try

en-verb

try (third-person singular simple present tries, present participle trying, simple past and past participle tried)

tries (present singular third-person)
trying (participle present)
tried (participle past)
tried (past)
try (infinitive)
try (first-person present singular)
tried (first-person past singular)
try (present second-person singular)
triest (archaic present second-person singular)
tried (past second-person singular)
tries (present singular third-person)
trieth (archaic present singular third-person)
tried (past singular third-person)
try (plural present)
tried (past plural)
try (present subjunctive)
tried (past subjunctive)
try (imperative present)
trying (participle present)
tried (participle past)
trie (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English trien (“to separate out, sift, choose, select, evaluate, try a legal case”), from Anglo-Norman trier, triher, triere (“to divide, separate, choose, select, prove, determine, try a case”), Old French trier (“to choose, pick out or separate from others, sift, cull”), of uncertain origin. Cognate with Occitan triar (“to choose, sort, scrutinise, peel”), Catalan triar (“to pick, choose, decide”). Suggested to be derived from Late Latin *trītāre (“to crush, grind, trample, wear out”), itself derived from Classical Latin trītus (“rubbed, worn down, pulverised”), the past participle of terō, terere (“to rub, wear down, trample”), though this derivation is incompatible with the Occitan form. Additionally, the shift in meaning from "rub, crush, trample" to "pick out, choose, cull" is difficult to explain. One suggestion is that the semantic shift might have originated from a Latin phrase *granum terere ("to tread the corn (in threshing)"; compare Latin trītūra (“rubbing, chafing, friction" also "threshing”)), which has a parallel in the modern French trier le grain (“to sort the grain”). Alternatively, perhaps derived from Vulgar Latin *trīāre, a metathetic alteration of *tīrāre (“to tear off, pull, draw”), whence also Old French tirer (“to draw, pull, pluck, tug, peck at, extract”), Occitan tirar (“to take, draw, retrieve, remove, extract”).
Replaced native Middle English cunnen (“to try”) (from Old English cunnian), Middle English fandien (“to try, prove”) (from Old English fandian), and Middle English costnien (“to try, tempt, test”) (from Old English costnian).

gl

"to tread the corn (in threshing)"; compare Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">trītūra</i> (“rubbing, chafing, friction" also "threshing”)

cog

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔aɪ̯]

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷaɪ̯]

don't try to teach grandma how to suck eggs

He was tried and executed.

The murderer, he recalled, had been tried and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned by a merciful governor after serving a year of his sentence.

1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:

I sit in front of the mirror and try myself. I am no impartial judge, otherwise I would have had myself executed several times over by now.

1987, Hadi Khorsandi, “It Didn’t Quite Work Out—2”, in Ehssan Javan, transl., The Ayatollah and I:

Sansa pretends to gather everyone in the great hall to try Arya, and at the last moment reveals she’s actually trying Littlefinger for murder and treason, although I think everyone in that room already knew what was going on except him.

2017 August 27, Brandon Nowalk, “Game Of Thrones slows down for the longest, and best, episode of the season (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:

To test, to work out.
(law) To put on trial.


enlarge

en-verb

enlarge (third-person singular simple present enlarges, present participle enlarging, simple past and past participle enlarged)

enlarges (present singular third-person)
enlarging (participle present)
enlarged (participle past)
enlarged (past)
inlarge (alternative archaic)

From Middle English enlargen, from Old French enlargier, enlargir. By surface analysis, en- + large.

the court would not take farther time to adjourn and deliberate, where the term was near spent, unless the parties would consent to enlarge it

1795, Charles Runnington, The History, Principles and Practice […] :

(law) To extend the time allowed for compliance with (an order or rule).


raise

raise (third-person singular simple present raises, present participle raising, simple past and past participle raised)

raises (present singular third-person)
raising (participle present)
raised (participle past)
raised (past)

From Middle English reysen, raisen, reisen, from Old Norse reisa (“to raise”), from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną (“to raise”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *rīsaną (“to rise”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to rise, arise”). According to Kroonen (2013), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”).
Cognate with Old English rāsian (“to explore, examine, research”), Old English rīsan (“to seize, carry off”), Old English rǣran (“to raise”). Doublet of rear.

whakahī

Referring to lifting the pitch of a musical note

hāpai

Of lifting an object to a higher elevation

hī

Refers to raising an eyebrow in scepticism

raise oneself up by one's own bootstraps

There should be some consideration (i.e., payment or exchange) to raise a use.

(transitive) To create, increase or develop.

(law) To create; to constitute (a use, or a beneficial interest in property).


bugger

From Middle English bougre (“heretic”), from Old French bougre, from Medieval Latin Bulgarus (“Bulgar”), from Old Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ, “Bulgarian”), used in designation of heretics (especially the Bogomils, who arose around the 10th century AD in the First Bulgarian Empire), to whom various sexual practices such as anal sex were ascribed. Doublet of Bulgar.

der

The British Sexual Offences Act of 1967 is a buggers’ charter.

(UK law) Someone who commits buggery; a sodomite.

male homosexual and Thesaurus:fudge packer


haircut

haircuts (plural)
hair cut (alternative)

never ask the barber if you need a haircut

to take a haircut

And he needs to make sure that any American bank that was involved in loans to Asia, and now wants to share in the I.M.F. bailout, takes a haircut. And I'm not just talking about a trim.

1998 January 17, Thomas L. Friedman, “Haircut Time”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Its president, Nestor Kirchner, was expected to confirm overnight that about 75% of the country's bondholders had agreed to swap their old debt for new at a loss of up to 70 cents in the dollar—also a record and one that Mr Kirchner has called “the biggest haircut in history” for investors.

2005 March 4, Ashley Seager, “Argentina says debt default is over”, in The Guardian:

Something similar was happening at the same time in Greece. In the spring of 2012 Greece's public debt did, eventually, take a haircut, confirming that an unpayable debt will receive a haircut whatever the dogmas of European officials.

2016, Yanis Varoufakis, And the Weak Suffer What They Must? […] , Hachette UK, →ISBN:

And there is a growing consensus that it is finally time for founders to swallow their pride, accept a huge haircut to valuation and help establish a new floor for their stock to start growing again, helping to encourage all the companies coming up behind them to do the same.

2024 March 16, Tabby Kinder, “Reddit IPO reveals reality check for Silicon Valley”, in FT Weekend, Companies & Markets, page 14:

return on investment
return on investment

(law, business) A partial loss, financially: thus, in a bankruptcy proceeding, the proportional reduction in the debt that will be paid to each creditor (based on an evaluation of the total debt owed and the total assets of the debtor); among investors, the negative return on investment from a losing proposition.


enter

en-verb

enter (third-person singular simple present enters, present participle entering, simple past and past participle entered)

enters (present singular third-person)
entering (participle present)
entered (participle past)
entered (past)
enter (infinitive)
enter (first-person present singular)
entered (first-person past singular)
entred (archaic first-person past singular)
enter (present second-person singular)
enterest (archaic present second-person singular)
entrest (archaic present second-person singular)
entered (past second-person singular)
enteredst (archaic past second-person singular)
entredst (archaic past second-person singular)
enters (present singular third-person)
entres (archaic present singular third-person)
entered (past singular third-person)
entred (archaic past singular third-person)
enter (plural present)
entered (past plural)
entred (archaic past plural)
enter (present subjunctive)
entered (past subjunctive)
entred (archaic past subjunctive)
enter (imperative present)
entering (participle present)
entring (archaic participle present)
entered (participle past)
entred (archaic participle past)
entre (alternative)

From Middle English entren, from Old French entrer, from Latin intrō (“enter”, verb), from intrā (“inside”). Has been spelled as "enter" for several centuries even in the United Kingdom, although British English and the English of many Commonwealth Countries (e.g. Australia, Canada) retain the "re" ending for many words such as centre, fibre, spectre, theatre, calibre, sombre, lustre, and litre.

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

I am pleased to notify the Congress of my intent to enter into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the Government of Singapore.

2003 February 4, The President of the United States, “NOTIFICATION TO ENTER INTO A FREE TRADE AGREEMENT WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF SINGAPORE”, in U.S. Government Printing Office, retrieved 2013-09-09:

(intransitive, law) To become a party to an agreement, treaty, etc.

This Act shall enter into force on 01 March 1998.

2005, United Nations, Dispositions Législatives Et Réglementaires Nationales Relatives À la Prévention Et À L'élimination Du Terrorisme International, →ISBN, page 215:

(law, intransitive) To become effective; to come into effect.

(law) To go into or upon, as lands, and take actual possession of them.

to enter a writ, appearance, rule, or judgment

(transitive, law) To place in regular form before the court, usually in writing; to put upon record in proper from and order


pirata

Borrowed from Latin pīrāta, from Ancient Greek πειρᾱτής (peirātḗs), derived from πειράω (peiráō, “I try, attempt”).


eage

fro-noun

eage oblique singular, m or f (oblique plural eages, nominative singular eages, nominative plural eage)

eage oblique singular or (canonical feminine masculine)
eages (oblique plural)
eages (nominative singular)
eage (nominative plural)
edage (alternative archaic)
aage (alternative)
aaige (alternative)
aege (alternative)
aige (alternative)
age (alternative)
agee (alternative)
eaage (alternative)

Angevin: age m or f

Champenois: aige

Franc-Comtois: aîdge, adge, edze m

Gallo: age m or f

Lorrain: edge m, eche, ache, èje f

Middle French: âge m or f

French: âge m

→ Catalan: atge m

Norman: age m or f, âge f

Orléanais: age m

Picard: age m or f, ache, aje f

desc

Poitevin-Saintongeais: age m or f, ah, agh' m, âge f

Walloon: atche m, ådje f

desctree

→ Middle English: age, aage, ayge (both rare)
English: age
Scots: age

→ Old Occitan: atge m

→ Occitan: atge m

From Vulgar Latin *aetāticum, from Latin aetātem. Alternatively formed within Old French from eé + -age.

(Anglo-Norman, law) coming of age
date of coming of age


vice

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English vice, from Old French vice, from Latin vitium (“fault or blemish”). Displaced native Old English unþēaw.

(law) Any of various crimes related (depending on jurisdiction) to weapons, prostitution, pornography, gambling, alcohol, tobacco, or drugs.

