exceptio non numeratae pecuniae

Latin phrase.
exceptio (“an exception”) + non (“not (having)”) + numero - atis ("to count") + pecunia (“money”).

In my opinion a defendant in an action for provisional sentence on a mortgage bond who has renounced the benefit of the exceptio non numeratae pecuniae is not debarred either in the provisional case or in the principal case from raising the defence that he did not receive the money in respect of which he had acknowledged his indebtedness. The benefit of the exception is to enable a defendant to place upon the plaintiff the onus of proving that the money was paid; by renouncing the benefit, the defendant takes the onus of proof upon himself.

COHEN v LOUIS BLUMBERG (PTY), LTD AND ANOTHER 1949 (2) SA 849 (W)

(law) An exception whereby a defendant can claim that the plaintiff has not paid the money to him and that therefore the obligation is not owing.


exceptio

la-noun

exceptiō f (genitive exceptiōnis); third declension

exceptiō (canonical feminine)
exceptiōnis (genitive)
exceptiō (nominative singular)
exceptiōnēs (nominative plural)
exceptiōnis (genitive singular)
exceptiōnum (genitive plural)
exceptiōnī (dative singular)
exceptiōnibus (dative plural)
exceptiōnem (accusative singular)
exceptiōnēs (accusative plural)
exceptiōne (ablative singular)
exceptiōnibus (ablative plural)
exceptiō (singular vocative)
exceptiōnēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: excepció

English: exception

French: exception

Italian: eccezione

Maltese: eċċezzjoni

→ Old French: excepcion

Anglo-Norman: excepcioun

→ Dutch: exceptie

Portuguese: excepção, exceção

Romanian: excepție

Sicilian: accizziuni

Spanish: excepción

From excipiō (“take out, withdraw; make an exception, except”) + -tiō.

affix

1659, “Vel denique introduceretur nova lege exceptio aut liberatio quaedam; E nam et tunc in praeteritis quoquo negotiis, quorum obligatio hactenus duravit, habere locum, aequum est; non ad id, ut in praeteritum, sed ut in futurum obligatio exceptione recenter inducta resolvatur”, in Novella decis. Ultrajectina 14 Aprilis 1659 art. 21, Paulus Voet de statutis sect. 8 cap. 1 numero 3 except. 6 pag. 292.:


surcharge

/ˈsɜː(ɹ)t͡ʃɑː(ɹ)d͡ʒ/

From Middle French surcharge, from Old French. By surface analysis, sur- + charge. Doublet of supercharge.

(law) A charge that has been omitted from an account as payment of a credit to the charged party

kuittaus

law: charge omitted from an account as payment

(law) A penalty for failure to exercise common prudence and skill in the performance of a fiduciary's duties.

пеня́

law: penalty for failure to exercise common prudence as fiduciary

(law, obsolete) The putting, by a commoner, of more animals on the common than he is entitled to.


surcharge

en-verb

surcharge (third-person singular simple present surcharges, present participle surcharging, simple past and past participle surcharged)

surcharges (present singular third-person)
surcharging (participle present)
surcharged (participle past)
surcharged (past)

/ˈsɜː(ɹ)t͡ʃɑː(ɹ)d͡ʒ/

Another diſturbance of common is by ſurcharging it; or putting more cattle therein than the paſture and herbage will ſuſtain, or the party hath a right to do.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Disturbance”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 237:

(law) To overstock; especially, to put more cattle into (e.g. a common) than one has a right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain.


ministerial

en-adj

ministerial (comparative more ministerial, superlative most ministerial)

more ministerial (comparative)
most ministerial (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French ministeriel, equivalent to minister + -ial. Doublet of minstrel and ministerialis.

Filling out the form under the direction of a lawyer is a ministerial task performed by a legal secretary.

(especially law) Serving as an instrument or means (i.e., procedural or ancillary, not substantive).


kantaa

kannan (first-person indicative present singular)
en kanna (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen kantanut (first-person indicative perfect singular)
en ole kantanut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
kannat (indicative present second-person singular)
et kanna (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet kantanut (indicative perfect second-person singular)
et ole kantanut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
kantaa (indicative present singular third-person)
ei kanna (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on kantanut (indicative perfect singular third-person)
ei ole kantanut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
kannamme (first-person indicative plural present)
emme kanna (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme kantaneet (first-person indicative perfect plural)
emme ole kantaneet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
kannatte (indicative plural present second-person)
ette kanna (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette kantaneet (indicative perfect plural second-person)
ette ole kantaneet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
kantavat (indicative plural present third-person)
eivät kanna (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat kantaneet (indicative perfect plural third-person)
eivät ole kantaneet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
kannetaan (indicative passive present)
ei kanneta (indicative negative passive present)
on kannettu (indicative passive perfect)
ei ole kannettu (indicative negative passive perfect)
kannoin (first-person indicative past singular)
en kantanut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin kantanut (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
en ollut kantanut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
kannoit (indicative past second-person singular)
et kantanut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit kantanut (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
et ollut kantanut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
kantoi (indicative past singular third-person)
ei kantanut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli kantanut (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei ollut kantanut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
kannoimme (first-person indicative past plural)
emme kantaneet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme kantaneet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
emme olleet kantaneet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
kannoitte (indicative past plural second-person)
ette kantaneet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte kantaneet (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ette olleet kantaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
kantoivat (indicative past plural third-person)
eivät kantaneet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat kantaneet (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
eivät olleet kantaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
kannettiin (indicative passive past)
ei kannettu (indicative negative passive past)
oli kannettu (indicative passive pluperfect)
ei ollut kannettu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
kantaisin (conditional first-person present singular)
en kantaisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin kantanut (conditional first-person perfect singular)
en olisi kantanut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
kantaisit (conditional present second-person singular)
et kantaisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit kantanut (conditional perfect second-person singular)
et olisi kantanut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
kantaisi (conditional present singular third-person)
ei kantaisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi kantanut (conditional perfect singular third-person)
ei olisi kantanut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
kantaisimme (conditional first-person plural present)
emme kantaisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme kantaneet (conditional first-person perfect plural)
emme olisi kantaneet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
kantaisitte (conditional plural present second-person)
ette kantaisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte kantaneet (conditional perfect plural second-person)
ette olisi kantaneet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
kantaisivat (conditional plural present third-person)
eivät kantaisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat kantaneet (conditional perfect plural third-person)
eivät olisi kantaneet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
kannettaisiin (conditional passive present)
ei kannettaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi kannettu (conditional passive perfect)
ei olisi kannettu (conditional negative passive perfect)
kanna (imperative present second-person singular)
älä kanna (imperative negative present second-person singular)
kantakoon (imperative present singular third-person)
älköön kantako (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon kantanut (imperative perfect singular third-person)
älköön olko kantanut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
kantakaamme (first-person imperative plural present)
älkäämme kantako (first-person imperative negative plural present)
kantakaa (imperative plural present second-person)
älkää kantako (imperative negative plural present second-person)
kantakoot (imperative plural present third-person)
älkööt kantako (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot kantaneet (imperative perfect plural third-person)
älkööt olko kantaneet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
kannettakoon (imperative passive present)
älköön kannettako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon kannettu (imperative passive perfect)
älköön olko kannettu (imperative negative passive perfect)
kantanen (first-person potential present singular)
en kantane (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen kantanut (first-person perfect potential singular)
en liene kantanut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
kantanet (potential present second-person singular)
et kantane (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet kantanut (perfect potential second-person singular)
et liene kantanut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
kantanee (potential present singular third-person)
ei kantane (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee kantanut (perfect potential singular third-person)
ei liene kantanut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
kantanemme (first-person plural potential present)
emme kantane (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme kantaneet (first-person perfect plural potential)
emme liene kantaneet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
kantanette (plural potential present second-person)
ette kantane (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette kantaneet (perfect plural potential second-person)
ette liene kantaneet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
kantanevat (plural potential present third-person)
eivät kantane (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät kantaneet (perfect plural potential third-person)
eivät liene kantaneet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
kannettaneen (passive potential present)
ei kannettane (negative passive potential present)
lienee kannettu (passive perfect potential)
ei liene kannettu (negative passive perfect potential)
kantaa (infinitive infinitive-i)
kantava (active participle present)
kannettava (participle passive present)
kantaakseni (first-person possessive singular)
kantaaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
kantaaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
kantaaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
kantaakseen (possessive third-person)
kantaaksensa (possessive third-person)
kantanut (infinitive-i-long past)
kannettu (infinitive-i-long past)
kantaessa (inessive second-person)
kannettaessa (inessive second-person)
kantama (agent)
kantaessani (first-person possessive singular)
kantaessamme (first-person plural possessive)
kantaessasi (possessive second-person singular)
kantaessanne (plural possessive second-person)
kantaessaan (possessive third-person)
kantaessansa (possessive third-person)
kantamaton (inessive negative second-person)
kantaen (instructive second-person)
kantamassa (inessive third-person)
kantamasta (elative third-person)
kantamaan (illative third-person)
kantamalla (adessive third-person)
kantamatta (abessive third-person)
kantaman (instructive third-person)
kannettaman (instructive third-person)
kantaminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
kantamaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
kantamaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
kantamaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
kantamaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
kantamaisillaan (possessive third-person)
kantamaisillansa (possessive third-person)

[ˈkɑ̝n̪t̪ɑ̝ː(ʔ)]

From Proto-Finnic *kantadak, from Proto-Uralic *kanta-.


exceptio doli

From Latin exceptiō (“exception”) + dolus (“trickery, deception”).

Such would be the case, for example, if a person were to sue upon a transaction which he had obtained from the defendant by intimidation, or if he were to sue the defendant in breach of an informal agreement not to sue (pactum de non petendo). In this way the exceptio doli may sometimes serve the purposes of an exceptio metus or exceptio pacti. But Roman jurisprudence did not stop there. An exceptio doli was declared to be available, not only where the plaintiff by taking legal proceedings was acting maliciously, but also wherever, as it was said, 'ipsa res in se dolum habet' (1, 36 D. de verb. obl. 45, I), i.e. wherever the raising of the action constituted objectively a breach of good faith. The insertion of the exceptio doli in the formula was considered as empowering the judge to take account of every single circumstance which would render the condemnation of the defendant substantially unjust. ZUURBEKOM, LTD v UNION CORPORATION, LTD 1947 (1) SA 514 (A)

exceptio doli generalis
exceptio doli generalis

(law) More properly the exceptio doli generalis. An exception or exceptio whereby a defendant can raise the defence that the plaintiff has not acted in good faith.


exceptio doli generalis

From Latin exceptiō (“exception”) + dolus (“trickery, deception”) + generālis (“general, generic”).

