plant

→ Punjabi: ਪਲਾਂਟ (palāṇṭ)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-plant.wav

From Middle English plante, from Old English plante (“young tree or shrub, herb newly planted”), from Proto-West Germanic *plantu, from Latin planta (“sprout, shoot, cutting”). Broader sense of "any vegetable life, vegetation generally" is from Old French plante. Doublet of clan (borrowed through Celtic languages) and planta (directly from Latin).
The verb is from Middle English planten, from Old English plantian (“to plant”), from Latin plantāre, later influenced by Old French planter. Compare also Dutch planten (“to plant”), German pflanzen (“to plant”), Swedish plantera (“to plant”), Icelandic planta (“to plant”).

inh

(ecology) Now specifically, a multicellular eukaryote that includes chloroplasts in its cells, which have a cell wall.

plante

ecology: multicellular eukaryote that includes chloroplasts in its cells


overshoot

en-noun

overshoot (countable and uncountable, plural overshoots)

/ˌəʊ.vəˈʃuːt/

From Middle English overshoten, oversheten (“to shoot beyond, shoot past, pour down from above”), perhaps continuing Old English ofersċēotan (“to shoot down”), equivalent to over- + shoot.

inh

With appropriate choice and action such uncontrolled decline could be avoided; overshoot could instead be resolved by a conscious effort to reduce humanity's demand on the planet.

2004, Donella Meadows, Jorgen Randers, Dennis Meadows, “Author's preface”, in Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, →ISBN:

Population overshoot is therefore unlikely to yield to management. Rather, the usual suspects will enter the scene and do their thing: starvation, disease, […] violence […] [and] death […].

2012, James Howard Kunstler, “Where We're at”, in Too Much Magic, →ISBN:

Our core ecological problem is not climate change. It is overshoot, of which global warming is a symptom.

2017 August 14, Richard Heinberg, “Systemic Change Driven by Moral Awakening Is Our Only Hope”, in Ecowatch:

(uncountable, ecology) The situation where the population of a species exceeds its environment's carrying capacity.

túlfogyasztás

when the population of a species exceeds its environment's carrying capacity


shot

en-noun

shot (countable and uncountable, plural shots)

→ Dutch: shot

→ French: shot

→ Macedonian: шот (šot)

→ Malay: syot

→ Polish: shot

→ Portuguese: shot

→ Russian: шот (šot)

→ Spanish: shot

→ Swedish: shot

→ Ukrainian: шот (šot)

From Old English sceot, from Proto-Germanic *skutą; compare the doublet scot.

you miss 100% of the shots you don't take

(fisheries) A place or spot for setting nets.

(fisheries) A single draft or catch of fish made.


apex

Borrowed from Latin apex (“point, tip, summit”).

(attributive, ecology) The top of the food chain.


community

community (countable and uncountable, plural communities)

From Late Middle English communite, borrowed from Old French communité, comunité, comunete (modern French communauté), from Classical Latin commūnitās (“community; public spirit”), from commūnis (“common, ordinary; of or for the community, public”) + -itās. Morphologically, from commune + -ity. Doublet of communitas.

der

Synecology has for the objects of its study, not individual organisms but biological communities, which are groups of organisms living in a given space, the properties of which space select a certain assemblage of organisms of definite autecological characteristics. Such communities are moreover not merely collections of organisms of restricted autecology, but tend to become organized by the biotic relationships that exist beteen the various individuals comprising the community.

1949, G[eorge] E[velyn] Hutchinson, E[dward] S[mith] Deevey, Jr., “Ecological Studies on Populations”, in George S. Avery, Jr., editor, Survey of Biological Progress, volume I, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, page 325:

(countable, ecology) A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.

коло́ния

(ecology) group of interdependent organisms


碳

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 石 (“(chemical nomenclature) non-metal solid”) + 炭 (“charcoal”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), with 炭 (tàn) as a phonetic component.
From 炭 (tàn, “charcoal”).

Han compound

(ecology) carbon emissions (in the context of global warming and climate change)


host

From Middle English hoste, from Old French oste (French: hôte), from Latin hospitem, accusative of hospes (“a host, also a sojourner, visitor, guest; hence, a foreigner, a stranger”), from *hostipotis, an old compound of hostis and the root of potis, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰostipotis (“master of guests”), from *gʰóstis (“stranger, guest, enemy”) and *pótis (“owner, master, host, husband”). Used in English since 13th century.

der

Viruses depend on the host that they infect in order to be able to reproduce.

A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:

(ecology) A cell or organism which harbors another organism or biological entity, usually a parasite.

ܡܐܲܪܚܵܢܵܐ

biology: cell or organism which harbors another organism


carbon

en-noun

carbon (countable and uncountable, plural carbons)

→ Bengali: কার্বন (karbon)

→ Malay: karbon

→ Navajo: káábin

→ Welsh: carbon

Borrowed from French carbone, coined by Antoine Lavoisier, from Latin carbō, carbōnem (“charcoal, coal”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“to burn”).

der

carbon neutral

If Alberta’s reserves are a carbon bomb, this global expansion of tar sands and oil shale exploitation amounts to an escalating emissions arms race, the unlocking of a subterranean cache of weapons of mass ecological destruction.

2014 April 25, Martin Lukacs, “Canada becoming launch-pad of a global tar sands and oil shale frenzy”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 190, number 20, page 13:

(ecology, uncountable) carbon dioxide, in the context of climate change.


mast

en-verb

mast (third-person singular simple present masts, present participle masting, simple past and past participle masted)

masts (present singular third-person)
masting (participle present)
masted (participle past)
masted (past)

From Old English mæst (“fallen nuts, food for swine”) and mæstan (“to fatten”), from West Germanic; probably related to meat.

der

Any individual tree which masted in a generally non-mast year would be subjected to the exclusive attention of the seed predators and so would be selected against.

1985, Michael Fenner, Seed ecology, page 33:

However, if this were true, all or most masting species (e.g., Fagus and Quercus) in a forest would have to mast in synchrony to be effective against generalist herbivores.

2004, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Christian Körner, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Forest Diversity and Function: Temperate and Boreal Systems, page 28:

Because dipterocarp seeds are winged and spin gracefully as they fall, the dispersal of millions of dipterocarp seeds during a masting event is one of the greatest spectacles that you can see on planet Earth.

2008, Chris Rowthorn, Muhammad Cohen, China Williams, Borneo, page 50:

(agriculture, forestry, ecology, of a population of plants) To produce a very large quantity of fruit or seed in certain years but not others.


crash

From Middle English crasshen, crasschen, craschen (“to break into pieces”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a variant of earlier *crasken, from crasen (“to break”) + -k (formative suffix); or from earlier *craskien, *craksien, a variant of craken (“to crack, break open”) (for form development compare break, brask, brash).

suffix

(ecology) A sudden decline in any living form's population levels, often leading to extinction.


stratum

Borrowed from Latin strātum (“a spread for a bed, coverlet, quilt, blanket; a pillow, bolster; a bed”), neuter singular of strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”). Doublet of estrade.

bor

(ecology) A layer of vegetation, usually of similar height.

skikt n (used as a suffix, -skikt, to a determinative noun, e.g. fältskikt, trädskikt)


metropolis

en-noun

metropolis (plural metropolises or metropoleis or metropoles or metropolizes or metropoli or (obsolete) metropolisses or (obsolete) metropolis's)

metropolises (plural)
metropoleis (plural)
metropoles (plural)
metropolizes (plural)
metropoli (plural)
metropolisses (obsolete plural)
metropolis's (obsolete plural)

Borrowed from Late Latin mētropolis, from Ancient Greek μητρόπολις (mētrópolis, “mother city”), from μήτηρ (mḗtēr, “mother”) + πόλις (pólis, “city (state)”). By surface analysis, metro- + -polis. Doublet of metropole.

der

(ecology) A generic focus in the distribution of plants or animals.


coprophile

From copro- (“dung”) + -phile (“loving”).

(ecology) An organism (typically microorganisms and fungi) living off or growing in dung or other fecal matter.


stratification

en-noun

stratification (countable and uncountable, plural stratifications)

(ecology) The vertical layering of vegetation in a forest.


niche

Unadapted borrowing from French niche, from Middle French niche, from Old French niche, from nicher (“to make a nest”) (modern French nicher), from Vulgar Latin *nīdicāre, from Latin nīdus (“nest”). Doublet of nidus and nide via Latin and nest via Proto-Indo-European; also related to nyas.

(ecology) A function within an ecological system to which an organism is especially suited.


groen

nl-adj

groen (comparative groener, superlative groenst)

groener (comparative)
groenst (superlative)
groen (adverbial positive predicative)
groener (adverbial comparative predicative)
het groenst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het groenste (adverbial predicative superlative)
groene (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
groenere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
groenste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
groen (indefinite neuter positive singular)
groener (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
groenste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
groene (indefinite plural positive)
groenere (comparative indefinite plural)
groenste (indefinite plural superlative)
groene (definite positive)
groenere (comparative definite)
groenste (definite superlative)
groens (partitive positive)
groeners (comparative partitive)

Afrikaans: groen

Berbice Creole Dutch: grun

Negerhollands: groen, grun

Skepi Creole Dutch: gruin

Sranan Tongo: grun

Aukan: guun

Saramaccan: guúun

From Middle Dutch groene, from Old Dutch *gruoni, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz.
Compare Low German grön, gröön, German grün, West Frisian grien, English green, Danish grøn.

(ecology) pertaining to terrestrial nature


温室効果

ja-noun

温(おん)室(しつ)効(こう)果(か) • (onshitsu kōka) ^(←をんしつかうくわ (wonsitukaukwa)?)

温室効果 (canonical)
onshitsu kōka (romanization)
wonsitukaukwa (romanization)
をんしつかうくわ (hiragana historical)

[õ̞ɰ̃ɕi̥t͡sɨ ko̞ːka̠]

Calque of English greenhouse effect, equivalent to 温室 (onshitsu, “greenhouse”) + 効果 (kōka, “effect”).


range

Japanese: レンジ (renji)

Korean: 레인지 (reinji)

From Middle English rengen, from Old French rengier (“to range, to rank, to order,”), from the noun renc, reng, ranc, rang (“a rank, row”), from Frankish *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle, curve”).

der

(ecology) The geographical area or zone where a species is normally naturally found.


mortality

en-noun

mortality (countable and uncountable, plural mortalities)

From Old French mortalite, from Latin mortālitās, from mortālis (“relating to death”), from mors (“death”); equivalent to mortal + -ity.

In foundling hospitals, and among the children brought up by parish charities the mortality is still greater than among those of the common people.

1776 March 9, Adam Smith, chapter VIII, in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. […], volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, book I (Of the Causes of Improvement in the Productive Powers of Labour, […]), page 97:

Some of the objects of enquiry would be […] what was the comparative mortality among the children of the most distressed part of the community, and those who lived rather more at their ease […]

1798, Thomas Malthus, chapter 2, in An Essay on the Principle of Population, London: J. Johnson, pages 32–33:

And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life.

