ipso jure

Schon nach altem Recht sey nicht eigentliche und ipso jure wirkende Nullität durch Präterition eines Haussohnes begründet, sondern nur die Vefugniß, das Testament anzufechten.

1833, Ausführliche Erläuterung der Pandecten nach Hellfeld: ein Commentar, volume 37 (in German), page 323:

Il principio dela compensazione ipso jure, preso nel senso materiale giuridico, se non è assistito dalla tradizione romana, non è poi neppure fondato nella ragione giuridica.

1876, Archivio giuridico (in Italian), page 387:

The principle of compensation by the law itself, gotten in the material judicial sense, if it is not assisted by the Roman tradition, is then not even founded in legal reason.

что право это являлось неразлучнымъ спутникомь вгякаго залога и ipso jure возникало въ минуту заключенiя самаго договора

1872, Teodor Dydyński, Zalog po rimskomu pravu (in Russian), page 123:

that this right was an inseparable concomitant of any pledge and arose ipso jure at the minute of the contract conclusion

što pravo eto javljalosʹ nerazlučnym sputnikomʹ vgjakago zaloga i ipso jure voznikalo v minutu zaključenija samago dogovora

Le prodigue était-il interdit ipso jure par la loi des XII Tables.

1884, Georges Marmod, Droit romain:- Étude sur la condition juridique du prodigue (in French), page 14:

Was prodigy forbidden ipso jure by the law of the XII Tables.

Weber szerint ugyanis különbséget kell tenni a szerződésnek ipso jure és ex officio judicis hatásai közt.

1902, Ernő Wittmann, Nemzetközi és idöközi magánjog (in Hungarian), page 259:

Därtill komma de här icke medräknade fall, då förlusten inträtt ipso jure.

1915, Sweden Riksdagen, Bihang till Riksdagens protokoll vid lagtima Riksdagen i Stockholm (in Swedish), page 237:

In addition there are cases not included here, when the loss occurred ipso jure

Mr. GÖRÖG (Hungary) said that in drafting article 33, the International Law Commission had adopted the principle of ipso jure continuity of all treaties

1978, United Nations Conference on Succession of States, volume 2 (in English), page 56:

Excepciones a la división ipso jure de los créditos.

1997, Enrique Silva Segura, acciones, actos y contratos sobre cuota (in Spanish), page 77:

Exceptions to the ipso jure division of credits.

Gelijk nu aan niet-inachtneming van de wettelijke bepalingen ipso jure nietigheid is verbonden

2004, A Stege, De CAO en het regelingsbereik van de sociale partners (in Dutch), page 141:


pendente lite

From Latin pendente līte (“awaiting the litigation”).


cause

en-noun

cause (countable and uncountable, plural causes)

* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.
* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.

doublet

(countable, law) A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action.


cause

Inherited from Old French cause, borrowed from Classical Latin causa. Compare chose, an inherited doublet.


cause

From Old French cause, borrowed from Latin causa.


act

en-noun

act (countable and uncountable, plural acts)

From Middle English acte, from Old French acte, from Latin ācta (“register of events”), plural of āctum (“decree, law”), from agere (“to do, to act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Compare German Akte (“file”). Partially displaced deed, from Old English dǣd (“act, deed”).

But was it responsible governance to pass the Longitude Act without other efforts to protect British seamen? Or might it have been subterfuge—a disingenuous attempt to shift attention away from the realities of their life at sea.

2012 March 7, William E. Carter, Merri Sue Carter, “The British Longitude Act Reconsidered”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 87:

(law, countable) A product of a legislative body, a statute.

Under current law, employers can drag out the union election process... Under the PRO Act, workers and the NLRB set union election procedures. The employer is not involved.

2021 February 4, Celine McNicholas, Margaret Poydock, Lynn Rhinehart, “How the PRO Act restores workers' rights to unionize”, in Economic Policy Institute:

(law, countable) (In the United States) A legislative proposal, a bill that has not yet become law.

act of parliament
act of parliament#English


act

en-verb

act (third-person singular simple present acts, present participle acting, simple past and past participle acted)

acts (present singular third-person)
acting (participle present)
acted (participle past)
acted (past)
act (infinitive)
act (first-person present singular)
acted (first-person past singular)
act (present second-person singular)
actest (archaic present second-person singular)
acted (past second-person singular)
actedst (archaic past second-person singular)
acts (present singular third-person)
acteth (archaic present singular third-person)
acted (past singular third-person)
act (plural present)
acted (past plural)
act (present subjunctive)
acted (past subjunctive)
act (imperative present)
acting (participle present)
acted (participle past)

A lawyer cannot act until they have been formally instructed by their client.

(intransitive, law) To carry out work as a legal representative in relation to a particular legal matter.


balance

en-noun

balance (countable and uncountable, plural balances)

balances (plural)
balaunce (alternative)

bias

antonym(s) of “support for both viewpoints”

From Middle English balaunce, from Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia, from (accusative form of) Latin bilanx (“two-scaled”), from bi- + lanx (“plate, scale”).
Displaced the word — Old English wǣġ akin to Modern English: wey from Proto-West Germanic *wāgu (“scales; weight”).

cog

The balance of the agreement remains in effect.

The invoice said he had only paid $50. The balance was $220.

Balance Luzon

(law, business, statistics) The remainder.


base

en-adj

base (comparative baser or more base, superlative basest or most base)

baser (comparative)
more base (comparative)
basest (superlative)
most base (superlative)

From Middle English base, bas, from Old French bas, from Late Latin bassus (“low”). Cognate with Spanish bajo, Italian basso and base.

A base estate is one held by services not honourable, or held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant is a base tenant.

(law) Relating to feudal land tenure held by a tenant from a lord in exchange for services that are seen as unworthy for noblemen to perform, such as villeinage.


agreement

en-noun

agreement (countable and uncountable, plural agreements)

/əˈɡɹiːmənt/

From Middle English agrement, agreement, from Old French agrement, agreement. Doublet of agrément. Morphologically agree + -ment.

(uncountable, law) A legally binding contract enforceable in a court of law.


cover

cover (countable and uncountable, plural covers)

→ Hijazi Arabic: كَڤَر (kavar)

→ Portuguese: cover

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Latin operiō
Latin cooperiō
Old French covrirbor.
Middle English coveren
English cover
From Middle English coveren, borrowed from Old French covrir, cueuvrir (modern French couvrir), from Late Latin coperire, from Latin cooperiō (“I cover completely”), from co- (intensive prefix) + operiō (“I close, cover”). Displaced native Middle English thecchen and bethecchen (“to cover”) (from Old English þeccan, beþeccan (“to cover”)), Middle English helen, (over)helen, (for)helen (“to cover, conceal”) (from Old English helan (“to conceal, cover, hide”)), Middle English wrien, (be)wreon (“to cover”) (from Old English (be)wrēon (“to cover”)), Middle English hodren, hothren (“to cover up”) (from Low German hudren (“to cover up”)).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the original sense of the verb and noun cover was “hide from view” as in its cognate covert. Except in the limited sense of “cover again”, the word recover is unrelated and is cognate with recuperate. Cognate with Spanish cubrir (“to cover”).

cog

throw nickels around like manhole covers

(law) In commercial law, a buyer’s purchase on the open market of goods similar or identical to the goods contracted for after a seller has breached a contract of sale by failure to deliver the goods contracted for.


effect

fro-noun

effect oblique singular, m (oblique plural effecz or effectz, nominative singular effecz or effectz, nominative plural effect)

effect oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
effecz (oblique plural)
effectz (oblique plural)
effecz (nominative singular)
effectz (nominative singular)
effect (nominative plural)

English: effect

French: effet

German: Effekt

Middle Irish: éifecht

Irish: éifeacht

punir les contrevenantz solonc l’effect des estatut

Punish the offender according to the decree of the statute


dry

en-adj

dry (comparative drier or dryer, superlative driest or dryest)

drier (comparative)
dryer (comparative)
driest (superlative)
dryest (superlative)
drie (alternative)

wet

antonym(s) of “abstinent from or banning alcohol”

wet

antonym(s) of “not using afterburners or water injection”

wet

of a scientist or lab: doing computation

Sranan Tongo: drei

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaɪ̯]

Adjective and noun from Middle English drye, dryge, drüȝe, from Old English drȳġe (“dry; parched, withered”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgī, *draugī, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz, *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). The verb derives from Middle English drien, from Old English drȳġan (“to dry”), from Proto-West Germanic *drūgijan, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz (“hard, desiccated, dry”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, hard, solid”).
cognates and related terms
 Cognate with Scots dry, drey (“dry”), North Frisian drüg, driig, Saterland Frisian druuch (“dry”), West Frisian droech (“dry”), Dutch droog (“dry”), Low German dröög (“dry”), German dröge (“dull”), Icelandic draugur (“a dry log”). Related also to German trocken (“dry”), West Frisian drege (“long-lasting”), Danish drøj (“tough”), Swedish dryg (“lasting, hard”), Icelandic drjúgur (“ample, long”), Latin firmus (“strong, firm, stable, durable”). See also drought, drain, dree.

cog

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

You'll have to drive out of this dry county to find any liquor.

(law) Describing an area where sales of alcoholic or strong alcoholic beverages are banned.


bankrupt

Partial calque of Italian bancarotta (literally “a broken bench”), from banca (“bank”, literally “bench”) + rotta (“broken, rupted”), which refers to an out-of-business bank, having its bench physically broken, signifying that the working moneylender was insolvent.

calque

(UK, law, obsolete) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors.


bankruptcy

en-noun

bankruptcy (countable and uncountable, plural bankruptcies)

From bankrupt + -cy, replacing earlier bankruptship.

