verb

en-verb

verb (third-person singular simple present verbs, present participle verbing, simple past and past participle verbed)

verbs (present singular third-person)
verbing (participle present)
verbed (participle past)
verbed (past)
verb (infinitive)

From Middle English verbe, directly from Latin verbum (“word, verb”), reinforced by Old French verbe, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰo-. Doublet of verve and word.

For example, one-part versions of the proposition "The doctor pursued the lawyer" were "The doctor verbed the object," ...

1946, Rand Corporation, The Rand Paper Series:

Each sentence had the same basic structure: The subject transitive verbed the object who intransitive verbed in the location.

1964, Journal of Mathematical Psychology:

The sentence frame was Dan verbed Ben approaching the store. This sentence frame was followed in all cases by He went inside.

1998, Marilyn A. Walker, Aravind Krishna Joshi, Centering Theory in Discourse:

(linguistics, social sciences) Used as a placeholder for any verb.


abject

en-adj

abject (comparative abjecter or more abject, superlative abjectest or most abject)

abjecter (comparative)
more abject (comparative)
abjectest (superlative)
most abject (superlative)

/ˈæbˌd͡ʒɛkt/

PIE word
 *h₂epó
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English abiect, abject (adjective) [and other forms], from Middle French abject (modern French abject, abjet (obsolete)), and from its etymon Latin abiectus (“abandoned; cast aside”), an adjective use of the perfect passive participle of abiciō (“to discard, throw away”), from ab- (prefix meaning ‘away from’) + iaciō (“to throw”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw”)).
The noun is derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Italian abiecto (obsolete), abietto
* Late Latin abiectus (“humble or poor person”, noun)
* Spanish abjecto (obsolete), abyecto

cog

The abject can easily be grafted onto the immigrant body, which is often conceived as something to be excluded in order to preserve a coherent yet racist national imaginary.

2007, Sean Brayton, “MTV's Jackass: Transgression, Abjection and the Economy of White Masculinity”, in Journal of Gender Studies, volume 16, page 59:

The disclosure of tolerance's hidden phobic lining fits in well with queer theory's embrace of the abject.

2009, W. C. Harris, Queer Externalities: Hazardous Encounters in American Culture, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 98:

(sociology, usually nominalized) Marginalized as deviant.


abjection

en-noun

abjection (countable and uncountable, plural abjections)

/æbˈd͡ʒɛk.ʃn̩/

From Middle English abjeccioun, from either Middle French abjection or Late Latin abiectiōn-, from Latin abiectus (“cast down”).
* See abject.

The disclosure of tolerance's hidden phobic lining fits in well with queer theory's embrace of the abject as exhorted by Michael Warner, David Halperin, and Lee Edelman. Embracing difference or culturally ascribed abjection with the aim of overcoming or dissipating it would be both naive and ineffective.

2009 September 10, W. C. Harris, Queer Externalities: Hazardous Encounters in American Culture, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 98:

(sociology) The fact of being marginalized as deviant.


absolutism

absolutism (countable and uncountable, plural absolutisms)

First attested in 1753 (in the theological sense); attested in 1830 in the political sense. From absolute + -ism, based after French absolutisme.

The element of absolutism and prelacy was more controlling in the counsels of the rival corporation.

1859, John Gorham Palfrey, chapter IV, in History of New England, volume I, page 217:

As absolutism became more consolidated in Europe, and particularly in France, such nonabsolutist states tended to define themselves in opposition to their absolutist rivals: hence, those features of their government which differed from absolutism tended to be given special prominence.

2019, John Gascoigne, Science and the State, page 54:

(political science, sociology) The principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; Synonym of despotism.

աբսոլյուտիզմ

political science: absolute or arbitrary government; despotism


achievement

achievement (countable and uncountable, plural achievements)

From Middle French achevement (compare Modern French achèvement), from Old French achevement, from the verb achever, achiever (“to finish”); equivalent to achieve + -ment. The heraldic sense may be influenced by hatchment.

(sociology) The successful completion of a socially defined goal or task, highlighting individual or group accomplishment.


economics

From economy + -ics, from Latin oeconomia, from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomía, “the management of a household”).

der

Mary studied economics for five years before going into banking.

Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too.

2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(social sciences) The study of resource allocation, distribution and consumption; of capital and investment; and of management of the factors of production.


accommodation

en-noun

accommodation (countable and uncountable, plural accommodations)

/əˌkɔm.əˈdæɪ.ʃən/

From French accommodation, from Latin accommodātiō (“adjustment, accommodation, compliance”), from accommodō (“adapt, put in order”). Superficially accommodate + -ion. The sense of "lodging" was first attested in 1600.

der

Pilots […] use the word fuselage whereas laypeople would more likely call the same "thing" the body of an aircraft. […] We have said above that speakers often signal that they belong to a certain group by making their language more similar to that of the other group members […] we thus adapt our language, dialect, accent, style and/or register to that of our addressee or addressees. This process is called speech accommodation. Among the reasons for accommodation may be our desire to identify more closely with the addressee(s), […]

2017 February 13, Annette Becker, Markus Bieswanger, Introduction to English Linguistics, UTB, →ISBN, page 178:

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) Modification(s) to make one's way of communicating similar to others involved in a conversation or discourse.


standard

→ Catalan: estàndard

→ Danish: standard

→ French: standard

→ Italian: standard

→ Polish: standard

→ Spanish: estándar

→ Turkish: standart

From Middle English standard, from Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Frankish *standahard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”), equivalent to stand + -ard. Alternative etymology derives the second element from Frankish *oʀd (“point, spot, place”) (compare Old French ordé (“pointed”), Old English ord (“point, source, vanguard”), German Standort (“location, place, site, position, base”, literally “standing-point”)). Merged with Middle English standar, stander, standere (“flag, banner”, literally “stander”), equivalent to stand + -er. More at stand, hard, ord.

cog

A principle or example or measure used for comparison.

(sociolinguistics) standard idiom, a prestigious or standardized language variety; standard language

стандарт

standard idiom — see also standard language


accent

en-noun

accent (countable and uncountable, plural accents)

From Middle English accent, from Medieval Latin accentus and Old French accent, acent, both from Latin accentus, past participle of accinō (“sing to, sing along”). The word accent had been borrowed into Old English already, but was lost and reborrowed in Middle English.

tongval

distinctive pronunciation associated with a region, social group, etc.

акце́нт

math: mark to distinguish magnitudes of similar kind

pilkku

geometry: mark indicating minutes and seconds of a degree

My professor's accent is so thick that it's difficult to understand her lectures.

She spoke with a strong accent that betrayed her southern roots.

I was surprised to learn that he was an immigrant, as he spoke without any accent.

They were all Middle Eastern types but spoke French without any accent.

2015 November 14, Adam Gopnik, quoting Célia, “Terror Strikes in Paris”, in The New Yorker, archived from the original on 2022-12-19:

Growing up in the Rhondda and having a strong accent was never a problem for me and my voice never really stood out from the crowd.

2016 June 8, Tyler Mears, “I used to hide my Valleys accent in case people thought I was less intelligent - which was completely stupid”, in WalesOnline, archived from the original on 2023-01-10:

It's really hard to get in an audition room when you have an accent. Rather than being treated as the other people, you are falling into a category of foreigners who can't really maintain the role.

2018 January 24, Lakshine Sathiyanathan, Lisa Xing, quoting Mariya Miloshevych, “Why some people try to chip away at their accent”, in CBC News, archived from the original on 2022-12-09:

Why go to the effort of writing in a character with an Indian name played by an Indian actor whose main personality trait is that he is stupid and has an accent?

2020 December 30, Christi Carras, quoting Rishi Maharaj, “'Schitt's Creek' star Rizwan Manji defends his character's Indian accent”, in Los Angeles Times, archived from the original on 2022-12-09:

But over the years, even after perfecting "accent-less" English, graduating from college, getting a job at Goldman Sachs, and becoming an American citizen, Arce still felt like she didn't belong.

2022 March 22, Elise Hu, Jinae West, Jordana Hochman, Andrea Gutierrez, “Rejecting assimilation in 'You Sound Like a White Girl'”, in NPR, archived from the original on 2022-12-09:

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) The distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group, etc., whether of a native speaker or a foreign speaker; the phonetic and phonological aspects of a dialect.

(informal, sometimes proscribed) A manner of pronunciation suggesting that the speaker is from a different region; a foreign accent.

I believe I still retain some of my hearing accent when I use American Sign Language.

2008, Jeremy Linn Brunson, The Practice and Organization of Sign Language, page 76:

Cheesesteaks, Peanut Chews, Tastykakes, oh yeah, the Liberty Bell — there's so much to love about Philadelphia, but one of the best things about the city of Brotherly Love is the accent. We're not talking about spoken English — we're talking about American Sign Language.

2015 November 5, Nina Porzucki, The World, archived from the original on 2022-12-07:

(sign languages) A distinctive manner of producing a sign language, such as someone who does not normally use a certain sign language might have when using it.