1918 May 9, Lytton Strachey, “[Florence Nightingale.] Chapter X”, in Eminent Victorians: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Dr. Arnold, General Gordon (Library of English Literature; LEL 11347), London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 146:

[…] a drought year brought conditions especially favorable to the beetle and the mortality of elms went up 1000 per cent.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 8, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 114:

By studying mortality rates and pollution statistics in 90 Chinese cities, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Israel and China discovered that air pollution from burning coal in north China, defined as above the Huai River, with a population of around 500 million people, was 55% higher than in the south.

2013 July 9, Calum MacLeod, “In China, air pollution report brings despair, humor”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-07-10:

The number of deaths; and, usually and especially, the number of deaths per time unit (usually per year), expressed as a rate.

(biology, ecology, demography, insurance) The number of deaths per given unit of population over a given period of time.


LC

LC (countable and uncountable, plural LCs)


consumer

(ecology) An organism (heterotroph) that uses other organisms for food in order to gain energy.


biota

From New Latin biota, from Ancient Greek βιοτή (biotḗ), from βίος (bíos).

Although the broad macroevolutionary consequences of mass extinctions are well known (as in the dinosaurs-mammals changeover), their long-term effects on the temporal and spatial dynamics of clades and biotas are rarely investigated.

2009 February 6, Andrew Z. Krug et al., “Signature of the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction in the Modern Biota”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 767–771:

(ecology) The living organisms of a region.


fletch

A modification of fledge (“to acquire feathers”) due to the influence of fletcher (“arrow-maker”). Compare flèche.

(fisheries) A large boneless fillet of halibut, swordfish or tuna.


decay

decay (countable and uncountable, plural decays)

From Middle English decayen, dekeyen (“to decrease, diminish”), from Anglo-Norman decaeir (“to fall away, decay, decline”), from Vulgar Latin *dēcadere, etymologically restored form of Latin dēcidere (“to fall away, fail, sink, perish”), from de (“down”) + cadere (“to fall”). Compare decadent and decadence.

der

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895, H. G. Wells, chapter X, in The Time Machine:

(ecology, medicine) The process or result of being gradually decomposed; rot, decomposition.

דעיכה

e.g. radioactive decay - דעיכה רדיואקטיבית


wadi

From Arabic وَادٍ (wādin, “valley, riverbed, ravine”).

(ecology, urban studies) rain garden, urban swale, bioswale (a shallow planted ditch for collecting stormwater runoff and allowing it to infiltrate into the ground)


debacle

From French débâcle, from débâcler (“to unbar; unleash”) from prefix dé- (“un-”) + bâcler (“to dash, bind, bar, block”) [perhaps from unattested Middle French and Old French *bâcler, *bacler (“to hold in place, prop a door or window open”)], from Vulgar Latin *bacculare, from Latin baculum (“rod, staff used for support”), from Proto-Indo-European *bak-.
Also attested in Old French desbacler (“to clear a harbour by getting ships unloaded to make room for incoming ships with lading”) and in Occitan baclar (“to close”).
The hypothesised derivation from Middle Dutch *bakkelen (“to freeze artificially, lock in place”), a frequentative of bakken (“to stick, stick hard, glue together”) no longer seems likely due to the lack of attestation of *bakkelen in Middle Dutch and by it having the limited meaning of "freeze superficially" in Dutch.

ncog

[…] so that in extreme cases the latter may even be dammed up for a time, and a debacle be the consequence, when the main river overcomes the resistance opposed to it, […]

1836, Henry De La Beche, How to Observe: Geology, page 69:

For several months after the debacle just described, the river Dranse, having no settled channel, shifted its position continually […]

1837, John Lee Comstock, Outlines of Geology, page 51:

When this débâcle commences […], the masses of ice, drifting with the current and unable to pass, are hurled upon those already soldered together; thus an enormous barrier is formed […]

1872, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, page 425:

(ecology) A breaking up of a natural dam, usually made of ice, by a river and the ensuing rush of water.


footprint

My carbon footprint is very high.

(ecology) The ecological impact of a human activity, machine, etc.


recruit

(biology, ecology) A new adult or breeding-age member of a certain population.


homeorhesis

From homeo- + Ancient Greek ῥεῦσις (rheûsis, “flow”), the dropped u probably resulting from analogy with ῥέω (rhéō) or its derivatives.

af

(ecology) A dynamical system which returns to a trajectory, as opposed to a system which returns to a particular state, which is termed homeostasis


sink

a bathroom sink sink (canonical)
sinks (plural)

From Middle English synken, from Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to fall, sink”).
Compare West Frisian sinke, Low German sinken, Dutch zinken, German sinken, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål synke, Swedish sjunka. In the causative sense, it replaced Old English senċan (“make sink”) from Proto-Germanic *sankwijaną.

der

(ecology) A habitat that cannot support a population on its own but receives the excess of individuals from some other source.


social

From Latin sociālis. By surface analysis, sócio + -al.

(ecology) social (living in large groups)


sustained yield

en-noun

sustained yield (plural sustained yields)

(ecology) The continuing yield of a biological resource by controlled periodic harvesting


archive

First appears c. 1603 in a translation by Philemon Holland. From French archive(s), from Latin archīvum, from Ancient Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheîon, “town hall”).

der

ཡིག་རྙིང་ཕྱོགས་བསྡུས (yig rnying phyogs bsdus, literally “old document collection”)

soil archive

peat archive

(ecology) Natural deposits of material, regarded as a record of environmental changes over time.


guild

From Middle English gilde, from Old Norse gildi (“payment, guild”). Related to geld, yield, yauld.

(ecology) A group of diverse species that share common characteristics or habits.


radiate

en-verb

radiate (third-person singular simple present radiates, present participle radiating, simple past and past participle radiated)

radiates (present singular third-person)
radiating (participle present)
radiated (participle past)
radiated (past)

Borrowed from Latin radiatus, past participle of radiare (“to radiate, furnish with spokes, give out rays, radiate, shine”), from radius (“a spoke, ray”).

(ecology, intransitive) To spread into new habitats, migrate.


mutualism

en-noun

mutualism (countable and uncountable, plural mutualisms)

From mutual + -ism. Compare French mutualisme and Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish mutualismo.

(ecology) Any interaction between two species that benefits both; typically involves the exchange of substances or services.


symbiosis

symbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural symbioses)

From Ancient Greek συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis, “living together”). By surface analysis, sym- + -biosis.

der

A relationship of mutual benefit, especially among different species.

(ecology) A close, prolonged association between two or more organisms of different species that normally benefits both members. An interspecies cooperation.


climax

en-noun

climax (countable and uncountable, plural climaxes or (rare) climaces)

climaxes (plural)
climaces (plural rare)

From Latin clīmax, from Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder, staircase, [rhetorical] climax”), from κλίνω (klínō, “I lean, slant”).

bor

The succession of associations leading to a climax represents the process of adjustment to the conditions of stress, and the climax represents a condition of relative equilibrium. Climax associations[…] are the resultants of certain climatic, geological[…] conditions.

1915 July 17, Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory:

(now often) A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series, particularly:

(ecology) The culmination of ecological development, whereby species are in equilibrium with their environment.

kliimaksi

ecology: stage in ecological development


limnology

en-noun

limnology (countable and uncountable, plural limnologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-limnology.wav

Although limnology is a young discipline, it has, over the past century, experienced marked growth. Its early descriptive period was a long one, given the enormous diversity of biota and environments in freshwater ecosystems.

1999, Michael T. Arts, Bruce C. Wainmann, editors, Foreword: Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, page v:

The exercises in this book were set forth initially because of our frustrations in teaching such a complex, multifaceted discipline as limnology.

2000, Robert G. Wetzel, Gene E. Likens, Preface to the Third Edition: Limnological Analyses, page vii:

Reservoir limnology and water quality management are associated with functions such as flood control, hydropower generation, irrigation, and fishery.

2011, Bo-Ping Han, Zhengwen Liu, editors, Preface: Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China: Theory and Practice, page v:

(ecology) The science concerning the biological, physical and geological properties of fresh water bodies, especially lakes and ponds.

freshwater science

scientific study of bodies of fresh water


functional group

functional group (plural functional groups)

(ecology) A collection of organisms of specific morphological, physiological, behavioral, biochemical properties.


detritus

detritus (usually uncountable, plural detritus or (rare) detrita)

From Latin dētrītus (“(that which is) rubbed away”), from dēterō (“rub away”).

bor

Woody detritus is an important component of forested ecosystems. It can reduce erosion and affects soil development, stores nutrients and water, provides a major source of energy and nutrients, and serves as a seedbed for plants and as a major habitat for decomposers and hetereotrophs.

2009, Christian Wirth, Gerd Gleixner, Martin Heimann, Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 159:

(biology, ecology) Organic waste material from decomposing dead plants or animals.


heterotopic

en-adj

heterotopic (comparative more heterotopic, superlative most heterotopic)

more heterotopic (comparative)
most heterotopic (superlative)

(ecology) Occurring in different habitats.


heterotroph

/ˈhɛtəɹəˌtɹoʊf/

From hetero- (“other”) + -troph (“nutrition”).

af

Woody detritus is an important component of forested ecosystems. It can reduce erosion and affects soil development, stores nutrients and water, provides a major source of energy and nutrients, and serves as a seedbed for plants and as a major habitat for decomposers and heterotrophs.

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 20, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(ecology) An organism which requires an external supply of energy and nutrients under the form of food containing organic carbon as it cannot synthesize its own.

従属栄養生物

じゅうぞくえいようせいぶつ


territory

en-noun

territory (countable and uncountable, plural territories)

/ˈtɛɹɪˌtɔɹi/

Inherited from Middle English territorie, from Latin territōrium.

inh+

(ecology) An area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against its conspecifics.


ESA

Ecological Society of America
w:Ecological Society of America

(US, ecology) Initialism of Ecological Society of America.


nika

nika (nominative singular)
niky (nominative plural)
niky (genitive singular)
nik (genitive plural)
nice (dative singular)
nikám (dative plural)
niku (accusative singular)
niky (accusative plural)
niko (singular vocative)
niky (plural vocative)
nice (locative singular)
nikách (locative plural)
nikou (instrumental singular)
nikami (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Italian nicchia derived from nicchio (“shell”).


synecology

en-noun

synecology (usually uncountable, plural synecologies)

(ecology) One of two broad subdivisions of ecology (the other being autecology), meaning the study of groups of organisms associated as a unit (essentially a biological community).

synekologia

one of two broad subdivisions of ecology (the other being autecology), meaning the study of groups of organisms associated as a unit (essentially a biological community)


transformity

transformity (countable and uncountable, plural transformities)

Transformity increases with the increase in temperature between cold and hot reservoirs.

