borough

boroughs (plural)
boro (alternative)
bourg (alternative)
burough (alternative)
burrow (alternative)

burgh (Received Pronunciation, Scotland)

From Middle English borwe, borgh, burgh, buruh, from Old English burh, burg, from Proto-West Germanic *burg, from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold, city”).
Cognate with Dutch burcht, German Burg, Swedish borg, French bourg, Turkish burç. Doublet of Brough, burgh, and Bury.

inh

(historical, British, law) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behaviour of each other.


Casey

en-proper noun

Casey (countable and uncountable, plural Caseys)

Anglicisation of an Irish surname Ó Cathasaigh (“descendant of (a person named) Watchful”).

wn:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
wn:Planned Parenthood v. Casey#English

(US, law, US politics, informal, uncountable) Ellipsis of wn:Planned Parenthood v. Casey, a 1992 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that reaffirmed the right to having an abortion; and reaffirmed the existence of a right to privacy under due process following the 14th Amendment.


relief

en-noun

relief (countable and uncountable, plural reliefs)

From Old French relief (“assistance”), from Old French relever (“to relieve”), from Latin relevare (“to raise up, make light”). See also relieve.

der

(law) Court-ordered compensation, aid, or protection, a redress.

korvaus

law: court-ordered compensation, aid, or protection, redress


forfeit

en-verb

forfeit (third-person singular simple present forfeits, present participle forfeiting, simple past and past participle forfeited or (rare) forfeit)

forfeits (present singular third-person)
forfeiting (participle present)
forfeited (participle past)
forfeited (past)
forfeit (participle past rare)
forfeit (past rare)

From Middle English forfait from ca. 1300, from Old French forfait (“crime”), originally the past participle of forfaire (“to transgress”), and Medieval Latin foris factum. During the 15th century, the sense shifted from the crime to the penalty for the crime.

After the raid on USPV, Plaintiffs filed claims with the FBI seeking return of their seized property. The government did not return the property in response to these claims; instead, it indicated that it was seeking to forfeit the property.

2024 January 23, Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr., Snitko v. United States, archived from the original on 2024-01-24:

(law) Of government officials: to legally remove property from its previous owners.


consort

ca-noun

consort m or f by sense (plural consorts)


LP

en-noun

LP (countable and uncountable, plural LPs)

limited partnership
limited partnership#English

(business, law) Initialism of limited partnership.


deceased

From decease + -ed, from Middle English deceas via Old French [Term?], from Latin dēcessus (“departure”), equivalent to dēced-, variation of dēcēdō, dēcēdere (“to go away”).

(law) One who has died. In property law, the alternate term decedent is generally used. In criminal law, "the deceased" refers to the victim of a homicide.


deceased

Deceased had already made a will in his favour before her marriage, but—and Mr. Philips wagged an expressive forefinger—the prisoner was not aware of that. What had induced the deceased to make a fresh will, with the old one still extant, he could not say.

1920, Agatha Christie, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, London: Pan Books, published 1954, page 153:

(law) One who has died. In property law, the alternate term decedent is generally used in US English. In criminal law, “the deceased” refers to the victim of a homicide.


servitude

servitude (countable and uncountable, plural servitudes)

From Middle French servitude, from Latin servitūdō, from Latin servus (“slave”).

(law) A qualified beneficial interest severed or fragmented from the ownership of an inferior property and attached to a superior property or to some person other than the owner; the most common form is an easement.


servitude

Borrowed from Late Latin servitūdō, from Latin servus.


puny

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-puny.wav

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pós
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *pós-ti
Proto-Italic *posti
Latin poste
Latin post
Proto-Indo-European *íh₂
Latin ea
Latin posteā
Vulgar Latin *postius
Old French puis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós
Proto-Italic *gnātos
Latin gnātus
Latin nātus
Old French né
Old French puisné
Middle French puisnébor.
English puisne
English puny
 PIE word
 *pós
A respelling of puisne, from Anglo-Norman puisné (“later, more recent; junior; weakly”) [and other forms] and Middle French puisné (“born after (a specified person); younger, youngest; one who is born after (a specified person)”) (modern French puîné (“cadet (born after a sibling); a cadet (someone born after a sibling)”)), from puis (“after; since”) + né (“born”). Puis is derived from Old French pois (“after; since”), from Vulgar Latin *postius (“afterward”), from Latin posteā (“afterwards; hereafter; thereafter; next, then”), from post (“after; since”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“afterwards”)) + ea (“these (things)”); and né from Latin nātus (“born”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”).

der

(obsolete)
Alternative spelling of puisne.
(law) A puisne or junior judge.

Alternative spelling of puisne.
A puisne or junior judge.

[T]he whole companye or most parte of the Studentꝭ [Studentis] of the same house mette toogether to beginne their Christmas, of wᶜʰ som̃e came to see sports […] others to make sporte wᵗʰall of this last sorte were they whome they call Fresh-menn Punies of the first yeare, who are by no meanes admitted to be agent's or behoulders of those sports, before themselues haue biñe patient perfourmers of them.

c. 1610, “[The Election of the Prince]”, in Frederick S[amuel] Boas, editor, The Christmas Prince (The Malone Society Reprints; 47b), London: Printed for the Malone Society by Frederick Hall M.A. at the Oxford University Press, published 1923 (indicated as 1922), →OCLC, page 3, lines 9–12 and 14–18:

(university slang, law) A new student at a school, university, the Inns of Court, etc.; a junior.


premises

(law) The subject of a conveyance or deed.


personality

en-noun

personality (countable and uncountable, plural personalities)

→ Japanese: パーソナリティ (pāsonariti)

/pɜːsəˈnælətɪ/

[ˌpɝsəˈnælɪɾi]

Coined between 1350 and 1400 as Middle English personalite, from Middle French [Term?], from Latin persōnālitās.
Morphologically personal + -ity

(law) That quality of a law which concerns the condition, state, and capacity of persons.


audience

Inherited from Old French audience, borrowed from Latin audientia, from present participle audiēns (“hearing”), from verb audiō (“to hear”).


leapfrog

leapfrog (countable and uncountable, plural leapfrogs)

leapfrogs (plural)
leap frog (alternative)
leap-frog (alternative)

Sam Hood
State Library of New South Wales

The Supreme Court can hear appeals direct from the High Court under the ‘leapfrog’ procedure. This procedure is reserved for matters certified by the Supreme Court to be of general public importance—the type of issue which would ultimately be appealed from the Court of Appeal in any event. There are normally a few of these direct appeals from the High Court each year.

2015, Scott Slorach, Judith Embley, Peter Goodchild, Catherine Shephard, “The Court System of England & Wales”, in Legal Systems & Skills, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

An appeal to the Court of Cassation can be filed against judgments issued on (first) appeal, which means judgments issued in general by a court of appeals, even though the Code provides for judgments issued by courts of first instance that can be reviewed by the Court of Cassation through a sort of ‘leapfrog’ appeal; […]

2017, Elisabetta Silvestri, “The Italian Supreme Court of Cassation: Of Misnomers and Unaccomplished Missions”, in Cornelius Hendrik (Remco) van Rhee, Yulin Fu, editors, Supreme Courts in Transition in China and the West: Adjudication at the Service of Public Goals (Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice; 59), Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 234:

(chiefly British, law, usually attributive) The process by which a case is appealed or allowed to be appealed directly to a supreme court, bypassing an intermediate appellate court.


leapfrog

en-verb

leapfrog (third-person singular simple present leapfrogs, present participle leapfrogging, simple past and past participle leapfrogged)

leapfrogs (present singular third-person)
leapfrogging (participle present)
leapfrogged (participle past)
leapfrogged (past)
leap-frog (alternative)

In Jones v Kaney [2010] EWHC 61 (Q.B.) at first instance, the issue was whether the claimant's psychologist in a personal injury claim was negligent because in a joint written statement with the other side's expert, she had resiled from her diagnosis of PTSD without comment or amendment of her report, greatly damaging the claimant's case. The claimant sued in negligence, the judge was constrained by the authorities, but granted a certificate under s. 12 of the Administration of Justice Act 1960 to leapfrog the case to the Supreme Court.

2012, Lord Justice [Rupert] Jackson, editor, Civil Procedure, volume 1, London: Sweet & Maxwell, Thomson Reuters, →ISBN, paragraph 35.12.4, page 1097:

(transitive, chiefly British, law) To appeal or allow to be appealed (a case) directly to a supreme court, bypassing an intermediate appellate court.


vacate

vacate (third-person singular simple present vacates, present participle vacating, simple past and past participle vacated)

vacates (present singular third-person)
vacating (participle present)
vacated (participle past)
vacated (past)

From Latin vacātus, perfect participle of vacō.

The judge vacated the earlier decision when new evidence was presented.

On Thursday, the New York court of appeals vacated his conviction after concluding that a trial judge permitted jurors to see and hear too much evidence not directly related to the charges he faced. It also erased his 23-year prison sentence and ordered a retrial.

2024 April 27, Maya Yang, “Disgraced former Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein hospitalized”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(law, transitive) To have a court judgement set aside; to annul.


dedurre

it-verb

dedùrre (first-person singular present dedùco, first-person singular past historic dedùssi, past participle dedótto, first-person singular imperfect deducévo, auxiliary avére)

dedùrre (canonical)
dedùco (first-person present singular)
dedùssi (first-person historic past singular)
dedótto (participle past)
deducévo (first-person imperfect singular)
avére (auxiliary)
dedùrre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
deducèndo (gerund)
deducènte (participle present)
dedótto (participle past)
dedùco (first-person indicative present singular)
dedùci (indicative present second-person singular)
dedùce (indicative present singular third-person)
deduciàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
deducéte (indicative plural present second-person)
dedùcono (indicative plural present third-person)
deducévo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
deducévi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
deducéva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
deducevàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
deducevàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
deducévano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dedùssi (first-person historic indicative past singular)
deducésti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
dedùsse (historic indicative past singular third-person)
deducémmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
deducéste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
dedùssero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
dedurrò (first-person future indicative singular)
dedurrài (future indicative second-person singular)
dedurrà (future indicative singular third-person)
dedurrémo (first-person future indicative plural)
dedurréte (future indicative plural second-person)
dedurrànno (future indicative plural third-person)
dedurrèi (conditional first-person singular)
dedurrésti (conditional second-person singular)
dedurrèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
dedurrébbe (conditional singular third-person)
dedurrémmo (conditional first-person plural)
dedurréste (conditional plural second-person)
dedurrèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
dedurrébbero (conditional plural third-person)
dedùca (first-person present singular subjunctive)
dedùca (present second-person singular subjunctive)
dedùca (present singular subjunctive third-person)
deduciàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
deduciàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
dedùcano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
deducéssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
deducéssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
deducésse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
deducéssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
deducéste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
deducéssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dedùci (imperative second-person singular)
dedùca (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
deduciàmo (first-person imperative plural)
deducéte (imperative plural second-person)
dedùcano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
dedùrre (imperative negative second-person singular)
dedùca (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
deduciàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
deducéte (imperative negative plural second-person)
dedùcano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)


pupil

From Middle English pupille, from Anglo-Norman pupille (“orphan”), from Latin pūpillus (“orphan, minor”), variant of pūpulus (“little boy”), from pūpus (“child, boy”).