手語口音 /手语口音

a foreign accent

a broad Irish accent

a hint of a German accent


transcultural

(sociology, anthropology) Extending through more than one human culture.

ylikulttuurinen

extending through more than one human culture


transcultural

pt-adj

transcultural m or f (plural transculturais)

[tɾɐ̃ʃ.kuʊ̯.tuˈɾaʊ̯]

(sociology, anthropology) transcultural (that involves different cultures; relating to different cultures)


oral

Early 17th century borrowing from Late Latin ōrālis, from ōs (“the mouth”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(relational) Spoken rather than written.

(sociolinguistics, of a society) Not having reached the stage of literacy.


vox populi

Unadapted borrowing from Latin vōx populī.

ubor

(literary, sociology) vox populi (public opinion which influences decisions on many important issues)


actor

ca-noun

actor m (plural actors, feminine actora)

(sociology) actor, agent (person who does an action)


body

en-noun

body (countable and uncountable, plural bodies)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ-
Proto-West Germanic *bodag
Old English bodiġ
Middle English bodi
English body
From Middle English bodi, bodiȝ, from Old English bodiġ (“body, trunk, chest, torso, height, stature”), from Proto-West Germanic *bodag (“body, trunk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”). Cognate with Old High German botah (whence Swabian Bottich (“body, torso”)).

der

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

This, of course, was not about the State, but it was certainly an invasion: black bodies acting out in a public domain circumscribed by a racist culture. The Garvey movement presents an example of black bodies transgressing racialized spatial boundaries.

1999, Devon Carbado, Black Men on Race, Gender, and Sexuality: A Critical Reader, page 87:

In doing so, Haritaworn also rethinks the marginality of transgender bodies and practices in queer movements and spaces.

2012, Trystan T. Cotten, Transgender Migrations, page 3:

As the title suggests, this project is particularly interested in how race intersects with reproductive technologies—how brown bodies are deployed in the creation of white babies.

2016, Laura Harrison, Brown Bodies, White Babies, page 5:

(sociology) A human being, regarded as marginalized or oppressed.


recuperate

en-verb

recuperate (third-person singular simple present recuperates, present participle recuperating, simple past and past participle recuperated)

recuperates (present singular third-person)
recuperating (participle present)
recuperated (participle past)
recuperated (past)

Borrowed from Latin recuperāre, alternative form of reciperāre (“get again, regain, recover”). Doublet of recover. The pronunciation without /j/ may have been influenced by the semantically similar, but etymologically distinct verb recoup.

Mannheim's purpose when elaborating his typology of ideology was, as we have seen above, to recuperate the concept of ideology for scientific politics, after having discarded elements of Manichean egocentricity.

1991, Joseph Gabel, Karl Mannheim and Hungarian Marxism, page 87:

She sought ultimately to recuperate the classical concept of the public realm against what she described, in negative terms, as the "rise of the social" characteristic of the modern world.

1999, Jonathan M. Hess, Reconstituting the Body Politic, page 24:

[…] there is also the danger […] that such a critique recuperates gender in terms that quite literally invisiblize the very issues of race and ethnicity […]

2002, Roger Beebe, Denise Fulbrook, Ben Saunders, Rock Over the Edge: Transformations in Popular Music Culture:

The fact that even many of the harshest critics of environmental thought have sought to somehow recuperate the concept reflects how deeply it has become embedded in our discourse.

2020, Etienne S. Benson, Surroundings: A History of Environments and Environmentalisms, page 6:

(sociology) To co-opt (a problematic or suspect idea) so that it becomes part of an accepted discourse; to reclaim.


logic

en-noun

logic (countable and uncountable, plural logics)

→ Chinese: 邏輯 /逻辑 (luójí)

From Middle English logik, from Old French logike, from Latin logica, from Ancient Greek λογική (logikḗ, “logic”), from feminine of λογικός (logikós, “of or pertaining to speech or reason or reasoning, rational, reasonable”), from λόγος (lógos, “speech, reason”). Displaced native Old English flitcræft (literally “art of arguing”).

ncog

"We identify four logics of empowerment (political, economic, social, and security) and apply these to understanding empowerment’s historical and contemporary meanings-in-use."

2023, Alba Rosa Boer Cueva et al., Logics of empowerment in the women, peace and security agenda:

(countable, sociology) A system of thought or collection of rhetoric, especially one associated with a social practice.


pass

en-verb

pass (third-person singular simple present passes, present participle passing, simple past and past participle passed)

passes (present singular third-person)
passing (participle present)
passed (participle past)
passed (past)

From Middle English passen, from Old French passer (“to step, walk, pass”), from Vulgar Latin *passāre (“step, walk, pass”), derived from Latin passus (“a step”), from pandere (“spread, unfold, stretch”), from Proto-Italic *patnō, from Proto-Indo-European *pth₂noh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread, stretch out”). Cognate with Old English fæþm (“armful, fathom”). More at fathom.
Displaced native Old English gengan.

اِجْتَازَ

to go through any inspection or test successfully

hyväksyttää

to cause to advance by stages of process

Coordinate term: roleplay (“act out a social role”)

Chinese sometimes pass for Europeans, but Japs more often approach Western types.

1941 December 22, “How to Tell Japs from the Chinese”, in LIFE, page 81:

[…] a situation where I had to know whether I could pass as a woman, and not tell anyone, and not be asked what I was doing dressed as a woman.

1999, Irene Preiss, Fixed for Life: The True Saga of How Tom Became Sally, page 249:

Like Olivia's aunts (described above), many Americans passed as white to resist the racially restrictive one-drop rule and the racial status quo of the Jim Crow era (Daniel 2002; Williamson 1980).

2010 December, Nikki Khanna, Cathryn Johnson, “Passing as Black: Racial Identity Work among Biracial Americans”, in Social Psychology Quarterly, volume 73, number 4, →DOI:

(intransitive, stative, sociology) To be accepted by others as a member of a race, sex, or other group to which one does not belong or would not have originally appeared to belong; especially to be considered white although one has black ancestry, or a woman although one was assigned male at birth or vice versa.


gender

en-verb

gender (third-person singular simple present genders, present participle gendering, simple past and past participle gendered)

genders (present singular third-person)
gendering (participle present)
gendered (participle past)
gendered (past)

From Middle English gendre, borrowed from Old French gendre, borrowed from Latin genere (“type, kind”). Doublet of genre and genus. The verb developed after the noun.

In an interview, he even noted that he "dressed, acted and thought like a man" for years, but his coworkers continued to gender him as female (Shaver 1995, 2).

2011, Kristen Schilt, Just One of the Guys?: Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality, page 147:

(sociology) To assign a gender to (a person); to perceive as having a gender; to address using terms (pronouns, nouns, adjectives...) that express a certain gender.

At the same time, however, the convictions they held about how a woman or man might write led them to interpret their findings in a rather androcentric fashion, and to gender the text accordingly.

1996, Athalya Brenner, A Feminist Companion to the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament, page 191:

Like every Western culture preceding it, Renaissance society was gendered to the advantage of the adult male, who served as the template for all of humankind, women and children having been misstamped for other uses.

1997, Cheryl Glenn, Rhetoric Retold, page 120:

Yet because texts by “female authors” are not dependent on the voice to gender the text, the topics that they address and the traditions that they employ seem broader and somewhat less constrained by gender stereotypes.

2003, “Reading the Anonymous Female Voice”, in The Anonymous Renaissance: Cultures of Discretion in Tudor-Stuart England, page 244:

“Obedient and obliging machines that pretend to be women are entering our homes, cars and offices,” Saniye Gulser Corat, Unesco’s director for gender equality, said in a statement. “The world needs to pay much closer attention to how, when and whether A.I. technologies are gendered and, crucially, who is gendering them.”

2019 May 22, Megan Specia, “Siri and Alexa Reinforce Gender Bias, U.N. Finds”, in New York Times:

(sociology) To perceive (a thing) as having characteristics associated with a certain gender, or as having been authored by someone of a certain gender.

genrer

to perceive or address as a specific gender


group

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”). In the sense of group theory coined (in French, as groupe) by Évariste Galois.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.

der

(sociology) A subset of a culture or of a society.


queer

en-verb

queer (third-person singular simple present queers, present participle queering, simple past and past participle queered)

queers (present singular third-person)
queering (participle present)
queered (participle past)
queered (past)

Attested since about 1510, at first in Scots. Usually taken to be from Middle Low German (Brunswick dialect) queer (“oblique, off-center”) or the related German quer (“diagonal”), from Old Saxon thwerh, from Proto-West Germanic *þwerh, from Proto-Germanic *þwerhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn, twist, wind”); compare Latin torqueō, and see more at thwart. The OED argues against this due to the semantic differences and the date at which the word appears in Scots.
Began to be used to describe gay people in the late 1800s, see usage notes for more.

der

If I go, for instance, to the history of the church in Latin America, and decide to queer the history of the Jesuitic Missions, I may find that, in many ways, the missions were more sexual than Christian.

2003, Marcella Althaus-Reid, The Queer God, page 9:

Jonathan Goldberg further explores the implications of queering history in his essay in the same volume.

2006, Carla Freccero, Queer/Early/Modern, page 80:

We might say that there has been a ‘queering’ of urban studies insofar as the metropolitan lives, subcultures and social movements of gays and lesbians are now seen as valid objects of study.