(finance, law) A legally declared or recognized condition of insolvency of a person or organization.

bankrot

legally declared or recognised condition of insolvency


cattle

cattle pl (normally plural, singular cattle)

From Middle English catel, from Anglo-Norman catel (“personal property”), from Old Northern French (compare French cheptel, Old French chetel, chatel, also English chattel) from Medieval Latin capitāle, from Latin capitālis (“of the head”) (whence also capital, from caput (“head”) + -alis (“-al”)). For the sense evolution, compare pecuniary and fee. Also compare Russian поголо́вье (pogolóvʹje, “total number of livestock”) from Russian голова́ (golová, “head”). Doublet of capital and chattel.

m+

goods and cattle

That then every person so offending and convict, shall for his third offence, forfeit to our Sovereign Lady the Queen, all his goods and cattles, and shall suffer imprisonment during his life.

1552, Parliament of England, An Act for the Uniformity of Common Prayer, and Service in the Church, and Administration of the Sacraments:

1684 July. Mistris Dorothy Gray, Adminnestratrix of the Goods and Cattles of Mr Edward Gray, late of Plymouth, deceased, […]

1684, Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England, published 1856:

(obsolete, English law, sometimes countable, plural cattles) chattel


URL

URL (indefinite nominative singular)
URL:s (genitive indefinite singular)
URL:n (definite nominative singular)
URL:en (definite nominative singular)
URL:ns (definite genitive singular)
URL:ens (definite genitive singular)
URL:er (indefinite nominative plural)
URL:ers (genitive indefinite plural)
URL:erna (definite nominative plural)
URL:ernas (definite genitive plural)
url (alternative)

En utgångspunkt som domstolar brukar upprepa är att URL:s inskränkningar är undantag, som ska tolkas restriktivt och enligt sin ordalydelse. 23 § 3 p. URL möjliggör återgivande av ett verk i samband med rapportering av en dagshändelse i en tidning eller tidskrift, om det sker i enlighet med god sed och i den omfattning som motiveras av ändamålet.

2020 April 16, Petter Holm, “Järnrörsfilmaren vinner i HD – upphovsrättslagen bör ändras [The "iron pipe" filmmaker wins in the supreme court – copyright law should be changed]”, in Dagens Juridik:

A principle often reiterated by courts is that the exceptions in the Swedish Copyright Act are exceptions that should be interpreted restrictively and according to their wording. Section 23, Paragraph 3 of the Swedish Copyright Act allows for the reproduction of a work in connection with reporting a current event in a newspaper or magazine, provided it is done in accordance with good practice and to the extent justified by the purpose.

(law) abbreviation of upphovsrättslagen (“The Swedish Copyright Act”)


dead

en-adj

dead (not generally comparable, comparative deader, superlative deadest)

deader (comparative)
deadest (superlative)

From Middle English ded, deed, from Old English dēad, from Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz. Compare West Frisian dead, dea, Dutch dood, German tot, Danish, Norwegian død, Norwegian Nynorsk daud.

(to have) gone to one's final resting place

A person who is banished or who becomes a monk is civilly dead.

(law) Cut off from the rights of a citizen; deprived of the power of enjoying the rights of property.


list

Polish: list

Silesian: list

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lȋstъ. First attested in the 14th century.

[J]akom przi tem bil, isz Micolay slubil mi list [wro]czicz, isz gim sze zaluge

1959 [1390], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 79, Poznań:

Tenor [obmya] obmavyanye Inde dicimus: Tenore presencium obmavyanym nynyeschych lystow vel podlvg vylozenya nynyeyschych lystow

c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 136r:

Inclusiue computando a data presencium lato pyrzve y poslednye lyczacz od vydanya thego tho lysthą

c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 65r:

(law, attested in Greater Poland) legal document (something that establishes or confirms something)


list

Pannonian Rusyn: лїст (ljist)

Slovak: list

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lȋstъ. First attested in 1407.


knowledge

en-noun

knowledge (usually uncountable, plural knowledges)

knowledges (plural)
knolege (alternative)
knowlage (alternative)
knowleche (alternative)
knowledg (alternative)
knowlege (alternative)
knowliche (alternative)
knowlych (alternative)
knowlech (alternative)
knaulege (alternative)
knaulage (alternative)
knawlage (alternative)
knoleche (alternative)
knoleige (alternative)
knowlache (alternative)
knolych (alternative)
knawlache (alternative)

From Middle English knowleche, knaweleche, cnawlece (“knowledge”), from knowen (“to know, recognise”) + -leche. Related to Middle English knowlechen (“to find out, acknowledge”). For more on the Middle English suffix -leche, compare freelage. Compare also Old English cnāwelǣċ, cnāwelǣċing (“acknowledging, acknowledgement”).

cog

zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 490. Knowledge

Every time that he had knowledge of her he would leave, either in the bed, or in her cushion-cloth, or by her looking-glass, or in some place where she must needs find it, a piece of money[…].

1573, George Gascoigne, An Anthology of Elizabethan Prose Fiction, The Adventures of Master F.J.:

carnal knowledge
carnal knowledge#English

(archaic or law) Sexual intimacy or intercourse (now usually in phrase carnal knowledge).


tail

From Anglo-Norman, probably from a shortened form of entail.

estate tail

(law) Limited; abridged; reduced; curtailed.


tail

tail male

in tail

(law) Limitation of inheritance to certain heirs.


count

en-verb

count (third-person singular simple present counts, present participle counting, simple past and past participle counted)

counts (present singular third-person)
counting (participle present)
counted (participle past)
counted (past)
count (infinitive)
count (first-person present singular)
counted (first-person past singular)
count (present second-person singular)
countest (archaic present second-person singular)
counted (past second-person singular)
countedst (archaic past second-person singular)
counts (present singular third-person)
counteth (archaic present singular third-person)
counted (past singular third-person)
count (plural present)
counted (past plural)
count (present subjunctive)
counted (past subjunctive)
count (imperative present)
counting (participle present)
counted (participle past)

From Middle English counten, borrowed from Anglo-Norman conter, from Old French conter (“add up; tell a story”), from Latin computō (“I compute”). In this sense, displaced native Old English tellan, whence Modern English tell. Doublet of compute.

der

almost only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched

don't count your chickens before they're hatched

(intransitive, UK, law, obsolete) To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count.


count

Zou, who was living in Elephant and Castle, south-east London, was convicted of 11 counts of rape, with two of the offences relating to one victim. He was also convicted of three counts of voyeurism, 10 of possession of an extreme pornographic image, one of false imprisonment and three of possession of a controlled drug with intent to commit a sexual offence.

2025 June 19, “Student who raped 10 women jailed for 24 years”, in bbc.com:

(law) A distinct and separate charge in an indictment or complaint.


matter

en-noun

matter (countable and uncountable, plural matters)

From Middle English matere, mater, from Anglo-Norman matere, materie, from Old French materie, matiere, from Latin materia (“wood”), from mater (“mother”), in which case cognate with Old Armenian մայր (mayr, “cedar”) and մայրի (mayri, “forest”). Doublet of Madeira, mata, mater, matrix, and mother.
Displaced Middle English andweorc, andwork (“material, matter”), from Old English andweorc (“matter, substance, material”), Old English intinga (“matter, affair, business”).

lëndë

basic structural component of the universe

Please find attached an invoice for three outstanding matters.

(countable, law) Legal services provided by a lawyer or firm to their client in relation to a particular issue.


bible

From Middle English bible, from Middle Latin biblia (“book”) (misinterpreted as a feminine from earlier Latin neuter plural biblia (“books”)), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía, “books”), plural of βιβλίον (biblíon, “small book”), originally a diminutive of βίβλος (bíblos, “book”), from βύβλος (búblos, “papyrus”) (from the ancient Phoenician city of Byblos which exported this writing material).
Old English used biblioþēce (from βιβλιοθήκη) and ġewritu (> English writs) for "the Scriptures".

Could you please add these to the case bible?

(law) A binder containing copies of the most important documents for a particular matter.


covenant

covenants (plural)
covenaunt (alternative)

Covenant (biblical)
Covenant (law)
Covenant (religion)
Covenant marriage
Covenant theology
Covenantal nomism
Mosaic covenant
New Covenant theology
Old Covenant
covenant

From Middle English covenaunt, borrowed from Old French covenant (“agreement”), from Latin conveniēns, convenientem (“agreeing, agreeable, suitable, convenient”), present participle of conveniō (“to agree”). Cognate with convenient and convene.

der

(law) An agreement to do or not do a particular thing.

(law) A promise, incidental to a deed or contract, either express or implied.

sitoumus

promise incidental to a deed or contract


covenant

en-verb

covenant (third-person singular simple present covenants, present participle covenanting, simple past and past participle covenanted)

covenants (present singular third-person)
covenanting (participle present)
covenanted (participle past)
covenanted (past)
covenaunt (alternative)


baron

From Middle English baroun, from Old French baron, from Latin barōnem, from Proto-West Germanic *barō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear”). Cognate with Old High German baro (“human being, man, freeman”), Old English bora (“a man who bears responsibility, one who is in charge, a ruler”), and perhaps to Old English beorn (“man, warrior”). Used in early Germanic law in the sense of "man, human being".
A Celtic origin has also been suggested; see the quote under sense 3 of Latin barō. However, the OED takes the hypothetical Proto-Celtic *bar- (“hero”) to be a figment.

cog

baron and femme


barony

From Middle English baronie, baronye, from Old French baronie, equivalent to baron + -y.

