cline

John Ramsbottom (mycologist)
Julian Huxley
cline

From Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to lean, incline”). Introduced by English evolutionary biologist and eugenicist Julian Huxley in 1938 after British mycologist John Ramsbottom suggested the term.

der

2000 Michael J. O'Brien and R. Lee Lyman: Applying Evolutionary Archaeology →ISBN
[A cline is a] character gradient, wherein a character such as length increases or decreases gradually and continuously. A cline distributed over geographic space is a "chorocline"; a cline distributed over time is a "chronocline." Compare with chorospecies and chronospecies. . .
Simpson termed the change through time a "chronocline", where a cline represents a character gradient. A chunk of a chronocline comprises a chronospecies. The difficulty with identifying a chronospecies resides, then, in first identifying a chronocline, or temporal gradient in a character or attribute. As pointed out by Kevin Padian, some characters "change more or less uniformly through time, but others change not at all, and still others vacillate with no clear trend. This is ... one reason to be suspicious of the evolutionary utility of clines: no criterion for identifying a cline seems to be in force. A cline is simply a gradient in character state along a continuum, and it may be broken, temporarily reversed, or stepped. Furthermore, there is no criterion for a cline's magnitude and no control on its probability."

2002 The Future of Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Recent studies have shown that invaders can rapidly adapt to the new environments in which they find themselves. Huey et al. demonstrated how an introduction of a new fruit fly into the west coast of North America resulted in the evolution, in only 20 years, of an apparently adaptive cline related to wing size, throughout the vast new latitudinal range extending from southern California to British Columbia. The cline that developed in North American female flies was similar to that found in the European native populations. Interestingly, the developmental basis for the cline of wing size was different in Europe than for the invader in North America, although the functional result was the same, providing additional evidence for the adaptive advantage of this set of traits.

2012 Donald W. Linzey. Vertebrate biology →ISBN
Subspecies of the song sparrow form a cline in body size, plumage coloration, and song characteristics. There is a dramatic difference in appearance between the small, pale Melospiza melodia saltonis subspecies of the southwestern desert region and the large, dark Aleutian subspecies, M. m. maxima. It seems unlikely that the desert-dwelling subspecies saltonis would easily breed with the large Alaskan subspecies maxima, even if the ranges of the two subspecies were to overlap in the future. If some catastrophe completely eliminated the central west coast populations of the song sparrow, the northern and southern ends of the cline would likely become two distinct species of sparrow.
Equus quagga is an extinct southern African mammal that resembled a zebra. . . Some observers considered it to be most closely related to the horse based on analyses of mainly cranial characters. Others thought it was a distinct species of zebra . . . Still others felt it was merely the southern end of a cline and a subspecies of the plains zebra. Both DNA and protein analyses of samples from quagga skin confirmed that it was, indeed, related to the plains zebra.
The deme is the ultimate systematic unit of species in nature. In some cases, a deme may correspond to a subspecies, but it is almost always a decidedly smaller group. Demes do not enter into classification, because they do not have long-continuing evolutionary roles and because adjacent demes often have no observable differentiation.
Demes often differ from one another in a geographic series of gradual changes. A gradual geographic shift in any one genetically controlled trait is known as a character cline. A series of samples from along a cline reveals a gradual shift in a particular character like body size, tail length, number of scales, or even intensity of coloration. Because such situations add to the difficulty of deciding the true phylogenetic relationships of populations, the experience and judgment of the systematist play an important role.

(systematics, evolution, biogeography) A gradation in a character or phenotype within a species, deme, or other systematic group.

systematics; evolution; systematics; evolution


land bridge

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-land bridge.wav

(biogeography) An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses.


stazione

it-noun

stazione f or (archaic) m (plural stazioni)

stazioni (plural)
statione (alternative)

→ Maltese: stazzjon

Learned borrowing from Latin statiōnem. Doublet of stagione, stazzo, stazzone, and stazio, of which the first three were inherited from Latin, while the last was borrowed.

doublet

(biogeography) a place inhabited by one or more species


cerrado

en-noun

cerrado (countable and uncountable, plural cerrados)

From Portuguese cerrado (literally “shut, thick”), from cerrar (“to shut”).

bor

(biogeography, uncountable) A type of tropical savanna biome found in much of central Brazil and parts of Paraguay.

The biggest breakthrough on the horizon is coming on Latin America's vast cerrado, the seemingly endless grassy plains centered in Brazil. The cerrado covers more than 200 million hectares (500 million acres)—more than all the cultivated land that feeds India's more than 800 million people.