2013, Mark Davidson, Deborah Martin, chapter 8, in Urban Politics: Critical Approaches, SAGE, →ISBN:

(social sciences) To reevaluate or reinterpret (a work) with an eye to sexual orientation and/or to gender, as by applying queer theory.


class

en-noun

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

Seeing the British establishment struggle with the financial sector is like watching an alcoholic […]. Until 2008 there was denial over what finance had become. […] But the scandals kept coming, and so we entered stage three – what therapists call "bargaining". A broad section of the political class now recognises the need for change but remains unable to see the necessity of a fundamental overhaul. Instead it offers fixes and patches.

2013 June 28, Joris Luyendijk, “Our banks are out of control”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 3, page 21:

(sociology, countable) A social grouping, based on job, wealth, etc. In Britain, society is commonly split into three main classes: upper class, middle class and working class.


acephalous

en-adj

acephalous (comparative more acephalous, superlative most acephalous)

more acephalous (comparative)
most acephalous (superlative)

From French acéphale, from Ancient Greek ἀκέφαλος (aképhalos, “headless”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). By surface analysis, a- + -cephalous.

der

an acephalous society / community

[…] an Oecumenical Council is a whole, and a Body whereof the Pope, or he that presides in it in his place, is the Head[.] For there is no Acephalous Council, as M. Schelstrate speaks, that is to say, without a Head, calling that of Constance so in the Absence of the Pope.

1685, Louis Maimbourg, chapter 25, in Archibald Lovell, transl., An Historical Treatise of the Foundation and Prerogatives of the Church of Rome and of Her Bishops, London: Jos. Hindmarsh, pages 318–319:

A very brief acephalous interim followed the death of the dark Dictator.

1870, Richard Francis Burton, Letters from the Battle-Fields of Paraguay, London: Tinsley Brothers, Introductory Essay, p. 54:

(social sciences, political science, sociology) A system of society without centralised state authority, where power is welded amongst groups of community entities e.g. clans. Without a leader or chief.


phalanx

Borrowed from Latin phalanx or Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx, “battle order, array”). Doublet of phalange, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

[Charles Fourier] calculated that if precisely 1,620 men, women and children were collected in a 6,000-acre phalanx, they would — all by merrily following their individual passions — end up satisfying all the phalanx’s essential needs.

2009 April 16, Jon Mooallem, “The End Is Near! (Yay!)”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(historical sociology) A Fourierite utopian community; a phalanstery.


vector

Learned borrowing from Latin vector (“carrier, transporter”), from vehō (“I carry, I transport, I bear”), also ultimately the root of English vehicle.
The “person or entity that passes along an urban legend or other meme” sense derives from the disease sense.
The mathematics sense was coined by Irish mathematician and astronomer William Rowan Hamilton in 1846.

coin

These days, their primary job is to insist that Facebook is a fun place to share baby photos and sell old couches, not a vector for hate speech, misinformation, and violent extremist propaganda.

2020 October 12, Andrew Marantz, “Why Facebook Can’t Fix Itself”, in The New Yorker:

(sociology) A person or entity that passes along an urban legend or other meme.

levittäjä

sociology: person or entity that passes along an urban legend or other meme


crossing

en-noun

crossing (countable and uncountable, plural crossings)

(sociolinguistics) The appropriation of a form of language by somebody who is not a member of the group that speaks it.


prestige

From French prestige (“illusion, fascination, enchantment, prestige”), from Latin praestīgium (“a delusion, an illusion”). Despite the phonetic similarities and the old meaning of “delusion, illusion, trick”, the word has a different root than prestidigitator (“conjurer”) and prestidigitation.

der

Furthermore there is in each area a well recognized standard, known by a single name, which although often linguistically distinct from local dialects, has served as the prestige form for some time.

1971, John Gumperz, “Formal and informal standards in Hindi regional language area”, in Language in Social Groups, Stanford: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 48:

The 3rd person plural -ą ending is phonetically [ow̃] or [om], depending on the dialect. However, [ow̃] is the prestige form.

1981, Jerzy Rubach, Cyclic Phonology and Palatalization in Polish and English, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, →OCLC, page 57:

(sociolinguistics, of a linguistic form) Regarded as relatively prestigious; often, considered the standard language or language variety, or a part of such a variety.


passer

Explores the history, literature, and sociology of passing, and provides case studies of six individuals who are "passers," including a black man who passed as a white Jew and a lesbian naval officer who passed as straight.

2003, Brooke Kroeger, Passing: When People Can't Be Who They Are:

Passers and would-be passers make every effort to be convincing in their chosen gender role […]

(sociology) One who is able to "pass", or be accepted as a member of a race, sex or other group to which society would not otherwise regard them as belonging.


stratification

en-noun

stratification (countable and uncountable, plural stratifications)

(sociology) Society's categorization of people into socioeconomic strata.


agency

agency (countable and uncountable, plural agencies)

From Medieval Latin agentia, from Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”)), agentis (cognate with French agence, see also agent).

moral agency

individual agency

Formally, capitalism performs its fundamental gesture—reappropriation without transformation. This bears on the question of subjective agency because this “reappropriation without transformation” is exactly what agency seeks to avoid; such a process indicates, in fact, that one's agency has failed, that one really had no agency in the first place.

2001, Todd McGowan, The Feminine "No!", SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 105:

Strictly speaking, at the level of personal agency one could say that power is a condition where one is “enabled.” I would contend that this is a condition of personal agency.

2012, Edmund V. Sullivan, A Critical Psychology, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 75:

The feeling of being in control of one's body should involve the sense of body-ownership, plus an additional sense of agency.

2013, Andy Clark, Julian Kiverstein, Tillmann Vierkant, Decomposing the Will, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 112:

(sociology, philosophy, psychology) The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.


dyad

From Ancient Greek δυάς (duás), δυάδ- (duád-) from δύο (dúo, “two”), from Proto-Indo-European *duwó, *duwéh₃ (*dwóh₁). The mathematics sense was coined by American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1884 in the second half of his book Elements of Vector Analysis.

чифт

pair of things standing in particular relation

For each individual in a specific dyad (i.e., mother-offspring, offspring-father, sibling-sibling), […]

2003, Debra Lieberman, John Tooby, Leda Cosmides, The evolution of human incest avoidance mechanisms […] , page 20:

(sociology) Two persons in an ongoing relationship; dyadic relationship.

(sociology) The relationship or interaction itself in reference to a couple.


public

en-noun

public (countable and uncountable, plural publics)

The adjective and noun are derived from Late Middle English publik, publike (“(adjective) generally observable, public; relating to the general public or public affairs; (noun) a generally observable place or situation”), from Anglo-Norman public, publik, publique, Middle French public, publique, and Old French public (“(adjective) generally observable, public; relating to the general public; official; (noun) community or its members collectively; nation, state; audience, spectators collectively”) (modern French public, publique (obsolete)); and from their etymon Latin pūblicus (“of or belonging to the community, people, or state; general, public”), an alteration of poplicus (influenced by pūbēs (“adult men; male population”)), from poplus (“community; the people, public; nation, state”) (later populus; from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”); further origin uncertain, possibly from Etruscan or from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + -icus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’). Doublet of people.
The Middle English word displaced native Old English ceorlfolc and folclic.
The verb is derived from the adjective.

yleisö

particular demographic or group of people, or segment of the population, sharing some common characteristic; (sociology) group of people sharing some common interest, but not necessarily having any interactions with each other

(often public relations) Often preceded by the and a qualifying word: a particular demographic or group of people, or segment of the population, sharing some common characteristic.

(sociology) A group of people sharing some common cultural, political, or social interest, but not necessarily having any interactions with each other.


membership

en-verb

membership (third-person singular simple present memberships, present participle membershipping, simple past and past participle membershipped)

memberships (present singular third-person)
membershipping (participle present)
membershipped (participle past)
membershipped (past)

Whatever the topic of the conversation the speaker must ‘membership’ his listener, put him into one of two or more mutually exclusive boxes. Each time a topic changes the listener must be re-membershipped, and during a conversation the same person may be membershipped as a doctor, a rugby player, a liberal, a gardener, a bridge player.

1975 April, Malcolm Coulthard, “Discourse Analysis in English – A Short Review of the Literature”, in Language Teaching, volume 8, number 2, →DOI, page 83:

(transitive, sociolinguistics) To classify (someone) as belonging to a certain group or community.


CRT

en-noun

CRT (countable and uncountable, plural CRTs)

Considering racism as a normative practice in the academy while centering the experiential perspectives of Chicana and Chicano scholars with racial and gendered microaggressions, Solórzano lays the groundwork for use of CRT in higher education scholarship.

2016, Adrienne D. Dixson, Celia K. Rousseau Anderson, Jamel K. Donnor, Critical Race Theory in Education: All God's Children Got a Song, page 184:

JANET: Martin Luther King would have been super-antiracist, but CRT progressives minimize King's accomplishments.

2021, Stephen Waters, Individuals, Journalism, and Society Epilogue-Lessons learned:

Last week, he posted on Twitter that he was the “only candidate to take action against CRT,” the “only candidate willing to fight the radical transgender agenda” and the “only candidate willing to call abortion what it is — murder.”

