.


charge

en-verb

charge (third-person singular simple present charges, present participle charging, simple past and past participle charged)

charges (present singular third-person)
charging (participle present)
charged (participle past)
charged (past)

desc

→ Cantonese: 叉廚 /叉厨 (caa¹ cyu⁴), 叉 (caa¹)

→ Dutch: chargen

→ Kashubian: czardżowac (United States)

→ Malay: caj, cas

→ Sranan Tongo: tyars

→ Swahili: chaji

yükləmək

to place a burden upon, to assign a duty

yükləmək

to load equipment with material required for its use

(transitive, property law) To mortgage (a property).


charge

→ Brazilian Portuguese: charge

→ Romanian: șarjă

→ Turkish: şarj, şarz (misspelling)

Inherited from Middle French charge, from Old French charge, carge, equivalent to a deverbal from charger.

Ce fait constitue une charge très grave contre le prévenu.

This fact constitutes a very serious charge against the accused.


material

en-adj

material (comparative more material, superlative most material)

more material (comparative)
most material (superlative)

From Middle English material, from Late Latin māteriālis, from Latin māteria (“wood, material, substance”), from māter (“mother”). Displaced native Middle English andweorc, andwork (“material, matter”) (from Old English andweorc (“matter, substance, material”)). Doublet of materiel.

ncog

found a material difference between two things

You've made several material contributions to this project.

This is the most material fact in this lawsuit.

discourse, which was always material, not trifling

1685 March 20 (Gregorian calendar), John Evelyn, “[Diary entry for 10 March 1685]”, in William Bray, editor, Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […]; and sold by John and Arthur Arch, […], published 1819, →OCLC:

I shall, in the account of simple ideas, set down only such as are most material to our present purpose.

1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], chapter 2, in An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […], →OCLC, book I, page 3:

(especially law) Having real importance or great consequences; significant; substantial.


record

en-verb

record (third-person singular simple present records, present participle recording, simple past and past participle recorded)

records (present singular third-person)
recording (participle present)
recorded (participle past)
recorded (past)

erase

antonym(s) of “make a record of information”

erase

antonym(s) of “make an audio or video recording of”

From Middle English recorden (“to repeat, to report”), borrowed from Old French recorder (“to get by heart”), from Latin recordārī (“remember, call to mind”), from re- (“back, again”) + cor (“heart; mind”).

der

When the deed was recorded, we officially owned the house.

(transitive, law) To give legal status to by making an official public record.


consuetudinary

From Medieval Latin cōnsuetudinārius, from Latin cōnsuetudō. By surface analysis, consuetude + -in- + -ary.

surf

(law) Customary; considered law by virtue of the fact that it is generally observed.

Consuetudinary in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)


delegation

en-noun

delegation (countable and uncountable, plural delegations)

/dɛlɪˈɡeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin dēlēgātiō, dēlēgātiōnis, from dēlēgō: compare French délégation.

The mere delegation of a performance imposes no duty on the delegate to perform. If the delegate performs the duty, the duty is discharged. If the delegate does not perform the duty, the duty is not discharged, but any claim of the obligee for breach is against the delegating party and not against the delegate.

2016, Marco J. Jimenez, Contract Law: A Case and Problem Based Approach (Aspen Casebook Series), New York: Wolters Kluwer, →ISBN, page 1192:

(law) The act whereby or constellation in which the performance of an obligation (owed to an obligee, presuming its validity; irrespective of the obligation as the target of the delegation, rarely called delegatary) is assigned by its debtor (delegator, obligor) to and towards another party (delegatee, delegate)

valtuutus

(law) the substitution of the person who performs


haver

From Middle English haver, havere, equivalent to have + -er.

(law, Scotland) The person who has custody of a document.


bea

béa (canonical)
bea-bea (plural)
bia (alternative)
beja (alternative)

zh-l

傌仔／㐷仔 (bé-á)

→ Min Nan: 傌仔／㐷仔 (bé-á)

Inherited from Malay bea, from Javanese ꦧꦺꦪ (béya), from Old Javanese beya, from Sanskrit व्यय (vyaya). Doublet of biaya.
* Displaced Dutch recht (“a formal fee, custom, duty to be paid”) by Komisi Bahasa Indonesia as published on Kanpō/Berita Pemerintah No.38 Year III Month 3 (2604) in 1944.

sl

(law, government) customs: the duties or taxes imposed on imported or exported goods


toll

From Middle English toll, tol, tolle, from Old English toll m or n and toln f (“toll, duty, custom”), from Proto-West Germanic *toll, *tolnu, from Proto-Germanic *tullaz, *tullō (“that which is counted or told, reckoning”), from Proto-Indo-European *dol- (“calculation, fraud”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Tol (“toll”), Dutch tol (“toll”), German Zoll (“toll, duty, customs”), Danish told (“toll, duty, tariff”), Swedish tull (“toll, customs”), Icelandic tollur (“toll, customs”). More at tell, tale.
Alternate etymology derives Old English toll, from Medieval Latin tolōneum, tolōnium, alteration (due to the Germanic forms above) of Latin telōneum, from Ancient Greek τελώνιον (telṓnion, “toll-house”), from τέλος (télos, “tax”).

der

(UK, law, obsolete) A liberty to buy and sell within the bounds of a manor.


toll

en-verb

toll (third-person singular simple present tolls, present participle tolling, simple past and past participle tolled)

tolls (present singular third-person)
tolling (participle present)
tolled (participle past)
tolled (past)

(law, obsolete) To take away; to vacate; to annul.

The statute of limitations defense was tolled as a result of the defendant’s wrongful conduct.


vest

vest (third-person singular simple present vests, present participle vesting, simple past and past participle vested)

vests (present singular third-person)
vesting (participle present)
vested (participle past)
vested (past)

From French veste (“a vest, jacket”), from Latin vestis (“a garment, gown, robe, vestment, clothing, vesture”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéstis, from *wes- (“to be dressed”) (English wear). Cognate with Sanskrit वस्त्र (vastra) and Spanish vestir.

der

to vest a person with an estate

an estate is vested in possession

For the right of the crown vests[…]upon his heir.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) To clothe with possession; also, to give a person an immediate fixed right of present or future enjoyment of.

Upon the death of the Sovereign the Crown automatically vests in the next heir without the need of coronation or other formality.

(law, intransitive) (of an inheritance or a trust fund) To devolve upon the person currently entitled when a prior interest has ended.


wast

wastes (plural)
waast (alternative)
waste (alternative)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Yola: wauste

Borrowed from Old Northern French wast (noun), from the adjective. Doublet of weste (“wilderness”).

bor+

(property law) Damage to property or that which causes it.


preterition

en-noun

preterition (countable and uncountable, plural preteritions)

preteritions (plural)
praeteritio (alternative)
praeterition (alternative)
præterition (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin praeteritiō, from praetereō (“I omit”).

(law) The failure of a testator to name a legal heir in their will.


industry

industry (countable and uncountable, plural industries)

From Middle English industry, industrie, from Old French industrie, from Latin industria (“diligence, activity, industry”), from industrius (“diligent, active, zealous”), from Old Latin indostruus (“diligent, active”); origin unknown. Perhaps from indu (“in”) + ūst-, ūstr-, stem of ūrō (“burn, burn up, consume”, verb), related to Old High German ūstrī (“industry”), Old English andūstrian (“to hate, detest”, literally “to be consumed with zeal”).

cog

It is a classical and restricted view both of industry (it excludes service sectors, now 70% of the GDP of developed economies)[…]

2007, Dominique Guellec with Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, The economics of the European patent system, page 122:

(Europe software patent law) Automated production of material goods.


transfer

en-verb

transfer (third-person singular simple present transfers, present participle transferring, simple past and past participle transferred)

transfers (present singular third-person)
transferring (participle present)
transferred (participle past)
transferred (past)
xfer (alternative)

/tɹɑːnsˈfɜː/

From Latin trānsferō (“I bear across”). Distant doublet of translate. See also collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.

The title to land is transferred by deed.

(transitive, law) To arrange for something to belong to or be officially controlled by somebody else.

прехвърлям

arrange for something to belong to or be controlled by somebody else


assent

en-noun

assent (countable and uncountable, plural assents)

From Middle English assent (noun) and assenten (verb), from Old French assent (noun) and assentir (verb), from Latin assentiō.