(law) The legal tenure of a baron's land; military tenure.


subpoena

en-noun

subpoena (plural subpoenas or subpoenae or subpoenæ)

subpoenas (plural)
subpoenae (plural)
subpoenæ (plural)
subpena (alternative Canada US obsolete)
subpœna (alternative archaic)

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Proto-Italic *supo
Medieval Latin subbor.
Proto-Indo-European *kʷey-
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂
Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)bor.
Medieval Latin poenabor.
Middle English sub pena
English subpoena
The noun sense is derived from Late Middle English sub pena (“writ requiring defendant to appear in the Court of Chancery to answer a plaintiff’s claim or to be punished; writ requiring witness to appear in court”), from Latin sub (“under”) + poena (“penalty, punishment”), from the opening words of the writ. The verb sense is derived from the noun one.

inh

Nothing vnder a Sub-pœna can dravv him to London, and vvhen he is there, hee ſtickes faſt vppon euery Obiect, caſts his eyes avvay vppon gazing, and becomes the prey of euery cut-purſe.

1612 (date written), Tho: Overburye [i.e. Thomas Overbury], “Characters, or Witty Descriptions of the Properties of Sundry Persons. A Country Gentleman.”, in A Wife. Now the Widdow of Sir Tho: Overburye. Being a Most Exquisite and Singular Poem of the Choise of a Wife. […], 4th edition, London: […] G[eorge] Eld, for Lawrence Lisle, […], published 1614, →OCLC:

For the worthy magistrate, determined to omit no chance of doing Effie justice, and to leave her sister no apology for not giving the evidence which she was supposed to possess, had caused the ordinary citation, or sub-pœna, of the Scottish criminal court, to be served upon her by an officer during his conference with David.

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VII, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 181:

"Samuel Weller?" said Mr. Jackson, enquiringly. "Vun o' the truest things as you've said for many a long year," replied Sam, in a most composed manner. "Here's a subpœna for you, Mr. Weller," said Jackson. […] Mr. Jackson seemed rather puzzled by Sam's proceedings; but, as he had served the subpœnas, and had nothing more to say, he made a feint of putting on the one glove which he usually carried in his hand, for the sake of appearances; and returned to the office to report progress.

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Which is All about the Law, and Sundry Great Authorities Learned therein”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC, pages 318–319:

"He won't be waging wars all the world – he'll be waging 'warsuits,'" Noah said. "Droning people with subpoenas all over the globe."

2016 October 26, David Moye, “Trevor Noah: If Trump is Elected, He’ll Wage ‘Warsuits’”, in Huffington Post, New York, N.Y.: Verizon Media:

I hereby request that the committee hold the subpoena in abeyance and delay any vote on whether to recommend a citation of contempt for noncompliance with the subpoena, pending the president's determination of this question.

2019 May 7, Nicholas Fandos, Charlie Savage, Catie Edmondson, Maggie Haberman, quoting Stephen Elliott Boyd, “Justice Dept. threatens House Democrats over contempt in Barr battle”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-13:

subpoena ad testificandum
subpoena ad testificandum

subpoena duces tecum
subpoena duces tecum

(law) A writ (“written order”) requiring someone to appear in court, or at a deposition or some other legal proceeding, as a witness to give testimony (a subpoena ad testificandum) or to produce evidence (subpoena duces tecum), in default of which the person may be punished.

اِسْتِدْعَاء

writ requiring someone to appear in court or at some other legal proceeding as a witness

No man to be called by Privy Seal or Subpœna to anſwer any matters but ſuch as have no remedy by the Common law, and that to appear ſo by the teſtimony of two Juſtices of either Bench, and by Indenture between them and the Plaintiff, which Plaintiff ſhall always appear in proper perſon, and find ſurety by recognizance to proſecute with effect the matters of the Bill only, and to anſwer dammages if the ſame fall out againſt the Plaintiff.

1644, Edw[ard] Coke, “The Court of Chancery”, in The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England. […], London: […] M[iles] Flesher, for W[illiam] Lee, and D[aniel] Pakeman, →OCLC, page 83:

[I]f the defendant, on ſervice of the ſubpoena, does not appear vvithin the time limited by the rules of the court, and plead, demur, or anſvver to the bill, he is then ſaid to be in contempt; and the reſpective proceſſes of contempt are in ſucceſſive order avvarded againſt him.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Proceedings in the Courts of Equity”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 443:

For to-day in this arena, / Summoned by a stern subpœna, / Edwin, sued by Angelina— / Shortly will appear.

1875 March 25 (first performance), W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert, librettist; Arthur Sullivan, composer, Trial by Jury. A Novel and Original Dramatic Cantata, London: Walter Smith, […], published 1875, →OCLC, page 3:

subpoena ad respondendum
subpoena ad respondendum

(historical, law) A writ requiring a defendant to appear in court to answer a plaintiff's claim (a subpoena ad respondendum); in England and Wales, and Ireland, this writ was formerly issued by the Court of Chancery at the plaintiff's request to commence a suit, but the procedure was abolished in 1852.

haaste vastata vaatimukseen

writ requiring a defendant to appear in court to answer a plaintiff’s claim


subpoena

en-verb

subpoena (third-person singular simple present subpoenas, present participle subpoenaing, simple past and past participle subpoenaed)

subpoenas (present singular third-person)
subpoenaing (participle present)
subpoenaed (participle past)
subpoenaed (past)
subpena (alternative Canada US obsolete)
subpœna (alternative archaic)

призовавам

to summon (someone) with a subpoena; to require (a document or other evidence) to be produced before a court or some other legal proceeding

Poor Willy! he would not even subpœna any of his old friends as to his general character. But even if he had, what could the Court do since he pleaded guilty?

1857, Pisistratus Caxton [pseudonym; Edward Bulwer-Lytton], “Containing Much of that Information which the Wisest Men in the World Could Not Give but which the Author Can”, in What will He Do with It? (Collection of British Authors; CCCCXL), Tauchnitz edition, volume III, Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, →OCLC, book VII, page 276:

I am just reminded that the president, who is also transfer-agent, of the Black Rapids Coal Company, happens to be on board here, and, having been subpœnaed as witness in a stock case on the docket in Kentucky, has his transfer-book with him.

1857 April 1, Herman Melville, “Renewal of Old Acquaintance”, in The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, New York, N.Y.: Dix, Edwards & Co., […], →OCLC, page 32:

Witnesses, duly and in good faith, subpœnaed to attend any court, officer, commissioner, auditors or referees, or summoned to attend any judge, officer, or commissioner, in any cse where there attendance may, by law, be enforced by attachment or warrant, are exonerated from arrest in any civil suit, while going to the place where they are required to attend, while remaining in attendance as such witnesses, and while returning therefrom.

1860, Sanford M[oon] Green, “Commencement of Actions; and Proceedings on Both Sides to the Defendant‘s Appearance, Inclusive”, in A Treatise on the Practice of the Circuit Courts of the State of Michigan; […], Detroit, Mich.: S. D. Elwood, […], →OCLC, § 137, page 41:

Mr. Elgood and his daughter were both subpœnaed for the adjourned inquest.

1875, [Mary Elizabeth Braddon], “‘What, then, You Knew Not this Red Work Indeed?’”, in A Strange World […], volume I, London: John Maxwell and Co. […], →OCLC, page 181:

Volunteer no private information and express no opinion in public, especially in the Press, concerning medico-legal causes with which you are or are not personally concerned; otherwise you may be subpoenaed to support your published views without having seen previously the statements of claim or of defence.

1908, Stanley B[ean] Atkinson, “Medical Evidence and Medical Witnesses”, in The Law in General Practice: Some Chapters in Every-day Forensic Medicine, London: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press; Hodder & Stoughton […], →OCLC, page 29:

[H]ave our juries at times not only to ensure the prolonged contentions of lawyers with their fees, but also the yet more perplexing strife of the medical experts with theirs? But why leave it to them? Why not subpoena as well the clerical proficients? Their vocation bringing them into peculiar contact with so many human beings, and sometimes in their least guarded hour, in interviews very much more confidential than those of physician and patient; this would seem to qualify them to know something about those intricacies involved in the question of moral responsibility; […]

1888–1891, Herman Melville, “[Billy Budd, Foretopman.] Chapter X.”, in Billy Budd and Other Stories, London: John Lehmann, published 1951, →OCLC, page 255:

The Federal Government subpœnaed over fifty witnesses, but many of these were relieved of testifying by the submission of documents.

1942 May–June, “U.S.A. Pullman Monopoly Opposed”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 130:

(law) To summon (someone) with a subpoena (noun sense 1) to appear in court, or at a deposition or some other legal proceeding, as a witness to give testimony or to produce evidence; to serve a subpoena on (someone).

I have just recollected that you ought to have sub-pœnaᵈ in Goodwins & Thomass cases Goodwins comes on the second monday in October. You must send up for them.

1821 September 11, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, “[Letter from] Thomas Jefferson Randolph to Wilson Cary Nicholas (ca. 1796–1828)”, in Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters, Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, published 2024:

In a letter to the House Judiciary Committee, the department accused Democrats of being unreasonable in subpoenaing that material.

2019 May 7, Nicholas Fandos, Charlie Savage, Catie Edmondson, Maggie Haberman, “Justice Dept. threatens House Democrats over contempt in Barr battle”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-13:

(law) To require (a document or other evidence) to be produced before a court, or at a deposition or some other legal proceeding.


subpoena

subpoenas (plural)
subpœna (alternative)


attachment

en-noun

attachment (countable and uncountable, plural attachments)

From French attachement. By surface analysis, attach + -ment.

attachment of earnings

(law) Taking a person's property to satisfy a court-ordered debt.