2001, Emerging Technologies in Airconditioning and Refrigeration, page 46:

Boggess (1994), studying the circulation of phosphorus in a Florida watershed, showed how the transformity zone of money circulation and market prices overlapped only the higher transformities of the circulation of phosphorus.

2004, Christina Howells, French Women Philosophers: A Contemporary Reader:

When an ecological network is expressed as a series of energy flows and transformation steps where the transformation steps are represented as Lindeman efficiencies, the resulting transformities represent trophic convergence and a measure of the amount of solar energy required to produce each level in the hierarchy.

2016, Sven E. Jørgensen, Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, page 100:

(ecology, thermodynamics) The ratio of emergy to available energy.


emergy

(ecology) the total energy used in the life cycle of some product; the available energy of one kind that has to be used up directly and indirectly to make a product or service.


microcosm

From French microcosme, from Latin microcosmus, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + κόσμος (kósmos, “universe, order”); micro- + -cosm.

The method is relatively labour intensive (24-30 microcosms are run) and more difficult to interpret when compared with other microcosm methods (Shannon et al. 1986; Cairns & Cherry 1993).

2009, Jerry C. Smrchek, Maurice G. Zeeman, Chapter 3: Assessing Risks to Ecological Systems from Chemicals, Peter P. Calow (editor), Handbook of Environmental Risk Assessment and Management, page 53

(ecology) A small natural ecosystem; an artificial ecosystem set up as an experimental model.


threatened

en-adj

threatened (comparative more threatened, superlative most threatened)

more threatened (comparative)
most threatened (superlative)

It is particularly desirable to obtain photographs of rural stations, both with and without a train, in view of the threatened wholesale closure of unremunerative branches throughout the country.

1952 February, H. C. Casserley, “Permanent Wayfarings”, in Railway Magazine, page 78:

(especially ecology, of an organism) At risk of becoming endangered in the near future.


Gaia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Γαῖᾰ (Gaîa, “Gaea, the Earth personified as a goddess”), from γαῖᾰ (gaîa, “the Earth”), probably related to γῆ (gê, “earth, land; country”).
Sense 1 was coined by the British scientist, environmentalist, and futurist James Lovelock (born 1919) in his book Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (1979), at the suggestion of the British novelist, playwright, and poet William Golding (1911–1993): see the quotation.

bor

[page 1] As I write, two Viking spacecraft are circling our fellow planet Mars, awaiting landfall instructions from the Earth. Their mission is to search for life, or evidence of life, now or long ago. This book is also about a search for life, and the quest for Gaia is an attempt to find the largest living creature on Earth. […] [I]f Gaia does exist, then we may find ourselves and all other living things to be parts and partners of a vast being who in her entirety has the power to maintain our planet as a fit and comfortable habitat for life. […] [page 11] We have since defined Gaia as a complex entity involving the Earth's biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and soil; the totality constituting a feedback or cybernetic system which seeks an optimal physical and chemical environment for life on this planet.

1979, J[ames] E[phraim] Lovelock, “Introductory”, in Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 1 and 11:

If we are all—from the lowliest microorganism to the largest whale—a part of Gaia, then we are all potentially important to its well-being. Therefore, the ecologists who deplore the elimination of a species are not merely appealing to our sentiment. They are warning us, often without knowing it, about a blind and dangerous tinkering with the mechanism of the world. It is not enough just to regret the extinction of a whale, or even of the smallpox virus. When we delete one of these from Gaia's catalog, we may have destroyed part of ourselves. We are also a part of Gaia.

1980 July, James E. Lovelock, “Living Planet Earth”, in Omni, volume 2, number 10, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 124, column 3:

In fact Planet Earth can be seen as an active participant in the creation of its own story, a living being now given the name Gaia, a name from Greek mythology for the goddess of earth. […] The very ability to perceive of the earth as living, as Gaia, is an indication of the expansion of consciousness that humanity as a whole is experiencing.

1983, David Hoffmann, “The Holistic Approach”, in The Holistic Herbal: A Herbal Celebrating the Wholeness of Life, Findhorn, Moray, Scotland: Findhorn, →ISBN; Holistic Herbal: A Safe and Practical Guide to Making and Using Herbal Remedies, 3rd edition, London: Thorsons, HarperCollins Publishers, 2002, →ISBN, page 13:

Having recognised the Gaian phenomenon I would like to explain where I think Gaia comes from and ask for how long this Gaia phenomenon has persisted on the surface of the Earth. And then I would like to raise some of the objections to the Gaia hypothesis. To my knowledge the Gaia hypothesis has never been discussed in polite scientific society by sympathetic scientists; this is an all time first.

1988, Lynn Margulis, “Jim Lovelock’s Gaia”, in Peter Bunyard, Edward Goldsmith, editors, Gaia, the Thesis, the Mechanisms and the Implications: Proceedings of the First Annual Camelford Conference on the Implications of the Gaia Hypothesis, held on 21–24th October 1987 in Cornwall, Camelford, Cornwall: Wadebridge Ecological Centre, →ISBN, page 50:

Meanwhile, mankind is getting on with the business of turning the Earth barren; sooner or later, but more likely sooner, Gaia will shrug us off and the Earth will carry on as if we had never been.

2003 September 13, Nicholas Lezard, “The importance of being wrong”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2021-05-19:

At first, Lovelock didn’t view global warming as an urgent threat to the planet. “Gaia is a tough bitch,” he often said[…] But a few years ago[…] Lovelock became convinced that Gaia’s autopilot system[…]is seriously out of whack, derailed by pollution and deforestation.

2007 November 1, Jeff Goodell, “James Lovelock, the Prophet”, in Rolling Stone:

(ecology) The ecosystem of the Earth regarded as a self-regulating superorganism.

غَايَا

the ecosystem of the Earth regarded as a self-regulating organism


vida

Angolar: vira

Guinea-Bissau Creole: vida, bida

Kabuverdianu: bida

Korlai Creole Portuguese: vid

Macanese: vida

Principense: vida

→ Tetum: vida

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vida, from Latin vīta, from Proto-Italic *gʷītā.

inh+

A vida desértica evoluiu para aguentar o calor.

Desert creatures evolved to withstand heat.

(ecology) the flora and fauna of an ecosystem

life
the flora and fauna of an ecosystem


biodiversity

en-noun

biodiversity (countable and uncountable, plural biodiversities)

(ecology) The diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region.


PBR

PBR (countable and uncountable, plural PBRs)

potential biological removal
potential biological removal#English

(ecology) Initialism of potential biological removal.


saum

Borrowed from Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm, “fasting”).

(ecology) A herbaceous border found at the edge of a woodland patch. It is usually found below and farther out from the woodland than the woody shrub mantel and the tree canopy.


symbiotic

From symbiosis + -tic, from Ancient Greek συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis), from σύν (sún, “with”) + βίος (bíos, “life”).

A lichen is a fungus with symbiotic algae among its cells.

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22:

(ecology) Of, or relating to symbiosis; living together.


MVP

(biology, ecology) Initialism of minimum viable population.


ESP

ESP (countable and uncountable, plural ESPs)

Environmental Sample Processor
w:Environmental Sample Processor

(ecology) Initialism of Environmental Sample Processor.


cosmopolitan

en-adj

cosmopolitan (comparative more cosmopolitan, superlative most cosmopolitan)

more cosmopolitan (comparative)
most cosmopolitan (superlative)

From cosmopolite + -an. Compare metropolitan and megalopolitan.

Domestication and the evolution of anthrophilic traits in houseflies and some drosophilids have allowed certain species to attain cosmopolitan status.

2005, David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann, The Evolutionary Biology of Flies, page 372:

(biology, ecology) Growing or living in many parts of the world; widely distributed.

касмапаліты́чны

growing in many parts of the world; widely distributed


anoxia

en-noun

anoxia (usually uncountable, plural anoxias)

From an- (prefix meaning ‘lacking, without’) + ox- (meaning ‘oxygen’) + -ia (suffix forming names of diseases).

affix

(ecology, pathology) A condition in which a body tissue or an environment is severely or totally deprived of oxygen; severe hypoxia.


forb

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φορβή (phorbḗ, “food”), from φέρβω (phérbō, “to feed”).

So younger is better and the part nearest the roots is better, but what makes life possible for the pronghorn is a supply of forbs—small broadleaf plants growing among the grasses.

2002, Dale F. Lott, American Bison: A Natural History, page 122:

2004, A. Kirilov, P. Todorova Development of forage areas and forage resources in Bulgaria during the period of transition, A. Lüscher, et al. (editors), Land Use Systems in Grassland Dominated Regions: Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Grassland Science in Europe, Volume 9, page 859,
Buchgraber (1995) recommends 50-70% of grasses, 10-30% of legumes and also 10-30% of forbs on meadows, while Kessler (1994) recommends the same proportion of grasses, 10-20% of legumes and 20-40% of forbs on natural meadows.

Common understory forbs included, but were not limited to, large-leaved aster, bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), bluebead lily, species of clubmoss, Canada mayflower, and sweet coltsfoot (Petasites frigidus).

2009, Mesaba Energy Project Environmental Impact Statement, 3.8-3:

(chiefly ecology) Any non-woody flowering plant that is not a graminoid (a grass, sedge, or rush).


relict

Inherited from Middle English relicte (“widow”), from Middle French relicte (“widow”), from Late Latin relicta (“widow”), from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquō (“I abandon, I relinquish, I leave (behind)”), from re- + linquō (“I leave, quit, forsake, depart from”).

inh+

The species may be a relict of former stages of historical vegetation and landscape development resulting from past climate changes (glacial and post- glacial periods).

2010, M. Zimmerman et al., edited by Jan Christian Habel and Thorsten Assmann, Relict Species: Phylogeography and Conservation Biology, page 324:

(formal) Something that, or someone who, survives or remains or is left over after the loss of others; a relic.

(biology, ecology) A species, organism, or ecosystem that has survived from a previous age: one that was once widespread but is now found only in a few areas.


parasitism

en-noun

parasitism (usually uncountable, plural parasitisms)

From parasite + -ism. Cognate with French parasitisme and Portuguese and Spanish parasitismo.

(ecology) Interaction between two organisms, in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed.


extremophile

They had found the world's first extremophiles – organisms that could live in water that had previously been assumed to be much too hot or acid or choked with sulphur to bear life.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, page 207:

Lichens are 'extremophiles', organisms able to live, from our point of view, in other worlds.

2020, Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life, page 95:

(ecology) An organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity etc; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions.


indicator

From Late Latin indicātor (“one who points out”), from Latin indicō (“point out”); see indicate.

der

(ecology) A plant or animal whose presence is indicative of some specific environment.


automimicry

(ecology) The advantage gained by some members of a species from their resemblance to others of the same species. Males of many bees and wasps, although defenseless, are protected from predators by their resemblance to females that are equipped with stingers.


decomposer

(ecology) An organism, such as a bacterium or fungus, which carries out the process of decomposition of organic material.


food web

[T]he dynamic nature of rivers that flow westward from the peninsular range of San Diego county has been altered by man. […] Human modifications tend to alter the habitat values, water quality, flow regimes, and most importantly the food web by changing the trophic structure.

1996 September, Adam W. Whelchel, “Coastal Natural Resources of Northern San Diego County”, in Tissa Munasinghe, Phil Rosenberg, editors, Geology and Natural Resources of Coastal San Diego County, California: Guidebook to Accompany the 1996 Annual Field Trip of the San Diego Association of Geologists (SDAG Annual Field Trip Guides), [San Diego, Calif.]: [San Diego Association of Geologists], →OCLC, page 95, column 2:

No species exists in a vacuum. Rather, each species is embedded within a network of predator-prey interactions in what Charles Darwin referred to as an “entangled bank” and is now known in the most general sense as a food web. In its most basic form, a food web reveals to us something about the feeding relationships in a system. More broadly, food webs represent a way of thinking about an ecological system that considers trophic (consumer-resource) interactions among species or groups of similar species (trophic guilds or trophic levels).

2006, M. Jake Vander Zander, Julian D. Olden, Claudio Gratton, “Food-web Approaches in Restoration Ecology”, in Donald A. Falk, Margaret A. Palmer, Joy B. Zedler, editors, Foundations of Restoration Ecology (Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration), Washington, D.C.: Island Press, →ISBN, page 165:

Food web structure can be closely tied to biodiversity, with certain structural attributes such as 'connectance' (the proportion of potential interactions between species that are actually realised) being generally related to the number of species in the food web[…]. Thus, agricultural management may affect food web structure indirectly by altering local biodiversity.

2012, William E. Snyder, Jason M. Tylianakis, “The Ecology of Biodiversity—Biocontrol Relationships”, in Geoff M. Gurr, Steve D. Wratten, and William E. Snyder, with Donna M. Y. Read, editors, Biodiversity and Insect Pests: Key Issues for Sustainable Management, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 36, column 1:

In plant-dominated ecosystems the composition of the belowground foodweb shifts to a bacterial pathway when the source of organic matter is more labile, and to a fungal-dominated foodweb when the organic matter is more complex and recalcitrant.

2012, Diana H. Wall, “Global Change in a Low Diversity Terrestrial Ecosystem: The McMurdo Dry Valleys”, in Alex D. Rogers, Nadine M. Johnston, Eugene J. Murphy, Andrew Clarke, editors, Antarctic Ecosystems: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, page 53, column 1:

(ecology) A diagram showing the organisms that eat other organisms in a particular ecosystem, predators being higher in the web than their prey.


generalist

(ecology) Species which can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions. A eurytopic species.


visitation

en-noun

visitation (countable and uncountable, plural visitations)

/ˌvɪzɪˈteɪʃən/

From Anglo-Norman visitacioun, from Old French visitacion, from Latin vīsitātiō. By surface analysis, visit + -ation.

(ecology) An unusual and extensive irruption of a species of animals into another region.


capnophile

(ecology) A microorganism that requires or grows best in presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide.


irruption

irruption (countable and uncountable, plural irruptions)

From Middle French irruption, from Latin irruptio.

Extreme rainfall events predict irruptions of rat plagues in central Australia.

(ecology) An abrupt increase of an animal population.


herbivory

Herbivory is a paradoxical interspecific interaction. On the one hand, upward of a quarter of all species are herbivorous insects (Strong et al., 1984) and some additional fraction of the noninsect species is also herbivorous, so plant-herbivore interactions are common. On the other hand, the simple observation is that, to a first approximation, the earth is green (Hairston et al., 1960), despite the combined effect of those herbivores.

1998, Sam Scheiner, Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 183:

2009, J. Wiebe, E. Mouton, Nutria Harvest and Distribution 2008-2009 and a Survey of Nutria Herbivory Damage in Coastal Louisiana in 2009:

(ecology) The consumption of living plant tissue by animals.

herbivoria

the consumption of living plant tissue by animals


influent

From Latin influent-, the present participle stem of īnfluere.

(ecology) An organism having an important effect on a plant or animal community.


influent

en-adj

influent (comparative more influent, superlative most influent)

more influent (comparative)
most influent (superlative)

(ecology) Having an important effect on a plant or animal community.


blauw

nl-adj

blauw (comparative blauwer, superlative blauwst)

blauwer (comparative)
blauwst (superlative)
blauw (adverbial positive predicative)
blauwer (adverbial comparative predicative)
het blauwst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het blauwste (adverbial predicative superlative)
blauwe (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
blauwere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
blauwste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
blauw (indefinite neuter positive singular)
blauwer (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
blauwste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
blauwe (indefinite plural positive)
blauwere (comparative indefinite plural)
blauwste (indefinite plural superlative)
blauwe (definite positive)
blauwere (comparative definite)
blauwste (definite superlative)
blauws (partitive positive)
blauwers (comparative partitive)

From Middle Dutch blau, from Old Dutch *blāo, from Proto-West Germanic *blāu, from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz. Doublet of bleu.


ascendancy

en-noun

ascendancy (countable and uncountable, plural ascendancies)

From ascend + -ancy or ascendant + -cy. The use in ecology is due to Robert Ulanowicz.

Ascendency was found to be a useful indicator for the health assessment of marine benthic ecosystems over space and time.

2009, Sven Erik Jørgensen, editor, Ecosystem Ecology, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 63:

(ecology) A quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network, and intended to indicate its ability to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size.


cryptodepression

/ˌkɹɪptəʊdɪˈpɹɛʃən/

From crypto- (“hidden”) + depression (“area lower in topography than its surroundings”).

prefix

When the bottom of the lake lies below mean sea level, it is said to occupy a cryptodepression, the depth of which is the depth below sea level of the deepest point of the basin.

1957, G[eorge] Evelyn Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnology, volumes I (Geography, Physics, and Chemistry), New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →OCLC, page 165:

The lake's elevation above sea level is 74.01 meters (242.8 feet) which makes its depth of cryptodepression to be 170 meters (558 feet).

1975 March, Robert V. Thomann, Dominick M. DeToro, Richard P. Winfield, Donald J. O’Connor, “Section IV: Lake Ontario – Background”, in Mathematical Modeling of Phytoplankton in Lake Ontario: 1. Model Development and Verification (Ecological Research Series; EPA-660/3-75-005), Corvallis, Or.: National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, →OCLC, page 8:

The greater volume of the lake [Lake Susupe] occupies a cryptodepression (that portion which lies below sea level). Based upon a surface elevation of +2.5 ft determined on 20 December 1978 by Juan C. Tenorio and Associates' surveyors, the depth of the cryptodepression is -1.4m (4.7 ft) below sea level.

1979 June, “Appendix A: Problem Identification”, in A Study to Determine the Feasibility of Providing Flood Control Improvements to the Susupe Chalan Kanoa Area, Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Draft Detailed Report and Environmental Statement, Fort Shafter [Honolulu], Hi.: U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, →OCLC, page A-10:

At present there are three major closed systems (Awash R. – Afar drainage, northern rift lakes, southern rift lakes), numerous crater lakes with seepage-in and -out, and two cryptodepressions with marine inputs.

1988, R. B. Wood, J. F. Talling, “Chemical and Algal Relationships in a Salinity Series of Ethiopian Inland Waters”, in Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences, volume 158, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29; reprinted in J. M. Melack, editor, Saline Lakes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes, Held at Nairobi, Kenya, August 1985 (Developments in Hydrobiology; 44), Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1988, →DOI, →ISBN, abstract, page 29:

The maximum depth of some lakes is below current sea level. Such lakes are called cryptodepressions. Well-known cases of tectonic lakes include Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea. Some glacial lakes in Norway, Scotland and England are also cryptodepressions.

[2012, José Galizia Tundisi, Takako Matsumura-Tundisi, “The Origin of Lakes”, in Limnology, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 3.3.10 (Average Slope (α)), page 49:

(geography, limnology) The portion of a lake which lies below sea level.


montane

en-adj

montane (comparative more montane, superlative most montane)

more montane (comparative)
most montane (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-montane.wav

The adjective is derived from Latin montānus (“of or pertaining to a mountain”) + English -ane (variant of -an (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives)). Montānus is derived from mōns (“mount, mountain”) (from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”)) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’).
The noun is probably derived from the adjective.

der

This plant evidently occupies, like V. sabulosa and V. Curtisii, an intermediate position between lutea and tricolor; and, as I have indicated already, it is a montane, not an agrestal plant. Jordan compares it to V. vivariensis, which is also a montane plant, between V. tricolor and V. lutea.

1863 January, J[ohn] G[ilbert] Baker, “On Some of the British Pansies, Agrestal and Montane”, in [Berthold Carl Seemann], editor, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume I, London: Robert Hardwicke, […], →OCLC, page 12:

[T]he upper part of these peaks is very bare and monotonous, and almost destitute of damp precipice; and I know of only seven Montane species that grow there above 650 yards.

1871 January 1, J[ohn] G[ilbert] Baker, “On the Dispersion of Montane Plants over Hills of the North of England”, in Berthold [Carl] Seemann, J. G. Baker, H[enry] Trimen, editors, The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume IX, London: Taylor and Co., […], →OCLC, page 261:

With a like lower limit of level there are found on hills numerous Sub-alpine or Montane plants, which do not grow in the North. We must therefore divide the Northern zone also into three parts—1, Northern (restricted); 2, Northern-montane; and 3, Montane only.

1875 March 4, Thomas Comber, “Geographical Statistics of the Extra-British European Flora”, in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, volume III (Third Series), Liverpool, Lancashire: Adam Holden, […], →OCLC, page 15:

The montane region in its lower belts has, at the equator, a still tropical although not equatorial character, but near the two tropics it has from the first a temperate character. The difference between the equatorial rain-forest of the basal region on the one hand, and the tropical forest of the lower montane region on the other, is confined to the systematic composition. In temperate montane formations, on the contrary, the lower temperature is reflected in purely oecological characteristics in the plant-life and impresses upon the formations the stamp of those of higher latitudes.

1903, A[ndreas] F[ranz] W[ilhelm] Schimper, “Mountain Regions in the Tropics”, in William R. Fisher, transl., edited by Percy Groom and Isaac Bayley Balfour, Plant-geography upon a Physiological Basis … The Authorized English Translation, Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, section I (General Considerations), page 721:

The temperatures are extremely constant and low as compared with those in the lowlands, although very rarely so low as to make frost possible, and the rainfall is abundant at all seasons. The Blue Mountain Region is, therefore, a tropical montane region, in the terms of [Andreas Franz Wilhelm] Schimper, lying above the hot lowlands and not attaining to a sufficient altitude for alpine influences to come into full play.

1914, Forrest Shreve, “The Physical Features of the Rain-forest Region”, in A Montane Rain-forest: A Contribution to the Physiological Plant Geography of Jamaica (Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication; no. 199), Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, →OCLC, page 8:

I[ndri] indri is a forest species, found in humid montane rain forest [...]. It has been observed as high as 1,300 m elevation [...].

1983, Jaclyn H. Wolfheim, “Indriidae: Avahi, Indris, and Sifakas”, in Primates of the World: Distribution, Abundance, and Conservation, Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, →ISBN, page 121:

The gorilla's ancestor had probably taken to the montane forests of a string of central African volcanoes, cutting itself off from the genes of other apes.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Fourth Estate, HarperCollins, →ISBN; paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN, page 27:

The key to sustainable tropical montane cloud forest land management lies in actively involving local rural populations in decision-taking processes relating to research, training, development and conservation strategies and initiatives.

2000, M. Kappelle, M. E. Juárez, “Case Study: Mountain Forests, Biodiversity and People in Costa Rica”, in M. F. Price, N. Butt, editors, Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State of Knowledge Report for 2000 (IUFRO Research Series; 5), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: CABI Publishing, →ISBN, page 46:

At lower elevations, montane oak forests typically grade into cove forests, oak forests, or montane pine forests and woodlands. At higher elevations and in more protected sites, northern hardwood forests replace the montane oak forests. Montane oak forests may also grade directly into spruce-fir forests on south-facing slopes.

2014, Stephanie B. Jeffries, Thomas R. Wentworth, “Natural Community Overviews”, in Exploring Southern Appalachian Forests: An Ecological Guide to 30 Great Hikes in the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia (A Southern Gateways Guide), Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 22:

(ecology) Of, inhabiting, or growing in mountain areas; specifically, the cool, moist upland slopes below the timberline.

山區的

of, inhabiting, or growing in mountain areas


montane

The true Montanes comprise those species, of unmistakably Alpine, Scottish, or Highland type, which not merely with us but elsewhere throughout Britain are characteristic of high latitudes and altitudes—of mountain regions only.

1888, Frederic Arnold Lees, “Climatology”, in The Flora of West Yorkshire: With a Sketch of the Climatology and Lithology in Connection therewith (Botanical Series of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; II), London: Lovell Reeve & Co., […], →OCLC, page 53:

The wintergreens, and northern montanes such as Linnaea have their stronghold in these pinewoods and some of their rarity may be due to the reduction in the extent of the forest.

2005, Peter Taylor, “Restoring Ecological Processes: Regeneration of the Core Vegetation”, in Beyond Conservation: A Wildland Strategy, London, Sterling, Va.: Earthscan, →ISBN, page 84:

(ecology) An animal or a plant of a montane habitat.


hot spot

titik panas

location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas

пизэке

biodiversity hotspot
biodiversity hotspot#English

(figuratively) A place notable for a high level of activity or danger.

(ecology) Short for biodiversity hotspot (“a place with a significant level of biodiversity, particularly if the flora and fauna are threatened with loss of their habitat”).


xerosere

en-noun

xerosere (countable and uncountable, plural xeroseres)

(ecology) The succession of ecological communities which originated in an extremely dry habitat such as a desert or sand dunes.

szárazföldi szukcessziós sorozat

ecology: the succession of ecological communities which originated in an extremely dry habitat


korpi

korpi (nominative singular)
korvet (nominative plural)
korpi (accusative nominative singular)
korvet (accusative nominative plural)
korven (accusative genitive singular)
korvet (accusative genitive plural)
korven (genitive singular)
korpien (genitive plural)
korpea (partitive singular)
korpia (partitive plural)
korvessa (inessive singular)
korvissa (inessive plural)
korvesta (elative singular)
korvista (elative plural)
korpeen (illative singular)
korpiin (illative plural)
korvella (adessive singular)
korvilla (adessive plural)
korvelta (ablative singular)
korvilta (ablative plural)
korvelle (allative singular)
korville (allative plural)
korpena (essive singular)
korpina (essive plural)
korveksi (singular translative)
korviksi (plural translative)
korvetta (abessive singular)
korvitta (abessive plural)
korvin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
korpeni (nominative singular)
korpeni (nominative plural)
korpeni (accusative nominative singular)
korpeni (accusative nominative plural)
korpeni (accusative genitive singular)
korpeni (accusative genitive plural)
korpeni (genitive singular)
korpieni (genitive plural)
korpeani (partitive singular)
korpiani (partitive plural)
korvessani (inessive singular)
korvissani (inessive plural)
korvestani (elative singular)
korvistani (elative plural)
korpeeni (illative singular)
korpiini (illative plural)
korvellani (adessive singular)
korvillani (adessive plural)
korveltani (ablative singular)
korviltani (ablative plural)
korvelleni (allative singular)
korvilleni (allative plural)
korpenani (essive singular)
korpinani (essive plural)
korvekseni (singular translative)
korvikseni (plural translative)
korvettani (abessive singular)
korvittani (abessive plural)
korpineni (comitative plural)
korpesi (nominative singular)
korpesi (nominative plural)
korpesi (accusative nominative singular)
korpesi (accusative nominative plural)
korpesi (accusative genitive singular)
korpesi (accusative genitive plural)
korpesi (genitive singular)
korpiesi (genitive plural)
korpeasi (partitive singular)
korpiasi (partitive plural)
korvessasi (inessive singular)
korvissasi (inessive plural)
korvestasi (elative singular)
korvistasi (elative plural)
korpeesi (illative singular)
korpiisi (illative plural)
korvellasi (adessive singular)
korvillasi (adessive plural)
korveltasi (ablative singular)
korviltasi (ablative plural)
korvellesi (allative singular)
korvillesi (allative plural)
korpenasi (essive singular)
korpinasi (essive plural)
korveksesi (singular translative)
korviksesi (plural translative)
korvettasi (abessive singular)
korvittasi (abessive plural)
korpinesi (comitative plural)
korpemme (nominative singular)
korpemme (nominative plural)
korpemme (accusative nominative singular)
korpemme (accusative nominative plural)
korpemme (accusative genitive singular)
korpemme (accusative genitive plural)
korpemme (genitive singular)
korpiemme (genitive plural)
korpeamme (partitive singular)
korpiamme (partitive plural)
korvessamme (inessive singular)
korvissamme (inessive plural)
korvestamme (elative singular)
korvistamme (elative plural)
korpeemme (illative singular)
korpiimme (illative plural)
korvellamme (adessive singular)
korvillamme (adessive plural)
korveltamme (ablative singular)
korviltamme (ablative plural)
korvellemme (allative singular)
korvillemme (allative plural)
korpenamme (essive singular)
korpinamme (essive plural)
korveksemme (singular translative)
korviksemme (plural translative)
korvettamme (abessive singular)
korvittamme (abessive plural)
korpinemme (comitative plural)
korpenne (nominative singular)
korpenne (nominative plural)
korpenne (accusative nominative singular)
korpenne (accusative nominative plural)
korpenne (accusative genitive singular)
korpenne (accusative genitive plural)
korpenne (genitive singular)
korpienne (genitive plural)
korpeanne (partitive singular)
korpianne (partitive plural)
korvessanne (inessive singular)
korvissanne (inessive plural)
korvestanne (elative singular)
korvistanne (elative plural)
korpeenne (illative singular)
korpiinne (illative plural)
korvellanne (adessive singular)
korvillanne (adessive plural)
korveltanne (ablative singular)
korviltanne (ablative plural)
korvellenne (allative singular)
korvillenne (allative plural)
korpenanne (essive singular)
korpinanne (essive plural)
korveksenne (singular translative)
korviksenne (plural translative)
korvettanne (abessive singular)
korvittanne (abessive plural)
korpinenne (comitative plural)
korpensa (nominative singular)
korpensa (nominative plural)
korpensa (accusative nominative singular)
korpensa (accusative nominative plural)
korpensa (accusative genitive singular)
korpensa (accusative genitive plural)
korpensa (genitive singular)
korpiensa (genitive plural)
korpeaan (partitive singular)
korpeansa (partitive singular)
korpiaan (partitive plural)
korpiansa (partitive plural)
korvessaan (inessive singular)
korvessansa (inessive singular)
korvissaan (inessive plural)
korvissansa (inessive plural)
korvestaan (elative singular)
korvestansa (elative singular)
korvistaan (elative plural)
korvistansa (elative plural)
korpeensa (illative singular)
korpiinsa (illative plural)
korvellaan (adessive singular)
korvellansa (adessive singular)
korvillaan (adessive plural)
korvillansa (adessive plural)
korveltaan (ablative singular)
korveltansa (ablative singular)
korviltaan (ablative plural)
korviltansa (ablative plural)
korvelleen (allative singular)
korvellensa (allative singular)
korvilleen (allative plural)
korvillensa (allative plural)
korpenaan (essive singular)
korpenansa (essive singular)
korpinaan (essive plural)
korpinansa (essive plural)
korvekseen (singular translative)
korveksensa (singular translative)
korvikseen (plural translative)
korviksensa (plural translative)
korvettaan (abessive singular)
korvettansa (abessive singular)
korvittaan (abessive plural)
korvittansa (abessive plural)
korpineen (comitative plural)
korpinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *korpi (“deep forest”) (compare Estonian kõrb, Livvi korbi (“big spruce forest”), Veps korb), possibly from Proto-Uralic *korpe, in which case cognate with Erzya куро (kuro), Northern Khanty [script needed] (χăr), Western Mansi [script needed] (kōrp) and Forest Nenets [script needed] (kurᵊ).

(ecology) coniferous swamp (a boreal forest type appearing on moist moraine soils, characterized by dense growth of spruce as the dominating tree species and deep layer of moss as undergrowth; acting often as a transition zone between a dried kangas (“boreal forest”) and various types of suo (“swamp”))


probiotic

en-adj

probiotic (comparative more probiotic, superlative most probiotic)

more probiotic (comparative)
most probiotic (superlative)

(ecology) Of, or relating to probiosis; ecologic facilitation.


meiofauna

From meio- + fauna. Meio- is from Ancient Greek μεῖον (meîon, “less”).

(ecology) A type of interstitial fauna, such as psammon, found in rock fissures, between the grains of loose sediments, on algae, etc. It is a part of the microfauna.


endosymbiont

(ecology) An organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.


endosymbiosis

en-noun

endosymbiosis (countable and uncountable, plural endosymbioses)

Interspecific associations are currently believed to take part in evolution by improving a partner's fitness through integrated endosymbioses or by causing reproductive isolation and subsequent host speciation, such as in the Wolbachia endosymbioses (Nardon and Grenier, 1991; Margulis, 1993a; Bordenstein et al., 2001).

2003, Abdelaziz Heddi, “5: Endosymbiosis in the Weevil of the Genus Sitophilus: Genetic, Physiological, and Molecular Interactions among Associated Genomes”, in Kostas Bourtzis, Thomas A. Miller, editors, Insect Symbiosis, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 67:

2014, Robert E. Blankenship, Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Wiley Blackwell, 2nd Edition, page 226,
Evidence is now overwhelming that several groups of eukaryotic algae originated from a secondary endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic alga was incorporated into a second host (Palmer and Delwiche, 1996; Delwiche and Palmer, 1997; Delwiche, 1999; Keeling, 2010, 2013; Curtis et al., 2012).

The second chapter (by David Smith) describes the primary endosymbiosis as an introduction for secondary endosymbioses. He illustrates the origin of primary endosymbiosis, plastid genome evolution, and loss of photosynthesis in some lineages of Archaeplastida.

2017, “Secondary Endosymbioses”, in Yoshihisa Hirakawa, editor, Advances in Botanical Research, volume 84, Elsevier (Academic Press), page xi:

(ecology) The condition of living within the body or cells of another organism; an instance of an organism so living.


endosymbiotic theory

(ecology) The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells, originated as independent organisms.

teoria endosimbiòtica

the theory that concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

細胞内共生説

さいぼうないきょうせいせつ


symbiont

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

It had been known that sponges somehow took in dissolved organic matter, but it remained unclear whether they could do it on their own or needed help from their bacterial symbionts.

2019 December 9, JoAnna Klein, “Seawater Is Filled With a Sugary Feast. Here’s How Sponges Eat It.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(ecology) An organism that lives in a symbiotic relationship.


sere

From Latin serere, present active infinitive of serō (“to entwine, interlace, link together; to join in a series, string together”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, tie together; to thread”).

der

We examined one of several seres found in the middle Rocky Mountains that progress from a subalpine or montane forb-dominated meadow to a climax forest dominated by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii).

1980 August, Douglas C. Andersen, James A. MacMahon, Michael L. Wolfe, “Herbivorous Mammals along a Montane Sere: Community Structure and Energetics”, in Journal of Mammology, volume 61, number 3, Baltimore, Md.: American Society of Mammalogists, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-21, page 501:

[C]ommunity types may represent either climax plant associations or successional communities within a sere.

1988 December, Walter F. Mueggler, “Approach”, in Aspen Community Types of the Intermountain Region (General Technical Report; INT-250), Ogden, Ut.: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC, page 5, column 1:

[S]ome communities persisted as repeating early successional seres ("disclimaxes"), while climax communities could contain small areas of different sere communities.

2007, Thomas J. Stohlgren, “History and Background, Baggage and Direction”, in Measuring Plant Diversity: Lessons from the Field, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part I (The Past and Present), page 31:

(ecology) A natural succession of animal or plant communities in an ecosystem, especially a series of communities succeeding one another from the time a habitat is unoccupied to the point when a climax community is achieved.


nitrophilous

(ecology, of a habitat) Rich in nitrogen


commensal

From Middle English commensal, from Old French commensal, from Medieval Latin commensālis, from com- + mensa (“table”) + -ālis.

(ecology) Of a form of symbiosis in which one organism derives a benefit while the other is unaffected.


commensal

The tree did indeed grow right out of the algae, as I had seen from the lifeboat. There was not the least trace of soil. Either there was soil deeper down, or this species of tree was a remarkable instance of a commensal or a parasite.

2001, Yann Martel, Life of Pi, Canongate, published 2003, →ISBN, page 260:

(ecology) An organism partaking in a commensal relationship.


sustainability

en-noun

sustainability (countable and uncountable, plural sustainabilities)

[səˌstæɪnəˈbɪlɪɾi]

(ecology) A means of configuring civilization and human activity so that society, its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present, while preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, planning and acting for the ability to maintain these necessary resources for future generations.


protandry

(ecology) The emergence of males before females from dormancy, or more rapid development of male brood leading to their appearance earlier in a season.


protogyny

(ecology) The emergence of females before males from dormancy, or more rapid development of female brood leading to their appearance earlier in a season.


autotroph

/ˈɔːtə(ʊ)tɹəʊf/

/ˈɔtəˌtɹoʊf/

From auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 20, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(ecology) Any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy.

独立栄養生物

どくりつえいようせいぶつ


Umwelt

de-noun

Umwelt f (genitive Umwelt, plural Umwelten)

Umwelt (genitive)
Umwelten (plural)
Umwelt (nominative singular)
Umwelten (definite nominative plural)
Umwelt (genitive singular)
Umwelten (definite genitive plural)
Umwelt (dative singular)
Umwelten (dative definite plural)
Umwelt (accusative singular)
Umwelten (accusative definite plural)

From um- + Welt. In the biological sense first used by Jakob Johann von Uexküll (1909).

Jedes Tier besitzt seine eigene Umwelt, die immer größere Verschiedenheiten mit der unseren aufweist, je weiter es sich in seiner Organisation von uns entfernt.

1909, Jakob von Uexküll, Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere, Berlin: J. Springer, page 248:

(biology, ecology) environment; ecosystem


panne

en-noun

panne (countable and uncountable, plural pannes)

Borrowed from French panne. Doublet of pen, penna, and pinna.

(ecology) A wetland consisting of a small depression, with or without standing water, often in a salt marsh or other coastal wetland.


ectocommensal

(ecology) A commensal organism that lives on the surface of another organism


richness

richness (usually uncountable, plural richnesses)

Inherited from Middle English richenesse; by surface analysis, rich + ness.

inh+

(ecology) The number of types in a community.


refugium

refugiet (definite singular)
refugier (indefinite plural)
refugia (definite plural)
refugiene (definite plural)

(biology, ecology) a refugium (area where an organism can survive unfavourable conditions)


anti-predator

(ecology) That provides a defence against predation or predators

antipredador

that provides a defence against predators


território

Learned borrowing from Latin territōrium.

lbor

territory (area controlled or used by an entity)

(ecology) territory (area controlled by an individual animal or pack)


disturbance regime

en-noun

disturbance regime (plural disturbance regimes)

(ecology) Any of various modes of widespread floral replacement, e.g., flood, fire, disease or wind.


primary production

(ecology) The organic matter produced from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis.


biophony

(ecology) The cumulative nonhuman sounds produced by living organisms in a given biome.


convivium

(ecology) A geographically isolated population of a species that shows differentiation from other populations of the same species; becomes a subspecies or ecotype


carrying capacity

carrying capacity (plural carrying capacities)

With their populations adjusted to the carrying capacity of the environment, hunters and gatherers rarely starve, for they are not dependent on the fortunes of a single crop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 120:

(ecology) The number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support.

環境承載力

number of individuals that an environment can support


consociation

consociation (countable and uncountable, plural consociations)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Latin cōnsociātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnsociātiō (“alliance; association, union”), from cōnsociō (“to make common; to associate; to connect, join (in), unite; to agree with; to share”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions). Cōnsociō is derived from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several things) + sociō (“to ally, associate; to join, unite; to share in”) (from socius (“associated; joining in, sharing, partaking; akin, kindred, related; allied, confederate, leagued, united”, adjective), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”)).

der

(countable, ecology) A subdivision of an association, made up chiefly of organisms of a single species.


Allee effect

From Warder Clyde Allee, American ecologist.

(ecology) The negative population growth observed at low population densities.


yhdyskunta

yhdyskunta (nominative singular)
yhdyskunnat (nominative plural)
yhdyskunta (accusative nominative singular)
yhdyskunnat (accusative nominative plural)
yhdyskunnan (accusative genitive singular)
yhdyskunnat (accusative genitive plural)
yhdyskunnan (genitive singular)
yhdyskuntien (genitive plural)
yhdyskuntain (genitive plural rare)
yhdyskuntaa (partitive singular)
yhdyskuntia (partitive plural)
yhdyskunnassa (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnissa (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnasta (elative singular)
yhdyskunnista (elative plural)
yhdyskuntaan (illative singular)
yhdyskuntiin (illative plural)
yhdyskunnalla (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnilla (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnalta (ablative singular)
yhdyskunnilta (ablative plural)
yhdyskunnalle (allative singular)
yhdyskunnille (allative plural)
yhdyskuntana (essive singular)
yhdyskuntina (essive plural)
yhdyskunnaksi (singular translative)
yhdyskunniksi (plural translative)
yhdyskunnatta (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnitta (abessive plural)
yhdyskunnin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
yhdyskuntani (nominative singular)
yhdyskuntani (nominative plural)
yhdyskuntani (accusative nominative singular)
yhdyskuntani (accusative nominative plural)
yhdyskuntani (accusative genitive singular)
yhdyskuntani (accusative genitive plural)
yhdyskuntani (genitive singular)
yhdyskuntieni (genitive plural)
yhdyskuntaini (genitive plural rare)
yhdyskuntaani (partitive singular)
yhdyskuntiani (partitive plural)
yhdyskunnassani (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnissani (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnastani (elative singular)
yhdyskunnistani (elative plural)
yhdyskuntaani (illative singular)
yhdyskuntiini (illative plural)
yhdyskunnallani (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnillani (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnaltani (ablative singular)
yhdyskunniltani (ablative plural)
yhdyskunnalleni (allative singular)
yhdyskunnilleni (allative plural)
yhdyskuntanani (essive singular)
yhdyskuntinani (essive plural)
yhdyskunnakseni (singular translative)
yhdyskunnikseni (plural translative)
yhdyskunnattani (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnittani (abessive plural)
yhdyskuntineni (comitative plural)
yhdyskuntasi (nominative singular)
yhdyskuntasi (nominative plural)
yhdyskuntasi (accusative nominative singular)
yhdyskuntasi (accusative nominative plural)
yhdyskuntasi (accusative genitive singular)
yhdyskuntasi (accusative genitive plural)
yhdyskuntasi (genitive singular)
yhdyskuntiesi (genitive plural)
yhdyskuntaisi (genitive plural rare)
yhdyskuntaasi (partitive singular)
yhdyskuntiasi (partitive plural)
yhdyskunnassasi (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnissasi (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnastasi (elative singular)
yhdyskunnistasi (elative plural)
yhdyskuntaasi (illative singular)
yhdyskuntiisi (illative plural)
yhdyskunnallasi (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnillasi (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnaltasi (ablative singular)
yhdyskunniltasi (ablative plural)
yhdyskunnallesi (allative singular)
yhdyskunnillesi (allative plural)
yhdyskuntanasi (essive singular)
yhdyskuntinasi (essive plural)
yhdyskunnaksesi (singular translative)
yhdyskunniksesi (plural translative)
yhdyskunnattasi (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnittasi (abessive plural)
yhdyskuntinesi (comitative plural)
yhdyskuntamme (nominative singular)
yhdyskuntamme (nominative plural)
yhdyskuntamme (accusative nominative singular)
yhdyskuntamme (accusative nominative plural)
yhdyskuntamme (accusative genitive singular)
yhdyskuntamme (accusative genitive plural)
yhdyskuntamme (genitive singular)
yhdyskuntiemme (genitive plural)
yhdyskuntaimme (genitive plural rare)
yhdyskuntaamme (partitive singular)
yhdyskuntiamme (partitive plural)
yhdyskunnassamme (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnissamme (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnastamme (elative singular)
yhdyskunnistamme (elative plural)
yhdyskuntaamme (illative singular)
yhdyskuntiimme (illative plural)
yhdyskunnallamme (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnillamme (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnaltamme (ablative singular)
yhdyskunniltamme (ablative plural)
yhdyskunnallemme (allative singular)
yhdyskunnillemme (allative plural)
yhdyskuntanamme (essive singular)
yhdyskuntinamme (essive plural)
yhdyskunnaksemme (singular translative)
yhdyskunniksemme (plural translative)
yhdyskunnattamme (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnittamme (abessive plural)
yhdyskuntinemme (comitative plural)
yhdyskuntanne (nominative singular)
yhdyskuntanne (nominative plural)
yhdyskuntanne (accusative nominative singular)
yhdyskuntanne (accusative nominative plural)
yhdyskuntanne (accusative genitive singular)
yhdyskuntanne (accusative genitive plural)
yhdyskuntanne (genitive singular)
yhdyskuntienne (genitive plural)
yhdyskuntainne (genitive plural rare)
yhdyskuntaanne (partitive singular)
yhdyskuntianne (partitive plural)
yhdyskunnassanne (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnissanne (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnastanne (elative singular)
yhdyskunnistanne (elative plural)
yhdyskuntaanne (illative singular)
yhdyskuntiinne (illative plural)
yhdyskunnallanne (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnillanne (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnaltanne (ablative singular)
yhdyskunniltanne (ablative plural)
yhdyskunnallenne (allative singular)
yhdyskunnillenne (allative plural)
yhdyskuntananne (essive singular)
yhdyskuntinanne (essive plural)
yhdyskunnaksenne (singular translative)
yhdyskunniksenne (plural translative)
yhdyskunnattanne (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnittanne (abessive plural)
yhdyskuntinenne (comitative plural)
yhdyskuntansa (nominative singular)
yhdyskuntansa (nominative plural)
yhdyskuntansa (accusative nominative singular)
yhdyskuntansa (accusative nominative plural)
yhdyskuntansa (accusative genitive singular)
yhdyskuntansa (accusative genitive plural)
yhdyskuntansa (genitive singular)
yhdyskuntiensa (genitive plural)
yhdyskuntainsa (genitive plural rare)
yhdyskuntaansa (partitive singular)
yhdyskuntiaan (partitive plural)
yhdyskuntiansa (partitive plural)
yhdyskunnassaan (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnassansa (inessive singular)
yhdyskunnissaan (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnissansa (inessive plural)
yhdyskunnastaan (elative singular)
yhdyskunnastansa (elative singular)
yhdyskunnistaan (elative plural)
yhdyskunnistansa (elative plural)
yhdyskuntaansa (illative singular)
yhdyskuntiinsa (illative plural)
yhdyskunnallaan (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnallansa (adessive singular)
yhdyskunnillaan (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnillansa (adessive plural)
yhdyskunnaltaan (ablative singular)
yhdyskunnaltansa (ablative singular)
yhdyskunniltaan (ablative plural)
yhdyskunniltansa (ablative plural)
yhdyskunnalleen (allative singular)
yhdyskunnallensa (allative singular)
yhdyskunnilleen (allative plural)
yhdyskunnillensa (allative plural)
yhdyskuntanaan (essive singular)
yhdyskuntanansa (essive singular)
yhdyskuntinaan (essive plural)
yhdyskuntinansa (essive plural)
yhdyskunnakseen (singular translative)
yhdyskunnaksensa (singular translative)
yhdyskunnikseen (plural translative)
yhdyskunniksensa (plural translative)
yhdyskunnattaan (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnattansa (abessive singular)
yhdyskunnittaan (abessive plural)
yhdyskunnittansa (abessive plural)
yhdyskuntineen (comitative plural)
yhdyskuntinensa (comitative plural)

