free

en-adj

free (comparative freer or more free, superlative freest or most free)

freer (comparative)
more free (comparative)
freest (superlative)
most free (superlative)

From Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“beloved, not in bondage”), from Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“pleased, loved”), from *preyH- (“to please, love”). Related to friend.
cognates, etc
Germanic cognates include West Frisian frij (“free”), Dutch vrij (“free”), Low German free (“free”), German frei (“free”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian fri (“free”).
Other cognates include Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).
Germanic and Celtic are the only Indo-European language branches in which the PIE word with the meaning of "dear, beloved" acquired the additional meaning of "free" in the sense of "not in bondage". This was an extension of the idea of "characteristic of those who are dear and beloved", in other words friends and tribe members (in contrast to unfree inhabitants from other tribes and prisoners of war, many of which were among the slaves – compare the Latin use of liberi to mean both "free persons" and "children of a family").

inh

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free

free service;  free socage

(UK, law, obsolete) Certain or honourable; the opposite of base.

a free fishery;  a free warren

en:legally, privileged or individual, proprietary, not common

(law) Privileged or individual; proprietary.


book

books (plural)
boke (alternative obsolete)
booke (alternative archaic)

Sranan Tongo: buku

desctree

Tok Pisin: buk
→ Rotokas: vuku
→ Takia: buk

→ Chichewa: buku

→ Hawaiian: puke

→ Lingala: búku

→ Malagasy: boky

→ Maori: pukapuka (with reduplication)

→ Marshallese: bok

→ Motu: buka

→ Shona: bhuku

→ Somali: buugga

i

possibly also from Afrikaans <i class="Latn mention" lang="af">boek</i>

→ Sotho: buka (possibly also from Afrikaans boek)

→ Zulu: ibhuku (possibly also from Afrikaans boek)

From Middle English bok, book, from Old English bōc, from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks. Eclipsed non-native Middle English livret, lyveret (“book, booklet”) from Old French livret (“book, booklet”). Bookmaker sense by clipping.

some speakers from Northern England and Ireland

buck (without the foot-strut split, when pronounced /bʊk/)

have more chins than a Chinese phone book

why buy a book when you can join a library

why buy a book when you can join the library

(law, colloquial) A book award, a recognition for receiving the highest grade in a class (traditionally an actual book, but recently more likely a letter or certificate acknowledging the achievement).


GNU FDL

GNU Free Documentation License
w:GNU Free Documentation License

(copyright law) partial Initialism of GNU Free Documentation License.


quid pro quo

en-noun

quid pro quo (plural quae pro quibus or quid pro quibus or quid pro quos)

quae pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quos (plural)

Borrowed from Latin quid prō quō (literally “something for something”).

أعطيني نعطيك

(usually non-monetary) exchange transaction

A quid pro quo complaint typically is lodged by an employee who has been denied opportunities because he or she refused a perpetrator's sexual advances or by an employee who has been denied opportunities because another employee obtained those opportunities by submitting to a perpetrator's sexual advances.

2008, Ronald W. Scott, Promoting Legal and Ethical Awareness, page 140:

As for a legal remedy to the problem of harassment, the Court found that a proper, well-advertised grievance procedure could be used in a defense where sexual comments and horseplay created a “hostile environment,” but not in the quid pro quo cases that feminist Catharine MacKinnon had dubbed "put out or get out."

2009, Frank Dobbin, Inventing Equal Opportunity:

American courts have recognized two forms of sexual harassment. In the first, quid pro quo cases, the violation occurs when an employer or supervisor conditions an employment benefit on the employee's providing sexual favors.

2018, Walter B. Connolly, Jr., Michael J. Connolly, Joshua Feinstein, A Practical Guide to Equal Employment Opportunity, page 161:

(law) Sexual harassment in which a person in a workplace implicitly or explicitly requires sexual favours in exchange for something.

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours


adjective

From Middle English adjectif, adjective, from Old French adjectif, from Latin adiectivus, from adiciō + -īvus, from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + iaciō (“throw”). The Latin word adiectivus in turn was a calque of Ancient Greek ἐπιθετικόν (epithetikón, “added”), a derivative of the compound verb ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi), from which also comes epithet.

noncog

The whole English law, substantive and adjective.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter X, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

(law) Applying to methods of enforcement and rules of procedure.


adjectival

en-adj

adjectival (comparative more adjectival, superlative most adjectival)

more adjectival (comparative)
most adjectival (superlative)

(law) Of or relating to procedure, especially to technicalities thereof.


substantive

substantive (comparative more substantive, superlative most substantive)

more substantive (comparative)
most substantive (superlative)

From Middle English substantif, from Old French substantif.

съществен

of the essence or essential element of a thing

substantive law

(law) Applying to essential legal principles and rules of right.

aineellinen

law: applying to essential legal principles


patronage

en-noun

patronage (countable and uncountable, plural patronages)

/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English patronage, from Old French patronage (modern French patronage). Equivalent to patron + -age.

Advowson is the right of presentation to a church, or ecclesiastical benefice. Advowson, advocatio, signifies the taking into protection; and therefore is synonymous with patronage

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(UK, law) The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson.

nimitysvalta

legal: right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice


abaction

(law) Carrying away by force, especially of animals.


abactor

From Late Latin abactor (“cattle rustler”), from abigō (“drive away”); from ab (“from, away from”) + agō (“drive”).

[…] not only from straying, but, as in time of warr, from invaders and abactors […]

1659, H. Hammond, A Paraphrase and Annotations Upon the Books of the Psalms:

But yesterday, / it was her husband / Who’d lost his life in the fight / As he beat the abactors back, / Who tried to seize their cattle.

1992, Okkūr Mācāttiyar, translated by K.G. Seshadri, “Purananuru 279”, in Indian Literature, volume 35, number 149, page 27:

(law, archaic) One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves; a cattle rustler.

краде́ц на доби́тък

one who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds


abalienation

abalienation (countable and uncountable, plural abalienations)

From Latin abalienatio. Equivalent to abalienate + -ion.

(law) The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement; transferring a legal title.


abandon

abandon m (definite singular abandonen, indefinite plural abandoner, definite plural abandonene)

abandonen (definite singular)
abandoner (indefinite plural)
abandonene (definite plural)

From French abandon (“surrender, abandonment”), from Old French mettre a bandon (“to deliver, place at someone's disposition”), last part from Frankish *ban, *bann, from Proto-Germanic *bannaną (“to proclaim, command, summon, ban”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak, say”).

der

(law) the right to, under certain circumstances, waive ownership of an insured ship or cargo to the insurer and claim compensation for total loss


abandon

abandon (nominative singular)
abandonu (genitive singular)
abandonowi (dative singular)
abandon (accusative singular)
abandonem (instrumental singular)
abandonie (locative singular)
abandonie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French abandon. First attested in 1830.

ref

Tygodnik Petersburski, number cz.2, nr 31, 1830, page 252

zgłoszenie abandonu

registration of abandonment of one's ship

(law, nautical) legal waiving of rights to one's ship that has lost trade value


abandonee

But this argument is built upon an assumption that an abandonment of freight convey to the abandonee a right to the freight, in preference to the right of the abandonee, of the ship, which is assuming the whole question.

1842, Sir James Allan PARK, A System of the Law of Marine Insurances ... The second edition, page 397:

Does abandonee of goods take subject to shipowner's claim for freight?

1924, Sir Joseph Arnould, Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average, page 1560:

Obviously such things must have human attention and if the legal owner abandons them some other person, the would be abandonee, may, relying on evidence of abandonment move in and halt or reverse this sure trend toward nature, and this moving in and halting such a trend toward nature is the act that vests that person with a claim against the property. Now this evidence of abandonment is very important, without it the would-be abandonee is not justified in moving in and halting the trend toward nature. This evidence may be something that the abandonee perceives about the actions of the abandoner or some fact about the condition of the property itself to indicate abandonment.

1955, Houghton v. Collins, 344 MICH 175 (1955): Brief of the Appellant, Luther Coleman, page 20:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(law) One to whom something is abandoned.


abandonment

en-noun

abandonment (countable and uncountable, plural abandonments)

From French abandonnement, from abandonner (“to abandon, relinquish”). abandonner was originally equivalent to mettre à bandon (“to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another”), bandon being from Medieval Latin bandum, bannum (“order, decree, ban”). Equivalent to abandon + -ment. (See also English banns.)

(law) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege; relinquishment of right to secure a patent by an inventor; relinquishment of copyright by an author.

opgave

relinquishment of a right, claim or privilege

(law) The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against.


abate

en-verb

abate (third-person singular simple present abates, present participle abating, simple past and past participle abated)

abates (present singular third-person)
abating (participle present)
abated (participle past)
abated (past)
abate (infinitive)
abate (first-person present singular)
abated (first-person past singular)
abate (present second-person singular)
abatest (archaic present second-person singular)
abated (past second-person singular)
abatedst (archaic past second-person singular)
abates (present singular third-person)
abateth (archaic present singular third-person)
abated (past singular third-person)
abate (plural present)
abated (past plural)
abate (present subjunctive)
abated (past subjunctive)
abate (imperative present)
abating (participle present)
abated (participle past)

From Middle English abaten, from Anglo-Norman abatre, from Late Latin abbattere, from Latin battere.
detailed etymology, sense derivation, and cognates
The verb is derived from Middle English abaten (“to demolish, knock down; to defeat, strike down; to strike or take down (a sail); to throw down; to bow dejectedly or submissively; to be dejected; to stop; to defeat, humiliate; to repeal (a law); to dismiss or quash (a lawsuit); to lessen, reduce; to injure, impair; to appease; to decline, grow less; to deduct, subtract; to make one’s way; attack (an enemy); (law) to enter or intrude upon (someone’s property); of a hawk: to beat or flap the wings”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman abater, abatier, abatre, abbatre, Middle French abattre, abatre, abattre, Old French abatre, abattre (“to demolish, knock down; to bring down, cut down; to lessen, reduce; to suppress; to stop; to discourage; to impoverish, ruin; to conquer; to overthrow; to kill; to remove (money) from circulation; (law) to annul”), from Late Latin abbattere (“to bring down, take down; to suppress; to debase (currency)”), from Latin ab- (prefix meaning ‘away; from; away from’) + Latin battere, from older battuere (“to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig; to stab”)).
The noun is derived from the verb.

zrušit

to make (a writ or other legal document) void — see also nullify

alentua

(intransitive) to decrease in amount or size

to abate a writ

To make (a writ or other legal document) void; to nullify.