(law, obsolete) An orphan who is a minor and under the protection of the state.


sergeant

sergeants (plural)
serjant (alternative)
sergeaunt (alternative)
serjeant (alternative)

From Middle English sergeant, sergeaunt, serjent, serjaunt, serjawnt, sergant, from Old French sergeant, sergent, serjant, sergient, sergant (“sergeant, servant”), from Medieval Latin servientem, accusative of serviens (“a servant, vassal, soldier, apparitor”), from Latin serviēns (“serving”), present participle of serviō (“serve, be a slave to”). Doublet of servant and servient.
The shift from /vj/ > /dʒ/ was a regular development in Old French. Compare cavea > cage, salvia > sage.
The fish is so called because of its stripes, supposed to resemble a sergeant's insignia of rank.
The pronunciation with /ɑɹ/ is due to a widespread development of Middle English er + consonant (see barn, start etc.). In sergeant, the spelling was standardised in one way, the pronunciation in another (compare clerk, derby in Commonwealth English, further parson vs. person, and varsity vs. university).

All other sergeants and barristers indiscriminately (except in the Court of Common Pleas, where only sergeants are admitted) may take upon them the protection and defense of any suitors.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law, historical) A lawyer of the highest rank, equivalent to the doctor of civil law.


barra

head

barra m (genitive singular barra, nominative plural barraí)

barra (genitive singular)
barraí (nominative plural)
barra (indefinite nominative singular)
barraí (indefinite nominative plural)
a bharra (indefinite singular vocative)
a bharraí (indefinite plural vocative)
barra (genitive indefinite singular)
barraí (genitive indefinite plural)
barra (dative indefinite singular)
barraí (dative indefinite plural)
an barra (definite nominative singular)
na barraí (definite nominative plural)
an bharra (definite genitive singular)
na mbarraí (definite genitive plural)
leis an mbarra (dative definite singular)
don bharra (dative definite singular)
leis na barraí (dative definite plural)

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin.


Eid

de-noun

Eid m (strong, genitive Eides or Eids, plural Eide)

Eides (genitive)
Eids (genitive)
Eide (plural)
Eid (nominative singular)
Eide (definite nominative plural)
Eides (genitive singular)
Eids (genitive singular)
Eide (definite genitive plural)
Eid (dative singular)
Eide (dative singular)
Eiden (dative definite plural)
Eid (accusative singular)
Eide (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German eit, from Old High German eid, from Proto-West Germanic *aiþ, from Proto-Germanic *aiþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óytos. Compare Dutch eed, English oath, Danish ed.

(especially official, law, politics, military) oath


instant

From French instant and Middle English instant, both from Old French, from Latin instans (“standing by, being near, present, also urgent, importunate”), present participle of instō (“to stand upon, press upon, urge, pursue, insist”), from in (“on, upon”) + stō (“to stand”); see state.

der

He received just two disciplinary reports prior to committing the instant offense, one in March 2019 for activating an alarm during a non-emergency situation, and one in May 2019 for failing to provide a urine specimen.

December 28, 2019 Attorney Jeffery S. Levin, quoted in The Boston Globe, p. 3


validate

en-adj

validate (comparative more validate, superlative most validate)

more validate (comparative)
most validate (superlative)

First attested in 1586; borrowed from Medieval Latin validātus, see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymolgy 1 for more.


verge

verge m (definite singular vergen, indefinite plural verger, definite plural vergene)

vergen (definite singular)
verger (indefinite plural)
vergene (definite plural)

(law) a guardian, conservator; a person appointed to manage the affairs of others


extend

en-verb

extend (third-person singular simple present extends, present participle extending, simple past and past participle extended)

extends (present singular third-person)
extending (participle present)
extended (participle past)
extended (past)

From Middle English extenden, from Anglo-Norman extendre, estendre, from Latin extendō (“I stretch out”).

(UK, law) To value, as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt; to assign by writ of extent.


ignoramus

Directly from Latin ignōrāmus (“we do not know”).

ĭg′nə-rā′məs

/ˌɪɡ.nəˈɹeɪ.məs/

/ˌɪɡ.nəˈɹæɪ.məs/

/ˌəɡ.nəˈɹæɪ.məs/

(law, dated) A grand jury's ruling on an indictment when the evidence is determined to be insufficient to send the case to trial.


ignoramus

ignoramus (third-person singular simple present ignoramuses, present participle ignoramusing, simple past and past participle ignoramused)

ignoramuses (present singular third-person)
ignoramusing (participle present)
ignoramused (participle past)
ignoramused (past)

ĭg′nə-rā′məs

/ˌɪɡ.nəˈɹeɪ.məs/

/ˌɪɡ.nəˈɹæɪ.məs/

/ˌəɡ.nəˈɹæɪ.məs/

(law, transitive) To make such a ruling against (an indictment).


verdict

From Middle English verdit, from Anglo-Norman verdit (> Medieval Latin veredictum), from veir (“true”) + dit (“saying”); possibly a calque of a Germanic term such as Old English sōþword, sōþsprǣċ, sōþspell, sōþsagu, or sōþcwide, all meaning "true story, statement of truth, account, history". Doublet of veredictum.

The jury returned a “not guilty” verdict.

Such a scandal as the prosecution of a brother for forgery—with a verdict of guilty—is a most truly horrible, deplorable, fatal thing. It takes the respectability out of a family perhaps at a critical moment, when the family is just assuming the robes of respectability: […] it is a black spot which all the soaps ever advertised could never wash off.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

When his body was retrieved, it was apparent that he had not raised his hands to cover his face. Had he suffered some sort of fit or seizure? The coroner’s verdict was accidental death.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger’s history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 124:

The Supreme Court said Monday that unanimous jury verdicts are required in state criminal trials for serious offenses, handing a victory to criminal defendants including petitioner Evangelisto Ramos, who was convicted of murder in Louisiana on a 10-2 vote. […] “We took this case to decide whether the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial – as incorporated against the States by way of the Fourteenth Amendment – requires a unanimous verdict to convict a defendant of a serious offense,” Gorsuch wrote.

2020 April 20, Ariane de Vogue, “Supreme Court says unanimous jury verdicts required in state criminal trials for serious offenses”, in CNN:

(law) A decision on an issue of fact in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.


surveillance

en-noun

surveillance (countable and uncountable, plural surveillances)

Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), from surveiller (“to watch, oversee”), from sur- (“over”) + veiller (“to watch”), from Middle French, from Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), from Latin vigilāre (“to be watchful”). More at vigilant.

ubor

(law) In criminal law, an investigation process by which police gather evidence about crimes, or suspected crime, through continued observation of persons or places.


mutatis mutandis

Unadapted borrowing from Late Latin mūtātīs mūtandīs (“with [the things] to be changed having been changed”).

with 􂀿the things􂁀 to be changed having been changed

m.m. (alternative abbreviation)
mut. mut. (alternative abbreviation)
mut. mutand. (alternative abbreviation)
mut. mutandis (alternative abbreviation)
mutat. mutand. (alternative abbreviation)
mutat. mutandis (alternative abbreviation)
mutatis mandis (alternative contraction nonstandard)
mutatis mundi (alternative contraction nonstandard)
mutis mundis (alternative contraction nonstandard)
mutis mutandis (alternative contraction nonstandard)

And like billes, mutatis mutandis, were put In ayenst Gloucestre & Worcestre

a.''' 1525, The Coventry Leet Book, page 595:

26 May 1564. M. to Mr. Tipton, and another (mutatis mutandis) to Mr. Cuerton. Pp. 3.

1863, H.M.'s Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, volume VII, page 141:

What is said of the army here is to be taken also to apply, mutatis mutandis, to the air force and the navy.

1962, Samuel Edward Finer, chapter 2, in The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics:

Similar considerations apply, mutatis mutandis, to the example of nightmare imagined by Brown.

1962, Norman Malcolm, chapter 15, in Dreaming:

(especially law) With the necessary changes being made; with the necessary modifications; with such changes as are necessary to ensure congruence.


mutatis mutandis

[ˈmuːt̪ɑ̝ːt̪ːis̠ ˈmuːt̪ɑ̝ndis̠]

Borrowed from Late Latin mūtātīs mūtandīs (“with [the things] to be changed having been changed”). For more information, see the English entry.

bor

with 􂀿the things􂁀 to be changed having been changed

Unionin kansalaisten karkottamista vastaan saaman suojan järjestelmää ei voida soveltaa mutatis mutandis Turkin kansalaisiin.

The scheme of protection against expulsion conferred on citizens of the Union cannot be applied mutatis mutandis to Turkish nationals.

muutettavat muuttaen

somewhat literal translation of ''mutatis mutandis''

(law) mutatis mutandis (having changed what needs to be changed)


mutatis mutandis

bor+

Borrowed from Late Latin mūtātīs mūtandīs (“with [the things] to be changed having been changed”)

mutatis mutandis
mutatis mutandis#English


testator

testators (plural)
testatour (alternative)

From Latin testator (“one who makes a will, in Late Latin also one who bears witness”), from testari (“to bear witness, make a will”). See testament.

der

[…] there is an exception “in the cases of heir and executor, who may plead a release to the ancestor or testator whom they respectively represent; so also with respect to several tortfeasors, for in all these cases there is a privity between the parties which constitutes an identity of person”.