1993 July 15, Richard Critchfield, “For Green Revolutionaries, A Latin American Triumph”, in International Herald Tribune:

(biogeography, countable, often capitalized) A region with this biome.


ecozone

(biogeography) A large geographical region having a distinct biodiversity of flora and fauna.


Palearctic

the Palearctic (canonical)
Palaearctic (alternative)

Coined by English zoologist, ornithologist, and lawyer Philip Sclater in 1858 as one of the six general groupings of fauna, based on shared biogeography and large-scale geographic barriers to migration. Derived from paleo- + Arctic in contrast to neo- + Arctic (Nearctic), in reference to the Northern ("Arctic") portions of the Old World and the New World respectively.

coin

(geography, biogeography) One of the major ecozones of the world, covering Europe, the former territories of the USSR, part of North Africa, and North Asia including the Himalaya foothills.


Neotropic

(biogeography) One of the major ecozones of the world, covering South America, Central America and the Caribbean

Neotrópico

ecozone covering South America, Central America and the Caribbean


Lusitanian

en-adj

Lusitanian (comparative more Lusitanian, superlative most Lusitanian)

more Lusitanian (comparative)
most Lusitanian (superlative)

(biogeography) Having a range restricted to Iberia and Ireland.


circumboreal

(biogeography) Relating to the northern ecoregion of abundant forest growth particularly spanning Eurasia and North America


parapatric

(biogeography, of organisms) Whose ranges do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to each other; they only occur together in the narrow contact zone, if at all.


Sundaland

From Sunda + land. The geographical use derives from Dutch Soendaland.

(biogeography) A biogeographical region of Southeastern Asia which encompasses the areas of the Asian continental shelf that was exposed during the last ice age


Papuasia

(biogeography) An area centered on New Guidea, bound by the Lydekker Line on the west (thus including the Aru Islands) and extending through the Solomon Islands archipelago in the east.


arctogeal

/ˌɑɹk təˈdʒi ə/

From Arctogea + -al. Arctogea, coined in 1868 by Thomas Henry Huxley, is from Ancient Greek ἄρκτος (árktos) (see Arctic) and γαῖᾰ (gaîă, “land, earth”).

Arctogeal (alternative)
arctogaeal (alternative)

(biogeography) Of or relating to the Arctogea, a biogeographical division comprising the holarctic and paleotropical regions, as opposed to Notogea, the rest.


phytochorion

Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both regions overlap.

(biogeography) A geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species.


linha de Wallace

(biogeography) Wallace Line (line that separates the ecozones of Asia and Wallacea)


Neotrópico

(biogeography) Neotropic (ecozone covering South America, Central America and the Caribbean)


Neártico

(biogeography) Nearctic (ecozone covering most of the North American continent)