She was ordered by the court to abate the nuisance.

[…] the law allows an extrajudicial remedy, yet that does not exclude the ordinary courſe of juſtice: […] I may either abate a nuſance by my own authority, or call upon the law to do it for me: […]

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Courts in General”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 22:

(transitive)
(law)
To put an end to (a nuisance).

(chiefly US) To dismiss or otherwise bring to an end (legal proceedings) before they are completed, especially on procedural grounds rather than on the merits.

The writ has abated.

But where the Writ abateth for default of the Clerk, as where it abateth for falſe Latin, or variance, or want of form, there the defendant ſhall have the benefit of a new Writ by Journeys Accompts, becauſe it was the fault of the Clerk of the Chancery, and not the fault of the defendant himſelf, […]

1680, Edward Coke, “Where a Writ shall be Brought by Journeys Accompts. Hill. 45 Eliz. Rot. 36. in the Common Pleas. Spencer’s Case.”, in The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, Kt. […], 2nd edition, London: […] H. Twyford, […], →OCLC, part VI, page 375:

If a Writ of Error abates or diſcontinues by the Act and Default of the Party, a ſecond Writ of Error ſhall be no Superſedeas; otherwiſe if it abates or diſcontinues by the Act of God or the Law.

1778, Matthew Bacon [i.e., Mathew Bacon], “Error”, in A New Abridgement of the Law. […], 4th edition, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan and M. Woodfall, […]; for C. Bathurst, […], →OCLC, section G (Of the Proceedings after the Record Removed, and herein of the Abatement of the Writ of Error), page 209:

(chiefly historical) Of a writ or other legal document: to become null and void; to cease to have effect.

raueta

of a writ or other legal document: to become null and void

[…] in actions ariſing ex contractu, by breach of promiſe and the like, where the right deſcends to the repreſentatives of the plaintiff, and thoſe of the defendant have aſſets to anſwer the demand, though the ſuits ſhall abate by the death of the parties, yet they may be revived againſt or by the executors: being indeed rather actions againſt the property than the perſon, in which the executors now have the ſame intereſt that their teſtator had before.

1768, William Blackstone, “Of Pleading”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book III (Of Private Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 302:

(chiefly US) Of legal proceedings: to be dismissed or otherwise brought to an end before they are completed, especially on procedural grounds rather than on the merits.


abate

abates (present singular third-person)
abating (participle present)
abated (participle past)
abated (past)

From Anglo-Norman abatre, probably an alteration of Anglo-Norman and Middle French embatre, enbatre (“to drive or rush into; to enter into a tenement without permission”) (compare Late Latin abatare), from Middle French, Old French em-, en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into’) + Middle French, Old French batre (“to beat, hit, strike”) (from Latin battere, battuere, the present active infinitive of battuō (“to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight”); see further at etymology 1). The English word was probably also influenced by the verb abate.

So, if Lands be given to Father and Son, and to the heirs of their two bodies begotten, the remainder over in fee, and afterwards the Father dieth without any Iſſue but the Son, and afterwards the Son dieth without Iſſue, and a Stranger abateth, he in the remainder ſhall have one Formedon in the remainder, although the Eſtate tails were ſeveral, […]

1680, Edward Coke, “Mich. 7 Jacobi. In the Common Pleas. Buckmere’s Case.”, in The Reports of Sir Edward Coke, Kt. […], 2nd edition, London: […] H. Twyford, […], →OCLC, part VI, pages 570–571:

(ambitransitive, law, chiefly historical) To enter upon and unlawfully seize (land) after the owner has died, thus preventing an heir from taking possession of it.


abatement

en-noun

abatement (countable and uncountable, plural abatements)

From Middle English abatement, from Anglo-Norman abatre (“to abate”) (from Old French abatre), + -ment; equivalent to abate + -ment.

(law) The action of a person that abates, or without proper authority enters a residence after the death of the owner and before the heir takes possession.

(law) The reduction of the proceeds of a will, when the debts have not yet been satisfied; the reduction of taxes due.


abator

From abate (“to enter without right after the owner dies and before the heir takes over”) + -or. From Anglo-Norman.

af

(law) a person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee


abator

From abate (“do away with”) + -or. From Middle English, from Old French.

(law) one who abates, ends, or does away with a nuisance

iemand die een ongerief uit de weg ruimt


abdication

en-noun

abdication (countable and uncountable, plural abdications)

First attested in 1552. From Middle French abdication, from Latin abdicātiō (“renunciation”), from abdicō.

(obsolete, law) The renunciation of interest in a property or a legal claim; abandonment.


abduction

abduction (countable and uncountable, plural abductions)

From Latin abductiō(n) (“robbing; abduction”), from abdūcō (“take or lead away”), from ab (“away”) + dūcō (“to lead”). By surface analysis, abduct + -ion.
* (physiology): From French, from Latin abductus.
* Compare French abduction.

der

the abduction of a child

(law) The wrongful, and usually forcible, carrying off of a human being.

отвличане

law: wrongful carrying off of a human being


abetment

en-noun

abetment (countable and uncountable, plural abetments)

First attested from 1350 to 1470, from Middle English abettement, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French abeter + -ment. See abet.

(chiefly law) The act of abetting or assisting in a crime, wrongdoing etc.


abeyance

abeyance (countable and uncountable, plural abeyances)

First attested in 1528. From Anglo-Norman abeiance (“legal expectation”), from Old French abeance (“desire”) from abeër (“to gape at, aspire after”), abaer, abair (“to desire”), from a (“to”) + baër (“to gape”), bair (“yawn”), from Medieval Latin batō (“to yawn”).

der

The proceeds of the estate shall be held in abeyance in an escrow account until the minor reaches age twenty-one.

Yet sometimes the fee may be in abeyance, that is (as the word signifies) in expectation, remembrance, and contemplation in law; there being no person in esse, in whom it can vest and abide […]

1765, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England:

Note: Under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 all territorial claims are held under abeyance in the interest of international co-operation for scientific purposes.

1985 [1967], John Bartholomew & Son Limited, “Antarctica”, in The Times Atlas of the World, 7th comprehensive edition, Times Books Limited, →ISBN, plate 123:

(law) Expectancy; a condition when an ownership of real property is undetermined; lapse in succession of ownership of estate, or title.

временно бездействие

expectancy; condition of being undetermined


abjudge

en-verb

abjudge (third-person singular simple present abjudges, present participle abjudging, simple past and past participle abjudged)

abjudges (present singular third-person)
abjudging (participle present)
abjudged (participle past)
abjudged (past)

/ˈæbˌd͡ʒəd͡ʒ/

/æbˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ/

* ab- + judge, from Latin abiudicare. Doublet of abjudicate.

(transitive, law) To confiscate by judicial decision.


abjudicate

abjudicate (third-person singular simple present abjudicates, present participle abjudicating, simple past and past participle abjudicated)

abjudicates (present singular third-person)
abjudicating (participle present)
abjudicated (participle past)
abjudicated (past)

Borrowed from Latin abiūdicātus, perfect passive participle of abiūdicō (“deprive or take away by judicial sentence”), from ab (“from, away from”) + iūdicō (“pass judgement; determine, conclude”). Doublet of abjudge. See judge.


abjudication

en-noun

abjudication (countable and uncountable, plural abjudications)

From abjudicate + -ion or from Latin abiūdicātiō. First attested in 1623.

However, an appeal lay from the Council against any sentence, abjudication or removal, to the Court of Directors, within one calendar month from date of such sentence or abjudication, upon the aggrieved party giving security sufficient to cover the cost of the appeal.

1904, Claude George, chapter 11, in The Rise of British West Africa, Houlston & Sons, page 135:

Abjudication of the freedom of Richard Northbury, and restitution thereof[…]

1861, City of London Corporation, edited by Henry Thomas Riley, compiled by John Carpenter, Liber Albus, page 496:

In the abjudication of of all or certain rights of civil honor, decreed as a criminal penalty, one can trace the old "Rechtlosigkeit" due to crime, and the Roman "infamia iuris mediata."