1881, Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law:

As it is, knowing that the testator was a gentleman of the highest intelligence and acumen, and that he has absolutely no relations living to whom he could have confided the guardianship of the child, we do not feel justified in taking this course.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

(law) One who makes or has made a legally valid will.


testatrix

en-noun

testatrix (plural testatrices or testatrixes)

testatrices (plural)
testatrixes (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-testatrix.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin testātrīx. By surface analysis, testator + -trix.


aerodrome

→ Irish: aeradróm

* (aircraft): In the obsolete sense of “flying machine” coined by American aviation pioneer Samuel Langley in 1897, from Ancient Greek ἀεροδρόμος (aerodrómos, “traversing the air”).
* (airfield): In the sense of “airfield”, from aero- + -drome, a suffix formed in analogy with hippodrome (“horse racecourse”), from Ancient Greek.

der

(law, Australia, Canada, term of art) Any area of land or water used for aircraft operation, regardless of facilities.


gloss

From Middle English glosse, glose, from Late Latin glōssa (“obsolete or foreign word requiring explanation”), from Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, “language”). Doublet of glossa.

This volume is thus not a narrowly defined treatment of the Code of Professional Responsibility but rather represents a "common law" gloss on it.

1979, American Bar Foundation., Annotated code of professional responsibility, page ix:

Judicial Gloss on Test [section title]

2007, Bruce R. Hopkins., The law of tax-exempt organizations., page 76:

(countable, law, US) An interpretation by a court of a specific point within a statute or case law.


gallery

From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), of unknown origin. Perhaps an alteration of Latin galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Israel. More at Galilee.

unk

unknown origin

appealing to the gallery

Rose and Valerie, screaming from the gallery
Say he must go free

1969, Paul McCartney, “Maxwell's Silver Hammer”, in Abbey Road, performed by The Beatles:

(law) The part of a courtroom, often elevated and in the rear, where seating for the public audience is facilitated during trial.


obligataire

fr-noun

obligataire m or f by sense (plural obligataires)


lawful

en-adj

lawful (comparative more lawful, superlative most lawful)

more lawful (comparative)
most lawful (superlative)
lawfull (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English laweful, equivalent to law + -ful, conflated with Middle English leful, leeful, leveful (“according to law, lawful, pertaining to law”). See also leveful.

Lawful money is always a land asset and can only be issued by an actual land jurisdiction government — not a corporation.

The laws are controversial. Forcing someone to work during a lawful strike is a major step. It was always likely to inflame a situation, and so it proved with LNER. ASLEF's counter-tactic came as a five-day walkout, which would have been the longest stoppage for many years had LNER not withdrawn its plan.

2024 February 7, Philip Haigh, “Railway's fragile resilience”, in RAIL, number 1002, page 3:

(law) Conforming to, or recognised by the laws of society.

قانوني

conforming to or recognised by law or rules


licit

licit (comparative more licit, superlative most licit)

more licit (comparative)
most licit (superlative)

From Latin licitus (“lawful”), perfect participle of licet (“[it] is permitted”, impersonal verb).

The contract validly made and consummated is dissolved by death alone. However, the Church must determine what is required for a valid and licit marriage contract.

1913, Joseph Selinger, Catholic Encyclopedia, Moral and Canonical Aspect of Marriage:

(law) Explicitly established or constituted by law.


trespass

en-noun

trespass (countable and uncountable, plural trespasses)

Borrowed into Middle English trespas, from Old French trespas (“passage; offense against the law”), from trespasser.

der

External infrastructure issues such as severe weather and trespass caused 17.1% of [train] cancellations, [...].

2019 December 18, Andrew Roden, “New measurements reveal improvement in punctuality”, in Rail, page 24:

Network Rail has produced a free downloadable comic highlighting the consequences of railway trespass. Between March 23 and April 26, there were 1,024 trespass incidents on the railway. [...] it is based on the company's award-winning safety film 18, which shows the dangers of trespass, especially around electrified lines.

2020 June 17, “Stop & Examine”, in Rail, page 71:

Newark Mayor Ras Baraka "committed trespass and ignored multiple warnings" to leave Delaney Hall, a facility being run by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), according to acting US attorney for New Jersey Alina Habba.

2025 May 9, Max Matza, “New Jersey mayor arrested in protest at migrant centre”, in BBC:

(law) An intentional interference with another's property or person.


trespass

en-verb

trespass (third-person singular simple present trespasses, present participle trespassing, simple past and past participle trespassed)

trespasses (present singular third-person)
trespassing (participle present)
trespassed (participle past)
trespassed (past)

From Middle English trespassen, borrowed from Old French trespasser (“to go across or over, transgress”), from tres- (“across, over”) + passer (“to pass”).

der

(law) To enter someone else's property illegally.

侵入

legal: to enter someone else's property illegally


bundle

From Middle English bundel, from Middle Dutch bondel or Old English byndele, byndelle (“a binding; tying; fastening with bands”); both from Proto-Germanic *bundil-, derivative of *bundą (“bundle”). Compare also bindle, Dutch bundel, German Bündel.

(countable, law) A court bundle, the assemblage of documentation prepared for, and referred to during, a court case.

aineisto

law: assemblage of documentation for a court case


without prejudice

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-without prejudice.wav

sitoumuksetta

law: allowing return to earlier position

(law) Without affecting a legal interest.

(law) A term used to allow a statement or proposal in communications, while allowing the party to return to their original position without being impeded by the described statement or proposal.


pont

pontok (plural)
pont (nominative singular)
pontok (nominative plural)
pontot (accusative singular)
pontokat (accusative plural)
pontnak (dative singular)
pontoknak (dative plural)
ponttal (instrumental singular)
pontokkal (instrumental plural)
pontért (causal-final singular)
pontokért (causal-final plural)
ponttá (singular translative)
pontokká (plural translative)
pontig (singular terminative)
pontokig (plural terminative)
pontként (essive-formal singular)
pontokként (essive-formal plural)
pontban (inessive singular)
pontokban (inessive plural)
ponton (singular superessive)
pontokon (plural superessive)
pontnál (adessive singular)
pontoknál (adessive plural)
pontba (illative singular)
pontokba (illative plural)
pontra (singular sublative)
pontokra (plural sublative)
ponthoz (allative singular)
pontokhoz (allative plural)
pontból (elative singular)
pontokból (elative plural)
pontról (delative singular)
pontokról (delative plural)
ponttól (ablative singular)
pontoktól (ablative plural)
ponté (singular)
pontoké (plural)
pontéi (singular)
pontokéi (plural)
pontom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
pontjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
pontod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
pontjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
pontja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
pontjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
pontunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
pontjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
pontotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
pontjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
pontjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
pontjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Borrowed from German Punkt, from Latin punctum.


costume

PIE word
 *ḱóm
 PIE word
 *swé
From Old Galician-Portuguese costume, custume (13th c., Cantigas de Santa Maria); inherited from Latin consuētūdinem.

que ouuo senpre de custume de non meter vinno de fora parte en esta vila et saluo que os visinnos da villa ouueren de sua lauoria et sua marra

1389, Enrique Cal Pardo, editor, Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo, Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 206:

because it was the custom of this town not to introduce wine from the outside, except if the neighbours needed it and lacked it

(law) custom (long-established practice, considered as unwritten law)


costume

costumes (plural)
custume (alternative obsolete pronunciation-spelling)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
 PIE word
 *swé
Inherited from Latin consuētūdinem.


pone

Inherited from Middle English pone, from Anglo-Norman pone, from Late Latin pone, from Latin pōne, imperative of pōnere (“to place”).

(law, historical) A writ in law used by the superior courts to remove cases from inferior courts.

(law, historical) A writ to enforce appearance in court by attaching goods or requiring securities.


stillicide

en-noun

stillicide (countable and uncountable, plural stillicides)

(law, historical, uncountable) Synonym of stillicidium.


distress

distress (countable and uncountable, plural distresses)

The verb is from Middle English distressen, from Old French destrecier (“to restrain, constrain, put in straits, afflict, distress”); compare French détresse. Ultimately from Medieval Latin as if *districtiō, an assumed frequentative form of Latin distringō (“to pull asunder, stretch out”), from dis- (“apart”) + stringō (“to draw tight, strain”).
The noun is from Middle English distresse, from Old French destrece, ultimately also from Latin distringō.

der

(law) A seizing of property without legal process to force payment of a debt.

запор

law: a seizing of property without legal process to force payment of a debt

If he were not paid, he would straight go and take a distress of goods and cattle.

1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:

The distress thus taken must be proportioned to the thing distrained for.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) The thing taken by distraining; that which is seized to procure satisfaction.


distress

en-verb

distress (third-person singular simple present distresses, present participle distressing, simple past and past participle distressed)

distresses (present singular third-person)
distressing (participle present)
distressed (participle past)
distressed (past)

This power of distress, as anciently used, became as oppressive as the feudal forfeiture. It was as hard for the tenant to be stripped in an instant of all his goods, for arrears of rent, as to be turned out of the possession of his farm.

1894, James Kent with William Hardcastle Browne, Commentaries on American Law, page 645:

(law) To retain someone’s property against the payment of a debt; to distrain.


pertinent

Inherited from Middle English pertinent, borrowed from Old French pertinent and Latin pertinēns, pertinentem.

(law) A right that attaches to land, in Scots law.


사람

Inherited from Middle Korean 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (sǎlòm), first attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446.
From earlier Old Korean 人音 (*SALOm), first attested in the “Suhui gongdeokga” (隨喜功德歌 / 수희공덕가), before 973. The word is also attested as Old Korean 人米 in the same source.
The Middle Korean form, 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (Yale: sǎlòm), is analyzed as a derived substantive of 살〯다〮 (Yale: sǎl-tá, “to live”) with ᄋᆞᆷ (Yale: -om, nominalizer) (> modern 음 (eum)), and thus literally meant "one who is alive". It is no longer perceived as a derived noun by modern speakers. Doublet of 삶 (sam).
Cognate with Jeju 사름 (sareum).

ko-attest

(law) a person (encompassing both legal and natural persons)


transpose

en-verb

transpose (third-person singular simple present transposes, present participle transposing, simple past and past participle transposed)

transposes (present singular third-person)
transposing (participle present)
transposed (participle past)
transposed (past)

From Middle English transposen, from Old French transposer, from Latin trānspositus, perfect passive participle of trānspōnō (“to put across”), from trāns (“across”) + pōnō (“to put”).