(countable, property law) A legal instrument that conveys real estate to an heir under the terms of a will.


representative

From Middle English (implied in representatyfliche), from Old French representatif. By surface analysis, represent + -ative; See representation.

This pathetic remonstrance had the desired effect upon his representative, who spared no pains to fulfill the request of the deceased […].

1751, [Tobias] Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC:


lopettaa

lopetan (first-person indicative present singular)
en lopeta (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen lopettanut (first-person indicative perfect singular)
en ole lopettanut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
lopetat (indicative present second-person singular)
et lopeta (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet lopettanut (indicative perfect second-person singular)
et ole lopettanut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
lopettaa (indicative present singular third-person)
ei lopeta (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on lopettanut (indicative perfect singular third-person)
ei ole lopettanut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
lopetamme (first-person indicative plural present)
emme lopeta (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme lopettaneet (first-person indicative perfect plural)
emme ole lopettaneet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
lopetatte (indicative plural present second-person)
ette lopeta (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette lopettaneet (indicative perfect plural second-person)
ette ole lopettaneet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
lopettavat (indicative plural present third-person)
eivät lopeta (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat lopettaneet (indicative perfect plural third-person)
eivät ole lopettaneet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
lopetetaan (indicative passive present)
ei lopeteta (indicative negative passive present)
on lopetettu (indicative passive perfect)
ei ole lopetettu (indicative negative passive perfect)
lopetin (first-person indicative past singular)
en lopettanut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin lopettanut (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
en ollut lopettanut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
lopetit (indicative past second-person singular)
et lopettanut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit lopettanut (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
et ollut lopettanut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
lopetti (indicative past singular third-person)
ei lopettanut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli lopettanut (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei ollut lopettanut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
lopetimme (first-person indicative past plural)
emme lopettaneet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme lopettaneet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
emme olleet lopettaneet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
lopetitte (indicative past plural second-person)
ette lopettaneet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte lopettaneet (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ette olleet lopettaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
lopettivat (indicative past plural third-person)
eivät lopettaneet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat lopettaneet (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
eivät olleet lopettaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
lopetettiin (indicative passive past)
ei lopetettu (indicative negative passive past)
oli lopetettu (indicative passive pluperfect)
ei ollut lopetettu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
lopettaisin (conditional first-person present singular)
en lopettaisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin lopettanut (conditional first-person perfect singular)
en olisi lopettanut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
lopettaisit (conditional present second-person singular)
et lopettaisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit lopettanut (conditional perfect second-person singular)
et olisi lopettanut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
lopettaisi (conditional present singular third-person)
ei lopettaisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi lopettanut (conditional perfect singular third-person)
ei olisi lopettanut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
lopettaisimme (conditional first-person plural present)
emme lopettaisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme lopettaneet (conditional first-person perfect plural)
emme olisi lopettaneet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
lopettaisitte (conditional plural present second-person)
ette lopettaisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte lopettaneet (conditional perfect plural second-person)
ette olisi lopettaneet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
lopettaisivat (conditional plural present third-person)
eivät lopettaisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat lopettaneet (conditional perfect plural third-person)
eivät olisi lopettaneet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
lopetettaisiin (conditional passive present)
ei lopetettaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi lopetettu (conditional passive perfect)
ei olisi lopetettu (conditional negative passive perfect)
lopeta (imperative present second-person singular)
älä lopeta (imperative negative present second-person singular)
lopettakoon (imperative present singular third-person)
älköön lopettako (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon lopettanut (imperative perfect singular third-person)
älköön olko lopettanut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
lopettakaamme (first-person imperative plural present)
älkäämme lopettako (first-person imperative negative plural present)
lopettakaa (imperative plural present second-person)
älkää lopettako (imperative negative plural present second-person)
lopettakoot (imperative plural present third-person)
älkööt lopettako (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot lopettaneet (imperative perfect plural third-person)
älkööt olko lopettaneet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
lopetettakoon (imperative passive present)
älköön lopetettako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon lopetettu (imperative passive perfect)
älköön olko lopetettu (imperative negative passive perfect)
lopettanen (first-person potential present singular)
en lopettane (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen lopettanut (first-person perfect potential singular)
en liene lopettanut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
lopettanet (potential present second-person singular)
et lopettane (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet lopettanut (perfect potential second-person singular)
et liene lopettanut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
lopettanee (potential present singular third-person)
ei lopettane (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee lopettanut (perfect potential singular third-person)
ei liene lopettanut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
lopettanemme (first-person plural potential present)
emme lopettane (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme lopettaneet (first-person perfect plural potential)
emme liene lopettaneet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
lopettanette (plural potential present second-person)
ette lopettane (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette lopettaneet (perfect plural potential second-person)
ette liene lopettaneet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
lopettanevat (plural potential present third-person)
eivät lopettane (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät lopettaneet (perfect plural potential third-person)
eivät liene lopettaneet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
lopetettaneen (passive potential present)
ei lopetettane (negative passive potential present)
lienee lopetettu (passive perfect potential)
ei liene lopetettu (negative passive perfect potential)
lopettaa (infinitive infinitive-i)
lopettava (active participle present)
lopetettava (participle passive present)
lopettaakseni (first-person possessive singular)
lopettaaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
lopettaaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
lopettaaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
lopettaakseen (possessive third-person)
lopettaaksensa (possessive third-person)
lopettanut (infinitive-i-long past)
lopetettu (infinitive-i-long past)
lopettaessa (inessive second-person)
lopetettaessa (inessive second-person)
lopettama (agent)
lopettaessani (first-person possessive singular)
lopettaessamme (first-person plural possessive)
lopettaessasi (possessive second-person singular)
lopettaessanne (plural possessive second-person)
lopettaessaan (possessive third-person)
lopettaessansa (possessive third-person)
lopettamaton (inessive negative second-person)
lopettaen (instructive second-person)
lopettamassa (inessive third-person)
lopettamasta (elative third-person)
lopettamaan (illative third-person)
lopettamalla (adessive third-person)
lopettamatta (abessive third-person)
lopettaman (instructive third-person)
lopetettaman (instructive third-person)
lopettaminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
lopettamaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
lopettamaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
lopettamaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
lopettamaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
lopettamaisillaan (possessive third-person)
lopettamaisillansa (possessive third-person)

[ˈlo̞pe̞t̪ːɑ̝ː(ʔ)]

(transitive, law) to cease and desist (to stop and to not resume an action)


suggestion

suggestion (countable and uncountable, plural suggestions)

/səˈd͡ʒɛstʃən/

[səˈd͡ʒɛʃtʃən]

/sə(ɡ)ˈd͡ʒɛst͡ʃən/

From Middle English suggestion, from Anglo-Norman suggestioun, sugestiun, from Latin suggestiō, from suggerō (“suggest”, verb), from Latin sub- (“from below, up”) + gerō (“to bring”). Related to English up-, cast.

(law, countable) Information, insinuation, speculation, as opposed to a sworn testimony and evidence.


mortmain

mortmain (usually uncountable, plural mortmains)

From Anglo-Norman mortmayn, morte meyn, from Old French mortes meins, after Late Latin phrase mortua manus. See Latin mortuus (“dead”) + manus (“hand”).

1824, Charter of Incorporation of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
[W]e do hereby grant our especial license and authority unto all and every person […] to grant sell alien and convey in mortmain unto and to the use of the said Society and their successors […]

Though in truth it was the law of mortmain […] which originally sent the founders of chantries to seek the king's licence […]

1900, Frederic William Maitland, “The Corporation Sole”, in Law Quarterly Review, volume 16:

(law) The perpetual, inalienable possession of lands by a corporation or non-personal entity such as a church.


sui generis

/sʊɪ d͡ʒəˈnɛɹɪs/

Borrowed from Latin suī generis (literally “of its own kind/class”).

bor

It is easy to describe second-rate talents, because they fall into a class and enlist under a standard; but first-rate powers defy calculation or comparison, and can be defined only by themselves. They are sui generis, and make the class to which they belong.

1821–1822, William Hazlitt, “Character of Cobbett”, in Table-Talk; or, Original Essays, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: John Warren; Henry Colburn and Co.:

The transcendent case before us is absolutely sui generis.

