Strafrechtler

Strafrechtler m (strong, genitive Strafrechtlers, plural Strafrechtler, feminine Strafrechtlerin)

Strafrechtlers (genitive)
Strafrechtler (plural)
Strafrechtlerin (feminine)
Strafrechtler (nominative singular)
Strafrechtler (definite nominative plural)
Strafrechtlers (genitive singular)
Strafrechtler (definite genitive plural)
Strafrechtler (dative singular)
Strafrechtlern (dative definite plural)
Strafrechtler (accusative singular)
Strafrechtler (accusative definite plural)

[ˈʃtʁaːfˌʁɛçtlɐ]


strafrechtlich

de-adj

strafrechtlich (strong nominative masculine singular strafrechtlicher, not comparable)

strafrechtlicher (masculine nominative singular strong)
strafrechtlich (masculine predicative singular)
strafrechtlich (feminine predicative singular)
strafrechtlich (neuter predicative singular)
strafrechtlich (plural predicative)
strafrechtlicher (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
strafrechtliche (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
strafrechtliches (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
strafrechtliche (nominative plural strong without-article)
strafrechtlichen (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
strafrechtlicher (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
strafrechtlichen (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
strafrechtlicher (genitive plural strong without-article)
strafrechtlichem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
strafrechtlicher (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
strafrechtlichem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
strafrechtlichen (dative plural strong without-article)
strafrechtlichen (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
strafrechtliche (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
strafrechtliches (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
strafrechtliche (accusative plural strong without-article)
der strafrechtliche (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die strafrechtliche (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das strafrechtliche (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die strafrechtlichen (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des strafrechtlichen (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der strafrechtlichen (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des strafrechtlichen (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der strafrechtlichen (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem strafrechtlichen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der strafrechtlichen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem strafrechtlichen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den strafrechtlichen (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den strafrechtlichen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die strafrechtliche (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das strafrechtliche (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die strafrechtlichen (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein strafrechtlicher (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine strafrechtliche (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein strafrechtliches (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
strafrechtlichen (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine strafrechtlichen (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines strafrechtlichen (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer strafrechtlichen (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines strafrechtlichen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
strafrechtlichen (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner strafrechtlichen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem strafrechtlichen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer strafrechtlichen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem strafrechtlichen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
strafrechtlichen (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen strafrechtlichen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen strafrechtlichen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine strafrechtliche (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein strafrechtliches (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
strafrechtlichen (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine strafrechtlichen (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)

(law) concerning or according to criminal law


strafrechtlich

strafrechtlich verfolgen

strafrechtlich haftbar


prosecute

en-verb

prosecute (third-person singular simple present prosecutes, present participle prosecuting, simple past and past participle prosecuted)

prosecutes (present singular third-person)
prosecuting (participle present)
prosecuted (participle past)
prosecuted (past)
prosequte (alternative obsolete)
prosequute (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin prōsecūtus, perfect participle of prōsequor. Doublet of pursue, from Old French. Compare also persecute.

to prosecute a man for trespass, or for a riot

To acquit themſelves and proſecute their foes

1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 56, line 898:

(transitive, law) To start criminal proceedings against.

起訴 /起诉

To start civil or criminal proceedings against

The Vigilante is prosecuted in Federal Court under a lynch bill and winds up in a Federal Nut House specially designed for the containment of ghosts […]

1962 [1959], William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, New York: Grove Press, page 8:


rule nisi

(law) A decree issued by the court that becomes absolute at some later date unless cause is shown why it should not.


ab initio

From Latin ab (“from”) + initiō, ablative singular of initium (“beginning”).

As the Act was passed without the required quorum, the constitutional court struck down the Act and declared it to be void ab initio

Any child marriage solemnised in contravention of an injunction order issued under section 13, whether interim or final, shall be void ab initio.

2007, Parliament of India, “Section 14”, in Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, page 4:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(law) From the time when a law, legal right or decree, contract, ownership interest, partnership (etc.) comes into force.

ab initio

referring to the time from when a legal document comes into force


amicus curiae

amici curiae (plural)
amica curiae (alternative)

From Latin, amīcus (“friend”) + cūriae (“of the court”), genitive singular of cūria (“court”).

BANNATYNE v BANNATYNE (COMMISSION FOR GENDER EQUALITY, AS AMICUS CURIAE) 2003 (2) SA 363 (CC) "The Court admitted as amicus curiae the Commission for Gender Equality (CGE) which lodged empirical data on the state of the maintenance system in South Africa and its effect on the rights of women and children in seeking effective relief pursuant to the Maintenance Act (the Act)."

MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS v FOURIE (DOCTORS FOR LIFE INTERNATIONAL AND OTHERS, AMICI CURIAE)LESBIAN AND GAY EQUALITY PROJECT AND OTHERS v MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS 2006 (1) SA 524 (CC): "Prior to the hearing, applications were made by Doctors For Life International and its legal representative Mr John Smyth, to be admitted as amici curiae.

(law, US) A person or entity who has been allowed by the court to plead or make submissions but who is not directly involved in the action.

(law, Canada) An independent lawyer, not retained by any party, whom the court has ordered to provide legal submissions regarding the matter in dispute; for example, to provide submissions regarding the situation of an unrepresented litigant or accused person.


estoppel

en-noun

estoppel (countable and uncountable, plural estoppels)

From Middle English *estoppel (found only as stoppel, stoppell, stopple, etc.), probably from Old French estoupail, estopail, estopaille, a bung made of oakum (étoupe), from Latin stuppa ("flax, tow"), from Ancient Greek στύππη (stuppē).

(common law) A legal principle in the law of equity that prevents a party from asserting otherwise valid legal rights against another party because of conduct by the first party, or circumstances to which the first party has knowingly contributed, making it unjust for those rights to be asserted.


grantor

grantors (plural)
grantour (alternative)


tortfeasor

From Anglo-Norman tortfeasor, from Old French tortfesor, tort-faiseur, torfesor, torzfesor (“wrongdoer”), from tort (“a misdeed, a wrong”) + fesor, faiseur (“doer”).

[…] there is an exception “in the cases of heir and executor, who may plead a release to the ancestor or testator whom they respectively represent; so also with respect to several tortfeasors, for in all these cases there is a privity between the parties which constitutes an identity of person”.

1881, Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law:

Damages paid by the settling tortfeasor which are greater than the pro rata amount can easily be attributed to his desire to avoid legal fees and bad press, or misspeculation about the merits and likely outcome of the case.

1992, Moot Court Casebook - Volume 16, pages 9-23:


juré

From Old French juré, from Latin iūrātus. Cf. juther.


zoning

These towers are not only the product of advances in construction technology – and a global surfeit of super-rich buyers – but a zoning policy that allows a developer to acquire unused airspace nearby, add it to their own lot, and erect a vast structure without any kind of public review process taking place.

2019 June 1, Oliver Wainwright, “Super-tall, super-skinny, super-expensive: the ‘pencil towers’ of New York’s super-rich”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-10-05:

(law) Legislative action for the purpose of regulating the use of property and the construction of buildings within the area under the jurisdiction of the legislative body concerned.

գոտիավորում

legal: regulation of property use and construction


brocard

From French brocard, cognate with Medieval Latin brocarda, brocardicorum opus, a collection of canonical laws written by the bishop Burchard of Worms.

The other question was as to the proper legal meaning of the brocard, “heres heredis mei est heres meus.”

1860, “The Journal of Jurisprudence”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume IV, Edinburgh, page 414:

Blackstone, with a like tenderness of conscience, endeavors to withdraw a single case, a sale of provisions, from the old brocard caveat emptor, and tells us that in such a contract there is a warranty that the provisions are wholesome.

1853, Samuel Owen, “The New York Legal Observer”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume XI, pages 73–4:

(law) A legal principle usually expressed in Latin, traditionally used to concisely express a wider legal concept or rule.


seisin

From Middle English seisin, seysen, from Old French seisin, from the verb seisir, from Early Medieval Latin sacīre, from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (satjan) and Old English settan. More at seize, seise.

(law, historical) An entitlement to a freehold estate with a right to immediate possession.


headnote

headnotes (plural)
head-note (alternative rare)
head note (alternative rare)

(law) A summary of the relevant aspects of a legal case, usually found at the beginning of a case report.


per curiam

Latin per (“by means of”) curiam (“the court”)

(law) An opinion delivered by an entire court rather than a single judge.


interim order

(law) a court order entered at the beginning of a lawsuit to preserve a semblance of organisational order or to maintain the status quo pending the final disposition of the case


jaywalk

en-verb

jaywalk (third-person singular simple present jaywalks, present participle jaywalking, simple past and past participle jaywalked)

jaywalks (present singular third-person)
jaywalking (participle present)
jaywalked (participle past)
jaywalked (past)
J walk (alternative nonstandard)
J-walk (alternative nonstandard)

Back-formation from jaywalker. Analyzable as jay (“a stupid person”) + walk.