(transitive, law, chiefly of the European Union) To give force to a directive by passing appropriate implementation measures.

átültet

law: to give force to a directive by passing appropriate implementation measures


dissolve

dissolve (third-person singular simple present dissolves, present participle dissolving, simple past and past participle dissolved)

dissolves (present singular third-person)
dissolving (participle present)
dissolved (participle past)
dissolved (past)

Recorded since c. 1374 (displacing Old English toliesan) as Middle English dissolven, from Latin dissolvere (“to loosen up, break apart”) but with the sense from Anglo-Norman dissoldre (variant of Old French dissoudre), itself from dis- (“apart”) + solvere (“to loose, loosen”). By surface analysis, dis- + solve.

ərimək

intransitive: to be disintegrated into a solution by immersion

to dissolve an injunction

Jon Snow is the legitimate heir to the Targaryen line, by the old rules, of the old government, which was dissolved and reshaped by King Robert.

2017 August 13, Brandon Nowalk, “Oldtown offers one last game-changing secret as Game Of Thrones goes behind enemy lines (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:

(law, transitive) To annul; to rescind; to discharge or release.


in loco parentis

/ɪn ˌləʊkəʊ pəˈɹɛntɪs/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-in loco parentis.wav

Borrowed from Latin in locō parentis (“in place of a parent”).

bor

All persons in loco parentis have a responsibility to care for the child.

(law) Assuming the place or position of a parent.


separation

en-noun

separation (countable and uncountable, plural separations)

/ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌsep.əˈɹæɪ.ʃən/

Attested in the 15th Century C.E.; from Middle English separacioun, from Old French separacion, from Latin separatio, separationem. Morphologically separate + -ion.

I should have gone back to her the day after the fair, if it hadn't been for you talking about the law, and rubbish about getting a separation;

1874, Thomas Hardy, chapter 52, in Far from the Madding Crowd. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Smith, Elder & Co., […], →OCLC:

“You are deserting me?”
“Don’t be the neglected, dramatic wife, Scarlett. The rôle isn’t becoming. I take it, then, you do not want a divorce or even a separation? Well, then, I’ll come back often enough to keep gossip down.”

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, chapter 63, in Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC:

The act or condition of a married couple living in separate homes while remaining legally married.

(law) An agreement legalizing such an arrangement.

asumisero

(law) an agreement terminating a relationship


sustain

en-verb

sustain (third-person singular simple present sustains, present participle sustaining, simple past and past participle sustained)

sustains (present singular third-person)
sustaining (participle present)
sustained (participle past)
sustained (past)

From Middle English susteinen, sustenen, from Old French sustenir (French soutenir), from Latin sustineō, sustinēre (“to uphold”), from sub- (“from below, up”) + teneō (“hold”, verb).

(law, of a judge) To allow, accept, or admit (e.g. an objection or motion) as valid.

stattgeben

law: to allow, accept, or admit (e.g. an objection or motion) as valid


extinct

extinct (third-person singular simple present extincts, present participle extincting, simple past extincted, past participle extincted or (obsolete) extinct)

extincts (present singular third-person)
extincting (participle present)
extincted (past)
extincted (participle past)
extinct (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English extincten (“to extinguish or put out (a fire, light, etc.); to destroy, kill; (figurative) to suppress (an uprising); (law) to quash or stop (legal proceedings); to cancel (a privilege, title, etc.); (medicine) to eliminate or reduce (inflammation, an ulcer, etc.)”), from extinct (adjective) (see etymology 1) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs).

inh

So if I have a rent charge, and grant it upon condition; now, though the condition be broken, the grantee's estate is not defeated till I have made my claim: but if after any such grant my father purchase the land, and it descend to me; now, if the condition be broken, the rent ceaseth without claim. But if I had purchased the land myself, then I had extincted mine own condition, because I had disabled myself to make my claim.

c. 1596 (date written), Francis Bacon, “Maxims of the Law. Regula IX. Quod remedio destituitur ipsa re valet, si culpa absit.”, in James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, editors, The Works of Francis Bacon, […], volume VII, London: Longman, Green, and Co.; […], published 1859, →OCLC, page 353:

And foraſmuch as the ſaid Statute vvas ordained to give a Certainty of Title in the Lands and Tenements compriſed in the Fine, it ſeemeth that the Fine extincteth the Title of all other, as vvell in Conſcience, as it doth in the Lavv.

1746, Christopher St. Germain, “The Fifth Question of the Student”, in Doctor and Student: Or Dialogues between a Doctor of Divinity, and a Student in the Laws of England, […], In the Savoy [London]: […] Henry Lintot, (assignee of Edward Sayer, Esq), →OCLC, page 74:

(obsolete, figurative, chiefly law) To abolish or make void (a law, a legal right, etc.); also, to cancel (a creditor's claim, a licence, etc.).


animus

en-noun

animus (usually uncountable, plural animuses)

Learned borrowing from Latin animus (“the mind, in a great variety of meanings: the rational soul in man, intellect, consciousness, will, intention, courage, spirit, sensibility, feeling, passion, pride, vehemence, wrath, etc., the breath, life, soul”), from Proto-Italic *anamos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). Closely related to Latin anima, which is a feminine form.

lbor

(law) Intention, motivation (of a legal person).


heads

Until the session of 1782 bills could only (under Poynings’ Law) begin in the Irish privy council. However, informal legislative initiatives, known as ‘heads of bills’, began regularly in the houses of parliament.

2000s "How Irish statutes were made" Queens University Belfast

The Heads of the Bill are being published to enable consultation with relevant sectors on the proposed changes prior to the detailed drafting of the Bill.

2012 Department of Justice and Equality "Government Publishes Proposed Amendments to Anti Money-Laundering Law" Dublin, 6 June 2012

(Ireland, law) The draft scheme of a bill before it is formally introduced to a parliament.


consortium

en-noun

consortium (plural consortia or consortiums)

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnsortium.

(law) The right of a spouse to all the normal relationships with his or her mate.


institute

From French institut, from Middle French, from Latin īnstitūtum.

Substitution is the nomination of substituted heirs, who take place, failing the institute.

1681, Viscount Stair, The Institutions of the Law of Scotland:

(law, Scotland) The person to whom an estate is first given by destination or limitation.


institute

en-verb

institute (third-person singular simple present institutes, present participle instituting, simple past and past participle instituted)

institutes (present singular third-person)
instituting (participle present)
instituted (participle past)
instituted (past)

From Middle English, from Latin īnstitūtus, past participle of īnstituō (“I set up, place upon, purpose, begin, institute”), from in (“in, on”) + statuō (“set up, establish”).

a writ issued to the bishop, to institute the clerk of that patron

(ecclesiastical, law) To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice, or the care of souls.


standing

en-noun

standing (countable and uncountable, plural standings)

→ German: Standing

From Middle English standyng, stonding, stondung, from Old English *standung, equivalent to stand + -ing.

to have standing

He may be insulting, a miserable rotter and a fool, but unless he slanders or libels you, or damages your property, you do not have standing to sue him.

Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund and the NGTF Fund for Human Dignity retained Erie attorney James E. Marsh, Jr. to argue the case. Boston's Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders (GLAD) also sought standing with the court in a memorandum of law prepared by Sandra L. Smales with Stephen Ansolabehere and Gary Buseck.

1985 February 2, Micheline Justman, “Erie Will Declared Valid”, in Gay Community News, volume 12, number 28, page 3:

Legal experts noted earlier this week that while Epps will have to prove that Carlson’s claims damaged his reputation, he presents a strong argument and therefore likely has standing.

2023 July 12, Erum Salam, “Fox News faces another defamation lawsuit involving Tucker Carlson”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

en:right of a party to bring a legal action

(law) The right of a party to bring a legal action, based on the relationship between that party and the matter to which the action relates.


WS

WS (countable and uncountable, plural WSs)

(law, Scotland) Initialism of writer to the signet.


presumere

it-verb

presùmere (first-person singular present presùmo, first-person singular past historic presùnsi, past participle presùnto, auxiliary avére)

presùmere (canonical)
presùmo (first-person present singular)
presùnsi (first-person historic past singular)
presùnto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
presùmere (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
presumèndo (gerund)
presumènte (participle present)
presùnto (participle past)
presùmo (first-person indicative present singular)
presùmi (indicative present second-person singular)
presùme (indicative present singular third-person)
presumiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
presuméte (indicative plural present second-person)
presùmono (indicative plural present third-person)
presumévo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
presumévi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
presuméva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
presumevàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
presumevàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
presumévano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
presùnsi (first-person historic indicative past singular)
presumésti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
presùnse (historic indicative past singular third-person)
presumémmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
presuméste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
presùnsero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
presumerò (first-person future indicative singular)
presumerài (future indicative second-person singular)
presumerà (future indicative singular third-person)
presumerémo (first-person future indicative plural)
presumeréte (future indicative plural second-person)
presumerànno (future indicative plural third-person)
presumerèi (conditional first-person singular)
presumerésti (conditional second-person singular)
presumerèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
presumerébbe (conditional singular third-person)
presumerémmo (conditional first-person plural)
presumeréste (conditional plural second-person)
presumerèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
presumerébbero (conditional plural third-person)
presùma (first-person present singular subjunctive)
presùma (present second-person singular subjunctive)
presùma (present singular subjunctive third-person)
presumiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
presumiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
presùmano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
presuméssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
presuméssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
presumésse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
presuméssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
presuméste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
presuméssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
presùmi (imperative second-person singular)
presùma (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
presumiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
presuméte (imperative plural second-person)
presùmano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
presùmere (imperative negative second-person singular)
presùma (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
presumiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
presuméte (imperative negative plural second-person)
presùmano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)


impeachment

en-noun

impeachment (countable and uncountable, plural impeachments)

impeachments (plural)
empeachment (alternative)