(ecology) community (group of interdependent organisms)


mycorrhiza

en-noun

mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizas or mycorrhizae)

mycorrhizas (plural)
mycorrhizae (plural)

From myco- + Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”).

prefix

Alternatively, inoculations of a disturbed site with native or exotic fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae in a shorter period, given certain circumstances.

2004, Season R. Snyder, Michael F. Allen, Restoration of Micorrhizae in Arid Environments, Dilip K. Arora (editor), Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications, Marce Dekker, Inc., page 481

This has been associated with advances in different research disciplines such as genetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and physiology, advances which have generated better insight into topics of mycorrhizal biology, including the mechanisms of host-mycorrhiza interactions pre- and post-penetration, the influence of the symbiosis on the host and its surroundings, and the evolution and diversity of mycorrhization.

2010, Hinanit Koltai, Yoram Kapulnik, editors, Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function, 2nd edition, Springer, page v:

In total, mycorrhizae are responsible for helping source the nutrients for about 80 per cent of all modern plant species.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 210:

(ecology, botany, mycology) A plant root formed in symbiosis with a fungus; the symbiosis between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant.

грыбакорань

symbiotic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant


amensalism

Trophic group amensalism in the form of the broadened mobile vs. sessile distinction also plays an important part in the Woodin (1976) general model of how adult-larval interactions structure soft-sediment communities at high density.

2001, J.N. Kraeuter, Biology of the Hard Clam, page 426:

(ecology) A form of biological or ecological interaction or relationship in which one species is harmed or impeded and the other is unaffected.


ekolokero

ekolokero (nominative singular)
ekolokerot (nominative plural)
ekolokero (accusative nominative singular)
ekolokerot (accusative nominative plural)
ekolokeron (accusative genitive singular)
ekolokerot (accusative genitive plural)
ekolokeron (genitive singular)
ekolokerojen (genitive plural)
ekolokeroiden (genitive plural)
ekolokeroitten (genitive plural)
ekolokeroa (partitive singular)
ekolokeroja (partitive plural)
ekolokeroita (partitive plural)
ekolokerossa (inessive singular)
ekolokeroissa (inessive plural)
ekolokerosta (elative singular)
ekolokeroista (elative plural)
ekolokeroon (illative singular)
ekolokeroihin (illative plural)
ekolokerolla (adessive singular)
ekolokeroilla (adessive plural)
ekolokerolta (ablative singular)
ekolokeroilta (ablative plural)
ekolokerolle (allative singular)
ekolokeroille (allative plural)
ekolokerona (essive singular)
ekolokeroina (essive plural)
ekolokeroksi (singular translative)
ekolokeroiksi (plural translative)
ekolokerotta (abessive singular)
ekolokeroitta (abessive plural)
ekolokeroin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
ekolokeroni (nominative singular)
ekolokeroni (nominative plural)
ekolokeroni (accusative nominative singular)
ekolokeroni (accusative nominative plural)
ekolokeroni (accusative genitive singular)
ekolokeroni (accusative genitive plural)
ekolokeroni (genitive singular)
ekolokerojeni (genitive plural)
ekolokeroideni (genitive plural)
ekolokeroitteni (genitive plural)
ekolokeroani (partitive singular)
ekolokerojani (partitive plural)
ekolokeroitani (partitive plural)
ekolokerossani (inessive singular)
ekolokeroissani (inessive plural)
ekolokerostani (elative singular)
ekolokeroistani (elative plural)
ekolokerooni (illative singular)
ekolokeroihini (illative plural)
ekolokerollani (adessive singular)
ekolokeroillani (adessive plural)
ekolokeroltani (ablative singular)
ekolokeroiltani (ablative plural)
ekolokerolleni (allative singular)
ekolokeroilleni (allative plural)
ekolokeronani (essive singular)
ekolokeroinani (essive plural)
ekolokerokseni (singular translative)
ekolokeroikseni (plural translative)
ekolokerottani (abessive singular)
ekolokeroittani (abessive plural)
ekolokeroineni (comitative plural)
ekolokerosi (nominative singular)
ekolokerosi (nominative plural)
ekolokerosi (accusative nominative singular)
ekolokerosi (accusative nominative plural)
ekolokerosi (accusative genitive singular)
ekolokerosi (accusative genitive plural)
ekolokerosi (genitive singular)
ekolokerojesi (genitive plural)
ekolokeroidesi (genitive plural)
ekolokeroittesi (genitive plural)
ekolokeroasi (partitive singular)
ekolokerojasi (partitive plural)
ekolokeroitasi (partitive plural)
ekolokerossasi (inessive singular)
ekolokeroissasi (inessive plural)
ekolokerostasi (elative singular)
ekolokeroistasi (elative plural)
ekolokeroosi (illative singular)
ekolokeroihisi (illative plural)
ekolokerollasi (adessive singular)
ekolokeroillasi (adessive plural)
ekolokeroltasi (ablative singular)
ekolokeroiltasi (ablative plural)
ekolokerollesi (allative singular)
ekolokeroillesi (allative plural)
ekolokeronasi (essive singular)
ekolokeroinasi (essive plural)
ekolokeroksesi (singular translative)
ekolokeroiksesi (plural translative)
ekolokerottasi (abessive singular)
ekolokeroittasi (abessive plural)
ekolokeroinesi (comitative plural)
ekolokeromme (nominative singular)
ekolokeromme (nominative plural)
ekolokeromme (accusative nominative singular)
ekolokeromme (accusative nominative plural)
ekolokeromme (accusative genitive singular)
ekolokeromme (accusative genitive plural)
ekolokeromme (genitive singular)
ekolokerojemme (genitive plural)
ekolokeroidemme (genitive plural)
ekolokeroittemme (genitive plural)
ekolokeroamme (partitive singular)
ekolokerojamme (partitive plural)
ekolokeroitamme (partitive plural)
ekolokerossamme (inessive singular)
ekolokeroissamme (inessive plural)
ekolokerostamme (elative singular)
ekolokeroistamme (elative plural)
ekolokeroomme (illative singular)
ekolokeroihimme (illative plural)
ekolokerollamme (adessive singular)
ekolokeroillamme (adessive plural)
ekolokeroltamme (ablative singular)
ekolokeroiltamme (ablative plural)
ekolokerollemme (allative singular)
ekolokeroillemme (allative plural)
ekolokeronamme (essive singular)
ekolokeroinamme (essive plural)
ekolokeroksemme (singular translative)
ekolokeroiksemme (plural translative)
ekolokerottamme (abessive singular)
ekolokeroittamme (abessive plural)
ekolokeroinemme (comitative plural)
ekolokeronne (nominative singular)
ekolokeronne (nominative plural)
ekolokeronne (accusative nominative singular)
ekolokeronne (accusative nominative plural)
ekolokeronne (accusative genitive singular)
ekolokeronne (accusative genitive plural)
ekolokeronne (genitive singular)
ekolokerojenne (genitive plural)
ekolokeroidenne (genitive plural)
ekolokeroittenne (genitive plural)
ekolokeroanne (partitive singular)
ekolokerojanne (partitive plural)
ekolokeroitanne (partitive plural)
ekolokerossanne (inessive singular)
ekolokeroissanne (inessive plural)
ekolokerostanne (elative singular)
ekolokeroistanne (elative plural)
ekolokeroonne (illative singular)
ekolokeroihinne (illative plural)
ekolokerollanne (adessive singular)
ekolokeroillanne (adessive plural)
ekolokeroltanne (ablative singular)
ekolokeroiltanne (ablative plural)
ekolokerollenne (allative singular)
ekolokeroillenne (allative plural)
ekolokeronanne (essive singular)
ekolokeroinanne (essive plural)
ekolokeroksenne (singular translative)
ekolokeroiksenne (plural translative)
ekolokerottanne (abessive singular)
ekolokeroittanne (abessive plural)
ekolokeroinenne (comitative plural)
ekolokeronsa (nominative singular)
ekolokeronsa (nominative plural)
ekolokeronsa (accusative nominative singular)
ekolokeronsa (accusative nominative plural)
ekolokeronsa (accusative genitive singular)
ekolokeronsa (accusative genitive plural)
ekolokeronsa (genitive singular)
ekolokerojensa (genitive plural)
ekolokeroidensa (genitive plural)
ekolokeroittensa (genitive plural)
ekolokeroaan (partitive singular)
ekolokeroansa (partitive singular)
ekolokerojaan (partitive plural)
ekolokeroitaan (partitive plural)
ekolokerojansa (partitive plural)
ekolokeroitansa (partitive plural)
ekolokerossaan (inessive singular)
ekolokerossansa (inessive singular)
ekolokeroissaan (inessive plural)
ekolokeroissansa (inessive plural)
ekolokerostaan (elative singular)
ekolokerostansa (elative singular)
ekolokeroistaan (elative plural)
ekolokeroistansa (elative plural)
ekolokeroonsa (illative singular)
ekolokeroihinsa (illative plural)
ekolokerollaan (adessive singular)
ekolokerollansa (adessive singular)
ekolokeroillaan (adessive plural)
ekolokeroillansa (adessive plural)
ekolokeroltaan (ablative singular)
ekolokeroltansa (ablative singular)
ekolokeroiltaan (ablative plural)
ekolokeroiltansa (ablative plural)
ekolokerolleen (allative singular)
ekolokerollensa (allative singular)
ekolokeroilleen (allative plural)
ekolokeroillensa (allative plural)
ekolokeronaan (essive singular)
ekolokeronansa (essive singular)
ekolokeroinaan (essive plural)
ekolokeroinansa (essive plural)
ekolokerokseen (singular translative)
ekolokeroksensa (singular translative)
ekolokeroikseen (plural translative)
ekolokeroiksensa (plural translative)
ekolokerottaan (abessive singular)
ekolokerottansa (abessive singular)
ekolokeroittaan (abessive plural)
ekolokeroittansa (abessive plural)
ekolokeroineen (comitative plural)
ekolokeroinensa (comitative plural)


sustainable development

en-noun

sustainable development (countable and uncountable, plural sustainable developments)

(agriculture, ecology) Development which seeks to produce sustainable economic growth while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same by not exceeding the regenerative capacity of nature.

davamlı inkişaf

development seeking to economic growth while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same, by not exceeding natural regenerative capacity


kliimaksi

kliimaksi (nominative singular)
kliimaksit (nominative plural)
kliimaksi (accusative nominative singular)
kliimaksit (accusative nominative plural)
kliimaksin (accusative genitive singular)
kliimaksit (accusative genitive plural)
kliimaksin (genitive singular)
kliimaksien (genitive plural)
kliimaksia (partitive singular)
kliimakseja (partitive plural)
kliimaksissa (inessive singular)
kliimakseissa (inessive plural)
kliimaksista (elative singular)
kliimakseista (elative plural)
kliimaksiin (illative singular)
kliimakseihin (illative plural)
kliimaksilla (adessive singular)
kliimakseilla (adessive plural)
kliimaksilta (ablative singular)
kliimakseilta (ablative plural)
kliimaksille (allative singular)
kliimakseille (allative plural)
kliimaksina (essive singular)
kliimakseina (essive plural)
kliimaksiksi (singular translative)
kliimakseiksi (plural translative)
kliimaksitta (abessive singular)
kliimakseitta (abessive plural)
kliimaksein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kliimaksini (nominative singular)
kliimaksini (nominative plural)
kliimaksini (accusative nominative singular)
kliimaksini (accusative nominative plural)
kliimaksini (accusative genitive singular)
kliimaksini (accusative genitive plural)
kliimaksini (genitive singular)
kliimaksieni (genitive plural)
kliimaksiani (partitive singular)
kliimaksejani (partitive plural)
kliimaksissani (inessive singular)
kliimakseissani (inessive plural)
kliimaksistani (elative singular)
kliimakseistani (elative plural)
kliimaksiini (illative singular)
kliimakseihini (illative plural)
kliimaksillani (adessive singular)
kliimakseillani (adessive plural)
kliimaksiltani (ablative singular)
kliimakseiltani (ablative plural)
kliimaksilleni (allative singular)
kliimakseilleni (allative plural)
kliimaksinani (essive singular)
kliimakseinani (essive plural)
kliimaksikseni (singular translative)
kliimakseikseni (plural translative)
kliimaksittani (abessive singular)
kliimakseittani (abessive plural)
kliimakseineni (comitative plural)
kliimaksisi (nominative singular)
kliimaksisi (nominative plural)
kliimaksisi (accusative nominative singular)
kliimaksisi (accusative nominative plural)
kliimaksisi (accusative genitive singular)
kliimaksisi (accusative genitive plural)
kliimaksisi (genitive singular)
kliimaksiesi (genitive plural)
kliimaksiasi (partitive singular)
kliimaksejasi (partitive plural)
kliimaksissasi (inessive singular)
kliimakseissasi (inessive plural)
kliimaksistasi (elative singular)
kliimakseistasi (elative plural)
kliimaksiisi (illative singular)
kliimakseihisi (illative plural)
kliimaksillasi (adessive singular)
kliimakseillasi (adessive plural)
kliimaksiltasi (ablative singular)
kliimakseiltasi (ablative plural)
kliimaksillesi (allative singular)
kliimakseillesi (allative plural)
kliimaksinasi (essive singular)
kliimakseinasi (essive plural)
kliimaksiksesi (singular translative)
kliimakseiksesi (plural translative)
kliimaksittasi (abessive singular)
kliimakseittasi (abessive plural)
kliimakseinesi (comitative plural)
kliimaksimme (nominative singular)
kliimaksimme (nominative plural)
kliimaksimme (accusative nominative singular)
kliimaksimme (accusative nominative plural)
kliimaksimme (accusative genitive singular)
kliimaksimme (accusative genitive plural)
kliimaksimme (genitive singular)
kliimaksiemme (genitive plural)
kliimaksiamme (partitive singular)
kliimaksejamme (partitive plural)
kliimaksissamme (inessive singular)
kliimakseissamme (inessive plural)
kliimaksistamme (elative singular)
kliimakseistamme (elative plural)
kliimaksiimme (illative singular)
kliimakseihimme (illative plural)
kliimaksillamme (adessive singular)
kliimakseillamme (adessive plural)
kliimaksiltamme (ablative singular)
kliimakseiltamme (ablative plural)
kliimaksillemme (allative singular)
kliimakseillemme (allative plural)
kliimaksinamme (essive singular)
kliimakseinamme (essive plural)
kliimaksiksemme (singular translative)
kliimakseiksemme (plural translative)
kliimaksittamme (abessive singular)
kliimakseittamme (abessive plural)
kliimakseinemme (comitative plural)
kliimaksinne (nominative singular)
kliimaksinne (nominative plural)
kliimaksinne (accusative nominative singular)
kliimaksinne (accusative nominative plural)
kliimaksinne (accusative genitive singular)
kliimaksinne (accusative genitive plural)
kliimaksinne (genitive singular)
kliimaksienne (genitive plural)
kliimaksianne (partitive singular)
kliimaksejanne (partitive plural)
kliimaksissanne (inessive singular)
kliimakseissanne (inessive plural)
kliimaksistanne (elative singular)
kliimakseistanne (elative plural)
kliimaksiinne (illative singular)
kliimakseihinne (illative plural)
kliimaksillanne (adessive singular)
kliimakseillanne (adessive plural)
kliimaksiltanne (ablative singular)
kliimakseiltanne (ablative plural)
kliimaksillenne (allative singular)
kliimakseillenne (allative plural)
kliimaksinanne (essive singular)
kliimakseinanne (essive plural)
kliimaksiksenne (singular translative)
kliimakseiksenne (plural translative)
kliimaksittanne (abessive singular)
kliimakseittanne (abessive plural)
kliimakseinenne (comitative plural)
kliimaksinsa (nominative singular)
kliimaksinsa (nominative plural)
kliimaksinsa (accusative nominative singular)
kliimaksinsa (accusative nominative plural)
kliimaksinsa (accusative genitive singular)
kliimaksinsa (accusative genitive plural)
kliimaksinsa (genitive singular)
kliimaksiensa (genitive plural)
kliimaksiaan (partitive singular)
kliimaksiansa (partitive singular)
kliimaksejaan (partitive plural)
kliimaksejansa (partitive plural)
kliimaksissaan (inessive singular)
kliimaksissansa (inessive singular)
kliimakseissaan (inessive plural)
kliimakseissansa (inessive plural)
kliimaksistaan (elative singular)
kliimaksistansa (elative singular)
kliimakseistaan (elative plural)
kliimakseistansa (elative plural)
kliimaksiinsa (illative singular)
kliimakseihinsa (illative plural)
kliimaksillaan (adessive singular)
kliimaksillansa (adessive singular)
kliimakseillaan (adessive plural)
kliimakseillansa (adessive plural)
kliimaksiltaan (ablative singular)
kliimaksiltansa (ablative singular)
kliimakseiltaan (ablative plural)
kliimakseiltansa (ablative plural)
kliimaksilleen (allative singular)
kliimaksillensa (allative singular)
kliimakseilleen (allative plural)
kliimakseillensa (allative plural)
kliimaksinaan (essive singular)
kliimaksinansa (essive singular)
kliimakseinaan (essive plural)
kliimakseinansa (essive plural)
kliimaksikseen (singular translative)
kliimaksiksensa (singular translative)
kliimakseikseen (plural translative)
kliimakseiksensa (plural translative)
kliimaksittaan (abessive singular)
kliimaksittansa (abessive singular)
kliimakseittaan (abessive plural)
kliimakseittansa (abessive plural)
kliimakseineen (comitative plural)
kliimakseinensa (comitative plural)

(ecology) climax (stage in ecological development)


colonizer

(ecology) A species that establishes itself in a new area.


recruitment

recruitment (countable and uncountable, plural recruitments)

From recruit + -ment. French recrutement.

(biology, ecology) The addition of new adult or breeding-age individuals (recruits) to a population.


interspecific competition

interspecific competition (countable and uncountable, plural interspecific competitions)

(ecology) Competition for resources between species.


intraspecific competition

(ecology) Competition for resources between members of the same species.


clutch initiation

clutch initiation (plural clutch initiations)