2022 May 9, Ted Genoways, quoting Jim Pillen, “How Trump Helped Transform Nebraska Into a Toxic Political Wasteland”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

critical race theory
critical race theory#English

(social sciences) Initialism of critical race theory.


binary

en-adj

binary (comparative more binary, superlative most binary)

more binary (comparative)
most binary (superlative)

From Late Latin bīnārius (“consisting of two”), from Latin bīnī (“two-by-two, pair”). By surface analysis, bin- + -ary.

двайко́вы

being in a state of one of two mutually exclusive conditions such as on or off

To further unpack trans and gender-diverse embodiment, requires one to unpack the depth of the discourse as it relates to both binary and non-binary people (Hofman, 2012). It necessitates deeper engagement as to the politics of passing, not passing, societal assimilation and non-assimilation.

2020, Liberty Matthyse, “Achieving gender equality by 2030: Transgender equality in relation to Sustainable Development Goal 5”, in Agenda, volume 34, number 1 (Gendered and Feminist Inequalities), →DOI, →ISSN, page 3:

(biology, sociology) Having or pertaining to a gender identity represented by the gender binary; either male or female.


punto

tl-noun

punto or puntó (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ)

punto (canonical)
puntó (canonical)
ᜉᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜓ (Baybayin)

Borrowed from Spanish punto, from Latin pūnctum (“point”). Doublet of puntos.


ulica

pl-noun

ulica f (diminutive uliczka, abbreviation ul.)

uliczka (diminutive)
ul. (abbreviation)
ulica (nominative singular)
ulice (nominative plural)
ulicy (genitive singular)
ulic (genitive plural)
ulicy (dative singular)
ulicom (dative plural)
ulicę (accusative singular)
ulice (accusative plural)
ulicą (instrumental singular)
ulicami (instrumental plural)
ulicy (locative singular)
ulicach (locative plural)
ulico (singular vocative)
ulice (plural vocative)

(colloquial, sociology) public opinion (society as an exponent of views and assessments of current political, social, and cultural life)


colonize

en-verb

colonize (third-person singular simple present colonizes, present participle colonizing, simple past and past participle colonized)

colonizes (present singular third-person)
colonizing (participle present)
colonized (participle past)
colonized (past)

2010, Daisy Hernandez, Bushra Rehman, Colonize This!: Young Women of Color on Today's Feminism, →ISBN:

What disservice would be done if issues regarding sexualities in organisations were side-lined by a heteronormative impetus to colonise queer theory?

2011, Key Concepts in Critical Management Studies, →ISBN:

For slavery aimed not only to colonize black women's bodies, sex, and sexuality, to undermine her, it sought to subvert and destroy any authentic relationship between black women and black men as well as among black women themselves.

2015, Kwok Pui-Lan, Laura E. Donaldson, Postcolonialism, Feminism and Religious Discourse, →ISBN:

[…] suggesting that organisational discourses of heteronormativity cannot fully colonise gay sexualities and genders.

2016, Nick Rumens, Queer Company: The Role and Meaning of Friendship in Gay Men's Work, →ISBN:

The burden of judgment imposed by the politics of respectability can easily colonize black minds.

2017, Christopher J. Lebron, The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of an Idea, →ISBN:

To have our grief colonized to facilitate a racist political agenda was beyond offensive.

2017 June 13, One Year After Pulse, Don't You Dare Come for Any of Us (Lambda Legal)

These award-winning works of nature writing have extended and enhanced a genre that Jamie herself has criticised, describing it as “colonised by middle-class white men”.

2021 August 23, Libby Brooks, quoting Kathleen Jamie, “Scotland’s new makar Kathleen Jamie: ‘Poetry is at the heart of our culture’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(transitive, social sciences, by extension) To intrude into and take over (the autonomy, experience, social movement, etc, of a less powerful person or group); to commandeer or appropriate.


perform

perform (third-person singular simple present performs, present participle performing, simple past and past participle performed)

performs (present singular third-person)
performing (participle present)
performed (participle past)
performed (past)
perform (infinitive)

From Middle English performen, parfournen (“to perform”), from Anglo-Norman performer, parfourmer, alteration of Old French parfornir, parfurnir (“to complete, accomplish, perform”), from par- + fornir, furnir (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Frankish *frummjan (“to accomplish, furnish”), from Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, *framjaną (“to further, promote”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“in front, forth”), *per- (“forward, out”). Cognate with Old High German frummen (“to do, execute, accomplish, provide”), Old Saxon frummian (“to perform, promote”), Old English fremman (“to perform, execute, carry out, accomplish”). See also frame, from. Modernly, rather than Proto-Germanic *frumjaną, associated with Latin formō, analyzable as per- + form.

representar

intransitive: to exhibit an expected pattern of behavior

perform masculinity

perform authority

Even before her seven decades as monarch began, she performed Britishness more intuitively than anyone ever had, or likely ever will again.

2022 September 9, Sophie Gilbert, “No One Performed Britishness Better Than Her Majesty”, in The Atlantic:

(social sciences) Of a social actor, to behave in certain ways.

(transitive) To behave in accordance with, and thereby in turn shape, (a social notion or role).

käyttäytyä

social science: to behave in accordance with

Individuals in societies perform all the time.

(intransitive) To behave in ways that carry meaning in social contexts.

käyttäytyä

social science: to behave in ways that carry meaning


hate

hate (accusative indefinite nominative)
hate-ul (accusative definite nominative)
hate (indefinite)
hate-ului (definite)

(Internet, sociology) hate (hateful or spiteful comments, especially online)


conservative

From Middle French conservatif, from Latin cōnservō (“to preserve”). Equivalent to conserve + -ative.

A person who favors maintenance of the status quo.

(US, Canada, social sciences) A social conservative.


conservative

en-adj

conservative (comparative more conservative, superlative most conservative)

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

(US, Canada, economics, politics, social sciences) Supporting some combination of fiscal, political or social conservatism.

مُحَافِظ

supporting fiscal, political or social conservatism


trans

en-verb

trans (third-person singular simple present transes, present participle transing, simple past and past participle transed)

transes (present singular third-person)
transing (participle present)
transed (participle past)
transed (past)

Clipping of transgender or transsexual (ultimately from Latin trāns).

[…] as they interact with bodies transing gender (and other) borders and spaces.

2012, Trystan Cotten, Transgender Migrations: The Bodies, Borders, and Politics of Transition, →ISBN:

Although they did so in sometimes very different ways and in different communities, transsexuals, drag queens, butch lesbians, cross-dressers, feminine men, and masculine women all in some senses crossed, or transed, gender[.] […] People who trans gender as well as people who do not may receive cis-privileges, and people who do not intentionally trans gender as well as people who do are denied cis-privileges if they fail to pass (or pass enough) in the sex/gender they are expected to be.

2012, Finn Enke, Transfeminist Perspectives in and beyond Transgender and Gender Studies, →ISBN, pages 4 and 20:

(transitive, chiefly humorous or social sciences) To cause to cross from one side to another of (gender, sex or similar).


lag

head

lag n (singular definite laget, plural indefinite lag)

laget (definite singular)
lag (indefinite plural)
lag (indefinite nominative singular)
laget (definite nominative singular)
lag (indefinite nominative plural)
lagene (definite nominative plural)
lags (genitive indefinite singular)
lagets (definite genitive singular)
lags (genitive indefinite plural)
lagenes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse lag, from Proto-Germanic *lagą. Doublet of lav (“guild”) and lov (“law”).

doublet

(sociology) class, stratum (class of society with similar status)


minority

en-noun

minority (countable and uncountable, plural minorities)

From Middle French minorité, and its source Late Latin minōritās, from Latin minor.
Morphologically minor + -ity

But we have seen that one important difference between women and other minorities is that women's attitudes and self-conceptions are conditioned more largely by interaction with both minority and dominant group members

1951 October, Helen Mayer Hacker, “Women as Minority Group”, in Howard W. Odum, Katherine Jocher, editors, Social Forces, volume 30, number 1, Williams & Wilkins, →DOI, page 63:

(sociology) A group of people seen as distinct who are subordinated and discriminated against in a society.


erasure

erasure (countable and uncountable, plural erasures)

From Latin ērādō (“to erase”) + -tūra, equivalent to erase + -ure.

bisexual erasure

(sociology) A tendency to ignore or conceal an element of society.


anomie

First attested in 1749. Borrowed from French anomie, from Ancient Greek ἀνομία (anomía, “lawlessness”), from Ancient Greek ἄνομος (ánomos, “lawless”).


altruism

en-noun

altruism (countable and uncountable, plural altruisms)

From French altruisme, which was coined in 1830 by Auguste Comte from autrui (“of or to others”) + -isme, from Old French, from Latin alteri, dative of alter (“other”) (whence also English alter). Apparently inspired by the French Latin legal phrase l’autrui, from le bien, le droit d’autrui (“the good, the right of the other”). Introduced into English by George Henry Lewes in 1853, in his translation Comte’s Philosophy of the Sciences, 1, xxi.

Altruism is a behaviour of an individual that benefits another at its own expense.[…]She decided to investigate what motivates ants to undertake these dangerous missions, where they risk getting trapped themselves or, worse, eaten by predatory antlion larvae, which dig pits and lurk, semi-concealed, at the bottom with their jaws wide open. Such apparently selfless rescue behaviour is seen by many as one of the purest forms of altruism.[…]Being nice to relatives is not pure altruism because they share your genes so, by helping them, you promote your own genetic heritage.