поквара

crime related to prostitution, pornography, gambling, alcohol, or drugs


embrace

en-verb

embrace (third-person singular simple present embraces, present participle embracing, simple past and past participle embraced)

embraces (present singular third-person)
embracing (participle present)
embraced (participle past)
embraced (past)
imbrace (alternative)

The verb is derived from Middle English embracen (“to clasp in one's arms, embrace; to reach out eagerly for, welcome; to enfold, entwine; to ensnare, entangle; to twist, wrap around; to gird, put on; to lace; to be in or put into bonds; to put a shield on the arm; to grasp (a shield or spear); to acquire, take hold of; to receive; to undertake; to affect, influence; to incite; to unlawfully influence a jury; to surround; to conceal, cover; to shelter; to protect; to comfort; to comprehend, understand”) [and other forms], from Old French embracer, embracier (“to kiss”) (modern French embrasser (“to kiss; (dated) to embrace, hug”)), from Late Latin *imbracchiāre, from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’)) + bracchium (“arm”). The English word is analysable as em- + brace. The noun is derived from the verb.

refn

From the collection of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy.

nb...

embrace, embrase, enbrace, enbracen, enbrase, enbrass, imbrace, imbrase, inbracen

cog

The puniſhment for the perſon embracing is by fine and impriſonment; and, for the juror ſo embraced, if it be by taking money, the puniſhment is (by divers ſtatutes of the reign of Edward III) perpetual infamy, impriſonment for a year, and forfeiture of the tenfold value.

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Offences against Public Justice”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, paragraph 18, page 140:

(transitive, law, figuratively, obsolete) To attempt to influence (a court, jury, etc.) corruptly; to practise embracery.


protest

en-verb

protest (third-person singular simple present protests, present participle protesting, simple past and past participle protested)

protests (present singular third-person)
protesting (participle present)
protested (participle past)
protested (past)

PIE word
 *tréyes
From the Middle English verb protesten, from Old French protester, from Latin prōtestārī, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).

(law, transitive) to make a solemn written declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable for any loss or damage to be sustained by non-acceptance or non-payment of (a bill or note). This should be made by a notary public, whose seal it is the usual practice to affix.


protest

protest (nominative singular)
protesty (nominative plural)
protestu (genitive singular)
protestów (genitive plural)
protestowi (dative singular)
protestom (dative plural)
protest (accusative singular)
protesty (accusative plural)
protestem (instrumental singular)
protestami (instrumental plural)
proteście (locative singular)
protestach (locative plural)
proteście (singular vocative)
protesty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Protest, from Italian protesto, from Latin prōtestārī, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).


rule

en-noun

rule (countable and uncountable, plural rules)

From Middle English reule, rewle, rule, borrowed from Old French riule, reule, from Latin regula (“straight stick, bar, ruler, pattern”), from regō (“to keep straight, direct, govern, rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent. Doublet of rail, regal, regula, and rigol.

doublet

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 613. Habit

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 82. Conformity

(law) An order regulating the practice of the courts, or an order made between parties to an action or a suit.


stakeholder

→ German: Stakeholder

(law) A person such as a trustee, escrow agent or garnishee, who holds money or assets under trust for another party in a contractual agreement or as part of a claim.


วัด

th-noun

วัด • (wát) (classifier วัด or หลัง or แห่ง)

wát (romanization)
วัด (classifier)
หลัง (classifier)
แห่ง (classifier)

→ English: wat

→ Malay: wat

→ Pattani Malay: واء / วะ

→ Urak Lawoi': วัยจ (wac)

From Sanskrit वाट (vāṭa, “enclosure”), possibly via Old Khmer វត្ត (vatta), វត (vata), វ័ត (vâta), វត្យ (vatya), វត្រ (vatra), វត្ថ (vattha), -វាត (°vāta, “Buddhist temple compound; monastery”). Possibly related to Old Khmer វត្ត៑ (“to encircle; to enclose > enceinte”). Cognate with Modern Khmer វត្ត (voat); Lao ວັດ (wat); Lü ᦞᧆ (vad); Shan ဝတ်ႉ (wâ̰t).

cog

1935 June 7, “พระราชบัญญัติให้ใช้บทบัญญัติบรรพ ๖ แห่งประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๗”, in ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, volume 52, retrieved 2019-10-31, page 544:

มาตรา ๑๖๒๓ ทรัพย์สินของพระภิกษุที่ได้มาในระหว่างเวลาที่อยู่ในสมณเพศนั้น เมื่อพระภิกษุนั้นถึงแก่มรณภาพ ให้ตกเป็นสมบัติของวัดที่เป็นภูมิลำเนาของพระภิกษุนั้น เว้นไว้แต่พระภิกษุนั้นจะได้จำหน่ายไปในระหว่างชีวิตหรือโดยพินัยกรรม์

mâat-dtraa · nʉ̀ng-pan hòk-rɔ́ɔi yîi-sìp sǎam · sáp-sǐn kɔ̌ɔng prá pík-sù tîi dâai maa nai rá-wàang wee-laa tîi yùu nai sà-má-ná-pêet nán · mʉ̂ʉa prá pík-sù nán tʉ̌ng-gɛ̀ɛ-mɔɔ-rá-ná-pâap · hâi dtòk bpen sǒm-bàt kɔ̌ɔng wát tîi bpen puum-lam-nao kɔ̌ɔng prá pík-sù nán · wéen-wái-dtɛ̀ɛ prá pík-sù nán jà dâai jam-nàai bpai nai rá-wàang chii-wít rʉ̌ʉ dooi pí-nai-gan

Section 1623 When a bhikṣu dies, the property of the bhikṣu which [the bhikṣu] had obtained during the time he was in the priesthood shall devolve upon the wat which is the domicile of that bhikṣu as the possession [of that wat], save where the bhikṣu has [already] disposed of [the property by means of a transaction] inter vivos or by [means of] a will.

มาตรา ๑๖๒๔ ทรัพย์สินใดเป็นของบุคคลก่อนอุปสมบทเป็นพระภิกษุ ทรัพย์สินนั้นหาตกเป็นสมบัติของวัดไม่ และให้เป็นมฤดกตกทอดแก่ทายาทโดยธรรมของบุคคลนั้นหรือบุคคลนั้นจะจำหน่ายโดยประการใดตามกฎหมายก็ได้

mâat-dtraa · nʉ̀ng-pan hòk-rɔ́ɔi yîi-sìp sìi · sáp-sǐn dai bpen kɔ̌ɔng bùk-kon gɔ̀ɔn ùp-bpà-sǒm-bòt bpen prá pík-sù · sáp-sǐn nán hǎa dtòk bpen sǒm-bàt kɔ̌ɔng wát mâi · lɛ́ hâi bpen má-rʉ́-dòk dtòk-tɔ̂ɔt gɛ̀ɛ taa-yâat-dooi-tam kɔ̌ɔng bùk-kon nán rʉ̌ʉ bùk-kon nán jà jam-nàai dooi bprà-gaan dai dtaam gòt-mǎai gɔ̂ɔ-dâai

Section 1624 [When] any [item of] property has belonged to a person [since] before his ordination as a bhikṣu, such [item of] property does not devolve upon his wat as its possession and shall become the estate [which] passes on to the statutory heirs of that person or may be disposed of by that person in whatever manner according to the law.

1902 June 29, “พระราชบัญญัติลักษณปกครองคณะสงฆ์ (ร.ศ. ๑๒๑)”, in ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, volume 19, retrieved 2019-10-31, page 215:

มาตรา ๕ วัดกำหนดตามพระราชบัญญัตินี้เปน ๓ อย่าง คือ พระอารามหลวงอย่าง ๑ อารามราษฎร์อย่าง ๑ ที่สำนักสงฆ์อย่าง ๑...พระอารามหลวง คือ วัดที่พระเจ้าแผ่นดินทรงสร้าง...อารามราษฎร์นั้น คือ วัดซึ่งได้พระราชทานวิสุงคามสีมาแต่มิได้เข้าบาญชีนับว่าเปนวัดหลวง...ที่สำนักสงฆ์นั้น คือ วัดซึ่งยังไม่ได้รับพระราชทานที่วิสุงคามสีมา

mâat-dtraa · hâa · wát gam-nòt dtaam prá-râat-chá-ban-yàt níi bpen · sǎam · yàang · kʉʉ · prá aa-raam-lǔuang yàang · nʉ̀ng · aa-raam-râat yàang · nʉ̀ng · tîi-sǎm-nák-sǒng yàang · nʉ̀ng ... prá aa-raam-lǔuang · kʉʉ · wát tîi prá jâao-pɛ̀n-din song sâang ... aa-raam-râat nán · kʉʉ · wát sʉ̂ng dâai prá-râat-chá-taan wí-sǔng-kaam-má-sǐi-maa dtɛ̀ɛ mí dâai kâo baan-chii náp wâa bpen wát lǔuang ... tîi-sǎm-nák-sǒng nán · kʉʉ · wát sʉ̂ng yang mâi dâai ráp prá-râat-chá-taan tîi wí-sǔng-kaam-má-sǐi-maa

Section 5 Wat are divided by this Law into three types, namely, phra aram luang [being] one type, aram rat [being] one type, [and] thi samnak song [being] the other type... Phra aram luang are wat established by the monarch... Aram rat are wat which have been granted the wisungkhammasima but [whose names] have not yet been entered in the [public] register for recognition as public wat... Thi samnak song are wat which have not yet been granted the wisungkhammasima land.

มาตรา ๘ วัดใดร้างสงฆ์ไม่อาไศรย ให้เจ้าพนักงาน...ปกครองรักษาวัดนั้น

mâat-dtraa · bpɛ̀ɛt · wát dai ráang sǒng mâi aa-sǎi · hâi jâao-pá-nák-ngaan ... bpòk-krɔɔng rák-sǎa wát nán

Section 8 [When] any wat is deserted [or] unoccupied by saṅgha, the [competent]...public officer shall take charge and care of that wat.