արգելանք

legal: taking a person's property to satisfy a debt


造

對造

对造


chivalry

chivalry (usually uncountable, plural chivalries)

chivalries (plural)
chyvalry (alternative obsolete)

/ˈt͡ʃɪvəlɹi/

From Middle English chivalerie, a late 13th century loan from Old French chevalerie (“knighthood, chivalry, nobility, cavalry”) (11th century), the -erie (“-ery”) abstract of chevaler (“knight, horseman”), from Medieval Latin caballarius (“horseman, knight”), from caballus (“horse”). Medieval Latin caballaria (“knighthood, status or fief of a knight”) dates to the 12th century. Doublet of cavalry.

der

(UK, law, historical) A tenure of lands by knightly service.


de jure

Unadapted borrowing from Latin dē jūre (literally “according to law”).


ese

English: ease

eyse (alternative)
eise (alternative)
ase (alternative)
ayse (alternative)
aise (alternative)
yese (alternative)

(law) The right to utilize the property of a neighbour for certain ends; easement.


settle

en-verb

settle (third-person singular simple present settles, present participle settling, simple past and past participle settled)

settles (present singular third-person)
settling (participle present)
settled (participle past)
settled (past)
sattle (alternative)

remove

antonym(s) of “to place in a fixed or permanent condition”

From a merger of two verbs:
* Middle English setlen, from Old English setlan (“to settle, seat, put to rest”), from Old English setl (“seat”) (compare Dutch zetelen (“to be established, settle”)) and
* Middle English sahtlen, seihtlen (“to reconcile, calm, subside”), from Old English sahtlian, ġesehtlian (“to reconcile”), from Old English saht, seht (“settlement, agreement, reconciliation, peace”) (see saught, -le).
German siedeln (“to settle”) is related to the former of the two verbs, but is not an immediate cognate of either of them.

cog

To establish or become established in a steady position:

(transitive, law) To formally, legally secure (an annuity, property, title, etc) on (a person).


pass

en-verb

pass (third-person singular simple present passes, present participle passing, simple past and past participle passed)

passes (present singular third-person)
passing (participle present)
passed (participle past)
passed (past)
passe (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English passen, from Old French passer (“to step, walk, pass”), from Vulgar Latin *passāre (“step, walk, pass”), derived from Latin passus (“a step”), from Proto-Italic *pat-s-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread, stretch out”). Cognate with Old English fæþm (“armful, fathom”). More at fathom.
Displaced native Old English genġan.

مَرَّ

medicine: to eliminate (something) from the body by natural processes; to go through the intestines

اِجْتَازَ

to go through any inspection or test successfully

The estate passes by the third clause in Mr Smith's deed to his son.

When the old king passed away with only a daughter as an heir, the throne passed to a woman for the first time in centuries.

(intransitive, law) To be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or other instrument of conveyance.

siirtyä

law: to be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or other instrument of conveyance

And within three dayes twelve knyghtes passed uppon hem; and they founde Sir Palomydes gylty, and Sir Saphir nat gylty, of the lordis deth.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, Book X:

(intransitive, law) To make a judgment on or upon a person or case.


array

en-noun

array (countable and uncountable, plural arrays)

From Middle English arrayen, from Anglo-Norman arraier (compare Old French arraier, areer (“to put in order”)), from Medieval Latin arrēdō (“to put in order, arrange, array”), from *rēdum (“preparation, order”), from Frankish *raid or *raidā (“preparation, order”) or Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs, “ready, prepared”), from Proto-Germanic *raidaz, *raidiz (“ready”). Compare Old English rād (“condition, stipulation”), Old High German antreitī (“order, rank”). Doublet of ready.

cog

(law) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impanelled in a cause; the panel itself; or the whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court.


array

en-verb

array (third-person singular simple present arrays, present participle arraying, simple past and past participle arrayed)

arrays (present singular third-person)
arraying (participle present)
arrayed (participle past)
arrayed (past)

Alſo, though there be no perſonal objection againſt the ſheriff, yet if he arrays the panel at the nomination, or under the direction of either party, this is good cauſe of challenge to the array.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of the Trial by Jury”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 359:

(law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them one at a time.


attorney

en-noun

attorney (plural attorneys or (obsolete) attornies)

attorneys (plural)
attornies (obsolete plural)
actorney (alternative obsolete)

→ Punjabi: ਅਟਾਰਨੀ (aṭārnī)

→ Welsh: atwrnai

From Middle English attourne, from Old French atorné, past participle of atorner, atourner, aturner (“to attorn”), in the sense of "one appointed or constituted".

Near-synonyms: agent, proxy, representative

(law) An agent or representative authorized to act on someone else's behalf in accordance with that person's instructions.


party

→ Bulgarian: парти (parti)

Chinese:

desc

Cantonese: → 派對 /派对 (paai³ deoi³), → party, ⇒ P

→ Mandarin: 趴體 /趴体 (pātǐ), 派對 /派对 (pàiduì)

→ Dhivehi: ޕާޓީ (pāṭī)

→ Japanese: パーティー (pātī)

→ Korean: 파티 (pati)

→ Maori: pāti

→ Malay: parti

→ Russian: пати (pati), → Russian: парти (parti)

From Middle English party, partye, partie, from Anglo-Norman partie, from Old French partie (“side, part; portion, share; separation, division”, literally “that which is divided”), noun use of feminine of past participle of Old French partir (“to divide, separate”), from Latin partire (“to share, part, distribute, divide”), from pars (“a part, piece, a share”); see also part. First attested in c. 1300. Doublet of partita. The sense of communist party of a communist state derives Russian партия (partija), short for Коммунистическая партия (Kommunističeskaja partija).

حِزْب

group of people forming one side in a given dispute, contest etc.

гру́па

group of people travelling or attending an event together

business in the front, party in the back

The contract requires that the party of the first part pay the fee.

if the Jury had found that the party slain had been of English race and nation, it had been adjudged felony

1612, Sir John Davies, Discoverie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued:

(law) A person or group of people constituting one side in a legal proceeding, such as in a legal action or a contract.

طَرَف

law: particular side in a contract or legal action


opinion

en-noun

opinion (countable and uncountable, plural opinions)

From English opine + -ion, from Middle English opinion, opinioun, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French opinion, from Latin opīniō, from opīnor (“to opine”). Displaced native Old English wēna.

(European Union law) A judicial opinion delivered by an Advocate General to the European Court of Justice where he or she proposes a legal solution to the cases for which the court is responsible.

заключе́ние

EU: a judicial opinion by an Advocate General delivered to the European Court of Justice


fact

fact (countable and uncountable, plural facts)

From Old French fact, from Latin factum (“an act, deed, feat, etc.”); also Medieval Latin for “state, condition, circumstance”; neuter of factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). Old/Middle French later evolved it into faict and fait. Doublet of feat.

der

He had become an accessory after the fact.

She was empassiond at that piteous act, / With zelous enuy of Greekes cruell fact, / Against that nation [...].

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

His friends still wrought Repreeves for him: And indeed his fact till now in the government of Lord Angelo, came not to an undoubtfull proofe.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 76, column 2:

Gentlemen of the Jury, I think I need say but little on this matter: They all confess the fact of which they stand indicted. Some of them were old offenders, and all of them were proved to be at the taking of capt. Manwareing's sloop, and all took their shares: so that I think the fact is very fully and clearly proved upon them.

1819, T. Howell, A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors:

(law, obsolete except in set phrases) A wrongful or criminal deed.


constitution

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constitucioun, constitucion (“edict, law, ordinance, regulation, rule, statute; body of laws or rules, or customs; body of fundamental principles; principle or rule (of science); creation”) from Old French constitucion (modern French constitution), a learned borrowing from Latin cōnstitūtiō, cōnstitūtiōnem (“character, constitution, disposition, nature; definition; point in dispute; order, regulation; arrangement, system”), from cōnstituō (“to establish, set up; to confirm; to decide, resolve”). Equivalent to constitute + -ion.

(law) A legal document describing such a formal system.

រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ

rŏət thŏəmmĕəʼnuñ


deposit

deposits (plural)
deposite (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Proto-Italic *pozinō
Latin pōnō
Latin dēpōnō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin deposituslbor.
English deposit
Learned borrowing from Latin depositus, past participle of depono (“put down”). Doublet of depot.

etymon

(law) Bailment of personal property to be kept gratuitously for the bailor (depositor) and without any benefit to the bailee (depositary), e.g. for storage, carriage, repair, etc.


loan

From Middle English lone, lane, from Old Norse lán, from Proto-Germanic *laihną, from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave (over)”).
Cognate with Icelandic lán, Swedish lån, Danish lån, German Lehen (“fief”), Dutch leen (“fief”), West Frisian lien, North Frisian leen (“fief; loan; office”), Scots lane, lain, len, Old English lǣn. More at lend.

cog

Because of the loan that John made to me, I was able to pay my tuition for the upcoming semester.

(law, banking, finance) An act or instance of lending, an act or instance of granting something for temporary use.

All loans from the library, whether books or audio material, must be returned within two weeks.

He got a loan of five thousand pounds.

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter II, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(law, banking, finance) A sum of money or other property that a natural or legal person borrows from another with the condition that it be returned or repaid over time or at a later date (sometimes with interest).


weer

nl-noun

weer f (plural weren, diminutive weertje n)

weren (plural)
weertje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch wēre, from Old Dutch weri, from Proto-West Germanic *warī.

common Belgian and South Dutch realisations

North and East of the Netherlands, audio example


burglary

en-noun

burglary (countable and uncountable, plural burglaries)

From New Latin burglaria. Equivalent to burglar + -y. Displaced native Old English hūsbryċe (literally “house-breach”).

ncog

breaking and entering
breaking and entering

The crime of unlawfully breaking into a vehicle, house, store, or other enclosure with the intent to steal.

(law) Under the common law, breaking and entering of the dwelling of another at night with the intent to commit a felony.

(law, US) Under the Model Penal Code, entering a building or occupied structure with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter.


breaking and entering

(law) The crime of gaining unauthorized entry into another's property, usually by breaking part of a building (a lock, door, window, etc.)

murtautuminen

not by itself considered a crime in Finnish law; burglaries are categorized under theft


device

From Middle English devis, devise, devyce, devys, devyse, from Old French devis and devise, from Latin dīvīsus, past participle of dīvidō (“to divide”). Doublet of devise (noun).