1828, John Pye Smith, Four Discourses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ: and on Atonement and Redemption, page 67:

The eminent Italian geologist, Stoppani, goes further than I had ventured to do, and treats the action of man as a new physical element altogether sui generis.

1874, George P. Marsh, The Earth as Modified by Human Action:

The system was neither free enterprise nor socialism; it was sui generis, one of the unique creations of the Middle Ages.

1994, Frances and Joseph Gies, “The Technology of the Commercial Revolution”, in Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel, →ISBN, page 111:

We see him as he sees himself, surveying the invisible depths of ethical space, with all the distinction of a specialist in the sui generis.

1995, J.L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words:

Based on Phoebe Gloeckner’s remarkable, sui generis semi-autobiographical graphic novel, […]

2015 August 6, Leslie Felperin, “The Diary of a Teenage Girl review – a scaldingly honest coming-of-age comedy”, in The Guardian:

The basic operational mechanisms and business practices were so new and strange, so utterly sui generis, that all we could see was a gaggle of “innovative” horseless carriages.

2018, Shoshana Zuboff, chapter 11, in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism:

Hitchens was sui generis. He made most other book reviewers, to borrow Dorothy Parker’s words about the drama critic George Jean Nathan, “look as if they spelled out their reviews with alphabet blocks.”

2024 January 1, Dwight Garner, “Want to Feel, Intellectually, Like Someone Is Rotating Your Tires?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(chiefly law) In a class of its own; one of a kind.


sui generis

/sʊɪ d͡ʒəˈnɛɹɪs/

It is word-generated knowledge or knowledge by testimony ( K. T. for short ) – a sui generis.

2013 June 29, Bimal K. Matilal, A. Chakrabarti, Knowing from Words: Western and Indian Philosophical Analysis of Understanding and Testimony, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 100:

Prior to the 1990s a large segment of New Testament scholarship maintained that the Gospels represent a sui generis, that is, a genre unique to them. This sui generis was viewed as a type of mythology.

2020 May 21, Michael R Licona, The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach, Inter-Varsity Press, →ISBN:

Insofar as none of these approaches has ever been formally overruled by the highest Court of the land, the law of deviation remains an area of controversy and is practically treated as a sui generis - that is, as a law quite distinct from the general law of contract.

2021 October 5, Sze Ping-fat, Carrier's Liability under the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules, BRILL, →ISBN, page 124:

(chiefly law) Something of its own kind; a thing apart.


sui generis

Ausgerechnet wir Deutschen, Stellvertreter der Effizienznation sui generis, suchen die Langsamkeit.

2017 November 19, Michael Brake, “Vom Glück, für sich alleine zu kochen: Me, myself and Ei”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz, →ISSN:

Eine Abgrenzung zu diesen finde kaum statt, deren Aussagen würden „verleugnet oder als unproblematisch“ bewertet. Durch die Vermischung verschiedener Ideologien könne ein neuer Extremismus „sui generis“ entstehen.

2020 December 9, Konrad Litschko, “Innenministerkonferenz zu Querdenkern: Neue Härte”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz, →ISSN:

(sciences, law, higher register, postpositive) sui generis (forming a class of its own)


consideration

en-noun

consideration (countable and uncountable, plural considerations)

/kənˌsɪdəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English consideracioun, from Old French consideracion, from Latin cōnsīderātiō. By surface analysis, consider + -ation.

Consideration is an intention to create legal relations.

In consideration of the performance of B's obligations hereunder, A hereby grants to B's personal license.

(law) A matter of inducement for something promised; something valuable given as recompense for a promise, which causes the promise to become binding as a contract.

對價 /对价

legal: something valuable given as recompense for a promise


genizah

genizah (plural genizahs or genizot or genizoth)

genizahs (plural)
genizot (plural)
genizoth (plural)
geniza (alternative)

From Hebrew גְּנִיזָה (g'nizá, “archiving, preservation, storage; hiding; genizah”) (plural גְּנִיזוֹת (g'nizót)), from Old Persian *ganzam, from Old Median *ganǰam (“depository; treasure”).

der

The Cairo Genizah was discovered in 1896.

In the year 1870 the Russian Minister of Public Worship purchased from the well-known Karaite traveller and archaeologist Abraham Firkowitsch his collection of Samaritan MSS. for the Imperial Library of St. Petersburg. It consists almost exclusively of fragments, this circumstance arising from the fact that the collector during his stay in Nablus and Egypt completely ransacked the Samaritan Genizoth (that is to say, the garrets and cellars of the synagogues whither their worn-out books were conveyed), thus acquiring several fragments of Samaritan Pentateuch rolls— […]

1874, John W. Nutt, “Appendix I. The Collection of Samaritan MSS. at St. Petersburg.”, in A Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and Literature, Published as an Introduction to “Fragments of a Samaritan Targum, Edited from a Bodleian MS.”, London: Trübner and Co., →OCLC, page 153:

Unfortunately, too, the fragment begins in the very middle of a sentence, as do most of these Genizah fragments. It is evident that the leaves come from a large volume, as each drug was numbered.

1935 January 15, R[ichard James Horatio] Gottheil, “A Fragment on Pharmacy from the Cairo Genizah”, in The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: With which are Incorporated the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, part I, London: Published by the Society, 74 Grosvenor Street, London, W. 1, →OCLC, page 124:

The rule of burying the old Scrolls which became spoiled or torn was in course of time extended to all Hebrew books which became torn or spoiled. This, indirectly, probably led to the well-known practice of having special places called Geniza, where such books were temporarily kept before being buried[…]. In almost all Jewish centers, there are Genizot in the synagogues—under the Bima, within the walls, or in the garrets. As the place grew overcrowded, the content was carried to the cemetery for burial.

1983, Jacob Z[allel] Lauterbach, “73. Ritual for Disposal of Damaged Sefer Torah (Vol. XXXIV, 9124, pp. 74–75)”, in Walter Jacob, editor, American Reform Responsa: Collected Responsa of the Central Conference of American Rabbis 1889–1983, New York, N.Y.: Central Conference of American Rabbis, →OCLC, page 243:

[A]ccording to Jewish law and practice, ritual objects which contained the name of God could not be thrown away or destroyed. The tradition was to treat these objects with great reverence. A place called a Genizah (from Persian, "ganoz," which means "treasury" or "hidden place") was created to house these ritual objects. […] A genizah, therefore, was a place of concealment. Sometimes this was a hidden cave; other times it was space between the stories of a building or a separate cupboard or small room with a small opening into which could be placed the remnants of books and manuscripts which contained the name of God. […] Often things placed in the genizah were destroyed over the years from mildew and erosion, but in certain climates they were preserved. Such was the case with a great genizah in old Cairo that was discovered by Professor Solomon Schechter. Schechter's discovery opened to modern Jewish scholarship thousands of pages of ancient manuscripts and original works that had been lost or not known to modern scholars.

2002, Stephen M. Brown, “Beginning Talmud Torah”, in Stephen Garfinkel, Karen L. Stein, editors, Reclaiming Our Legacy: The More Torah, the More Life, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: Department of Youth Activities, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, →OCLC, pages 110–111:

Originally Jewish law required only the words of Scripture to be stashed in genizahs, but over time the understanding of which texts were sacred often became far broader. Soon Jews were depositing rabbinic writings as well as scriptural ones into their genizahs. Later, they included any document even mentioning God and sometimes documents bearing any Hebrew at all. In fact, by the tenth century—particularly in the highly literate lands of the Middle East and North Africa—many Jews seem to have considered any document of any kind worthy of preservation in their genizah repositories.

2016, Mark Glickman, “Loading the Jewish Bookshelf”, in Stolen Words: The Nazi Plunder of Jewish Books, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by the University of Nebraska Press as a Jewish Publication Society book, →ISBN, page 33:

(Jewish law) A depository where sacred Hebrew books or other sacred items that by Jewish law cannot be disposed of are kept before they can be properly buried in a cemetery.

جنيزا

depository where sacred Hebrew books, etc., are kept before being buried in a cemetery


omit

en-verb

omit (third-person singular simple present omits, present participle omitting, simple past and past participle omitted)

omits (present singular third-person)
omitting (participle present)
omitted (participle past)
omitted (past)

At least by 1422, from late Middle English omitten, borrowed from Latin omittō (“to let go”), from ob- + mittō (“to send”), but also had the connotations “to fail to perform” and “to neglect”.