(Thailand law) Buddhist compound; Buddhist place of worship; Buddhist temple; Buddhist monastery.


motion

en-noun

motion (countable and uncountable, plural motions)

Inherited from Middle English mocioun, mocion, from Anglo-Norman motion, Middle French motion, and their etymon Latin mōtiō (“movement, motion”), related to movēre, from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”).

der

perpetual motion machine of the first kind

perpetual motion machine of the second kind

(law) A formal request, oral or written, made to a judge or court of law to obtain an official court ruling or order for a legal action to be taken by, or on behalf of, the movant.


perform

en-verb

perform (third-person singular simple present performs, present participle performing, simple past and past participle performed)

performs (present singular third-person)
performing (participle present)
performed (participle past)
performed (past)
perform (infinitive)
perform (first-person present singular)
performed (first-person past singular)
perform (present second-person singular)
performest (archaic present second-person singular)
performed (past second-person singular)
performedst (archaic past second-person singular)
performs (present singular third-person)
performeth (archaic present singular third-person)
performed (past singular third-person)
perform (plural present)
performed (past plural)
perform (present subjunctive)
performed (past subjunctive)
perform (imperative present)
performing (participle present)
performed (participle past)
performe (alternative)

From Middle English parformen, performen (“to perform”), from Anglo-Norman performer, parfourmer, alteration of Old French parfornir, parfurnir (“to complete, accomplish, perform”), from par- + fornir, furnir (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Frankish *frummjan (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, *framjaną (“to further, promote”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“in front, forth”), *per- (“forward, out”). Cognate with Old High German frummen (“to do, execute, accomplish, provide”), Old Saxon frummian (“to perform, promote”), Old English fremman (“to perform, execute, carry out, accomplish”). See also frame, from. Modernly, rather than Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, associated with Latin formō, analyzable as per- + form.

representar

intransitive: to exhibit an expected pattern of behavior

Failure to perform a contract on time may constitute a breach of contract.

(law) To act in a way set forth in a contract.

(transitive) To act in accordance with (a contract); to fulfill one’s terms of (a contract).

They entered into an agreement and now they are obliged to perform.

(intransitive) To fulfill contractually agreed-to terms.

изпълнявам

law: to fulfill contractually agreed-to terms


default

en-noun

default (countable and uncountable, plural defaults)

→ Russian: дефо́лт (defólt)

From Middle English defaut, defaute, from Old French defaute (“fault, defect, failure, culpability, lack”), ultimately from Latin de- (“away”) + fallo (“deceive, cheat, escape notice of”).

der

(law) The failure of a defendant to appear and answer a summons and complaint.


default

en-verb

default (third-person singular simple present defaults, present participle defaulting, simple past and past participle defaulted)

defaults (present singular third-person)
defaulting (participle present)
defaulted (participle past)
defaulted (past)

(intransitive) To fail to meet an obligation.

(intransitive, law) To fail to appear and answer a summons and complaint.


moot

en-adj

moot (comparative more moot, superlative most moot)

more moot (comparative)
most moot (superlative)

From Middle English mōt, ȝemōt, from Old English *mōt, ġemōt (“meeting”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to encounter, come”). Cognate with Scots mut, mote (“meeting, assembly”), Low German Mööt (“meeting”), Moot (“meeting”), archaic Dutch (ge)moet (“meeting”), Danish møde (“meeting”), Swedish möte (“meeting”), Norwegian møte (“meeting”), Icelandic mót (“meeting, tournament, meet”). Related to meet.

cog

(Canada, US, chiefly law) Being an exercise of thought; academic.


les

ca-adj

les (feminine lesa, masculine plural lesos, feminine plural leses)

lesa (feminine)
lesos (masculine plural)
leses (feminine plural)


public policy

en-noun

public policy (countable and uncountable, plural public policies)

1993 Henry H. Perritt, Jr. "Knowbots, Permissions Headers and Contract Law", paper for the conference on Technological Strategies for Protecting Intellectual Property in the Networked Multimedia Environment
"The licensee exceeding the use restrictions would argue that it violates public policy to enforce the restrictions and therefore that state contract law may not impose liability for their violation."

"Construction contract provisions against public policy.
"(A) Any provision of a construction contract, agreement, or understanding that waives rights under a surety bond is void and unenforceable as against public policy."

2001 Ohio Revised Code TITLE [41] XLI LABOR AND INDUSTRY» CHAPTER 4113: MISCELLANEOUS LABOR PROVISIONS 4113.62

"In Johnson v. Superior Court, the California Court of Appeal determined that a provision of a contract limiting the discovery of the identity of a sperm donor was against public policy and that the privacy interest did not protect against disclosure of this information. Although the court's analysis of the public policy exception to the enforcement of contracts was unnecessary, the opinion properly balances California's and petitioners' interests against an anonymous donor's privacy right."

2001 Plosker, JA "Privacy on thin ice? Considering the California Court of Appeal decision in Johnson v. Superior Court". Jurimetrics 2001 Fall;42(1):73-83

(law) The set of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) of a government; plans and methods of action that govern that society; a system of laws, courses of action, and priorities directing a government action.


breve

From Middle English breve, variant of bref, from Old French brieve, breve (feminine form of brief, bref), from Latin brevis (“short”).

(law) Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court.


fine

From Middle English finen, fynen, from Old French finer, finir. See finish (transitive verb).

(UK, law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease.


option

From French option, from Latin optiō (“choice; option; act of choosing”), from optō (“I choose, select”). Equivalent to opt + -ion.

der

There's a book out on us and there's gonna be a movie based on the book. ABC has bought the option for a movie to be made specially for T.V.

1977 August 13, Pala Bennett, Mary Jo Risher, Ann Foreman, “"I'm A Mother, And I'm A Good One."”, in Gay Community News, volume 5, number 6, page 8:

(finance, law) A contract giving the holder the right to buy or sell an asset at a set strike price; can apply to financial market transactions, or to ordinary transactions for tangible assets such as a residence or automobile.

derivative

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928, Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship, page 10:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998, Venice Commission, Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN, page 45:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012, Oliver W. Vonk, Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN, page 243, note 154:

(law, uncountable) The acquiring or retention of a nationality through personal choice as a right, bypassing selective legal mechanisms for naturalization, especially in cases where a territory is transferred or passed on from one state to another.


pardon

en-noun

pardon (countable and uncountable, plural pardons)

From Middle English pardonen, from Old French pardoner (modern French pardonner), from Late Latin perdonare, from per- + donare, possibly a calque (if not vice-versa) of a Germanic word represented by Frankish *firgeban (“to forgive, give up completely”), from *fir- + *geban. Akin to Old High German fargeban, firgeban (“to forgive”), Old English forġiefan (“to forgive”). More at forgive.

cog

The President[…]shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States, pursuant to the pardon power conferred upon me by Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, have granted and by these presents do grant a full, free, and absolute pardon unto Richard Nixon for all offenses against the United States which he, Richard Nixon, has committed or may have committed or taken part in during the period from July^([sic – meaning January]) 20, 1969 through August 9, 1974.

1974 September 8, Gerald R. Ford, 00:24 from the start, in Proclamation 4311, archived from the original on 2017-05-18, page 2:

But the president's most irreversible, almost God-like power is the authority granted to him under Article II, Section 2, of the United States Constitution, "to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses Against the United States. . . ."
The power is absolute-even a serial killer could be pardoned-and utterly unreviewable. It cannot be rescinded by the next president. The president may grant a pardon before a trial, after a trial, or without a trial. Once granted, a pardon can never be taken away.

2001, Barbara Olson, “The Final Frenzy: Finishing Touches on the Legend”, in The Final Days: The Last, Desperate Abuses of Power by the Clinton White House (Politics/Current Affairs), Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

A source familiar with Trump legal strategy says his team believes Biden’s pardon of his son Hunter has set a new precedent for presidents to issue expansive pardons to their children – and this could be something Trump chooses to do before he leaves office.

2024 December 5, Marshall Cohen, MJ Lee, Paula Reid and Katelyn Polantz, “Biden White House considering preemptive pardons for Trump’s perceived enemies”, in CNN:

(law) An order that releases a convicted criminal without further punishment, prevents future punishment, or (in some jurisdictions) removes an offence from a person's criminal record, as if it had never been committed.


pardon

en-verb

pardon (third-person singular simple present pardons, present participle pardoning, simple past and past participle pardoned)

pardons (present singular third-person)
pardoning (participle present)
pardoned (participle past)
pardoned (past)

The murderer, he recalled, had been tried and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned by a merciful governor after serving a year of his sentence.

1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:

In that situation, that memo would include a list of individuals that Biden might consider pardoning preemptively, the context about any prior legal precedent, and a discussion of the wide range of potential ramifications if the president does move forward with these pardons.

President Donald Trump says he pardoned Trevor Milton, the CEO of now-defunct hydrogen and electric truck firm Nikola, in part because he believed Milton was persecuted for supporting Trump’s political ambitions.

2025 March 28, Kevin Liptak, “Trump pardons Trevor Milton, who was accused of fraud related to bankrupt truck maker Nikola”, in CNN:

(transitive, law) To grant an official pardon for a crime.


pardon

Negerhollands: pardon, bardon


pardon

pardon (nominative singular)
pardonok (nominative plural)
pardont (accusative singular)
pardonokat (accusative plural)
pardonnak (dative singular)
pardonoknak (dative plural)
pardonnal (instrumental singular)
pardonokkal (instrumental plural)
pardonért (causal-final singular)
pardonokért (causal-final plural)
pardonná (singular translative)
pardonokká (plural translative)
pardonig (singular terminative)
pardonokig (plural terminative)
pardonként (essive-formal singular)
pardonokként (essive-formal plural)
pardonban (inessive singular)
pardonokban (inessive plural)
pardonon (singular superessive)
pardonokon (plural superessive)
pardonnál (adessive singular)
pardonoknál (adessive plural)
pardonba (illative singular)
pardonokba (illative plural)
pardonra (singular sublative)
pardonokra (plural sublative)
pardonhoz (allative singular)
pardonokhoz (allative plural)
pardonból (elative singular)
pardonokból (elative plural)
pardonról (delative singular)
pardonokról (delative plural)
pardontól (ablative singular)
pardonoktól (ablative plural)
pardoné (singular)
pardonoké (plural)
pardonéi (singular)
pardonokéi (plural)
pardonom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
pardonjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
pardonod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
pardonjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
pardonja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
pardonjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
pardonunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
pardonjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
pardonotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
pardonjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
pardonjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
pardonjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From French pardon, primarily via German Pardon.


counselor

counselors (plural)
in Canada (US alternative)
counsellor (alternative British Canada)
counselour (alternative obsolete)
counsellour (alternative obsolete)
counseller (alternative archaic)

From Middle English conseillour, counseiler, from Anglo-Norman cunseiler, cunseiliour, from Old French conseillier, from Latin consiliator, agent noun from cōnsilior (“I take counsel”), from cōnsilium (“plan, council, wisdom, advice”). Compare councilor. Displaced native Middle English redere, Middle English redesman, and Middle English redyeve, from Old English rǣdġiefa (literally “advice giver”).


confirmation

en-noun

confirmation (countable and uncountable, plural confirmations)

[ˌkʰɑɱ.fɚˈmeɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɒɱ.fəˈmeɪ.ʃn̩]

From Middle English confirmacioun, from Old French confirmacion, from Latin cōnfirmātiō, noun of process from cōnfirmātus (“confirmed”), perfect passive participle of cōnfirmāre, from con- (“with”) + firmāre (“to firm or strengthen”).
Morphologically confirm + -ation.