1918, Rudolf Hübner, Paul Vinogradoff, William Emanuel Walz, A History of Germanic Private Law, Little, Brown, page 108:

(law, rare) Rejection or confiscation by judicial sentence.


abjure

en-verb

abjure (third-person singular simple present abjures, present participle abjuring, simple past and past participle abjured)

abjures (present singular third-person)
abjuring (participle present)
abjured (participle past)
abjured (past)
abjure (infinitive)
abjure (first-person present singular)
abjured (first-person past singular)
abjure (present second-person singular)
abjurest (archaic present second-person singular)
abjured (past second-person singular)
abjuredst (archaic past second-person singular)
abjures (present singular third-person)
abjureth (archaic present singular third-person)
abjured (past singular third-person)
abjure (plural present)
abjured (past plural)
abjure (present subjunctive)
abjured (past subjunctive)
abjure (imperative present)
abjuring (participle present)
abjured (participle past)

/æbˈd͡ʒʊ(ə)ɹ/

From Late Middle English abjuren (“to give up (something); to recant or renounce (something) under oath”), from Anglo-Norman abjurer, Middle French abiurer, abjurer, and Old French abjurer (“to reject or renounce (something) on oath”) (modern French abjurer), and from their etymon Latin abiūrāre, the present active infinitive of abiūrō (“to deny on oath, recant, renounce, repudiate, abjure”), from ab- (prefix meaning ‘away from, from’) + iūro (“to take an oath, swear, vow”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew- (“(adjective) right; straight; upright; (noun) justice; law; right”).

der

When a clerk heretofore was convicted of felony, he might have saved his life by abjuring the realm; that is, by departing the realm within a certain time appointed, and taking an oath never to return. But at this day all statutes for abjuration are repealed.

a. 1680 (date written), Thomas Hobbes, “A Dialogue between a Philosopher & a Student of the Common Laws of England”, in William Molesworth, editor, The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury; […], volume VI, London: John Bohn, […], published 1840, →OCLC, page 141:

[A]s a feme-covert recuſant may be impriſoned, ſo all others muſt, vvithin three months after conviction, either ſubmit and renounce their errors, or, if required ſo to do by four juſtices, muſt abjure and renounce the realm: and if they do not depart, or if they return vvithout the king's licence, they ſhall be guilty of felony, and ſuffer death as felons.

1769, William Blackstone, “Of Offences against God and Religion”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book IV (Of Public Wrongs), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 56:

Especially in abjure the realm: to swear an oath to leave (a place) forever.

The ſtrong effect of theyr conceiued ire, / Vrging the vveake King vvith a violent hand, / T' abiure thoſe falſe Lords from the troubled land.

1603, Michaell [i.e., Michael] Drayton, “The Barrons Warres. The First Booke.”, in The Barrons Wars in the Raigne of Edward the Second. […], London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] Ling, →OCLC, stanza 15, page 6:

About this time a ſubject brought in a Bull of Excommunication againſt another ſubject of this Realm, and publiſhed it to the Lord Treaſurer of England, and this vvas by the ancient Common-Law of England adjudged Treason againſt the King, his Crovvn and dignity, for the vvhich, the offender ſhould have been dravvn and hanged, but at the great inſtance of the chancelour and Treaſurer, he vvas onely abjured the Realm for ever.

1655, Thomas Fuller, “Cent[ury] XIV. To Clement Throckmorton, the Elder, of Haseley in Warwick-shire, Esq”, in The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, book III, page 90:

In the Time of King Edward III. one ſhould have been hanged, dravvn and quartered, for publiſhing an Excommunication, directed from the Biſhop of Rome againſt one of the King's Subjects. But at the Entreaty of the Lord Chancellor and Lord Treaſurer, his Life vvas pardoned; notvvithſtanding he vvas abjured the Realm.

1709, John Strype, “The Lord Keeper’s and Mr. Speaker’s Speeches. A Second Parliament. Matters Transacted Relating to Religion. […]”, in Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England; […], volume I, London: […] John Wyat, […], →OCLC, page 269:

(obsolete, rare) To cause or compel (someone) to leave a place forever; to banish.

I Abiowre⸝ I forſake myne errours as an heretyke dothe⸝ or forſwere the kynges landes⸝ ie abiure, prime coniugationis.

1530 July 28 (Gregorian calendar), Iohan Palsgraue [i.e., John Palsgrave], “The Table of Verbes”, in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse⸝ […], [London]: […] [Richard Pynson] fynnysshed by Iohan Haukyns, →OCLC, 3rd boke, folio cxxxvi, verso; reprinted Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, October 1972, →OCLC:

Well to bee ſhort, what for the cauſes before recited, as alſo for that they had once alreadie abiured, and yet (as they terme it) fell againe into relapſe, they were both (as you haue heard) in the end burned together in Smithfield: […]

1610 October, John Foxe, “The Historie of Diuers Good Men and Women, Persecuted for Religion in the Citie and Dioces of the Bishop of London, Briefly Extracted out of the Registers of Richard Fitziames”, in The Second Volume of the Ecclesiasticall Historie, Containing the Acts and Monuments of Martyrs, […], 6th edition, volume II, London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for the Company of Stationers, →OCLC, book VII, page 736, column 2:

One abjureth and is after taken in England, and demanded what he could ſay, why Execution ſhould not be awarded, he ſtands mute, he ſhall be hanged, and not put to penance or preſſed; becauſe he was attainted of the Felony before by his Confeſſion: For he cannot have the Benefit of the Sanctuary to abjure, unleſs he confeſs the Felony which is entered on Record by the Coroner; […]

1789, John Kelyng[e], “High-Treason”, in [John] Holt, editor, A Report of Divers Cases in Pleas of the Crown, Adjudged and Determined in the Reign of the Late King Charles II. […], Dublin: […] P. Byrne, […], page 36:

(chiefly law, historical) To swear an oath to leave a place forever.

(transitive) to swear an oath to leave (a place) forever; (intransitive) to swear an oath to leave a place forever

vannoa lähtevänsä ja olevansa palaamatta


able

en-adj

able (comparative abler, superlative ablest)

abler (comparative)
ablest (superlative)
hable (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English able, from Old Northern French able, variant of Old French abile, habile, from Latin habilis (“easily managed, held, or handled; apt; skillful”), from habeō (“have, possess”) + -ibilis.
Broadly ousted the native Old English magan, which has taken a different meaning.

der

He is able to practice law in six states.


abode

abodes (plural)
aboad (alternative obsolete)
abood (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English abod, abad, from Old English *ābād, related to ābīdan (“to abide”); see abide. Cognate with Scots abade, abaid (“abode”). For the change of nouns, compare abode, preterite of abide.

[ʔəˈboʊːd̥̚]

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…]

1661, John Fell Summary, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:

You behold, Sir, how he waxeth Wroth at your Abode here.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume 2, London: Millar, →OCLC, page 289:

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again;[…]. Our table in the dining-room became again the abode of scintillating wit and caustic repartee, Farrar bracing up to his old standard, and the demand for seats in the vicinity rose to an animated competition.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(dated or law) Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn.


abridgment

en-noun

abridgment (countable and uncountable, plural abridgments)

abridgments (plural)
abridgement (alternative)

First attested in 1494. From Middle English abrygement, from Middle French abrégement. Equivalent to abridge + -ment.

(dated, law) Any of various brief statements of case law made before modern reporting of legal cases.

(law) The leaving out of certain portions of a plaintiff's demand, the writ still holding good for the remainder.


abrogate

en-verb

abrogate (third-person singular simple present abrogates, present participle abrogating, simple past and past participle abrogated)

abrogates (present singular third-person)
abrogating (participle present)
abrogated (participle past)
abrogated (past)
abrogen (alternative)

/ˈæ.bɹə.ɡət/

/ˈæb.ɹəˌɡət/

/ˈæb.ɹəʊ.ɡeɪt/

/ˈæb.ɹoʊˌɡeɪt/

/ˈæb.ɹəˌɡeɪt/

First attested in 1526, from Middle English abrogat (“abolished”), from Latin abrogātus, perfect passive participle of abrogō (“repeal”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), formed from ab (“away”) + rogō (“ask, inquire, propose”). See rogation.

But let us look a little further, and see whether the New Testament abrogates what we see so frequently used in the Old.

1660, Robert South, “The Scribe instructed, &c.”, in Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume 2, page 252:

Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they cannot alter or abrogate.

1796, Edmund Burke, Letter I. On the Overtures of Peace.:

The rule of law whereby it is a crime for a person to commit suicide is hereby abrogated.

1961, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 1”, in Suicide Act 1961, page 14:

The rule known as the “year and a day rule” […] is abrogated for all purposes.

2000, Legislative Council of Hong Kong, “Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance 2000”, in Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette, page A1059:

(transitive, law) To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or their successor; to repeal; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc.


abscond

abscond (third-person singular simple present absconds, present participle absconding, simple past and past participle absconded)

absconds (present singular third-person)
absconding (participle present)
absconded (participle past)
absconded (past)

Either borrowed from Middle French abscondre or directly from Latin abscondō (“hide”); formed from abs, ab (“away”) + condō (“put together, store”), from con- (“together”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”).
* Cognate with sconce (“a type of light fixture”).

I've often speculated why you don't return to America. Did you abscond with the church funds? Run off with a senator's wife? I like to think you killed a man. It's the Romantic in me.

1942, Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, Howard Koch, Casablanca, spoken by Captain Renault (Claude Rains):

Andy did break his bargain, lurked in the neighborhood a few days, and then, being pursued by the sheriff, absconded to parts unknown.

1969, John Niven, Years of Turmoil: Civil War and Reconstruction, page 229:

A printed leaflet of the Anushilan was dropped here, and at another place a manuscript of swadeshi songs, which has been proved to belong to Lal Mohan De, another member of the Samiti, who lived in Pulin's akhara and is now absconding.

1995, Amiya K. Samanta, Terrorism in Bengal: Origin, growth and activities of the organizations like […] , page 748:

Moirangthem Kalachand Singh, City Inspector, Imphal P.W. 14 searched the house of one Chaoba Singh in village Khagempali in the hope of arresting Boro Singh and Mohendra Singh accused, who were absconding in […]

1998, N. Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1050), page 253:

Modern technology accompanies the absconding of the original attitude.

2006, Richard Rojcewicz, The Gods And Technology: A Reading Of Heidegger, →ISBN:

You cannot abscond from the responsibility both you and your partner owe to this event, and that includes dealing with anger issues and any other emotional issues that come with it.

2009, Sonia Brill, Relationships Without Anger, →ISBN:

(intransitive) To flee, often secretly; to steal away.

(law) To hide, conceal, or absent oneself clandestinely, with the intent to avoid legal process


calendar

calendar (third-person singular simple present calendars, present participle calendaring, simple past and past participle calendared)

calendars (present singular third-person)
calendaring (participle present)
calendared (participle past)
calendared (past)
kalendar (alternative archaic)
calender (alternative obsolete)

Etymology tree
Old French calendierbor.
Middle English kalender
English calendar
From Middle English kalender, from Old French calendier, from Latin calendarium (“account book”), from kalendae (“the first day of the month”), from calō (“to announce solemnly, to call out (the sighting of the new moon)”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁-. Doublet of calendarium.

etymon

The judge agreed to calendar a hearing for pretrial motions for the week of May 15, but did not agree to calendar the trial itself on a specific date.

(law, transitive) To set a date for a proceeding in court, usually done by a judge at a calendar call.


absolution

From Old French, from Latin absolūtiōnem (“acquittal”), from absolvō (“absolve”).


absolve

en-verb

absolve (third-person singular simple present absolves, present participle absolving, simple past and past participle absolved)

absolves (present singular third-person)
absolving (participle present)
absolved (participle past)
absolved (past)

First attested in the early 15th century. From Middle English absolven, from Latin absolvere (“set free, acquit”), from ab (“away from”) + solvō (“loosen, free, release”). Doublet of assoil.

опрощавам

theology: to pronounce free or give absolution from sin

Abſolves the juſt, and dooms the guilty ſouls.

1725, Homer, “Book XI”, in [Alexander Pope], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume III, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC, page 121, line 702:

(transitive, law) To pronounce not guilty; to grant a pardon for.

بَرَّأَ

law: to pronounce not guilty; to grant a pardon for


absolver

pt-verb

absolver (first-person singular present absolvo, first-person singular preterite absolvi, past participle absolvido)

absolvo (first-person present singular)
absolvi (first-person preterite singular)
absolvido (participle past)
absolver (impersonal infinitive)
absolver (first-person infinitive singular)
absolveres (infinitive second-person singular)
absolver (infinitive singular third-person)
absolvermos (first-person infinitive plural)
absolverdes (infinitive plural second-person)
absolverem (infinitive plural third-person)
absolvendo (gerund)
absolvido (masculine participle past singular)
absolvidos (masculine participle past plural)
absolvida (feminine participle past singular)
absolvidas (feminine participle past plural)
absolvo (first-person indicative present singular)
absolves (indicative present second-person singular)
absolve (indicative present singular third-person)
absolvemos (first-person indicative plural present)
absolveis (indicative plural present second-person)
absolvem (indicative plural present third-person)
absolvia (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
absolvias (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
absolvia (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
absolvíamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
absolvíeis (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
absolviam (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
absolvi (first-person indicative preterite singular)
absolveste (indicative preterite second-person singular)
absolveu (indicative preterite singular third-person)
absolvemos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
absolvestes (indicative plural preterite second-person)
absolveram (indicative plural preterite third-person)
absolvera (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
absolveras (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
absolvera (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
absolvêramos (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
absolvêreis (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
absolveram (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
absolverei (first-person future indicative singular)
absolverás (future indicative second-person singular)
absolverá (future indicative singular third-person)
absolveremos (first-person future indicative plural)
absolvereis (future indicative plural second-person)
absolverão (future indicative plural third-person)
absolveria (conditional first-person singular)
absolverias (conditional second-person singular)
absolveria (conditional singular third-person)
absolveríamos (conditional first-person plural)
absolveríeis (conditional plural second-person)
absolveriam (conditional plural third-person)
absolva (first-person present singular subjunctive)
absolvas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
absolva (present singular subjunctive third-person)
absolvamos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
absolvais (plural present second-person subjunctive)
absolvam (plural present subjunctive third-person)
absolvesse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
absolvesses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
absolvesse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
absolvêssemos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
absolvêsseis (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
absolvessem (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
absolver (first-person future singular subjunctive)
absolveres (future second-person singular subjunctive)
absolver (future singular subjunctive third-person)
absolvermos (first-person future plural subjunctive)
absolverdes (future plural second-person subjunctive)
absolverem (future plural subjunctive third-person)
absolve (imperative second-person singular)
absolva (imperative singular third-person)
absolvamos (first-person imperative plural)
absolvei (imperative plural second-person)
absolvam (imperative plural third-person)
não absolvas (imperative negative second-person singular)
não absolva (imperative negative singular third-person)
não absolvamos (first-person imperative negative plural)
não absolvais (imperative negative plural second-person)
não absolvam (imperative negative plural third-person)

[ɐ.βsɔɫˈveɾ]

[ɐ.βsɔɫˈveɾ]

[ɐ.βsoɫˈβeɾ]

[ɐ.βsɔɫˈβeɾ]


absque hoc

Learned borrowing from Latin absque hoc (literally “without this”).

learned borrowing

(law) The technical words of denial used in denying what has been alleged.


accept

en-verb

accept (third-person singular simple present accepts, present participle accepting, simple past and past participle accepted)

accepts (present singular third-person)
accepting (participle present)
accepted (participle past)
accepted (past)
accept (infinitive)
accept (first-person present singular)
accepted (first-person past singular)
accept (present second-person singular)
acceptest (archaic present second-person singular)
accepted (past second-person singular)
acceptedst (archaic past second-person singular)
accepts (present singular third-person)
accepteth (archaic present singular third-person)
accepted (past singular third-person)
accept (plural present)
accepted (past plural)
accept (present subjunctive)
accepted (past subjunctive)
accept (imperative present)
accepting (participle present)
accepted (participle past)

First attested about 1380. From Middle English accepten, borrowed from Old French accepter, or directly from Latin acceptō, acceptāre (“receive”), frequentative of accipiō, formed from ad- + capiō (“to take”). Displaced native Old English onfōn.

(transitive, law, business) To agree to pay.


acceptance

en-noun

acceptance (countable and uncountable, plural acceptances)

acceptances (plural)
acceptaunce (alternative)

* First attested in 1574. From Middle French acceptance, from Old French accepter (“accept”). Equivalent to accept + -ance.

But what acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty.

1876, Herbert Newman Mozley, George Crispe Whiteley, A Concise Law Dictionary, London: Butterworths, […] , →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

(law) An agreeing to the action, proposals, or terms of another by some act which results in the conclusion of a legally binding contract; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking of possession of a thing as owner.

съгласие

agreeing which results in a legally binding contract


accepter

From accept + -er; in the sense “respecter,” from Middle French accepteur.

(law) An acceptor; one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange.


acceptor

acceptors (plural)
acceptour (alternative obsolete rare)

From Middle English acceptour, from Latin acceptor, with the meanings from accept.

(law, commerce) One who accepts a draft or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted.


accessary

accessaries (plural)
accessory (alternative)

From Middle English accessarie, axcessary, excercary, from Medieval Latin accessārius.

(law) Someone who accedes to some act, now especially a crime; one who contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense.

not being present at the commission of the offense


accessary

en-adj

accessary (comparative more accessary, superlative most accessary)

more accessary (comparative)
most accessary (superlative)
accessory (alternative)

To both their deaths ſhalt thou be acceſſary.

c. 1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedy of King Richard the Third. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Sims [and Peter Short] for Andrew Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], signature B2, verso:

(law) Accompanying as a subordinate; additional; accessory; especially, uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See accessory.


accruer

title by accruer


alien

en-verb

alien (third-person singular simple present aliens, present participle aliening, simple past and past participle aliened)

aliens (present singular third-person)
aliening (participle present)
aliened (participle past)
aliened (past)
aliene (alternative)
alyaunte (alternative)

From Middle English alien, a borrowing from Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to someone else”, later “exotic, foreign”), from Latin alius (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos. Related to English else.

der

(law) To transfer the ownership of something.


in

en-adj

in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

more in (comparative)
most in (superlative)
i' (alternative colloquial poetic)

→ Portuguese: in

PIE word
 *h₁en
Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.
Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.
Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.

in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband

(law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin


debt

en-noun

debt (countable and uncountable, plural debts)

debts (plural)
dette (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English dette, dett, borrowed from Old French dete (French dette), from Medieval Latin dēbita, from Latin dēbitum (“what is owed, a debt, a duty”), neuter of dēbitus, perfect passive participle of dēbeō (“I owe”), contraction of *dehibeō (“I have from”), from de (“from”) + habeō (“I have”). Doublet of debit.
The unpronounced "b" in the modern English spelling is a Latinisation from the Latin etymon dēbitum.

der

(law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due


accord

en-noun

accord (countable and uncountable, plural accords)

From Middle English accord, from Old French acort, from acorder (see verb below).

সামঞ্জস্য

agreement, harmony, or just correspondence

Accord is a satisfaction agreed upon between the party injuring and the party injured ; which , when performed , is a bar of all actions upon this account

1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:

(law) An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, prevents a lawsuit.


accord

en-verb

accord (third-person singular simple present accords, present participle according, simple past and past participle accorded)

accords (present singular third-person)
according (participle present)
accorded (participle past)
accorded (past)

From Middle English accorden, acorden, borrowed from Old French acorder (compare modern French accord and accorder), from Vulgar Latin *accordāre, from Latin concordāre via prefix substitution (with Latin ad-), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr ~ *ḱr̥d-, and thus distantly related to English heart (via Proto-Germanic *hertô).

And, when the blinding tears had fallen, I saw
That column, and those corpses, and the moon,
And felt the poisonous tooth of hunger gnaw
My vitals, I rejoiced, as if the boon
Of senseless death would be accorded soon;— […]

1817 December, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 217:

In respect of the protection of industrial property,[…]a refugee shall be accorded in the country in which he has his habitual residence the same protection as is accorded to nationals of that country.

1951, United Nations, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, article 14:

Yes, the tide will surely turn, and meanwhile may one who is proud to call himself a partisan, invite whomever may feel disposed to bid the "T14s" adieux, to pause before giving them valediction and accord to them the respect that is assuredly their due.

1952 January, Henry Maxwell, “Farewell to the "T14s"”, in Railway Magazine, page 57:

In the present case, and contrary to the Government’s submission, the Court considers that there is indeed a consensus amongst a substantial majority of the Contracting States of the Council of Europe towards allowing abortion on broader grounds than accorded under Irish law.

2010 December 16, European Court of Human Rights, A, B and C v. Ireland, number 25579/05, marginal 235:

(transitive, law) To grant as suitable or proper; to concede or award.


parole

en-noun

parole (usually uncountable, plural paroles)

[p(ʰ)əˈɹəʊɫ]

Borrowed from Middle French parole (“word, formal promise”), from Old French parole, from Late Latin parabola (“speech”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ). Doublet of parabola, parable, and palaver.


parole

en-verb

parole (third-person singular simple present paroles, present participle paroling, simple past and past participle paroled)

paroles (present singular third-person)
paroling (participle present)
paroled (participle past)
paroled (past)

[p(ʰ)əˈɹəʊɫ]

Whitelaw was allowed to continue to San Francisco. There, INS officials assigned Whitelaw a temporary status for "deferred examination," and "paroled" him into the U.S., permitting him to stay for his planned five-week vacation.

1980 April 12, Lew Lasher, “INS 'Paroles' Australian; Policy Still Unclear”, in Gay Community News, page 1:

(transitive, law) To release (a prisoner) on the understanding that s/he checks in regularly and obeys the law.


letter

letters (plural)
lettre (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English letter, lettre, from Old French letre, from Latin littera (“letter of the alphabet"; in plural, "epistle”). Displaced Old English bōcstæf (literally “book staff”) in sense 1 and ǣrendġewrit (literally “message writing”) in sense 2.

displaced

Letter (b) constitutes an exception to this provision.

(law) A division unit of a piece of law marked by a letter of the alphabet.


IRC

Additionally, highly compensated employees or workers with earned income exceeding the dollar amount in effect under IRC section 414(q)(1)(B)(i) are ineligible to receive the deduction.

2025 May 7, “The One, Big, Beautiful Bill”, in United States House Committee on Ways & Means, page 12:

Internal Revenue Code
Internal Revenue Code#English

(US law) Initialism of Internal Revenue Code.


sub rosa

subrosa (alternative)
sub-rosa (alternative)

/ˌsʌb ˈɹəʊzə/

/ˌsʌb ˈɹoʊzə/

Aphrodite
Eros
Harpocrates
Louis-Philippe Mouchy

PIE word
 *upó
The adverb and adjective are an unadapted borrowing from Late Latin sub rosā (literally “under the rose”), from Latin sub (“beneath, under”) + rosa (“rose”) (possibly from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *wardah (“flower; rose”) and Proto-Indo-European *Hwerdʰ-, possibly a metathesis of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow; to rise”)). The reason for the reference to a rose is uncertain, though it has been suggested that it derives from the Ancient Greek myth that Aphrodite (the goddess of love) gave a rose to her son Eros (the god of love and sex), who in turn gave it to Harpocrates (the god of silence, confidentiality, and secrets) to ensure that Aphrodite’s sexual indiscretions were not revealed. Roses thus became a symbol of secrecy—they were, for example, used at meetings to pledge the participants not to disclose what had been discussed. Compare under the rose which is attested earlier.
The noun is derived from the adverb and adjective.

ubor

Questions about Esparza's surveillance practices were exacerbated by an incident in December 2003, in which another subject of a sub-rosa complained of being followed by Esparza wielding a video camera.

2006 March 23, Daniel Blackburn, “Fraud Busters”, in New Times:

workers' compensation
workers' compensation

(US, law, slang) Covert surveillance video used as evidence against applicants for workers' compensation to show they are not in fact (seriously) injured.

salaa kuvattu video

covert surveillance video used as evidence against applicants for workers’ compensation


BC

en-noun

BC (countable and uncountable, plural BCs)

BCs (plural)
B.C. (alternative)
b.c. (alternative)
bc (alternative)

(often law) Initialism of borough council.


mandat

→ Ottoman Turkish: ماندا (manda)

Turkish: manda

Borrowed from Latin mandātum, from mandō (“put in one's hands, command”), from Proto-Indo-European *man- (“hand”) + *dʰeh₁- (“put”).


mandat

mandacik (diminutive)
mandat (nominative singular)
mandaty (nominative plural)
mandatu (genitive singular)
mandatów (genitive plural)
mandatowi (dative singular)
mandatom (dative plural)
mandat (accusative singular)
mandaty (accusative plural)
mandatem (instrumental singular)
mandatami (instrumental plural)
mandacie (locative singular)
mandatach (locative plural)
mandacie (singular vocative)
mandaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Mandat, from Latin mandātum.

Właśnie dostałem mandat za złe parkowanie.

I've just received a bad parking ticket.

(law) ticket, fine (document prepared by the police compelling the recipient to pay a fine for a misdemeanor or a traffic violation)


port

en-verb

port (third-person singular simple present ports, present participle porting, simple past and past participle ported)

ports (present singular third-person)
porting (participle present)
ported (participle past)
ported (past)

From Old French porter, from Latin portāre (“carry”). Akin to transport, portable.

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(US, government and law) To transfer a voucher or subsidy from one jurisdiction to another.

siirtää

to transfer a voucher or subsidy from one jurisdiction to another


singular

en-adj

singular (comparative more singular, superlative most singular)

more singular (comparative)
most singular (superlative)
sing. (alternative abbreviation)
sg. (alternative abbreviation)
sg (alternative abbreviation)

From Middle English singuler, from Old French, from Latin singulāris (“alone of its kind”), from Latin singulus (“single”).

to convey several parcels of land, all and singular

Cel[adon]. […] Hovv do Meliſſa’s tvvo fair Daughters? / Aſt[eria]. VVhen you tell me vvhich of ’em you are in love vvith, I’le anſvver you. / Cel. VVhich of ’em, naughty ſiſter, vvhat a question’s there? VVith both of ’em, vvith each and singular of ’em.

1667 March 12 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), John Dryden, Secret-Love, or The Maiden-Queen: […], London: […] Henry Herringman, […], published 1668, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 1:


reality

en-noun

reality (usually uncountable, plural realities)

From French réalité (“quality of being real”), from Middle French realité (“property, possession”), from Medieval Latin reālitās, from Late Latin reālis (“real”), equivalent to real + -ity. Recorded since 1550 as a legal term in the sense of “fixed property” (compare real estate, realty); the sense “real existence” is attested from 1647. First attested in c. 1540.


safety valve

safety valves (plural)
safety-valve (alternative)

purkautumiskeino

Hernández additionally requested that he be given a two-level safety-valve reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, which mitigates the harsh effect of mandatory minimum sentences on certain first-time offenders who played only supporting roles in drug-trafficking schemes and who provided testimony about their involvement in the criminal activity.

2020 June 30, David Jeremiah Barron, Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, “United States v. Hernández-Hernández”, in Federal Reporter […] (No. 19-1123), volume 964, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-02, page 100:

(figuratively) Any mechanism offering relief from physical or emotional pressure or tension.

(US, law) A United States law, codified at 18 United States Code §3553(f), authorizing a judge to disregard mandatory minimum sentences for some criminals with few or no prior offenses.

United States law authorizing a judge to disregard mandatory minimum sentences for some criminals with few or no prior offenses

vähimmäisrangaistuksen sivuuttamisen salliva laki


nullify

en-verb

nullify (third-person singular simple present nullifies, present participle nullifying, simple past and past participle nullified)

nullifies (present singular third-person)
nullifying (participle present)
nullified (participle past)
nullified (past)

Near-synonyms: cancel, void

The contract has been nullified.

[T]hey were baffled by tears in moustached sixth-formers, by walls of impassivity in the Lower School, by silent conspiracies which nullified the rules.

1956, Anthony Burgess, Time for a Tiger (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 37:

Lesbians for Justice therefore appeals to the organizers of the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival to nullify its "womyn-born-womyn only" policy, and to allow the attendance of post-operative male-to-female transsexuals at all future festivals.

1992 May 8, Tamara Severns, “Open Letter To Michigan Festival Organizers”, in Gay Community News, page 4:

(transitive, law) To make legally invalid.


wage

wage (third-person singular simple present wages, present participle waging, simple past and past participle waged)

wages (present singular third-person)
waging (participle present)
waged (participle past)
waged (past)

From Middle English wagen (“to pledge”), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wagier, a northern variant of Old French guagier (whence modern French gager), itself either from guage or from a derivative of Frankish *waddī, possibly through a Vulgar Latin intermediate *wadiō from *wadium.

(obsolete, law, UK) To give security for the performance of.


now

From Middle English now, nou, nu, from Old English nū, from Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nū (“now”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots noo (“now”), Saterland Frisian nu (“now”), West Frisian no (“now”), Dutch nu, nou (“now”), German nu, nun (“now”), Norwegian Bokmål nå (“now”), Norwegian Nynorsk no (“now”), Swedish and Danish nu (“now”), Icelandic nú (“now”), Latin num (“even now, whether”), Latin nunc (“now”), Albanian ni (“now”), Lithuanian nù (“now”), Avestan 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”), Sanskrit नु (nu, “now”).

Now wife.

(archaic, law) At the time the will is written. Used in order to prevent any inheritance from being transferred to a person of a future marriage. Does not indicate the existence of a previous marriage.


fiscal

From Middle French fiscal, from Latin fiscus (“treasury”) – see fiscus and fisc.

(law) In certain countries, including Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and former colonies of these countries and certain British colonies, solicitor or attorney general.


fiscal

From Spanish fiscal, ultimately from Latin fiscus (“treasury”).

(Philippines, law) A public prosecutor (UK) or a district attorney (US).


fiscal

(law) public prosecutor (UK), district attorney (US)


fiscal

es-noun

fiscal m (plural fiscales, feminine fiscal or fiscala, feminine plural fiscales or fiscalas)

fiscales (plural)
fiscal (feminine)
fiscala (feminine)
fiscales (feminine plural)
fiscalas (feminine plural)

En el escrito elevado a la titular del Juzgado de Instrucción 6 de Sevilla, los fiscales piden la imputación de Pimentel y otras 24 personas —algunas ya imputadas en la causa— no solo por la ayuda a Taller de Libros sino también por el pago de las prejubilaciones de 10 trabajadores de la empresa cordobesa.

2015 September 15, “Anticorrupción pide la imputación del exministro Pimentel en los ERE”, in El País:


open

en-adj

open (comparative more open or (phonetics) opener, superlative most open or (phonetics) openest)

more open (comparative)
opener (comparative)
most open (superlative)
openest (superlative)

closed-source

antonym(s) of “with a free license and no proprietary components”

Adjective from Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).
Cognates
* Scots apen (“open”)
* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)
* West Frisian iepen (“open”)
* Dutch open (“open”)
* Low German open, apen (“open”)
* German offen (“open”)
* Danish åben (“open”)
* Swedish öppen (“open”)
* Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)
* Icelandic opinn (“open”)
 Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.
Verb from Middle English openen, from Old English openian (“to open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opanōn, from Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to raise; lift; open”), from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”, adjective). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eepenje (“to open”), West Frisian iepenje (“to open”), Dutch openen (“to open”), German öffnen (“to open”), Danish åbne (“to open”), Swedish öppna (“to open”), Norwegian Bokmål åpne (“to open”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic opna (“to open”). Related to English up.
Noun from Middle English open (“an aperture or opening”), from the verb. In the sports sense, however, a shortening of “open competition”.

inh

at church every time the doors swing open

You will observe that this is an open letter and we reserve the right to mention it to the judge should the matter come to trial.

(law, of correspondence) Written or sent with the intention that it may made public or referred to at any trial, rather than by way of confidential private negotiation for a settlement.


policy

From Middle French police, from Italian polizza, from Medieval Latin apodissa (“receipt for money”), from Ancient Greek ἀπόδειξις (apódeixis, “proof, declaration”). Doublet of apodixis.

der

Your insurance policy covers fire and theft only.

A document containing or certifying this contract.


AM

en-noun

AM (countable and uncountable, plural AMs)

AMs (plural)
A.M. (alternative)
A. M. (alternative)
A M (alternative)

automated mapping
automated mapping#English

(property law) Initialism of automated mapping, used in conjunction with Facilities Managements abbreviations (AM/FM).


AA

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

An AA, who was a trained social worker, also felt that the volunteer AAs should be shown greater respect by the police (GMS14). At the same time, there was some awareness that AAs were unpaid among the private police staff, as one commented that she tried to be particularly nice to the AAs because of their volunteer status (e.g. SNS7).

2011, Layla Skinns, Police Custody: Governance, Legitimacy and Reform in the Criminal Justice Process, Routledge, →ISBN, page 61:

The initiative will draw on some 200 existing volunteers under the Appropriate Adult (AA) scheme, run by the Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore (Minds), from Jan 30. […] "These AAs are trained by Minds, and we believe they will enable our investigation officers to better communicate with drug offenders with intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder or mental health issues," he said.

2017 January 18, Ng Huiwen, “Drug offenders with special needs to get support”, in The Straits Times:

appropriate adult
appropriate adult#English

(British English, law) Initialism of appropriate adult.


take

en-verb

take (third-person singular simple present takes, present participle taking, simple past took, past participle taken or (archaic or Scotland) tane)

takes (present singular third-person)
taking (participle present)
took (past)
taken (participle past)
tane (Scotland archaic participle past)
take (infinitive)
take (first-person present singular)
took (first-person past singular)
take (present second-person singular)
takest (archaic present second-person singular)
took (past second-person singular)
tookst (archaic past second-person singular)
tookest (archaic past second-person singular)
takes (present singular third-person)
taketh (archaic present singular third-person)
took (past singular third-person)
take (plural present)
took (past plural)
take (present subjunctive)
took (past subjunctive)
take (imperative present)
taking (participle present)
taken (participle past)
took (colloquial dialectal participle past)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch”), from pre-Germanic *deh₁g- (“to touch”), possibly a phonetically altered form of Proto-Indo-European *te-th₂g- (“to touch, take”) (see there for details).
Gradually displaced native Middle English nimen (“to take”; see nim), from Old English niman (“to take”).
Cognates
Scots tak, Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk taka (“to take”), Norwegian Bokmål ta (“to take”), Swedish ta (“to take”), Danish tage (“to take, seize”), Middle Dutch taken (“to grasp”), Dutch taken (“to take; grasp”), Middle Low German tacken (“to grasp”). English thack may be from the same root. Compare tackle. Despite superficial similarity, unrelated to Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by hand, obtain”), which is instead cognate with English thig (“to beg”).

gloss

“to take”; see <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">nim</i>

unést

to support or carry without failing or breaking

There was no intestacy, and they did not take under the will as heirs, but the widow and the children, under the residuary devise, take as tenants in common.

1831 June, J. Duncan, “Lodge against Simonton”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, third edition, volume II, Philadelphia, P.A.: Kay & Brother, published 1880, page 442:

(transitive) To receive or accept (something, especially something which was given).

(transitive, intransitive, law) To receive or acquire (property) by law (e.g. as an heir).


last

nl-noun

last m (plural lasten, diminutive lastje n)

lasten (plural)
lastje (diminutive neuter)

Negerhollands: last

From Middle Dutch last, from Old Dutch *last, from Proto-Germanic *hlastuz. Equivalent to laden (“to load”) + -st (“verbal noun”).


company

en-noun

company (countable and uncountable, plural companies)

companies (plural)
companie (alternative obsolete)

→ Hindi: कंपनी (kampnī)

desc

→ Hokkien: 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê)

→ Malay: kompeni

→ Scottish Gaelic: companaidh

→ Swahili: kampuni

From Middle English companye (“a team; companionship”), from Old French compaignie (“companionship”) (Modern French: compagnie), possibly from Late Latin *compania, but this word is not attested. Old French compaignie is equivalent to Old French compaignon (Modern French: compagnon) + -ie. More at companion.
Displaced native Old English werod, gefer, getæl, and hired.

inh

who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

you don't dip your pen in company ink

don't fish off the company dock, you don't dip your pen in the company inkwell, you don't fish off the company pier

a financial services company

“[…] That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

(law) An entity having legal personality, and thus able to own property and to sue and be sued in its own name; a corporation.


accommodation

en-noun

accommodation (countable and uncountable, plural accommodations)

accommodations (plural)
accomodation (alternative misspelling)

/əˌkɔm.əˈdæɪ.ʃən/

From French accommodation, from Latin accommodātiō (“adjustment, accommodation, compliance”), from accommodō (“adapt, put in order”). Superficially accommodate + -ion. The sense of "lodging" was first attested in 1600.

der

(countable, law) An offer of substitute goods to fulfill a contract, which will bind the purchaser if accepted.


work

en-verb

work (third-person singular simple present works, present participle working, simple past and past participle worked or (rare/archaic) wrought)

works (present singular third-person)
working (participle present)
worked (participle past)
worked (past)
wrought (archaic participle past)
wrought (archaic past)
work (infinitive)
work (first-person present singular)
worked (first-person past singular)
wrought (archaic first-person past singular)
work (present second-person singular)
workest (archaic present second-person singular)
worked (past second-person singular)
wrought (archaic past second-person singular)
workedst (archaic past second-person singular)
works (present singular third-person)
worketh (archaic present singular third-person)
worked (past singular third-person)
wrought (archaic past singular third-person)
work (plural present)
worked (past plural)
wrought (archaic past plural)
work (present subjunctive)
worked (past subjunctive)
wrought (archaic past subjunctive)
work (imperative present)
working (participle present)
worked (participle past)
wrought (archaic participle past)
werke (alternative)
worke (alternative)
wuk (alternative)
werk (alternative)
werq (alternative)

→ Cantonese: work (adjective)

From Middle English werken and worchen, from Old English wyrċan and wircan (Mercian), from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną (“to work”), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti (“to be working, to be at work”), from the root *werǵ-. Cognate with Old Frisian werka, wirka, Old Saxon wirkian, Low German warken, Dutch werken, Old High German wurken (German wirken, werken and werkeln), Old Norse yrkja and orka, (Swedish yrka and orka), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan).

inh

I cannot work a miracle.

Failure to hold the annual meeting, or to otherwise conduct the business of the annual meeting, shall not work a forfeiture or dissolution of the Cooperative.

2022, Sawnee Electric Membership Corporation Bylaws, Article III, Section 3.01:

(transitive) To cause to operate, be productive, behave a certain way, or happen.

(law) To cause to happen or to occur as a consequence.


SIM

search of the index map
search of the index map#English

(law, England and Wales) Acronym of search of the index map.


age of consent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-PerfectSoundWhatever-age of consent.wav

In France the age of consent is 15 years of age.

(law) The age at which a person is legally considered to be mature enough to engage willingly in sexual intercourse, so that it is not a crime for someone else to have sex with the person.

ouderdom van toestemming

an age at which one is legally mature enough to have sex


statutory rape

en-noun

statutory rape (countable and uncountable, plural statutory rapes)

Historically, statutory rape laws were enacted to protect the chastity and morality of young women. These statutes made it a crime for a man to have sexual intercourse with a young woman under a certain age (usually eighteen), even if the young woman consented to the act. (Today of, course, statuory rape provisions protect minors of both genders.)

1999, Raneta Lawson Mack, A Layperson's Guide to Criminal Law, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 72:

intellectual disability
intellectual disability

(law) An illegal act of sexual intercourse by an adult with a person under the legal age of consent for sex, or with another adult who is not able to consent because of intellectual disability.

lapsenraiskaus

under the legal age of consent; since 2023

under the legal age of consent; prior to 2023

törkeä lapsen seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö

törkeä seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö

with an adult who is not able to consent

fiatalkorú sérelmére elkövetett nemi erőszak


legal entity

(law) An organization such as a company or trust fund that the law treats as if it were a person, capable of entering into contracts and of being sued.


comma

ll secondo comma dell'articolo 3


absolute

en-adj

absolute (comparative more absolute or absoluter, superlative most absolute or absolutest)

more absolute (comparative)
absoluter (comparative)
most absolute (superlative)
absolutest (superlative)
abs. (alternative)
absolut (alternative)

conditional

antonym(s) of “free of restrictions, limitations, qualifications or conditions”

antonym(s) of “independent of references

First attested around 1380. From Middle English absolut, from Middle French absolut, from Latin absolūtus (“unconditional; unfettered; completed”), perfect passive participle of absolvō (“loosen, set free, complete”), from ab (“away”) + solvo (“to loose”). Influenced in part by Old French absolu. Compare absolve.

независим

grammar: not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence

categorical

A freehold property is an estate in fee simple absolute in possession.

(law, postpositive, formal) Indicating that a tenure or estate in land is not conditional or liable to terminate on (strictly) any occurrence or (sometimes contextually) certain kinds of occurrence.


access

en-noun

access (countable and uncountable, plural accesses)

From Middle English accesse, acces, borrowed from Middle French acces (“attack, onslaught”) or from its source Latin accessus, perfect passive participle of accēdō (“approach; accede”), from ad (“to, toward, at”) + cēdō (“move, yield”). Doublet of accessus. First attested in the early 14th century. The sense "entrance" was first attested about 1380.

der

(uncountable, law) The right of a noncustodial parent to visit their child.


accomplice

First attested in 1550. From a complice, from Middle English complice, from Old French complice (“confederate”), from Latin complicāre (“fold together”). The article a became part of the word, through the influence of the word accomplish.

Childleſs Arturius, vaſtly rich before, / Thus by his Loſſes multiplies his Store: / Suſpected for Accomplice to the Fire, / That burnt his Palace but to build it higher.

1693, Decimus Junius Juvenalis, John Dryden, transl., “[The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis.] The Third Satyr”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC, page 46, lines 359–362:

And thou, the curs’d Accomplice of her Treaſon, / Declare thy Meſſage, and expect thy Doom.

1749 February 6 (first performance; written 1726–1749), Samuel Johnson, Irene: A Tragedy. […], London: […] R[obert] Dodsley […]; and sold by M[ary] Cooper […], published 16 February 1749, →OCLC, act V, scene xii, page 83:

“You have a young son, yet you involve yourself in the world of organised crime. Robbing a bank no less! Stealing half a million pounds! Money, I might add, that has never been recovered. You must know where the money is hidden, and yet, Mr Goodie, you refuse to inform the police. You must have had accomplices, but you will not name them. This no doubt is the criminals’ code of honour.”

2017, David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams], “Guilty”, in Bad Dad, London: HarperCollins Children’s Books, →ISBN, pages 259–260:

(law) An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory.


accession

en-noun

accession (countable and uncountable, plural accessions)

Ultimately from Latin accessiō(n), from accēdō (English accede). Cognate to French accession. First attested in 1646.

(law) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species).

(law) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers.

ภาคยานุวัติ

(legal) act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force


accession

accession sociale à la propriété


accessory

en-adj

accessory (comparative more accessory, superlative most accessory)

more accessory (comparative)
most accessory (superlative)
accessary (alternative)

From Medieval Latin accessōrius, from Latin accessor (“helper, subordinate”), from accessus. Compare access, from same root.

Her actions were clearly accessory because they helped him commit and probably also conceal the crime.

(law) Assisting a crime without actually participating in committing the crime itself; being connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal.


accessory

accessories (plural)
accessary (alternative)

desc

אַקְסֵסוֹרִי

→ Hebrew: אַקְסֵסוֹרִי (aksésori)

→ Japanese: アクセサリー (akusesarī)

→ Korean: 액세서리 (aekseseori)

From Middle English accessorie, from Medieval Latin accessōrius, from Latin accessor (“helper, subordinate”), from accessus. Compare access, from same root.

She was an accessory to the murder because she helped him commit and probably also conceal the crime.

“You can be an accessory before the fact, or an accessory after the fact. It doesnʼt matter if itʼs before or after; either way youʼd be in for it.”

2005, Jennifer Worth, Shadows of the Workhouse, Weidenfeld & Nicholson (2009), page 150:

(law) A person who is not present at a crime, but contributes to it as an assistant or instigator.

abettor

one who assists in or instigates an offense


eo

la-verb

eō (present infinitive īre, perfect active iī or īvī, supine itum); irregular conjugation

eō (canonical)
irregular conjugation (canonical)
īre (infinitive present)
iī (active perfect)
īvī (active perfect)
itum (supine)
eō (active first-person indicative present singular)
īs (active indicative present second-person singular)
it (active indicative present singular third-person)
īmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
ītis (active indicative plural present second-person)
eunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
ībam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ībās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ībat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ībāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ībātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ībant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ībō (active first-person future indicative singular)
ībis (active future indicative second-person singular)
ībit (active future indicative singular third-person)
ībimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
ībitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
ībunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
iī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
īvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
īstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
īvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
iit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
īvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
iimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
īstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
iērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
iēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ieram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
ierās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
ierat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ierāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
ierātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ierant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
ierō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
ieris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
ierit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
ierimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
ieritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
ierint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
eor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
īris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
īre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ītur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
īmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
īminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
euntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ībar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
ībāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ībāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ībātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
ībāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
ībāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
ībantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
ībor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
īberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ībere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ībitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
ībimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
ībiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
ībuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
itus + present active indicative of sum (indicative passive perfect)
itus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
eam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
eās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
eat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
eāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
eātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
eant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
īrem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
īrēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
īret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
īrēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
īrētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
īrent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ierim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
ierīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ierit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ierīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
ierītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ierint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
īssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
īssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
īsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
īssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
īssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
īssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
eāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
eāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
eātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
eāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
eāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
eantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
īrer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
īrēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
īrēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
īrētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
īrēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
īrēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
īrentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ī (active imperative present second-person singular)
īte (active imperative plural present second-person)
ītō (active future imperative second-person singular)
ītō (active future imperative singular third-person)
ītōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
euntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
īre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
īminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
ītor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
ītor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
euntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
īre (active infinitive present)
īrī (infinitive passive present)
īrier (infinitive passive present)
iēns (active participle present)
itūrum esse (active future infinitive)
itum īrī (future infinitive passive)
itūrus (active future participle)
eundus (future participle passive)
īsse (active infinitive perfect)
itum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
itus (participle passive perfect)
itum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
itūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
eundī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
eundō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
eundum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
eundō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
itum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
itū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: i

Romanian: ii

Dalmatian:

zer

Italo-Romance:

Italian: gire, ire (both regional or obsolete)

Judeo-Italian: יִירֵי (yire /jire/)

Neapolitan: jire

Sicilian: jiri

Padanian:

Istriot: zì

Ladin: jì, jir

Romansch: ir, eir (Surmiran)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: ir (rare infinitive form of allar), ir- (future/conditional stem of allar)

French: ir- (future/conditional stem of aller)

qualifier

1st plural person indicative present form of aler, from Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">eāmus</i>

Walloon: djans (1st plural person indicative present form of aler, from Latin eāmus)

Occitano-Romance:

q

Catalan: ir- (future/conditional stem in northern dialects)

Old Occitan: ir (only in certain dialects)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: ir

Asturian: dir

Extremaduran: dir

Galician: ir

Ladino: ir, yir, lyir, איר, ייר, לייר

Leonese: dire

Mirandese: ir

Portuguese: ir

Spanish: ir

From Proto-Italic *eō, from earlier *ejō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éyti.

Cum omnes laudibus modo prosequentes virum in sententiam eius pedibus irent, temptata paulisper intercessio est ab L. Livio et Q. Maelio tribunis plebis […]

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita IX.8.11–15

As they were all crossing over to support his motion, with nothing but praises for his heroism, Lucius Livius and Quintus Maelius, tribunes of the plebs, briefly endeavored to interpose their veto.

(law) to accede, to cross over (to go over to the opposing opinion or other side in voting)


lapidation

en-noun

lapidation (countable and uncountable, plural lapidations)

/ˌlæpɪˈdeɪʃən/

The five women on trial were almost all activists for the full repeal (not just a moratorium) of lapidation, ie stoning, from Iran’s law books.