(law) Otherwise known as the exceptio doli. An exception or exceptio whereby a defendant can raise the defence that the plaintiff has not acted in good faith.


exceptio non adempleti contractus

"(T)he contention is advanced that the exceptio non adempleti contractus should only be available to the owner where the nature of the defect in the work delivered is of so substantial a nature as to entitle the owner to refuse to accept the work." MACFARLANE v CROOKE 1951 (3) SA 256 (C)

(law) An exception whereby a defendant can avoid his obligations to the plaintiff based on poor performance by the plaintiff.

excepción de falta de cumplimiento del contrato


tuomari

tuomari (nominative singular)
tuomarit (nominative plural)
tuomari (accusative nominative singular)
tuomarit (accusative nominative plural)
tuomarin (accusative genitive singular)
tuomarit (accusative genitive plural)
tuomarin (genitive singular)
tuomarien (genitive plural)
tuomareiden (genitive plural)
tuomareitten (genitive plural)
tuomaria (partitive singular)
tuomareita (partitive plural)
tuomareja (partitive plural)
tuomarissa (inessive singular)
tuomareissa (inessive plural)
tuomarista (elative singular)
tuomareista (elative plural)
tuomariin (illative singular)
tuomareihin (illative plural)
tuomarilla (adessive singular)
tuomareilla (adessive plural)
tuomarilta (ablative singular)
tuomareilta (ablative plural)
tuomarille (allative singular)
tuomareille (allative plural)
tuomarina (essive singular)
tuomareina (essive plural)
tuomariksi (singular translative)
tuomareiksi (plural translative)
tuomaritta (abessive singular)
tuomareitta (abessive plural)
tuomarein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
tuomarini (nominative singular)
tuomarini (nominative plural)
tuomarini (accusative nominative singular)
tuomarini (accusative nominative plural)
tuomarini (accusative genitive singular)
tuomarini (accusative genitive plural)
tuomarini (genitive singular)
tuomarieni (genitive plural)
tuomareideni (genitive plural)
tuomareitteni (genitive plural)
tuomariani (partitive singular)
tuomareitani (partitive plural)
tuomarejani (partitive plural)
tuomarissani (inessive singular)
tuomareissani (inessive plural)
tuomaristani (elative singular)
tuomareistani (elative plural)
tuomariini (illative singular)
tuomareihini (illative plural)
tuomarillani (adessive singular)
tuomareillani (adessive plural)
tuomariltani (ablative singular)
tuomareiltani (ablative plural)
tuomarilleni (allative singular)
tuomareilleni (allative plural)
tuomarinani (essive singular)
tuomareinani (essive plural)
tuomarikseni (singular translative)
tuomareikseni (plural translative)
tuomarittani (abessive singular)
tuomareittani (abessive plural)
tuomareineni (comitative plural)
tuomarisi (nominative singular)
tuomarisi (nominative plural)
tuomarisi (accusative nominative singular)
tuomarisi (accusative nominative plural)
tuomarisi (accusative genitive singular)
tuomarisi (accusative genitive plural)
tuomarisi (genitive singular)
tuomariesi (genitive plural)
tuomareidesi (genitive plural)
tuomareittesi (genitive plural)
tuomariasi (partitive singular)
tuomareitasi (partitive plural)
tuomarejasi (partitive plural)
tuomarissasi (inessive singular)
tuomareissasi (inessive plural)
tuomaristasi (elative singular)
tuomareistasi (elative plural)
tuomariisi (illative singular)
tuomareihisi (illative plural)
tuomarillasi (adessive singular)
tuomareillasi (adessive plural)
tuomariltasi (ablative singular)
tuomareiltasi (ablative plural)
tuomarillesi (allative singular)
tuomareillesi (allative plural)
tuomarinasi (essive singular)
tuomareinasi (essive plural)
tuomariksesi (singular translative)
tuomareiksesi (plural translative)
tuomarittasi (abessive singular)
tuomareittasi (abessive plural)
tuomareinesi (comitative plural)
tuomarimme (nominative singular)
tuomarimme (nominative plural)
tuomarimme (accusative nominative singular)
tuomarimme (accusative nominative plural)
tuomarimme (accusative genitive singular)
tuomarimme (accusative genitive plural)
tuomarimme (genitive singular)
tuomariemme (genitive plural)
tuomareidemme (genitive plural)
tuomareittemme (genitive plural)
tuomariamme (partitive singular)
tuomareitamme (partitive plural)
tuomarejamme (partitive plural)
tuomarissamme (inessive singular)
tuomareissamme (inessive plural)
tuomaristamme (elative singular)
tuomareistamme (elative plural)
tuomariimme (illative singular)
tuomareihimme (illative plural)
tuomarillamme (adessive singular)
tuomareillamme (adessive plural)
tuomariltamme (ablative singular)
tuomareiltamme (ablative plural)
tuomarillemme (allative singular)
tuomareillemme (allative plural)
tuomarinamme (essive singular)
tuomareinamme (essive plural)
tuomariksemme (singular translative)
tuomareiksemme (plural translative)
tuomarittamme (abessive singular)
tuomareittamme (abessive plural)
tuomareinemme (comitative plural)
tuomarinne (nominative singular)
tuomarinne (nominative plural)
tuomarinne (accusative nominative singular)
tuomarinne (accusative nominative plural)
tuomarinne (accusative genitive singular)
tuomarinne (accusative genitive plural)
tuomarinne (genitive singular)
tuomarienne (genitive plural)
tuomareidenne (genitive plural)
tuomareittenne (genitive plural)
tuomarianne (partitive singular)
tuomareitanne (partitive plural)
tuomarejanne (partitive plural)
tuomarissanne (inessive singular)
tuomareissanne (inessive plural)
tuomaristanne (elative singular)
tuomareistanne (elative plural)
tuomariinne (illative singular)
tuomareihinne (illative plural)
tuomarillanne (adessive singular)
tuomareillanne (adessive plural)
tuomariltanne (ablative singular)
tuomareiltanne (ablative plural)
tuomarillenne (allative singular)
tuomareillenne (allative plural)
tuomarinanne (essive singular)
tuomareinanne (essive plural)
tuomariksenne (singular translative)
tuomareiksenne (plural translative)
tuomarittanne (abessive singular)
tuomareittanne (abessive plural)
tuomareinenne (comitative plural)
tuomarinsa (nominative singular)
tuomarinsa (nominative plural)
tuomarinsa (accusative nominative singular)
tuomarinsa (accusative nominative plural)
tuomarinsa (accusative genitive singular)
tuomarinsa (accusative genitive plural)
tuomarinsa (genitive singular)
tuomariensa (genitive plural)
tuomareidensa (genitive plural)
tuomareittensa (genitive plural)
tuomariaan (partitive singular)
tuomariansa (partitive singular)
tuomareitaan (partitive plural)
tuomarejaan (partitive plural)
tuomareitansa (partitive plural)
tuomarejansa (partitive plural)
tuomarissaan (inessive singular)
tuomarissansa (inessive singular)
tuomareissaan (inessive plural)
tuomareissansa (inessive plural)
tuomaristaan (elative singular)
tuomaristansa (elative singular)
tuomareistaan (elative plural)
tuomareistansa (elative plural)
tuomariinsa (illative singular)
tuomareihinsa (illative plural)
tuomarillaan (adessive singular)
tuomarillansa (adessive singular)
tuomareillaan (adessive plural)
tuomareillansa (adessive plural)
tuomariltaan (ablative singular)
tuomariltansa (ablative singular)
tuomareiltaan (ablative plural)
tuomareiltansa (ablative plural)
tuomarilleen (allative singular)
tuomarillensa (allative singular)
tuomareilleen (allative plural)
tuomareillensa (allative plural)
tuomarinaan (essive singular)
tuomarinansa (essive singular)
tuomareinaan (essive plural)
tuomareinansa (essive plural)
tuomarikseen (singular translative)
tuomariksensa (singular translative)
tuomareikseen (plural translative)
tuomareiksensa (plural translative)
tuomarittaan (abessive singular)
tuomarittansa (abessive singular)
tuomareittaan (abessive plural)
tuomareittansa (abessive plural)
tuomareineen (comitative plural)
tuomareinensa (comitative plural)

→ Ingrian: toomari

Borrowed from Old Swedish dōmare (“judge”), from Old Norse dómari. Doublet of dumari.


naturalism

en-noun

naturalism (countable and uncountable, plural naturalisms)

From natural + -ism. Compare French naturalisme.

(politics, law) The belief in natural law.


exceptio quod metus causa

From Latin exceptio (“exception”) quod (“based on”) metus (“duress”) causa (“a cause (of action)”).

It appears that in that Court, the defence stressed by appellant's counsel was the exceptio quod metus causa and it was to that defence that the learned Judge-President mainly directed himself.

1974, SHEPSTONE v SHEPSTONE 1974 (2) SA 462 (N):

Reverting to the defence raised by first defendant, it is clear that a contract may be vitiated by duress (metus), the raison d'etre of the rule apparently being that intimidation or improper pressure renders the consent of the party subjected to duress no true consent at all. ]

[ 1974, AREND AND ANOTHER v ASTRA FURNISHERS (PTY) LTD 1974 (1) SA 298 (C)

(law) The exceptio metus; an exception based on the fact that the underlying cause of action was based on duress or intimidation by the plaintiff of the defendant.


exceptio metus

From a shortening of exceptio quod metus causa.