(law) An act whereby something conditional or voidable is made sure and unavoidable, especially the possession of an estate.


cumulative

en-adj

cumulative (comparative more cumulative, superlative most cumulative)

more cumulative (comparative)
most cumulative (superlative)

From cumulate + -ive. Compare also French cumulatif, Italian cumulativo and Spanish cumulativo.

The state wants to bring in ten blood-spatter experts to testify. Your Honor, that is cumulative testimony.

(law) (of evidence, witnesses, etc.) Intended to illustrate an argument that has already been demonstrated excessively.


credibility

en-noun

credibility (countable and uncountable, plural credibilities)

Borrowed from French crédibilité, from Medieval Latin credibilitas, from Latin credibilis. By surface analysis, credible + -ity.

(law) Believability of statements by a witness, as measured by whether the testimony is probable or improbable when judged by common experience.

верагоднасць

law: whether or not a witness is being truthful


foreign

en-adj

foreign (comparative more foreign, superlative most foreign)

more foreign (comparative)
most foreign (superlative)
forane (alternative obsolete)
forraine (alternative obsolete)

domestic

antonym(s) of “from a different country”

From Middle English foreyn, forein, from Old French forain, from Vulgar Latin *forānus (“outsider, outlander”), from Latin forās (“outside, outdoors”) or forīs (“outside, outdoors”).
Displaced native Old English elþēodiġ (“foreign”) and now-dialectal English fremd, from Old English fremde (“strange, foreign”).
The silent -g- added perhaps by analogy with reign (compare also sovereign which was similarly altered).

der

(US, state law) From a different one of the states of the United States, as of a state of residence or incorporation.


Michaelmas

Michaelmases (plural)
Mihilmas (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English Michelmasse, Myghelmesse; equivalent to Michael + -mas.

(UK, Ireland, law, education) Ellipsis of Michaelmas term.


droga

dróżka (diminutive)
droga (nominative singular)
drogi (nominative plural)
drogi (genitive singular)
dróg (genitive plural)
drodze (dative singular)
drogom (dative plural)
drogę (accusative singular)
drogi (accusative plural)
drogą (instrumental singular)
drogami (instrumental plural)
drodze (locative singular)
drogach (locative plural)
drogo (singular vocative)
drogi (plural vocative)
dróga (alternative)

(Middle Polish, law) legal process; court


pouvoir

pouvoirs (plural)
powoir (alternative Louisiana)

Inherited from Middle French povoir, from Old French povoir, pooir, from earlier Old French poeir, podeir, from Vulgar Latin potēre, regularization of Latin posse. The /-v-/ was eventually added, after the loss of the intervocalic dental, to break hiatus. The archaic 1SG present indicative puis is from a Vulgar Latin *posseō (rather than possō), for which cf. Old Catalan puix.
Cognates
See also Angevin pouvoér, Aragonese poder, Aromanian pot, puteari, Asturian poder, Bourguignon peuvoi, Catalan poder, Champenois pouâr, Corsican pudè, English power, Franc-Comtois povoi, Franco-Provençal povêr, Friulian podê, Galician poder, Gallo pouvair, Istro-Romanian putę, Italian potere, Ligurian poéi, Lombard podè, Lorrain pouhoir, Megleno-Romanian pot, puteari, putęri, Neapolitan potere, Norman pouveî, pouvi, Occitan poder, Picard puvoér, Piedmontese podej, Poitevin-Saintongeais pevàe, pevoer, Portuguese poder, Romanian putea, putere, Romansch pudair, puder, pudeir, Sardinian pode, podere, podiri, poderi, Sicilian putiri, Spanish poder, Venetan poder, Walloon poleur.


incident

Recorded since 1412, from Middle French incident, from Latin incidens, the present active participle of incidō (“to happen, befall”), itself from in- (“on”) + -cidō, the combining form of cadō (“to fall”).

(law) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal.


duress

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French duresse, from Latin duritia (“hardness”), from durus (“hard”).

(law) Restraint in which a person is influenced, whether by lawful or unlawful forceful compulsion of their liberty by monition or implementation of physical enforcement; legally for the incurring of civil liability, of a citizen's arrest, or of subrogation, or illegally for the committing of an offense, of forcing a contract, or of using threats.


EPIC

(law) Acronym of Estates and Protected Individuals Code.


positive

en-adj

positive (comparative more positive, superlative most positive)

more positive (comparative)
most positive (superlative)
+ve (alternative)

From Old French positif, from Latin positivus, from the past participle stem of ponere (“to place”). Compare posit.

positiivinen

New Age jargon: good, desirable, healthful, pleasant, enjoyable

In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally; that which is positive, not so.

1594, Richard Hooker, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie:


pad

padok (plural)
pad (nominative singular)
padok (nominative plural)
padot (accusative singular)
padokat (accusative plural)
padnak (dative singular)
padoknak (dative plural)
paddal (instrumental singular)
padokkal (instrumental plural)
padért (causal-final singular)
padokért (causal-final plural)
paddá (singular translative)
padokká (plural translative)
padig (singular terminative)
padokig (plural terminative)
padként (essive-formal singular)
padokként (essive-formal plural)
padban (inessive singular)
padokban (inessive plural)
padon (singular superessive)
padokon (plural superessive)
padnál (adessive singular)
padoknál (adessive plural)
padba (illative singular)
padokba (illative plural)
padra (singular sublative)
padokra (plural sublative)
padhoz (allative singular)
padokhoz (allative plural)
padból (elative singular)
padokból (elative plural)
padról (delative singular)
padokról (delative plural)
padtól (ablative singular)
padoktól (ablative plural)
padé (singular)
padoké (plural)
padéi (singular)
padokéi (plural)
padom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
padjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
padod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
padjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
padja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
padjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
padunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
padjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
padotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
padjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
padjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
padjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From a Slavic language, compare Serbo-Croatian pod.

(law) dock (of the defendant, in court), stand (of a witness, in court)


convict

en-verb

convict (third-person singular simple present convicts, present participle convicting, simple past and past participle convicted)

convicts (present singular third-person)
convicting (participle present)
convicted (participle past)
convicted (past)

From Middle English convicten, from Anglo-Norman convicter, from Latin convictus, the past participle of convincō (“to convict”). Doublet of convince. Displaced native Old English forwyrċan (“to convict, condemn”).

ncog

He was a convicted felon.

His remarks convicted him of a lack of sensitivity.

And his subjects wrung all they could wring / Out of temple and palace and store. / But when there seemed no more to bring, / His captors convicted the king / Of once having started a war, / And strangled the wretch with a string.

1936, Robert Frost, “The Vindictives”, in A Further Range:

(transitive, law) To find guilty, as a result of legal proceedings, or (informal) in a moral sense.


convict

(law) A person convicted of a crime by a judicial body.


peremptory

en-adj

peremptory (comparative more peremptory, superlative most peremptory)

more peremptory (comparative)
most peremptory (superlative)

From Anglo-Norman peremptorie, parentorie et al. (Modern French péremptoire), and its source, Latin peremptōrius (“deadly; precluding debate, decisive”), from perimō (“destroy, thwart”), from per- (“thorough”) + emō (“I obtain, buy”).

uder

there is no reason but if any of the outlawries be indeed without error, but it should be a peremptory plea to the person in a writ of error, as well as in any other action.

1596, Francis Bacon, Maxims of the Law, section II:

(law) Precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal

безапелационен

law: precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal

As this trial has now been postponed multiple times, there will be an adjournment to April 24, peremptory on the parties.

(law) (of a date or deadline) Absolutely requiring compliance or attendance; brooking no further delay; to proceed whether a party attends or not; final.


peremptory

Each side was allowed 20 peremptories, and the prosecution used 18 of its allotment.

2015 June 18, Justice Alito, Davis v. Ayala, Case No. 13-1428

(law) A challenge to the admission of a juror, without the challenger needing to show good cause.


perverse

en-adj

perverse (comparative more perverse or perverser, superlative most perverse or perversest)

more perverse (comparative)
perverser (comparative)
most perverse (superlative)
perversest (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-perverse.wav

From Middle English perverse, pervers, from Old French pervers, from Latin perversum (“thoroughly turned”), past participle of pervertere, from per- (“thoroughly”) + vertere (“to turn”).

опърничав

Obstinately in the wrong; stubborn; intractable; hence, wayward; vexing; contrary

(law, of a verdict) Ignoring the evidence or the judge's opinions.


quitrent

quitrents (plural)
quit rent (alternative)
quit-rent (alternative)

(law, taxation) A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit (absolved) from other service.