(law) An image used in whole or in part as a trademark or service mark.

tunnusmerkki

law: image used in whole or part as a trademark or service mark


note

en-verb

note (third-person singular simple present notes, present participle noting, simple past and past participle noted)

notes (present singular third-person)
noting (participle present)
noted (participle past)
noted (past)

From Middle English note, from Old English not, nōt (“note, mark, sign”) and Old French note (“letter, note”), both from Latin nota (“mark, sign, remark, note”).

By noting the protest, notaries could date certificates when they were received, making it easier to comply with time restrictions associated with protesting.

2020 October 28, Kimberly Budd for the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, case SJC-12769

(transitive, law) To record on the back of (a bill, draft, etc.) a refusal of acceptance, as the ground of a protest, which is done officially by a notary.


plea

From Middle English ple, from Old French plait, plaid, from Medieval Latin placitum (“a decree, sentence, suit, plea, etc., Latin an opinion, determination, prescription, order; literally, that which is pleasing, pleasure”), neuter of placitus, past participle of placere (“to please”). Cognate with Spanish pleito (“lawsuit, suit”). Doublet of placit. See also please, pleasure.

der

(law) That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause.

eccezione

law: that which is alleged by a party in support of his cause

(law) An allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer.

(law) The defendant’s answer to the plaintiff’s declaration and demand.

защитна реч

law: defendant's answer to plaintiff’s declaration

they or any three of them shall be a Court and have cognizance of pleas real, personal, and mixed.

1782, "An Act establishing a Supreme Judicial Court within the Commonwealth", quoted in The Constitutional History of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Frank Washburn Grinnell, 1917, page 434

(law) A cause in court; a lawsuit; as, the Court of Common Pleas.


demurrer

From Anglo-Norman demurrer, form of Old French demourer (“to demur”), infinitive used as noun.

In a demurrer filed on 28 February to the Los Angeles county superior court, Franco’s lawyers asked that the lawsuit filed in October by Sarah Tither-Kaplan and Toni Gaal be dismissed, saying none of the alleged events detailed had happened, and the statute of limitations had passed for the accusations.

2020 March 3, Andrew Pulver, “(please specify the article title)”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC:

(law) A motion by a party to a legal action for the immediate or summary judgment of the court on the question of whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defense, and hence whether the party bringing the motion is required to answer or proceed further.


demur

en-verb

demur (third-person singular simple present demurs, present participle demurring, simple past and past participle demurred)

demurs (present singular third-person)
demurring (participle present)
demurred (participle past)
demurred (past)
demur (infinitive)
demur (first-person present singular)
demurred (first-person past singular)
demur (present second-person singular)
demurrest (archaic present second-person singular)
demurred (past second-person singular)
demurredst (archaic past second-person singular)
demurs (present singular third-person)
demurreth (archaic present singular third-person)
demurred (past singular third-person)
demur (plural present)
demurred (past plural)
demur (present subjunctive)
demurred (past subjunctive)
demur (imperative present)
demurring (participle present)
demurred (participle past)

PIE word
 *de
From Middle English demuren (“to delay; to linger; to remain (in office); to keep, retain (?)”), from Anglo-Norman demorer and Old French demorer, demourer (“to remain, stay”) (modern French demeurer), from Vulgar Latin dēmorāre, from Latin dēmorārī, the present active infinitive of Latin dēmoror (“to delay, detain; to linger, tarry”), from de- (intensifying prefix) + moror (“to delay, detain; to hinder, impede; to linger, loiter”) (from mora (“a delay; hindrance, obstacle”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thinking; to remember”), probably referring to a time for thinking) + -or (variant of -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs)).

der

He that demurreth in Law confeſſeth all ſuch matters of fact as are well and ſufficiently pleaded.

1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Escuage”, in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC, book 2, chapter 3, section 97, folio 72, recto:

The plaintiff demurred, that is to say, admitted Sir Edward [Hales]'s plea to be true in fact, but denied that it was a sufficient answer.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter VI, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 84:

(law) To submit a demurrer (“motion by a party to a legal action for the immediate or summary judgment of the court on the question of whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defence, and hence whether the party bringing the motion is required to answer or proceed further”).


demur

From Middle English demure, demore (“a delay, demur; a sojourn, stay”), from Old French demure, demore, demuere (“a delay, demur”) (modern French demeure), from Old French demorer, demourer (verb): see etymology 1.

[W]ith Rejoinders and Replies, / Long Bills, and Anſvvers, ſtuft vvith Lies, / Demurr, Imparlance, and Eſſoign, / The Parties ne'er could Iſſue join: / For Sixteen Years the Cauſe vvas ſpun, / And then ſtood vvhere it firſt begun.

1726, [Jonathan Swift], Cadenus and Vanessa. A Poem, London: […] J. Roberts […], →OCLC, page 9:

(law) Synonym of demurrer (“a motion by a party to a legal action for the immediate or summary judgment of the court on the question of whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defence, and hence whether the party bringing the motion is required to answer or proceed further”).


suit

desc

→ Kashubian: sut (Canada, United States)

→ Swahili: suti

From Middle English sute, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suite and Old French sieute, siute (modern suite), originally a participle adjective from Vulgar Latin *sequita (for secūta), from Latin sequi (“to follow”), because the component garments "follow each other", i.e. are worn together. See also the doublet suite. Cognate with Italian seguire and Spanish seguir. Related to sue and segue.

If you take my advice, you'll file a suit against him immediately.

(law) The attempt to gain an end by legal process; a process instituted in a court of law for the recovery of a right or claim; a lawsuit.


colloquy

en-noun

colloquy (countable and uncountable, plural colloquies)

soliloquy

antonym(s) of “a conversation of multiple people”

From Middle English colloquies pl, from Latin colloquium (“conversation”), from com- (“together, with”) (English com-) + form of loquor (“speak”) (from which English locution and other words). Doublet of colloquium.

At the end of the colloquy, Judge Spicer asked Carr whether anyone had "pressured" him into accepting the deal.

1999, H. L. Pohlman, The Whole Truth?: A Case of Murder on the Appalachian Trail, →ISBN, page 193:

(law) A discussion during a trial in which a judge ensures that the defendant understands what is taking place in the trial and what his or her rights are.


accusatorial

en-adj

accusatorial (comparative more accusatorial, superlative most accusatorial)

more accusatorial (comparative)
most accusatorial (superlative)

(law) Of or pertaining to the system of a public trial in which the facts are ascertained by the judge or jury from evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.

akkusatorinen

Of or pertaining to the public trial system


instrumentality

en-noun

instrumentality (countable and uncountable, plural instrumentalities)

Any work in which the copyright was ever owned or administered by the Alien Property Custodian and in which the restored copyright would be owned by a government or instrumentality thereof, is not a restored work.

1994, Title 17 of the United States Code, §104A(a)(2):

(countable, law) A governmental organ with a specific purpose.


令

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

(rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


令

令 (canonical)
ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/
From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

(law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


参

/samʉ/ → /saɴ/
From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sam).

(law) Financial form of 三 (san): 3, three


naam

From Middle English nam, naam, from Old English nām (“seizure of property”), probably from Old Norse nám (“occupation; acquisition, learning, study”, literally “taking”), from Proto-Germanic *nēmō (“taking”), from Proto-Germanic *nemaną (“to take”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to take”). Cognate with Old English nǣm (“taking, acceptance”), Old High German nāma ("seizure, confiscation"; > German Nahme).

gloss

"seizure, confiscation"; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Nahme</i>

(obsolete, law) The taking of property for the purpose of compensation.

(obsolete, law) Goods taken in such a manner.


宮

Chinese folk religion
Mazu
Qing conquest of Taiwan
Qing dynasty
ancestor worship

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 + 呂: many rooms under a roof — a mansion.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qim (“house; pit; womb”); see there for hypothesized cognates.

inh

(historical law) castration as a punishment


審

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“roof”) + 釆 (“to distinguish”) + 田. There are two theories about the component 田. One is that it was originally 口 (“mouth”), then corrupted into 曰 (“say”), then further into 田. The other one is that its a remnant from a variant form ⿱宷思 with 心 omitted. The Shuowen Jiezi describes 審 as the seal script variant of 宷.


nonability

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nonability.wav

(law) An exception taken against a plaintiff in a cause, when he is unable legally to commence a suit.


律

From Middle Chinese 律 (MC lwit).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit विनय (vinaya, “discipline, guidance, humility”).

der

(law, historical) a criminal code developed in ancient China that was, alongside the 令 (ryō), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system


узус

ru-noun+

у́зус • (úzus) m inan (genitive у́зуса, nominative plural у́зусы, genitive plural у́зусов)

у́зус (canonical)
úzus (romanization)
у́зуса (genitive)
у́зусы (nominative plural)
у́зусов (genitive plural)
у́зус (nominative singular)
у́зусы (nominative plural)
у́зуса (genitive singular)
у́зусов (genitive plural)
у́зусу (dative singular)
у́зусам (dative plural)
у́зус (accusative singular)
у́зусы (accusative plural)
у́зусом (instrumental singular)
у́зусами (instrumental plural)
у́зусе (prepositional singular)
у́зусах (plural prepositional)
у́зусъ (alternative)

(law) usage, standard, customary practice.


change of venue

en-noun

change of venue (plural changes of venue)

The defense moved for a change of venue, as the media coverage had made selecting an impartial jury from the small town impossible.

(law) The relocation of a trial to a locale other than that in which the case was first brought before a court.


案

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (案):
* → Japanese: 案(あん) (an)
* → Korean: 안(案) (an)
* → Vietnamese: án (案)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaːns): semantic 木 + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn).