(law) An exception based on the fact that the underlying cause of action was based on duress or intimidation by the plaintiff of the defendant.


dematerialization

dematerialization (countable and uncountable, plural dematerializations)

dematerializations (plural)
dematerialisation (alternative)

/diːməˌtɪəɹɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

(finance, law) The substitution of paper-form securities by book-entry securities.


holograph

(law, textual criticism) A handwritten document that is solely the work of the person whose signature it bears, especially a letter, deed, or will; an original manuscript, a protograph.

eigenhändig verfasstes, handschriftliches Dokument


gag order

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-gag order.wav

Nonetheless, Mr. Trump has continued apace with comments that test the limits of what he can say. Two days after the hearing, prosecutors offered four new instances in which they said he had violated the gag order.

2024 April 28, Maggie Haberman, Jonah E. Bromwich, “Trump’s Trial Could Bring a Rarity: Consequences for His Words”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(law) An order issued by a court prohibiting specified persons from discussing a case outside limitations set by the court.


of age

One must be 18 years (of age) to be an eligible voter in most countries.

(formal, idiomatic, law, usually literary) Having existed for a certain period of time; used in referring to a person's age.


WM

WM (genitive)
WM (nominative singular)
WM (genitive singular)
WM (dative singular)
WM (accusative singular)

(law of compensation) abbreviation of Wertminderung


commission de bene esse

commission de bene esse (plural commissions de bene esse)

From Latin de bene esse (“for the good cause”).

der

(law) A commission appointed to take evidence by deposition where the deponent is unwilling or unable to come to court and the court cannot compel the witness/deponent.


relevancy

en-noun

relevancy (countable and uncountable, plural relevancies)

(law, Scotland) Sufficiency (of a statement, claim etc.) to carry weight in law; legal pertinence.


spoliation

spoliation (countable and uncountable, plural spoliations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-spoliation.wav

From Latin spoliātiō, from spoliāre + -tiō, from spolium (“skin, hide, fell”) + -āre.

(law) The intentional destruction of or tampering with (a document) in such way as to impair evidentiary effect.


drink-driving

A reformed alcoholic with an “appalling” history of drink-driving between three and five times the legal limit was jailed yesterday.

2008 June 26, Rae Wilson, “Ex-alcoholic jailed for repeat drink-driving”, in Sunshine Coast Daily, Australia:

(chiefly UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, law) A criminal offence committed by a person who operates a vehicle when the measured amount of alcohol in his or her blood exceeds the legal limit.


drink-driver

drink-drivers (plural)
drink driver (alternative)

A drink driver is anyone who is over the legal alcohol limit for driving.

2008, “Drink driving”, in Kent County Council, UK, retrieved 2008-06-26:

(chiefly British and Australia, law) A person who operates a motor vehicle when legally intoxicated.

spritbilist

person who operates motor vehicle when drunk


pravda

pravda (nominative singular)
pravdě (dual nominative)
pravdy (nominative plural)
pravdy (genitive singular)
pravdú (dual genitive)
pravd (genitive plural)
pravdě (dative singular)
pravdama (dative dual)
pravdám (dative plural)
pravdu (accusative singular)
pravdě (accusative dual)
pravdy (accusative plural)
pravdo (singular vocative)
pravdě (dual vocative)
pravdy (plural vocative)
pravdě (locative singular)
pravdú (dual locative)
pravdách (locative plural)
pravdú (instrumental singular)
pravdama (dual instrumental)
pravdami (instrumental plural)

Czech: pravda


privilegium

la-noun

prīvilēgium n (genitive prīvilēgiī or prīvilēgī); second declension

prīvilēgium (canonical neuter)
prīvilēgiī (genitive)
prīvilēgī (genitive)
prīvilēgium (nominative singular)
prīvilēgia (nominative plural)
prīvilēgiī (genitive singular)
prīvilēgī (genitive singular)
prīvilēgiōrum (genitive plural)
prīvilēgiō (dative singular)
prīvilēgiīs (dative plural)
prīvilēgium (accusative singular)
prīvilēgia (accusative plural)
prīvilēgiō (ablative singular)
prīvilēgiīs (ablative plural)
prīvilēgium (singular vocative)
prīvilēgia (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: privilegi

→ Old French: privilege

→ English: privilege

→ French: privilège

→ Gallo: privilèj

→ German: Privileg

→ Italian: privilegio

→ Norwegian Bokmål: privilegium

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: privilegium

→ Polish: przywilej

→ Portuguese: privilégio

→ Romanian: privilegiu

→ Russian: привилегия (privilegija)

→ Sicilian: privileggiu

→ Spanish: privilegio

(law) A law or bill concerning a specific individual.


妨害風化罪

ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄞˋ ㄈㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗㄨㄟˋ

ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄞˋ ㄈㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗㄨㄟˋ

фанхай фэнхуа цзуй

/fɑŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

(law) crime concerning morality (such as adultery, rape etc.)


condamner

From Old French condamner, borrowed from Latin condemnō, condemnāre.


toiling

English: toiling

toilinge (alternative)
toylinge (alternative)
tolyynge (alternative)

(rare, law) The initiation of a lawsuit.


friðr

non-decl-blank-sing

friðr

friðr (indefinite nominative singular)
friðrinn (definite nominative singular)
frið (accusative indefinite singular)
friðinn (accusative definite singular)
friði (dative indefinite singular)
friðinum (dative definite singular)
friðar (genitive indefinite singular)
friðarins (definite genitive singular)

Icelandic: friður

Faroese: friður

Norwegian Bokmål: fred

Norwegian Nynorsk: fred

Old Swedish: friþer

Swedish: fred, frid

Danish: fred

From Proto-Germanic *friþuz. Cognate with Old English friþ, Old High German fridu.

(law, religion) an agreement not to use violence or launch lawsuits in religious shrines, and at certain times like holidays and during plantation and harvest


projet

→ Italian: progetto

→ Persian: پروژه (porože)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پروژه (proje)

Turkish: proje


disafforestation

en-noun

disafforestation (countable and uncountable, plural disafforestations)

From post-classical Latin disafforestātiō (13th cent.), from the participial stem of Latin disafforestō. By surface analysis, disafforest + -ation.

surf

Disafforestation and enclosure could thus be regarded as a national duty, a kindness in disguise to the idle poor, as well as of more immediate benefit to the rich encloser.

1972, Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, Folio Society, published 2016, page 37:

(law, now historical) The change in the legal status of an area from forest to that of normal land, entailing the loss of forest laws.


imputable

(law) Accusable; culpable; chargeable with fault.


guaranty

From Old French guarantie, from Old French guarantie (“protection, defense”), from Old French garantir, guarantir (“to warrant, vouch for something”), from Old French garant, guarant, warant (“a warrant; warranter, supporter, defender, protector”), from Frankish *warand, *warjand (“a warrant”), from Frankish *warjan (“to fend for, designate something as true, vouch for”), from Proto-Germanic *warjaną (“to defend, protect”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, cover, protect, save, defend”). Cognate with Middle Low German warent, warend (“a warrant”), German gewähren (“to grant”). More at warrant. Doublet of guarantee and warranty.

der

(law) An undertaking to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some contract or duty, of another, in case of the failure of such other to pay or perform; a warranty; a security.

garantiaĵo

undertaking to answer for payment, performance of contract, etc.


enjoin

en-verb

enjoin (third-person singular simple present enjoins, present participle enjoining, simple past and past participle enjoined)

enjoins (present singular third-person)
enjoining (participle present)
enjoined (participle past)
enjoined (past)

From Middle English enjoinen, from Old French enjoindre (“to join with”), from Latin iniungo (“to attach”), a compound of in- (“into” “upon”) and iungo.

In 1983, BLM was enjoined by court order from using any herbicides in its Medford, Oregon District. Subsequent court action in 1984 enjoined BLM from the use of herbicides throughout Oregon and the U.S. Forest Service was similarly enjoined throughout Region 6 (Pacific Northwest).

1989, U.S. Department of the Interior, chapter 1, in Western Oregon Program-Management of Competing Vegetation: Proposed Record of Decision, Bureau of Land Management, page 9:

the judicial power of the United States had no power to enjoin the executive branch of the government from the execution of a constitutional duty or of a constitutional law

1826, James Kent, Commentaries on American Law:

(transitive, law) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial order or decree; to put an injunction on.

забранявам

to prohibit or restrain by judicial order


roukoop

Afrikaans rouw (“to regret, to rue”) + koop (“to buy”).

The applicant was called upon, within 14 days, to make payment in full of all amounts owing, failing which, it was said, the deed of sale would be cancelled and all amounts paid would be retained by way of liquidated damages or "roukoop".

1971, ANDREWS v LIDAKS AND ANOTHER 1971 (1) SA 892 (W)

As applicant, however, still failed to pay his monthly instalments the respondent had, for this reason, cancelled the contract in terms of the cancellation clause of the deed of sale which provided that the seller was entitled to retain all payments as roukoop or as agreed pre-estimated damages sustained by the seller, and also to claim money in arrear.

1978, SHIRLEY v VIRGILIA TRUST (EDMS) BPK 1978 (2) SA 357 (T)

(law, South Africa) Genuine pre-estimated damages on the cancellation of a sale or lease, usually relating to immovable property.


facially

Near-synonym: superficially

If a judicial authorization is facially valid, the party challenging it will have the burden of proving that it was invalid.

[I]t is no answer to a claim of discrimination from a litigant in a wheelchair to say that everyone is expected to climb the stairs in front of a courthouse to have their day in Court, and that the wheelchair-bound litigant was treated no differently than anyone else. Facially neutral legislation can be discriminatory [...]

2023 July 7, Justice Anne MacTavish, “Haynes v. Canada (Attorney General), 2023 FCA 158”, in CanLII, retrieved 2024-10-27:

An independent forensic accountant found evidence of gross financial mismanagement while Hegseth was administering two small nonprofits. This information is redundant evidence of what is facially obvious: his unreadiness to manage the Pentagon’s almost $900 billion budget […]

2025 January 24, George F. Will, “There are ample reasons, not about his personal life, for rejecting Hegseth. Opinion”, in Washington Post:

(especially law) In a facial manner; on its face; as something appears to an initial impression, prior to a deeper analysis.