բահրա

a rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit (absolved) from other service


quo warranto

Borrowed from Medieval Latin quō warrantō (“by what warrant”).

bor

(law) A writ brought before a proper tribunal, to inquire by what warrant a person or a corporation acts, or exercises certain powers.


quitter

quitter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
quittant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
quitté (participle past)
quitte (first-person indicative present singular)
quittes (indicative present second-person singular)
quitte (indicative present singular third-person)
quittons (first-person indicative plural present)
quittez (indicative plural present second-person)
quittent (indicative plural present third-person)
quittais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
quittais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
quittait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
quittions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
quittiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
quittaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
quittai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
quittas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
quitta (historic indicative past singular third-person)
quittâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
quittâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
quittèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
quitterai (first-person future indicative singular)
quitteras (future indicative second-person singular)
quittera (future indicative singular third-person)
quitterons (first-person future indicative plural)
quitterez (future indicative plural second-person)
quitteront (future indicative plural third-person)
quitterais (conditional first-person singular)
quitterais (conditional second-person singular)
quitterait (conditional singular third-person)
quitterions (conditional first-person plural)
quitteriez (conditional plural second-person)
quitteraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
quitte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
quittes (present second-person singular subjunctive)
quitte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
quittions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
quittiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
quittent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
quittasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
quittasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
quittât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
quittassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
quittassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
quittassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
quitte (imperative second-person singular)
quittons (first-person imperative plural)
quittez (imperative plural second-person)

From quitte + -er, or from Late Latin quietare (“acquit, discharge, release”), from Latin quiētāre (“to calm”).

der

(transitive, law or obsolete) to discharge somebody from an obligation


libel

en-noun

libel (countable and uncountable, plural libels)

From Middle English libel, from Old French libelle, from Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”). Doublet of libelle.

uder

These provisions of law being in force, the steamer Rio Grande, owned, as was alleged, by persons in Mexico, being in the port of Mobile, in the Southern District of Alabama, certain materialmen, on the 26th of November, 1867, filed separate libels against her in the district court for the said district.

1873, United States Supreme Court, The Rio Grande, 86 U.S. 178,179

(law, countable) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of their cause of action, and of the relief they seek.


libel

en-verb

libel (third-person singular simple present libels, present participle (UK) libelling or (US) libeling, simple past and past participle (UK) libelled or (US) libeled)

libels (present singular third-person)
libelling (UK participle present)
libeling (US participle present)
libelled (UK participle past)
libelled (UK past)
libeled (US participle past)
libeled (US past)

He libelled her when he published that.

But vvhat ſo pure, vvhich envious tongues vvill ſpare? / Some vvicked vvits have libell'd all the fair.

1709, Alexander Pope, “January and May; or, The Merchant’s Tale, from Chaucer”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC, page 203:

To defame (someone), especially in a manner that meets the legal definition of libel.

To proceed against (goods, a ship, etc.) by filing a legal claim.


libel

Ultimately from Latin libellus (“little book”).

I haue ȹ he, of ſommõs of the here a byl / Up payne of curſyng loke that thou be / To moꝛowe befoꝛe our Archdeacons kne [...] Now loꝛde ȹ ſhe, Jeſu kyng of kynges / So wiſely helpe me, as I ne may [...] May I nat aſke a lybel ſyꝛ Sompnour / And anſwere there by my pꝛoctour / To ſuche thyng as men wolde appoſen me?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, verso, column 1:

I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?

(law) A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges


per se

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-per se.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-per se.wav

Borrowed from Latin per sē (“by itself”), from per (“by, through”) and sē (“itself, himself, herself, themselves”).

bor+

The law makes drunk driving illegal per se.

In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrative per se, NHTSA has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs.

1986, Administrative Per Se: A Summary of State Forms and Procedures:

(law) Not leaving discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute.


per se

Until recently Denmark hesitated to adopt a formal per se law, preferring to give more discretion to its judges, but the general practice was to take blood tests and to convict those accused under the classical law if the blood alcohol concentration was greater than 100 mg./100 ml.

1981, Hugh Laurence Ross, Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, page 80:

CBS (441 U.S. 1 [1979]) explains, the per se rule against price-fixing isn't to be taken literally.

2006, Sheldon Kimmel, How and why the Per Se Rule Against Price-fixing Went Wrong, page 1:

(law) That does not leave discretion to the judge to take into account additional factors that could rebut the judgment, deriving the qualification from the statute.


ambulatory

en-adj

ambulatory (comparative more ambulatory, superlative most ambulatory)

more ambulatory (comparative)
most ambulatory (superlative)

From Latin ambulatorius. By surface analysis, ambulate + -ory.

The dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator.

(law) Not yet legally fixed or settled; alterable.


award

From Middle English awarden, from Anglo-Norman awarder, from Medieval Latin *exwardare, from Latin ex (“out”) + Medieval Latin wardare, guardare (“to observe, regard, guard”); see ward, guard, regard.

Citing the damages that Ms. Lewis and Mr. Heslin had requested, Mr. Jones called the award a “major victory” in a video posted on Infowars on Thursday night, even as he urged viewers to buy products from his website to stave off what he portrayed as financial ruin.

2022 August 4, Elizabeth Williamson, “Jurors Award Sandy Hook Parents $4 Million in Damages”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted.

(law) The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded.


award

en-verb

award (third-person singular simple present awards, present participle awarding, simple past and past participle awarded)

awards (present singular third-person)
awarding (participle present)
awarded (participle past)
awarded (past)

The arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant.

To review / The wrongful sentence, and award a new.

1697, Virgil, translated by John Dryden, The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Power to award compensation

2012, Legislative Council of Hong Kong, “Pyramid Schemes Prohibition Ordinance (Cap. 617), section 7, section header”, in Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette, page A1381:

A Texas jury on Thursday awarded the parents of a child killed in the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School more than $4 million in compensatory damages from the conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, […]

(transitive, law) To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case.


avenage

From Old French avenage, from avene, from Latin avena (“oats”).

(obsolete, law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent.


aver

aver (third-person singular simple present avers, present participle averring or (obsolete) avering, simple past and past participle averred or (obsolete) avered)

avers (present singular third-person)
averring (participle present)
avering (obsolete participle present)
averred (participle past)
averred (past)
avered (obsolete participle past)
avered (obsolete past)
aver (infinitive)
aver (first-person present singular)
averred (first-person past singular)
aver (present second-person singular)
averrest (archaic present second-person singular)
averred (past second-person singular)
averredst (archaic past second-person singular)
avers (present singular third-person)
averreth (archaic present singular third-person)
averred (past singular third-person)
aver (plural present)
averred (past plural)
aver (present subjunctive)
averred (past subjunctive)
aver (imperative present)
averring (participle present)
averred (participle past)

From Middle English averren, from Old French averer, from Early Medieval Latin advērō, a verb derived from Latin vērus (“true”). Compare Modern French avérer.

(ambitransitive, law) To justify or prove (an allegation or plea that one has made).

доказвам

to prove or justify (an allegation or plea that one has made)


averpenny

en-noun

averpenny (countable and uncountable, plural averpennies)

(law, obsolete) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average.


avocat

fr-noun

avocat m (plural avocats, feminine avocate)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آووقات (avokat)
Turkish: avukat

Inherited from Old French avocat (12th c.), a borrowing from Latin advocātus. Doublet of avoué, which may be inherited or an earlier borrowing.


avocat

Borrowed from Latin advocātus (“advocate”).


avocat

ro-noun

avocat m (plural avocați, feminine equivalent avocată or avocăteasă)

avocați (plural)
equivalent avocată (feminine)
avocăteasă (feminine)
avocat (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
ul (accusative definite nominative singular)
avocați (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
avocații (accusative definite nominative plural)
avocat (indefinite singular)
ului (definite singular)
avocați (indefinite plural)
avocaților (definite plural)
ule (singular vocative)
avocaților (plural vocative)
advocat (alternative rare)
авокат (alternative)

Borrowed from French avocat, Latin advocatus. Compare Aromanian avucat.


avoid

en-verb

avoid (third-person singular simple present avoids, present participle avoiding, simple past and past participle avoided)

avoids (present singular third-person)
avoiding (participle present)
avoided (participle past)
avoided (past)

From Middle English avoiden, from Anglo-Norman avoider, Old French esvuidier (“to empty out”), from es- + vuidier, from Vulgar Latin *vocitāre < Vulgar Latin *vocitum, ultimately related to Latin vacuus. Displaced native Old English forbūgan (literally “to bend away from”).

ncog

But Y seie, this testament is confermed of God; the lawe that was maad after foure hundrid and thritti yeer, makith not the testament veyn to auoide awei the biheest.

[…] how can those graunts of the Kings be avoyded, without wronging of those lords, which had those lands and lordships given them?

1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC, page 233:

(transitive, now law) To make void, to annul; to refute (especially a contract).

[…] in an action for treſpaſſing upon land whereof the plaintiff is ſeiſed, if the defendant ſhews a title to the land by deſcent, and that therefore he had a right to enter, and gives colour to the plaintiff, the plaintiff may either traverſe and totally deny the fact of the deſcent; or he may confeſs and avoid it, by replying, that true it is that ſuch deſcent happened, but that ſince the deſcent the defendant himſelf demiſed the lands to the plaintiff for term of life.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Pleading”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 309–310:

(transitive, law) To defeat or evade; to invalidate.


avoidance

en-noun

avoidance (usually uncountable, plural avoidances)

avoidances (plural)
avoidaunce (alternative)

From Middle English avoidaunce, from avoid + -ance.

(law, obsolete) The act of annulling; annulment.


c.

In English law, in the sense of "chapter", a preservation of Latin capitulum or caput (“head; heading, chapter”).

By the statute 1 and 2 Phil. and Mary c. 12 (1554), no distress of cattle can be driven out of the hundred where taken unless to a pound within 3 miles of the place of seizure. Where cattle are impounded the impounder is bound to supply them with sufficient food and water (12 and 13 Vict. c. 92, and 17 and 18 Vict. c. 60)…

1885, "Pound" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. XIX, p. 648

(chiefly law) Abbreviation of chapter or chapters.


feu

(Scots law, property law, historical) Land held in feudal tenure.


feu

(Scots law, property law) feud, tenure, piece of land held by that tenure


habeas corpus

habeas corpus (plural habeas corpora or habeas corpuses)

habeas corpora (plural)
habeas corpuses (plural)

From Latin habeas corpus ad subjiciendum (“You (shall) have the body to be subjected to (examination)”), referring to the body of the detainee (not the body of a victim, similar to corpus delicti).

uder

While Trump has not explicitly mentioned habeas corpus in public, it’s what he was referencing last month when he commented on steps he could take to combat nationwide injunctions against his actions on deportations, according to one of the people familiar with the talks.