Han compound

(law) case (legal matter, proceeding or lawsuit)


條

(business, law, of a contract or legislative bill) a clause

chữ Hán form of điều
(law, of a constitution) an article


information

en-noun

information (usually uncountable, plural informations)

/ˌɪn.fəˈmæɪ.ʃən/

From Middle English enformacioun, informacioun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman informacioun, enformation, Old French information, from Latin īnfōrmātiō (“formation, conception; education”), from the participle stem of īnformāre (“to inform”).

der

information and communications technology

On May 21, 1792, the Attorney General filed an information against Paine charging him with seditious libel.

1968, Carl B. Cone, The English Jacobins, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 131:

(law, countable) A statement of criminal activity brought before a judge or magistrate; in the UK, used to inform a magistrate of an offence and request a warrant; in the US, an accusation brought before a judge without a grand jury indictment.


款

Originally 歀 (kuài), phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 柰 (OC *naːds) + semantic 欠 (“lacking, desire”), meaning “desire”. The 木 component was simplified into 士 via libian, similar to 隸→隷.
Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰloːnʔ): abbreviated phonetic 窾 (OC *kʰloːnʔ) + semantic 欠 (“lacking, desire”).

Han compound

*欵
歀
㱁
𣢻
𣣙
𣤂

(law) subsection; subparagraph; subclause (in bills)


死

/si/ → /ɕi/
Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX), with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, to go away”). Compare modern Mandarin 死 (sǐ).
In kanji compounds, this would be considered as on'yomi; but on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or kun'yomi.

死勘定

dead account, trading account that has no activity

(law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)


original

originals (plural)
oryginall (alternative)
origynall (alternative)
orygynal (alternative)
orygynall (alternative)
origynal (alternative)
oryginal (alternative)
oregynall (alternative)
originalle (alternative)
originall (alternative)

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

(rare, law) a legal document beginning legal action


precedent

precedents (plural)
præcedent (alternative)

From Middle French, from Old French, from Latin praecēdēns, present participle of praecēdere (“to precede”); See precede.

(law) A decided case which is cited or used as an example to justify a judgment in a subsequent case.

прецедент

leading case which is cited to justify a judgment


precedent

en-verb

precedent (third-person singular simple present precedents, present participle precedenting, simple past and past participle precedented)

precedents (present singular third-person)
precedenting (participle present)
precedented (participle past)
precedented (past)
præcedent (alternative)

(transitive, law) To provide precedents for.

(transitive, law) To be a precedent for.


file

file (third-person singular simple present files, present participle filing, simple past and past participle filed)

files (present singular third-person)
filing (participle present)
filed (participle past)
filed (past)

From Old French fil (“thread”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”). Doublet of filum.

She filed for divorce the next day.

The company filed for bankruptcy when the office opened on Monday.

They filed for a refund under their warranty.

(intransitive, with for, chiefly law) To submit a formal request to some office.


物

⟨mo₂no₂⟩ → ⟨mono₂⟩ → /mono/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *mənə.

この法律において「物」とは、有体物をいう。

The term "Things" as used in this Code shall mean tangible thing.

Kono hōritsu ni oite “mono” to wa, yūtaibutsu o iu.

thing (concrete, tangible)
(law) a corporeal object

thing (concrete, tangible)
a corporeal object


execute

execute (third-person singular simple present executes, present participle executing, simple past and past participle executed)

executes (present singular third-person)
executing (participle present)
executed (participle past)
executed (past)
exequte (alternative obsolete)
exequute (alternative obsolete)
exsecute (alternative obsolete)
exsequute (alternative obsolete)

From Old French executer (French exécuter), from Latin exsecutus, past participle of exsequor (“to follow (up/through)”, particularly in the sense “to go through with a deed or punishment”), from ex- (“out”) + sequor (“to follow”).

m-g

to execute a contract

(transitive, law) To carry out, to perform an act; to put into effect or cause to become legally binding or valid (as a contract) by so doing.

executar

to sign or otherwise cause a document (especially a contract) to become legally valid


甲

Hanja in this term 甲 甲 (canonical)
gap (romanization)
갑 (hangeul)

乙

antonym(s) of “(law) something A, the first party”

From Middle Chinese 甲 (MC kaep). Recorded as Middle Korean 갑〮 (káp) (Yale: kap) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Compare modern Cantonese 甲 (gaap³) and Hakka 甲 (gab⁵).

hanja-hunmong

상기 乙은 본 문서에 명시된 업무와 관련하여 甲에게 근로를 제공한다.

sanggi eureun myeongsidoen eommuwa gwallyeonhayeo gabege geulloreul jegonghanda.

The B (employee) indicated above will provide labour to A (employer) according to the tasks indicated in this document.


MP

medida provisória
w:pt:medida provisória

(Brazil, politics, law) initialism of medida provisória (“provisional measure”)


MP

ministério público
w:pt:ministério Público no Brasil

(Brazil, law) initialism of ministério público (“Public Prosecutor's Office”)


EOD

(finance, law) Initialism of event of default.


call

en-noun

call (countable and uncountable, plural calls)

→ Armenian: քոլ (kʻol)

→ Georgian: ქოლი (koli)

From Middle English callen, from Old English ċeallian (“to call, shout”) and Old Norse kalla (“to call; shout; refer to as; name”); both from Proto-Germanic *kalzōną (“to call, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *golH-so- (“voice, cry”), from *gel(H)- (“to vocalize, call, shout”).
Cognates
* Scots call, caw, ca (“to call, cry, shout”)
* Dutch kallen (“to chat, talk”),
* German kallen (“to call”)
* Swedish kalla (“to call, refer to, beckon”)
* Norwegian kalle (“to call, name”)
* Danish kalde (“to call, name”)
* Icelandic kalla (“to call, shout, name”)
* Welsh galw (“to call, demand”)
* Polish głos (“voice”)
* Lithuanian gal̃sas (“echo”)
* Russian голос (golos, “voice”)
* Albanian gjuhë (“language, tongue”).

cog

the call is coming from inside the house

(US, law) A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant requiring or calling for a corresponding object, etc., on the land.

The work was done by two lawyers, one a 1983 call and the other a 2010 call.

2020 October 28, Master K.E. Jolley, “Korlyakov v. Riesz, 2020 ONSC 6622”, in CanLII, retrieved 2021-06-19:

(law) A lawyer who was called to the bar (became licensed as a lawyer) in a specified year.


ABC

en-noun

ABC (countable and uncountable, plural ABCs)

Like foreclosure, an assignment for the benefit of creditors (ABC) is a creature of state law. ABCs have long been popular in a few states, most notably California and Illinois, but they are beginning to gain traction in other states as a less expensive alternative to bankruptcy.

2010, Pepper Hamilton, “Alternatives to bankruptcy”, in John Wm. Butler, Jr, editor, Navigating Today's Environment: The Directors' and Officers' Guide to Restructuring, Globe White Page Ltd, →ISBN, page 205:

w:assignment for the benefit of creditors

(law, finance) Initialism of assignment for the benefit of creditors.


罪

殺人罪

堕胎罪

(law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge


tare

en-verb

tare (third-person singular simple present tares, present participle taring, simple past and past participle tared)

tares (present singular third-person)
taring (participle present)
tared (participle past)
tared (past)

Borrowed from Middle French tare, from Italian tara, from Arabic طَرْحَة (ṭarḥa, “that which is thrown away”), a derivative of طَرَحَ (ṭaraḥa, “to throw (away)”).

der

he is […] to tare such number of bales as may be deemed necessary to settle the net weight for duty.

1886, Records of the History, Laws, Regulations, and Statistics of the Tobacco Trade of the United Kingdom, page 86:

Without question, I think, the exploit of "Jubilee" No. 45737 Atlas [...] was the finest [...], for the train was made up to eleven bogies taring the maximum of 350 tons for an engine of this class, notwithstanding which 7 min. was gained on schedule.

1959 December, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 610:

(chiefly business and law) To take into account the weight of the container, wrapping etc. in weighting merchandise.

tarreren

to take into account the weight of a container


tack

From Middle English tak, take (“fee, tax (on livestock)”), from Old Norse tak, taka (“a taking, seizure; revenue”), from Old Norse taka (“to take”). Cognate with Scots tack.

In the Breadalbane papers, for example, there is a "tack" which was given by Sir John Campbell of Glenurchy to his "weil belouit" servant John M'Conoquhy V'Gregour, in the year 1530.

1885, Lord Colin Campbell, The Crofter in History:

(law, Scotland and Northern England) A contract by which the use of a thing is set, or let, for hire; a lease.


seize

en-verb

seize (third-person singular simple present seizes, present participle seizing, simple past and past participle seized)

seizes (present singular third-person)
seizing (participle present)
seized (participle past)
seized (past)

Earlier seise, from Middle English seisen, sesen, saisen, from Old French seisir (“to take possession of; invest (person, court)”), from Early Medieval Latin sacīre (“to lay claim to, appropriate”) (8th century) in the phrase ad propriam sacire, from Old Low Frankish *sakjan (“to sue, bring legal action”), from Proto-Germanic *sakjaną, *sakōną (compare Old English sacian (“to strive, brawl”)), from Proto-Germanic *sakaną (compare Old Saxon sakan (“to accuse”), Old High German sahhan (“to bicker, quarrel, rebuke”), Old English sacan (“to quarrel, claim by law, accuse”). Cognate to sake and Latin sāgiō (“to perceive acutely”).

cog

(transitive, law) Alternative spelling of seise (“to vest ownership of an estate in land”).

This Court will remain seized of this matter.

(law) (with of) To cause (an action or matter) to be or remain before (a certain judge or court).


CD

en-noun

CD (countable and uncountable, plural CDs)

Abbreviation of various terms and phrases.