In the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, omit sections 146(4) and 147(3) (homosexual acts as grounds for dismissal from the crew of merchant ships).

2017, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Merchant Shipping (Homosexual Conduct) Act 2017, section 1:

(transitive, law, of text) To delete or remove; to strike.


lys

Cognate with Welsh llys, Irish lios, and Breton lez


inchoate

en-adj

inchoate (comparative more inchoate, superlative most inchoate)

more inchoate (comparative)
most inchoate (superlative)

From Latin incohātus (“begun, unfinished”), perfect passive participle of incohō (“begin”). Cognate with Spanish incoar (“to initiate, commence, begin”).

cog

Congress considers the inchoate offenses of attempt and conspiracy, even conspiracy without an overt act, to be just as serious as the federal substantive drug offenses which they contemplate.

2006, United States v. McKenney, 450 F.3d 39 (1st Cir. 2006)

(law) Of a crime, imposing criminal liability for an incompleted act.


principal

en-noun

principal (countable and uncountable, plural principals)

principals (plural)
principall (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English principal, from Old French principal, from Latin prīncipālis.

Principal (education)
Principal value
principal

When an attorney represents a client, the client is the principal who permits the attorney, the client′s agent, to act on the client′s behalf.

My principal sells metal shims.

The firm admitted the amount owed, but averred as an affirmative defense that it had hired the expert as an agent of a disclosed principal, the client.

1958, American Law Institute., Restatement of the Law, Second: Agency 2d, volume 7, page 533:

A food broker has been defined as an independent sales agent who performs the services of negotiating the sale of food and/or grocery products for and on account of the seller as principal.

1966, Pan American Union, The Marketing Structure for Selected Processed Food Products: In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, The Federal Republic of Germany, Canada and the United Kingdom, page 34:

2009, California Continuing Education of the Bar, California Probate Code, page 375,
An attorney-in-fact has a duty to act solely in yhe interest of the principal and to avoid conflicts of interest.

(law) A legal person that authorizes another (the agent) to act on their behalf; or on whose behalf an agent or gestor in a negotiorum gestio acts.

مُوَكِّل

legal: one on behalf of whom an agent or gestor acts

повјѐритељ m (more often means creditor, повѐрилац, повјѐрилац)

povjèritelj m (more often means creditor, povèrilac, povjèrilac)

The accessories may be prosecuted, tried and punished, though the principal has not been prosecuted or has been acquitted.

1915, Eugene Allen Gilmore, Wiliam Charles Wermuth, Modern American Law, page 125:

Coordinate term: accessory

(law) The primary participant in a crime.

Haupttäter m or simply Täter

which is according to the Criminal Code’s wording, where the hypernym to accomplices, abettors and principals is Beteiligter


blackout

blackout (countable and uncountable, plural blackouts)

blackouts (plural)
black-out (alternative)

→ Dutch: black-out

→ French: blackout

→ German: Blackout

→ Portuguese: blecaute, blackout

(slang, criminology, rare) A mass murder committed, usually in an urban area, to eliminate potential witnesses of a previous crime.


client

→ Japanese: クライアント (kuraianto)

From Middle English client, from Anglo-Norman clyent, Old French client, from Latin cliēns, akin to clinare (“to lean”).

(law) A person who employs or retains an attorney to represent him or her in any legal matter, or one who merely divulges confidential matters to an attorney while pursuing professional assistance without subsequently retaining the attorney.


lesion

lesions (plural)
læsion (alternative archaic)

From Middle English lesioun, from Old French lesion, from Latin laesiō (“injury”), itself from laesus, perfect passive participle of laedō (“I injure, hurt”).

(law) Injury or an unfair imbalance in a commutative contract wherein the consideration is less than half of the market value, which then serves as a basis for the injured party to sue to rescind the agreement.


excuse

excuse (countable and uncountable, plural excuses)

From Middle English excusen (verb) and excuse (noun), borrowed from Old French escuser (verb) and excuse (noun), from Latin excūsō, excūsāre (“to excuse, allege in excuse, literally, free from a charge”), from ex (“out”) + causa (“a charge”); see cause, accuse and recuse. Displaced native Old English lād (“an excuse”) and lādian (“to excuse”).

der

(law) A defense to a criminal or civil charge wherein the accused party admits to doing acts for which legal consequences would normally be appropriate, but asserts that special circumstances relieve that party of culpability for having done those acts.


claim

→ Afrikaans: kleim

→ Dutch: claimen

→ Indonesian: klaim

From Middle English claimen, borrowed from Old French clamer (“to call, name, send for”), from Latin clāmō, clāmāre (“to call, cry out”), from Proto-Italic *klāmāō, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to shout”), which is imitative.
See also Lithuanian kalba (“language”), Old English hlōwan (“to low, make a noise like a cow”), Old High German halan (“to call”), Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō, “to call, convoke”), κλέδον (klédon, “report, fame”), κέλαδος (kélados, “noise”), Middle Irish cailech (“cock”), Latin calō (“to call out, announce solemnly”), Sanskrit उषःकल (uṣaḥkala, “cock”, literally “dawn-calling”). Cognate with Spanish llamar and clamar.

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

(law) A legal demand for compensation or damages.


claim

en-verb

claim (third-person singular simple present claims, present participle claiming, simple past and past participle claimed)

claims (present singular third-person)
claiming (participle present)
claimed (participle past)
claimed (past)
claym (alternative)

onomatopoeic

imitative

(law) To demand compensation or damages through the courts.


repeat

en-verb

repeat (third-person singular simple present repeats, present participle repeating, simple past and past participle repeated)

repeats (present singular third-person)
repeating (participle present)
repeated (participle past)
repeated (past)

From Middle English repeten, from Old French repeter, from Latin repetō, repetere, from the prefix re- (“again”) + peto (“attack, beseech”).

(law, Scotland) To repay or refund (an excess received).


defend

defend (third-person singular simple present defends, present participle defending, simple past and past participle defended)

defends (present singular third-person)
defending (participle present)
defended (participle past)
defended (past)

From Middle English defenden, from Old French defendre, deffendre (Modern French défendre), from Latin dēfendō (“to ward off”), from Proto-Italic *fendō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen-. Displaced native Old English bewerian.

Philip Miles, defending, said: "This was a single instance, there was no allegation of continuing behaviour over a long period of time."

2011 December 14, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, in The Guardian:

(transitive, law) To make legal defence of; to represent (the accused).


arrogation

en-noun

arrogation (countable and uncountable, plural arrogations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-arrogation.wav

The President's arrogation of this new Act oversteps his bounds and causes our rights to suffer.

It condescended and/or pandered to so many for so long that even its old suburbanite subscribers must have begrudged it deep down, and those New Yorkers who know it love to hate it outright – for the arrogation of its New York as the New York, among other crimes: who are those people in the cartoons anyway?

2000 September 21, Hal Foster, “Slumming with Rappers at the Roxy”, in London Review of Books, volume 22, number 18, →ISSN:

(law) The unjust assumption of rights or privilege.

Anmaßung

the unjust assumption of rights or privilege


demand

en-verb

demand (third-person singular simple present demands, present participle demanding, simple past and past participle demanded)

demands (present singular third-person)
demanding (participle present)
demanded (participle past)
demanded (past)
demand (infinitive)
demand (first-person present singular)
demanded (first-person past singular)
demand (present second-person singular)
demanded (past second-person singular)
demands (present singular third-person)
demanded (past singular third-person)
demand (plural present)
demanded (past plural)
demand (present subjunctive)
demanded (past subjunctive)
demand (imperative present)
demanding (participle present)
demanded (participle past)
demaund (alternative obsolete)
demaunde (alternative obsolete)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂-der.
Proto-Italic *manus
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁tder.
Proto-Italic *-ðō
Proto-Italic *manuðō
Latin mandō
Latin dēmandō
Old French demanderbor.
Middle English demaunden
English demand
From late Middle English demaunden, from Old French demander, from Latin dēmandō, dēmandāre.


contract

From Middle English, from Old French contract, from Latin contractum, past participle of contrahere (“to bring together, to bring about, to conclude a bargain”), from con- (“with, together”) + trahere (“to draw, to pull”).