(chiefly US, law, automotive, transitive, intransitive) To behave as a jaywalker; to violate pedestrian traffic regulations by crossing a street away from a designated crossing or to walk in the part of the street intended for vehicles rather than on the sidewalk.

eine Straße an verbotener Stelle überqueren

переходи́ть доро́гу в неполо́женном ме́сте

but see oförsiktig fotgängare and vårdslös fotgängare.


jury nullification

en-noun

jury nullification (countable and uncountable, plural jury nullifications)

The prosecutor thought he lost the case, not due to the creation of reasonable doubt, but due to jury nullification.

(law) An acquittal by a jury of a defendant ignoring the facts of the case and/or the law.

lautamiehistön hylkäävä päätös

(law) an acquittal by a jury of a defendant ignoring the facts of the case and/or the law

nullificírujuščij verdíkt sudá prisjážnyx

нуллифици́рующий верди́кт суда́ прися́жных


jury pool

(law) the eligible population from which jury members can be selected


matter of record

matter of record (plural matters of record)

(law) A fact that is contained within court files or has otherwise been entered into evidence before the court.


mens rea

/ˌmɛnz ˈɹiːə/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-mens rea.wav

From Latin mēns + reus (literally “guilty mind”), from the English common law precept Actus non facit reum nisi mens rea sit ("The act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty").

As a general rule the act (or omission) causing death and the relevant mens rea must occur at the same time. The most obvious application of this rule to exclude liability is the case where the mens rea is formed after the actus reus has taken place.

2006, David Lanham, David Wood, Bronwyn Bartal, Rob Evans, Criminal Laws in Australia, page 198:

The criminal offences not requiring a mens rea proof for convictions are then specifically indicated in the legislature as being under “strict liability.”

2007, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Blameworthy Belief: A Study in Epistemic Deontologism, page 10:

The majority of serious criminal offences require, in addition to the actus reus, a specific state of mind on the part of the accused, usually referred to as the mens rea. Many less serious crimes require no mens rea, but simply proof that the defendant caused the prohibited harm.

2011, Jonathan Herring, Criminal Law, 7th edition, page 67:

The individual mentes reae of the joint perpetrators have to be considered separately.

2016, Dennis J. Baker, Reinterpreting Criminal Complicity and Inchoate Participation Offences, page 174:

In “Winner,” [Susanna] Fogel dramatizes, onscreen, Reality [Winner]’s mens rea, showing the elaborate details of her plan to print, purloin, and disclose the relevant pages of the Russia file—and the combination of forethought and improvisation on which the plan’s success depends.

2024 September 11, Richard Brody, ““Winner” Takes Political Comedy Seriously”, in The New Yorker:

(law) A guilty mind, the conscious knowing of a perpetrator while committing an act that the act is illicit.


interrogatory

/ˌɪntəˈɹɑɡəˌtɔɹi/

/ˌɪntəˈɹɒɡətəɹi/

/ˌɪntəˈɹɒɡətɹi/

From Late Latin; equivalent to interrogate + -ory (“pertaining to”), or more distantly inter- + rogatory.

Sidney interposed with an interrogatory concerning the legality of the evidence

1763-1783, Catharine Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line:

Kimberling, on the advice of his lawyer Frank Kameny, refused to answer several questions put to him on the 16-question interrogatory. After strong objections, the questions in question were withdrawn.

1976 December 11, “Security Clearance Cleared”, in Gay Community News, volume 4, number 24, page 3:

If those attempts are unsuccessful, the attorney requesting the interrogatories may file a motion for sanctions with the court. The sanctions range from attorney fees to prohibiting the nonanswering party from presenting or defending claims.

2013, James J. Gross, It's Splitsville: Surviving Your Divorce, page 240:

(law) A formal question or set of questions submitted to opposing party to answer, generally governed by court rule.


no contest

Calque of Latin nolō contendere (“I don't want to contest”).

cal

(US, law) A plea in a criminal case which means that the defendant admits no guilt but is no longer contesting the charges brought against him/her.

No contest clauses are valid in California and are favored by the public policies of discouraging litigation and giving effect to the settlor's expressed purposes.

2021, Susan F. French, A California Companion for the Course in Wills, Trusts, and Estates:

(US, law) A clause in a will that imposes a penalty of forfeiture against any beneficiary who challenges the will.


spousal support

en-noun

spousal support (usually uncountable, plural spousal supports)


superintending control

(law) The authority that a higher court has to issue an order specifically ordering a lower court to perform (or stop performing) a certain action


sua sponte

A borrowing of Latin sua sponte (“at its own prompting; by its own impulse; of its own free will”)

uder

Decretals... ought, properly speaking, to be distinguished, on the one hand from constitutions... enacted by the Pope sua sponte without reference to any particular case, and on the other hand from rescripts... which apply only to special circumstances or individuals, and constitute no general precedent. But this nomenclature is not strictly observed.

1878, "Decretals" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VII, p. 22

(law) Without prompting or suggestion; on its own initiative.


docket

dockets (plural)
docquet (alternative archaic)

Uncertain; perhaps a diminutive of dock.

(law) A short entry of the proceedings of a court; the register containing them; the office containing the register.

Prozessregister

(law) A schedule of cases awaiting action in a court.


counterclaim

counterclaims (plural)
counter-claim (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-counterclaim.wav

(law) A suit filed by a defendant against a plaintiff secondary to the original complaint.


affiant

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-affiant.wav

From the present participle of Old French afier, from Late Latin affidare. Related to affidavit.

Further affiant sayeth naught. (A centuries-old statement that is still used on some legal documents as the final declaration prior to the affiant's signature.)

(law) The individual witness whose statement is contained in an affidavit or sworn deposition.


severalty

en-noun

severalty (countable and uncountable, plural severalties)

(law) The sole ownership of property by someone.


comparator

The applicant is therefore complaining not of a lack of action but rather of the decision of the local authority to reduce the care package that it had hitherto been making available to her. As such, a more appropriate comparator would be the case of Watts v. The United Kingdom (dec.), no. 53586/09 of 4 May 2010, in which the Court was content to proceed on the basis that a decision to close the care home where the elderly applicant was resident and to transfer her to another home constituted an interference with her rights under Article 8.

2014 May 20, European Court of Human Rights, McDonald v. The United Kingdom, number 4241/12, marginal 48:

Roxanne Khazarian (“Plaintiff”) moved to compel discovery from Gerald Metals, LLC and Metals Trading Corp (“Defendants”), seeking the personnel file of Gary Lerner, an employee of Defendants. […] Defendants object to the production of these documents on the grounds that Mr. Lerner is not an appropriate comparator for Ms. Khazarian and his personnel file is therefore irrelevant.

2017 September 11, United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, Roxanne Khazarian vs. Gerald Metals, LLC, Metals Trading Corp., Gerald Holdings, LLC, Craig Dean, and Dan Gamez, numbers 3:16-cv-01762(VAB):


juge

Inherited from Old French juge, from Latin iūdicem, jūdicem, accusative singular of iūdex.


juge

From Old French juge, from Latin iūdicem, jūdicem, accusative singular of iūdex.


abuse of distress

(idiomatic, historical, law) a wrongful using of an animal or chattel distrained, by the distrainer


indictment

indictment (countable and uncountable, plural indictments)

indictments (plural)
endictment (alternative)

18th-century Latinized respelling of Middle English endytement (“action of accusing”), from Anglo-Norman enditement, from enditer, from Late Latin indictāre, from Latin indictus.

inh

(law) An official formal accusation for a criminal offence, or the process by which it is brought to a jury.

[…]— the indictment will remain sealed until his expected arraignment on Tuesday, when the charges will be formally revealed.

2023 March 30, William K. Rashbaum, “This is what will happen when Trump is arrested in the coming days.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) The official legal document outlining the charges concerned; bill of indictment.


indemnity

en-noun

indemnity (countable and uncountable, plural indemnities)

From late Middle English indempnite, from Middle French indemnité, from Late Latin indemnitās (“security from damage”), from Latin indemnis (“undamaged”), from in- (“not”) + damnum (“damage”).

der

(law) An obligation or duty upon an individual to incur the losses of another.

(law) The right of an injured party to shift the loss onto the party responsible for the loss.


bench trial

(law) A trial by judge as opposed to a trial by jury.


magistrate

/ˈmæd͡ʒɪstɹət/

From Middle English magistrat, maiestrat (“magistrate; magistracy”), borrowed from Latin magistrātus. See also -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office).

inh

(law) A judicial officer with limited authority to administer and enforce the law. A magistrate's court may have jurisdiction in civil or criminal cases, or both.

maistraatti

in foreign contexts; not equivalent in Finland


encumbrance

en-verb

encumbrance (third-person singular simple present encumbrances, present participle encumbrancing, simple past and past participle encumbranced)

encumbrances (present singular third-person)
encumbrancing (participle present)
encumbranced (participle past)
encumbranced (past)
incumbrance (alternative)

From Middle English encombraunce, from Old French encombrance, from encombrer.

(law) To apply an encumbrance to (property, etc.).


bolting

(law) A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court.


restitution

en-noun

restitution (countable and uncountable, plural restitutions)

/ˌɹɛstɪˈtuʃən/

From Old French restitucion, from Latin restitutio.

(law) A process of compensation for losses.