sirkumboreaalinen

sirkumboreaalinen (nominative singular)
sirkumboreaaliset (nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalinen (accusative nominative singular)
sirkumboreaaliset (accusative nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisen (accusative genitive singular)
sirkumboreaaliset (accusative genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisen (genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisten (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisien (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalista (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisia (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisessa (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisissa (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisesta (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisista (elative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseen (illative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiin (illative plural)
sirkumboreaalisella (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisilla (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaaliselta (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaalisilta (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaaliselle (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisille (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisena (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisina (essive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseksi (singular translative)
sirkumboreaalisiksi (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisetta (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisitta (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisin (instructive plural)
sirkumboreaalisine (comitative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseni (nominative singular)
sirkumboreaaliseni (nominative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseni (accusative nominative singular)
sirkumboreaaliseni (accusative nominative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseni (accusative genitive singular)
sirkumboreaaliseni (accusative genitive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseni (genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisteni (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisieni (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalistani (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisiani (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisessani (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisissani (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisestani (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisistani (elative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseeni (illative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiini (illative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellani (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisillani (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseltani (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiltani (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaaliselleni (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisilleni (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenani (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisinani (essive plural)
sirkumboreaalisekseni (singular translative)
sirkumboreaalisikseni (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisettani (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisittani (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisineni (comitative plural)
sirkumboreaalisesi (nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisesi (nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisesi (accusative nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisesi (accusative nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisesi (accusative genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisesi (accusative genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisesi (genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalistesi (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisiesi (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalistasi (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisiasi (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisessasi (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisissasi (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisestasi (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisistasi (elative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseesi (illative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiisi (illative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellasi (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisillasi (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseltasi (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiltasi (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellesi (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisillesi (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenasi (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisinasi (essive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseksesi (singular translative)
sirkumboreaalisiksesi (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisettasi (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisittasi (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisinesi (comitative plural)
sirkumboreaalisemme (nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisemme (nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisemme (accusative nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisemme (accusative nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisemme (accusative genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisemme (accusative genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisemme (genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalistemme (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisiemme (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalistamme (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisiamme (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisessamme (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisissamme (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisestamme (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisistamme (elative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseemme (illative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiimme (illative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellamme (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisillamme (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseltamme (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiltamme (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellemme (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisillemme (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenamme (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisinamme (essive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseksemme (singular translative)
sirkumboreaalisiksemme (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisettamme (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisittamme (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisinemme (comitative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenne (nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisenne (nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenne (accusative nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisenne (accusative nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenne (accusative genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisenne (accusative genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisenne (genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalistenne (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisienne (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalistanne (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisianne (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisessanne (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisissanne (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisestanne (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisistanne (elative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseenne (illative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiinne (illative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellanne (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisillanne (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseltanne (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiltanne (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellenne (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisillenne (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenanne (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisinanne (essive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseksenne (singular translative)
sirkumboreaalisiksenne (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisettanne (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisittanne (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisinenne (comitative plural)
sirkumboreaalisensa (nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisensa (nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisensa (accusative nominative singular)
sirkumboreaalisensa (accusative nominative plural)
sirkumboreaalisensa (accusative genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisensa (accusative genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisensa (genitive singular)
sirkumboreaalistensa (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisiensa (genitive plural)
sirkumboreaalistaan (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalistansa (partitive singular)
sirkumboreaalisiaan (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisiansa (partitive plural)
sirkumboreaalisessaan (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisessansa (inessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisissaan (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisissansa (inessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisestaan (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisestansa (elative singular)
sirkumboreaalisistaan (elative plural)
sirkumboreaalisistansa (elative plural)
sirkumboreaaliseensa (illative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiinsa (illative plural)
sirkumboreaalisellaan (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisellansa (adessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisillaan (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisillansa (adessive plural)
sirkumboreaaliseltaan (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaaliseltansa (ablative singular)
sirkumboreaalisiltaan (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaalisiltansa (ablative plural)
sirkumboreaaliselleen (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisellensa (allative singular)
sirkumboreaalisilleen (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisillensa (allative plural)
sirkumboreaalisenaan (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisenansa (essive singular)
sirkumboreaalisinaan (essive plural)
sirkumboreaalisinansa (essive plural)
sirkumboreaalisekseen (singular translative)
sirkumboreaaliseksensa (singular translative)
sirkumboreaalisikseen (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisiksensa (plural translative)
sirkumboreaalisettaan (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisettansa (abessive singular)
sirkumboreaalisittaan (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisittansa (abessive plural)
sirkumboreaalisineen (comitative plural)
sirkumboreaalisinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English circumboreal). Adapted with the adjectival suffix + -inen.


zasięg

zasięg (nominative singular)
zasięgi (nominative plural)
zasięgu (genitive singular)
zasięgów (genitive plural)
zasięgowi (dative singular)
zasięgom (dative plural)
zasięg (accusative singular)
zasięgi (accusative plural)
zasięgiem (instrumental singular)
zasięgami (instrumental plural)
zasięgu (locative singular)
zasięgach (locative plural)
zasięgu (singular vocative)
zasięgi (plural vocative)


Madrean

From Spanish madre + -an.
Named for the Sierra Madre Occidental

suffix

Spanish <i class="Latn mention" lang="es">madre</i>

He defined the Madrean archipelago as those island mountains with a pine-oak woodland.

1995, Peter Warshall, “The Madrean Sky Island Archipelago: A Planetary Overview”, in Rocky Mountain Forest, Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM, page 6:

(biogeography) Pertaining to the Sierra Madre Occidental


areał

areał (nominative singular)
areały (nominative plural)
areału (genitive singular)
areałów (genitive plural)
areałowi (dative singular)
areałom (dative plural)
areał (accusative singular)
areały (accusative plural)
areałem (instrumental singular)
areałami (instrumental plural)
areale (locative singular)
areałach (locative plural)
areale (singular vocative)
areały (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Areal, from Medieval Latin āreālis.

(biogeography) range (a place where a species is found)


Indomalayan realm

(ecology, biogeography) One of the eight biogeographic realms, extending across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.


Mediterranean basin

(biogeography) The region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, encompassing parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.


Western Palearctic

(biogeography) A part of the Palearctic realm, one of the eight realms dividing the Earth's surface.