2013 December 24, Laura Spinney, Goodwill hunting: Random ants of kindness, New Scientist:

(biology, sociobiology) Action or behaviour that benefits another or others at some cost to the performer.


depolarization

depolarization (countable and uncountable, plural depolarizations)

hypopolarization:

shift in intracellular electrical charge distribution

Coordinate term: deradicalization

The act of reducing polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized or less polarized condition.

(sociology) Reduction of political polarization.


empiricism

empiricism (countable and uncountable, plural empiricisms)

ἐμπειρῐκή

practice of medicine founded on experience only

(social sciences, political science, sociology) Research methodology shaped from empirical philosophy (see above), e.g. surveys, statistics, etc.


eugenics

Coined by Francis Galton in 1883. From ἐΰς (eǘs, “good”) + γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “breeding”), “well-bred”, “good in stock”. Parallel to Eugene.

af

In keeping with the goals of the new eugenics movement, McCulloch was claiming to offer scientific evidence of the incorrigibility of poor rural whites.

2006, Matt Wray, Not Quite White, page 77:

(sociology, biology) A social philosophy or practice which advocates the improvement of human hereditary qualities through selective breeding, either by encouraging people with superior genetic qualities to reproduce (positive eugenics), or discouraging people with inferior genetic qualities from reproducing (negative eugenics), or by technological means.


figuration

en-noun

figuration (countable and uncountable, plural figurations)

/ˌfɪɡ.jəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

Late Middle English figuracion, from Middle French figuration, from Latin figūrō (“to form”). Equivalent to figurate + -ion.

Figurations of interdependent people make up many webs of interdependence, which are characterized in part by different balances of power of many sorts, such as families, states, towns or simply groups.

2006, Grant Jarvie, Sport, Culture, and Society, page 26:

(sociology) A structure through which people are joined, or the process of constructing such structures.


interact

Inasmuch as it is impossible to analyze the contents of an entire interpersonal relationship, it is helpful to conceptualize a given communication event as consisting of a series of subevents. Any one subevent may be pulled out as a basic unit for analysis in the study of interpersonal communication; this basic unit may then be called an interact. […] each interact is a distinctive attempt to conceal, repeat, or disclose information and/or to influence the relationship.

1975, Ralph Webb, Jr., chapter 1, in Interpersonal Speech Communication: Principles and Practices, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pages 23–24:

As they listened to groups communicate, Fisher and his coworkers noted what each group member said (labeled a speech act) and how the next person responded. This pairing of speech acts is called an interact.

1991, Michael Z. Hackman, Craig E. Johnson, chapter 6, in Leadership: A Communication Perspective, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, page 123:

(social sciences) A pair or series of acts involving more than one person.


segregation

segregation (countable and uncountable, plural segregations)

/sɛɡɹəˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/

1555. From Latin segregatio.
Morphologically segregate + -ion

сегрегация

politics, public policy — see also apartheid

(sociology) The separation of people (geographically, residentially, or in businesses, public transit, etc) into various categories which occurs due to social forces (culture, etc).


anomia

anomia (nominative singular)
anomiat (nominative plural)
anomia (accusative nominative singular)
anomiat (accusative nominative plural)
anomian (accusative genitive singular)
anomiat (accusative genitive plural)
anomian (genitive singular)
anomioiden (genitive plural)
anomioitten (genitive plural)
anomiain (genitive plural rare)
anomiaa (partitive singular)
anomioita (partitive plural)
anomiassa (inessive singular)
anomioissa (inessive plural)
anomiasta (elative singular)
anomioista (elative plural)
anomiaan (illative singular)
anomioihin (illative plural)
anomialla (adessive singular)
anomioilla (adessive plural)
anomialta (ablative singular)
anomioilta (ablative plural)
anomialle (allative singular)
anomioille (allative plural)
anomiana (essive singular)
anomioina (essive plural)
anomiaksi (singular translative)
anomioiksi (plural translative)
anomiatta (abessive singular)
anomioitta (abessive plural)
anomioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
anomiani (nominative singular)
anomiani (nominative plural)
anomiani (accusative nominative singular)
anomiani (accusative nominative plural)
anomiani (accusative genitive singular)
anomiani (accusative genitive plural)
anomiani (genitive singular)
anomioideni (genitive plural)
anomioitteni (genitive plural)
anomiaini (genitive plural rare)
anomiaani (partitive singular)
anomioitani (partitive plural)
anomiassani (inessive singular)
anomioissani (inessive plural)
anomiastani (elative singular)
anomioistani (elative plural)
anomiaani (illative singular)
anomioihini (illative plural)
anomiallani (adessive singular)
anomioillani (adessive plural)
anomialtani (ablative singular)
anomioiltani (ablative plural)
anomialleni (allative singular)
anomioilleni (allative plural)
anomianani (essive singular)
anomioinani (essive plural)
anomiakseni (singular translative)
anomioikseni (plural translative)
anomiattani (abessive singular)
anomioittani (abessive plural)
anomioineni (comitative plural)
anomiasi (nominative singular)
anomiasi (nominative plural)
anomiasi (accusative nominative singular)
anomiasi (accusative nominative plural)
anomiasi (accusative genitive singular)
anomiasi (accusative genitive plural)
anomiasi (genitive singular)
anomioidesi (genitive plural)
anomioittesi (genitive plural)
anomiaisi (genitive plural rare)
anomiaasi (partitive singular)
anomioitasi (partitive plural)
anomiassasi (inessive singular)
anomioissasi (inessive plural)
anomiastasi (elative singular)
anomioistasi (elative plural)
anomiaasi (illative singular)
anomioihisi (illative plural)
anomiallasi (adessive singular)
anomioillasi (adessive plural)
anomialtasi (ablative singular)
anomioiltasi (ablative plural)
anomiallesi (allative singular)
anomioillesi (allative plural)
anomianasi (essive singular)
anomioinasi (essive plural)
anomiaksesi (singular translative)
anomioiksesi (plural translative)
anomiattasi (abessive singular)
anomioittasi (abessive plural)
anomioinesi (comitative plural)
anomiamme (nominative singular)
anomiamme (nominative plural)
anomiamme (accusative nominative singular)
anomiamme (accusative nominative plural)
anomiamme (accusative genitive singular)
anomiamme (accusative genitive plural)
anomiamme (genitive singular)
anomioidemme (genitive plural)
anomioittemme (genitive plural)
anomiaimme (genitive plural rare)
anomiaamme (partitive singular)
anomioitamme (partitive plural)
anomiassamme (inessive singular)
anomioissamme (inessive plural)
anomiastamme (elative singular)
anomioistamme (elative plural)
anomiaamme (illative singular)
anomioihimme (illative plural)
anomiallamme (adessive singular)
anomioillamme (adessive plural)
anomialtamme (ablative singular)
anomioiltamme (ablative plural)
anomiallemme (allative singular)
anomioillemme (allative plural)
anomianamme (essive singular)
anomioinamme (essive plural)
anomiaksemme (singular translative)
anomioiksemme (plural translative)
anomiattamme (abessive singular)
anomioittamme (abessive plural)
anomioinemme (comitative plural)
anomianne (nominative singular)
anomianne (nominative plural)
anomianne (accusative nominative singular)
anomianne (accusative nominative plural)
anomianne (accusative genitive singular)
anomianne (accusative genitive plural)
anomianne (genitive singular)
anomioidenne (genitive plural)
anomioittenne (genitive plural)
anomiainne (genitive plural rare)
anomiaanne (partitive singular)
anomioitanne (partitive plural)
anomiassanne (inessive singular)
anomioissanne (inessive plural)
anomiastanne (elative singular)
anomioistanne (elative plural)
anomiaanne (illative singular)
anomioihinne (illative plural)
anomiallanne (adessive singular)
anomioillanne (adessive plural)
anomialtanne (ablative singular)
anomioiltanne (ablative plural)
anomiallenne (allative singular)
anomioillenne (allative plural)
anomiananne (essive singular)
anomioinanne (essive plural)
anomiaksenne (singular translative)
anomioiksenne (plural translative)
anomiattanne (abessive singular)
anomioittanne (abessive plural)
anomioinenne (comitative plural)
anomiansa (nominative singular)
anomiansa (nominative plural)
anomiansa (accusative nominative singular)
anomiansa (accusative nominative plural)
anomiansa (accusative genitive singular)
anomiansa (accusative genitive plural)
anomiansa (genitive singular)
anomioidensa (genitive plural)
anomioittensa (genitive plural)
anomiainsa (genitive plural rare)
anomiaansa (partitive singular)
anomioitaan (partitive plural)
anomioitansa (partitive plural)
anomiassaan (inessive singular)
anomiassansa (inessive singular)
anomioissaan (inessive plural)
anomioissansa (inessive plural)
anomiastaan (elative singular)
anomiastansa (elative singular)
anomioistaan (elative plural)
anomioistansa (elative plural)
anomiaansa (illative singular)
anomioihinsa (illative plural)
anomiallaan (adessive singular)
anomiallansa (adessive singular)
anomioillaan (adessive plural)
anomioillansa (adessive plural)
anomialtaan (ablative singular)
anomialtansa (ablative singular)
anomioiltaan (ablative plural)
anomioiltansa (ablative plural)
anomialleen (allative singular)
anomiallensa (allative singular)
anomioilleen (allative plural)
anomioillensa (allative plural)
anomianaan (essive singular)
anomianansa (essive singular)
anomioinaan (essive plural)
anomioinansa (essive plural)
anomiakseen (singular translative)
anomiaksensa (singular translative)
anomioikseen (plural translative)
anomioiksensa (plural translative)
anomiattaan (abessive singular)
anomiattansa (abessive singular)
anomioittaan (abessive plural)
anomioittansa (abessive plural)
anomioineen (comitative plural)
anomioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈɑ̝no̞ˌmiɑ̝]