2025 May 9, Kaitlan Collins, Samantha Waldenberg and Tierney Sneed, “Trump involved in discussions over suspending habeas corpus, sources say”, in CNN:

(law) A writ ordering that a person be brought before a court or a judge, most frequently used to ensure that a person's imprisonment, detention, or commitment is legal.

fogva tartott személy bíróság elé állítására vagy szabadon bocsátására vonatkozó határozat/végzés/okirat


habeas corpus

en-verb

habeas corpus (third-person singular simple present habeas corpuses, present participle habeas corpusing, simple past and past participle habeas corpused)

habeas corpuses (present singular third-person)
habeas corpusing (participle present)
habeas corpused (participle past)
habeas corpused (past)

Hawley […] particularly desired, judging by his actions, to put polygamists out of existence, at the same time very mercifully habeas corpused all the prostitutes and their supporters[.]

1873 August 12, “The Fate of Judges and All Others Who Work Against Zion”, in The Latter-Day Saints' Millennial Star:

He saw that according to the fable typed on its lily white face one, John Grimaldi of Brooklyn, was summoned, advised, entreated, requested, ordered, corpus delictied, habeas corpused and generally invited to appear in said court[.]

1918, Frazier Hunt, “Pegging Away”, in Blown by the Draft:

(informal, law) To apply the legal principle of habeas corpus to an individual or situation.


bill of attainder

en-noun

bill of attainder (plural bills of attainder)

They resolved to copy a Tudor precedent and to proceed against him by bill of attainder. Doubts of law and defects of evidence would thus be cured

1920, Francis Charles Montague, The History of England, from the Accession of James I to the Restoration, page 1663:

Coupled with the Constitution's proscription of ex post facto laws is a similar prohibition against bills of attainder.

1998, Daniel E. Troy, Retroactive Legislation, page 56:

That the tax would take effect after some of the payments were made also raises issues. Says former Attorney General Richard Thornburg, also in an e-mail: "Such legislation could well run afoul of constitutional restrictions on bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, laws impairing the obligations of contract, unauthorized takings of property and the like.

2009 March 21, Jim McTague, “Would a Tax on Bonuses Be Constitutional?”, in Barron's:

(law) A legislative determination imposing punishment without trial.


mag

(colloquial, law) Clipping of magistrate.


maker

From Middle English maker, makere, equivalent to make + -er. Compare Scots makar, Saterland Frisian Moaker, West Frisian makker, Dutch maker, German Macher, Danish mager, Swedish makare. Doublet of makar.

(law) Someone who signs a promissory note, thereby becoming responsible for payment.


sac

But it is really the court-baron which represents the ancient assembly of the mark, while the court-leet represents the lord's jurisdiction of sac and soc, whether granted before or since the coming of William.

1876, Edward Augustus Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England, page 311:

In later times, if the lord had "sac and soc,” his court had the authority of the Court Leet; if he had the view of frankpledge the suitors at his court were free from attendance at the sheriff's tourn; his court was then in all points like the hundred court, but independent of the sheriff.

1882, William White, History, gazetteer, and directory, of Lincolnshire, page 21:

The grant of “sac and soc” did not always carry with it the right to hold a court, but frequently amounted only to the privilege of receiving the forfeitures the lord's men should incur in the Hundred court, or possibly to one-third of the revenues of the Hundred and Shire, which had formerly gone to the ealdorman.

1899 February, F. M. Cobb, “Early English Courts”, in The Western Reserve Law Journal, volume 5, number 1, page 16:

(UK, law, historical) The privilege, formerly enjoyed by the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines; now used only in the phrase sac and soc or soc and sac.


puisne

en-adj

puisne (comparative more puisne, superlative most puisne)

more puisne (comparative)
most puisne (superlative)
puny (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pós
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *pós-ti
Proto-Italic *posti
Latin poste
Latin post
Proto-Indo-European *íh₂
Latin ea
Latin posteā
Vulgar Latin *postius
Old French puis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós
Proto-Italic *gnātos
Latin gnātus
Latin nātus
Old French né
Old French puisné
Middle French puisnébor.
English puisne
 PIE word
 *pós
From Anglo-Norman puisné (“later, more recent; junior; weakly”) [and other forms] and Middle French puisné (“born after (a specified person); younger, youngest; one who is born after (a specified person)”) (modern French puîné (“cadet (born after a sibling); a cadet (someone born after a sibling)”)), from puis (“after; since”) + né (“born”). Puis is derived from Old French pois (“after; since”), from Vulgar Latin *postius (“afterward”), from Latin posteā (“afterwards; hereafter; thereafter; next, then”), from post (“after; since”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“afterwards”)) + ea (“these (things)”); and né from Latin nātus (“born”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”).

der

the puisne barons of the Court of Exchequer

(law) Inferior in rank, as designation of any justice, judge etc. other than the most senior.

a puisne date to eternity

a. 1677 (date written), Matthew Hale, The Primitive Origination of Mankind, Considered and Examined According to the Light of Nature, London: […] William Godbid, for William Shrowsbery, […], published 1677, →OCLC:

(now law) Coming later in time; subsequent, secondary.


fur

From Old Catalan for, from Latin forum. Doublet of for and fòrum.


rest

en-verb

rest (third-person singular simple present rests, present participle resting, simple past and past participle rested)

rests (present singular third-person)
resting (participle present)
rested (participle past)
rested (past)

From Middle English resten, from Old English restan, from Proto-West Germanic *rastijan (“to rest”), from Proto-Indo-European *ros-, *res-, *erH- (“rest”). Cognate with Dutch rusten (“to rest”), Middle Low German resten (“to rest”), German rasten (“to rest”), Danish raste (“to rest”), Swedish rasta (“to rest”).

relax

lie down and take repose, especially by sleeping

The defense rests, your Honor.

I rest my case.

(intransitive, transitive, law, US) To complete one's active advocacy in a trial or other proceeding, and thus to wait for the outcome (however, one is still generally available to answer questions, etc.)


visum

From Dutch visum, from Latin visum (“something seen”).

visum et repertum
visum et repertum#Indonesian

(colloquial, medicine, law) ellipsis of visum et repertum (“coroner report/professional witness statement”, literally “seen and discovered”)


exploit

nl-noun

exploit n (plural exploiten, diminutive exploitje n)

exploiten (plural)
exploitje (diminutive neuter)
exploot (alternative)

→ Indonesian: eksploit

From Old French esploit (noun), esploitier (verb).

(law) a legal document which proves that another document has been handed over to a certain person


pais

From Old French, equivalent to French pays (“country”).

(obsolete, law, in set phrases as mentioned below) The country (ie: the jury); also, the people living in the district from where the jury is taken.


within

From Middle English withinne, withinnen, from Old English wiþinnan; equivalent to with + in.

w/i (alternative abbreviation)
w/in (alternative abbreviation)

the within appeal

As part of the within appeal the appellants brought a fresh evidence motion. Although the court did not specifically address the motion in its oral reasons dismissing the appeal, that motion was rejected by the court for the following reasons.

2013, Court of Appeal for Ontario, Malka v. Vasiliadis:

(law) In the context of which the present document or ruling is made.


infamy

en-noun

infamy (countable and uncountable, plural infamies)

From late Middle English infamie, from Old French infamie, from Latin īnfāmia (“infamy”), from īnfāmis (“infamous”), from in- (“not”) + fāma (“fame, renown”). Displaced native Old English unhlīsa (literally “bad fame”).

ncog

(law) A stigma attaching to a person's character that disqualifies them from being a witness.


equity

en-noun

equity (countable and uncountable, plural equities)

equities (plural)
æquity (alternative archaic)
equitie (alternative obsolete)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-equity.wav

From Middle English equitee, equytee, from Old French equité, from Latin aequitās (“uniformity; impartiality; fairness”).

bonds

(in various financial and economic subsenses): debt; as stock in a company

1800, Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon in Mayor, &c. of Southampton v. Graves (1800), 8 T. R. 592.
A Court of equity knows its own province.

A Court of equity interposes only according to conscience.

1851, Edward Sugden, 1st Baron St Leonards in Birch v. Joy (1851), 3 H. L. C. 598

Equity had been gradually shaping itself into a refined science which no human faculties could master without long and intense application.

1848-55, Thomas Babington Macaulay, History of England, Chapter IX

(law) Various related senses originating with the Court of Chancery in late Medieval England

(law) The power of a court of law having extra-statutory discretion, to decide legal matters and to provide legal relief apart from, though not in violation of, the prevailing legal code; in some cases, a court "sitting in equity" may provide relief to a complainant should the code be found either inapplicable or insufficient to do so.

...the mortgagor retains ‘equitable title’ or the ‘equity of redemption’….The equity of redemption permits the mortgagor to regain legal title to the mortgaged property upon satisfying the conditions of the mortgage...

1999, In Re Fitzgerald, 237 B.R. 252, 261 (Bkrtcy. D.Conn. 1999)

The wife's equity does not, according to the adjudged cases, attach, except upon that part of her personal property in action which the husband cannot acquire without the assistance of a court of equity

1826, James Kent, Commentaries on American Law:

(law) A right which accrues to a party in a transaction because of the nature of the transaction itself, and which is exercisable upon a change of circumstances or conditions; in other words, an equitable claim.

(law, England) The body of law which was developed in the English Court of Chancery, which Court had extra-statutory discretion, and is now administered alongside the common law of Britain.

I have a lot of equity in my house.

(finance) Various senses related to net value

(law, finance) Value of property minus liens or other encumbrances.

нетен капитал

the value of property minus liens or other encumbrances


dock

Originally criminal slang; from or akin to obsolete Dutch (West Flemish) dok (“cage, hutch”) or docke (“cage”), possibly from Middle Dutch docke (“block, wooden object”), related to Middle Low German docke (“tenon, banister rod, bench cheek, side panel of a pew”), of uncertain origin.

unc

uncertain

(law) Part of a courtroom where the accused sits.