æsce

ǣsċe (canonical feminine)
ǣsċe (nominative singular)
ǣsċan (nominative plural)
ǣsċan (accusative singular)
ǣsċan (accusative plural)
ǣsċan (genitive singular)
ǣsċena (genitive plural)
ǣsċan (dative singular)
ǣsċum (dative plural)
ǣxe (alternative)

Middle English: axe

English: ask


movant

(law) The party who moves for the judge to rule in favor of a motion.


MK

mahkamah konstitusi
mahkamah konstitusi#Indonesian

(government, law) initialism of mahkamah konstitusi


joint-stock company

en-noun

joint-stock company (plural joint-stock companies)

合股公司

company with transferable ownership and unlimited shareholder liability

(business, finance, law, UK) A company with transferable ownership interests and limited shareholder liability.

shoqëri aksionare

company with transferable ownership and limited shareholder liability — see also public limited company

(business, finance, law, US) A company with transferable ownership interests and unlimited shareholder liability.


ast

Probably a univerbation of at + est with subsequent contraction.

(law, protasis) but if, and if (in double stipulations)


retour

(law, Scotland) An extract from chancery of the service of an heir to his ancestor.


decedent

From Latin decedens, present active participle of decedere (“to depart, die”).

“A check of the nightstands revealed large amounts of prescription medication in the decedent’s name,” the coroner’s notes said, according to TMZ.com.

2009 December 22, New York Post, “‘Dangerous drug mix’ likely killed Brittany”, in The Herald Sun:

A 2020 study found that MAiD recipients in Ontario tended to be wealthier, less likely to be in institutional care, and more likely to be married than the average Ontario decedent.

2023 January 10, Sara Miller Llana, Whitney Eulich, Dominique Soguel, “As assisted dying broadens, countries wrestle with new ethical lines”, in The Christian Science Monitor:


Gesetz

de-noun

Gesetz n (strong, genitive Gesetzes, plural Gesetze)

Gesetzes (genitive)
Gesetze (plural)
Gesetz (nominative singular)
Gesetze (definite nominative plural)
Gesetzes (genitive singular)
Gesetze (definite genitive plural)
Gesetz (dative singular)
Gesetze (dative singular)
Gesetzen (dative definite plural)
Gesetz (accusative singular)
Gesetze (accusative definite plural)
Gesez (alternative obsolete)

From Middle High German gesetze, gesetzede, from Old High German gisezzida (“fixing, determination, assessment”), from sezzen (“to make sit, set, put”), from Proto-West Germanic *sattjan (“to set, put down”).

der

Hast du dein Gesetz mit?

(colloquial, law) ellipsis of Gesetzessammlung (“lawbook”)


Gnade

Gnade (genitive)
Gnaden (plural)
Gnade (nominative singular)
Gnaden (definite nominative plural)
Gnade (genitive singular)
Gnaden (definite genitive plural)
Gnade (dative singular)
Gnaden (dative definite plural)
Gnade (accusative singular)
Gnaden (accusative definite plural)
Gnad' (alternative)

From Middle High German gnāde, genāde, from Old High German gināda, reconstructible as Proto-West Germanic *ganāþu; o-construct of a verb attested only in Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (niþan, “to help”), from Proto-Germanic *nēþō, from Proto-Indo-European *nēt-eh₂-. Compare Dutch genade, Old Saxon gināða, nāða.

Gnadengesuch


Kuckuck

de-noun

Kuckuck m (strong, genitive Kuckucks, plural Kuckucke)

Kuckucks (genitive)
Kuckucke (plural)
Kuckuck (nominative singular)
Kuckucke (definite nominative plural)
Kuckucks (genitive singular)
Kuckucke (definite genitive plural)
Kuckuck (dative singular)
Kuckucken (dative definite plural)
Kuckuck (accusative singular)
Kuckucke (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German kukkuk, kukuk, gugug; ultimately onomatopoeic.
Compare German Low German Kukuuk, Dutch koekoek, Middle English cukkuk, gokkouȝ (modern English cuckoo).

(colloquial, law, finance) bailiff's seal


Meineid

Meineid m (strong, genitive Meineides or Meineids, plural Meineide)

Meineides (genitive)
Meineids (genitive)
Meineide (plural)
Meineid (nominative singular)
Meineide (definite nominative plural)
Meineides (genitive singular)
Meineids (genitive singular)
Meineide (definite genitive plural)
Meineid (dative singular)
Meineide (dative singular)
Meineiden (dative definite plural)
Meineid (accusative singular)
Meineide (accusative definite plural)

[ˈmaɪ̯nˌʔaɪ̯t]

From Middle High German meineit, from Old High German meineid, from Proto-West Germanic *mainaiþ, from Proto-Germanic *mainaiþaz.

einen Meineid leisten/schwören

(also law) a perjury, a deliberately false oath about something in the past


conveyancer

2006, “Conveyancers in Cape Town are furious over long delays holding up the issue of rates clearance certificates by the City of Cape Town that are playing havoc with property transfers and deed registrations.”, in Weekend Argus June 24 2006:

(law) An attorney who passes transfer of immovable property from one party to another.


meuble

Haitian Creole: mèb

→ Belarusian: мэ́бля (méblja)

→ Bulgarian: мебел (mebel)

→ Crimean Tatar: mebel

→ Danish: møbel
→ Icelandic: mubla

desctree

→ Dutch: meubel
Afrikaans: meubel
→ Caribbean Javanese: mébel
→ Indonesian: mebel
→ Sranan Tongo: meibri

→ Esperanto: meblo

→ German: Möbel
→ Estonian: mööbel
→ Kashubian: mébel
→ Latvian: mēbele
→ Polish: mebel
→ Russian: ме́бель (mébelʹ)
→ Azerbaijani: mebel
→ Ingrian: meebeli
→ Kyrgyz: мебель (mebel)
→ Ossetian: мебель (mebelʹ)
→ Turkmen: mebel
→ Uzbek: mebel

→ Ido: moblo

→ Macedonian: мебел (mebel)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: møbel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: møbel

→ Persian: مبل (mobl)

→ Swedish: möbel

→ Turkish: möble

→ Ukrainian: ме́блі (mébli)

→ Yiddish: מעבל (mebl)

Inherited from Latin mōbilis (“that which can be moved”), used in juridical Latin to refer to movable possessions, the antonym being immōbilis (> French immeuble (“building”)), used to refer to immovable possessions. Doublet of mobile.


disclosure

en-noun

disclosure (countable and uncountable, plural disclosures)

From disclose by analogy with closure. A purely English formation.

get full disclosure

(law) The making known of a previously hidden fact or series of facts to another party; the act of disclosing.


Urteil

de-noun

Urteil n (strong, genitive Urteiles or Urteils, plural Urteile, diminutive Urteilchen n)

Urteiles (genitive)
Urteils (genitive)
Urteile (plural)
Urteilchen (diminutive neuter)
Urteil (nominative singular)
Urteile (definite nominative plural)
Urteiles (genitive singular)
Urteils (genitive singular)
Urteile (definite genitive plural)
Urteil (dative singular)
Urteile (dative singular)
Urteilen (dative definite plural)
Urteil (accusative singular)
Urteile (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German urteil, from Old High German urteil, urteili, from Proto-Germanic *uzdailiją (“judicial decision; verdict; judgement”). Cognate with Dutch oordeel and English ordeal.

inh

Die Staatsanwaltschaft will das Urteil des Gerichts anfechten.

The prosecutors are going to appeal against the judgment of the court.

(law) judgment (the preferred spelling in a legal context), verdict, sentence (court decision)


erteilen

de-verb

erteilen (weak, third-person singular present erteilt, past tense erteilte, past participle erteilt, auxiliary haben)

erteilt (present singular third-person)
erteilte (past)
erteilt (participle past)
haben (auxiliary)
haben (auxiliary)
erteilen (infinitive)
erteilend (participle present)
erteilt (participle past)
erteile (first-person indicative present singular)
erteilen (first-person indicative plural present)
erteile (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
erteilen (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
erteilst (indicative present second-person singular)
erteilt (indicative plural present second-person)
erteilest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
erteilet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
erteilt (indicative present singular third-person)
erteilen (indicative plural present third-person)
erteile (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
erteilen (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
erteilte (first-person indicative preterite singular)
erteilten (first-person indicative plural preterite)
erteilte (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
erteilten (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
erteiltest (indicative preterite second-person singular)
erteiltet (indicative plural preterite second-person)
erteiltest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
erteiltet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
erteilte (indicative preterite singular third-person)
erteilten (indicative plural preterite third-person)
erteilte (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
erteilten (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
erteil (imperative second-person singular)
erteile (imperative second-person singular)
erteilt (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe erteilt (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben erteilt (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe erteilt (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben erteilt (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast erteilt (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt erteilt (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest erteilt (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet erteilt (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat erteilt (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben erteilt (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe erteilt (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben erteilt (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte erteilt (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten erteilt (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte erteilt (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten erteilt (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest erteilt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet erteilt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest erteilt (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet erteilt (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte erteilt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten erteilt (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte erteilt (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten erteilt (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
erteilen werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde erteilen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden erteilen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde erteilen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden erteilen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde erteilen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden erteilen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst erteilen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet erteilen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird erteilen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden erteilen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden erteilen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
erteilt haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde erteilt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden erteilt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde erteilt haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden erteilt haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde erteilt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden erteilt haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst erteilt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet erteilt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird erteilt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden erteilt haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden erteilt haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)

[ɛɐ̯ˈtaɪ̯lən]

From Middle High German erteilen, from Old High German irteilen, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀdailijan. Equivalent to er- + teilen.


intestacy

en-noun

intestacy (countable and uncountable, plural intestacies)

(law) The state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a valid will.


drawee

(law) The party directed to pay the amount of a draft or cheque.


asc

Wild Animals and Circuses (Wales) Act 2020 (2020 asc 2)

Act of Senedd Cymru
w:Act of Senedd Cymru

(UK, law, in citation) Initialism of Act of Senedd Cymru; formerly called Acts of the National Assembly for Wales, and only used for Acts passed after the change of name.


crime of passion

crime of passion (plural crimes of passion)

There was this boy I sent to the electric chair at Huntsville here a while back. My arrest and my testimony. He killed a fourteen-year-old girl. Papers said it was a crime of passion but he told me there wasn't any passion to it. Told me that he'd been planning to kill somebody for about as long as he could remember. Said that if they turned him out he'd do it again.

2007, Joel Coen, Ethan Coen, No Country for Old Men (motion picture), spoken by Ed Tom Bell (Tommy Lee Jones):

(law, criminology) A crime, typically a violent crime such as assault or murder, committed against a loved one because of sudden jealous rage or heartbreak rather than as a premeditated act.

crim passional

crime against a loved one because of jealous rage or heartbreak


EIR

(US, law) Initialism of establishment inspection report: a report issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration following the inspection of a facility where goods under the authority of the agency are manufactured, held, or sold.


ple

plees (plural)
plee (alternative)
pleet (alternative)
playt (alternative)
plai (alternative)
plei (alternative)
plete (alternative)
pley (alternative)
plaid (alternative)
plait (alternative)

English: plea

Scots: plea

From Old French plait, plaid, from Medieval Latin placitum.

(law) A legal plea or allegation (from either party)


purger

purger (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
purgeant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
purgé (participle past)
purge (first-person indicative present singular)
purges (indicative present second-person singular)
purge (indicative present singular third-person)
purgeons (first-person indicative plural present)
purgez (indicative plural present second-person)
purgent (indicative plural present third-person)
purgeais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
purgeais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
purgeait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
purgions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
purgiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
purgeaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
purgeai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
purgeas (historic indicative past second-person singular)
purgea (historic indicative past singular third-person)
purgeâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
purgeâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
purgèrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
purgerai (first-person future indicative singular)
purgeras (future indicative second-person singular)
purgera (future indicative singular third-person)
purgerons (first-person future indicative plural)
purgerez (future indicative plural second-person)
purgeront (future indicative plural third-person)
purgerais (conditional first-person singular)
purgerais (conditional second-person singular)
purgerait (conditional singular third-person)
purgerions (conditional first-person plural)
purgeriez (conditional plural second-person)
purgeraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
purge (first-person present singular subjunctive)
purges (present second-person singular subjunctive)
purge (present singular subjunctive third-person)
purgions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
purgiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
purgent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
purgeasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
purgeasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
purgeât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
purgeassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
purgeassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
purgeassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
purge (imperative second-person singular)
purgeons (first-person imperative plural)
purgez (imperative plural second-person)

→ Romanian: purja


pandect

Antiochus of Palestine
Lawrence Torrentinus
Russian Museum

Sense 3 (“comprehensive treatise”) is from Latin pandectēs (“book that contains everything, encyclopedia”), from Ancient Greek πανδέκτης (pandéktēs, “encyclopedia”, literally “all-receiver”), from παν- (pan-, prefix meaning ‘all’) (from πᾶς (pâs, “all”)) + δέκτης (déktēs, “receiver, recipient”) (from δέχομαι (dékhomai, “to receive”) (from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take; to perceive”)) + -της (-tēs, suffix forming agent nouns)).
Sense 1 (“compendium of writings on Roman law”) in the plural form Pandects is from Late Latin pandectae (“the Pandects”), the plural of pandectēs, modelled after (Byzantine) Ancient Greek πανδέκται (pandéktai, “the Pandects”), the plural of πανδέκτης (pandéktēs): see further above.

refn

From the collection of the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

der

After upwards of Thirty Years Study, and a painful Induſtry, in compiling A New Pandect or Complete Body of the Roman Civil Law; the Firſt Volume of this Undertaking craves Leave to appear in the World under the Patronage and Protection of your Lordſhip, [...]

1734, John Ayliffe, “[Dedication]”, in A New Pandect of Roman Civil Law, […], London: Printed for Tho[mas] Osborne, […], →OCLC:

And altho' there are many relations of perfect hermaphrodites, creatures that poſſeſſed the power of both ſexes, and could both beget and conceive children, yet theſe relations are treated as fabulous, notwithſtanding ſome laws concerning them are found both in the Roman and Gallic pandect.

1750 January, “We See in a Monthly Book Published at Paris, with the Royal License, an Advertisement with a New Print of a Remarkable and Famous Hermaphrodite, …”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume XX, London: Printed by Edw[ard] Cave, […], published January 1755, →OCLC, page 20, column 2:

But the juriſprudence of the Pandects is circumſcribed within a period of an hundred years, from the perpetual edict to the death of Severus Alexander: [...]

1788, Edward Gibbon, chapter XLIV, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume IV, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, page 361:

And now, upon this third morning after your departure, things are but little better; for though the lamp burns in my den, and Voet on the Pandects hath his wisdom spread open before me, yet as I only use him as a reading-desk on which to scribble this sheet of nonsense to Darsie Latimer, it is probable the vicinity will be of little furtherance to my studies.

1824 June, [Walter Scott], “Letter II. Alan Fairford to Darsie Latimer.”, in Redgauntlet, […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 27:

(Ancient Rome, law, historical) Usually in the plural form Pandects: a compendium or digest of writings on Roman law divided in 50 books, compiled in the 6th century C.E. by order of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I (c. 482–565).


wola

Polish: wola

Silesian: wōlŏ

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *voľà. First attested in the 14th century.

Jaco Mikosz ne dal Woczechoui wole

1959 [1397], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 221, Poznań:

(property law, attested in Greater Poland) property owner's exemption from duties for a certain time


reassurance

en-noun

reassurance (countable and uncountable, plural reassurances)

reassurances (plural)
re-assurance (alternative)


borgen

borgen (indefinite nominative singular)
borgens (genitive indefinite singular)
borgen (definite nominative singular)
borgens (definite genitive singular)

From Old Swedish borghæn, borghan, ultimately from the root of borga (“warrant”). Cognate of Icelandic borgan, Danish borgen.

gå i borgen för någon

(law) surety, security, guarantee (an undertaking to assume payment obligations for another person if that person is unable to pay themselves)


bekwaamheid

nl-noun

bekwaamheid f (plural bekwaamheden, diminutive bekwaamheidje n)

bekwaamheden (plural)
bekwaamheidje (diminutive neuter)

/bəˈkʋaːmˌɦɛi̯t/


parallelism

en-noun

parallelism (countable and uncountable, plural parallelisms)

From parallel + -ism and from Late Latin parallelismus.

(law) In antitrust law, the practice of competitors of raising prices by roughly the same amount at roughly the same time, without engaging in a formal agreement to do so.


subsection

A provision of law may not be construed as requiring a new grant to be awarded to a specified non-Federal Government entity unless that provision of law (1) specifically refers to this subsection; specifically identifies the particular non-Federal Government entity involved; and (3) specifically states that the award to that entity is required by such provision of law in contravention of the policy set forth in subsection (a).

1994, Congress of the United States, United States Statutes at Large, volume 108, part 4:

In the end, the deadlock was resolved by a minor -- but for the National Party symbolically important -- addition to one of the other subsections of the language clause.

2003 Summer, Kristin Henrard, “Post-Apartheid South Africa: Transformation and Reconciliation”, in World Affairs, volume 166, number 1, page 37:

(law) A subpart of a legal document such as law.

款

Subsection of a legal document such as law


adjure

en-verb

adjure (third-person singular simple present adjures, present participle adjuring, simple past and past participle adjured)

adjures (present singular third-person)
adjuring (participle present)
adjured (participle past)
adjured (past)

From Middle English adjuren, from Latin adiūrō (“beg earnestly”), from ad- (“near, at; towards, to”)' + iūrō (“swear by oath”).

(transitive, often law) To issue a formal command.


deforest

deforest (third-person singular simple present deforests, present participle deforesting, simple past and past participle deforested)

deforests (present singular third-person)
deforesting (participle present)
deforested (participle past)
deforested (past)

(transitive, law, archaic) To disafforest (remove legal status as forest).


GBH

grievous bodily harm
grievous bodily harm#English

(British, law) Initialism of grievous bodily harm.


actual bodily harm

(British, law) Hurt or injury which interferes with the health or comfort of the victim and which is more than transient or trifling.


attainder

attainders (plural)
attaindre (alternative obsolete rare)

From Anglo-Norman ataindre ("to reach"), with infinitives used as nouns being frequent in Law French. Doublet of attain and attinge.

Grandpa Piper led thereto by the arm […] and himself thrust into a chair, to support the character of dummy to Henry's prearranged attainder.

1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1965, →OCLC, page 139:

(law, rare) The state a prisoner enters once a death sentence (usually for treason) had been issued; the state of being stripped of all civil rights.

muerte civil

the state of a prisoner after a death sentence


attaint

From Middle English atteinte, from Old French ateint, past participle of ateindre; in some senses influenced by taint.

(obsolete, law) The giving of a false verdict by a jury; the conviction of such a jury, and the reversal of the verdict.


catch and release

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-catch and release.wav

(law) The practice of a patent holding company buying a patent, offering a license to its members, and then selling or donating the patent after a certain period.


Twinkie defence

en-noun

Twinkie defence (plural Twinkie defences)

Twinkie defences (plural)
Twinkie defense (alternative)

From the 1979 trial of defendant Dan White for the murders of San Francisco city supervisor Harvey Milk and mayor George Moscone. White's defense was that he suffered diminished capacity as a result of his depression; his change in diet from healthy food to Twinkies and other sugary food was said to be a symptom of this depression.

(US, colloquial, law) A legal defense of diminished responsibility based on a claim that irregular behavior is caused by a poor diet or junk food.


negozio

Borrowed from Latin negōtium, possibly a semi-learned term. First attested 14th century.


kaari

kaari (nominative singular)
kaaret (nominative plural)
kaari (accusative nominative singular)
kaaret (accusative nominative plural)
kaaren (accusative genitive singular)
kaaret (accusative genitive plural)
kaaren (genitive singular)
kaarten (genitive plural)
kaarien (genitive plural)
kaarta (partitive singular)
kaaria (partitive plural)
kaaressa (inessive singular)
kaarissa (inessive plural)
kaaresta (elative singular)
kaarista (elative plural)
kaareen (illative singular)
kaariin (illative plural)
kaarella (adessive singular)
kaarilla (adessive plural)
kaarelta (ablative singular)
kaarilta (ablative plural)
kaarelle (allative singular)
kaarille (allative plural)
kaarena (essive singular)
kaarina (essive plural)
kaareksi (singular translative)
kaariksi (plural translative)
kaaretta (abessive singular)
kaaritta (abessive plural)
kaarin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kaareni (nominative singular)
kaareni (nominative plural)
kaareni (accusative nominative singular)
kaareni (accusative nominative plural)
kaareni (accusative genitive singular)
kaareni (accusative genitive plural)
kaareni (genitive singular)
kaarteni (genitive plural)
kaarieni (genitive plural)
kaartani (partitive singular)
kaariani (partitive plural)
kaaressani (inessive singular)
kaarissani (inessive plural)
kaarestani (elative singular)
kaaristani (elative plural)
kaareeni (illative singular)
kaariini (illative plural)
kaarellani (adessive singular)
kaarillani (adessive plural)
kaareltani (ablative singular)
kaariltani (ablative plural)
kaarelleni (allative singular)
kaarilleni (allative plural)
kaarenani (essive singular)
kaarinani (essive plural)
kaarekseni (singular translative)
kaarikseni (plural translative)
kaarettani (abessive singular)
kaarittani (abessive plural)
kaarineni (comitative plural)
kaaresi (nominative singular)
kaaresi (nominative plural)
kaaresi (accusative nominative singular)
kaaresi (accusative nominative plural)
kaaresi (accusative genitive singular)
kaaresi (accusative genitive plural)
kaaresi (genitive singular)
kaartesi (genitive plural)
kaariesi (genitive plural)
kaartasi (partitive singular)
kaariasi (partitive plural)
kaaressasi (inessive singular)
kaarissasi (inessive plural)
kaarestasi (elative singular)
kaaristasi (elative plural)
kaareesi (illative singular)
kaariisi (illative plural)
kaarellasi (adessive singular)
kaarillasi (adessive plural)
kaareltasi (ablative singular)
kaariltasi (ablative plural)
kaarellesi (allative singular)
kaarillesi (allative plural)
kaarenasi (essive singular)
kaarinasi (essive plural)
kaareksesi (singular translative)
kaariksesi (plural translative)
kaarettasi (abessive singular)
kaarittasi (abessive plural)
kaarinesi (comitative plural)
kaaremme (nominative singular)
kaaremme (nominative plural)
kaaremme (accusative nominative singular)
kaaremme (accusative nominative plural)
kaaremme (accusative genitive singular)
kaaremme (accusative genitive plural)
kaaremme (genitive singular)
kaartemme (genitive plural)
kaariemme (genitive plural)
kaartamme (partitive singular)
kaariamme (partitive plural)
kaaressamme (inessive singular)
kaarissamme (inessive plural)
kaarestamme (elative singular)
kaaristamme (elative plural)
kaareemme (illative singular)
kaariimme (illative plural)
kaarellamme (adessive singular)
kaarillamme (adessive plural)
kaareltamme (ablative singular)
kaariltamme (ablative plural)
kaarellemme (allative singular)
kaarillemme (allative plural)
kaarenamme (essive singular)
kaarinamme (essive plural)
kaareksemme (singular translative)
kaariksemme (plural translative)
kaarettamme (abessive singular)
kaarittamme (abessive plural)
kaarinemme (comitative plural)
kaarenne (nominative singular)
kaarenne (nominative plural)
kaarenne (accusative nominative singular)
kaarenne (accusative nominative plural)
kaarenne (accusative genitive singular)
kaarenne (accusative genitive plural)
kaarenne (genitive singular)
kaartenne (genitive plural)
kaarienne (genitive plural)
kaartanne (partitive singular)
kaarianne (partitive plural)
kaaressanne (inessive singular)
kaarissanne (inessive plural)
kaarestanne (elative singular)
kaaristanne (elative plural)
kaareenne (illative singular)
kaariinne (illative plural)
kaarellanne (adessive singular)
kaarillanne (adessive plural)
kaareltanne (ablative singular)
kaariltanne (ablative plural)
kaarellenne (allative singular)
kaarillenne (allative plural)
kaarenanne (essive singular)
kaarinanne (essive plural)
kaareksenne (singular translative)
kaariksenne (plural translative)
kaarettanne (abessive singular)
kaarittanne (abessive plural)
kaarinenne (comitative plural)
kaarensa (nominative singular)
kaarensa (nominative plural)
kaarensa (accusative nominative singular)
kaarensa (accusative nominative plural)
kaarensa (accusative genitive singular)
kaarensa (accusative genitive plural)
kaarensa (genitive singular)
kaartensa (genitive plural)
kaariensa (genitive plural)
kaartaan (partitive singular)
kaartansa (partitive singular)
kaariaan (partitive plural)
kaariansa (partitive plural)
kaaressaan (inessive singular)
kaaressansa (inessive singular)
kaarissaan (inessive plural)
kaarissansa (inessive plural)
kaarestaan (elative singular)
kaarestansa (elative singular)
kaaristaan (elative plural)
kaaristansa (elative plural)
kaareensa (illative singular)
kaariinsa (illative plural)
kaarellaan (adessive singular)
kaarellansa (adessive singular)
kaarillaan (adessive plural)
kaarillansa (adessive plural)
kaareltaan (ablative singular)
kaareltansa (ablative singular)
kaariltaan (ablative plural)
kaariltansa (ablative plural)
kaarelleen (allative singular)
kaarellensa (allative singular)
kaarilleen (allative plural)
kaarillensa (allative plural)
kaarenaan (essive singular)
kaarenansa (essive singular)
kaarinaan (essive plural)
kaarinansa (essive plural)
kaarekseen (singular translative)
kaareksensa (singular translative)
kaarikseen (plural translative)
kaariksensa (plural translative)
kaarettaan (abessive singular)
kaarettansa (abessive singular)
kaarittaan (abessive plural)
kaarittansa (abessive plural)
kaarineen (comitative plural)
kaarinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *kaari, from Proto-Uralic *këŋere. Cognate with Estonian kaar.
* ((law) code, act): Semantic loan from Swedish balk (“arch”).

semantic loan

(law) code, act (an especially broad legal statute; one of the nine parts of Swedish 1734 law)


hot pursuit

(law) A close and continuous pursuit of a fleeing suspected lawbreaker or hostile military force, especially across territorial lines.


อาจารย์

th-noun

อาจารย์ • (aa-jaan) (classifier คน or ท่าน)

aa-jaan (romanization)
คน (classifier)
ท่าน (classifier)

/ʔaː˧.t͡ɕaːn˧/

From Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya, “teacher; preceptor”); perhaps via Old Khmer ʼācāryya, ʼācārya (“teacher, instructor; spiritual preceptor; expert”). Cognate with Modern Khmer អាចារ្យ (ʼaacaa), អាចរិយ (ʼaacaʼreyaʼ); Lao ອາຈານ (ʼā chān).

cog

Lao ອາຈານ (ʼā chān)

instructor: teacher in a higher education institution who ranks below assistant professor.

used as a rank for such person. Abbreviation: อ. (ɔɔ)


act of God

acts of God (plural)
Act of God (alternative)

They didn't get shot to death in hold-ups, strangled to death in rapes, stabbed to death in saloons, bludgeoned to death with axes by parents or children or die summarily by some other act of God.

1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 168:

The action of “The Discovery of Heaven” combines the emotional melodrama of a telenovela with a sequence of events that an insurance lawyer would call acts of God.

1997 January 5, Jack Miles, “On a Mission From God”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Infrastructure failures tend to be treated like acts of God, but of course they aren't really.

2019 October, Ian Walmsley, “Cleaning up”, in Modern Railways, page 42:

An unforeseen occurrence beyond one's control, such as a natural disaster.


surety

en-noun

surety (countable and uncountable, plural sureties)

From Middle English surete, attested since the early 1300s in the sense "guarantee, promise, pledge, assurance", from Anglo-Norman seurté/Old French seurté with the same meaning (whence modern French sûreté), from Latin sēcūritās. Equivalent to sure + -ty. The senses "security, safety, stability" and "certainy" are attested since the late 1300s. "One who undertakes to pay if another does not" is from the early 1400s. Doublet of security.

There remains unpaid
A hundred thousand more; in surety of the which
One part of Aquitaine is bound to us.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

(law) A promise to pay a sum of money in the event that another person fails to fulfill an obligation.

borgtocht

law: promise to pay on behalf of another

He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 11:15:

Trump’s lawyers said two days ago that to post a bond covering the full amount of the $454m civil fraud judgment against him while he appeals was “a practical impossibility” after 30 surety companies turned him down.

2024 March 20, “New York attorney general could soon move to seize Trump’s property”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(law) One who undertakes to pay money or perform other acts in the event that his principal fails therein.


kasus

From Dutch casus, from Latin cāsus (“chance, event”), the past participle of cadō (“to fall, happen”).


letters close

(law, plural only) A sealed legal document, once issued by a monarch or government, granting a right, title etc to a person or corporation.


Akt

de-noun

Akt m (mixed, genitive Aktes or Akts, plural Akten)

Aktes (genitive)
Akts (genitive)
Akten (plural)
Akt (nominative singular)
Akten (definite nominative plural)
Aktes (genitive singular)
Akts (genitive singular)
Akten (definite genitive plural)
Akt (dative singular)
Akte (dative singular)
Akten (dative definite plural)
Akt (accusative singular)
Akten (accusative definite plural)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: akt

→ Polish: akt (semantic loan)

(Austria, Southern Germany, law, officialese) file (collection of papers)


nasciturus rule

From Roman law (Digest 1.5.7): "nasciturus pro iam nato habetur quotiens de commodo eius agitur".

The right of a child to sue for prenatal injuries is recognised in law, but the more difficult question is whether such an action should be allowed by using the nasciturus rule or by using the ordinary principles of the law of delict. The contention that the recognition of an action for prenatal injuries is logically impossible without the conferment of legal rights, and hence legal personality, upon the unborn child, as achieved by the nasciturus rule, is to be rejected.

ROAD ACCIDENT FUND v MTATI 2005 (6) SA 215 (SCA)

(law) The rule stating that an unborn child, if subsequently born alive, is considered as already in existence whenever it is to its own advantage.


sub silencio

Borrowed from Latin sub silencio (“beneath the silence”).

bor

(law) in a clearly implied but not overtly stated way


beneficial owner

en-noun

beneficial owner (plural beneficial owners)

(law) The person who takes all or most of the returns of a property's equity or monetary gains.

tosiasiallinen edunsaaja

the person who takes all or most of the returns of a property's equity or monetary gains


مشروع

ar-adj

مَشْرُوعُونَ

مَشْرُوع • (mašrūʕ) (feminine مَشْرُوعَة (mašrūʕa), masculine plural مَشْرُوعُونَ (mašrūʕūna), feminine plural مَشْرُوعَات (mašrūʕāt))

مَشْرُوع (canonical)
mašrūʕ (romanization)
مَشْرُوعَة (feminine)
مَشْرُوعُونَ (masculine plural)
مَشْرُوعَات (feminine plural)
مَشْرُوع (indefinite informal masculine singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوع (definite informal masculine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَة (ar-infl-a feminine indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَة (ar-infl-a definite feminine informal singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعٌ (indefinite masculine nominative singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعُ (definite masculine nominative singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَةٌ (ar-infl-a feminine indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَةُ (ar-infl-a definite feminine nominative singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعًا (accusative indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَ (accusative definite masculine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَةً (accusative ar-infl-a feminine indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَةَ (accusative ar-infl-a definite feminine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعٍ (genitive indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعِ (definite genitive masculine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَةٍ (ar-infl-a feminine genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَةِ (ar-infl-a definite feminine genitive singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَيْن (dual indefinite informal masculine singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَيْن (definite dual informal masculine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَتَيْن (ar-infl-a dual feminine indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَتَيْن (ar-infl-a definite dual feminine informal singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَانِ (dual indefinite masculine nominative singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَانِ (definite dual masculine nominative singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَتَانِ (ar-infl-a dual feminine indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَتَانِ (ar-infl-a definite dual feminine nominative singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَيْنِ (accusative definite dual masculine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a dual feminine indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a definite dual feminine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَيْنِ (definite dual genitive masculine singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعَتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a dual feminine genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَشْرُوعَتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a definite dual feminine genitive singular triptote)
مَشْرُوعِين (indefinite informal masculine plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعِين (definite informal masculine plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعَات (feminine indefinite informal plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعَات (definite feminine informal plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعُونَ (indefinite masculine nominative plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعُونَ (definite masculine nominative plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعَاتٌ (feminine indefinite nominative plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعَاتُ (definite feminine nominative plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعِينَ (accusative indefinite masculine plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعِينَ (accusative definite masculine plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعَاتٍ (accusative feminine indefinite plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعَاتِ (accusative definite feminine plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعِينَ (genitive indefinite masculine plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعِينَ (definite genitive masculine plural sound-form)
مَشْرُوعَاتٍ (feminine genitive indefinite plural sound-form)
الْمَشْرُوعَاتِ (definite feminine genitive plural sound-form)

→ Azerbaijani: məşru

→ Ottoman Turkish: مشروع (meşru)

Turkish: meşru

→ Persian: مشروع

Derived from the passive participle of شَرَعَ (šaraʕa, “to enact (a law), to begin”).


hand down

en-verb

hand down (third-person singular simple present hands down, present participle handing down, simple past and past participle handed down)

hands down (present singular third-person)
handing down (participle present)
handed down (participle past)
handed down (past)

The jury handed down a verdict of guilty.

Justice James A. Burke, who presided over the trial in State Supreme Court in Manhattan, could have sentenced Mr. Weinstein to as little as five years, but he heeded the arguments of prosecutors who urged him to hand down a long sentence.

2020 March 11, Jan Ransom, “Harvey Weinstein’s Stunning Downfall: 23 Years in Prison”, in New York Times:

2024 March 25, United Nations, “Thailand: UN experts alarmed by sentences handed down to human rights lawyer Arnon Nampa on lèse-majesté charges”, in United Nations:

(law) To deliver (the decision of a court, etc.)

The Clerk of the Court of Appeals handed down its decision.

(law) To forward to the proper officer (the decision of a higher court).


attendu

Attendu les circonstances atténuantes, la cour ne l’a condamné qu’à une peine avec sursis.

In view of the extenuating circumstances, the court only gave him a suspended sentence.


Ziffer

de-noun

Ziffer f (genitive Ziffer, plural Ziffern)

Ziffer (genitive)
Ziffern (plural)
Ziffer (nominative singular)
Ziffern (definite nominative plural)
Ziffer (genitive singular)
Ziffern (definite genitive plural)
Ziffer (dative singular)
Ziffern (dative definite plural)
Ziffer (accusative singular)
Ziffern (accusative definite plural)

From late Middle High German zifer (“digit”), from Old French cifre, from Medieval Latin cifra, from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

(law) a numbered division unit written alongside the text


manda

head

manda (definite accusative mandayı, plural mandalar)

mandayı (accusative definite)
mandalar (plural)

From Ottoman Turkish ماندا (manda), from French mandat.


justifiable

en-adj

justifiable (comparative more justifiable, superlative most justifiable)

more justifiable (comparative)
most justifiable (superlative)

From Middle French justifiable. By surface analysis, justify + -able.

justifiable homicide

(law, specifically) Describing an illegal and intentional act that is nevertheless not blameworthy, for example because its positive consequences outweighed the bad. Distinguished from excusable, describing an involuntary illegal act.


bench memo

(law) A legal research memorandum drafted by a law clerk to assist a judge in deciding a case.


assignation

From Old French assignacion, from Latin assīgnātiō.


retter

head

retter c (singular definite retteren, plural indefinite rettere)

retteren (definite singular)
rettere (indefinite plural)
retter (indefinite nominative singular)
retteren (definite nominative singular)
rettere (indefinite nominative plural)
retterene (definite nominative plural)
retters (genitive indefinite singular)
retterens (definite genitive singular)
retteres (genitive indefinite plural)
retterenes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Danish rættæræ, from Old Norse réttari, partly from Middle Low German richter.


on point

Possibly from the French "en pointe" meaning to be on the tip of the toes in ballet and reflects a higher degree of skill. "On point" also describes a degree of competence and in the military the man "on point" was at the front and most exposed position in a combat military formation, that is, the leading soldier or unit advancing through hostile or unsecured territory. In recent American youth (especially hip hop) culture, the idiom "on point" refers either to someone who possesses abundant and various qualities of competence, leadership or style, or to specific acts which demonstrate such qualities.

We have no decisions in our state directly on point. With us the problem is one of first impression. None of the cases cited is on point.

1937, Herdman Motor Co. v. State Bd. of Tax Appeals, 119 N.J.L. 164, 166

His historical discussions always appear on point, well researched, and indicate a great deal of care.

1984, Eike-Henner W. Kluge, “Review of Frege and the Philosophy of Mathematics by Michael D. Resnik and Gottlob Frege by Hans D. Sluga”, in Noûs, volume 18, number 2, page 342:

Eitingon raised Jung's idea of substituting a new complex; Freud did not answer on point, but talked at length about transference.

1994, John Kerr, A Most Dangerous Method: The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein, →ISBN:

The second question of the night was about the shortage of flu vaccine. Bush gave a fine answer, on point.

2004 October 13, Dick Meyer, “Opinion: Bush Did Well, But Kerry Won”, in CBS News, retrieved 2012-06-22:

(chiefly US, law, philosophy) Having a direct application to the case or topic under consideration; apposite, relevant.


弁当

弁当 (canonical)
bentō (romanization)
bentau (romanization)
べんたう (hiragana historical)

→ Cantonese: 便當 /便当 (bin⁶ dong³)

→ English: bento, bentō

→ Hokkien: 便當 /便当 (piān-tong)

→ Indonesian: bento

→ Korean: 벤토 (bento)

→ Mandarin: 便當 /便当 (biàndāng)

→ English: biandang

desc

→ Russian: бэнто́ (bɛntó), бэ́нто (bɛ́nto)

/bentau/ → /bentɔː/ → /bentoː/
Probably a variant of 面筒 (めんとう, mentō, “tub for distributing portions of food”) (obsolete), from 面 (めん, men, “face”) + 筒 (とう, tō, “bucket, tub”) (originally referring to a tub for washing the face), both from Middle Chinese [Term?].
The use of 弁 for ben is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字), due to 便 having another sense of "human excrement'.

(law) synonym of 執行猶予 (shikkō yūyo): a suspended sentence


controlled substance

en-noun

controlled substance (plural controlled substances)

In order to determine that a controlled substance is present, it is frequently necessary to carry out a full forensic analysis of such samples.

2003, Michael D. Cole, The Analysis of Controlled Substances, John Wiley and Sons, →ISBN, page 120:

(law, criminology) A drug or chemical whose use, possession, manufacture, or sale is regulated or banned by the government.


demandant

ca-noun

demandant m or f by sense (plural demandants)


rehabilitate

en-verb

rehabilitate (third-person singular simple present rehabilitates, present participle rehabilitating, simple past and past participle rehabilitated)

rehabilitates (present singular third-person)
rehabilitating (participle present)
rehabilitated (participle past)
rehabilitated (past)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin rehabilitātus, perfect passive participle of Latin rehabilitō.

lbor

(transitive, criminology) To restore to (a criminal etc.) the necessary training and education to allow for a successful reintegration into society; to retrain.


court order

The Reds were raising an awful howl. Andrews, the lawyer, had succeeded in getting a court order to see the arrested men, and of course the prisoners had all declared that the case was a put-up job.

1920, Upton Sinclair, 100%: The Story of a Patriot:

(law) A legally binding directive issued by a judge or authorized judicial officer that requires an individual or an entity to fulfill or perform specific actions or refrain from certain behaviors.


tenuta

tenuta (nominative singular)
tenuty (nominative plural)
tenuty (genitive singular)
tenut (genitive plural)
tenucie (dative singular)
tenutom (dative plural)
tenutę (accusative singular)
tenuty (accusative plural)
tenutą (instrumental singular)
tenutami (instrumental plural)
tenucie (locative singular)
tenutach (locative plural)
tenuto (singular vocative)
tenuty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian tenuta. First attested in the 1656-1688.

czynsz dzierżawczy
czynsz dzierżawczy#Polish

(literary, property law) synonym of czynsz dzierżawczy (“feu duty, ground rent”)


subrogation

en-noun

subrogation (countable and uncountable, plural subrogations)

From Late Latin subrogātiō, from sub- + rogātiō (“inquiry, request”); equivalent to sub- + rogation.

Subrogation is a staple element of the casualty insurance business.

He became my creditor as the result of a subrogation by a vendor.

(law) Substitution of a different person in place of a creditor or claimant with respect to certain rights and duties.

subrogation

the substitution of a different person in place of a creditor or claimant


excusable

en-adj

excusable (comparative more excusable, superlative most excusable)

more excusable (comparative)
most excusable (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-excusable.wav

From Old French escusable, from Latin excusabilis.

(law, specifically) Describing an illegal act that was committed involuntarily, for example under false information or because of a faulty device. Distinguished from justifiable, describing an illegal act that was intentional but justified for other reasons.


bastardy

en-noun

bastardy (countable and uncountable, plural bastardies)

From Middle English bastardie (also as bastardrie), a borrowing from Middle French bastardie. Equivalent to bastard + -y.

Go, after, after, cousin Buckingham.
The Mayor towards Guildhall hies him in all post:—
There, at your meet'st advantage of the time,
Infer the bastardy of Edward's children:
Tell them how Edward put to death a citizen,
Only for saying he would make his son
Heir to the crown;—meaning, indeed, his house,
Which, by the sign thereof, was termed so.

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene v]:

(law) The condition of being illegitimate, of being born to an unmarried woman and man or as the fruit of adultery.

bastardie

the condition of being illegitimate (born to an unmarried woman and man or as the result of adultery)


puffing

(law) An opinion or judgment, often made by the seller of property to a potential buyer, that is not made as a representation of fact.


Hilary

From Latin Hilarius (“cheerful, happy”), name of a fourth-century saint and from its feminine form Hilaria.

It was the first day of term, and one of the rare days in Oxford when the weather was deceitfully marvellous; when its warmth promised more sunshine and joy than the relentless rain and sleet Hilary inevitably brought.

2022, R. F. Kuang, Babel, HarperVoyager, page 447:

(UK, Ireland, law, education) Ellipsis of Hilary term.


thirds

(law, historical) The third part of the estate of a deceased husband, which, by some local laws, the widow was entitled to enjoy during her life.


certified

(law) Authenticated or verified in writing.


blue sky law

blue sky laws (plural)
blue-sky law (alternative)

(law, US) A law that regulates the offering and sale of securities to protect the public from fraud, requiring the registration of all securities offerings and sales, as well as of stock brokers and brokerage firms.


noscitur a sociis

/ˌnəʊsɪtʊə ˈɑː ˌsəʊsiɪs/

Latin, meaning "it is known from its associates."

Foster v Diphwys Casson (1887) 18 QBD 428, involved a statute which stated that explosives taken into a mine must be in a "case or canister". Here the defendant used a cloth bag. The courts had to consider whether a cloth bag was within the definition. Under noscitur a sociis, it was held that the bag could not have been within the statutory definition, because parliament's intention was referring to a case or container of the same strength as a canister.

canon of construction
canon of construction

(law) A canon of construction under which the questionable meaning of a doubtful word can be derived from its association with other words.


judgment proof

(law) Of a person whom a judgment cannot be enforced against.


after-discovered evidence

"After-discovered evidence that a cap...identified as belonging to the accused who was convicted, belonged to another...who had a similar gun, motive and opportunity, and admitted to several that he had committed the crime, held ground for a new trial." Hines v. Commonwealth. June 14, 1923. p. 365 §4

(US, law) Evidence discovered after a legal decision has been reached. A party may attempt to have the decision reversed using this evidence. They must first prove that the evidence could not have been discovered until after the decision was reached.


final decree

(law) In some states, the second legal order on a divorce, issued after the filing of a declaration of separation.


non constat

Learned borrowing from Latin nōn cōnstat.

lbor

(law, religion, sciences) It is not certain; It is doubted.


Strasbourg

/ˈstɹæzbɜːɡ/

/ˈstɹæsbɜːɡ/

/ˈstɹɑːsbɝːɡ/

From French Strasbourg, from Middle High German Strāzburc. Compare modern German Straßburg, equivalent to Straße (“street, road”) + Burg (“borough, fortified town, castle”).

The capital city of Bas-Rhin department, France; the capital city of the region of Grand Est; located in the historic region of Alsace, near the border with Germany and at various historical points a part of Germany.

(metonymic, law) the European Court of Human Rights.


obiter

(law) An obiter dictum; a statement from the bench commenting on a point of law which is not necessary for the judgment at hand and therefore has no judicial weight, as opposed to ratio decidendi.


ratio decidendi

en-noun

ratio decidendi (plural rationes decidendi)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ratiō dēcidendī, from ratiō (“reckoning, method, reasoning”) + dēcidendī, genitive singular of dēcidendus, gerund of dēcidere (“to settle”).

(law) The legal principle or rationale on which a judicial decision is based.

判決依據 /判决依据

legal principle on which judicial decision is based


témoin

fr-noun

témoin m (plural témoins, feminine (rare) témoignesse or (both nonstandard) témouine or témointe)

témoins (plural)
témoignesse (feminine rare)
témouine (feminine nonstandard)
témointe (feminine nonstandard)

Inherited from Middle French tesmoing, from Old French tesmoin, from Latin testimōnium. The same Latin noun was also borrowed into Old French as testimonie, testemoigne (whence English testimony); this has been lost in modern French.


poursuivre

From Old French porsivre, poursivre, porsuir, poursuire, porsivir, from Vulgar Latin *prosequere, from Latin prosequor, prosequi, though influenced by persequor.


cesser

(law) A neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years.


conjuror

(law, obsolete) One bound by a common oath with others.


adverse possession

en-noun

adverse possession (countable and uncountable, plural adverse possessions)

adverse possessions (plural)
hostile possession (alternative)

Adverse possession was a legal maneuver straight out of the Sovereign Citizen canon.

2019, Anthony McCann, Shadowlands: Fear and Freedom at the Oregon Standoff, Bloomsbury, →ISBN:

(law) A means of acquiring title to another's real property without compensation by occupying the property in a manner that has under common law the requirements of being actual, open and notorious, exclusive, hostile, under cover of claim or right, and continuous for a certain number of years.

usucapion

mostly or comparatively, for civil law or religious law rather than common law

disseizee

one whose property is adversely possessed

disseizor

one who is adversely possessing the property of another


adversely possess

en-verb

adversely possess (third-person singular simple present adversely possesses, present participle adversely possessing, simple past and past participle adversely possessed)

adversely possesses (present singular third-person)
adversely possessing (participle present)
adversely possessed (participle past)
adversely possessed (past)

(transitive, law) To take ownership of (property) through the doctrine of adverse possession.


repossess

repossess (third-person singular simple present repossesses, present participle repossessing, simple past and past participle repossessed)

repossesses (present singular third-person)
repossessing (participle present)
repossessed (participle past)
repossessed (past)

(law, finance) To reclaim ownership of property for which payment remains due.


conscious parallelism

(law, US, antitrust law) Price fixing that occurs without direct communication between the participants, but where the participants instead intentionally follow one another in raising prices to maximize profits at the expense of competitive pricing.


price fixing

(law) In antitrust law, collusion between competitors in order to raise prices, at the expense of the consumer.


constructive eviction

en-noun

constructive eviction (countable and uncountable, plural constructive evictions)

(law) The breach of a landlord or tenant relationship that occurs when the landlord does not order the tenant to leave the property, but allows the property occupied by the tenant to fall into such poor condition that it is no longer suitable for occupancy.


watered stock

watered stock (countable and uncountable, plural watered stocks)

Derived from the practice of "watering" livestock before sale, where the seller gives an animal a large quantity of water to drink before a potential buyer weighs the animal to determine its value.

(law) Shares of stock in a business that are inflated by parties colluding with the seller making inflated offers for the property that the stock represents, which are reported to potential sellers as indicative of the value of the stock.


VO

VO (genitive)
VOen (plural)
VO (nominative singular)
VOen (definite nominative plural)
VO (genitive singular)
VOen (definite genitive plural)
VO (dative singular)
VOen (dative definite plural)
VO (accusative singular)
VOen (accusative definite plural)

(law) initialism of Verordnung (“regulation”)


徒刑

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (徒刑):
* → Japanese: 徒(と)刑(けい) (tokei)
* → Korean: 도형(徒刑) (dohyeong)
* → Vietnamese: đồ hình (徒刑)

/tʰu³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ jɪŋ²¹/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/tɔ¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ¹³/

/tʰu³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹ jɪŋ²¹/

/tɔ²⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ²⁴/

/tɔ¹³⁻²² hiɪŋ¹³/


due process

From Middle English dewe processe, from Anglo-Norman due procés.

The Trump administration’s disregard for due process has been a pattern in the legal disputes over his immigration policies.

2025 April 8, John Fritze, “Supreme Court ruling on Alien Enemies Act raises new due process concerns for migrants”, in CNN:

(law) A legal concept where a person is ensured all legal rights when deprived of their liberty for a given reason.

(law) The limits of laws and legal proceedings, so as to ensure a person fairness, justice and liberty.


material breach

en-noun

material breach (plural material breaches)

(law) A breach of contract sufficiently serious to destroy the contract.


jury trial

jury trials (plural)
trial by jury (alternative)

(law) A legal process in which the guilt or liability of a party is determined by a jury, a group of citizens selected from the local population.