Internationalism (see French anomie), ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀνομία (anomía). Contains the suffix -nomia.


anomia

(sociology) anomie (alienation or social instability)


imaginary

/ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪnəɹi/

/ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪnɹi/

/ɪˈmæd͡ʒɪˌnɛɹi/

From Middle English ymaginarie, ymagynary, from Latin imāginārius (“relating to images, fancied”), from imāgō, equivalent to imagine + -ary.
The mathematical sense derives from René Descartes's use (of the French imaginaire) in 1637, La Geometrie, to ridicule the notion of regarding non-real roots of polynomials as numbers. Although Descartes' usage was derogatory, the designation stuck even after the concept gained acceptance in the 18th century.

der

The sensory media are sensuous materials which prolong our bodily life into the surrounding world, and hence the media are imaginaries. These perceptually penetrated materials are " imaginaries " because they operate here in our living body […].

1978, John Derrickson McCurdy, Visionary Appropriation, page 145:

For example, colonial motifs of many kinds became increasingly central to the British national imaginary from the mid-nineteenth century, while the imaginative significance of 'the soldier' has long been derived from, and helped to sustain, the linkage between national and military imaginaries.

1994, Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire, and the Imagining ..., page 51:

While Oil, its extraction, and the global petroculture and its role in transforming the planet's climate undoubtedly play a crucial role in the Antropocene imaginary — to the extent that petrofiction has been construed not just as a genre but as a periodizing gesture of "petromodernity" — it would hamper both the imagination and the root of petrofiction to restrict the range of this term to the encounter with fossil fuels within a carbon imaginary.

2015, Adrian Daub, Elisabeth Krimmer, Goethe Yearbook 22, page 96:

(sociology) The set of values, institutions, laws, and symbols common to a particular social group and the corresponding society through which people imagine their social whole.


deshopper

The deshopper is “stealing beauty” and robbing the product of some of its undetectable essence, without losing the quality of newness which is required for the product to remain returnable.

1999, Ruth A. Schmidt et al., “Deshopping – the art of illicit consumption”, in International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, →DOI:

They are the deshoppers - a scam that has cost stores £63million this year.

2004 December 8, “Deshoppers Make Returns”, in Metro:

[…] there is almost no actual control over the behaviour as none of the deshoppers interviewed had ever been caught.

2006, Tamira King, Charles Dennis, “Unethical consumers: Deshopping behaviour using the qualitative analysis of theory of planned behaviour and accompanied (de)shopping”, in Qualitative Market Research, →DOI:

(chiefly UK, social sciences) A person who practises deshopping.


salience

en-noun

salience (countable and uncountable, plural saliences)

(social sciences, linguistics) Relative importance based on context.


self-fulfilling prophecy

self-fulfilling prophecy (plural self-fulfilling prophecies)

Coordinate term: self-defeating prophecy

Whether or not we believe in astrology is irrelevant; the question is, did the Magdalenians? If so, then in a self-fulfilling prophecy they may have been organizing their lives according to a religious belief system, and not simply an economic or ecological one.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 130:

Operator Abellio ScotRail doubled the Mon-Sat service from one train in each direction to two from May 2019 - it being something of a self-fulfilling prophecy that if you lay on trains, people might use them.

2022 January 26, Stephen Roberts, “Top of the stops: our least used stations”, in RAIL, number 949, page 56:

(philosophy, sociology) A prediction that, by being voiced, causes itself to come true.


social engineering

The following discussion will use two examples - namely public housing and the social security scheme, the Central Provident Fund (CPF) - to illustrate the effects of distributing the fruits of economic development via social engineering projects.

2006, Johnny Sung, Explaining the Economic Success of Singapore, →ISBN:

In 1961, Russell Kirk provided a distillation of these conservative salvos against social engineering in a more public forum. In The New York Times Magazine, the political scientist and regular National Review columnist cited Pitirim Sorkin's call in Fads and Foibles for a balancing of the scientific method with older humanistic modes of inquiry as evidence that mainstream sociologists had become scientistic "true believers," rejecting "humanitarian" models of inquiry in favor of that which could be measured and tabulated.

2008, David Haney, The Americanization of Social Science, →ISBN, page 188:

In other words, we note that the social engineering model of knowledge utilization research is burdened with the outdated maxim of "technology as applied science". Accepting the possibility of intermediary professions, we get the "real" social engineering model, entailing an independent analytic profession, as an alternative to the enlightenment model with its romantic dichotomy between theory and practice.

2012, S.A. Cropper, Michael C. Jackson, Paul Keys, Operational Research and the Social Sciences, →ISBN, page 155:

(sociology) Use of numerical data to inform social programs.


organic

en-adj

organic (comparative more organic, superlative most organic)

more organic (comparative)
most organic (superlative)

From Middle English organic, organik, from Old French organique, from Latin organicus.

(sociology) Describing a form of social solidarity theorized by Emile Durkheim that is characterized by voluntary engagements in complex interdependencies for mutual benefit (such as business agreements), rather than mechanical solidarity, which depends on ascribed relations between people (as in a family or tribe).


status

Unadapted borrowing from Latin status. Doublet of estado.

(sociology) status; standing (a person’s importance relative to others)


reverse racism

Based on the notion that racism is usually directed from the political majority to a political minority.

The unassailable statements that Indians are as good as we are, and better in some respects, and that their tribal ways are an important American value, shade imperceptibly into reverse racism: Indians are better than we are, in all respects, and their tribal ways will save and redeem us.

1935, The New Leader, volume 48, American Labor Conference on International Affairs, page 21:

By claiming that meritocratic judgments trump egalitarian efforts to produce tangible results, neoconservatives cast affirmative action policies as multiracial reverse racism and the major cause of racial divisiveness and low black self-esteem...

1996, George E. Curry, The Affirmative Action Debate, →ISBN, page 33:

(sociology) Racism against the racial majority (either a member or group of that majority or the majority in general).


problematic

problematic (comparative more problematic, superlative most problematic)

more problematic (comparative)
most problematic (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French problématique, from Late Latin problematicus, from Ancient Greek προβληματικός (problēmatikós), from πρόβλημα (próblēma, “outjutting, barrier, problem”), from προβάλλω (probállō, “I throw, place before”), from πρό (pró, “before”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, place”). By surface analysis, problem + -atic.

der

προβληματικός

2015 April 10, Paige Tutt, Apple’s new diverse emoji are even more problematic than before: Racialized emoji insert race into texts and tweets where it never would have arisen before:

Posing a problem; having or suffering from problem(s):

(sociology) Contributing (especially if subtly) to discrimination (such as racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, or ageism).


embodiment

en-noun

embodiment (countable and uncountable, plural embodiments)

In many respects, the genre [science fiction] was exceptionally well suited to extrapolate from contemporary social concerns and promote visions of alternative societies, new forms of embodiment, and novel pathways for desire and pleasure.

2001, Susan Stryker, Queer Pulp, page 17:

(sociology) The ways that knowledge, personality, culture, etc. are modulated by being experienced through a physical body.


valence

valence (countable and uncountable, plural valences)

Sense 1.1 (“combining capacity of an atom”) and sense 3 (“one-dimensional value assigned by a person to an object, situation, or state”) are borrowed from German Valenz + English -ence (suffix meaning ‘having the condition or state of’). Valenz is a clipping of Quantivalenz (“(archaic) valence in chemistry”), from English quantivalence, from Latin quantus (“how much”) + English -i- (interfix inserted between morphemes of Latin origin for ease of pronunciation) + Latin valentia (“bodily strength; health; vigour”) (whence Late Middle English valence (“medicinal preparation made from plants”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; powerful, strong”)). Quantivalence was coined by F. O. Ward who communicated it to the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818–1892), leading him to coin the German word Quantivalenz. Doublet of value.
Sense 2 (“number of arguments a verb can have”) was formed by analogy to the use of the word in chemistry: see above.

der

(uncountable, sociology) The value which a person places on something.


verstehen

Unadapted borrowing from German Verstehen or German verstehen (“to understand, comprehend”).

bor

(sociology) A stance that attempts to understand the meaning of action from the actor’s point of view, so that the actor is seen as a subject rather than an object of observation.


sfera

sferowy (adjective)
sfera (nominative singular)
sfery (nominative plural)
sfery (genitive singular)
sfer (genitive plural)
sferze (dative singular)
sferom (dative plural)
sferę (accusative singular)
sfery (accusative plural)
sferą (instrumental singular)
sferami (instrumental plural)
sferze (locative singular)
sferach (locative plural)
sfero (singular vocative)
sfery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English sphere, French sphère, German Sphäre, ultimately from Latin sphaera.