ла́ва падсу́дных

part of a courtroom where the accused sits


testament

From Middle English testament, from Old French testament, from Latin testāmentum (“the publication of a will, a will, testament, in Late Latin one of the divisions of the Bible”), from testor (“I am a witness, testify, attest, make a will”), from testis (“one who attests, a witness”).

der

(law) A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his or her will as to disposal of his or her inheritance (estate and effects) after his or her death, benefiting specified heir(s).


testament

nl-noun

testament n (plural testamenten, diminutive testamentje n)

testamenten (plural)
testamentje (diminutive neuter)

Negerhollands: testament

→ Indonesian: testamen

Inherited from Middle Dutch testament, derived from Old French testament, derived from Latin testāmentum (“the publication of a will, a will, testament”).

der

testāmentum<t:the publication of a will, a will, testament>

der+

(law) testament (document containing a person's will)


testament

From Old French testament, from Latin testāmentum.


testament

testament n (definite singular testamentet, indefinite plural testament or testamenter, definite plural testamenta or testamentene)

testamentet (definite singular)
testament (indefinite plural)
testamenter (indefinite plural)
testamenta (definite plural)
testamentene (definite plural)
testamente (alternative)

From Latin testāmentum, via Old Norse testament.


testament

testament n (definite singular testamentet, indefinite plural testament, definite plural testamenta)

testamentet (definite singular)
testament (indefinite plural)
testamenta (definite plural)
testamente (alternative)

(law) a will, testament (declaration of disposal of inheritance)


testament

sh-noun

testàment m (Cyrillic spelling теста̀мент)

testàment (canonical masculine)
теста̀мент (Cyrillic)
testament (nominative singular)
testamenti (nominative plural)
testamenta (genitive singular)
testàmenātā (genitive plural)
testamentu (dative singular)
testamentima (dative plural)
testament (accusative singular)
testamente (accusative plural)
testamente (singular vocative)
testamenti (plural vocative)
testamentu (locative singular)
testamentima (locative plural)
testamentom (instrumental singular)
testamentima (instrumental plural)


F.

(law) Federal, in some legal citation formats.


plenary

en-adj

plenary (comparative more plenary, superlative most plenary)

more plenary (comparative)
most plenary (superlative)

From Middle English plenarie, plenarye, from Late Latin plēnārius, from Latin plēnus (“full”).

The method of treating a subject should be plenary or full.

1725, Isaac Watts, Logick: Or, The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry after Truth, […], 2nd edition, London: […] John Clark and Richard Hett, […], Emanuel Matthews, […], and Richard Ford, […], published 1726, →OCLC:

(theology or law) Complete; full; entire; absolute.


intestate

From Latin intestātus, from in- (“not”) + testātus (“testate”).

the surplusages of intestates […]after the expiration of one full year from the death of the intestate is to be distributed : one - third to the widow of the intestate, and the residue in equal proportions to his children ; or if dead to their representatives : that is , their lineal descendants

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) A person who dies without making a valid will.

無遺囑者 /无遗嘱者

a person who dies without making a valid will


favor

en-noun

favor (countable and uncountable, plural favors)

tlb

(American spelling, alternative in Canada, historically in Lancashire)

favors (plural)
favour (alternative Commonwealth Ireland)

From Middle English favour, favor, faver, from Anglo-Norman favour, from mainland Old French favor, from Latin favor (“good will; kindness; partiality”), from faveō (“to be kind to”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂weh₁yeti (“to be favourable to”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glow light”). Respelled in American English to more closely match its Latin etymon. Compare also Danish favør (“favor”), Irish fabhar (“favor”), from the same Romance source.


disco

You don't need to worry about these details at the complaint stage, we can get them in disco.

(US, law, informal) discovery (pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered)

Has the disco come in from the defendants yet? We sent them requests almost six weeks ago.

(US, law, informal) discovery (materials revealed to the opposing party during the pre-trial phase in which evidence is gathered)


messenger

From Middle English messengere, messingere, messangere, from Old French messanger, a variant of Old French messagier (French messager), equivalent to message + -er. Doublet of messager.
Displaced native Old English boda (“messenger, envoy”) and ǣrendraca (“messenger, ambassador”).
For the replacement of -ager with -enger, -inger, -anger, compare passenger, harbinger, scavenger, porringer. This development may have been merely the addition of n, or it may have resulted due to contamination from other suffixes such as Middle English -ing and the rare Old French -ange, -enc, -inge, -inghe (“-ing”) for Old French -age (“-age”).

The Messenger under the joint Commission of Bankruptcy might have seized the Whole, if they had remained in their Warehouse

(Can we date this quote?), James Burrow, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench:

(law) A person appointed to perform certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent laws, such as to take charge of the estate of the bankrupt or insolvent.


sangat

sàngat (canonical)
sang-at (alternative)


constitutional

en-adj

constitutional (comparative more constitutional, superlative most constitutional)

more constitutional (comparative)
most constitutional (superlative)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From constitution + -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Constitution is derived from Middle English constitucioun, constitucion (“edict, law, ordinance, regulation, rule, statute; body of laws or rules, or customs; body of fundamental principles; principle or rule (of science); creation”) from Old French constitucion (modern French constitution), a learned borrowing from Latin cōnstitūtiō, cōnstitūtiōnem (“character, constitution, disposition, nature; definition; point in dispute; order, regulation; arrangement, system”), from cōnstituō (“to establish, set up; to confirm; to decide, resolve”) (from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) + statuō (“to set up, station; to establish; to determine, fix”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”))) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions), -tiōnem (accusative singular of -tiō).

der

a constitutional right   constitutional reforms

Brexit has rocked the foundations of the nation and plunged everyone into a state of heightened constitutional anxiety.

Some are already speculating that a constitutional crisis is brewing.

On January 18, 1810, Republican Senator Philip Reed introduced a constitutional amendment addressing the acceptance of titles of nobility by American citizens.³¹

1999 April 7, Jol A. Silversmith, “The "Missing Thirteenth Amendment": Constitutional Nonsense and Titles of Nobility”, in Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, volume 8, number 2, USC Gould School of Law, archived from the original on 2015-02-15, page 582:

A possible constitutional crisis loomed in Malawi following the reported death of President Bingu wa Mutharika, once hailed as a positive steward for the southern African country.

2012 April 6, Faith Karimi, “Potential crisis looms in Malawi amid reports of president’s death”, in CNN:

Relating to a legal or political constitution (“the basic law of a nation or institution; the formal or informal system of primary principles and laws that regulates a government or other institution”).

دُسْتُورِيّ

relating to a legal or political constitution

The Supreme Court ruled against the applicant and found the statute constitutional.

Thai charter court rules that only heterosexual marriages are constitutional: Same-sex marriage in Thailand will have to wait, as the Constitutional Court ruled unanimously today (Wednesday) that Section 1448 of the Civil and Commercial Code, defining marriage as being a union between a man and a woman, is constitutional.

2021 November 17, Thai PBS, “Thai charter court rules that only heterosexual marriages are constitutional”, in Thai PBS World, Bangkok: Thai Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved 2021-11-17:

In compliance with or valid under a legal or political constitution.

دُسْتُورِيّ

in compliance with or valid under a legal or political constitution

(also politics) Of a monarch: having a purely ceremonial role, or possessing powers limited by a constitution rather than plenary or unlimited powers.

konstitusjonelt monarki

of a monarch: having a purely ceremonial role, or possessing powers limited by a constitution rather than plenary or unlimited powers


cooperate

en-verb

cooperate (third-person singular simple present cooperates, present participle cooperating, simple past and past participle cooperated)

cooperates (present singular third-person)
cooperating (participle present)
cooperated (participle past)
cooperated (past)
co-operate (alternative)
coöperate (alternative)

/kəʉˈɔp.ə.ɹæɪt/

Originated 1595–1605 from Late Latin cooperātus, perfect passive participle of cooperor (“to work with”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) for more. Equivalent to co- + operate. Displaced native Old English efnwyrċan.

(law jargon, transitive) To obtain the cooperation of (a potential witness); to turn (someone) into a cooperating witness.


frame

frame (third-person singular simple present frames, present participle framing, simple past and past participle framed)

frames (present singular third-person)
framing (participle present)
framed (participle past)
framed (past)

→ Dutch: frame

→ German: framen

From Middle English framen, fremen, fremmen (“to construct, build, strengthen, refresh, perform, execute, profit, avail”), from Old English framian, fremian, fremman (“to profit, avail, advance”), from Proto-West Germanic *frammjan, from Proto-Germanic *framjaną (“to further, promote, perform”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“front, forward”).
Cognate with Low German framen (“to commit, effect”), Danish fremme (“to promote, further, perform”), Swedish främja (“to promote, encourage, foster”), Icelandic fremja (“to commit”). More at from.

cog

The gun had obviously been placed in her car in an effort to frame her.

(transitive, criminology) Conspire to falsely incriminate an innocent person.


costa

Deverbal from costar. First attested in 1598.

(law, usually in the plural) cost, expense (to be paid by the losing side)


conspiracy

en-noun

conspiracy (countable and uncountable, plural conspiracies)

From Middle English conspiracie, from Anglo-Norman conspiracie, from Latin cōnspīrātiō. Doublet of conspiration.

(law) An agreement between two or more persons to break the law at some time in the future.


seat

From Middle English sete, from Old English sǣte, possibly from (or simply cognate with) Old Norse sæti (“seat”), both from Proto-Germanic *sētiją (“seat”), from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”); compare Old English set (“seat”).
Sense 2 (“location or site”) is probably derived from Old English sǣte (“house”), which is related to Old High German sāza (“sedan, seat, domicile”).
Cognates
* Middle Dutch gesaete
* Old High German gisazi (modern German Gesäß)

cog

would you mind putting on your seat belt

(law, England and Wales) One of a series of departmental placements given to a trainee solicitor as part of their training contract.


waive

en-verb

waive (third-person singular simple present waives, present participle waiving, simple past and past participle waived)

waives (present singular third-person)
waiving (participle present)
waived (participle past)
waived (past)
wave (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English weyven (“to avoid, renounce”), from Anglo-Norman weyver (“to abandon, allow to become a waif”), from Old French waif (“waif”), from gaiver (“to abandon”), ultimately of Scandinavian/North Germanic origin; see weyver.

der

If you waive the right to be silent, anything you say can be used against you in a court of law.

Exhibiting what the dramatic critics call a "fine restraint," he waives his timely opportunity for discourse upon the celebrated gyascutus, which, as any Northwestern tourist will tell you, haunts the slopes of the most precipitous mountains—always evading capture because its legs, shorter on the one side of the body than on the other, are peculiarly adapted to scooting up an inclined plane.