→ Polish: impeachment

→ Portuguese: impeachment

desctree

→ Russian: импи́чмент (impíčment)
→ Kazakh: импичмент (impiçment)

→ Spanish: impeachment

Richard Nixon
United States Senate
Watergate scandal

From Middle English empechement (“hindrance, impediment, obstacle, obstruction; legal accusation or charge; act of calling into question or discrediting; challenge to a claim or right”), and thence either:
* from Middle English empechen, empeschen, empesche, enpechen, impechen (“to cause to get stuck; of a ship: to run aground; to block, obstruct; to hinder, impede; to prevent; to interfere with, harm; to criticize, disparage; to bring charges against; to formally accuse of treason or another high crime”) (from Anglo-Norman empecher, Old French empechier, empeechier) + -ment (suffix forming action nouns, concrete nouns, and nouns indicating a result or a condition or state); or
* from Old French empechement, empeechement, empeschement (“obstacle”) (modern French empêchement (“impediment, obstacle”)), from empeechier (“to fetter; to hinder”), empescher (“to inhibit, prevent”) + -ment (suffix forming nouns from verbs).
The English word is analysable as impeach + -ment.
Old French empechier, empeechier and empescher (compare modern French empêcher) are derived from Late Latin impedicāre (“to catch; to entangle”), present active infinitive of Latin impedicō (“to entangle; to fetter”), from im- (variant of in-) + pedica (“fetter, shackle; snare, trap”) (from pēs (“foot”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to step, walk; to fall, stumble”)) + -ō.
In senses 1.2 (“accusation that a person has committed a crime”) and 1.3 (“act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct”), the word has been used in place of Latin impetere, the present active infinitive of impetō (“to assail, attack, rush upon”).

Abqualifizierung

It is sometimes intimated that testimony which is direct and positive cannot legally be rebutted and overturned by presumptions less high than those which are juris et de jure in the absence of impeachment of the credibility of the witnesses. We are not prepared to accept that proposition unqualifiedly.

1903 November 16, Francis T. Nicholls, Chief Justice, “Barras et al. v. Barras”, in T. H. Thorpe, editor, Louisiana Reports: Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Louisiana at Term Beginning First Monday of November, 1903, volume III, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., published 1904, →OCLC, column 299:

calling into question
call into question

(countable) The act of calling into question or challenging the accuracy or propriety of something.

(countable, law) A demonstration in a court of law, or before another finder of fact, that a witness was ingenuine before, and is therefore less likely to tell the truth now.

He [William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford] is charged in the Articles of Impeachment with Contriving the Death of the King, and being at ſeveral Meetings and Conſults about the King's Death, and Hiring Perſons to kill the King; And are theſe no Overt Acts? [...] My Lords, another Exception that is taken, is, That there is no Indictment. I conceive that an Impeachment of the Houſe of Commons is more than an Indictment. And there cannot be any doubt of that, the Impeachment of the Houſe of Commons having always been received and proceeded on by your Lordships.

1680 December 4, “The Fifth Day”, in The Tryal of William Viscount Stafford for High Treason, […], Dublin: Reprinted by Jos[eph] Ray, […], and are to be sold by S. Helsham, Joh. North, Jos[eph] Howes […], published 1681, →OCLC, page 243:

Backed by the Treasurer's bitterest enemies he brought charges against Danby. Impeachment followed. There was fresh uproar in the House.

1923, Georgette Heyer, “The Revenge”, in The Great Roxhythe, Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard and Company, →OCLC, page 325:

(countable, law, British) An accusation that a person has committed a crime against the state, such as treason.

Anklage wegen Landesverrats

The Boſton Gazette of March 7 contains articles of impeachment of high crimes and miſdemeanors againſt Peter Oliver, Eſq; Chief Juſtice of the Superior Court of Judicature, &c., over the Province of Maſſachuſets Bay, by the Houſe of Repreſentatives in General Court aſſembled, [...] [T]he Aſſembly perſiſted in their impeachment, which was carried, upon a diviſion, yeas 92, nays 8: [...]

1774 May, “American Affairs”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume XLIV, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry, and sold by F[rancis] Newbery, […], published January 1755, →OCLC, pages 236–237:

The awful diſcretion, which a court of impeachments muſt neceſſarily have, to doom to honour or to infamy the moſt confidential and the moſt diſtinguiſhed characters of the community, forbids the commitment of the truſt to a ſmall number of perſons.

1788, Publius [pseudonym; Alexander Hamilton], “Number LXV. A Further View of the Constitution of the Senate, in Relation to Its Capacity as a Court for the Trial of Impeachments.”, in The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, […] , volume II, New York, N.Y.: […] J. and A. M‘Lean, […], →OCLC, page 211:

The acts for which an officer may be impeached, are preciſely thoſe for which he may be indicted as an officer; miſdemeanors in office, offences or unlawful acts done with an evil intention in his official capacity. For ſuch only can he be convicted on an Impeachment. And no officer can be convicted on an Impeachment, unleſs, on the ſame charge, and on the ſame evidence, he ought to be convicted on an Indictment. The ground of both is an unlawful act with an evil intention. Impeachment is Indictment, in other form, adopted in England for great offenders, whoſe influence might defeat the justice of the ordinary tribunals, and retained in Pennſylvania, either from ſimilar motives, or from imitation.

1803, Alexander Addison, Thomas Lloyd, stenographer, The Trial of Alexander Addison, Esq. […], on an Impeachment by the House of Representatives, before the Senate of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. […], 2nd edition, Lancaster, Pa.: Printd by George Helmbold, junior, for Lloyd and Helmbold, jun., →OCLC, pages 103–104:

Another letter [...] is worthy of being remembered, not merely as expressing more clearly Edmund Verney's antipathy of a Scotish war, but also as indicating what were his expectations, and no doubt the general expectations, of the results of calling a parliament. The quashing of ship-money, the abolition of monopolies, and even the impeachments of [William] Laud and [Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of] Strafford, are here clearly foreseen.

1853, John Bruce, editor, Letters and Papers of the Verney Family down to the End of the Year 1639. Printed from the Original MSS. in the Possession of Sir Harry Verney, Bart. (Publications (Camden Society); 56), London: Printed for the Camden Society, by John Bowyer Nichols and Sons, […], →OCLC, page 271:

The impeachment process provides a mechanism for removal of the President, Vice President, and other federal civil officers found to have engaged in "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." The Constitution places the responsibility and authority to determine whether to impeach and to draft articles of impeachment in the hands of the House of Representatives. A number of means have been used to trigger the House's investigation, but the ultimate decision in all instances as to whether impeachment is appropriate rests with the House. Should the House vote to impeach and vote articles of impeachment specifying the grounds upon which impeachment is based, the matter is then presented to the Senate for trial.

2010 April 8, Elizabeth B. Bazan, Anna C. Henning, “Summary”, in Impeachment: An Overview of Constitutional Provisions, Procedure, and Practice (CRS Report for Congress; 98-186), [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, →OCLC:

In popular impeachments, the street protesters use disruption in order to apply the ultimate accountability sanction for a president: removal from power. [...] Popular impeachments have only happened under extraordinary circumstances. In the case of legal accountability: blatant corruption, abuses of power, or both, that seem to go unpunished. In the case of political accountability: economic meltdowns, major political crises, or both, with no signs of light at the end of the tunnel.

2013, Leon Zamosc, “Popular Impeachments: Ecuador in Comparative Perspective”, in Mario Sznajder, Luis Roniger, Carlos A. Forment, editors, Shifting Frontiers of Citizenship: The Latin American Experience (International Comparative Social Studies; 29), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 265:

There is even a gender gap in support for impeachment, with more American women than men in favor of the House inquiry – and Trump’s removal from office.

2019 November 22, Lauren Gambino, “'Absolute fearlessness': women take impeachment spotlight and speak truth as Trump fumes”, in The Guardian:

(countable, law, chiefly US) The act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct, especially if serious, often with the aim of having the official dismissed from office.


impeachment

Borrowed from English impeachment, originally to refer to the United States. Doublet of empêchement.

(law) impeachment (act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct, in the United States and other countries)


impeachment

Unadapted borrowing from English impeachment.

ubor

(law) impeachment (act of impeaching a public official)


impeachment

impeachment (nominative singular)
impeachmenty (nominative plural)
impeachmentu (genitive singular)
impeachmentów (genitive plural)
impeachmentowi (dative singular)
impeachmentom (dative plural)
impeachment (accusative singular)
impeachmenty (accusative plural)
impeachmentem (instrumental singular)
impeachmentami (instrumental plural)
impeachmencie (locative singular)
impeachmentach (locative plural)
impeachmencie (singular vocative)
impeachmenty (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English impeachment, from Middle English empechement.

(law) impeachment (act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct)

(law) impeachment (state of being impeached)


impeachment

(law, politics) impeachment (the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official)


facial

Early 17th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin faciālis (“face-to-face, direct, open”), from faciēs (“form, configuration, figure; face, visage, countenance”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

The facial constitutionality of the law is in question.

Discipline is a form of counter-law, of dissymmetry and inequality, that operates under the discourse of juridical power to make possible the stated or facial claims of equality and rights characteristic of the French Revolution.

2001, Bernard E. Harcourt, chapter 5, in Illusion of Order:

(transferred sense, law) (of a law or regulation validity) On its face; as it appears (as opposed to on a more probing analysis, as it is applied, etc.).


Warsaw Convention

(law, international law) An international treaty (full title: Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929) signed in Warsaw in 1929, covering international air travel, including such topics as ticketing, cargo and liability.


contravention

→ Romanian: contravenție

(law) infraction, infringement, minor offence


fiducia

la-noun

fīdūcia f (genitive fīdūciae); first declension

fīdūcia (canonical feminine)
fīdūciae (genitive)
fīdūcia (nominative singular)
fīdūciae (nominative plural)
fīdūciae (genitive singular)
fīdūciārum (genitive plural)
fīdūciae (dative singular)
fīdūciīs (dative plural)
fīdūciam (accusative singular)
fīdūciās (accusative plural)
fīdūciā (ablative singular)
fīdūciīs (ablative plural)
fīdūcia (singular vocative)
fīdūciae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Tuscan:

Lucca: feducia

Viareggio: feduce

Gallo-Italic:

Old Lombard: fiuxia

Old Northern Italian: fedusia

Piedmontese: fiusa

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: feuza

Galician: fiúza ⇒ afiúzar ("to trust")

Portuguese: fiúza ⇒ afizoar ("to take one's vows")

desc

Old Spanish: feduza, feuza, fiuza, fiuzia, fuyzia, fuzia

Spanish: hucia (obsolete)

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: fidúcia

→ French: fiducie

→ Italian: fiducia

→ Sicilian: fiducia

→ Spanish: fiducia

From unattested *fīdūcus + -ia, from fīdō (“I trust”) + -ūcus, confer cadūcus.


summary

en-adj

summary (comparative more summary, superlative most summary)

more summary (comparative)
most summary (superlative)

From Middle English summary, from Medieval Latin summārius, from Latin summa (“total, sum”) + -ārius (suffix forming adjectives).