(law) An agreement which the law will enforce in some way. A legally binding contract must contain at least one promise, i.e., a commitment or offer, by an offeror to and accepted by an offeree to do something in the future. A contract is thus executory rather than executed.

(law) The document containing such an agreement.

(law) A part of legal studies dealing with laws and jurisdiction related to contracts.


solution

en-noun

solution (countable and uncountable, plural solutions)

From Middle English solucioun, from Old French solucion (French solution), from Latin solūtiōnem, accusative singular of solūtiō, from the verb solvō. Compare solve, -tion.

there is nothing more permanent than a temporary solution

he was not obliged to repeat what he had received, in solution of a just debt

1681, Scotland. Court of Session, edited by Lord Alexander Fraser Tytler Woodhouselee and William Maxwell Morison, The decisions of the Court of Session, published 1802, page 2927:

A disposition granted on a cessio bonorum is merely in farther security to the creditors, not in satisfaction or in solution of the debts.

1827, John Erskine, The Principles of the Law of Scotland, page 508:

It is said that there is no violation of the law of this State in the simple act of paying money in solution of a promise to do so

1879, “Conflict of Law — Promissory notes governed by law of place where made and payable”, in Albany Law Journal, volume 20:

(law, UK, archaic, rare) Satisfaction of a claim or debt.


wreck

From Middle English wrek, from Anglo-Norman wrek, from Old Norse *wrek (Norwegian and Icelandic rek, Swedish vrak, Danish vrag), from Proto-Germanic *wrekaną, whence also Old English wrecan (English wreak), Old High German rehhan, Old Saxon wrekan, Gothic 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wrikan).

2. ... Wreck includes the cargo, stores and tackle of a vessel and all parts of a vessel separated from the vessel, and the property of persons who belong to, are on board or have quitted a vessel that is wrecked, stranded or in distress at any place in Canada.

1985, “Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)”, in Justice Canada, retrieved 2021-09-09:

(law, uncountable) Goods, etc. cast ashore by the sea after a shipwreck.


enact

en-verb

enact (third-person singular simple present enacts, present participle enacting, simple past and past participle enacted)

enacts (present singular third-person)
enacting (participle present)
enacted (participle past)
enacted (past)

From Middle English enacten, from en-, from Old French en- (“to cause to be”), from Latin in- (“in”) and Old French acte (“perform, do”), from Latin actum, past participle of ago (“set in motion”).

The practical effect of the Government's new anti-strike bill on the rail disputes in Great Britain is awaited, after the legislation was enacted.

2023 December 27, Mel Holley, “Network News: Minimum Service Levels legislation comes into force”, in RAIL, number 999, page 14:

(transitive, law) To make (a bill) into law.


practice

en-noun

practice (usually uncountable, plural practices)

practices (plural)
practise (alternative obsolete)

The noun is from Middle English practice, practique, practyse, from the verb; also compare Medieval Latin prāctica.
The verb is from Middle English practice, practise, practize, practyse, from Middle French pratiser, practiser, alteration of practiquer, from Medieval Latin prācticāre, from Late Latin prācticus, from Ancient Greek πρακτικός (praktikós).
The spelling practice is attested once in Middle English for both the noun and the verb. The noun began to be assimilated in spelling to nouns in -ice; practise (noun) is now obsolete.

what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive

This firm of solicitors is involved in family law practice.

(law) The form, manner, and order of conducting and carrying on suits and prosecutions through their various stages, according to the principles of law and the rules laid down by the courts.


receive

en-verb

receive (third-person singular simple present receives, present participle receiving, simple past and past participle received)

receives (present singular third-person)
receiving (participle present)
received (participle past)
received (past)
receave (alternative obsolete)
receyve (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English receiven, from Old French receivre, from Latin recipere (“take back, accept, etc.”), from re- (“back”) + capiō (“to take”); see capacious. Compare conceive, deceive, perceive. Displaced native Middle English terms in -fon/-fangen (e.g. afon, anfon, afangen, underfangen, etc. "to receive" from Old English -fōn), native Middle English thiggen (“to receive”) (from Old English þiċġan), and non-native Middle English aquilen, enquilen (“to receive”) (from Old French aquillir, encueillir).

der

(law) To take goods knowing them to be stolen.


master

masters (plural)
maistre (alternative archaic)
Marse (alternative Caribbean US dialectal obsolete)
marse (alternative Caribbean US dialectal obsolete)
mas'r (alternative)
Master (alternative)
mastre (alternative obsolete)
maister (alternative obsolete)
mayster (alternative obsolete)
Massa (alternative)
massa (alternative)
massah (alternative)
massy (alternative)
masta (alternative)
Mastah (alternative)
mastah (alternative)
mastuh (alternative)
measter (alternative UK obsolete pronunciation-spelling)
mester (alternative dialectal)
mister (alternative dialectal)

Sranan Tongo: masra

→ Catalan: màster

→ Finnish: master

→ French: master

→ German: Master

→ Polish: master

→ Portuguese: máster

→ Spanish: máster

→ Turkish: master

From Middle English maister, mayster, meister (noun) and maistren (verb), from Old English mǣster, mæġster, mæġester, mæġister, magister (“master”), from Latin magister (“chief, teacher, leader”), from Old Latin magester, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s, (as in magnus (“great”)) + -ester/-ister (compare minister (“servant”)). Reinforced by Old French maistre, mestre (noun) and maistriier, maister (verb) from the same Latin source. Compare also Saterland Frisian Mäster (“master”), West Frisian master (“master”), Dutch meester (“master”), German Meister (“master”). Doublet of maestro, magister, and meister.

doublet

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

use the master's tools to dismantle the master's house

The case was tried by a master, who concluded that the plaintiffs were the equitable owners of the property.[…]

(law) A parajudicial officer (such as a referee, an auditor, an examiner, or an assessor) specially appointed to help a court with its proceedings.


inferior

en-adj

inferior (comparative more inferior, superlative most inferior)

more inferior (comparative)
most inferior (superlative)
inferiour (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin īnferior (“lower in situation or place”), comparative of īnferus (“below, underneath”).

bor

(with to) Lower in rank, status, or quality.

(law) (of a court or tribunal) Susceptible to having its decisions overturned by a higher court.


reverse

en-verb

reverse (third-person singular simple present reverses, present participle reversing, simple past and past participle reversed)

reverses (present singular third-person)
reversing (participle present)
reversed (participle past)
reversed (past)

unreverse

antonym(s) of “to turn something in the opposite direction”

From Middle English reversen, from Anglo-Norman reverser, Middle French reverser, and their source, Latin reversō, from re- + versō.

tolat

rail transport, of points: to move from the normal position to the reverse position

to reverse a judgment, sentence, or decree

From March 30, LNER was running around 40% of its trains and had suspended its Aberdeen, Inverness and Hull services, although it reversed the latter decision after Hull Trains suspended operations.

2020 April 8, “Network News: Emergency timetables and the number of services cut”, in Rail, page 15:

(law) To revoke a law, or to change a decision into its opposite.


team

→ Armenian: թիմ (tʻim)

→ Bengali: টীম (ṭim)

→ Cantonese: team

→ Catalan: tim

→ Czech: tým

→ Dutch: team

→ Indonesian: tim

→ Esperanto: team

→ Finnish: tiimi

→ German: Team

→ Hausa: tim

→ Hawaiian: kime

→ Hindi: टीम (ṭīm)

→ Italian: team

→ Japanese: チーム (chīmu)

→ Korean: 팀 (tim)

→ Macedonian: тим (tim)

→ Maori: tīma

→ Marathi: टीम (ṭīm)

→ Northern Kurdish: tîm

→ Norwegian Bokmål: team

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: team

→ Pashto: ټيم (ṭim)

→ Persian: تیم (tim)

→ Polish: team

→ Portuguese: time (Brazilian)

→ Romanian: team

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тим

Latin script: tim

→ Slovak: tím

→ Swahili: timu

→ Swedish: team

→ Tagalog: tim

→ Thai: ทีม (tiim)

→ Tok Pisin: tim

→ Urdu: ٹِیم (ṭīm)

→ Welsh: tîm

→ West Frisian: team

From Middle English tem, teem, teme, from Old English tēam (“child-bearing, offspring, brood, set of draught animals”), from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz (“that which draws or pulls”), from Proto-Germanic *taugijaną, *tugōną, *teuhōną, *teuhaną (“to lead, bring, pull, draw”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”). Cognate with Scots team, teem (“a chain, harness”), Saterland Frisian Toom (“bridle; breeding”), West Frisian team (“bridle, team”), Dutch toom (“bridle, reins, flock of birds”), German Low German Toom (“bridle”), German Zaum (“bridle”), Norwegian tømme (“bridle, rein”), Swedish töm (“leash, rein”). More at teem, tie, tow.

cog

TEAM, Theam, Tem, Them. Sax. [from tyman, to propagate, to teem.] In old English law. Literally, an offspring, race or generation. A royalty or privilege granted by royal charter to a lord of a manor, of having, keeping and judging in his court, his bondmen, neifes and villeins, and their offspring or suit. They who had a jurisdiction of this kind, were said to have a court of Theme... constantly used in the old books in connection with toll, in the expression Toll & Team.