سِي دِي

abbreviation of compact disc — see also compact disc

(UK, law) Initialism of controlled drug.


division

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

(law) A concept whereby a common group of debtors are only responsible for their proportionate sum of the total debt.


de-adj

null (strong nominative masculine singular nuller, not comparable)

nuller (masculine nominative singular strong)
nuller (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
nulle (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
nulles (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
nulle (nominative plural strong without-article)
nullen (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
nuller (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
nullen (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
nuller (genitive plural strong without-article)
nullem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
nuller (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
nullem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
nullen (dative plural strong without-article)
nullen (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
nulle (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
nulles (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
nulle (accusative plural strong without-article)
der nulle (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die nulle (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das nulle (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die nullen (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des nullen (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der nullen (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des nullen (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der nullen (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem nullen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der nullen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem nullen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den nullen (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den nullen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die nulle (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das nulle (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die nullen (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein nuller (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine nulle (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein nulles (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
nullen (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine nullen (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines nullen (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer nullen (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines nullen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
nullen (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner nullen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem nullen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer nullen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem nullen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
nullen (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen nullen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen nullen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine nulle (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein nulles (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
nullen (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine nullen (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)

From the noun Null (“the number zero”), from Italian nulla, from Latin nulla, feminine singular of nullus (“no, none”).

(specialist, law, chiefly predicative) null (having no validity)


void

id-adj

void (comparative lebih void, superlative paling void)

lebih void (comparative)
paling void (superlative)

(law) void (having lost all legal validity)


評

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *beŋ, *beŋs): semantic 言 + phonetic 平 (OC *ben, *beŋ).


annexation

en-noun

annexation (countable and uncountable, plural annexations)

From Medieval Latin annexation-, stem of annexatio (“action of annexing”), from past participle of annecto.

(law) A legal merging of a territory into another body.


貸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰɯːɡs): semantic 貝 (“shell”) + phonetic 代 (OC *l'ɯːɡs). The character originally conveyed the meaning of "to give" or "to bestow," and later came to be used with the meaning of "to lend."


tort

From Middle English tort (“(uncountable) wrong; (countable) an injury, a wrong”), from Old French tort (“misdeed, wrong”) (modern French tort (“an error, wrong; a fault”)), from Medieval Latin tortum (“injustice, wrong”), a noun use of a neuter singular participle form of Latin tortus (“crooked; twisted”), the perfect passive participle of torqueō (“to bend or twist awry, distort”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
Cognates
* Galician torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) harm, offence; injustice, wrong, tort”)
* Italian torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) injustice, wrong”)
* Norwegian Bokmål tort (dated, now only in fixed expressions)
* Norwegian Nynorsk tort (dated, now only in fixed expressions)
* Occitan tort
* Old French tort (modern French tort)
* Portuguese torto (“(adjective) bent; crooked; twisted; (noun, archaic) harm, offence; injustice, wrong”)
* Spanish tuerto (“injury, offence”)

cog

[…] Wrong or Iniury, is in French aptly called Tort, becauſe Iniury & wrong is wreſted or crooked, being contrary to that which is right and ſtreight. […] And Britton ſaith that Tort a la ley eſt contrarye [a wrong to the law is contrary], and as aptly for the cauſe aforeſaid is iniury in English called wrong.

[1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Of Rents”, in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, →OCLC, book 2, chapter 12, section 234, folio 158, verso:

Personal actions are ſuch vvhereby a man claims a debt, or perſonal duty, or damages in lieu thereof; and likevviſe vvhereby a man claims a ſatisfaction in damages for ſome injury done to his perſon or property. The former are ſaid to be founded on contracts, the latter upon torts or vvrongs: […] of the latter all actions for treſpaſſes, nuſances, aſſaults, defamatory vvords, and the like.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Wrongs, and Their Remedies, Respecting the Rights of Persons”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 117:

A tort is a legal wrong committed upon the person or property independent of contract. It may be either (1) a direct invasion of some legal right of the individual; (2) the infraction of some public duty by which special damage accrues to the individual; (3) the violation of some private obligation by which like damage accrues to the individual.

1891, Henry Campbell Black, “TORT”, in A Dictionary of Law […], St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 1178, column 1:

(law) A wrongful act, whether intentional or negligent, regarded as non-criminal and unrelated to a contract, which causes an injury and can be remedied in civil court, usually through the awarding of damages.

الضرر في القانون

wrongful act, regarded as non-criminal and unrelated to a contract, which causes an injury


tort

English: tort

Scots: tort

From Old French tort, from Latin tortum.


tort

Borrowed from French tort, from Latin tortum.

(law) offense against someone, an insult or inconvenience caused to someone


defendant

defendants (plural)
defendaunt (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English defendaunt (“defendant in a suit; defender”), borrowed from Old French defendant, nominalisation of defendant; see above.

inh

404(b)—including a series of domestic abuse incidents defendant perpetrated against victim, a PFA against defendant by victim, and other third-party PFAs entered against defendant to protect other women—as well as evidence from[…]

2019 November 29, Daniel J. Anders, Bobby Ochoa III, Ohlbaum on the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, LexisNexis, →ISBN:

(law) In civil proceedings, the party responding to the complaint; one who is sued and called upon to make satisfaction for a wrong complained of by another.

Unintended mathwashing occurs when the algorithm is left unchecked, and, learning from historical data, amplifies social bias. The U.S. justice system uses an algorithm called COMPAS to determine a criminal's likelihood to re-offend. COMPAS has been proven by Pro Publica to predict that black defendants will have higher rates of recidivism than they actually do, while white defendants are predicted to have lower rates than they actually do.

2018 January 29, Sophie Kleber, “As AI Meets the Reputation Economy, We're All Being Silently Judged”, in Harvard Business Review, Brighton, M.A.: Harvard Business Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-28:

(law) In criminal proceedings, the accused.


civil law

en-noun

civil law (countable and uncountable, plural civil laws)

(law) The body of law dealing with the private relations between members of a community; it contrasts with criminal law, military law and ecclesiastical law.

gwir keodedel

body of law dealing with private relations

The Supreme Court of Canada is a bijural court that deals with both Quebec civil law and the common law used in the rest of the country.

(law) Legal system primarily based on a legal code, which commonly derive from the Corpus Juris Civilis; it contrasts with common law.

قَانُون مَدَنِيّ

legal system contrasting with common law


civil law

Unadapted borrowing from English civil law.

ubor

(law) civil law (legal system contrasting with common law)


plaintiff

From Middle English plaintif, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French plaintif (“complaining”; as a noun, “one who complains, a plaintiff”) from the verb plaindre. Doublet of plaintive.

der

(law, UK historical, otherwise current) A party bringing a suit in civil law against a defendant; accuser.


negligence

en-noun

negligence (usually uncountable, plural negligences)

/ˈnɛɡlɪd͡ʒəns/

From Middle English necligence, negligence, from Old French negligence, from Latin neglegentia.

(law, singular only) The tort whereby a duty of reasonable care was breached, causing damage: any conduct short of intentional or reckless action that falls below the legal standard for preventing unreasonable injury.

(law, uncountable) The breach of a duty of care: the failure to exercise a standard of care that a reasonable person would have in a similar situation.

անփութություն

law: failure to exercise a standard of care (law)


standard of care

standard of care (plural standards of care)

(law) In tort law, the degree of caution that a reasonable person should exercise in a given situation so as to avoid causing injury.


reasonable person

reasonable person (plural reasonable persons or reasonable people)

reasonable persons (plural)
reasonable people (plural)

(law) A fictional person used as a comparative legal standard to represent an average member of society and how he or she would behave or think, especially in determining negligence; sometimes formulated as "a person of ordinary prudence exercising due care in like circumstances."

理性自然人

a fictional person used as a comparative legal standard to represent an average member of society


burden of proof

burden of proof (plural burdens of proof)

burden of production
burden of production

burden of persuasion
burden of persuasion

(law) The duty of a party in a legal proceeding to prove an assertion of fact; it includes both the burden of production and the burden of persuasion; the onus probandi.

extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence


burden of production

burden of production (plural burdens of production)

(law) The duty upon a party in a legal proceeding to introduce enough evidence relating to an assertion of fact to have the issue be considered by the fact-finder rather than summarily dismissed or decided; part of the burden of proof.


burden of persuasion

burden of persuasion (plural burdens of persuasion)

(law) The duty upon a party in a legal proceeding to persuade the fact-finder to decide for that party on an assertion of fact; part of the burden of proof, sometimes loosely used as synonym for that term.


criminal law

criminal law (countable and uncountable, plural criminal laws)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-criminal law.wav

(law) The area of law pertaining to crime and punishment.

(law) A specific statute, ordinance, regulation, or other source of law that deems an action to be a crime.


appel

nl-noun

appel n (plural appels, diminutive appelletje n)

appels (plural)
appelletje (diminutive neuter)
appèl (alternative)

Afrikaans: appèl

→ Caribbean Javanese: apèl

→ Indonesian: apèl

→ Papiamentu: apèl

From Middle Dutch appeel, from Old French apel.

(law) appeal (application for legal review and overturning)


AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Act
w:Agricultural Adjustment Act

(US, historical, law) Initialism of Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Black's ideas were first implemented when Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933,* which became the heart and soul of New Deal* agricultural policy. The legislation created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to implement Black's ideas. […] Under the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the AAA would negotiate “marketing agreements” in which individual farmers agreed to reduce production.

2001, James S. Olson, “Agricultural Adjustment Administration”, in Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, page 5:

(US, historical, law) Initialism of Agricultural Adjustment Administration.


CDA

en-noun

CDA (countable and uncountable, plural CDAs)

(law) Initialism of criminal defense attorney.