1907, John Ames Mitchell, Life - Volume 50, page 270:

The federal government will ban the import of live northern snakeheads beginning Friday, waiving the normal 30-day waiting period

2002 March 10, Kory Dodd, “Feds Announce Regs to Ban 'Frankenfish' Imports”, in FOX News:

While there’s no reliable data on micro-housing, some notable policies and projects are popping up on that front too. Former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg waived the city’s zoning standards to allow micro-apartments.

2016 December 28, Dan Hernandez, “Is an even smaller New York apartment the key to sustainable living?”, in The Guardian:

(transitive, law) To relinquish (a right etc.); to give up claim to; to forgo.

(particularly) To relinquish claim on a payment or fee which would otherwise be due.


waive

waives (plural)
wave (alternative obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman waive, probably as the past participle of weyver, as Etymology 1, above.

(obsolete, law) A woman put out of the protection of the law; an outlawed woman.


apostle

(law) A note sent to an appeals court presenting the appeal in summary.

(law) The trial court record sent to an appeal court concerning an appeal.


hearing

en-noun

hearing (countable and uncountable, plural hearings)

Next month, Clemons will be brought before a court presided over by a "special master", who will review the case one last time. The hearing will be unprecedented in its remit, but at its core will be a simple issue: should Reggie Clemons live or die?

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

(countable, law) A legal procedure done before a judge, without a jury, as with an evidentiary hearing.


resident

From Middle English resident, from Anglo-Norman resident, from Latin residēns, present participle of resideō (“to remain behind, reside, dwell”), equivalent to reside + -ent, from re- (“back”) + sedeō (“I sit”). Doublet of resiant and rezident. The espionage sense is a semantic loan from Russian резиде́нт (rezidént).

semantic loan

(law) A legal permanent resident, someone who maintains residency.


venue

From Middle English venu, from Old French venue, the feminine singular past participle of the verb venir (to come). Doublet of veny.

local

place, especially the one where a given event is to happen

The twelve men who are to try the cause must be of the same venue where the demand is made.

(law) A neighborhood or near place; the place or county in which anything is alleged to have happened; also, the place where an action is laid, or the district from which a jury comes.

escena f del crim

legal: place in which anything is alleged to have happened


functionality

en-noun

functionality (countable and uncountable, plural functionalities)

(US, law, uncountable) In trademark law, the tendency of a product design to serve a function other than the identification of the product, preventing that design from being protected as a trademark.


gist

gist (countable and uncountable, plural gists)

The noun is derived from Old French gist, a noun use of the third person singular indicative of gesir (“to lie down”) (modern French gésir; compare Anglo-Norman (cest) action gist (literally “(law) (this) action lies”)), from Latin iacēre, the present active infinitive of iaceō (“to lie down, lie prostrate, recline”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw”) (probably in the sense of something being thrown down).
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

[T]heſe charges, of a traiterous or felonious intent, are the points and very giſt of the indictment, and muſt be anſvvered directly, by the general negative, not guilty; […]

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Plea, and Issue”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 333:

[H]e is guilty of a dereliction of opinions that are true and laudable. This is the great giſt of the charge againſt him.

1791 August 3, [Edmund Burke], An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, […], London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC, page 30:

But it is observable that the substance or gist of the action is not always the principal cause of the plaintiff's complaint in point of fact, nor that on which he recovers all or the greatest part of his damages. It frequently happens that upon that part of his declaration which contains the substance or gist of the action he recovers nominal damages, and he gets his principal satisfaction on account of matters altogether collateral thereto.

1839, John Bouvier, “GIST”, in A Law Dictionary, […], volumes I (A–K), Philadelphia, Pa.: T. & J. W. Johnson, […], successors to Nicklin & Johnson, […], →OCLC, page 445, column 1:

Naturally, therefore, conceiving that the gite of the lawyer's reasoning was to defend the want of resemblance as an admitted fact, which it would be useless to deny, the worthy magistrate closed the pleadings, and gave sentence against Mr Whelp, the plaintiff.

[1859, F. Laun [pseudonym], “The King of Hayti. From the German. Chapter III. ‘In the Second Place’—Dinner is on the Table.”, in Thomas De Quincey, transl., Speculations Literary and Philosophic: With German Tales and Other Narrative Papers (De Quincey’s Works; XII), London: James Hogg & Sons, →OCLC, page 41:

(countable, law, dated) The essential ground for action in a lawsuit, without which there is no cause of action; the gravamen.


novell

head

novell (genitive novelli, partitive novelli)

novelli (genitive)
novelli (partitive)
novell (nominative singular)
novellid (nominative plural)
novell (accusative nominative singular)
novellid (accusative nominative plural)
novelli (accusative genitive singular)
novellid (accusative genitive plural)
novelli (genitive singular)
novellide (genitive plural)
novelli (partitive singular)
novelle (partitive plural)
novellisid (partitive plural)
novelli (illative singular)
novellisse (illative singular)
novellidesse (illative plural)
novellesse (illative plural)
novellis (inessive singular)
novellides (inessive plural)
novelles (inessive plural)
novellist (elative singular)
novellidest (elative plural)
novellest (elative plural)
novellile (allative singular)
novellidele (allative plural)
novellele (allative plural)
novellil (adessive singular)
novellidel (adessive plural)
novellel (adessive plural)
novellilt (ablative singular)
novellidelt (ablative plural)
novellelt (ablative plural)
novelliks (singular translative)
novellideks (plural translative)
novelleks (plural translative)
novellini (singular terminative)
novellideni (plural terminative)
novellina (essive singular)
novellidena (essive plural)
novellita (abessive singular)
novellideta (abessive plural)
novelliga (comitative singular)
novellidega (comitative plural)

(law) amendment (correction or addition to a law)


realm

From Middle English rewme, realme, reaume, from Old French reaume, realme, reialme (“kingdom”), of unclear origins. A postulated *rēgālimen (“domain, kingdom”), Late Latin or Vulgar Latin cross of regimen with rēgālis is usually cited.
The modern spelling predominates from around 1600. The modern pronunciation with /l/ is either a spelling pronunciation or influenced by the etymology.

(now law and rhetoric) A territory or state, as ruled by an absolute authority, especially by a king; a kingdom.

(fantasy, roleplaying games) An otherworldly dimension or domain — magical, ethereal, or otherwise — usually ruled or created by a mystical character.

(obsolete) The spiritual state of which God is the head; the Kingdom of Heaven.

And, of this island realm, he and his companion were the undisputed sovereigns.

1874, Horatio Alger, “Chapter XXXI”, in Brave and Bold:

1913, Leslie Alexander Toke, Catholic Encyclopedia, "St. Dunstan",
Then seeing his life was threatened he fled the realm and crossed over to Flanders, […]


society

en-noun

society (countable and uncountable, plural societies)

societies (plural)
soc. (alternative abbreviation)

Borrowed from Middle French societé, from Old French societé, from Latin societās, societātem (“fellowship, association, alliance, union, community”), from socius (“associated, allied; partner, companion, ally”), from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-yo- (“companion”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). First attested in the 1530s.

der

(countable, law) A number of people joined by mutual consent to deliberate, determine and act toward a common goal.


عين

ar-noun

عَيْن • (ʕayn) f (dual عَيْنَان (ʕaynān), plural عُيُون (ʕuyūn) or أَعْيُن (ʔaʕyun))

عَيْن (canonical)
ʕayn (romanization)
عَيْنَان (dual)
عُيُون (plural)
أَعْيُن (plural)
عَيْن (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْعَيْن (definite informal singular triptote)
عَيْن (construct informal singular triptote)
عَيْنٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْعَيْنُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
عَيْنُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
عَيْنًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَيْنَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
عَيْنَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
عَيْنٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَيْنِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
عَيْنِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
عَيْنَيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْعَيْنَيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
عَيْنَيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
عَيْنَانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْعَيْنَانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
عَيْنَا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
عَيْنَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَيْنَيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
عَيْنَيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
عَيْنَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَيْنَيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
عَيْنَيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
عُيُون (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
أَعْيُن (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
الْعُيُون (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
الْأَعْيُن (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
عُيُون (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
أَعْيُن (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
عُيُونٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
أَعْيُنٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
الْعُيُونُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
الْأَعْيُنُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
عُيُونُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
أَعْيُنُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
عُيُونًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
أَعْيُنًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
الْعُيُونَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
الْأَعْيُنَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
عُيُونَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
أَعْيُنَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
عُيُونٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
أَعْيُنٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
الْعُيُونِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
الْأَعْيُنِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
عُيُونِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)
أَعْيُنِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)

Algerian Arabic: عين (ʕīn)

Egyptian Arabic: عين (ʕēn)

Gulf Arabic: عين (ʕēn)

Libyan Arabic: عين (ʕīn, ʕēn)

Maltese: għajn

Moroccan Arabic: عين (ʕayn, ʕīn)

North Levantine Arabic: عين (ʕayn, ʕēn)

South Levantine Arabic: عين (ʕēn)

Tunisian Arabic: عين (ʕīn)

→ Classical Persian: عَیْن (ayn)

Tajik: айн (ayn)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ऐन (ain)

Urdu: عَین ('ain)

→ Malay: عين (ain)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕayn-, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʿayVn-. Synchronically from the root ع ي ن (ʕ y n).

ar-root

ع ي ن (ʕ y n)

(law) money or whatever is the equivalent of money.


autor

pt-noun

autor m (plural autores, feminine autora, feminine plural autoras)

autores (plural)
autora (feminine)
autoras (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese abtor, borrowed from Latin actor, from āctus + -tor. Doublet of ator.


et seq.

Borrowing of Latin et seq., an abbreviation variously of et (“and”) sequens (“the following item”), sequente (“in what follows”), sequentes and sequentia (“the following items”), or sequentibus (“in the following items”).

seq. (alternative)
sq. (alternative)
& seq. (alternative)
& seqq. (alternative)

See p. 87 et seq.

Covered in Code Section 123 et seq.

(law, used in page references) And what follows, and following, and in the following [pages, sections, &c.].

with a following blank space representing the indeterminate end


v.

Brown v. Board of Education

Two questions are at issue in the case, NRC v. Texas.

2025 March 4, John Fritze, “Supreme Court wades into decades-old impasse over how to store nuclear waste”, in CNN: