rogare

it-verb

rogàre (first-person singular present rògo, first-person singular past historic rogài, past participle rogàto, auxiliary avére)

rogàre (canonical)
rògo (first-person present singular)
rogài (first-person historic past singular)
rogàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
rogàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
rogàndo (gerund)
rogànte (participle present)
rogàto (participle past)
rògo (first-person indicative present singular)
ròghi (indicative present second-person singular)
ròga (indicative present singular third-person)
roghiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
rogàte (indicative plural present second-person)
rògano (indicative plural present third-person)
rogàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
rogàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
rogàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
rogavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
rogavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
rogàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
rogài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
rogàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
rogò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
rogàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
rogàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
rogàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
rogherò (first-person future indicative singular)
rogherài (future indicative second-person singular)
rogherà (future indicative singular third-person)
rogherémo (first-person future indicative plural)
rogheréte (future indicative plural second-person)
rogherànno (future indicative plural third-person)
rogherèi (conditional first-person singular)
rogherésti (conditional second-person singular)
rogherèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
rogherébbe (conditional singular third-person)
rogherémmo (conditional first-person plural)
rogheréste (conditional plural second-person)
rogherèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
rogherébbero (conditional plural third-person)
ròghi (first-person present singular subjunctive)
ròghi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
ròghi (present singular subjunctive third-person)
roghiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
roghiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
ròghino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
rogàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
rogàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
rogàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
rogàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
rogàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
rogàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ròga (imperative second-person singular)
ròghi (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
roghiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
rogàte (imperative plural second-person)
ròghino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
rogàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
ròghi (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
roghiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
rogàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
ròghino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

From Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, Indo-European ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.


mulier

Or suppose an inquest were taken between us, and it were found that they are muliers, for which reason the voucher stood, and they came and pleaded the same exception to escape from warranting as heirs, then two inquests would be taken[…]

1908, Alfred John Horwood, Luke Owen Pike, Year books of the reign of King Edward the Third: Volume 15:

(law, historical) A child born lawfully in wedlock, in distinction from an elder sibling born of the same parents before their marriage (bastard eigne).


exclusive right

en-noun

exclusive right (plural exclusive rights)

The company was granted the exclusive right to exploit the oil resources of the province.

(law) The power, granted by the government to persons, to allow or disallow others from taking certain actions (through legal force)

專有權 /专有权

The power to allow or disallow others from taking certain actions


sala

From Spanish sala, from Germanic. Compare Swedish sal. Doublet of salle and sale.


popular

en-adj

popular (comparative more popular, superlative most popular)

more popular (comparative)
most popular (superlative)

From Middle English populer, from Old French populaire and Latin populāris, from populus (“people”) + -āris (“-ar”).


EULA

end user license agreement
end user license agreement#English

(law) Initialism of end user license agreement.


hotchpotch

hotchpotches (plural)
hotchpot (alternative)
hotchpotz (alternative)
hotch-pot (alternative)

/ˈhɒt͡ʃpɒt͡ʃ/

From French hochepot, from hocher (“to shake”) + pot (“pot”); of Dutch or German origin. Compare Dutch hutspot.

(property law) The blending together of property so as to achieve equal division, especially in the case of divorce or intestacy.


collection

en-noun

collection (countable and uncountable, plural collections)

From Middle English colleccioun, collection, from Old French collection, from Latin collēctiō, collēctiōnem, from collēctus, from colligō (“collect together”), composed of con- + legō (“bring together, gather, collect”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather, collect”).


item

Learned borrowing from Latin item. Doublet of item.


negative

negatives (plural)
-ve (alternative abbreviation)
−ve (alternative abbreviation)

From Middle English negative, negatif, from Old French negatif, from Latin negātīvus (“that denies, negative”), from negāre (“to deny”); see negate.

And as to the Constitutionality of laws, that point will come before the Judges in their proper official character. In this character they have a negative on the laws.

1787, Luther Martin, cited in The Constitutional Convention Of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Of America's Founding (2005), Volume 1, page 391

The qualified negative of the President differs widely from this absolute negative of the British sovereign; […]

1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist, no. 68

1983, INS v. Chadha, Opinion of the Court
In the convention there does not seem to have been much diversity of opinion on the subject of the propriety of giving to the president a negative on the laws.


negative

-ve (alternative abbreviation)
−ve (alternative abbreviation)

"Negative Marcel. No IOC. Patient has been drinking heavily, we can give him nothing for pain."

1980, Richard Louis Newmann, Siege of Orbitor, page xxiv. 93:


probative

en-adj

probative (comparative more probative, superlative most probative)

more probative (comparative)
most probative (superlative)

The judge had granted the DA a one-week extension with the caustic admonition that the case would be summarily dismissed if at that time probative, as opposed to prejudicial, evidence was not produced.

1999, Dana Stabenow, Hunter's Moon, →ISBN, page 109:

My grandfather in person organized the file with a surfeit of sworn testimonies and probative documents […]

2003, Gabriel García Márquez, chapter 2, in Edith Grossman, transl., Living to Tell the Tale:

(law) Tending to prove a particular proposition or to persuade someone of the truth of an allegation.

ապացուցողական

tending to prove a particular proposition


vexation

en-noun

vexation (countable and uncountable, plural vexations)

From Late Middle English vexacioun, vexation (“physical suffering; act of inflicting trouble (specifically through unjustified legal action); anxiety, mental distress; mental disturbance”), from Anglo-Norman vexacion, vexation, Middle French vexacion, vexation (“distress, suffering; harassment (specifically through unjustified legal action)”), and Old French vexacion, vexation (“distress, suffering; harassment”) (modern French vexation), and from their etymon Latin vexātiō (“shaking or similar violent movement; (causing of) agitation, distress, suffering; harassment, persecution; trouble”), from vexātus + -iō (suffix forming abstract nouns from verbs). Vexātus is the perfect passive participle of vexō (“to shake or jolt violently; to annoy, harass; to persecute; to trouble violently”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷog- (“to shake; to swing”). By surface analysis, vex + -ation (suffix denoting an action or process or its result, or a quality or state). Doublet of quake.

дразнене

action of vexing, annoying, or irritating someone or something; an instance of this

раздразнение

state of being vexed, annoyed, or irritated; an instance of this — see also annoyance, irritation

(uncountable) The action of vexing, annoying, or irritating someone or something; (countable) an instance of this.

(law, uncountable) The action of vexing or annoying someone by bringing unjustified legal proceedings against them; (countable) an instance of this.

haitanteko

action of vexing or annoying someone by bringing unjustified legal proceedings against them; an instance of this


sequester

en-verb

sequester (third-person singular simple present sequesters, present participle sequestering, simple past and past participle sequestered)

sequesters (present singular third-person)
sequestering (participle present)
sequestered (participle past)
sequestered (past)

From Middle English sequestren (verb) and sequestre (noun), from Old French sequestrer, from Late Latin sequestrō (“separate, give up for safekeeping”), from Latin sequester (“mediator, depositary”), probably originally meaning "follower", from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follow”).

der

(law) To temporarily remove (property) from the possession of its owner and hold it as security against legal claims.

假扣押

law: to temporarily remove (property) from the possession of its owner and hold it as security against legal claims

The Budget Control Act of 2011 sequestered 1.2 trillion dollars over 10 years on January 2, 2013.

(transitive, US, politics, law) To remove (certain funds) automatically from a budget.

elkülönít

US, politics, law: to remove (certain funds) automatically from a budget


sequester

(law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a referee

Zwangsverwalter

a person with whom two or more parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy


jury

→ Dutch: jury (or via French)

→ Finnish: jyry

→ French: jury (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: zsűri

→ Macedonian: жири (žiri)

→ Norman: jury

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jury

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jury

→ Portuguese: júri

→ Swedish: jury

From Middle English jure, from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta, from Latin iūrō (“I swear or take an oath”).

And so the jury and he approached, as if this were a time of peace instead of one of the greatest world disturbances ever known in history, the question whether the prosecution had proved to the jury’s satisfaction that George Joseph Smith was guilty of murder. The jury were the shield which stood between him and death, unless, to the jury’s satisfaction, he was proved to be guilty. Yet while they were the shield of the man accused, they were also the Sword of the State; and if the man were proved guilty, they were the servants of the State to punish him. Their respective functions were these: he the judge, had to settle the law, and the jury must take the law from him. The jury were judges of fact.

1952, James Avery Joyce, Justice At Work, Pan 1957 edition, page 92:

(law) A group of individuals chosen from the general population to hear and decide a case in a court of law.


jury

jury m (definite singular juryen, indefinite plural juryer, definite plural juryene)

juryen (definite singular)
juryer (indefinite plural)
juryene (definite plural)


jury

jury m (definite singular juryen, indefinite plural juryar, definite plural juryane)

juryen (definite singular)
juryar (indefinite plural)
juryane (definite plural)


jurisprudence

en-noun

jurisprudence (usually uncountable, plural jurisprudences)

/ˈd͡ʒʊəɹɪsˌpɹuːdəns/

/ˌd͡ʒʊəɹɪsˈpɹuːdəns/

Borrowed from Latin iūrisprūdentia (“expertise in the law”).

bor

There is considerable jurisprudence to the effect that only the evidence that was before the initial decision-maker should be considered by the Court on judicial review.

1999 May 31, J. Dubé, “Chopra v. Canada (Treasury Board), 1999 CanLII 8044 (FC)”, in CanLII, retrieved 2022-06-01:

The concept of consent can be complicated, so much so that it is the subject of considerable jurisprudence and a formal definition in the Criminal Code.

2021 November 26, R. W. Elson, “R v Bear-Knight, 2021 SKQB 308”, in CanLII, retrieved 2022-06-01:

(law) Case law, or the body of case law regarding a certain subject.


extent

From Middle English extente, from Anglo-Norman extente and Old French estente (“valuation of land, stretch of land”), from estendre, extendre (“extend”) (or from Latin extentus), from Latin extendere (See extend.)

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 52. Completeness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 51. Part

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

Well, push him out of doors;
And let my officers of such a nature
Make an extent upon his house and lands.
Do this expediently, and turn him going.

c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], lines 1117-20:

(law) A writ directing the sheriff to seize the property of a debtor, for the recovery of debts of record due to the Crown.


challenge

→ French: challenge (orthographic)

→ Japanese: チャレンジ (charenji)

→ Russian: че́ллендж (čéllendž)

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ɪnd͡ʒ/

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ənd͡ʒ/

From Middle English chalenge, variant with palatalization of Middle English kalange (“an accusation, claim”), from Old French chalenge, chalonge, palatalized Central French variants of Old Northern French calenge, calonge (see Continental Norman calengier), from Latin calumnia (“a false accusation, calumny”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”). Cognate with Old English hōl (“calumny”). Doublet of calumny.

der

The act of appealing a ruling or decision of a court of administrative agency.

kifogás

the act of appealing a ruling or decision

Consanguinity in direct line is a challenge for a judge when he or she is sitting cases.

conflict of interest
conflict of interest

(law, rare) A judge's interest in the result of a case, constituting grounds for them to not be allowed to sit the case (e.g., a conflict of interest).

takistatus

judge's interest in the result of the case for which they should not be allowed to sit

We're still waiting to hear how the court rules on our challenge of the arbitrator based on conflict of interest.

The act of seeking to remove a judge, arbitrator, or other judicial or semi-judicial figure for reasons of alleged bias or incapacity.

(US) An act of seeking to have a certain person be declared not legally qualified to vote, made when the person offers their ballot.


challenge

en-verb

challenge (third-person singular simple present challenges, present participle challenging, simple past and past participle challenged)

challenges (present singular third-person)
challenging (participle present)
challenged (participle past)
challenged (past)

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ɪnd͡ʒ/

/ˈt͡ʃæl.ənd͡ʒ/

(law, transitive) To make a formal objection to a juror.


instance

(law) legal proceedings, prosecution process


possess

possess (third-person singular simple present possesses, present participle possessing, simple past and past participle possessed)

possesses (present singular third-person)
possessing (participle present)
possessed (participle past)
possessed (past)
possess (infinitive)
possess (first-person present singular)
possessed (first-person past singular)
possess (present second-person singular)
possessed (past second-person singular)
possesses (present singular third-person)
possessed (past singular third-person)
possess (plural present)
possessed (past plural)
possess (present subjunctive)
possessed (past subjunctive)
possess (imperative present)
possessing (participle present)
possessed (participle past)
possest (participle past)
possesst (participle past)

PIE word
 *pótis
From Middle English possessen (“to have, own; to obtain possession of; to inhabit, occupy”) [and other forms], from Middle French possesser, possessier, Old French possesser, possessier (“to have, own, possess; to dominate”), from Latin possessus (“possessed; seized”), the perfect passive participle of possideō (“to have, hold, own, possess; to have possessions; to take control or possession of, occupy, seize; to abide, inhabit, occupy; to dominate”), from potis (“able, capable, possible”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master; ruler; husband”)) + sedeō (“to sit; to be seated; to be established, hold firm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”)).

der

(law) To have control or possession of, but not to own (a chattel or an interest in land).


pray

en-verb

pray (third-person singular simple present prays, present participle praying, simple past and past participle prayed)

prays (present singular third-person)
praying (participle present)
prayed (participle past)
prayed (past)

From Middle English preien, from Anglo-Norman preier, from Old French preier, proier (French prier), from Latin precārī, from prex, precis (“a prayer, a request”), from Proto-Italic *preks, from Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask, woo”). Displaced native Old English gebiddan.
Cognate via Indo-European of Old English frignan, fricgan, German fragen, Dutch vragen. Compare deprecate, imprecate, precarious.

der

They prayd him sit, and gave him for to feed
 Such homely what as serves the simple clowne,
 That doth despise the dainties of the towne[…]

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 7:

In time of drought the Abchases of the Caucasus sacrifice an ox to Ap-hi, the god of thunder and lightning, and an old man prays him to send rain, thunder, and lightning, telling him that the crops are parched.

1890, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 2, page 370:

I humbly pray to the Honorable Court for the order for the removal of the publication which contains fake news to be granted.

2021, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, “Schedule”, in Emergency (Essential Powers) (No. 2) Ordinance 2021, archived from the original on 2023-07-20, page 31:

(obsolete or law) To implore, to entreat, to request.


firma

From Italian firma (“signature”), from Latin firmāre (“to make firm, strengthen, fortify”).


apela

apelá (canonical)
ᜀᜉᜒᜎ (Baybayin)
apila (alternative)

Borrowed from Spanish apelar (“to appeal”), from Latin appellāre.


frivolous

en-adj

frivolous (comparative more frivolous, superlative most frivolous)

more frivolous (comparative)
most frivolous (superlative)

From Latin frīvolus (“silly, empty, trifling, frivolous, worthless”), with the ending modified to match -ous.

bor

There is no easy definition for the phrase 'frivolous lawsuit,' but I imagine any claim for damages where the injuries are minimal or where the basis for the defendant's liability is hard to believe, might qualify as frivolous.

1996 August 31, Paul F. Waldner, President-Elect, Houston Trial Lawyers Association, “Viewpoints”, in Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on 2005-04-16:

One of the major cost drivers in the delivery of health care are these junk and frivolous lawsuits.

(law, said of a lawsuit) Having no reasonable prospect of success because its claim is without merit, lacking a supporting legal or factual basis, while the filing party is, or should be, aware of this.


defalcation

en-noun

defalcation (countable and uncountable, plural defalcations)

[ˌdɛfəɫˈkeɪʃən]

Late 15th century, from Medieval Latin dēfalcātiōnem, accusative singular of dēfalcātiō (literally “cutting off, lopping off with a sickle”), nominalization of dēfalcō, from Latin dē (“off”) + falx (“sickle, scythe, pruning hook”), from which also English falcate (“sickle-shaped”).
By surface analysis, defalcate + -ion (“the act of”).

surf

(law) The act of cancelling part of a claim by deducting a smaller claim which the claimant owes to the defendant.


ley

Inherited from Old Spanish ley, from Latin lēgem (whence English legal and legitimate), from Proto-Italic *lēg-, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-s, from *leǵ- (“to gather”).

Ya meldatesh por seguro en las gazetas ke el governo esta aparejando una ley grasias a la kuala no va aver mas estos terribles "bekchis" vinidos espesilamente de Anadol i los kualos kon sus espavoresientes sopas azian tanto espantar a todos akeyos ke tienen el koraje de durmir repozados en sus lechos.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 71:

Now you certainly read in the papers that the government is preparing a law thanks to whoever is no longer having more [of] these terrible ‘guards’, especially from Anadol, coming with their frightening clubs, terrifying everybody who has the courage the sleep soundly in bed.


ley

Galician: lei

Portuguese: lei

Inherited from Latin lēgem (whence English legal and legitimate), from Proto-Italic *lēg-, from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ-s, from *leǵ- (“to gather”).

lee (alternative)
lei (alternative)
leij (alternative)


ley

Ladino: ley, ליי

Spanish: ley


ley

(law) law (particular piece of legislation)


rendition

en-noun

rendition (countable and uncountable, plural renditions)

From obsolete French rendition, alteration (after rendre (“to render”)) of reddition (“reddition”). Many senses influenced by render.

(law, chiefly US) Formal deliverance of a verdict.

Since then, according to his lawyers and relatives, he has been repeatedly beaten, threatened with a firearm and with further rendition to Guantánamo by Ugandan officials, before being questioned by American officials.

2011 March 30, Ian Cobain, The Guardian:

(law, chiefly US) The handing-over of someone wanted for justice who has fled a given jurisdiction; extradition.


entry

entry (countable and uncountable, plural entries)

exit

antonym(s) of “doorway that provides a means of entering a building”

Inherited from Middle English entre, from Old French entree (feminine past participle of the verb entrer, Modern French entrée). From Latin intrō. Doublet of entrada and entrée.


fraud

fraud (countable and uncountable, plural frauds)

From Middle English fraude (recorded since 1345), from Old French fraude, a borrowing from Latin fraus (“deceit, injury, offence”).

(law) The crime of stealing or otherwise illegally obtaining money by use of deception tactics.


warrant

warrant (countable and uncountable, plural warrants)

warrants (plural)
warraunt (alternative)

→ Cantonese: 窩輪 /窝轮 (wo¹ leon⁴⁻²), 花令

→ Italian: warrant

→ Malay: waran

The noun is derived from Middle English warant (“protector; guard, shield, protection”), from Anglo-Norman warrant, Old Northern French warant, warand, a variant of Old French guarant, garant, garand (“assurance, guarantee; authorization, permission; protector; protection, safety”) (modern French garant), from Frankish *warand, present participle of *warjan (“to fend off; to stop, thwart”). The word is cognate with Old High German werento (“guarantor”).
The verb is derived from Middle English warrant, waranten (“to give protection; to protect, shield; to assure, pledge, promise; to guarantee”), from Anglo-Norman warantir, warandir, warentir, and Old Northern French warandir, warantir, variant forms of Old French guarantir (“to protect”) (modern French garantir), a Romance formation from the noun guarant: see above.

inh

an arrest warrant issued by the court

Mr. Musso said he desired to make an application at this stage on behalf of the accused, namely, that he be discharged on the ground that he was improperly held in custody, there being no warrant issued by the Court and no counter-signature to any warrant by the Senior-Consul. At the last hearing the fact was disclosed that the accused was arrested without a warrant.

1913 October 11, “The Bomb-making Charge. An Important Discussion.”, in The North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette: The Weekly Edition of the North-China Daily News, volume CIX (New Series), number 2409, Shanghai: Printed and published at the offices of the North-China Daily News & Herald, Ld., →OCLC, pages 113–114:

Avina: Former Spectre agent Saren Arterius is nearing the vicinity of the Council Camber.
Avina: A warrant has been issued for his arrest, though Citadel Security is unable to respond at this time.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:

(law, countable) A judicial writ authorizing an officer to make a search, seizure, or arrest, or to execute a judgment.


schedule

schedules (plural)
Schedule (alternative)

→ Bengali: শিডিউল (śiḍiul)

→ Cebuano: eskedyul

→ Indonesian: skedul

→ Japanese: スケジュール

→ Korean: 스케줄 (seukejul)

→ Tagalog: iskedyul

Inherited from Middle English cedule, from Middle French cedule (whence French cédule), from Old French cedule, from Late Latin schedula (“papyrus strip”), diminutive of Latin scheda, from Ancient Greek σχέδη (skhédē, “papyrus leaf”), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰíďďō, from Proto-Indo-European *skid-yé-ti, from *skeyd- (“to divide, split”). Doublet of cedula and cedule.
This word was historically pronounced /ˈsɛdjuːl/, /ˈsɛdʒuːl/; the pronunciations with /ʃ/ and /sk/ are due to the spelling (the latter may have been reinforced by learned influence); compare schism.

Anhang (zu e. juristischen Dokument)

a table of information forming appendix to a statute, other regulatory instrument or legal contract

Heroin is a Schedule I drug with a high potential for abuse.

Currently, cannabis/marijuana is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning it defined as having “no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.” This is the same designation given to LSD, heroin and ecstasy.

2022 October 13, Shawn Radcliffe, “What Happens if Marijuana is No Longer Classified as Schedule 1 Drug?”, in healthline:

controlled substance
controlled substance

(law) A written or printed table of information, often forming an annex or appendix to a statute or other regulatory instrument, or to a legal contract.

(US, law, often capitalized) One of the five divisions into which controlled substances are classified, or the restrictions denoted by such classification.

(Australia, law, medicine) One of the nine schedules of the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons. Identical to the American usage above.

schedule of tribes


venire

/vɪˈnʌɪ.ə.ɹiː/

Shortening of Latin venīre faciās, the opening words of a writ.

[W]here a Venire omits Part of the Iſſue, or any of the Parties; if a Juror is named in the Habeas Corpora, by a Name different from that in the Venire; or a Juror return'd on ſuch a Panel is omitted in the Habeas Corpora; or a Venire or Diſtringas are iſſued without any Award on the Roll to warrant them; it will be ill, and is ſaid to be a Diſcontinuance.

1729, Giles Jacob, A New Law-dictionary Containing the Interpretation and Definition of Words and Terms Used in the Law; […], In the Savoy [London]: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (Assigns of E. Sayer, Esq;) for J. and J. Knapton [et al.], →OCLC, page [704]:

The crown may have as many venires as it pleases. Suppose there had been no venire at all, would a defence have aided that error? In the case of Young and Watson there was no return to the venire, and yet there was held error after verdict. The Court might have granted a new rule after the old one was expired, and a venire de novo would have issued in that case, 2 Roll. Ab. 720, p. 2.

1817, T[homas] B[ayly] Howell, Thomas Jones Howell, “582. Proceedings on the Trial of an Information, filed Ex-Officio by his Majesty's Attorney General, against John Lambert, James Perry, and James Gray, for a Seditious Libel. […]”, in A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783: […], volume XXII (volume I of the continuation), London: Printed by T. C. Hansard, […]: For Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown [et al.], →OCLC, page 979/980:

A venire de novo may be granted for a defect which does not appear on the record; as, for instance, if the jury improperly eat or drink before they deliver their verdict […] In Dovey v. Hobson[…], the Court awarded a venire de novo where a juryman was sworn who had not been summoned. In Arundel's case[…], a venire de novo was awarded where the jury had been summoned from a wrong county.

1842 April 23, “Gee v. Swann”, in Montagu[e] Chambers, editor, The Law Journal Reports for the Year 1842: […], volumes XX (New Series – volume XI. Part II. Cases at Common Law), London: E. B. Ince, […], →OCLC, page 291:

[page 1941] Where a venire has been issued, the justice cannot proceed to try the cause without a jury. Sebring v. Wheedon, 8 Johns. 460. Day v. Wilber, 2 Cai. 134. […] [page 1942] Where a venire is demanded by either party, the justice may deliver it himself to the constable, to be executed; but if he delivers it to the party, and he does not appear at the time to which the cause is adjourned for trial, and the venire is not returned, the justice may consider the suppression of the venire by the party as a waiver of the trial by jury, and proceed to hear and decide the cause himself, as if no venire had been demanded or issued. Coon v. Snyder, 19 Johns. 384.

1871, George W[illiam] Clinton, A Digest of the Reported Decisions at Law and in Equity, of the Courts of the State of New York, from Its Organization to the Year 1860, volume III, Albany, N.Y.: William Gould & Sons, →OCLC, pages 1941–1942:

[T]he jury that in 1968 convicted the pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and others protesting the Vietnam War of conspiring to violate the Military Service Act of 1967 by advocating the destruction of draft cards […] was devoid of women, largely because the venire from which this jury was formed contained only 9% women. A subsequent analysis of the distribution of the proportion of women in the venires of all the judges in the district showed that the venires for one judge – the Spock trial judge – had a distribution centered about an unusually low proportion of women.

1986, D[avid] H. Kaye with Mikel Aickin, Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation (Statistics, Textbooks and Monographs; 69), New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, Inc., →ISBN, pages 24–25:

The Spock defense pointed to the venire for their trial, which contained only one woman. That woman was released by the prosecution, making an all-male jury. Defense argued that the judge in the trial had a history of venires in which women were systematically underrepresented, contrary to the law. They compared this district judge's recent venires with the venires of six other Boston area district judges.

2012, Fred L. Ramsey, Daniel W. Schafer, The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis, 3rd edition, Boston, Mass.: Brooks/Cole, →ISBN, page 117:

During jury selection, Abbott used its first peremptory strike against the only self-identified gay member of the venire. […] This appeal's central question is whether equal protection prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in jury selection.

2014 January 21, Stephen Reinhardt, Circuit Judge, SmithKline Beecham Corporation, doing business as GlaxoSmithKline v. Abbott Laboratories, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, archived from the original on 2015-09-06, page 2:

(law, chiefly US) A group of persons summoned by a writ of venire facias to appear in court for jury selection.


timely

en-adv

timely (comparative more timely, superlative most timely)

more timely (comparative)
most timely (superlative)

From Middle English timely, tymely, timliche, from Old English *tīmlīc (adjective) and tīmlīċe (“in good time; timely; soon”, adverb), equivalent to time + -ly. Cognate with Danish timelig, Swedish timlig, Icelandic tímalegur, tímanlegur.

On May 14, 1997, the jury convicted the defendant, who currently is serving a fifteen-month sentence. The defendant timely appeals.

1998, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, US v. Merino-Balderrama:

[…] § 2255's one-year limitation period starts to run when the time for seeking such review expires. Under this rule, Clay's § 2255 petition was timely filed.

2003, United States Supreme Court, Clay v. United States:

(law) In compliance with applicable time limits.


華僑

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (華僑):
* → Japanese: 華僑(かきょう) (kakyō)
* → Korean: 화교(華僑) (hwagyo)
* → Vietnamese: Hoa kiều (華僑)

→ Indonesian: huakiau

→ Mongolian: хужаа (xužaa)

/xu̯ä³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/xua²⁴ t͡ɕʰiɔː²⁴/

/waː²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/hua⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu⁵³/

/ɦo²² d͡ʑiɔ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ä³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/xua²⁴ t͡ɕʰiɔː²⁴/

/waː²¹ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/hua⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu⁵³/

/ɦo²² d͡ʑiɔ⁴⁴/

(law) Chinese national who lives outside of China


verify

en-verb

verify (third-person singular simple present verifies, present participle verifying, simple past and past participle verified)

verifies (present singular third-person)
verifying (participle present)
verified (participle past)
verified (past)

From Old French verifier (French: vérifier), from Medieval Latin vērificāre (“make true”), from Latin vērus (“true”) + faciō (“do, make”); see -fy.

(transitive, law) To affirm something formally, under oath.

شَهِدَ

law: to affirm something formally, under oath


enjoyment

en-noun

enjoyment (countable and uncountable, plural enjoyments)

/ɪnˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/

/ənˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/

/ɛnˈd͡ʒɔɪmənt/


actrix

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-actrix.wav

From Latin āctrīx (“female plaintiff”). By surface analysis, actor + -trix. Doublet of actrice.

Wife Elizabeth, whole estate, including gold, silver, jewels, etc., and to be executrix and “universal actrix,” to bring up the children until they will be fit for trades.

1918, Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, volume 30, page 469:

Thirdly, the actrix in her own testimony did not so much allege ignorance but rather showed that she abhorred the notion of sexual relations and had a positive will opposed to its fulfillment.

1935, John Joseph Manning, Presumptions of Law in Marriage Cases, page 75:

Compare Marrays c. Rowcliff where the annotator has written the age of the actrix in the margin every time a witness answered the question about her age, […]

2000, Frederik Pedersen, Marriage disputes in medieval England, →ISBN, page 22:


actio

la-noun

āctiō f (genitive āctiōnis); third declension

āctiō (canonical feminine)
āctiōnis (genitive)
āctiō (nominative singular)
āctiōnēs (nominative plural)
āctiōnis (genitive singular)
āctiōnum (genitive plural)
āctiōnī (dative singular)
āctiōnibus (dative plural)
āctiōnem (accusative singular)
āctiōnēs (accusative plural)
āctiōne (ablative singular)
āctiōnibus (ablative plural)
āctiō (singular vocative)
āctiōnēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: aición, aciu

→ Belarusian: а́кцыя (ákcyja)

→ Catalan: acció

→ Corsican: azzione, azzioni

→ Czech: akce

→ Dutch: actie

→ German: Aktie

→ Danish: aktie

→ Malay: aksi

→ Friulian: azion

→ Galician: acción

→ Georgian: აქცია (akcia)

→ German: Aktion

→ Italian: azione

→ Ladin: azion

→ Ladino: aksión

→ Occitan: accion

→ Old French: action

desctree

→ Middle English: accioun, accion, accyon, accyoune, acsyon, action, actioun
English: action
→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)
→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)
→ German: Action
→ Irish: aicsean
→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)
→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)
→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)
→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)
Scots: action

French: action

→ Romanian: acțiune

→ Piedmontese: assion

→ Polish: akcja, akcyja (Middle Polish), akcya (pre-reform orthography (1816)) (learned)
→ Kashubian: akcjô

→ Portuguese: ação

→ Russian: а́кция (ákcija)

→ Serbo-Croatian: а̀кција, àkcija

→ Sicilian: azziuni, azzioni

→ Maltese: azzjoni

→ Spanish: acción

→ Ukrainian: а́кція (ákcija)

From āctum + -tiō, using the supine of agō (“do, make”).


lawsuit

The lawyer advised his client against filing a lawsuit as it would take a lot of time and money to resolve.

My ex-fiancé filed a lawsuit against me for a false restraining order and defamation.

It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

(law) In civil law, a case where two or more people disagree and one or more of the parties take the case to a court for resolution.

saak

case where a court is needed to resolve differences


causa

Borrowed from Latin causa. Doublet of the inherited cosa. Cognates include English cause, French cause, Italian causa, Portuguese causa, Spanish causa.


causa

Borrowed from Latin causa. Doublet of the inherited cosa. Cognates include English and French cause, Portuguese and Spanish causa.


causa

la-noun

causa f (genitive causae); first declension

causae (genitive)
causa (nominative singular)
causae (nominative plural)
causae (genitive singular)
causārum (genitive plural)
causae (dative singular)
causīs (dative plural)
causam (accusative singular)
causās (accusative plural)
causā (ablative singular)
causīs (ablative plural)
causa (singular vocative)
causae (plural vocative)
caussa (alternative)

From Old Latin caussa, from Proto-Italic *kaussā, further origin unknown. Connected by some to Latin cudo (“I strike”), in the sense "strike a cause," in which the Proto-Indo-European form would be *kewh₂-ud-ʰ-t-, from *kewh₂- (“to cut, strike”). Others are skeptical of an Indo-European origin. Related to Etruscan 𐌂𐌀𐌅𐌔𐌀 (cavsa).

unk

unknown


causa

Learned borrowing from Latin causa. Doublet of the inherited coisa and cousa. Cognates include English and French cause, Italian and Spanish causa.


causa

Borrowed from Latin causa. Doublet of the inherited cosa. Cognates include English and French cause, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish causa.


causa

Borrowed from Latin causa. Doublet of the inherited cosa. Cognates include English cause, French cause, Italian causa, Portuguese causa.


dolus

en-noun

dolus (countable and uncountable, plural doli)

Borrowed from Latin dolus (“deceit, trickery”); akin to Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “bait, ruse”). Compare dolose, dolosity.

der

Every actual delict presupposes a dolus or culpa, with the concomitant consciousness and prepense

1849, James G. Butler, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law:


attestation

Inherited from Middle French attestation, borrowed from Latin attestātiōnem.


casus

nl-noun

casus m (plural casussen or casus, diminutive casusje n)

casussen (plural)
casus (plural)
casusje (diminutive neuter)

→ Dutch: c.q.

→ Indonesian: kasus

Borrowed from Latin cāsus (“chance, event”), the past participle of cadō (“to fall, happen”).


casus

casus (nominative singular)
casusy (nominative plural)
casusu (genitive singular)
casusów (genitive plural)
casusowi (dative singular)
casusom (dative plural)
casus (accusative singular)
casusy (accusative plural)
casusem (instrumental singular)
casusami (instrumental plural)
casusie (locative singular)
casusach (locative plural)
casusie (singular vocative)
casusy (plural vocative)


constable

From Middle English constable, cunstable, constabil, connestable, cunestable, from Old French conestable, from Latin comes stabulī (“officer of the stables”). For the sense-development; compare marshal. Doublet of connétable.

der

(UK, law) A police officer or an officer with equivalent powers.

konstablo

a police officer or an officer with equivalent powers


malum prohibitum

en-noun

malum prohibitum (plural mala prohibita)

From Latin directly. Literally translated as "wrong because prohibited", or "bad because against the law".

(law) An action that is not inherently evil, but is nevertheless illegal only because prohibited, as opposed to malum in se. A malum prohibitum offense is something that is wrong only because a statute makes it so, or by consensus that society agrees to prohibit the act, and is typically regulatory in nature and often result in no direct injury or danger to the person, entity, or property but only merely create the danger or probability of it which the statute attempts to minimize. Used to develop consensual crimes.


mise

Borrowed from French mise (“a putting, setting, expense”).


ratio

→ Portuguese: rácio

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃi.əʊ/

/ˈɹeɪ.ʃiˌoʊ/

Borrowed from Latin ratiō. Doublet of ration and reason.


testimony

en-noun

testimony (countable and uncountable, plural testimonies)

testimonies (plural)
testimonie (alternative obsolete)

PIE word
 *tréyes
Inherited from Middle English testimonie, from Old French testimonie, from Latin testimōnium (“testimony”).

inh+

The Missouri prosecutors' case against Clemons, based partly on incriminating testimony given by his co-defendants, was that Clemons was part of a group of four youths who accosted the sisters on the Chain of Rocks Bridge one dark night in April 1991.

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

(law) Statements made by a witness in court.


alienation

en-noun

alienation (usually uncountable, plural alienations)

From Middle English alienacioun, borrowed from Old French alienacion, itself borrowed from Latin aliēnātiōnem.

The most usual and universal method of acquiring a title to real estates is that of alienation, conveyance, or purchase in it's limited sense: under which may be comprized any method wherein estates are voluntarily resigned by one man, and accepted by another; whether that be effected by sale, gift, marriage settlement, devise, or other transmission of property by the mutual consent of the parties.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Title by Alienation”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England:

(property law) The transfer of property to another person.


blackmail

Anglo-Scottish border
Scottish Highlands
blackmail
border reivers

From black + mail (“a piece of money”). Compare Middle English blak rente (“a type of blackmail levied by Irish chieftains”).
The word is variously derived from the tribute paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to border reivers in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. This tribute was paid in goods or labour, in Latin reditus nigri (“black mail”); the opposite is blanche firmes or reditus albi (“white rent”), denoting payment by silver.
McKay derives it from two Scottish Gaelic words blàthaich, pronounced (the th silent) bl-aich, "to protect" and màl (“tribute, payment”). He notes that the practice was common in the Scottish Highlands as well as the Borders.
More likely, from black + Middle English mal, male, maile (“a payment, rent, tribute”), from Old English māl (“speech, contract, agreement, lawsuit, terms, bargaining”), from Old Norse mál (“agreement, speech, lawsuit”); related to Old English mæðel (“meeting, council”), mæl (“speech”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl, “meeting place”), from Proto-Germanic *maþlą (“gathering, agreement”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to give advice, measure”). From the practice of freebooting clan chieftains who ran protection rackets against Scottish farmers. Black from the evil of the practice.
Expanded c. 1826 to any type of extortion money. Compare silver mail (“rent paid in money”) (1590s); buttock mail (“fine imposed for fornication”) (1530s, Scottish).

der

(England law, historical) Black rent; rent paid in corn, meat, or the lowest coin, as opposed to white rent, which was paid in silver.


charter

en-verb

charter (third-person singular simple present charters, present participle chartering, simple past and past participle chartered)

charters (present singular third-person)
chartering (participle present)
chartered (participle past)
chartered (past)
chartre (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English charter, chartre, borrowed from Old French chartre, from Latin chartula (diminutive of charta). See chart. Doublet of chartula.

(transitive, Canada, law) (of a peace officer) To inform (an arrestee) of their constitutional rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms upon arrest.


malum in se

From Latin malum, the neuter of malus (“bad”) + in (“in”) + se, form of sui (“oneself, itself”).

malum prohibitum
malum prohibitum#English

(law) The Latin phrase used in law to refer to crimes that are illegal from the nature of crime, that is, inherently evil without any fact of being noticed or punished, as opposed to malum prohibitum. Used to develop common law crimes.


persona

From Latin persōna (“person”), of Etruscan origin.


title

⇒ Wu: 抬頭 /抬头 (⁶de-deu)

→ Japanese: タイトル (taitoru)

→ Korean: 타이틀 (taiteul)

→ Welsh: teitl

From Middle English title, titel, from Old English titul (“title, heading, superscription”), from Latin titulus (“title, inscription”). Doublet of tilde, titer/titre, titlo, tittle, and titulus.

títol

section or division of a subject, as a law, lawbook, etc

a good title to an estate, or an imperfect title

(property law) Legal right to ownership of a property; a deed or other certificate proving this.


promise

en-noun

promise (countable and uncountable, plural promises)

promises (plural)
promyse (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English promis, promisse, borrowed from Old French promesse, from Medieval Latin prōmissa, Latin prōmissum (“a promise”), feminine and neuter past participles of prōmittō (“I send forth, I say beforehand, I promise”), from pro (“forth”) + mittere (“to send”); see mission. Compare admit, commit, permit, etc. Displaced native ġehātan (“to promise”) and ġehāt (“a promise”).

He purſued Andrew Houſtoun upon his promiſe, to give him the like Sallary for the next year, and in abſence obtained him to be holden as confeſt and Decerned.

1668 July 3rd, James Dalrymple, “Thomas Rue contra Andrew Houſtoun” in The Deciſions of the Lords of Council & Seſſion I (Edinburgh, 1683), pages 547–548

(countable, law) A transaction between two persons whereby the first person undertakes in the future to render some service or gift to the second person or devotes something valuable now and here to his use.


suffer

en-verb

suffer (third-person singular simple present suffers, present participle suffering, simple past and past participle suffered)

suffers (present singular third-person)
suffering (participle present)
suffered (participle past)
suffered (past)
suffer (infinitive)
suffer (first-person present singular)
suffered (first-person past singular)
suffer (present second-person singular)
sufferest (archaic present second-person singular)
suffered (past second-person singular)
sufferedst (archaic past second-person singular)
suffers (present singular third-person)
suffereth (archaic present singular third-person)
suffered (past singular third-person)
suffer (plural present)
suffered (past plural)
suffer (present subjunctive)
suffered (past subjunctive)
suffer (imperative present)
suffering (participle present)
suffered (participle past)

English Creole:

Jamaican Creole: sofa

From Middle English suffren, from Anglo-Norman suffrir, from Latin sufferre (“to offer, hold up, bear, suffer”), from sub- (“up, under”) + ferō (“I carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Displaced native Old English þrōwian.

der

the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland


FDL

Free Documentation License
w:GNU Free Documentation License

(copyright law) Initialism of Free Documentation License.


post

en-verb

post (third-person singular simple present posts, present participle posting, simple past and past participle posted)

posts (present singular third-person)
posting (participle present)
posted (participle past)
posted (past)
poast (alternative obsolete)

Chinese: po

Inherited from Old English post (“pillar, door-post”) and Latin postis (“a post, a door-post”) through Old French. .

inh+

to post bail

For example, if the police or court sets bail at $1,000, and a suspect owns a fancy watch worth at least that amount, the defendant may be able to use the watch to post bail.

2022 January 1, Paul Bergman, Sara J. Berman, The Criminal Law Handbook: Know Your Rights, Survive the System, Nolo, →ISBN:

Because wealthy defendants are better positioned to post bail or provide collateral, the American bail system has been criticized as being biased against the poor.

2010 May 18, David Andrew Schultz, Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 45:

Carmen posted a $15,000 bond, and like the other Valenzuelas before her, failed to appear for trial. Morgan's scorecard for case 4: 4.4 pounds seized, 2 Valenzuelas arrested, 1 Valenzuela dismissed, 1 bail jump.

2006 05, Robert Perry, Dirty Money, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 34:

When you post bail, and the case is over, the court system will take 30 percent of that bail which, in this example, will be $3,000 of the original 10 percent that you posted. Hence, you will get $7,000 back.

1996, Lee N. June, Matthew Parker, Men to Men: Perspectives of Sixteen African-American Christian Men, Harper Collins, →ISBN, page 201:

(transitive) To deposit a payment that may or may not be returned.


poll

en-verb

poll (third-person singular simple present polls, present participle polling, simple past and past participle polled)

polls (present singular third-person)
polling (participle present)
polled (participle past)
polled (past)
pol (alternative)
pole (alternative)

From Middle English pol, polle ("scalp, pate"), from or cognate with Middle Dutch pol, pōle, polle (“top, summit; head”), from Proto-West Germanic *poll, from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“round object, head, top”), from Proto-Indo-European *bolno-, *bōwl- (“orb, round object, bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, swell”).
Akin to Scots pow (“head, crown, scalp, skull”), Saterland Frisian pol (“round, full, brimming”, adjective), German Low German Polle, Poll (“round object, ball”), German Low German Poller (“head, tree-top, bulb”), Danish puld (“crown of a hat”), Swedish dialectal pull (“head”).
Meaning "collection of votes" is first recorded 1625, from the notion of "counting heads".

cog

a polled deed

(law) To cut or shave smooth or even; to cut in a straight line without indentation


ester

Inherited from Old French ester (given a spelling-pronunciation), from Classical Latin stāre (cf. the juridical Medieval Latin senses).


public domain

From public (“able to be seen or known by everyone”) + domain (“field or sphere of activity, expertise, or influence”).

公有的

As the copyright in this book has lapsed, it is now in the public domain.

Any regime applied to the public domain should ensure such free use. Yet, the ‘public domainness’ does not guarantee as such a freedom to access to the resources it contains. Access to a public domain work will depend on many factors.

2011 March 4, Séverine Dusollier, “SCOPING STUDY ON COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS AND THE PUBLIC DOMAIN”, in World Intellectual Property Organization:

intellectual property
intellectual property

(also attributively) Often preceded by in the.

The state of not being owned by anyone, and thus freely usable by everyone.

(specifically, law) The realm of intellectual property which is not or no longer protected by copyrights or patents, and thus over which no person can establish a proprietary interest.


bond

en-noun

bond (countable and uncountable, plural bonds)

From Middle English bond, a variant of band, from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandaz, *bandiz (“band, fetter”). Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Swedish band. Doublet of Bund. Related to bind.

(law) Evidence of a long-term debt, by which the bond issuer (the borrower) is obliged to pay interest when due, and repay the principal at maturity, as specified on the face of the bond certificate. The rights of the holder are specified in the bond indenture, which contains the legal terms and conditions under which the bond was issued. Bonds are available in two forms: registered bonds, and bearer bonds.

The bailiff released the prisoner as soon as the bond was posted.

Ellison, who is out on bond, also faces the prospect of lengthy imprisonment. Her lawyers did not comment.

2023 September 30, Victoria Bekiempis, “‘Dark’ donations, free love and the fall: the Sam Bankman-Fried trial is here”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


continue

en-verb

continue (third-person singular simple present continues, present participle continuing, simple past and past participle continued)

continues (present singular third-person)
continuing (participle present)
continued (participle past)
continued (past)

terminate

antonym(s) of “transitive, proceed with, to prolong”

From Middle English continuen, from Old French continuer, from Latin continuāre. Displaced native Old English þurhwunian.

This meeting has been continued to the thirteenth of July.

(transitive, law) To adjourn, prorogue, put off.


issue

From Middle English issue, from Old French issue (“an exit, a way out”), feminine past participle of issir (“to exit”), from Latin exeō (“go out, exit”), from prefix ex- (“out”) + eō (“go”).
The legal meaning originated from the concept of "the end or result of pleadings in a suit (by presenting the point to be determined by trial)," leading to the sense of "the controversy over facts in a trial" (early 14th century, Anglo-French). This later extended to mean "a point of contention between two parties" (early 15th century) and more generally, "an important point to be decided" (1836). Consequently, the verbal phrase take issue with emerged in 1797 (preceded by join issue in the 1690s), meaning "to adopt an affirmative or negative stance in a dispute with another." The expression to have issues, meaning "to have unresolved conflicts," dates back to 1990.

drain

small incision etc. to drain excess bodily fluid

He died intestate and without issue, so the extended family have all lawyered up.

Someone or something that flows out or comes out, particularly:

(now usually historical or law) Offspring: one's natural child or children.

(historical or rare law) Income derived from fines levied by a court or law-enforcement officer; the fines themselves.

The issue before the court is whether participation in a group blog makes the plaintiff a public figure under the relevant statute.

Any question or situation to be resolved, particularly:

(law) A point of law or fact in dispute or question in a legal action presented for resolution by the court.


issue

issue (third-person singular simple present issues, present participle issuing, simple past and past participle issued)

issues (present singular third-person)
issuing (participle present)
issued (participle past)
issued (past)

(law) To come to a point in fact or law on which the parties join issue.


SDP

en-noun

SDP (countable and uncountable, plural SDPs)

(law, US) Initialism of sexually dangerous person.


particular

en-adj

particular (comparative more particular, superlative most particular)

more particular (comparative)
most particular (superlative)
non-comparable (also)
perticular (alternative)

From Middle English particuler, from Anglo-Norman particuler, Middle French particuler, particulier, from Late Latin particularis (“partial; separate, individual”), from Latin particula (“(small) part”). Equivalent to particle + -ar. Compare particle.

подробен

concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; precise; fastidious

a particular estate, or one precedent to an estate in remainder

a particular tenant

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

osa-

e.g. particular tenant - "osavuokralainen"


abolire

it-verb

abolìre (first-person singular present abolìsco, first-person singular past historic abolìi, past participle abolìto, auxiliary avére)

abolìre (canonical)
abolìsco (first-person present singular)
abolìi (first-person historic past singular)
abolìto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
abolìre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
abolèndo (gerund)
abolènte (participle present)
abolìto (participle past)
abolìsco (first-person indicative present singular)
abolìsci (indicative present second-person singular)
abolìsce (indicative present singular third-person)
aboliàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
abolìte (indicative plural present second-person)
abolìscono (indicative plural present third-person)
abolìvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
abolìvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
abolìva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
abolivàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
abolivàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
abolìvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
abolìi (first-person historic indicative past singular)
abolìsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
abolì (historic indicative past singular third-person)
abolìmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
abolìste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
abolìrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
abolirò (first-person future indicative singular)
abolirài (future indicative second-person singular)
abolirà (future indicative singular third-person)
abolirémo (first-person future indicative plural)
aboliréte (future indicative plural second-person)
abolirànno (future indicative plural third-person)
abolirèi (conditional first-person singular)
abolirésti (conditional second-person singular)
abolirèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
abolirébbe (conditional singular third-person)
abolirémmo (conditional first-person plural)
aboliréste (conditional plural second-person)
abolirèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
abolirébbero (conditional plural third-person)
abolìsca (first-person present singular subjunctive)
abolìsca (present second-person singular subjunctive)
abolìsca (present singular subjunctive third-person)
aboliàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
aboliàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
abolìscano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
abolìssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
abolìssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
abolìsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
abolìssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
abolìste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
abolìssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
abolìsci (imperative second-person singular)
abolìsca (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
aboliàmo (first-person imperative plural)
abolìte (imperative plural second-person)
abolìscano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
abolìre (imperative negative second-person singular)
abolìsca (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
aboliàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
abolìte (imperative negative plural second-person)
abolìscano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

Borrowed from Latin abolēre (“destroy, abolish”).

bor+

(law) to abrogate, to annul, to cancel, to repeal


umpire

→ Maori: amapaea

From a Middle English rebracketing of a noumpere as an oumpere, from Old French nonper (“odd number, not even (as a tie-breaking arbitrator)”), from non (“not”) + per (“equal”), from Latin par (“equal”). Doublet of nonpareil.

tredeog

an official who oversees a game or match

You for their umpire and their ſynod take, / And their appeal alone to Cæſar make.

a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “To His Sacred Majesty. A Panegyric on his Coronation.”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume I, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 34:

(law) A person who arbitrates between contending parties.

մրցավար

a person who arbitrates between contending parties


composition

en-noun

composition (countable and uncountable, plural compositions)

→ Korean: 컴포지션 (keompojisyeon)

/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

From Middle English composicioun, borrowed from Old French composicion, from Latin compositiō, compositiōnem.

hyvitys

agreement to pay money in order to clear a liability or obligation

(obsolete) A payment of money in order to clear a liability or obligation; a settling or fine.

(Singapore, law) A payment of fine in order to settle a (usually minor) criminal charge.

(law) an agreement or compromise by which a creditor or group of creditors accepts partial payment from a debtor.

velkajärjestely

legal: agreement by which creditors accept partial payment from a debtor


conclusion

conclusion (countable and uncountable, plural conclusions)

conclusions (plural)
concl. (alternative)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French conclusion, from Latin conclūsiō, from the past participle stem of conclūdere (“to conclude”), from con- + claudō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, conclude + -sion.

der

(law) The end or close of a pleading, for example, the formal ending of an indictment, "against the peace", etc.

It was determined, that though the fine operated at first by conclusion, and passed no interest, yet the estoppel should bind the heir

1818, William Cruise, A Digest of the Laws of England Respecting Real Property:

(law) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position.


pursuit

en-noun

pursuit (countable and uncountable, plural pursuits)

pursuits (plural)
poursuit (alternative)
pursuite (alternative)
pursiut (alternative)

From Middle English pursuyte, from Old French poursuite, from the verb porsuir (“to pursue”).

That pursuit for tithes ought, and of ancient time did pertain to the spiritual court.

1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):


agire

it-verb

agìre (first-person singular present agìsco, first-person singular past historic agìi, past participle agìto, auxiliary avére)

agìre [auxiliary avere] (canonical)
agìsco (first-person present singular)
agìi (first-person historic past singular)
agìto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
agìre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
agèndo (gerund)
agènte (participle present)
agìto (participle past)
agìsco (first-person indicative present singular)
agìsci (indicative present second-person singular)
agìsce (indicative present singular third-person)
agiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
agìte (indicative plural present second-person)
agìscono (indicative plural present third-person)
agìvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
agìvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
agìva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
agivàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
agivàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
agìvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
agìi (first-person historic indicative past singular)
agìsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
agì (historic indicative past singular third-person)
agìmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
agìste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
agìrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
agirò (first-person future indicative singular)
agirài (future indicative second-person singular)
agirà (future indicative singular third-person)
agirémo (first-person future indicative plural)
agiréte (future indicative plural second-person)
agirànno (future indicative plural third-person)
agirèi (conditional first-person singular)
agirésti (conditional second-person singular)
agirèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
agirébbe (conditional singular third-person)
agirémmo (conditional first-person plural)
agiréste (conditional plural second-person)
agirèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
agirébbero (conditional plural third-person)
agìsca (first-person present singular subjunctive)
agìsca (present second-person singular subjunctive)
agìsca (present singular subjunctive third-person)
agiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
agiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
agìscano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
agìssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
agìssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
agìsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
agìssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
agìste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
agìssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
agìsci (imperative second-person singular)
agìsca (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
agiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
agìte (imperative plural second-person)
agìscano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
agìre (imperative negative second-person singular)
agìsca (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
agiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
agìte (imperative negative plural second-person)
agìscano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

Borrowed from French agir, itself borrowed from Latin agere.


contempt

en-noun

contempt (countable and uncountable, plural contempts)

contempts (plural)
cōtempt (alternative obsolete)
cõtempt (alternative obsolete)

From Latin contemptus (“scorn”), from contemnō (“I scorn, despise”), from com- + temnō (“I despise”). Displaced native Old English forsewennes.

The panel voted unanimously on Tuesday to recommend charging Mr. [Stephen K.] Bannon with criminal contempt of Congress for defying its subpoena, sending the issue to the House.

2021 October 19, Luke Broadwater, “House Panel Recommends Contempt Charge Against Bannon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Justice Merchan has yet to issue a ruling on whether to find Mr. Trump in contempt.

2024 April 28, Maggie Haberman, Jonah E. Bromwich, “Trump’s Trial Could Bring a Rarity: Consequences for His Words”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) Open disrespect or willful disobedience of the authority of a court of law or legislative body.

неуважение

law: open disrespect or willful disobedience of the authority


courtesy

courtesy (countable and uncountable, plural courtesies)

From Middle English curteisie, curtesie, from Anglo-Norman curtesie, from Old French curteisie, cortoisie. Equivalent to courteous + -y (abstract noun suffix).

(law) The life interest that the surviving husband has in the real or heritable estate of his wife.


amenable

en-adj

amenable (comparative more amenable, superlative most amenable)

more amenable (comparative)
most amenable (superlative)

From French as if *amenable, from amener (“to bring or lead, fetch in or to”), from a- + mener (“to lead, conduct”), from Late Latin mināre (“to drive”), Latin deponent minārī (“to threaten, menace”).

Decisions of the Boards of Appeal are amenable to actions before the Court of Justice of the European Communities.

(law) Liable to the legal authority of (something).

hatálya/illetékessége alá tartozik

liable to the legal authority of (something)


mister

Macanese: mestê

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese mester, *mẽester, from Latin ministerium (“employment”). Doublet of metiê and ministério.


yield

en-noun

yield (countable and uncountable, plural yields)

Verb from Middle English yielden, yelden, ȝelden (“to yield, pay”), from Old English ġieldan (“to pay”), from Proto-West Germanic *geldan, from Proto-Germanic *geldaną (“to pay”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots yield (“to yield”), North Frisian jilden (“to pay”), Saterland Frisian jäilde (“to be valid; matter; count; be worth”), West Frisian jilde (“to pay”), Low German gellen, gelden (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Dutch gelden (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), German gelten (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Icelandic gjalda (“to pay, yield, give”), Danish gælde (“to apply, count, be valued, be regarded”), Norwegian Bokmål gjelde.
Noun from Middle English ȝeld, from Old English ġield, from Proto-West Germanic *geld, from Proto-Germanic *geldą (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to pay”).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian jild, Dutch geld, Low German and German Geld, Danish gæld, Swedish gäld, Icelandic gjald. See also geld.

inh

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013 July 6, “The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8843, page 68:

(law) The current return as a percentage of the price of a stock or bond.


misrule

en-verb

misrule (third-person singular simple present misrules, present participle misruling, simple past and past participle misruled)

misrules (present singular third-person)
misruling (participle present)
misruled (participle past)
misruled (past)

From Middle English mysrule; equivalent to mis- + rule.

(law) Of a trial judge, to make a bad decision in court.


prevarication

en-noun

prevarication (countable and uncountable, plural prevarications)

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

From Anglo-Norman prevaricassion, Middle French prevarication, and their source, Latin praevāricātiō (“collusion with an opponent; transgression; deceit”), from the stem of praevāricor.

der

(Ancient Rome, law, historical) The collusion of an informer with the defendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution.

If it shall appeare, that they haue forfeited their Faith, or wronged their Client by preuarication.

1628, Robert Le Grys, Argenis, translation of original by John Barclay:

(law) A false or deceitful seeming to undertake a thing for the purpose of defeating or destroying it.


misjoinder

(law) An incorrect union of parties or of causes of action in a procedure in court.


equitable

en-adj

equitable (comparative more equitable, superlative most equitable)

more equitable (comparative)
most equitable (superlative)
æquitable (alternative)

From French équitable, from Old French, from equité (“equity”).

(law) Relating to the general principles of justice that correct or supplement the provisions of the law; relating to equity or courts of equity.


defense

en-noun

defense (countable and uncountable, plural defenses)

defenses (plural)
defence (alternative British)

From Middle English defens, defense, from Old French defens, defense, from Late Latin dēfēnsa (“protection”). Displaced native Old English bewering. The verb is from the noun.

obrana

An argument in support or justification of something.

(law, by extension) The case presented by the defendant in a legal proceeding.

(law, by extension) The lawyer or team thereof who presents such a case.


este

este (nominative singular)
esteet (nominative plural)
este (accusative nominative singular)
esteet (accusative nominative plural)
esteen (accusative genitive singular)
esteet (accusative genitive plural)
esteen (genitive singular)
esteiden (genitive plural)
esteitten (genitive plural)
estettä (partitive singular)
esteitä (partitive plural)
esteessä (inessive singular)
esteissä (inessive plural)
esteestä (elative singular)
esteistä (elative plural)
esteeseen (illative singular)
esteisiin (illative plural)
esteihin (illative plural)
esteellä (adessive singular)
esteillä (adessive plural)
esteeltä (ablative singular)
esteiltä (ablative plural)
esteelle (allative singular)
esteille (allative plural)
esteenä (essive singular)
esteinä (essive plural)
esteeksi (singular translative)
esteiksi (plural translative)
esteettä (abessive singular)
esteittä (abessive plural)
estein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
esteeni (nominative singular)
esteeni (nominative plural)
esteeni (accusative nominative singular)
esteeni (accusative nominative plural)
esteeni (accusative genitive singular)
esteeni (accusative genitive plural)
esteeni (genitive singular)
esteideni (genitive plural)
esteitteni (genitive plural)
estettäni (partitive singular)
esteitäni (partitive plural)
esteessäni (inessive singular)
esteissäni (inessive plural)
esteestäni (elative singular)
esteistäni (elative plural)
esteeseeni (illative singular)
esteisiini (illative plural)
esteihini (illative plural)
esteelläni (adessive singular)
esteilläni (adessive plural)
esteeltäni (ablative singular)
esteiltäni (ablative plural)
esteelleni (allative singular)
esteilleni (allative plural)
esteenäni (essive singular)
esteinäni (essive plural)
esteekseni (singular translative)
esteikseni (plural translative)
esteettäni (abessive singular)
esteittäni (abessive plural)
esteineni (comitative plural)
esteesi (nominative singular)
esteesi (nominative plural)
esteesi (accusative nominative singular)
esteesi (accusative nominative plural)
esteesi (accusative genitive singular)
esteesi (accusative genitive plural)
esteesi (genitive singular)
esteidesi (genitive plural)
esteittesi (genitive plural)
estettäsi (partitive singular)
esteitäsi (partitive plural)
esteessäsi (inessive singular)
esteissäsi (inessive plural)
esteestäsi (elative singular)
esteistäsi (elative plural)
esteeseesi (illative singular)
esteisiisi (illative plural)
esteihisi (illative plural)
esteelläsi (adessive singular)
esteilläsi (adessive plural)
esteeltäsi (ablative singular)
esteiltäsi (ablative plural)
esteellesi (allative singular)
esteillesi (allative plural)
esteenäsi (essive singular)
esteinäsi (essive plural)
esteeksesi (singular translative)
esteiksesi (plural translative)
esteettäsi (abessive singular)
esteittäsi (abessive plural)
esteinesi (comitative plural)
esteemme (nominative singular)
esteemme (nominative plural)
esteemme (accusative nominative singular)
esteemme (accusative nominative plural)
esteemme (accusative genitive singular)
esteemme (accusative genitive plural)
esteemme (genitive singular)
esteidemme (genitive plural)
esteittemme (genitive plural)
estettämme (partitive singular)
esteitämme (partitive plural)
esteessämme (inessive singular)
esteissämme (inessive plural)
esteestämme (elative singular)
esteistämme (elative plural)
esteeseemme (illative singular)
esteisiimme (illative plural)
esteihimme (illative plural)
esteellämme (adessive singular)
esteillämme (adessive plural)
esteeltämme (ablative singular)
esteiltämme (ablative plural)
esteellemme (allative singular)
esteillemme (allative plural)
esteenämme (essive singular)
esteinämme (essive plural)
esteeksemme (singular translative)
esteiksemme (plural translative)
esteettämme (abessive singular)
esteittämme (abessive plural)
esteinemme (comitative plural)
esteenne (nominative singular)
esteenne (nominative plural)
esteenne (accusative nominative singular)
esteenne (accusative nominative plural)
esteenne (accusative genitive singular)
esteenne (accusative genitive plural)
esteenne (genitive singular)
esteidenne (genitive plural)
esteittenne (genitive plural)
estettänne (partitive singular)
esteitänne (partitive plural)
esteessänne (inessive singular)
esteissänne (inessive plural)
esteestänne (elative singular)
esteistänne (elative plural)
esteeseenne (illative singular)
esteisiinne (illative plural)
esteihinne (illative plural)
esteellänne (adessive singular)
esteillänne (adessive plural)
esteeltänne (ablative singular)
esteiltänne (ablative plural)
esteellenne (allative singular)
esteillenne (allative plural)
esteenänne (essive singular)
esteinänne (essive plural)
esteeksenne (singular translative)
esteiksenne (plural translative)
esteettänne (abessive singular)
esteittänne (abessive plural)
esteinenne (comitative plural)
esteensä (nominative singular)
esteensä (nominative plural)
esteensä (accusative nominative singular)
esteensä (accusative nominative plural)
esteensä (accusative genitive singular)
esteensä (accusative genitive plural)
esteensä (genitive singular)
esteidensä (genitive plural)
esteittensä (genitive plural)
estettään (partitive singular)
estettänsä (partitive singular)
esteitään (partitive plural)
esteitänsä (partitive plural)
esteessään (inessive singular)
esteessänsä (inessive singular)
esteissään (inessive plural)
esteissänsä (inessive plural)
esteestään (elative singular)
esteestänsä (elative singular)
esteistään (elative plural)
esteistänsä (elative plural)
esteeseensä (illative singular)
esteisiinsä (illative plural)
esteihinsä (illative plural)
esteellään (adessive singular)
esteellänsä (adessive singular)
esteillään (adessive plural)
esteillänsä (adessive plural)
esteeltään (ablative singular)
esteeltänsä (ablative singular)
esteiltään (ablative plural)
esteiltänsä (ablative plural)
esteelleen (allative singular)
esteellensä (allative singular)
esteilleen (allative plural)
esteillensä (allative plural)
esteenään (essive singular)
esteenänsä (essive singular)
esteinään (essive plural)
esteinänsä (essive plural)
esteekseen (singular translative)
esteeksensä (singular translative)
esteikseen (plural translative)
esteiksensä (plural translative)
esteettään (abessive singular)
esteettänsä (abessive singular)
esteittään (abessive plural)
esteittänsä (abessive plural)
esteineen (comitative plural)
esteinensä (comitative plural)