1871, Alexander M. Burrill, Law Dictionary & Glossary, volume II:

(UK, law, obsolete) A royalty or privilege granted by royal charter to a lord of a manor, of having, keeping, and judging in his court, his bondmen, neifes, and villains, and their offspring, or suit, that is, goods and chattels, and appurtenances thereto.


surrogate

→ Dutch: surrogaat

From Latin surrogātus, perfect passive participle of surrogō (“ask”); a variant of subrogō, from sub (“under”) + rogō (“ask”).

(US law) A judicial officer of limited jurisdiction, who administers matters of probate and intestate succession and, in some cases, adoptions.


subrogate

en-verb

subrogate (third-person singular simple present subrogates, present participle subrogating, simple past and past participle subrogated)

subrogates (present singular third-person)
subrogating (participle present)
subrogated (participle past)
subrogated (past)

/ˈsʌbɹəɡeɪt/

Borrowed from Latin subrogātus, perfect passive participle of subrogō, from sub (“under”) + rogō (“I ask, request”). A variant of surrogate.

In the course of that work air‑conditioning units were installed. Those units are equipped with compressors which were manufactured by Refcomp, whose registered office is in Italy, purchased from that company and fitted by Climaventa whose registered office is also in Italy, then sold to Doumer by the company Liebert to whose rights Emerson is now subrogated. […] Subrogated to the rights of Doumer, to which it paid compensation, Axa Corporate sued the manufacturer Recomp, the fitter Climaveneta and the seller Emerson before the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (Regional Court, Paris) seeking an order that they pay in solidum compensation for the damage suffered.

2013 February 7, European Court of Justice, Refcomp SpA vs. Axa Corporate Solutions Assurance SA / Axa France IARD / Emerson Network / Climaveneta SpA,, Case C‑543/10, marginals 8 and 10:

A co-debtor that pays off a principal creditor has a choice. It can subrogate to the principal creditor's claim or it can file its own claim in the bankruptcy. It cannot do both; its own claim will be disallowed if it seeks subrogation.

2019, Ginsberg, Martin, Kelley, Ginsberg and Martin on Bankruptcy, Aspen Publishers Online, →ISBN, page 86:

(law, transitive) To replace one person or thing with another.

das Recht geht über

this is formulated differently from the side of the subjective right


panel

From Middle English panel (“piece of cloth, saddle pad, pane of glass, piece of ice, part, division, jury list, jury members”), from Anglo-Norman panel, panelle (“piece of cloth, saddle cushion”), from Vulgar Latin *pannellus, diminutive of Latin pannus (“cloth, rag, garment”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“fabric”). Cognate with Old English fana (“a piece of cloth, patch, banner, flag, vane”). Doublet of vane.

cog

To this end the sheriff returns his compulsive process , the writ of habeas corpora, or distringas , with the panel of jurors annexed, to the judge's officer in court.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) A document containing the names of persons summoned as jurors by the sheriff.


cena

la-noun

cēna f (genitive cēnae); first declension

cēna (canonical feminine)
cēnae (genitive)
cēna (nominative singular)
cēnae (nominative plural)
cēnae (genitive singular)
cēnārum (genitive plural)
cēnae (dative singular)
cēnīs (dative plural)
cēnam (accusative singular)
cēnās (accusative plural)
cēnā (ablative singular)
cēnīs (ablative plural)
cēna (singular vocative)
cēnae (plural vocative)
coena (alternative)
cœna (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tsinã

Romanian: cină

Dalmatian:

caina

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cena

→ Sicilian: cena

Neapolitan: cena

Padanian:

Friulian: cene

Ligurian: çenn-a

Lombard: sèna, zèna, scèna, sina

Piedmontese: sin-a, sen-a, sèina, sna

Romansch: tschaina

Venetan: sena, çéna, ẑena

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: céna (dialectal)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

>? Aragonese: cena

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cẽa, cea
Galician: cea
Portuguese: ceia

Spanish: cena

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chena (Logudorese), cena (Campidanese)

Borrowings

→ Catalan: cena

→ French: cène, Cène

→ Occitan: cena

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kinjọ

Breton: koan

Cornish: koen

Welsh: cinio

From Old Latin cesna, from Proto-Italic *kertsnā (compare Umbrian śesna, Oscan kersnu), from Proto-Indo-European *kért-sneh₂ (“portion”), from root *(s)kert- (“to cut”), from *(s)ker- (compare Lithuanian kérti, Armenian քերթել (kʻertʻel, “to skin”), Sanskrit कृन्तति (kṛntáti, “he cuts (in pieces)”)). Related to cortex, scortum.

cog

(Medieval Latin, law, historical) gwestva (a duty levied by Welsh kings twice a year upon the free men of their kingdom)


codicil

Borrowed from Middle French codicille, from Latin cōdicillus, diminutive of cōdex. See code.

(law) An addition or supplement that explains, modifies, or revokes a will or part of one.


Great Britain

Of the island of Great Britain, to disambiguate Britain from Brittany, i.e. Lesser Britain. From Middle English Great Brittaigne, Grete Britaigne, Grete breteygne, grete Bretayne, grete breteyne, parallelling Anglo-Norman Grande Brettayne and c. 12th-century Medieval Latin Britannia Maior. Equivalent to Great + Britain.
King James VI and I in 1604 proclaimed himself “King of Great Britain, France and Ireland”.

Iso-Britannia

the United Kingdom national team in a sports context

(politics, law) England, Scotland and Wales in combination, to the exclusion of Northern Ireland.


인

자연인(自然人) 자연인#Korean

(law) a person (encompassing both 법인(法人) (beobin, “legal persons”) and 자연인(自然人) (jayeonin, “natural persons”))


privy

privies (plural)
privie (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English pryvy, prive, from Old French privé (“private”), from Latin prīvātus (“deprived”), perfect passive participle of prīvō (“I bereave, deprive; I free, release”). Doublet of private.

(law) A partaker; one having an interest in an action, contract, etc. to which he is not himself a party.


guardian

→ Japanese: ガーディアン (gādian)

/ˈɡɑː.dɪ.ən/

From Middle English gardein, garden, (also wardein, > Modern English warden), from Old French guardein, from the verb guarder, of Germanic origin. Compare French gardien. Doublet of warden. By surface analysis, guard + -ian.

(law) A person legally responsible for a minor (in loco parentis).

وَلِي أَمْر

law: person legally responsible for a minor in loco parentis

(law) A person legally responsible for an incompetent person.

попечи́тел

law: person responsible for incompetent person


obligation

en-noun

obligation (countable and uncountable, plural obligations)

right

antonym(s) of “requirement, duty, contract or promise”

/ˌɒb.lɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɑ.bləˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɒb.lɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɔb.lɪˈɡæɪ.ʃən/

/ˌɒb.lɪˈɡæɪ.ʃən/

From Middle English obligacioun, from Old French obligacion, from Latin obligatio, obligationem, from obligatum (past participle of obligare), from ob- (“to”) + ligare (“to bind”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”).

The Pupil after his Pupillarity, had granted a Diſcharge to one of the Co-tutors, which did extinguiſh the whole Debt of that Co-tutor, and conſequently of all the reſt, they being all correi debendi, lyable by one individual Obligation, which cannot be Diſcharged as to one, and ſtand as to all the reſt.