(sociology) sphere (group of people distinguished on the basis of origin, education, social or material status, interests, etc.)


carnival

→ Japanese: カーニバル (kānibaru)

From Middle French carnaval, from Italian carnevale, possibly from the Latin phrase carnem levāmen (“meat dismissal”). Other scholars suggest Latin carnuālia (“meat-based country feast”) or carrus nāvālis (“boat wagon; float”) instead. Doublet of carnaval.

The social environment contains the ambiguous traces of carnival: it resists the ideology of capitalism and, at the same time, reproduces the capitalist social order.

2010, Gulnara Karimova, “Jackass, South Park, and 'Everyday' Culture”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 33, page 37:

(sociology) A context in which transgression or inversion of the social order is given temporary license. Derived from the work of Mikhail Bakhtin.


rekey

en-verb

rekey (third-person singular simple present rekeys, present participle rekeying, simple past and past participle rekeyed)

rekeys (present singular third-person)
rekeying (participle present)
rekeyed (participle past)
rekeyed (past)

(social sciences) To change the key or tenor of; to reframe.


choice theory

en-noun

choice theory (usually uncountable, plural choice theories)

(sociology) Any of various models of group behavior (such as economic behavior, criminal behavior, or consumer behavior) as the cumulative result of rational choices made by individuals expressing on their preferences and/or meeting their needs.


dispositif

terms expressing the notion for court decision under common law

(sociology) According to Michel Foucault, the aggregate of institutional, physical and administrative mechanisms and knowledge structures that enhance and maintain the exercise of power within society.


patrilocality

From patrilocal + -ity, from patri- + local.

(sociology) A socially instituted practice whereupon a married couple lives with or near the family of the husband.


diglossia

From Latin diglōssia. In linguistics introduced 1959 by Charles A. Ferguson, based on French diglossie, from Ancient Greek δίγλωσσος (díglōssos, “bilingual”) + -ία (-ía). Equivalent to di- + -glossia.

der

Coordinate term: digraphia

To begin with, of the two varieties involved in diglossia, the one serving (H)igh societal functions, unlike that reserved for (L)ow ones, is nobody's mother tongue: it is learned in later life largely by formal education, and is not used for ordinary conversation. Secondly, the diglossic contrast concerns widely divergent varieties, as opposed to stylistic contrasts which tend to be small-scale. Moreover, diglossia occurs within a single language, while bilingualism or multilingualism, involve far more divergent linguistic systems.

1994, Periklis Daltas, “The Concept of Diglossia from Ferguson to Fishman to Fasold”, in Irene Philippaki-Warburton, Katerina Nicolaidis, Maria Sifianou, editors, Themes in Greek Linguistics: Papers from the First International Conference on Greek Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 341:

2000, Joshua A. Fishman, Chapter 3: Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism, Li Wei (editor), The Bilingualism Reader, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 81,
It is the purpose of this chapter to relate these two research traditions to each other by tracing the interaction between their two major constructs: bilingualism (on the part of psychologists) and diglossia (on the part of sociologists).

Only very small and isolated communities display neither diglossia nor bilingualism.

2013, Elien Declercq, Michael Boyden, “Multilingualism and Diglossia in Migration Literature: The Case of Flemish Songs in Northern France”, in Wolfgang Behschnitt, Sarah De Mul, Liesbeth Minnaard, editors, Literature, Language, and Multiculturalism in Scandinavia and the Low Countries, Rodopi, page 20:

(linguistics, sociology) The coexistence in a given population of two closely related native languages or dialects, one of which is regarded as more prestigious than the other; the similar coexistence of two unrelated languages.

اِزْدِوَاجِيَّة لُغَوِيَّة

the coexistence of two closely related native languages

二言語変種使い分け

にげんごへんしゅつかいわけ


social stigma

en-noun

social stigma (plural social stigmas or social stigmata)

social stigmas (plural)
social stigmata (plural)

(sociology) Severe social disapproval of a person or a certain behavior.


sociolect

From socio- + -lect, by analogy with dialect, idiolect, etc.

The French literary critic Roland Barthes has paid special attention to the relationship between the individual language ("idiolect") and the language of a collective of speech ("sociolect"). Public life is characterized by "social multilingualism." There are a number of languages, such as the language of the church, the language of the prison, the language of the children, the language of the ruling elite, and other "social languages."

1984, Yu[ri] Suvaryan, V[aleri] Mirzoyan, R[uben] Hayrapetyan, “Language and Speech in the System of Public Administration”, in Public Administration: Theory and History, Yerevan, Armenia: “Gitutuin” Publishing House of the NAS RA [National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia], →ISBN, page 277:

[…] I believe that it is mistaken to maintain that the language of ideology is a discrete ‘sociolect’, a sort of meta-language which draws upon but remains distinct from the language of everyday life.

1984, John B[rookshire] Thompson, “Theories of Ideology and Methods of Discourse Analysis: Towards a Framework for the Analysis of Ideology”, in Studies in the Theory of Ideology, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN, page 89:

This paper uses sociolect as a cover term for slang, technical jargon (professionalisms), and argot. From the point of view of its secret nature, two kinds of sociolects are distinguished: slang and technical jargon on the one hand, and argot on the other, with the difference being in the presence or lack of an intention of secrecy.

1999, Pavol Odaloš, “Mi a szociolektus és mi a szleng? [What is a Sociolect and what is Slang?]”, in Anna Fenyvesi, Tamás Kis, Judit Szilvia Várnai, editors, Mi a szleng? Tanulmányok a szleng fogalmáról [What is Slang? Studies on the Concept of Slang] (Szlengkutatás [Slang Research]; 3), Debrecen, Hungary: Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó [Kossuth University Press], →ISBN, →ISSN, English summary, page 50:

In sociolinguistics, a sociolect or social dialect is a variety of language (a register) associated with a social group such as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic group (precisely termed ethnolect), an age group, etc. Sociolects involve both passive acquisition of particular communicative practices through association with a local community, as well as active learning and choice among speech or writing forms to demonstrate identification with particular grounds. Sociolinguists define a sociolect by examining the social distribution of specific linguistic terms.

2014, Peter Wuteh Vakunta, “Literary Camfranglais in Mercédès Fouda’s Je parle camerounais : pour un renouveau francofaune”, in Camfranglais: The Making of a New Language in Cameroonian Literature, Mankon, Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa Research & Publishing Common Initiative Group, →ISBN, page 82, footnote 26:

(sociolinguistics) The variant of language used by a social group such as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic group, an age group, etc.


atavism

atavism (countable and uncountable, plural atavisms)

/ˈætəˌvɪzəm/

[ˈæɾəˌvɪzəm]

I have even read in a book of criminology that the tramp is an atavism, a throw-back to the nomadic stage of humanity.

1933 January 9, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter XXXVI, in Down and Out in Paris and London, London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

"...he traces the roots of objectless imperialism to three sources, each an atavism. Modern imperialism, according to Schumpeter, resulted from the combined impact of a "war machine", warlike instincts, and export monopolism".

1986, Michael Doyle, “Liberalism and World Politics”, in American Political Science Review, volume 80, number 4:

(sociology) Reversion to past primitive behavior, especially violence.


marginal

en-adj

marginal (not generally comparable, comparative more marginal, superlative most marginal)

more marginal (comparative)
most marginal (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin marginālis, equivalent to margin + -al.

լուսանցքային

of, relating to, or located at a margin or an edge

vaa’ankieli-

where the winning margin was a small proportion of the total number of votes

The caseworker couldn't understand how I could have stretched out my last bit of money for so long. She seemed convinced that I was "hiding" income from her and interrogated me for I don't know how long. […] The system seems based on the assumption that people are "welfare cheats." If you don't speak English or are marginal in some other way, it's worse.

1990 February 4, Margy Dowzer, Mary Frances Platt, Aviva Shmuckler, “Disability And Accessibility Cost Money!”, in Gay Community News, volume 17, number 29, page 13:


discourse

en-noun

discourse (countable and uncountable, plural discourses)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English discours, borrowed from Middle French discours (“conversation, speech”), from Latin discursus (“the act of running about”), from Latin discurrō (“run about”), from dis- (“apart”) + currō (“run”). Spelling modified by influence of Middle French cours (“course”). Doublet of discursus.

der

Furthermore, it should be recalled from the previous chapter that criminological discourse of the 1930s deemed every woman a potential criminal, implicitly including the domestic woman.

2007, Christine L. Marran, Poison Woman: Figuring Female Transgression in Modern Japanese Culture, page 137:

But equally important to the emergence of uniquely African-American queer discourses is the refusal of African-American movements for liberation to address adequately issues of sexual orientation and gender identity.

2008, Jane Anna Gordon, Lewis Gordon, A Companion to African-American Studies, page 308:

Brown University's Friday Night Jews (FNJ) [...] began as an informal Shabbat dinner gathering in 2016, as a space for Jewish students who were feeling fed up with Hillel’s limitations regarding Israel/Palestine discourse, after the Brown/RISD Hillel rescinded sponsorship of a film screening by the Israeli nonprofit Zochrot, an organization that educates Jewish Israelis about the Nakba.