→ Karelian:

North Karelian: ešte

pätevä este


perjury

perjury (countable and uncountable, plural perjuries)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒəɹi/

From Anglo-Norman perjurie, from Latin perjurare (“swear falsely”), from per- + jūrāre. Displaced native Old English mānāþ (literally “false oath”).

ncog

We declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.

(law) The deliberate giving of false or misleading testimony under oath.


blur

en-verb

blur (third-person singular simple present blurs, present participle blurring, simple past and past participle blurred)

blurs (present singular third-person)
blurring (participle present)
blurred (participle past)
blurred (past)

From earlier blurre, probably an alteration of blear, from Middle English bleren, from Old English *blerian (attested in āblered (“made bare, made bald”)), from Proto-West Germanic *blaʀjan, from Proto-Germanic *blazjaną (“to make pale”), from Proto-Germanic *blasaz (“pale”). Compare Scots blore, bloar (“to blur, cover with blots”), Low German bleeroged (“blear-eyed”). More at blear.

inh

(copyright law) To use a sign, image, expression, etc. sufficiently close to a trademarked one that it causes confusion between them.


custom

en-noun

custom (countable and uncountable, plural customs)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
 PIE word
 *swé
From Middle English custume, borrowed from Anglo-Norman custume, inherited from Latin consuētūdinem, a noun derived from cōnsuēscō, from con- (“with”) + suēscō (“become used or accustomed to”). Doublet of costume and consuetude.
The adjectival form first appears c. 1830.

klandizie

habitual buying of goods from one same vendor

The distinction between custom and usage it that usage is a fact and custom is a law. There can be usage without custom, but not custom without usage.

1888, Francis Wharton, A Commentary on the Law of Evidence in Civil Issues, 3rd edition, volume 2, page 188:

(law) Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent. Compare prescription.


judgment

judgment (countable and uncountable, plural judgments)

judgments (plural)
judgement (alternative Commonwealth)
iugement (alternative obsolete)
iudgement (alternative obsolete)
iudgment (alternative obsolete)
iudgemente (alternative obsolete)
iudgmente (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English juggement, borrowed from Old French jugement, from Late Latin iūdicāmentum, from Latin iūdicō. Displaced native doom. By surface analysis, judge + -ment.

In judgments between the Rich and the Poor: it is not to be considered what the poor man needs, but what is his own

1651, Jer[emy] Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Francis Ashe […], →OCLC:

Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

(law) The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge.

присъда

(law) act of determining what is conformable to law


perfection

perfection (countable and uncountable, plural perfections)

From Middle English perfeccioun, from Old French perfection, from Latin perfectiō. Displaced native Old English fulfremednes.

(law) The process or act of establishing official recognition for a legal claim, generally in the context of security interests.


instruction

instruction (countable and uncountable, plural instructions)

From Middle English instruccioun, from Old French instruccion, from Latin instructio; equivalent to instruct + -ion.

I cannot act until I have taken instructions from my client.

(law, in the plural) The directions given by a client to their lawyer in relation to a particular legal matter, which govern the purpose and scope of their work.

инструкция

that which instructs, or with which one is instructed


tinsel

The noun is derived from Middle English tinsel (“destruction, loss; damnation, spiritual loss; state of damnation”) [and other forms], probably from Old Norse *týnsla (modern Norwegian tynsla (“damage, destruction”)), from týna (“to destroy; to lose; to perish”) (whence Middle English tinen (“to be deprived of, lose; to fail to maintain; to forfeit; to lose track of; to mislay; to be separated from; to escape; to be defeated or forced to withdraw; to waste; to consume, use up; to be destroyed, perish; to damn; to remove, take”)) + -sla (suffix forming nouns from verbs, either denoting the action of the verb or the medium or product of the action). Týna is derived from tjón (“damage; loss”), from Proto-Germanic *teuną (“damage; destruction, ruin; lack”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dū- (“to torment, vex”) or *dāw- (“to burn”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

tensale, tenselle, tinsail, tinsaill, tinsale, tinsall, tinsell, tinselle, tinsil, tinsill, tynsal, tynsall, tynsel, tynsele, tynsell, tynsil, tynsyll,


stranger

acquaintance

antonym(s) of “person whom one does not know”

From Middle English straunger, from Old French estrangier (“foreign, alien”), from estrange, from Latin extraneus (“foreign, external”) (whence also English estrange), from extra (“outside of”). Cognate with French étranger (“foreigner, stranger”) and Spanish extranjero (“foreigner”). Displaced native Old English fremde (literally “strange or unfamiliar person”).

sumido

one who has not been seen for a long time

Actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title.

[Judge Beverly] Davis then granted the adoption to the new wife of the boy's father; this action designated the boy's natural mother a "legal stranger," terminating all rights the mother had to visit her child.

1980 August 9, Jil Clark, “Lesbian Mother Fights For Son”, in Gay Community News, page 1:

(law) One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right.


redirect

(law) An examination of a witness, following cross-examination, by the party that conducted the direct examination, re-examination.


status

en-noun

status (countable and uncountable, plural statuses or status)

→ Cantonese: status

Northern England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, many accents

A learned borrowing from Latin status. A doublet of state and estate.

(law) The legal condition of a person or thing.

He is a status Indian.

(Canada, usually used to modify another noun) The state (of a Canadian First Nations person) of being registered under the Indian Act.


status

status (nominative singular)
statusy (nominative plural)
statusu (genitive singular)
statusów (genitive plural)
statusowi (dative singular)
statusom (dative plural)
status (accusative singular)
statusy (accusative plural)
statusem (instrumental singular)
statusami (instrumental plural)
statusie (locative singular)
statusach (locative plural)
statusie (singular vocative)
statusy (plural vocative)


indict

en-verb

indict (third-person singular simple present indicts, present participle indicting, simple past and past participle indicted)

indicts (present singular third-person)
indicting (participle present)
indicted (participle past)
indicted (past)

From Middle English enditen, endyten (“to accuse”), from Old French enditer (“to dictate, indite”), from Late Latin indictāre, frequentative of Latin indicere (“to proclaim”), from in- + dicere (“to say”), or from in- + dictāre (“to say often, to dictate”). Doublet of indite.
The irregular spelling is due to the word having been borrowed into Middle English from Old French, and not from Latin as was the case with most other descendants of dictāre (but see dight). The borrowed /iː/ regularly shifted to /aɪ/ in the course of the Great Vowel Shift; the ⟨c⟩ represents a later attempt at graphic Latinisation.

der

his former manager was indicted for fraud

“Now, let’s consider what our competition did in the same six-week period,” wrote Betsy Ankney, Haley’s campaign manager. “Donald Trump had a good Q1, if you count being indicted as ‘good.'"

2023 April 11 [2023 April 10], Sarah Elbeshbishi, quoting Betsy Ankney, “Former South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley slams Donald Trump, Ron DeSantis in campaign letter”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-12:

(law) To make a formal accusation or indictment for a crime against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.