The matter was brought to a close by summary dismissal of the cases.

The summary executions caused outrage.

(law) Performed by omitting the procedures of a full trial, but within a legally valid framework.

по съкратена процедура

cutting the procedures of a normal trial


conversion

en-noun

conversion (countable and uncountable, plural conversions)

From Middle English conversion, conversioun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman conversion, from Latin conversiō, from convertō.

обръщане

the act of having converted something or someone

המרת דת

to replace one religious faith with another

the conversion of a horse

Or bring my action of conversion / And trover for my goods.

1662 (indicated as 1663), [Samuel Butler], “[The First Part of Hudibras]”, in Hudibras. The First and Second Parts. […], London: […] John Martyn and Henry Herringman, […], published 1678; republished in A[lfred] R[ayney] Waller, editor, Hudibras: Written in the Time of the Late Wars, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1905, →OCLC:

(law) Under the common law, the tort of the taking of someone's personal property with intent to permanently deprive them of it, or damaging property to the extent that the owner is deprived of the utility of that property, thus making the tortfeasor liable for the entire value of the property.


stupefy

en-verb

stupefy (third-person singular simple present stupefies, present participle stupefying, simple past and past participle stupefied)

stupefies (present singular third-person)
stupefying (participle present)
stupefied (participle past)
stupefied (past)
stupify (alternative)

From Middle French stupéfier, from Latin stupefaciō (“strike dumb, stun with amazement, stupefy”), from stupeō (“I am stunned, speechless”) (English stupid, stupor) + faciō (“do, make”).

uder

a stupefying drug; a stupefacient

He stupefied her by means of chloroform, a general anaesthetic.

(transitive, especially law) To dull the senses or capacity to think thereby reducing responsiveness; to stun.


incapacitate

en-verb

incapacitate (third-person singular simple present incapacitates, present participle incapacitating, simple past and past participle incapacitated)

incapacitates (present singular third-person)
incapacitating (participle present)
incapacitated (participle past)
incapacitated (past)

Mid-17th century, from incapacity + -ate (verb-forming suffix). Compare French incapaciter.

(law) To make someone ineligible; to disqualify.


intangible

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Usmaan (Middle river exports)-intangible.wav

Borrowed from Middle French intangible, from Medieval Latin intangibilis, from Late Latin tangibilis, from Latin tango.

(law) Incorporeal property that is saleable though not material, such as bank deposits, stocks, bonds, and promissory notes


unlawful

en-adj

unlawful (comparative more unlawful, superlative most unlawful)

more unlawful (comparative)
most unlawful (superlative)

From Middle English unlawful; equivalent to un- + lawful.

He was charged with unlawful use of a car.

That year a U.S. appeals court found the program Snowden had exposed was unlawful and that the U.S. intelligence leaders who publicly defended it were not telling the truth.

2022 September 26, “Putin grants Russian citizenship to U.S. whistleblower Snowden”, in Mark Trevelyan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-09-26, Europe:

(law) Prohibited; not permitted by law (either civil or criminal law; see illegal); wrongful.

onwettig

prohibited; not permitted by law (either civil or criminal law)


Easter

en-noun

Easter (countable and uncountable, plural Easters)

→ Chickasaw: Iista'

The noun is derived from Middle English Ester, from Old English ēastre, seemingly from Ēastre, a proposed Anglo-Saxon goddess of the dawn whose festival is thought to have been celebrated around the vernal equinox. Further from Proto-West Germanic *Austrā, from Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ, derived from either Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”) or, more semantically plausible, from *austrą, *auzrą, a metathesized form of *wazrą (“spring (season)”), *-ǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).
The English word is cognate with German Low German Oostern (“Easter”), Old High German ōstarūn (modern German Ostern) and is possibly a doublet of east. Despite a modern folk etymology, not related to Ishtar.
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(UK, Ireland, law, education) Ellipsis of Easter term.


manslaughter

en-noun

manslaughter (countable and uncountable, plural manslaughters)

From Middle English manslaȝter, manslauter, equivalent to man + slaughter, or taken as an adaptation of Old English mansliht (“murder; killing of a person”), from mann (“person”) + sliht (“killing”), see manslaught. Cognate with Scots manslauchter (“homicide”). Compare also Old Frisian monslaga (“murder”).

inh

justifiable homicide
justifiable homicide

(law) The unlawful killing of a human, either in negligence or incidentally to the commission of some unlawful act, but without specific malice, or upon a sudden excitement of anger; considered less culpable than murder, but more culpable than justifiable homicide.

[Verbrechen] mit Todesfolge

intentional harm but unintentional killing

előre meg nem fontolt szándékkal elkövetett emberölés


convenire

it-verb

e􂀿intransitive in most meanings􂁀:a􂀿transitive, also intransitive when meaning "to agree"􂁀/@

convenìre (first-person singular present convèngo, first-person singular past historic convénni or convènni, past participle convenùto, first-person singular future converrò, auxiliary (intransitive in most meanings) èssere or (transitive, also intransitive when meaning "to agree") avére)

convenìre (canonical)
convèngo (first-person present singular)
convénni (first-person historic past singular)
convènni (first-person historic past singular)
convenùto (participle past)
converrò (first-person future singular)
èssere (auxiliary intransitive)
avére (also auxiliary intransitive transitive)
convenìre (infinitive)
èssere (auxiliary)
avére (auxiliary)
convenèndo (gerund)
conveniènte (participle present)
convenùto (participle past)
convèngo (first-person indicative present singular)
convièni (indicative present second-person singular)
conviéni (indicative present second-person singular)
conviène (indicative present singular third-person)
conviéne (indicative present singular third-person)
conveniàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
convenìte (indicative plural present second-person)
convèngono (indicative plural present third-person)
convenìvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
convenìvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
convenìva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
convenivàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
convenivàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
convenìvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
convénni (first-person historic indicative past singular)
convènni (first-person historic indicative past singular)
convenìsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
convénne (historic indicative past singular third-person)
convènne (historic indicative past singular third-person)
convenìmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
convenìste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
convénnero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
convènnero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
converrò (first-person future indicative singular)
converrài (future indicative second-person singular)
converrà (future indicative singular third-person)
converrémo (first-person future indicative plural)
converréte (future indicative plural second-person)
converrànno (future indicative plural third-person)
converrèi (conditional first-person singular)
converrésti (conditional second-person singular)
converrèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
converrébbe (conditional singular third-person)
converrémmo (conditional first-person plural)
converréste (conditional plural second-person)
converrèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
converrébbero (conditional plural third-person)
convènga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
convènga (present second-person singular subjunctive)
convènga (present singular subjunctive third-person)
conveniàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
conveniàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
convèngano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
convenìssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
convenìssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
convenìsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
convenìssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
convenìste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
convenìssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
convièni (imperative second-person singular)
conviéni (imperative second-person singular)
convènga (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
conveniàmo (first-person imperative plural)
convenìte (imperative plural second-person)
convèngano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
convenìre (imperative negative second-person singular)
convènga (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
conveniàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
convenìte (imperative negative plural second-person)
convèngano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)


objection

/əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/

From Middle French objection, from Old French objeccion, from Latin obiectio.

Counsel for the property owner immediately raised an objection which was sustained following argument outside the presence of the jury.

1994, Stephen Davis Porter, editor, Illinois Appellate Reports: Official Reports of the Illinois Appellate Court, page 500:

(law) An official protest raised in a court of law during a legal trial over a violation of the rules of the court by the opposing party.


objection

/əbˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/

Objection! That is irrelevant to this case, Your Honor!

(chiefly US, law) An assertion that a question or statement is in violation of the rules of the court.


cartel

→ Spanish: cártel

In the business sense, borrowed from German Kartell, first used by Eugen Richter in 1871 in the Reichstag. In the political sense, which was the vehicle for this metaphor, the English sense, like the German sense, was borrowed from French cartel in the sixteenth century, from Italian cartello, diminutive of carta (“card, page”), from Latin charta.

He then sent down a flag of truce in military style, proposing a cartel or exchange of prisoners – the corporal for the notary.

1832, Tales of the Alhambra, Washington Irving:

(historical, law) An official agreement concerning the exchange of prisoners.

kartel

official agreement concerning exchange of prisoners


covert

en-adj

covert (comparative more covert, superlative most covert)

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

From Middle English covert, from Old French covert, past participle of covrir (“to cover”) (corresponding to Latin coopertus); cognate to cover. Unrelated to overt, despite what the most common pronunciation would suggest.

feme covert

[…] a separate use for a woman cannot be created unless she is covert, or unless in immediate contemplation of her marriage.

1880, Weekly Notes of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the County Courts of Philadelphia, and the United States District and Circuit Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, page 292:

[…] in the second case, as long as the woman is covert she cannot anticipate the income, and a mere alienation of her interest is not an attempt to anticipate.

1890, Albert Gibson, Robert McLean, Law Notes, page 77:

Being advised of the fact that the woman is covert, he stands charged with a knowledge of her disability . A married woman has no power to deal as principal if she is in fact a surety […]

1906, Abraham Clark Freeman, The American State Reports: Containing the Cases of General Value and Authority Subsequent to Those Contained in the "American Decisions" [1760-1869] and the "American Reports" [1869-1887] Decided in the Courts of Last Resort of the Several States [1886-1911], page 305:


reservation

en-noun

reservation (countable and uncountable, plural reservations)

/ˌɹɛz.əʴˈveɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French reservation, equivalent to reserve + -ation.

(law, politics) A power of an overseeing authority to suspend legislation in the jurisdiction being overseen pending the approval of a higher authority. Such as a provincial/state governor reserving a bill passed by the state/provincial legislature from assent, pending approval of the federal government; or a federal bill passed by federal parliament being reserved by the viceroy pending approval by the crown.


confessio

From Latin cōnfessiō. Doublet of confession.

(law) A confession; a defense of one's faith, or a confession of guilt.


concurring opinion

concurring opinion (plural concurring opinions)

(law) An opinion which follows the outcome of the majority of the court, but might be reached in a differing manner.


allocate

From Middle English allocate (the common first word of writs authorizing payment), from Medieval Latin allocātum, substantivized from the nominative neuter singular of allocātus, see -ate (noun-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more. Alternatively, from allocāte, the second-person plural imperative of allocō, compare English liberate (“a warrant for the payment of a pension, allowance, debt, etc.”).

noncog

(obsolete, UK, historical, law) A writ authorizing payment, allowance, grant.


in personam

From Latin in persōnam (literally “towards a person”).

bor

in personam judgment

(law) In a lawsuit against a specific individual, a summons and complaint to give the court jurisdiction that is served to a person to try a case. In personam means that a judgment can be enforceable against the person wherever he/she is.


copyrighted

(law) Covered by a copyright, not public domain.


pena

Inherited from Old Catalan pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).


carnal knowledge

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-carnal knowledge.wav

to have carnal knowledge of someone

to knock a woman, to have carnal knowledge of her

1785, [Francis Grose], “Knock”, in A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, London: […] S[amuel] Hooper, […], →OCLC:

The legal definition of rape, is the carnal knowledge of a woman by force, and against her will. The carnal knowledge of a child, under ten years of age, with or without her consent, is considered rape.

1836, Michael Ryan, A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 2nd edition, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, page 309:

(archaic, chiefly law) Sexual intercourse.


verification

en-noun

verification (countable and uncountable, plural verifications)

From Middle French vérification, from Medieval Latin verificatio.

(law) A formal phrase used in concluding a plea, to denote confirmation by evidence.


erroneous

en-adj

erroneous (comparative more erroneous, superlative most erroneous)

more erroneous (comparative)
most erroneous (superlative)

/ɪˈɹəʊ.nɪ.əs/

/ɛɹˈəʊ.nɪ.əs/

From late Middle English erroneous, from Middle French erroneux, from Latin erroneus.

If, while having the power to act, one commits error in the exercise of that power, he acts erroneously.

(law) Deviating from the requirements of the law, but without a lack of legal authority, thus not illegal.


transmission

en-noun

transmission (countable and uncountable, plural transmissions)

transmissions (plural)
trans (alternative)
xmission (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin transmissionem (accusative of transmissio), from transmittere.

monochromated scanning transmission electron microscope

(law) The right possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor(s) any inheritance, legacy, right, or privilege, to which he is entitled, even if he should die without enjoying or exercising it.


citizen's arrest

citizen's arrest (plural citizen's arrests or citizens' arrests)

citizen's arrests (plural)
citizens' arrests (plural)

(countable, law) An arrest made by a person who is not acting as a sworn law enforcement official to detain a suspected criminal until the police can be summoned.


quiddity

quiddity (countable and uncountable, plural quiddities)

From Middle English quidite, from Old French quidité, and its source, Late Latin quidditas, from Latin quid (“what”) + -itas (“-ness”).


caption

Borrowed from Latin captiō (“deception, fraud”), from the past participle of capiō (“I take, I seize”) (English capture). Compare Middle English capcioun (“seizure, capture”).

cog

(law) The section on an official paper (for example, as part of a seizure or capture) that describes when, where, and what was taken, found or executed, and who authorized the act.

1919 Thomas Welburn Hughes. A treatise on criminal law and procedure. The Bobbs-Merril Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA. Sec. 557 (p. 378).
The caption and asportation must be felonious.

(obsolete, law) A seizure or capture, especially of tangible property (chattel).


bigamy

en-noun

bigamy (countable and uncountable, plural bigamies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-bigamy.wav

From Middle English bigamie (“having two spouses simultaneously, bigamy; second marriage; marrying a widow or widower”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman bigamie and Middle French bigamie (“having two spouses simultaneously; second marriage; marrying a widow or widower”) (modern French bigamie (“bigamy”)), and its etymon Late Latin bigamia (“having two spouses simultaneously; second marriage”), from Late Latin, Latin bigamus (“bigamous”) + -ia (variant of -ius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns)). Bigamus is derived from bis (“twice, two times”) + Ancient Greek γάμος (gámos, “marriage; matrimony”) (from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”)). The English word is analysable as bi- + -gamy.

der

Bigamie was a counterplea (deuiſed at yͤ Councell of Lyons, vpon mislike of ſecond marriage) to be obiected, when the priſoner demaundeth the benefite of the Clergie, to wit, his Book, as namely to ſay, that he which demaundeth the priuiledge of the Clergie, was married to ſuch a woman at ſuch a place, within ſuch a Dioceſſe, and that ſhee is dead, and that hee hath married another woman within the ſame Dioceſſe, or within ſome other Dioceſſe, and ſo is Bigamus.

1624, [John Rastell], “Bigamie”, in Les Termes de la Ley: Or, Certaine Difficult and Obscure VVords and Termes of the Common Lawes of This Realme Expounded. […], new edition, London: […] Company of Stationers, →OCLC, folio 45, recto and verso:

(ecclesiastical law, historical) A second marriage after the death of a spouse.


intentional

en-adj

intentional (comparative more intentional, superlative most intentional)

more intentional (comparative)
most intentional (superlative)

[ɪnˈtʰɛnʃənɫ̩]

[ɪnˈtʰenʃənɫ̩]

Borrowed from Medieval Latin intentiōnālis. By surface analysis, intention + -al.


nul

ro-adj

nul m or n (feminine singular nulă, masculine plural nuli, feminine and neuter plural nule)

nulă (feminine singular)
nuli (masculine plural)
nule (feminine neuter plural)
nul (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
nulă (feminine indefinite singular)
nuli (indefinite masculine plural)
nule (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
nulul (definite masculine neuter singular)
nula (definite feminine singular)
nulii (definite masculine plural)
nulele (definite feminine neuter plural)
nule (feminine indefinite singular)
nulului (definite masculine neuter singular)
nulei (definite feminine singular)
nulilor (definite masculine plural)
nulelor (definite feminine neuter plural)

(law) null, void (holding no legal power)


drawdown

en-noun

drawdown (countable and uncountable, plural drawdowns)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-drawdown.wav

The presidential drawdown authority, a US foreign policy tool, allows for the speedy delivery of DoD stocks to foreign countries in crisis.

2023 December 27, “US to provide Ukraine with up to $250m in arms and equipment”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

The act of reduction or depletion (including through withdrawal or utilization).

(US, military, law, in particular) The withdrawal of weapons, ammunition and other supplies from US stocks, and provision of it to another nation.


interlocutor

interlocutors (plural)
interlocutour (alternative)

The agent noun counterpart, via suffix -tor, of Latin interloquor (“speak between, issue an interlocutory decree”), from inter- + loquor (“speak”).

uder

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-interlocutor.wav

(law) An interlocutory judgement or sentence.


guilty

en-adj

guilty (comparative guiltier or more guilty, superlative guiltiest or most guilty)

guiltier (comparative)
more guilty (comparative)
guiltiest (superlative)
most guilty (superlative)

From Middle English gilty, gulty, from Old English gyltiġ (“offending, guilty”); equivalent to guilt + -y.

inh

The guilty man was led away.


guilty

(law) A plea by a defendant who does not contest a charge.

(law) A verdict of a judge or jury on a defendant judged to have committed a crime.


repugnant

en-adj

repugnant (comparative more repugnant, superlative most repugnant)

more repugnant (comparative)
most repugnant (superlative)

/ɹɪˈpʌɡnənt/

From Middle English repugnaunt, from Old French repugnant, borrowed from Latin repugnans, present participle of repugnare (“to oppose, to fight against”), from re- (“back, against”) + pugnare (“to fight”); see pugnacious.

a repugnant condition


dispositif

En censurant l’essentiel de la loi dite « Avia », jeudi 18 juin, le Conseil constitutionnel a mis à bas un dispositif adopté en mai, destiné à imposer aux géants du numérique de retirer les incitations à la haine, à la violence et au terrorisme, ainsi que les injures à caractère raciste ou sexiste et les images pornographiques représentant des mineurs.

2020 June 19, “Stopper la haine sur Internet”, in Le Monde:

By censuring most of the so-called "Avia" law, on Thursday the 18th of June, the Constitutional Council scrapped a dispositif adopted in May, intended to require the digital giants to remove incitements to hatred, violence, and terrorism, as well as insults of a racist or sexist character, and pornographic images depicting minors.


convey

en-verb

convey (third-person singular simple present conveys, present participle conveying, simple past and past participle conveyed)

conveys (present singular third-person)
conveying (participle present)
conveyed (participle past)
conveyed (past)

From Middle English conveien, from Old French conveier (French convoyer), from Vulgar Latin *convio, from Classical Latin via (“way”). Compare convoy.

accompany

to take someone from one place to another

He conveyed ownership of the company to his daughter.

[…] before his breaking forth into open rebellion, [the Earle of Desmond] had conveyed secretly all his lands to feoffees of trust, in hope to have cut off her Maiestie from the escheate of his lands.

1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:


court fee

(law) A fee paid purportedly to cover administrative costs, at the start of each new court filing.


assign

assign (third-person singular simple present assigns, present participle assigning, simple past and past participle assigned)

assigns (present singular third-person)
assigning (participle present)
assigned (participle past)
assigned (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Proto-Italic *ad-
Latin ad-
Latin signō
Latin assignōlbor.
Old French assignerbor.
Middle English assignen
English assign
From Middle English assignen, from Old French assigner, asigner, from Latin assignō, from ad- + signō (“mark, sign”).

luokittaa

to attribute or sort something into categories

(transitive, law) To transfer (property, a legal right, etc.) from one person to another.