December 19 1668, James Dalrymple, “Mr.Alexander Seaton contra Menzies”, in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion, Edinburgh, published 1683, page 575:

(law) A legal agreement stipulating a specified action or forbearance by a party to the agreement; the document containing such agreement.


disgorge

en-verb

disgorge (third-person singular simple present disgorges, present participle disgorging, simple past and past participle disgorged)

disgorges (present singular third-person)
disgorging (participle present)
disgorged (participle past)
disgorged (past)

(law) To surrender (stolen goods or money, for example) unwillingly.


property rights

(law) The exclusive rights pertaining to the ownership and possession of a given piece of property.


kris

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek κρίσι (krísi, “judgement, decision”).


concord

en-noun

concord (countable and uncountable, plural concords)

From French concorde, Latin concordia, from concors (“of the same mind, agreeing”); con- + cor, cordis (“heart”). See heart, and compare accord.

The concord or agreement may be made of an estate and fee-simple, fee-tail, or life or for years; it may be also of divers remainders, and that to them that are no parties but strangers to the fine; it may be also single or double, with a render back again of some estate of the same land or some rent out of it; so a concord may have in it reservation of rent, a clause of distress or nomine poenae and a warranty.

1792, Edward Wood, John Joseph Powell, A Complete Body of Conveyancing: In Theory and Practice, page 548:

And in all these, and such like cases, as before, where the concord is not formal, the judges ought not to receive the fine nor suffer it to pass; but if they do, and the fine be finished, it cannot afterwards be avoided by writ of error, or otherwise, for these faults.

1808, William Sheppard, The Touchstone of Common Assurances:

This concord was the foundation or substance of the fine; being, in form and in fact, the grant or conveyance intended to be given, and was acknowledged either openly in court, or before one of the judges, or before two or more commissioners empowered by a special authority. With this acknowledgment, all the essential parts of the fine were completed.

1850, Alexander Mansfield Burrill, A New Law Dictionary and Glossary, page 492:

The foot of a fine was a copy of an agreement ( the final concord ) reached in a court of law, usually the Court of Common Pleas, following a dispute over land ownership.

1994, The Local Historian - Volumes 24-25, page 66:

(law, obsolete) An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See fine.


compound

From Middle English compounen, from Middle French componre, compondre (“to put together”), from Latin componō, from Latin com- (“together”) + ponō (“to put”).

злучэнне

chemistry: substance made by chemical combination of elements

Compositionally there is no great distinction between cell wall and cell surface, both are relatively transparent compounds, but both parts of the cell are of high significance in Biology due to their central role in cell functioning.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Position vectors, homologous chromosomes and gamma rays: Promoting disciplinary literacy through Secondary Phrase Lists”, in English for Specific Purposes, →DOI, page 8:

(law) A legal procedure whereby a criminal or delinquent avoids prosecution in a court in exchange for his payment to the authorities of a financial penalty or fine.


compound

en-verb

compound (third-person singular simple present compounds, present participle compounding, simple past and past participle compounded)

compounds (present singular third-person)
compounding (participle present)
compounded (participle past)
compounded (past)

to compound a debt

(transitive, law) To settle by agreeing on less than the claim, or on different terms than those stipulated.

sich vergleichen

law: to settle by agreeing less than the claim


convert

convert (third-person singular simple present converts, present participle converting, simple past and past participle converted)

converts (present singular third-person)
converting (participle present)
converted (participle past)
converted (past)

[kʰə̥ɱˈvɜːt]

From Old French convertir, from Latin converto (“turn around”).

The grand jury claims Terrigno "knowingly converted, for the benefit of herself and others, federal funds, which were intended to help the poor and homeless in the Los Angeles area."

1985 December 14, Gordon Gottlieb, “L.A. Community Divided over Terrigno Indictment”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 22, page 10:

(transitive, law) To appropriate wrongfully or unlawfully; to commit the common law tort of conversion.


satisfy

satisfy (third-person singular simple present satisfies, present participle satisfying, simple past and past participle satisfied)

satisfies (present singular third-person)
satisfying (participle present)
satisfied (participle past)
satisfied (past)

From Middle English satisfyen, satisfien, from Old French satisfiier, satisfier (also Old French satisfaire), from Latin satisfacere, from satis (“enough, sufficient”) + faciō (“I make, I do”).

to satisfy a claim or an execution

(law, transitive) To answer or discharge (a claim, debt, legal demand, etc.); to give compensation for.


suss law

suss laws (plural)
sus law (alternative)

(British, law) A former (1824–1981) law by which police officers were permitted to arrest anyone under suspicion of having committed a crime


debtor

From Middle English dettour, from Old French detour, from Latin debitor, equivalent to debt + -or. Doublet of debitor. Displaced native Old English *sċola.

(law) One who owes another anything, or is under obligation, arising from express agreement, implication of law, or principles of natural justice, to pay money or to fulfill some other obligation; in bankruptcy or similar proceedings, the person who is the subject of the proceeding.


prosty

zlw-opl-adj

prosty (derived adverb prosto or proście)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *prȍstъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Item si non solveret pecuniam mutuatam..., tunc... est obligatus solvere mille marcas ad simplicem *loquelem al. na prosztha pomowa

1868 [1446], Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej : z archiwum tak zwanego bernardyńskiego we Lwowie w skutek fundacyi śp. Alexandra hr. Stadnickiego, volume XIII, page 206:

Woyth moze na kasdy dzen szandzycz o pyenadze albo o gynne proste rzeczy (pro... aliis causis simplicibus) przesz przyszasznykow

1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 52, 3:

Czso woyth ma albo moze a kako szandzycz o pyenadze albo o gyne proste rzeczy przesz przyszasznykow, w prosthey zalobye?

Vstawyamy, aby pirwy rok przes prosthą nyemocz (per simplicem infirmitatem), ale wthory przes prawą nyemocz... byli othkladany

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 73:

Vstawyamy..., abi... za prostą reną (pro simplici vulnere) pyecznaczcze grziwyen zaplaczicz powynyen byl

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 41:

Nobilis Iohannes... ex parte Elizabeth postposuit prosty rok ad duas septimanas

1868 [1452], Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej : z archiwum tak zwanego bernardyńskiego we Lwowie w skutek fundacyi śp. Alexandra hr. Stadnickiego, volume XI, page 382:

(law, in set phrases, attested in Masovia) simple (not important or meaning little)


attach

en-verb

attach (third-person singular simple present attaches, present participle attaching, simple past and past participle attached)

attaches (present singular third-person)
attaching (participle present)
attached (participle past)
attached (past)

From Middle English attachen, from Old French atachier, variant of estachier (“bind”), derived from estache (“stick”), from Frankish *stakkā, *stakō (“stick”), from Proto-Germanic *stakô (“pole, bar, stick, stake”). Doublet of attack. More at stake, stack.

der

would lose one's head if it wasn't attached

Eftsoones the Gard, which on his state did wait, / Attacht that faitor false, and bound him strait […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Old lord, I cannot blame thee, / Who am myself attach'd with weariness / To th' dulling of my spirits: sit down, and rest.

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

The earl marshal attached Gloucester for high treason.

1868, Charlotte Mary Yonge, Cameos from English History:


balk

balk (indefinite nominative singular)
balks (genitive indefinite singular)
balken (definite nominative singular)
balkens (definite genitive singular)
balkar (indefinite nominative plural)
balkars (genitive indefinite plural)
balkarna (definite nominative plural)
balkarnas (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish balker, from Old Norse bialki, bǫlkr, from Proto-Germanic *balkuz, from *balkô (“beam, plank”).

brottsbalk

(law) code (major section of legislation)


cite

en-verb

cite (third-person singular simple present cites, present participle citing, simple past and past participle cited)

cites (present singular third-person)
citing (participle present)
cited (participle past)
cited (past)

From Old French citer, from Latin citare (“to cause to move, excite, summon”), frequentative of ciēre (“to rouse, excite, call”). Sense 4 is the original one.

der

According to the tribe’s chairman, rangers cited five of the demonstrators, who had traveled to Nevada from New York, Washington, California and the European country of Malta. The chairman did not say what they were cited for.