CC

Creative Commons
Creative Commons#English


項

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡroːŋʔ): phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 頁 (“head”).


acción

→ Tagalog: aksiyon

Borrowed from Latin āctiōnem, from agere.


declaration

en-noun

declaration (countable and uncountable, plural declarations)

/ˌdɛkləˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English declaration, declaracion, declaracioun, from Old French declaration (French déclaration), from Latin dēclārātiōnem, accusative of Latin dēclārātiō.

(law) In common law, the formal document specifying plaintiff's cause of action, including the facts necessary to sustain a proper cause of action, and to advise the defendant of the grounds upon which he is being sued.

deklaratë

written or oral indication of a fact, opinion, or belief


bolt

en-verb

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

bolts (present singular third-person)
bolting (participle present)
bolted (participle past)
bolted (past)

From Middle English bulten, from Anglo-Norman buleter, Old French bulter (modern French bluter), from a Germanic source originally meaning "bag, pouch" cognate with Middle High German biuteln (“to sift”), from Proto-Germanic *buzdô (“beetle, grub, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūs- (“to move quickly”). Cognate with Dutch buidel.

der

[…]the old habits of mooting or bolting caſes (i.e. of public disputations), might make the ſtudent more ſubtle and acute

1781, “The History and Antiquities of the Four Inns of Court”, in The Monthly Review:

(law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law.


sole

From Middle English sole, soule, from Old French sol, soul (“alone”), from Latin sōlus (“alone, single, solitary, lonely”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Perhaps related to Old Latin sollus (“whole, complete”), from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“safe, healthy”). More at save.

ncog

(law) Unmarried (especially of a woman); widowed.


SO

(law) abbreviation of successionsordningen (“the act of succession”), one of Sweden's four fundamental laws


bill

→ Swahili: bili

→ Thai: บิล (bin)

→ Tokelauan: pili

→ Jamaican Creole: bills

From Middle English bille, from Anglo-Norman bille, from Old French bulle, from Medieval Latin bulla (“seal, sealed document”). Doublet of bull (“papal bull; bubble”) and bulla.

dbt

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

... the legion of bills in the suit have been transformed into mere bills of mortality ...

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, chapter 1, in Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

(obsolete, law) A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law.

法案

law: declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant


bill

Borrowed from English bill; doublet of bulle (“bubble”).


bill

bill (indefinite nominative singular)
bills (genitive indefinite singular)
billen (definite nominative singular)
billens (definite genitive singular)
biller (indefinite nominative plural)
billers (genitive indefinite plural)
billerna (definite nominative plural)
billernas (definite genitive plural)

Borrowed from English bill, from Middle English bille, from Anglo-Norman bille, from Old French bulle, from Medieval Latin bulla (“seal, sealed document”). Doublet of bulla.

(law) a draft of a law in English-speaking countries


town

en-noun

town (countable and uncountable, plural towns)

towns (plural)
tahn (alternative)
tawn (alternative)
toon (alternative Geordie)
toune (alternative obsolete)
towne (alternative obsolete)

→ Chichewa: tawuni

→ Hawaiian: kaona

→ Jersey Dutch: tāun

→ Pennsylvania German: Taun

→ Japanese: タウン (taun)

From Middle English toun, from Old English tūn (“enclosure, garden”), from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną (“fence”), of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”).
See also West Frisian tún, Dutch tuin (“garden”), German Zaun, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian tun; also archaic Welsh din (“hill”), Irish dún (“fortress”). Doublet of dun. See also -ton and tine (“to enclose”).

der

(law) A municipal organization, such as a corporation, defined by the laws of the entity of which it is a part.


onus

en-noun

onus (countable and uncountable, plural onuses or onera)

onuses (plural)
onera (plural)
oweness (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃enh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *h₃énh₂os
Proto-Italic *onos
Latin onuslbor.
English onus
Learned borrowing from Latin onus (literally “burden”).

lbor

The argument is founded on a principle which is now acknowledged to be universal; and the onus of disproof must lie with those who may be bold enough to take up the position that a region exists where at last the Principle of Continuity fails.

1883, Henry Drummond, Natural Law in the Spiritual World:


real

en-adj

real (comparative realer or more real, superlative realest or most real)

realer (comparative)
more real (comparative)
realest (superlative)
most real (superlative)

fictitious

antonym(s) of “that has physical existence”

imaginary

antonym(s) of “relating to numbers with a one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line”

UK

US

From Middle English real, from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Doublet of realis.

prea

signifying meritorious qualities or actions

the real treasure is the friends we made along the way

real estate; real property

Many are perfect in men's humours that are not greatly capable of the real part of business.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Cunning”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

en:relating to immovable tangible property

(law) Relating to immovable tangible property.

անշարժ

law: relating to immovable tangible property


real

English: real

Scots: real

Borrowed from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis.

riall (alternative)
realle (alternative)
reale (alternative)
ryall (alternative)
reall (alternative)

(Late Middle English, law) concerning possessions


depose

en-verb

depose (third-person singular simple present deposes, present participle deposing, simple past and past participle deposed)

deposes (present singular third-person)
deposing (participle present)
deposed (participle past)
deposed (past)

Recorded since c.1300, from Middle English, from Old French deposer, from de- (“down”) + poser (“to put, place”). Deposition (1494 in the legal sense) belongs to deposit, but that related word and depose became thoroughly confused.

(law, intransitive) To give evidence or testimony, especially in response to interrogation during a deposition.

After we deposed the claimant we had enough evidence to avoid a trial.

Depose him in the justice of his cause.

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

(law, transitive) To interrogate and elicit testimony from during a deposition, typically by a lawyer.


profit

en-noun

profit (countable and uncountable, plural profits)

profits (plural)
ꝓfit (alternative abbreviation obsolete)

From Middle English profit, from Old French profit (Modern French profit), from Latin prōfectus (“advance, progress, growth, increase, profit”), from proficiō (“to go forward, advance, make progress, be profitable or useful”). Doublet of profect.

der

profit à prendre
profit à prendre#English

(property law) Ellipsis of profit à prendre.


maintenance

en-noun

maintenance (usually uncountable, plural maintenances)

From Middle English mayntenaunce, from Old French maintenance, from maintenir, from Latin manus tenēre (“to hold in the hand”). By surface analysis, maintain + -ance.
Note that maintain has undergone a sound and spelling change, hence is spelt with -tain-, rather than the -ten- still found in maintenance.

der

(law) A tort and (in some jurisdictions) an offence committed when a third party who does not have a bona fide interest in a lawsuit provides help or acquires an interest to a litigant's lawsuit.

(law, UK) Alimony, a periodical payment or a lump sum made or ordered to be made to a spouse after a divorce.


accounting

en-noun

accounting (usually uncountable, plural accountings)

* First attested in the late 14th century.
* account + -ing

In contrast, an accounting for profits, or accounting— a distinct form of relief that the majority groups with disgorgement — has a well-accepted definition: It compels a defendant to account for, and repay to a plaintiff, those profits that belong to the plaintiff in equity.

2020, Liu v. SEC (U.S. Supreme Court No. 18-1501), Justice Thomas dissenting

(law) An equitable remedy requiring wrongfully obtained profits to be distributed to those who deserve them.


individual

individuals (plural)
individuall (alternative)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Medieval Latin indīviduālis, from Latin indīviduum (“an indivisible thing”), neuter of indīviduus (“indivisible, undivided”), from in + dīviduus (“divisible”), from dīvidō (“divide”).

der

Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination […].

1982, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms:

(law) A single physical human being as a legal subject, as opposed to a legal person such as a corporation.


circuit

From Middle English circuit, from Old French circuit, from Latin circuitus (“a going round”), from circuire (“go round”), from circum (“around”) + ire.

(law) The jurisdiction of certain judges within a state or country, whether itinerant or not.

piiri

Methodist Church: district in which an itinerant preacher labors


halal

halál (canonical)
ᜑᜎᜎ᜔ (Baybayin)
hanal (alternative obsolete)

According to Zorc (1982), borrowed from Malay halal (“permitted; lawful”), from Arabic حَلَال (ḥalāl). Compare Kapampangan alal. See also etymology 2.

bor+

Ang halal ng Kapitan, ay huwag magsugal.

The fundamental law by the Captain is to not gamble.

Yari ang halal ng Hukom.

(law, obsolete) constitution; fundamental law


accusare

it-verb

accusàre (first-person singular present accùso, first-person singular past historic accusài, past participle accusàto, auxiliary avére)

accusàre (canonical)
accùso (first-person present singular)
accusài (first-person historic past singular)
accusàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
accusàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
accusàndo (gerund)
accusànte (participle present)
accusàto (participle past)
accùso (first-person indicative present singular)
accùsi (indicative present second-person singular)
accùsa (indicative present singular third-person)
accusiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
accusàte (indicative plural present second-person)
accùsano (indicative plural present third-person)
accusàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
accusàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
accusàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
accusavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
accusavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
accusàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
accusài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
accusàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
accusò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
accusàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
accusàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
accusàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
accuserò (first-person future indicative singular)
accuserài (future indicative second-person singular)
accuserà (future indicative singular third-person)
accuserémo (first-person future indicative plural)
accuseréte (future indicative plural second-person)
accuserànno (future indicative plural third-person)
accuserèi (conditional first-person singular)
accuserésti (conditional second-person singular)
accuserèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
accuserébbe (conditional singular third-person)
accuserémmo (conditional first-person plural)
accuseréste (conditional plural second-person)
accuserèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
accuserébbero (conditional plural third-person)
accùsi (first-person present singular subjunctive)
accùsi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
accùsi (present singular subjunctive third-person)
accusiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
accusiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
accùsino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
accusàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
accusàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
accusàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
accusàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
accusàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
accusàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
accùsa (imperative second-person singular)
accùsi (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
accusiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
accusàte (imperative plural second-person)
accùsino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
accusàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
accùsi (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
accusiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
accusàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
accùsino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)