приписвам

to transfer property, a legal right, etc., from one person to another


doação

doações (plural)
doaçaõ (alternative obsolete)

From Old Galician-Portuguese dõaçon, from Latin dōnātiōnem. By surface analysis, doar + -ção. Compare Galician doazón.

(law) contract by which a person, in a spirit of liberality and at the expense of his or her assets, freely disposes of a thing or a right, or assumes an obligation, for the benefit of the other contracting party


remission

en-noun

remission (countable and uncountable, plural remissions)

/ɹɪˈmɪʃ(ə)n/

/ɹəˈmɪʃ(ə)n/

From Middle English remissioun (“release from duty; freeing of captives; mercy, pardon, respite; forgiveness; release from or reduction of penances; reduction in intensity (of a quality, symptom, etc.); transfer of property, quitclaim; legal opinion or submission; reference, cross-reference”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman remission, remissione, remissioun, remissiun and Middle French, Old French remission (“forgiveness of sin; pardoning of an offence; postponement; cessation, suspension; diminishing or weakening of something; reduction of debt; reduction in intensity of a disease or symptom”) (modern French rémission), and their etymon Late Latin remissiō (“forgiveness; pardon of sins”), Latin remissiō (“release; sending back; easing off, relaxing, softening; reduction of debt; reduction in intensity of a disease or symptom”), from remittō (“to remit, send back; to diminish; to relax; to do without, forego”) + -siō. Remittō is derived from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards’) + mittō (“to cause to go; to send; to discharge, emit, let go, release; to throw; to extend, reach out; to announce, tell; to produce, yield; to attend, escort, guide; to dismiss, disregard; to end”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to change, exchange; to change places, go past”) or *(s)meyt- (“to throw”)).
The English word is cognate with Catalan remissió, Italian remissioni, remissione (“remission; withdrawal of legal action; compliance, submission”), Old Occitan remessió, Portuguese remisson, remissão (“pardon; remission”), Spanish remisión (“remission”).

nb...

remiscioun, remisiun, remission, remissiun, remissyon, remyscioun, remyscyon, remyscyoun, remyssion, remyssioun, remyssyon, remyssyoun, remyssyoune

Zurücksendung

That Mr. Carstairs answer all interrogatories that shall be put to him, betwixt and the first of October next, upon his great oath. That which being done, he shall have his majesty's full pardon and remission, for his life, limb, estate, and fame.

1684, “314. The Trial of Robert Baillie, of Jerviswood, in Scotland, for High Treason: 36 Charles II. a.d. 1684”, in Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, volumes X (A.D. 1680–1685), London: Printed by T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Co.; [et al.], published 1811, →OCLC, column 693:

At common law, the criminal was bound to assyth the party whom he had injured; no special statute was necessary to establish a point received and understood; but a doubt might be entertained, how far crimes were not entirely abolished by a remission, so as not only to stop the punishment of the law, but to exclude the claim of damages. To obviate this doubt was the intention of these various statutes, which provide that assythment shall be due, notwithstanding a remission.

1767 February 24, William Maxwell Morison, “[Proof.] Macharg against Campbell.”, in The Decisions of the Court of Session, from Its Institution until the Separation of the Court into Two Divisions in the Year 1808, Digested under Proper Heads, in the Form of a Dictionary. […], volumes XXIX–XXX, Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Company, published 1811, →OCLC, division III (Public Instrument, How Far Probative), section IV (Decrees, Acts of Court, &c.), case no. 429, page 12543:

A lessening of amount due, as in either money or work, or intensity of a thing.

(law) A reduction or cancellation of the penalty for a criminal offence; in particular, the reduction of a prison sentence as a recognition of the prisoner's good behaviour.

смекчаване

It was held by the Court of Errors and Appeals that the remission of the case to the trial court for clarification of the verdict was justified, and that the record, as corrected, clearly indicated that the recommendation of life imprisonment should apply only to Rannelli and not to Merra.

1953 October term, Silvio DeVita, Petitioner, vs. the State of New Jersey, Respondent. […] Brief for the State of New Jersey Oppositing Petition for Writ of Certiorari (Supreme Court of the United States; no. 429), Newark, N.J.: Arthur W. Cross, page 9:

An act of remitting, returning, or sending back.

(law) A referral of a case back to another (especially a lower or inferior) court of law; a remand, a remittal.

siirtäminen

referral of a case back to another court


teacht

head

teacht (present analytic teachtann, future analytic teachtfaidh, verbal noun teachtadh, past participle teachta)

teachtann (analytic present)
teachtfaidh (analytic future)
teachtadh (noun-from-verb)
teachta (participle past)
teachtadh (noun-from-verb)
teachta (participle past)
teachtaim (first-person indicative present singular)
teachtann tú (indicative present second-person singular)
teachtair (indicative present second-person singular)
teachtann sé (indicative present singular third-person)
sí (indicative present singular third-person)
teachtaimid (first-person indicative plural present)
teachtann sibh (indicative plural present second-person)
teachtann siad (indicative plural present third-person)
teachtaid (indicative plural present third-person)
a theachtann (indicative present relative)
a theachtas (indicative present relative)
a dteachtann (indicative present relative)
teachtar (autonomous indicative present)
theacht mé (first-person indicative past singular)
theachtas (first-person indicative past singular)
theacht tú (indicative past second-person singular)
theachtais (indicative past second-person singular)
theacht sé (indicative past singular third-person)
sí (indicative past singular third-person)
theachtamar (first-person indicative past plural)
theacht muid (first-person indicative past plural)
theacht sibh (indicative past plural second-person)
theachtabhair (indicative past plural second-person)
theacht siad (indicative past plural third-person)
theachtadar (indicative past plural third-person)
a theacht (indicative past relative)
ar theacht (indicative past relative)
teachtadh (autonomous indicative past)
theachtainn (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
dteachtainn‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
theachtá (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
dteachtá‡‡ (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
theachtadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
dteachtadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí‡‡ (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
theachtaimis (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
theachtadh muid (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
dteachtaimis‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
dteachtadh muid‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
theachtadh sibh (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
dteachtadh sibh‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
theachtaidís (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
theachtadh siad (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
dteachtaidís‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
dteachtadh siad‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
a theachtadh (habitual indicative past relative)
a dteachtadh (habitual indicative past relative)
theachtaí (autonomous habitual indicative past)
dteachtaí‡‡ (autonomous habitual indicative past)
teachtfaidh mé (first-person future indicative singular)
teachtfad (first-person future indicative singular)
teachtfaidh tú (future indicative second-person singular)
teachtfair (future indicative second-person singular)
teachtfaidh sé (future indicative singular third-person)
sí (future indicative singular third-person)
teachtfaimid (first-person future indicative plural)
teachtfaidh muid (first-person future indicative plural)
teachtfaidh sibh (future indicative plural second-person)
teachtfaidh siad (future indicative plural third-person)
teachtfaid (future indicative plural third-person)
a theachtfaidh (future indicative relative)
a theachtfas (future indicative relative)
a dteachtfaidh (future indicative relative)
teachtfar (autonomous future indicative)
theachtfainn (conditional first-person singular)
dteachtfainn‡‡ (conditional first-person singular)
theachtfá (conditional second-person singular)
dteachtfá‡‡ (conditional second-person singular)
theachtfadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí (conditional singular third-person)
dteachtfadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí‡‡ (conditional singular third-person)
theachtfaimis (conditional first-person plural)
theachtfadh muid (conditional first-person plural)
dteachtfaimis‡‡ (conditional first-person plural)
dteachtfadh muid‡‡ (conditional first-person plural)
theachtfadh sibh (conditional plural second-person)
dteachtfadh sibh‡‡ (conditional plural second-person)
theachtfaidís (conditional plural third-person)
theachtfadh siad (conditional plural third-person)
dteachtfaidís‡‡ (conditional plural third-person)
dteachtfadh siad‡‡ (conditional plural third-person)
a theachtfadh (conditional relative)
a dteachtfadh (conditional relative)
theachtfaí (autonomous conditional)
dteachtfaí‡‡ (autonomous conditional)
go dteachta mé (first-person present singular subjunctive)
go dteachtad (first-person present singular subjunctive)
go dteachta tú (present second-person singular subjunctive)
go dteachtair (present second-person singular subjunctive)
go dteachta sé (present singular subjunctive third-person)
sí (present singular subjunctive third-person)
go dteachtaimid (first-person plural present subjunctive)
go dteachta muid (first-person plural present subjunctive)
go dteachta sibh (plural present second-person subjunctive)
go dteachta siad (plural present subjunctive third-person)
go dteachtaid (plural present subjunctive third-person)
go dteachtar (autonomous present subjunctive)
dá dteachtainn (first-person past singular subjunctive)
dá dteachtá (past second-person singular subjunctive)
dá dteachtadh sé (past singular subjunctive third-person)
sí (past singular subjunctive third-person)
dá dteachtaimis (first-person past plural subjunctive)
dá dteachtadh muid (first-person past plural subjunctive)
dá dteachtadh sibh (past plural second-person subjunctive)
dá dteachtaidís (past plural subjunctive third-person)
dá dteachtadh siad (past plural subjunctive third-person)
dá dteachtaí (autonomous past subjunctive)
teachtaim (first-person imperative singular)
teacht (imperative second-person singular)
teachtadh sé (imperative singular third-person)
sí (imperative singular third-person)
teachtaimis (first-person imperative plural)
teachtaigí (imperative plural second-person)
teachtaidh (imperative plural second-person)
teachtaidís (imperative plural third-person)
teachtar (autonomous imperative)
teacht
theacht
dteacht

From Old Irish techtaid (“to possess (lawfully)”).

inh

(transitive, law) to hold, enjoy (property)


guilt

en-noun

guilt (usually uncountable, plural guilts)

From Middle English gilt, gult, from Old English gylt (“guilt, sin, offense, crime, fault”), of obscure origin, but possibly related with Old English ġieldan (“to pay, requite, punish”), whence yield. More specifically it could be connected with Proto-West Germanic *guldijā, whence Middle Low German gülde, Middle High German gülte (“debt, fee, financial duty”). However, neither the Old English stem form nor the -t (instead of -d) fit the continental form.

cog

(law) The state of having been found guilty or admitted guilt in legal proceedings.