2023 August 29, “Tribal ranger draws weapon on climate activists blocking road to Burning Man; conduct under review”, in AP News:

(transitive, law) To summon officially or authoritatively to appear in court.


dole

From Middle English dole (“grief”), from Old French doel (compare French deuil), from Late Latin dolus, from Latin doleo.


escrow

en-noun

escrow (countable and uncountable, plural escrows)

Learned borrowing from Law French escrowe, from Old French escroe (“register, note; bit of parchment; piece”), from Frankish *skrōda (“piece”), from Proto-Germanic *skraudō, derivative of Proto-Germanic *skraudaną (“to shred”). Doublet of scrow and shred and partially scroll.

der

GCN staffers wrote and called our landlords, complaining about the building's disrepair, for months before informing them, in September, 1985, that we would pay our rent into an escrow account until repairs were made.

1987 May 9, “Setting the Record Strai..., um, Out in the Open”, in Gay Community News, page 4:

The court will decide which party is the rightful owner of the items in escrow.

2006, Kathryn J Haupt, Principles of California Real Estate, page 305:

“Well, Dominic,” Della suddenly chimed in. “Seeing as this place of yours is still under escrow, seems to me it's not really yours yet, is it?”

2012, Madison Lake, Jade Lake, Salon Antics, page 22:

(law) A contractual arrangement whereby money or assets are held in trust by an independent agent by the agreement of the parties, which can only be released to the relevant party once certain contractual conditions have been fulfilled.


estop

en-verb

estop (third-person singular simple present estops, present participle estopping, simple past and past participle estopped)

estops (present singular third-person)
estopping (participle present)
estopped (participle past)
estopped (past)

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from the rare Late Middle English estoppen (“to prevent conception”), from Anglo-Norman and Old French estoper, from a Late Latin stuppō. However, the modern senses appear rather to align more with the much commoner Middle English istoppen (“to block, obstruct, stop up, clog”), from Middle English i- (perfective prefix) + stoppen (“to block, stop”). More at stop.

inh

[…] we twitted them, while we were together in the sun of the Continent, about English heating habits. Having done that, we are now estopped from bringing the matter up.

1957 November 23, William F. Buckley Jr., National Review:

2020: "Nancy Pelosi Should Take All the Time She Needs to Submit Articles of Impeachment" by Philip Bobbitt, Slate.com
Finally, new evidence—emails surrounding the decision to withhold appropriated military assistance from Ukraine—has come out since the vote. Is anyone suggesting that the House managers be estopped from presenting this evidence?


fief

en-noun

fief (countable and uncountable, plural fiefs)

From Middle French fief, from Old French fief, from Medieval Latin fevum, a variant of feudum (whence also Old French fieu, fied), from Old Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”), from Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep”), from Proto-Indo-European *peku-, *peḱu- (“sheep”). Doublet of fee, feud, and feoff.

Fief in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

Fief: m[asculine] A Fief. A (Knights) fee, a Mannor, or inheritance held by homage, and fealty; and given at the firſt, in truſt, and upon promiſe of aſſiſtance, or ſervice in the wars: […] Alſo, a Tenure, or Eſtate in fief, or in fee. This word was firſt heard of, after the conqueſt of Gallia by the Francs (or ancient French-men) when their Soveraign Princes, reſerving ſome land for their own Domains, diſtributed the reſt (by whole Countreys, or large territories) among their Captains, and principal followers, on condition, that they ſhould hold of them, and aid them in their wars […]

1673, Randle Cotgrave, “Fief”, in A French and English Dictionary, London: Anthony Dolle, →OCLC:

And be it further ordained and enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Right and Title of the said Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice of Montreal, in and to all and singular the said Fiefs and Seigniories of the Island of Montreal, of the Lake of the Two Mountains, and of Saint Sulpice, and their several Dependencies, and in and to all Seigniorial and Feudal Rights, Privileges, Dues, and Duties arising out of and from the same, and in and to all and every the Domains, Lands, Reservations, Buildings, Messuages, Tenements, and Hereditaments within the said several Fiefs and Seigniories now held and possessed by them as Proprietors thereof, […] shall be and they are hereby confirmed and declared good, valid, and effectual in the Law; […]

1840 June 8, C[harles] Poulett Thomson, “An Ordinance to incorporate the Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice of Montreal [No. 164 of 1840]”, in Copy of Ordinances Passed by the Governor and Special Council of Lower Canada, in the Third and Fourth Years of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria (Accounts and Papers. United Kingdom. Parliament. House of Commons; 1841, session 1), volume XV, published 3 February 1841, →OCLC, pages 151–152:

The chief obligation of a sipahi was to take up residence on his fief and to be prepared at all times to rally, armed for battle, to his banner-holder's flag on the sultan's order. According to the income of his fief, every sipahi had to raise a fixed number of armed horsemen (cebeli), who followed him on campaigns.

1992, Franz [Carl Heinrich] Babinger, translated by Ralph Manheim, edited by William C. Hickman, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time (Bollingen Series; XCVI), Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 446:

By the 14th century, however, fief holding was in decline, as salaries and retainer fees, rather than fiefs, became standard for aristocrats in binding their knights to them, and as kings increasingly exercised royal power directly or through judges and bureaucrats, not through dukes and counts. Fief holding, which is what "feudalism" must be considered to mean if the term has any precise meaning at all—and what the term meant when it was coined in the 17th century—had become an insignificant part of social and governmental relations by the end of the Middle Ages.

1995, Constance B. Bouchard, edited by William W. Kibler et al., Medieval France: An Encyclopedia (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities; 932), New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN, page 660:

Where a vassal kills the brother, son, or grandson of his lord, he should lose his fief on account of it.

2001, “Law IX. For What Offenses Committed Against His Lord a Vassal Loses His Fief, and Also How the Lord Loses the Ownership of It if He Commits an Offense Against His Vassal.”, in Samuel Parsons Scott, transl., edited by Robert I[gnatius] Burns, Las Siete Partidas: Volume 4: Family, Commerce, and the Sea: The Worlds of Women and Merchants (The Middle Ages Series), volumes IV (Partidas IV and V), Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, →ISBN, page 1001:

Investiture was the conferring of a fief by the lord to the vassal, and the rite consisted in the handing over by the lord of some symbolic object intended to represent the act of concession.

2010, Gerard J. Brault, “The Death of Roland—Laisses 174–176 (verses 2355–2396)”, in The Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition. Volume I. Introduction and Commentary, University Park, Pa., London: The Pennsylvania State University Press, →ISBN, page 256:

(law, historical) Land held of a superior, particularly on condition of homage, fealty, and personal service, especially military service.


gage

→ Dutch: gage

→ German: Gage (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Middle French gage, from Old French gage, guage, from Early Medieval Latin wadius (attested in the Reichenau Glossary), from Frankish *waddī.

(law, finance) deposit, security, guaranty (guarantee that debt will be paid; property relinquished to ensure this)


levy

en-verb

levy (third-person singular simple present levies, present participle levying, simple past and past participle levied)

levies (present singular third-person)
levying (participle present)
levied (participle past)
levied (past)

From Anglo-Norman leve, from Old French levee, from lever (“to raise”).

The new levying or inhancing of Weares Mills

1619, Michael Dalton, The Countrey Justice:

(law) To erect, build, or set up; to make or construct; to raise or cast up.


lien

Borrowed from Middle French lien, from Latin ligāmen (“a bond”), from ligō (“tie, bind”).

[…] every youth movement presents itself as loan to the future, and tries to call in its lien in advance, but when there is no future all loans are canceled.

1989, Greil Marcus, Lipstick Traces, Faber & Faber, published 2009:

Bodin deemed the king of France's power as absolute in the sense that the ruler was ‘absolved’ by divine sanction from legally binding liens and restrictions.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 7:

(law) A right to take possession of a debtor’s property as security until a debt or duty is discharged.

retensiereg

right to take and hold debtor’s property


mir

mir (nominative singular)
miry (nominative plural)
miru (genitive singular)
mirów (genitive plural)
mirowi (dative singular)
mirom (dative plural)
mir (accusative singular)
miry (accusative plural)
mirem (instrumental singular)
mirami (instrumental plural)
mirze (locative singular)
mirach (locative plural)
mirze (singular vocative)
miry (plural vocative)
mnir (alternative)

(historical, law) special protection granted by a monarch to certain individuals or places