2007 March 6, “International Women’s Day, another day of repression for women”, in 亚州新闻:

(law) The practice or act of stoning, sometimes to the point of death, as punishment


accretion

accretion (countable and uncountable, plural accretions)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
Learned borrowing from Latin accrētiō (“increase, increment”) + English -ion (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results). Accrētiō is derived from accrēscō (“to grow, increase”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results); and accrēscō is from ac- (a variant of ad-, prefix meaning ‘to’, or having an intensifying effect) + crēscō (“to grow; to increase”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“to cause to grow; to grow; to nourish”)).
Doublet of accrue, crescent, and increase.

af

-tiō<pos:suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results>

ac-<pos:a variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ad-</i>, prefix meaning ‘to’, or having an intensifying effect>

прираст

(gradual) increase by an external addition of matter; an instance of this

срастване

process of separate particles aggregating or coalescing together; thing formed in this manner — see also concretion

на́леп

something gradually added to or growing on a thing externally

(property law, uncountable) Increase in property by the addition of other property to it (for example, gain of land by alluvion (“the deposition of sediment by a river or sea”) or dereliction (“recession of water from the usual watermark”), or entitlement to the products of the property such as interest on money); or by the property owner acquiring another person’s ownership rights; accession; (countable) an instance of this.


accrue

en-verb

accrue (third-person singular simple present accrues, present participle accruing, simple past and past participle accrued)

accrues (present singular third-person)
accruing (participle present)
accrued (participle past)
accrued (past)

First attested in mid 15th century. From Middle English acrewen, borrowed from Old French acreüe, past participle of accreistre (“to increase”), from Latin accrēsco (“increase”), from ad (“in addition”) + crēscō (“to grow”).

(intransitive, law) To become an enforceable and permanent right.

полагам се

to become an enforceable and permanent right


accumulation

en-noun

accumulation (countable and uncountable, plural accumulations)

From Middle English acumulacyon, from Middle French accumulation and its etymon, Latin accumulātiō, accumulātiōnis. By surface analysis, accumulate + -ion. First attested in the late 15th century. Doublet of accumulatio.

натрупване

act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated

(law) The concurrence of several titles to the same proof.


accusation

accusation (countable and uncountable, plural accusations)

accusations (plural)
accusacion (alternative obsolete)
accusasiowne (alternative obsolete)

First attested in the late 14th century. Inherited from Middle English accusacion, borrowed from Old French acusacion (French: accusation), from Latin accūsātiō (“accusation, indictment”), from accūsō (“blame, accuse”). Doublet of accusatio. More at accuse. Equivalent to accuse + -ation.

der

[They] set up over his head his accusation.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 27:37:

(law) A formal charge brought against a person in a court of law.

обвине́ние

declaration of fault or blame against another


accuse

en-verb

accuse (third-person singular simple present accuses, present participle accusing, simple past and past participle accused)

accuses (present singular third-person)
accusing (participle present)
accused (participle past)
accused (past)
accuse (infinitive)
accuse (first-person present singular)
accused (first-person past singular)
accuse (present second-person singular)
accusest (archaic present second-person singular)
accused (past second-person singular)
accusedst (archaic past second-person singular)
accuses (present singular third-person)
accuseth (archaic present singular third-person)
accused (past singular third-person)
accuse (plural present)
accused (past plural)
accuse (present subjunctive)
accused (past subjunctive)
accuse (imperative present)
accusing (participle present)
accused (participle past)

First attested around 1300. From Middle English acusen, from Old French acuser, from Latin accūsō (“to call to account, accuse”), from ad (“to”) + causa (“cause, lawsuit, reason”). Akin to cause. Displaced native English bewray.

der

For the U.S. President to be impeached, he must be accused of a high crime or misdemeanor.

Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 24:13:

Ting Ling had disappeared from public life in 1958. She was accused of being a "Rightist" and was sent to a farm in Hei-lung-chiang Province in remote northeast China, worked there twelve years raising chickens, was in prison five years (1970-1975), and began to live in a village in Shansi in 1975.

1981, Hualing Nieh, editor, Literature of the Hundred Flowers, volume II, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page xxxix:

(transitive, law, followed by "of") to charge with having committed a crime or offence


gag

en-noun

gag (countable and uncountable, plural gags)

→ French: gag

→ Italian: gag

→ Spanish: gag

The noun is from Early Modern English gagge; the verb is from Middle English gaggen. Possibly imitative or perhaps related to or influenced by Old Norse gag-háls ("with head thrown backwards"; > Norwegian dialectal gaga (“bent backwards”)). The intransitive sense "to retch" is from 1707. The noun is from the 16th century, figurative use (for "repression of speech") from the 1620s. The secondary meaning "(practical) joke" is from 1863, of unclear origin.

gloss

"with head thrown backwards"; > Norwegian dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">gaga</i> (“bent backwards”)

(law) An order or rule forbidding discussion of a case or subject.


night

en-noun

night (countable and uncountable, plural nights)

→ Pijin: naet

→ Korean: 나이트 (naiteu)

From Middle English nighte, night, nyght, niȝt, naht, from Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht (“night”), from Proto-Germanic *nahts (“night”), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”).
Cognate with Scots nicht, neicht (“night”), West Frisian nacht (“night”), Dutch nacht (“night”), Low German Nacht (“night”), German Nacht (“night”), Danish nat (“night”), Swedish and Norwegian natt (“night”), Faroese nátt (“night”), Icelandic nótt (“night”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts, “night”), Greek νύχτα (nýchta, “night”), Russian ночь (nočʹ, “night”), Sanskrit नक्त (naktá), नक्ति (nákti, “night”), and Latin nox (“night”), whence English nox, a doublet.

(law, countable) A period of time often defined in the legal system as beginning 30 minutes after sunset, and ending 30 minutes before sunrise.

գիշեր

quality of sleep obtained during a night


derivative

en-adj

derivative (comparative more derivative, superlative most derivative)

more derivative (comparative)
most derivative (superlative)

/dɪˈɹɪvətɪv/

From Middle French dérivatif, from Latin dērīvātus, perfect passive participle of dērīvō (“to derive”). Related to derive; by surface analysis, derive + -ative.

(law, copyright law) Referring to a work, such as a translation or adaptation, based on another work that may be subject to copyright restrictions.

afledt

(copyright) referring to a work based on another work


security

en-noun

security (countable and uncountable, plural securities)

securities (plural)
secuerity (alternative obsolete)

desc

→ Cantonese: 實Q /实Q (sat⁶ kiu¹), 石Q (sek⁶ kiu¹), 食Q, 食蕉 (sik⁶ ziu¹)

→ Indonesian: sekuriti

→ Indonesian: sekuritas (semantic loan)

→ Japanese: セキュリティ (sekyuriti)

[səˈkjɔɹ.ɪˌɾi]

[səˈkjʊɹ.ɪˌɾi]

From secure + -ity, from Middle English securite, from Middle French securité (modern sécurité), from Latin sēcūritās, from Latin sēcūrus (“safe, secure”), from sē- (“without”) + cūra (“care”); see cure. Similar to Latin sine cūrā (“without care, carefree”), which led to English sinecure. Doublet of surety.

(law) Something that secures the fulfillment of an obligation or law.

ضَمَانَة

something that secures the fulfillment of an obligation


close

en-adj

close (comparative closer, superlative closest)

closer (comparative)
closest (superlative)

open

antonym(s) of “articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate”

Borrowed from French clos, from Latin clausum, participle of claudō.

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

Compressed, restricted, constrained, etc.

(law) Of a corporation or other business entity, closely held.


close

→ Irish: clós

→ Welsh: clos

(law) The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not enclosed


next

From Middle English nexte, nexste, nixte, from Old English nīehsta, nīehste, etc., inflected forms of nīehst (“nearest, next”), superlative form of nēah (“nigh”) (the comparative would become near), corresponding to Proto-Germanic *nēhwist (“nearest, closest”); equivalent to nigh + -est. Cognate with Saterland Frisian naist (“next”), Dutch naast (“next to”), German nächst (“next”), Danish næste (“next”), Swedish näst (“next”), Icelandic næst (“next”), Persian نزد (nazd, “near, with”).

inh

neest (alternative dialectal)
neist (alternative Scotland)
nex (alternative archaic)
nex' (alternative dialectal)

next friend

And if a man purchase land in fee simple and die without issue, he which is his next cousin collaterall of the whole blood, how farre so ever he be from him in degree, (de quel pluis long degree qu'il soit), may inherite and have the land ...

1628, Coke, On Littleton (10. a. 10. b. §2), quoted in 1890, John Bethell Uhle, Current Comment and Legal Miscellany, page 250

Thomas Humphrey Doleman died the 30th of August 1712, an infant, intestate and without issue; Lewis the next nephew died the 17th of April 1716, an infant about sixteen years old, having left his mother Mary Webb, ...

1793, William Peere Williams, Samuel Compton Cox, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Chancery, and of Some Special Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench [1695-1735]: De Term. S. Trin. 1731, page 602:

If it be a property, it is a new species, unknown to the civil law, the common law, and the statute law; there is no medium, it must be, if it goes to her next kin, because it is absolute property in her. There can be no distribution of personal property ...

1874, Thomas Sergeant, William Rawle, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, page 23:

(chiefly law) Nearest in relationship. (See also next of kin.)

ngjitur

being closer to the present location than all other items


protester

protesters (plural)
protestor (alternative)

/pɹəˈtɛstəɹ/

The protester must also draw up an affidavit containing the literal reproduction of the bill with its acceptance, endorsements, guarantee by endorsement ("aval"), and anything else contained in the note […]

1997, Charles Evan Stewart, Transnational Contracts, volume 1, page 96:

(law) One who protests a bill of exchange, or note.


twelve

twelves (plural)
XII (alternative)
twelue (alternative obsolete)

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated

From Middle English twelve, from Old English twelf (“twelve”), from Proto-Germanic *twalif, an old compound of *twa- (“two”) and *-lif (“left over”) (i.e., two left over after having already counted to ten), from Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, remain”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian tweelf, tweelif, tweelich (“twelve”), West Frisian tolve (“twelve”), Dutch twaalf (“twelve”), German Low German twalf, twalv (“twelve”), German zwölf (“twelve”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian tolv (“twelve”), Icelandic tólf (“twelve”).

der

(law, colloquial) A jury (normally composed of twelve persons).