предявявам обвинение

to make a formal accusation or indictment


utter

en-verb

utter (third-person singular simple present utters, present participle uttering, simple past and past participle uttered)

utters (present singular third-person)
uttering (participle present)
uttered (participle past)
uttered (past)
utter (infinitive)
utter (first-person present singular)
uttered (first-person past singular)
utter (present second-person singular)
utterest (archaic present second-person singular)
uttered (past second-person singular)
utteredst (archaic past second-person singular)
utters (present singular third-person)
uttereth (archaic present singular third-person)
uttered (past singular third-person)
utter (plural present)
uttered (past plural)
utter (present subjunctive)
uttered (past subjunctive)
utter (imperative present)
uttering (participle present)
uttered (participle past)

PIE word
 *úd
From Middle English outren, utteren (“to display for sale; to market; to sell; to say, speak; to put into words, express, tell; to make known, reveal”), partly:
* from outre, utter (adjective, adverb) (see etymology 1 and etymology 3) + -en (suffix forming the infinitives of verbs); and
* from Middle Dutch uteren (“to announce, make known; to demonstrate, show; to speak; to drive away”) (modern Dutch uiteren); or from Middle Low German üteren, ütern (“to demonstrate, show; to speak; to sell; etc.”) (modern Low German ütern; compare Middle High German ūzeren, whence German äußern (“to express, say, utter”)), probably from Proto-West Germanic *ūtanā (“from outside or without; outside of”), from Proto-Germanic *ūtanē (“from outside or without; outside of”), from *ūt (“out; outward”) (from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“away; out, outward; upwards”)) + *-anē (suffix forming adverbs with ablative direction).

laskea liikkeeseen

(transitive) to put (currency or other valuable items) into circulation

пускам в обращение

(transitive) to pass off (counterfeit currency, etc.) as legal tender; to use (a forged cheque) as if genuine

utters

unwanted depressions, etc., on the surface of an object caused by a tool

[…] Her Maiestie now vnderstandynge, that there are sithens that tyme certayne other forrayne peeces of golde, of the like quantitie and fashion (although of lesse value) lyke to an Englyshe Angell, brought hyther, and here vttered and payde for ten shyllynges of syluer, beyng for they lacke of wayght, and for the basenesse of the allay, not worth. vii. shillinges, to the great deceite and losse of the subiectes of this her Realme: […] her good subiects may eyther vtterly forbeare to receyue any such forrayne Angels, or els to take them accordyng to theyr waight as bullion, and to bryng them to her Maiesties Mynte, where they shall haue redy money in golde or syluer at theyr pleasure, accordyng to the iust value thereof.

1564 June 17 (Gregorian calendar), By the Quene [Elizabeth I]. Where as the Quenes Maiestie, by Her Proclamation Published in Nouember, the Thirde Yere of Her Maiesties Raigne, Touching the Valuation of Forrayne Coynes of Golde […], London: […] Rycharde Iugge and Iohn Cawood, printers to the Quenes Maiestie, published [1565], →OCLC:

[…] Memory, which laying by, preſeruing and imprinting in it ſelfe al the Images and formes of viſible & intelligible things, could not vtter them in time conuenient and diſpoſe them to the tongue and penne, vnleſſe it had ſo ordered, and oftentimes recounted them, […]

1588, Torquato Tasso, translated by T[homas] K[yd], The Housholders Philosophie. Wherein is Perfectly and Profitably Described, the True Oeconomia and Forme of Housekeeping. […], London: […] J[ohn] C[harlewood] for Thomas Hacket, […], →OCLC, folio 21, verso:

[T]he variouſly denominated Attic Obolus, vvith the Head of Minerva and Noctua, of as vulgar Uſe as our Farthings, but hardly by half ſo large as the Tokens vvhich every Tavern and Tippling-Houſe (in the days of late Anarchy among us) preſum'd to ſtamp and utter for immediate Exchange, as they vvere paſſable through the Neighbourhood, […]

1697, J[ohn] Evelyn, “Of the Use of Medals, whether for Money, or to Preserve the Memory of Worthy Actions; Their Antiquity, Materials, Size, Model, &c.”, in Numismata. A Discourse of Medals, Antient and Modern. […], London: […] Benj[amin] Tooke […], →OCLC, page 16:

[S]ince the Lavv does not oblige us to receive this Coyn, and conſequently the Patent leaves it to our Voluntary Choice, there is nothing remaining to preſerve us from Ruin but that the vvhole Kingdom ſhould continue in a firm determinate Reſolution never to Receive or Utter this FATAL Coyn: […]

1724 September 5 (Gregorian calendar), M. B. [pseudonym; Jonathan Swift], Some Observations upon a Paper, Call’d The Report of the Committee of the Most Honourable the Privy-Council in England, Relating to Wood’s Half-pence. […], Dublin: […] John Harding […], →OCLC, page 28:

The Man vvho is vvantonly profuſe of his Promiſes ought to ſink his Credit as much as a Tradeſman vvould by uttering great Numbers of Promiſſory Notes, payable at a diſtant Day. The trueſt Concluſion in both Caſes is, that neither intend, or vvill be able to pay.

1743, Henry Fielding, “An Essay on the Knowledge of the Characters of Men”, in Miscellanies, […], volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 204:

COINING (Joint uttering.) If two persons jointly prepare counterfeit coin, and then utter it in different shops, apart from each other, but in concert and intending to share the proceeds, the utterings of each are the joint utterings of both, and they may be convicted jointly.—Reg. v. Hurse, 2 M. & Rob. 360.

1841 August–November, “Digest of Cases. Common Law.”, in The Law Magazine; or Quarterly Review of Jurisprudence, volume XXVII, number LV, London: Saunders and Benning, law booksellers, (successors to J[oseph] Butterworth and Son,) […], →OCLC, page 415:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That if any person or persons, except as now authorized by law, shall hereafter make, or cause to be made, or shall utter or pass, or attempt to utter or pass, any coins of gold or silver, or other metals or alloys of metals, intended for the use and purpose of current money, whether in the resemblance of coins of the United States or of foreign countries, or of original design, every person so offending shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceeding three thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, or both, at the discretion of the court, according to the aggravation of the offense.

1864 June 8 (date approved), “[Laws of the United States. Acts of the Thirty-eighth Congress of the United States.] Chap[ter] CXIV. An Act to Punish and Prevent the Counterfeiting of Coin of the United States.”, in John C. Rives, editor, Appendix to the Congressional Globe: […] (38th Congress, 1st session), number 12 (New Series), Washington, D.C.: John C. Rives […], published 11 June 1864, →OCLC, page 176, columns 1–2:

A man named Edward Agar was convicted in October 1855 of uttering a forged cheque, and sentenced to be transported for life.

1875, George Hayter Chubb, “The Art of Burglary”, in Protection from Fire and Thieves […], London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 23:

A person shall not utter a postage stamp knowing it to be forged.

1914 September 12, Parliament of Australia, Crimes Act 1914 (No. 12, 1914; Compilation No. 159), volume 2, Canberra, A.C.T.: Office of Parliamentary Counsel, published 21 February 2025, archived from the original on 2025-03-03, part VIIA (Offences Relating to Postal Services), section 85G(2), page 162:

(law) To put (currency or other valuable items) into circulation; specifically, to pass off (counterfeit currency, etc.) as legal tender; to use (a forged cheque) as if genuine.

Centaure, hovv our iudgements vvere impos'd on by theſe adulterate knights! / Cen[taure]. Nay, madame, Mavis vvas more deceiu'd then vve, 'tvvas her commendation vtter'd 'hem in the colledge.

1609 December (first performance), Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Epicoene, or The Silent Woman. A Comœdie. […]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, Act IIII, scene vi, page 583:

[T]he great bards / Of Greece, of Rome, and mine own master land, / […] / Men who have forged gods—uttered—made them pass: […]

1839, [Philip James Bailey], “Scene—Another and a Better World”, in Festus: A Poem, London: William Pickering, →OCLC, page 145:

(figurative) To pass off (something fake) as a genuine item.

esittää aitona

(transitive) to pass off (something fake) as a genuine item


versus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

From Middle English versus, borrowed from Latin versus (“facing”), past participle of vertere (“to turn, change, overthrow, destroy”).

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.

(law) Bringing a legal action against, as used in the title of a court case in which the first party indicates the plaintiff (or appellant or the like), and the second indicates the defendant (or respondent or the like).


dismissal

en-noun

dismissal (countable and uncountable, plural dismissals)

From dismiss + -al. A nineteenth-century coinage (modelled on committal etc.), replacing the regular form dismission.

(law) The rejection of a legal proceeding, or a claim or charge made therein.


engross

en-verb

engross (third-person singular simple present engrosses, present participle engrossing, simple past and past participle engrossed)

engrosses (present singular third-person)
engrossing (participle present)
engrossed (participle past)
engrossed (past)
ingross (alternative archaic historical)

From Middle English engrossen, from Anglo-Norman engrosser (“to gather in large quantities, draft something in final form”); partly from the phrase en gros (“in bulk, in quantity, at wholesale”), from en- + gros; and partly from Medieval Latin ingrossō (“thicken, write something large and in bold lettering”, v.), from in- + grossus (“great, big, thick”), from Old High German grōz (“big, thick, coarse”), from Proto-West Germanic *graut, from Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“large, great, thick, coarse grained, unrefined”), from Proto-Indo-European *ghrewə- (“to fell, put down, fall in”). More at in-, gross.

der

This envelope had the air of an official record of some period long past, when clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more substantial materials than at present.

1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Custom-house. Introductory to ‘The Scarlet Letter.’”, in The Scarlet Letter, a Romance, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, →OCLC, page 34:

laws that may be engrossed upon a finger nail

1846, Thomas De Quincey, “On Christianity, as an Organ of Political Movement”, in Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine:

Wherefore Mr. Micawber […] set to work at the petition, invented it, engrossed it on an immense sheet of paper, spread it out on a table, and appointed a time for all the club, and all within the walls if they chose, to come up to his room and sign it.

1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC:

(transitive, now law) To write (a document) in large, aesthetic, and legible lettering; to make a finalized copy of.


review

en-noun

review (countable and uncountable, plural reviews)

reviews (plural)
re-view (alternative obsolete rare)

→ Bulgarian: ревю́ (revjú)

→ Finnish: review

→ Japanese: レビュー (rebyū)

→ Korean: 리뷰 (ribyu)

→ Tagalog: ribyu

From Middle English revewe, reveue, from Old French reveüe, revue (Modern French: revue), feminine form of reveü, past participle of reveoir (French: revoir), from Latin revideō, from re- +videō (“see, observe”) (English: video). Equivalent to re- + view. Compare retrospect. Doublet of revue.

The victims demanded a full judicial review of the case.

(law) A judicial reassessment of a case or an event.


GFDL

GNU Free Documentation License
w:GNU Free Documentation License

(copyright law) Initialism of GNU Free Documentation License.