реституция

legal: process of compensation for losses


suspense

suspense (usually uncountable, plural suspenses)

suspenses (plural)
suspence (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English suspense, suspence, from Anglo-Norman suspens (as in en suspens) and Old French suspens, from Latin suspēnsus.

(law) A temporary cessation of one's right; suspension, as when the rent or other profits of land cease by unity of possession of land and rent.


POS

POS (countable and uncountable, plural POSes or POSs)

proof of service
Wikipedia:Proof of service


TRIPS

(copyright law, international law) The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.


parasitic

en-adj

parasitic (comparative more parasitic, superlative most parasitic)

more parasitic (comparative)
most parasitic (superlative)
parasitical (alternative)

[ˌpɛɹ.əˈsɪɾ.ɪk]

[ˌpæɹ.əˈsɪɾ.ɪk]

(law) Of emotional damages: accompanying a physical or pecuniary injury.


verhalten

de-verb

verhalten (class 7 strong, third-person singular present verhält, past tense verhielt, past participle verhalten, auxiliary haben)

verhält (present singular third-person)
verhielt (past)
verhalten (participle past)
haben (auxiliary)
haben (auxiliary)
verhalten (infinitive)
verhaltend (participle present)
verhalten (participle past)
verhalte (first-person indicative present singular)
verhalten (first-person indicative plural present)
verhalte (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
verhalten (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
verhältst (indicative present second-person singular)
verhaltet (indicative plural present second-person)
verhaltest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
verhaltet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
verhält (indicative present singular third-person)
verhalten (indicative plural present third-person)
verhalte (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
verhalten (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
verhielt (first-person indicative preterite singular)
verhielten (first-person indicative plural preterite)
verhielte (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
verhielten (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
verhieltest (indicative preterite second-person singular)
verhieltst (indicative preterite second-person singular)
verhieltet (indicative plural preterite second-person)
verhieltest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
verhieltet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
verhielt (indicative preterite singular third-person)
verhielten (indicative plural preterite third-person)
verhielte (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
verhielten (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
verhalt (imperative second-person singular)
verhalte (imperative second-person singular)
verhaltet (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe verhalten (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben verhalten (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe verhalten (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben verhalten (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast verhalten (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt verhalten (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest verhalten (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet verhalten (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat verhalten (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben verhalten (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe verhalten (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben verhalten (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte verhalten (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten verhalten (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte verhalten (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten verhalten (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest verhalten (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet verhalten (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest verhalten (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet verhalten (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte verhalten (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten verhalten (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte verhalten (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten verhalten (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
verhalten werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde verhalten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden verhalten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde verhalten (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden verhalten (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde verhalten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden verhalten (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst verhalten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet verhalten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird verhalten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden verhalten (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden verhalten (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
verhalten haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde verhalten haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden verhalten haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde verhalten haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden verhalten haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde verhalten haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden verhalten haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst verhalten haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet verhalten haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird verhalten haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden verhalten haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden verhalten haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)

From Middle High German verhalten, from Old High German firhaltan, from Proto-West Germanic *frahaldan, equivalent to ver- + halten. Cognate with Middle Low German vörhōlden, Dutch verhouden, English forhold. Compare Danish forholde sig.

Speziell für den Bereich der Satire wird sich die Praxis zukünftigder Aufgabe stellen müssen, zu beurteilen, ob und wann sich die Satire im Einzelfall als Persönlichkeits- oder ggf. sogar menschenwürdeverletzend darstellt. Der Fall Böhmermann gibt dem Bundesverfassungsgericht die Gelegenheit, sich hierzu eingehender zu verhalten.

2022 July 3, Ruth Doerner, Daniel Bernhard Müller, “Satire in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. Zu den verfassungsrechtlichen Grundlagen der Satirefreiheit im Lichte der Meinungs- und Kunstfreiheit”, in Linien der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts, volume 6, De Gruyter, →DOI, page 254:

Vor allem aber verhält sich die Antragstellerin nicht dazu, dass nach der bisherigen Rechtsprechung des Senats die Beteiligungsrechte der Abgeordneten und Fraktionen im Gesetzgebungsverfahren ihre verfassungsrechtliche Grundlage in Art. 38 Abs. 1 Satz 2 GG finden.

2023 January 24, BVerfG, Urteil 2 BvE 5/18, Rn. 62:

(reflexive, law jargon) to take a stand, to express an assessment of


RESPA

(US, law) Acronym of Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act.


insolvent

(law) One who is insolvent; an insolvent debtor.


lessor

lessors (plural)
lessour (alternative obsolete)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lessor.wav

From Middle English lessour, from Anglo-Norman lessour.

(property law) The owner of property that is leased; the landlord to a lease.


suppress

en-verb

suppress (third-person singular simple present suppresses, present participle suppressing, simple past and past participle suppressed)

suppresses (present singular third-person)
suppressing (participle present)
suppressed (participle past)
suppressed (past)

From Latin suppressus, perfect passive participle of supprimō (“press down or under”), from sub (“under”) + premō (“press”).

(US, law) To forbid the use of evidence at trial because it is improper or was improperly obtained.


testate

From Latin testātus (“testified”), perfect passive participle of testor (“I am witness, testify, attest; I make a will”), from testis (“witness”).

(law) having left a legally valid last will and testament (of one who has died).


testate

(law) one who has left a valid will and testament


statute

en-noun

statute (countable and uncountable, plural statutes)

From Middle English statut, from Old French statut, from Late Latin statutum (“a statute”), neuter singular of Latin statutus, past participle of statuō (“I set up, establish”).

(law, historical) A (theoretical) type of statutory law specified as regulating a person or thing.

estatuts

legislated rule of society which has been given the force of law


mutation

mutation (countable and uncountable, plural mutations)

Late 14th century as Middle English mutacioun, from Latin mūtātiō, both directly and via Old French mutacion.

(law) The transfer of title of an asset in a register.


tribunal

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Old French tribunal, from Latin tribūnal (“tribunal”), from tribus (“tribe”).

Having now so amply declared unto thee most of the principal things of this thrice-renowned and illustrious city, I will briefly by way of an epitome mention most of the other particulars thereof, and so finally shut up this narration: there are reported to be in Venice and the circumjacent islands two hundred churches in which are one hundred forth-three pairs of organs, fifty-four monasteries, twenty-six nunneries, fifty-six tribunals or places of judgment, seventeen hospitals, six companies or fraternities, whereof I have before spoken; one hundred and sixty-five marble statues of worthy personages, partly equestrial, partly pedestrial, which are erected in sundry places of the city, to the honour of those that either at home have prudently administered the commonweal, or abroad valiantly fought for the same.

1611, Thomas Coryate, Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c:

(law) An assembly including one or more judges to conduct judicial business; a court of law.


tribunal

Borrowed from Latin tribūnal (“tribunal”).


rule of law

(law, often capitalized) The doctrine that no individual is above the law and that everyone must answer to it.

estáu de derechu

the doctrine that no individual is above the law

samartlisa da ḳanonis uzenaesobis ṗrinciṗi

სამართლისა და კანონის უზენაესობის პრინციპი

(law) The maxim whereby governmental decisions are made by applying known legal principles.

jogállam

the maxim whereby governmental decisions are made by applying known legal principles


actus reus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-actus reus.wav

From Late Latin āctus reus (“guilty act”), from Latin āctus (“act”) + reus (“guilty”); after Late Latin and English mens rea.

It is hornbook criminal law that criminal offenses are defined in terms of an actus reus (criminal act) and a mens rea (criminal mind).

1989, James B. Jacobs, Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma, University of Chicago Press, page 65:

A brute emotional reflex to the actus reus, the bad act (‘She killed her husband! Shame!’), could trigger an urge for retribution regardless of her intention.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin 2012, page 610:

Every criminal offence must contain actus reus elements. A defendant will not be liable for a criminal offence unless the actus reus of the offence is proved: Deller (1952)36 Cr app r 184. Although the vast majority of criminal offences consist of both actus reus elements and mens rea elements, some criminal offences do not require a mens rea element for every element of the actus reus.

2016, Nicola Monaghan, Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, page 23:

(law) An act, or series of acts, considered as separate from the intentions or state of mind of the perpetrator in the context of criminal law.


style of cause

(law) The case title for a cause of action or lawsuit; a description of the parties involved, such as Johnson v. Smith.


crossclaim

(law) A secondary lawsuit, brought by a defendant in an original lawsuit, against a co-defendant in the original suit.


crossclaim

en-verb

crossclaim (third-person singular simple present crossclaims, present participle crossclaiming, simple past and past participle crossclaimed)

crossclaims (present singular third-person)
crossclaiming (participle present)
crossclaimed (participle past)
crossclaimed (past)
cross-claim (alternative)

(law, transitive, intransitive) To file such a secondary lawsuit.


examination-in-chief

(law) the examination of a witness by the party who called them.


TDDRA

(US, law) Initialism of Telephone Disclosure and Dispute Resolution Act.


assart

en-noun

assart (countable and uncountable, plural assarts)

From French essart from Vulgar Latin exsartum.

[…] an assart of the Forest, is the greatest offence or trespasse of all other, that can be done in the forest, to vert or venison, containing in it as much as waste or more. For whereas the waste of the Forest, is but the felling and cutting downe of the couerts, which may grow againe in time: an assart, is a plucking them vp […]

1607, John Cowell, The Interpreter: or Booke Containing the Signification of Words, Cambridge: John Legate:

(law, obsolete) The act or offence of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the thickets or coverts of a forest.


peine

peine (countable and uncountable, plural peines)

From Old French peine,
from Latin poena,
from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”). Doublet of pain.


mayhem

en-noun

mayhem (usually uncountable, plural mayhems)

mayhems (plural)
maihem (alternative obsolete)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-mayhem.wav

From Middle English mayme, mahaime, from Anglo-Norman mahaim (“mutilation”), from Old French meshaing (“bodily harm, loss of limb”), from Proto-Germanic *maidijaną (“to cripple, injure”) (compare Middle High German meidem, meiden (“gelding”), Old Norse meiða (“to injure”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maidjan, “to alter, falsify”)), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change”). More at mad. The original meaning referred to the crime of maiming; the other senses derived from this.
Another possible etymology derives the Old French from Provençal maganhar, composed of mal (“evil”) and ganhar (“to obtain, receive”) (compare with Spanish ganar and Italian gavagnare and guadagnare), so literally "to obtain, receive something evil".
The sense "chaos" may have arisen by popular misunderstanding of the common journalese expression "rioting and mayhem".

cog

to commit mayhem

There is a story told of a case where a notorious character was charged with the unusual crime of “mayhem”—biting off another man's finger. The defendant's counsel secured adjournment after adjournment—no one knew why.

1912, Arthur Cheney Train, “Tricks of the Trade”, in Courts and Criminals:

"Well, it's a funny thing, but I can't get rid of the impression that at some point in my researches into the night life of London yestreen I fell upon some person to whom I had never been introduced and committed mayhem upon his person."

1917, Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, chapter IV, in Piccadilly Jim, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company:

(law) The maiming of a person by depriving them of the use of any of their limbs which are necessary for defense or protection.

(law) The crime of damaging things or harming people on purpose.


mayhem

en-verb

mayhem (third-person singular simple present mayhems, present participle mayheming, simple past and past participle mayhemed)

mayhems (present singular third-person)
mayheming (participle present)
mayhemed (participle past)
mayhemed (past)
maihem (alternative obsolete)

the king shal punish him for mayheming of his subject

1628, Edw[ard] Coke, The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC:


trophy

→ Japanese: トロフィー (torofī)

→ Korean: 트로피 (teuropi)

→ Malayalam: ട്രോഫി (ṭrōphi)

From Middle French trophée, from Latin trophaeum (“a sign of victory, a monument”), tropaeum, from Ancient Greek τρόπαιον (trópaion, “monument of an enemy's defeat”), from neuter of τροπαῖος (tropaîos, “of defeat”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “a rout, a turning of an enemy”).

трафе́й

object taken by a hunter or conqueror of their success

(criminology, by extension) An object taken by a serial killer or rapist as a memento of the crime.


peine forte et dure

Law French, from Middle French peine forte et dure (“severe and hard punishment”).

It was a solid structure, with massy door, sooner than open which in the absence of the ‘Dominie’, we would all have willingly perished by the peine forte et dure.

(law, now historical) Crushing, an old form of punishment (torture) in which the prisoner's body was pressed with heavy weights.

Giles Corey
Law French
Salem witch trials
peine forte et dure


forestall

en-verb

forestall (third-person singular simple present forestalls, present participle forestalling, simple past and past participle forestalled)

forestalls (present singular third-person)
forestalling (participle present)
forestalled (participle past)
forestalled (past)

From Middle English forestallen (“to forestall, intercept, ambush, way-lay”), from forestalle (“a forestalling, interception”), from Old English foresteall (“intervention, hindrance of justice, ambush”), from fore- (“ahead of, before”) + steall (“position”), equivalent to fore- + stall.

inh

(UK, law) To obstruct or stop up, as a road; to stop the passage of a highway; to intercept on the road, as goods on the way to market.


condone

en-verb

condone (third-person singular simple present condones, present participle condoning, simple past and past participle condoned)

condones (present singular third-person)
condoning (participle present)
condoned (participle past)
condoned (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin condōnāre (“to forgive”).

lbor

(transitive, law) To forgive (marital infidelity or other marital offense).


feeder

From Middle English feedere, federe, fedare, equivalent to feed + -er.

(US, law) A judge whose law clerks are often selected to become clerks for the Supreme Court.


road rage

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-road rage.wav

road + rage. First use appears c. 1988 in the Orlando Sentinel.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:road rage.

(automotive, law, psychology) Uncontrollable aggressive behavior by the driver of a road vehicle, especially when caused by stress or frustration.


directive

From Middle French directif. The noun senses are from French directive (feminine form of the adjective).

(European Union law) A form of legislative act addressed to the member states. The directive binds the member state to reach certain objectives in their national legislation.

հրահանգ

form of legislative act addressed to the EU member states


taka

is-noun

taka f (genitive singular töku, nominative plural tökur)

töku (genitive singular)
tökur (nominative plural)
taka (indefinite nominative singular)
takan (definite nominative singular)
tökur (indefinite nominative plural)
tökurnar (definite nominative plural)
töku (accusative indefinite singular)
tökuna (accusative definite singular)
tökur (accusative indefinite plural)
tökurnar (accusative definite plural)
töku (dative indefinite singular)
tökunni (dative definite singular)
tökum (dative indefinite plural)
tökunum (dative definite plural)
töku (genitive indefinite singular)
tökunnar (definite genitive singular)
taka (genitive indefinite plural)
takna (genitive indefinite plural)
takanna (definite genitive plural)
taknanna (definite genitive plural)

(law) the capture and claiming of ownership of previously unowned property


trygging

trygging f (genitive singular tryggingar, nominative plural tryggingar)

tryggingar (genitive singular)
tryggingar (nominative plural)
trygging (indefinite nominative singular)
tryggingin (definite nominative singular)
tryggingar (indefinite nominative plural)
tryggingarnar (definite nominative plural)
tryggingu (accusative indefinite singular)
trygginguna (accusative definite singular)
tryggingar (accusative indefinite plural)
tryggingarnar (accusative definite plural)
tryggingu (dative indefinite singular)
tryggingunni (dative definite singular)
tryggingum (dative indefinite plural)
tryggingunum (dative definite plural)
tryggingar (genitive indefinite singular)
tryggingarinnar (definite genitive singular)
trygginga (genitive indefinite plural)
trygginganna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse trygging, from tryggva, tryggja (“to secure, ensure”).


proceedings

/ˈpɹəʊˌsiːd.ɪŋz/

(law, plural only) The course of procedure in the prosecution of an action at law.


damages

/ˈdæmɪd͡ʒɪz/

The WTO dispute settlement mechanism is characterized by weaknesses such as non-retroactive damages.

2020, Anu Bradford, “8. Is the Brussels Effect Beneficial?”, in The Brussels Effect. How the European Union Rules the World, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 260:

(law) The money paid or awarded to a claimant (in England), a pursuer (in Scotland) or a plaintiff (in the US) in a civil action as compensation for a loss suffered by the same.


DPP

After months of troubling silence, the DPP Keir Starmer, finally stepped forward and directly and loudly challenged Yates.

2014, Nick Davies, Hack Attack: How the truth caught up with Rupert Murdoch, Random House, →ISBN, page 299:

Director of Public Prosecutions
w:Director of Public Prosecutions

(chiefly Commonwealth, law) Initialism of Director of Public Prosecutions.


assurance

en-noun

assurance (countable and uncountable, plural assurances)

assurances (plural)
assuraunce (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English assuraunce, from Old French asseürance, from asseürer; as if assure + -ance.

the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom.

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed.

kauppakirja

any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property


BY

(copyright law) Abbreviation of attribution.


AT

AT (countable and uncountable, plural ATs)

акціонерне товариство
акціонерне товариство#Ukrainian

(business, law) Ukrainian initialism of акціонерне товариство (akcionerne tovarystvo, “JSC”)


indemnify

en-verb

indemnify (third-person singular simple present indemnifies, present participle indemnifying, simple past and past participle indemnified)

indemnifies (present singular third-person)
indemnifying (participle present)
indemnified (participle past)
indemnified (past)

From indemn (“unhurt”) + -ify (forming verbs)

af

The lender of a thing for use must indemnify the borrower for damage caused by defects or vices in it, which he knew at the time of lending, and concealed from the borrower.

1906, Civil Code of the State of California, page 405:

en:To make restitution or compensation for

(chiefly law) To compensate or reimburse someone for some expense or injury.


rejoin

en-verb

rejoin (third-person singular simple present rejoins, present participle rejoining, simple past and past participle rejoined)

rejoins (present singular third-person)
rejoining (participle present)
rejoined (participle past)
rejoined (past)

From Middle English rejoynen, from Middle French rejoin- (stem of rejoindre, from re- (“again”) + joindre (“to join”)). By surface analysis, re- + join. Doublet of rejoinder.

/ɹiːˈd͡ʒɔɪn/

(law, intransitive) To answer, as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication.

(US patent law, nonstandard) To re-insert a patent claim, typically after allowance of a patent application, applied to patent claims that had been withdrawn from examination under a restriction requirement, based on rejoinder.


rescission

en-noun

rescission (countable and uncountable, plural rescissions)

1651, Late Latin rescissio, from Latin rescindō (“I cut back”), from re- (“back”) + scindō (“I cut”).

According to him, they said, "'Resign or we'll fire you.'" Frein resigned and left the school building. However, that same day, he called his union representative, who advised him to withdraw his resignation, which he did, within 24 hours. The school district, however, refused to accept his recission ^([sic]), insisting that Frein was no longer employed by the school district.

1983 December 3, Christine Guilfoy, “Houston Teacher Fired Over Ad Response”, in Gay Community News, volume 11, number 20, page 1:

The House narrowly approved a rescissions package from the White House that aims to cancel billions in unspent funds from the prior fiscal year, much of which would not have been spent otherwise.

2018 June 7, Ashley Killough, “House approves package that would cut $1 billion in spending”, in CNN:

But the rescission of the spending-freeze memo, which followed a White House effort to respond to confusion about the initial memo, raises questions about how much [President Trump and his team] learned from the experience of 2017.

2025 January 30, Linda Feldmann, “Understanding the Trump chaos: It’s about wielding executive power”, in The Christian Science Monitor:

(law) The undoing of a contract; repeal.


justiciability

(law) The ability (of a subject matter) to be evaluated and resolved by the courts.

justiciabilité

ability to be evaluated and resolved by the courts


justiciable

en-adj

justiciable (comparative more justiciable, superlative most justiciable)

more justiciable (comparative)
most justiciable (superlative)

(law) Of or pertaining to justiciability; able to be evaluated and resolved by the courts; that can be adjudicated.


justiciable

es-adj

justiciable m or f (masculine and feminine plural justiciables)

justiciables (feminine masculine plural)


Partei

de-noun

Partei f (genitive Partei, plural Parteien)

Partei (genitive)
Parteien (plural)
Partei (nominative singular)
Parteien (definite nominative plural)
Partei (genitive singular)
Parteien (definite genitive plural)
Partei (dative singular)
Parteien (dative definite plural)
Partei (accusative singular)
Parteien (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German partīe, from Old French partie. Cognate with English party, Italian partita. Doublet of Partie and Party.

(law) party (person, company, or institution) participating in a legal action or contract


derogation

en-noun

derogation (countable and uncountable, plural derogations)

/ˌdɛɹəˈɡeɪʃən/

From Old French derogacion (French dérogation), from Latin dērogātiō.

Two sets of Mk. 2 coaches hauled by Class 37s were introduced on peak Rhymney services during the summer. The coaches do not comply with the Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRM) standards and would therefore need a derogation to continue in passenger service after 31 December.

2019 October, Rhodri Clark, “TfW seeks PRM derogation for Class 37 sets”, in Modern Railways, page 87:

(law) The act of derogating; the temporary or partial nullification of a law.


res judicata

res judicatae (plural)
res iudicata (alternative)

From Latin rēs (“thing, matter, affair”) and jūdicata, feminine nominative singular form of jūdicatus, past participle of jūdico (“judge”).

(law) A legal claim that has already been decided in another lawsuit or proceeding, and therefore must be dismissed.

(law) The legal doctrine that claims that a case already decided in a proceeding may not be brought in any later proceeding.


tutor

tutors (plural)
tutour (alternative archaic)

From Middle English tutour, from Old French tuteur (French tuteur), from Latin tūtor (“a watcher, protector, guardian”), from tueor (“protect”); see tuition.

der

(obsolete or Quebec law) One who has the charge of a child or pupil and his estate; a guardian.


tutor

pt-noun

tutor m (plural tutores, feminine tutora, feminine plural tutoras)

tutores (plural)
tutora (feminine)
tutoras (feminine plural)

→ Tetum: tutór

(law) guardian (person legally responsible for a minor or incompetent person)


sole proprietor

en-noun

sole proprietor (plural sole proprietors)

(law, business) The person who owns and controls a sole proprietorship.

個體戶 /个体户

person who controls a sole proprietorship


acquis

Shortened from acquis communautaire: French acquis (“that which has been acquired or obtained”) + communautaire (“of the community”).

acquis

ellipsis of acquis communautaire — see also acquis communautaire

Despite the clarity with which this principle has been reiterated, most applicants believe that their own circumstances are unique and deserve an equality of respect, even when this might challenge a principle of at least part of the acquis. The UK, for example, believed that its wider trading links merited special consideration. The realisation that such consideration would not be forthcoming was particularly humiliating, given that the UK had been invited to participate in forming the acquis in 1955–57.

1997, Christopher Preston, “Conclusion: Can the Classical Method Survive?”, in Enlargement and Integration in the European Union, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 228:

[T]he process of absorption of the EU Internal Market acquis by the new EU member states (Hungary and Estonia, e.g. completed their alignment wih the Internal Market acquis within three years) is not feasible for the Moldovan economy, at least in the following three to five years.

2006 March, Oxana Gutu, “Conclusions and Recommendations”, in Moldova’s Convergence with the Acquis: A Pro-growth and Pro-integration Strategy (CEPS Working Document; no. 238), Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, →ISBN, page 28:

In general, the existing acquis communautaire was adhered to as closely as possible in the drafting of the PEICL [Principles of European Insurance Contract Law]. Exceptions were made where shortcomings could be identified. Therefore, a number of directives, for example the insurance acquis, have been taken into account in the PEICL.

2018, Helmut Heiss, Ulrike Mönnich, “Pre-contractual Duties in European Insurance Contract Law”, in Yong Qiang Han, Greg Pynt, editors, Carter v Boehm and Pre-contractual Duties in Insurance Law: A Global Perspective after 250 Years, Oxford: Hart Publishing, →ISBN, part IV (Pre-contractual Duties in Insurance Law: Mixed Legal System, Reinsurance and Brokers), page 386:

It is a remarkable story of how the EU has managed to create an entire acquis that ensures that the whole of Europe speaks about consumer contract using the same terminology and policy framework.

2018, Geriant Howells, Mateja Durovic, “The Rise of EU Consumer Law between Common Law and Civil Law Traditions”, in Francisco de Elizade, editor, Uniform Rules of European Contract Law?: A Critical Assessment, Oxford: Hart Publishing, →ISBN, part III (Uniform Rules to Bridge the Gap between the Common Law and the Civil Law), page 135:

acquis communautaire
acquis communautaire#English

(law) The accumulated legislation, legal acts, and court decisions which constitute the total body of European Union law.


memori

From Dutch memorie, from Middle French memorie, from Old French memoire, from Latin memoria (“the faculty of remembering, remembrance, memory, a historical account”), from memor (“mindful, remembering”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (to remember).


eminent domain

Translation of the Latin term dominium ēminēns “supreme ownership”.

The city council used eminent domain to make me sell my store.

(law, US, Philippines) The right of a government over the private property within its jurisdiction. Usually invoked to compel land owners to sell their property in preparation for a major construction project such as a freeway.

հանրային գերակա շահ

government's right to expropriate private land

expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique


demain

(obsolete, British, law) A demesne, especially the ancient demesne claimed by William the Conqueror.


trust deed

(law) A deed conveying property to a trustee, for some specific use.


lineup

Before viewing the lineup, each witness should be required to give to the officer in charge of the lineup a written description of the perpetrator of the crime.

1999, John N. Ferdico, Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional, page 498:

This innocent suspect is placed in a lineup with five fillers who look similar to that innocent suspect. Given this scenario, one may ask How many people are in the lineup because they fit the description of the perpetrator?

2007, Jack R. Greene, The Encyclopedia of Police Science, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 493:

Foster was placed in a three-man lineup for viewing by the only witness (the manager of the office). Foster was about 6 feet tall, whereas the other two men in the lineup were about 5 feet 6 inches tall.

2007, Thomas J. Gardner, Terry M. Anderson, Criminal Evidence: Principles and Cases, page 264:

(US, law and law enforcement) a physical or photographic queue of people allegedly involved in a crime, allowing a witness to identify them


competent

en-adj

competent (comparative more competent, superlative most competent)

more competent (comparative)
most competent (superlative)

From Middle English competent, conpetent, from Old French competent (modern French compétent), from Latin competens, competentem, present participle of competō (“coincide, be equal to, be capable of”). Compare Dutch competent (“competent”), German kompetent (“competent”), Danish kompetent (“competent”).

For any disagreements arising from this contract, the competent court shall be the Springfield Circuit Court.

judicial authority having competent jurisdiction

(law) Having jurisdiction or authority over a particular issue or question.


competent

ca-adj

competent m or f (masculine and feminine plural competents)

(law) competent (having jurisdiction or authority)


from time to time

This is another way of saying that the terms of the individual contracts are in part to be found in the agreed collective agreements as they exist from time to time […]

2015, Richard Painter, Ann Holmes, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, page 90:

(law) In whatever status exists at various times.


vitio

la-verb

vitiō (present infinitive vitiāre, perfect active vitiāvī, supine vitiātum); first conjugation

vitiō (canonical)
vitiāre (infinitive present)
vitiāvī (active perfect)
vitiātum (supine)
vitiō (active first-person indicative present singular)
vitiās (active indicative present second-person singular)
vitiat (active indicative present singular third-person)
vitiāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
vitiātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
vitiant (active indicative plural present third-person)
vitiābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
vitiābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
vitiābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
vitiābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
vitiābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
vitiābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
vitiābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
vitiābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
vitiābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
vitiābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
vitiābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
vitiābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
vitiāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
vitiāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
vitiāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
vitiāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
vitiāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
vitiāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
vitiāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
vitiāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
vitiāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
vitiāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
vitiāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
vitiāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
vitiāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
vitiāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
vitiāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
vitiāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
vitiāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
vitiāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
vitiāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
vitior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
vitiāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
vitiāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
vitiātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
vitiāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
vitiāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
vitiantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
vitiābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
vitiābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
vitiābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
vitiābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
vitiābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
vitiābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
vitiābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
vitiābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
vitiāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
vitiābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
vitiābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
vitiābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
vitiābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
vitiābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
vitiem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
vitiēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
vitiēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
vitiētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
vitient (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
vitiārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
vitiārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vitiārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
vitiārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vitiārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vitiāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
vitiāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vitiāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
vitiāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vitiāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vitiāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
vitiāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
vitiāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
vitiāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
vitiāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
vitier (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
vitiēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
vitiēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
vitiēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
vitientur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
vitiārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
vitiārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
vitiārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
vitiārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
vitiārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
vitiārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
vitiā (active imperative present second-person singular)
vitiāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
vitiātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
vitiātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
vitiātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
vitiantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
vitiāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
vitiāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
vitiātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
vitiātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
vitiantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
vitiāre (active infinitive present)
vitiārī (infinitive passive present)
vitiāns (active participle present)
vitiātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
vitiātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
vitiātūrus (active future participle)
vitiandus (future participle passive)
vitiāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
vitiātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
vitiātus (participle passive perfect)
vitiātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
vitiātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
vitiandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
vitiandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
vitiandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
vitiandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
vitiātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
vitiātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

English: vitiate

French: vicier

Italian: viziare

Piedmontese: vissié

Portuguese: viciar

Spanish: viciar


class action

(law, chiefly US, Canada) A lawsuit brought by a single plaintiff or small group of plaintiffs as a representative of a large group of others having a common interest, with everyone in the large group eligible to receive damages if the plaintiff is successful.

複雑訴訟形態

ふくざつそしょうけいたい


judicial activism

(law, often derogatory) The act of replacing an impartial interpretation of existing law with the judge's personal feelings about what the law should be.


hearsay

en-noun

hearsay (usually uncountable, plural hearsays)

From Middle English hyere-zigginge (1340), here sey (ca. 1438), from the phrase heren seien (“to hear [people] say”). Compare equally old Middle High German hœrsagen (14th c.), whence modern Hörensagen.

(law) Evidence based on the reports of others, which is normally inadmissible because it was not made under oath, rather than on personal knowledge.

傳聞證據 /传闻证据

(law) evidence based on the reports of others rather than on personal knowledge

(law) An out-of-court statement offered in court to prove the truth of the matter asserted (or the in-court testimony which recites such a statement), which is normally inadmissible (because it is not subject to cross-examination) unless it falls under one of a number of exceptions.

de-audituverklaring

(law) an out-of-court statement offered in court for the truth of the matter asserted


reformation

reformation (countable and uncountable, plural reformations)

/ˌɹɛfəˈmeɪʃən/

/ˌɹɛfɚˈmeɪʃən/

From Middle English reformacioun, reformation, from Middle French reformation and Latin refōrmātiō, refōrmātiōnis (“reform, change”), from refōrmō (“transform, reshape”), from re- + fōrmō (“shape, form”).

der

All sorts of legal instruments may be reformed by equity, when the errors, which have been committed in the execution of them, are mutual mistakes or a mistake of one party combined with the fraud of the other. Thus, reformation has been decreed of all kinds of deeds of conveyance, including leases, mortgages, deeds of trust, marriage and family settlements. Likewise, bonds of all kinds, policies of insurance, assignments or release of mortgages, executory contracts for the sale of lands, the indorsement of a note, agreements for the establishment of a highway, military orders. So may, also, judgments and other records be corrected or be reformed.

1893, Christopher Gustavus Tiedeman, “Chapter XXIX”, in A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence, §507 (footnotes omitted):

(law) Change or correction, by a court in equity, to a written instrument to conform to the original intention of the parties.


blood test

(law, genetics) An analysis of blood performed on two subjects to determine whether they are biologically related, such as a paternity test.


commit a bill

en-verb

commit a bill (third-person singular simple present commits a bill, present participle committing a bill, simple past and past participle committed a bill)

commits a bill (present singular third-person)
committing a bill (participle present)
committed a bill (participle past)
committed a bill (past)

(law) To refer or entrust a piece of legislation to a committee (or others) to be considered and reported.


SB

en-noun

SB (countable and uncountable, plural SBs)

SB 1211 was signed into law to streamline the process and takes effect in January. Currently you can have no more than two ADUs on a property, but the new law increases the limit to eight.

2024 December 25, Devin Trubey, “California to remove restrictions on ADUs, add enforcement if cities don't comply with housing laws”, in ABC10:

(law, politics, often followed by a number) Initialism of senate bill (“a bill proposed in or passed by a senate”) (Compare HB.)

senate bill

(law, politics) Initialism of state bill.


encroachment

encroachment (usually uncountable, plural encroachments)

encroachments (plural)
incroachment (alternative)

/ɪŋˈkɹoʊt͡ʃmənt/

/ɛŋˈkɹoʊt͡ʃmənt/

(law) An unlawful diminution of the possessions of another.


defended

en-adj

defended (comparative more defended, superlative most defended)

more defended (comparative)
most defended (superlative)

If this simpler procedure were adopted in a defended case the cost would be about 29l. if counsel were employed, and about 27l. if no counsel or solicitor were employed.

1910 March 29, “Royal Commission on Divorce and Matrimonial Causes”, in Reports from Commissioners, Inspectors, and Others, volume 18, page 476:

But only in less than 5% there was a court order in a defended case (Müller-Alten, 1984).

1993, Jeremy McBride, Claude Samson, Alternative dispute resolution, page 554:

The Court of Appeal used the case to make a strong call for the removal of fault-based grounds, arguably at the expense of deciding in Mrs Owens' favour, and openly acknowledged that a lower threshold for behaviour is used in undefended cases scrutinised by a legal adviser at a divorce centre rather than a judge in a court in a defended case.

2018, Ruth Lamont, Family Law, page 113:

(law, not comparable) In which the defendant responds to the allegations made against them, typically by filing a defense or counterclaim in court.


in absentia

de:Kontumazentscheidung
in absentia (disambiguation)

Learned borrowing from Latin in absentia (“in absence”).

lbor

The defendant was convicted in absentia after fleeing during the trial.

The first chancellor of West Germany, Conrad Adenauer […] continued to keep Hans Globke as his secretary of the chancellery despite protests. […] Even after an East German court indicted Globke in absentia in 1950, Adenauer would not budge.

2004 October 28, Leslie Feinberg, “Denazification in socialist Germany opened door to gay rights”, in Workers World:

in absentia (does not exist in the criminal procedure of the FRG, but exists in Switzerland and the Republic of Austria; for civil procedure it is not idiomatic but should be circumscribed in the FRG with “es erging ein Versäumnisurteil” etc., see Kontumazentscheidung)


stipulate

en-verb

stipulate (third-person singular simple present stipulates, present participle stipulating, simple past and past participle stipulated)

stipulates (present singular third-person)
stipulating (participle present)
stipulated (participle past)
stipulated (past)

From Latin stipulātus, perfect active participle of stipulor (“to demand a formal promise, stipulate”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).

The defense stipulates that the witness has identified my client.

The parties stipulate that Exhibits 1 through 3 accompanied the initial Verified Complaint and Jury Demand, and that they are displayed in this text in the Exhibits section solely for clarity of the layout.

2016 January 1, Elizabeth I. Boals, Shailee D. Sharma, Stanton v. Armstrong: Case File, Aspen Publishers, →ISBN, page 4:

(US, transitive, formal, law) To acknowledge the truth of; not to challenge.

Parties stipulate to serve discovery and notice discovery depositions no later than 45 days after the opening of discovery, and to respond to discovery within 30 days and take discovery depositions no later than the closing date of discovery.

1999, Steven H. Bazerman, Jason M. Drangel, Guide to Registering Trademarks, Aspen Publishers Online, →ISBN, page 22:

(intransitive, formal, law) To mutually agree.


proximate

From Late Latin proximatus, past participle of proximare (“to draw near, approach”), from Latin proximus (“nearest”), superlative of prope (“near”).

(law) Immediately preceding or following in a chain of causation.


plendi

eo-head

plendi (present plendas, past plendis, future plendos, conditional plendus, volitive plendu)

plendas (present)
plendis (past)
plendos (future)
plendus (conditional)
plendu (volitive)
plendas (present)
plendis (past)
plendos (future)
plendanta (active participle present singular)
plendantaj (active participle plural present)
plendinta (active participle past singular)
plendintaj (active participle past plural)
plendonta (active future participle singular)
plendontaj (active future participle plural)
plendantan (accusative active participle present singular)
plendantajn (accusative active participle plural present)
plendintan (accusative active participle past singular)
plendintajn (accusative active participle past plural)
plendontan (accusative active future participle singular)
plendontajn (accusative active future participle plural)
plendanto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
plendantoj (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
plendinto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
plendintoj (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
plendonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
plendontoj (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
plendanton (accusative active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
plendantojn (accusative active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
plendinton (accusative active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
plendintojn (accusative active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
plendonton (accusative active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
plendontojn (accusative active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
plendante (active adverbial participle present)
plendinte (active adverbial participle past)
plendonte (active adverbial future participle)
plendi (infinitive plural present)
plendu (imperative past plural)
plendus (conditional future plural)

From French plaindre, ultimately from Latin plangō (“to strike, beat; to bewail”).


peppercorn

Inherited from Middle English peper corn, peper-corn, pepercorn, from Old English piporcorn (“peppercorn”), corresponding to pepper + corn. Compare Dutch peperkorrel (“peppercorn”), German Pfefferkorn (“peppercorn”), Danish peberkorn (“peppercorn”), Swedish pepparkorn (“peppercorn”), Icelandic piparkorn (“peppercorn”).

inh+

peppercorn rent

A small, insignificant quantity; a whit or jot.

(law, attributive) A nominal consideration used to satisfy the requirements for the creation of a legal contract.


delict

Borrowed from Latin delictum (“fault”), from neuter of delictus, past participle of delinquo (“to be lacking; to fail; to transgress”), from dē- + linquō (“to leave, quit, forsake, depart from”).

(law) The branch of law dealing in delicts.


ERISA

w:Employee Retirement Income Security Act

(US, law) Acronym of Employee Retirement Income Security Act (of 1974).


prescription

en-noun

prescription (countable and uncountable, plural prescriptions)

prescriptions (plural)
præscription (alternative)

/pɹəˈskɹɪpʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French, from Old French prescripcion, from Latin praescriptio (“preface; pretext; something written ahead of time”), from prae- (“pre-, before”) + scribere (“to write”) + -tio (“-tion, forming nouns”).

taalregulering

the act or practice of laying down norms of language usage; an instance of this

تَقَادُم

extinctive or liberative prescription — see also statute of limitations

A statute that cannot find justification for its prescription in one or more of these principles violates international law.

1997, Richard G. Alexander, “Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996: Congress Exceeds Its Jurisdiction to Prescribe Law”, in Washington & Lee Law Review, page 1609:

(law) Synonym of enactment, the act of establishing a law, regulation, etc., particularly in writing; an instance of this.

нареждане

the act of establishing a law or regulation in writing; an instance of this

(law) An established time period within which a right must be exercised and after which it is null and permanently unenforceable.

en:time period for easement to produce ownership

(law) An established time period after which a person who has uninterruptedly, peacefully, and publicly used another's property acquires full ownership of it.


prescription

Inherited from Old French prescripcion, itself borrowed from Latin praescrīptiō.

Il y a prescription.

statute of limitations
statute of limitations

(law, sometimes figuratively) abandon of legal action by virtue of a statute of limitations; principle by which a person can no longer be prosecuted for a crime when a certain amount of time has elapsed


self-defense

en-noun

self-defense (usually uncountable, plural self-defenses)

self-defenses (plural)
self defense (alternative)
self-defence (alternative)
self defence (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-self-defense.wav

From self- + defense. First used by Hobbes in the 1650s.

The case inspired widespread rallies and “Million Hoodie Marches” in early 2012, after Sanford, Fla., police refused to charge Zimmerman with a crime, saying they couldn’t counter his self-defense claim. A special state prosecutor indicted him 44 days later. The trial began June 10.

2013 July 10, Patrik Jonsson, “George Zimmerman speaks, but won’t testify in his defense”, in The Christian Science Monitor:

(law) The right to protect oneself against violence by using reasonable force, which can be used as justification in several charges including murder, assault, and battery.

özünümüdafiə

law: the right to protect oneself against violence by using reasonable force


pro-choice

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pro-choice.wav

When I defend my pro-choice position in the debate over abortion in our country, I frequently refer to Romania, where pregnancy could be monitored on behalf of the state, and to China, where it could be forcibly terminated.

2003, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Prague Summer”, in Living History, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 354:

But if past is prologue, it’s hard to predict what our prochoice Republican governor will do. […] “You’re totally prochoice and bipartisan,” Caroline says in the ad, as they sit together on a park bench surrounded by trees and grass.

2022 July 26, Shirley Leung, “Charlie Baker is ‘100% prochoice.’ He shouldn’t veto the new reproductive rights bill.”, in The Boston Globe:

(public policy, law, ethics) Supportive of a person's right to choose whether or not to have an abortion.

These cases help create and sustain an essentially pro-choice regime, at least with respect to passive euthanasia and arguably with respect to physician-assisted suicide as well.

1994, Tom Stacy, “Euthanasia and the Supreme Court's Competing Conceptions of Religious Liberty”, in Issues in Law and Medicine, volume 10, number 1, page 62:

Two other sites worthy of note are http://www.efn.org/~ergo/ (Pro-Choice) and http://www.euthanasia.com (Pro-Life).

1998, C. G. Prado, The Last Choice: Preemptive Suicide in Advanced Age, page 103:

Whether we are pro-choice on euthanasia or anti-euthanasia, we can all agree that leaving patients in pain is abhorrent, ethically, and morally reprehensible, and should be punished severely by the law.

2014, Margaret Somerville, Death Talk: The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide, 2nd edition, McGill-Queen's University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC:

(public policy, law, ethics) Supportive of a person's right to choose whether or not to end their life by euthanasia.


beg the question

en-verb

beg the question (third-person singular simple present begs the question, present participle begging the question, simple past and past participle begged the question)

begs the question (present singular third-person)
begging the question (participle present)
begged the question (participle past)
begged the question (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sapaa-beg the question.wav

From Latin petitio principii, from Ancient Greek τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ αἰτεῖσθαι (tò en arkhêi aiteîsthai, “to assume from the beginning”).

uder

τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ αἰτεῖσθαι

The objection is that the argument begs the question, meaning that the premise, that God has all the virtues, assumes the conclusion, that God is benevolent.

1994, D. N. Walton, “Begging the question as a pragmatic fallacy.”, in Synthese, volume 100, number 1:

begging the question
begging the question

(philosophy, logic, law) To engage in the logical fallacy of begging the question (petitio principii).

olettaa johtopäätös todeksi

to engage in the logical fallacy of begging the question (petitio principii)


continuance

en-noun

continuance (countable and uncountable, plural continuances)

continuances (plural)
continuaunce (alternative)

From Middle English continuance, contynuaunce, from Old French continuance, from continuer.

At the submission to sufficient facts in Lowell District Court, an agreement was reached between the prosecution and the defense. Despite the continuance without a finding, the defendant was required to pay court costs of $150. The continuance means that if the defendant is not arrested on the same charge within the next six months, the charge against him will be dropped.

1976 August 14, “Chelmsford Police Net Another”, in Gay Community News, volume 4, number 7, page 1:

Where the Department of Homeland Security seeks to re-serve a respondent to effect proper service of a notice to appear that was defective under the regulatory requirements for serving minors under the age of 14, a continuance should be granted for that purpose.

2016 December 16, Anne J. Greer, Matter of W-A-F-C-, Respondent, Board of Immigration Appeals, 26 I&N Dec. 880 (BIA 2016), archived from the original on 2021-06-24, page 880:

(countable, law, chiefly US) An order issued by a court granting a postponement of a legal proceeding for a set period.


protestation

protestation (countable and uncountable, plural protestations)

/ˌpɹɒtɪsˈteɪʃən/

/ˌpɹəʊtɪsˈteɪʃən/

From Old French protestacion, from Latin prōtestātiō.

(law, historical) A declaration in common-law pleading, by which the party interposes an oblique allegation or denial of some fact, protesting that it does or does not exist, and at the same time avoiding a direct affirmation or denial.


solemnity

solemnity (countable and uncountable, plural solemnities)

From solemn + -ity, from Middle English solemnity (“observance of formality and ceremony”), frequently in the phrases in solemnity, with solemnity, which from Old French solemnite, from Latin sollemnitās, from sollemnis. (Compare solemn.)

der

(law) A solemn or formal observance; proceeding according to due form; the formality which is necessary to render a thing done valid.


antitrust

The regulators used antitrust laws to block the merger, believing it would eliminate competition.

If the takeover is approved, Comcast would control 20 of the top 25 cable markets, […]. Antitrust officials will need to consider Comcast’s status as a monopsony (a buyer with disproportionate power), when it comes to negotiations with programmers, whose channels it pays to carry.

2014 March 15, “Turn it off”, in The Economist, volume 410, number 8878:

(law) Opposed to or against the establishment or existence of trusts (monopolies), usually referring to legislation.

antimonopolista

opposed to or against the establishment or existence of trusts


reliquary

/ˈɹɛlɪkwɛɹi/

/ˈɹɛlɪkwəɹi/

Borrowed from Middle French reliquaire (modern French reliquaire), from Late Latin reliquiarium, from rēliquia (“a relic”) (English relic), noun use of reliquus (“abandoned, left behind, relict”), from relinquō (“I relinquish”), from re- (“again”) and linquō (“I leave”), from Proto-Indo-European *leikʷ-.


gild

gild (neuter gildt, definite singular and plural gilde, comparative gildare, indefinite superlative gildast, definite superlative gildaste)

gildt (neuter)
gilde (definite plural singular)
gildare (comparative)
gildast (indefinite superlative)
gildaste (definite superlative)

From Old Norse gildr, from Proto-Germanic *gildiz. Cognates include Icelandic gildur and Scots yauld.


partie

desctree

Polish: partia, partyja (Middle Polish), partya (pre-reform orthography (1816)), partja (pre-reform orthography (1936))
→ Kashubian: partiô


demanda

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese demanda, from demandar, from Latin dēmandāre (“to demand”).


demanda

Borrowed from Spanish demanda, from demandar.


over and above

(law) more than is required e.g. by a contract.


CBI

(law) Initialism of confidential business information.


artikkel

head

artikkel (genitive artikli, partitive artiklit)

artikli (genitive)
artiklit (partitive)
artikkel (nominative singular)
artiklid (nominative plural)
artikkel (accusative nominative singular)
artiklid (accusative nominative plural)
artikli (accusative genitive singular)
artiklid (accusative genitive plural)
artikli (genitive singular)
artiklite (genitive plural)
artiklit (partitive singular)
artikleid (partitive plural)
artiklisse (illative singular)
artiklitesse (illative plural)
artikleisse (illative plural)
artiklis (inessive singular)
artiklites (inessive plural)
artikleis (inessive plural)
artiklist (elative singular)
artiklitest (elative plural)
artikleist (elative plural)
artiklile (allative singular)
artiklitele (allative plural)
artikleile (allative plural)
artiklil (adessive singular)
artiklitel (adessive plural)
artikleil (adessive plural)
artiklilt (ablative singular)
artiklitelt (ablative plural)
artikleilt (ablative plural)
artikliks (singular translative)
artikliteks (plural translative)
artikleiks (plural translative)
artiklini (singular terminative)
artikliteni (plural terminative)
artiklina (essive singular)
artiklitena (essive plural)
artiklita (abessive singular)
artikliteta (abessive plural)
artikliga (comitative singular)
artiklitega (comitative plural)

(law) article (section of a legal document)


recoup

en-verb

recoup (third-person singular simple present recoups, present participle recouping, simple past and past participle recouped)

recoups (present singular third-person)
recouping (participle present)
recouped (participle past)
recouped (past)

A landlord recouped the rent of premises from damages awarded to the plaintiff for eviction.

(law, transitive) To keep back rightfully (a part), as if by cutting off, so as to diminish a sum due; to take off (a part) from damages; to deduct.


intervention

en-noun

intervention (countable and uncountable, plural interventions)

From Middle French intervention, from Latin interventiō.
Morphologically intervene + -tion.

(US, law) A legal motion through which a person or entity who has not been named as a party to a case seeks to have the court order that they be made a party.


intervention

head

intervention c (singular definite interventionen, plural indefinite interventioner)

interventionen (definite singular)
interventioner (indefinite plural)
intervention (indefinite nominative singular)
interventionen (definite nominative singular)
interventioner (indefinite nominative plural)
interventionerne (definite nominative plural)
interventions (genitive indefinite singular)
interventionens (definite genitive singular)
interventioners (genitive indefinite plural)
interventionernes (definite genitive plural)

From Latin interventiō, from interveniō (“I intervene, come between”).


intervention

intervention (indefinite nominative singular)
interventions (genitive indefinite singular)
interventionen (definite nominative singular)
interventionens (definite genitive singular)
interventioner (indefinite nominative plural)
interventioners (genitive indefinite plural)
interventionerna (definite nominative plural)
interventionernas (definite genitive plural)


corrections

/kəˈɹɛkʃənz/

(US, Canada, law) Relating to the punishment, treatment, or supervision of persons who have been convicted of a crime


replication

en-noun

replication (countable and uncountable, plural replications)

/ɹɛplɪˈkeɪʃən/

Inherited from Middle English replicacioun, replicacion, from Anglo-Norman replicacioun and Old French replicacion (“reply, answer”), from Latin replicātiō, replicātiōnem. By surface analysis, replicate + -(at)ion.

surf

(law) A response from the plaintiff to the defendant's plea.

отговор

a response from the plaintiff to the defendant's plea


payor

(law, healthcare, medical insurance) One who makes a payment.


LSB

Legal Services Board
w:Legal Services Board

(England and Wales, law) Initialism of Legal Services Board.


beneficium

Borrowed from Latin beneficium. First attested in 1650.

ref

beneficium in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

”Kronofogden gör bedömningen att användning av egen bil för arbetsresor inte medför en regelmässig tidsvinst om minst två timmar … mot bakgrund härav bedöms inte heller utmätt bil utgöra beneficium”, konstaterade fogden.

2023 May 16, Jesper Marken, “Kronofogden slår fast – skuldsatt kan åka buss och gå till sitt nattjobb [The bailiff rules - the debtor can take the bus and walk to his night job]”, in VXO News:

"The crown bailiff makes the assessment that using one's own car for work trips does not entail a regular time gain of at least two hours... against this background, the impounded car is also not considered to constitute as protected", stated the bailiff.

(law) A part of a debtor's property that cannot be seized or claimed, property that one may keep to secure one's livelihood.


ex ante

Borrowed from Latin ex ante (“before the event”).


exhibit

en-verb

exhibit (third-person singular simple present exhibits, present participle exhibiting, simple past and past participle exhibited)

exhibits (present singular third-person)
exhibiting (participle present)
exhibited (participle past)
exhibited (past)

From Latin exhibitus, perfect passive participle of exhibeō (“I hold forth, present, show, display”), from ex (“out of, from”) + habeō (“I have, hold”); see habit.

I now exhibit this bloody hammer.

(transitive, law) To submit (a physical object) to a court as evidence.


exhibit

Exhibit A is this photograph of the corpse.

(law) An article formally introduced as evidence in a court.


lapse

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-lapse.wav

From Middle French laps, from Latin lāpsus, from lābī (“to slip”). Doublet of lapsus.

(law) A common-law rule that if the person to whom property is willed were to die before the testator, then the gift would be ineffective.


FMLA

(US, law) Initialism of Family and Medical Leave Act.


dishonour

en-noun

dishonour (countable and uncountable, plural dishonours)

tlb

(UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa)

dishonours (plural)
dishonor (alternative US)

From Old French deshonor, equivalent to dis- + honour.

negotiable instrument
negotiable instrument

(law) Failure or refusal of the drawee or intended acceptor of a negotiable instrument, such as a bill of exchange or note, to accept it or, if it is accepted, to pay and retire it.


residuum

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-residuum.wav

From Latin residuum. Doublet of residue.


engin

Inherited from Middle French engin m, from Old French engin m, from Latin ingenium n.

A noter que la caouanne, Caretta caretta, semble effectivement ne plus pondre en Corse, l'espèce n'a pas complètement disparu des côtes de France où, chaque année, quelques individus sont capturés involuntairement par des engins de pêche.

1997, Le Courrier de la nature, numbers 161-174, page 149:

It should be noted that the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, no longer seems to lay eggs in Corsica, but the species has not completely disappeared from French coastlines where, each year, several individuals are caught unintentionally in fishing apparatus.

(chiefly law) a piece of hunting equipment


QDRO

domestic relations
domestic relations#English

(US, law) Acronym of qualified domestic relations order.


EDRO

(US, law) Acronym of eligible domestic relations order.


competency

en-noun

competency (countable and uncountable, plural competencies)

From Late Latin competentia. Doublet of competence.

(law) Meeting specified qualifications to perform.

kompetence

law: meeting specified qualifications to perform


abigeus

In the Civil Law, he was accounted an Abigeus who carried off one Horse or one Ox, or four Swine or ten Sheep; if he took a smaller Number of Swine or Sheep, he was reckoned a Fur rather than an Abigeus.

1730, Institutions of the Criminal Law of Scotland, page 127:

The stealing of a single horse or ox might make a man an abigeus, but it seems that the crime could not be committed on less than four pigs or ten sheep.

1883, A history of the criminal law of England - Volume 1, page 27:

It is obvious why the thief of only one domestic animal was not treated so severely as an abigeus. The reason for the severe punishment of rustlers, abigei, was the need of a stronger protection for agricultural interest, particularly in countries where these offenses were more frequent.

1943, Seminar: Annual Extraordinary Number of The Jurist:

(law, UK, obsolete) A thief who steals livestock in large quantities.