2019 July 3, Jess Schwalb, “Red Line Rebellion”, in Jewish Currents:

(social sciences, countable) An institutionalized way of thinking, a social boundary defining what can be said about a specific topic (after Michel Foucault).


environmentalist

As we remarked once before, there are two extreme views with respect to life, one attributing everything to the environment, the other to inherent abilities. If, for example, an unusual number of distinguished men are born and reared in the same locality, the environmentalists assert that the causes for their appearance were entirely external and that had their parents changed habitats with those residing elsewhere the result would have been the same, except that the family names of these eminent men would have been different.

1926, Clark Wissler, The Relation of Nature to Man in Aboriginal America, published 1971, pages 211–212:

(anthropology, social sciences) One who holds the view that environment, rather than heredity or culture, is the primary factor in the development of an individual or group.


deviate

From a substantivation of Late Latin dēviātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (noun-forming suffix) for more.

[…] Walton has suggested that it is desirable "to name the phenomena signs of deviation, and call their possessors deviates or a deviate as the case may be […]

1915, James Cornelius Wilson, A Handbook of medical diagnosis:

Under these conditions the person who appears as a deviate is a deviate only because we have chosen, somewhat arbitrarily, to call him a member of the court […]

1959, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter, Kurt W. Back, Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing:

[…] The second confederate was also to be a deviate initially […]

(sociology) A person with deviant behaviour; a deviant, degenerate or pervert.

poikkeava

sociology: a person with deviant behaviour; a deviant, degenerate or pervert


deviate

From Late Latin dēviātus, see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more.

It's somewhat in vogue to give special attention and consideration to the alternative lifestyle, which five years ago we would have called the deviate lifestyle.

1987 February 1, Kim Westheimer, quoting John Gillespie, “Rawhide Boys”, in Gay Community News, volume 14, number 28, page 2:


класс

ru-noun+

класс • (klass) m inan (genitive кла́сса, nominative plural кла́ссы, genitive plural кла́ссов, relational adjective кла́ссный or кла́ссовый)

klass (romanization)
кла́сса (genitive)
кла́ссы (nominative plural)
кла́ссов (genitive plural)
кла́ссный (adjective relational)
кла́ссовый (adjective relational)
кла́сс (nominative singular)
кла́ссы (nominative plural)
кла́сса (genitive singular)
кла́ссов (genitive plural)
кла́ссу (dative singular)
кла́ссам (dative plural)
кла́сс (accusative singular)
кла́ссы (accusative plural)
кла́ссом (instrumental singular)
кла́ссами (instrumental plural)
кла́ссе (prepositional singular)
кла́ссах (plural prepositional)

→ Bulgarian: клас (klas) (or from French classe)

→ Dargwa: ккалас (kkalas)

→ Ingrian: klaassa

→ Lithuanian: klasė (?)

→ Votic: klaassõ


Set

de-noun

Set n or m (strong, genitive Sets, plural Sets)

de:Anzahl de:Filmset de:Kategorientheorie de:Menge_(Datenstruktur) de:Set_und_Setting de:Tischset


Stand

Stand m (strong, genitive Standes or Stands, plural Stände, diminutive Ständchen n)

Standes (genitive)
Stands (genitive)
Stände (plural)
Ständchen (diminutive neuter)
Stand (nominative singular)
Stände (definite nominative plural)
Standes (genitive singular)
Stands (genitive singular)
Stände (definite genitive plural)
Stand (dative singular)
Stande (dative singular)
Ständen (dative definite plural)
Stand (accusative singular)
Stände (accusative definite plural)

→ Dutch: stand (semantic loan)

→ Danish: stand (semantic loan)

→ Hungarian: stand

→ Macedonian: штанд (štand)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stand

→ Serbo-Croatian: шта̏нд / štȁnd

From Middle High German stant, from Old High German *stant (attested in Old High German firstant, urstant), from Proto-West Germanic *stand, a deverbal from *standan (“to stand”). Cognate with English stand.

Adelsstand

Dieser Fanatismus für die Kunst und insbesondere für die theatralische Kunst ging in Wien durch alle Stände.

1942, Stefan Zweig, Die Welt von Gestern […] [The World of Yesterday]:

(sociology) class, stratum (group of people with a certain social status)


zeitgeist

(sociology) zeitgeist (the dominant set of ideals and beliefs of an era)


ystad

From Middle Welsh ystad, from Proto-Brythonic *ɨstad, from Latin status (compare Portuguese and Spanish estado, Occitan and Catalan estat, French été, état, Sardinian istadu, etc.).

(sociology, historical) estate, rank, station


AAP

affirmative action
affirmative action#English

(US, sociology, politics) Initialism of affirmative action program.


LL

linguistic landscape
linguistic landscape#English

(sociolinguistics) Abbreviation of linguistic landscape.


antislavery

en-adj

antislavery (comparative more antislavery, superlative most antislavery)

more antislavery (comparative)
most antislavery (superlative)

Prior to the U.S. Civil War, there were a number of northern periodicals devoted to publishing antislavery content.

(sociology) Opposed to the practice of slavery.


mobility

en-noun

mobility (countable and uncountable, plural mobilities)

From Middle French mobilité, and its source, Latin mōbilitās (“mobility”).

The difficulty of rising up the economic ladder is reflected in the decline in mobility in the United States. […] The frustration over the lack of mobility is particularly acute for those without college degrees.

2020 July 28, Thomas B. Edsall, “Trump Is Trying to Bend Reality to His Will”, in New York Times:

(chiefly sociology) The ability of people to move between different social levels or professional occupations.


tipping point

First use of the term appears c. 1959 in the New York Times.

(sociology) A point in time when a group rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice.

The point in time at which some new technology becomes mainstream.


nationist

en-adj

nationist (comparative more nationist, superlative most nationist)

more nationist (comparative)
most nationist (superlative)

From nation + -ist, from nationism, Joshua Fishman, 1968.

(sociolinguistics) A language used for the day-to-day functioning of government – official forms, intra-government communication.


isomorphism

en-noun

isomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural isomorphisms)

Isomorphism on Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Natural Isomorphism on Wolfram MathWorld

(sociology) the similarity in the structure or processes of different organizations.


resonance

resonance (countable and uncountable, plural resonances)

From Old French resonance (French résonance), from Latin resonantia (“echo”), from resonō (“I resound”).

Resonance is a kind of relationship to the world, formed through affect and emotion, intrinsic interest, and perceived self-efficacy, in which subject and world are mutually affected and transformed.

2019 [2016], James Wagner, transl., Resonance, John Wiley & Sons, translation of Resonanz by Hartmut Rosa, →ISBN:

(sociology) A quality of human relationship with the world.


deviant

de-adj

deviant (strong nominative masculine singular devianter, comparative devianter, superlative am deviantesten)

devianter (masculine nominative singular strong)
devianter (comparative)
am deviantesten (superlative)
deviant (masculine predicative singular)
deviant (feminine predicative singular)
deviant (neuter predicative singular)
deviant (plural predicative)
devianter (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
deviante (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
deviantes (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
deviante (nominative plural strong without-article)
devianten (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
devianter (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
devianten (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
devianter (genitive plural strong without-article)
deviantem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
devianter (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
deviantem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
devianten (dative plural strong without-article)
devianten (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
deviante (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
deviantes (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
deviante (accusative plural strong without-article)
der deviante (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die deviante (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das deviante (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die devianten (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des devianten (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der devianten (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des devianten (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der devianten (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem devianten (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der devianten (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem devianten (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den devianten (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den devianten (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die deviante (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das deviante (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die devianten (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein devianter (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine deviante (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein deviantes (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
devianten (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine devianten (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines devianten (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer devianten (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines devianten (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
devianten (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner devianten (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem devianten (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer devianten (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem devianten (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
devianten (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen devianten (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen devianten (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine deviante (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein deviantes (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
devianten (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine devianten (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
devianter (comparative masculine predicative singular)
devianter (comparative feminine predicative singular)
devianter (comparative neuter predicative singular)
devianter (comparative plural predicative)
devianterer (comparative masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
deviantere (comparative feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
devianteres (comparative neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
deviantere (comparative nominative plural strong without-article)
devianteren (comparative genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
devianterer (comparative feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
devianteren (comparative genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
devianterer (comparative genitive plural strong without-article)
devianterem (comparative dative masculine singular strong without-article)
devianterer (comparative dative feminine singular strong without-article)
devianterem (comparative dative neuter singular strong without-article)
devianteren (comparative dative plural strong without-article)
devianteren (accusative comparative masculine singular strong without-article)
deviantere (accusative comparative feminine singular strong without-article)
devianteres (accusative comparative neuter singular strong without-article)
deviantere (accusative comparative plural strong without-article)
der deviantere (comparative definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die deviantere (comparative definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das deviantere (comparative definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die devianteren (comparative definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des devianteren (comparative definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der devianteren (comparative definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des devianteren (comparative definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der devianteren (comparative definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem devianteren (comparative dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der devianteren (comparative dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem devianteren (comparative dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den devianteren (comparative dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den devianteren (accusative comparative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die deviantere (accusative comparative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das deviantere (accusative comparative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die devianteren (accusative comparative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein devianterer (comparative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine deviantere (comparative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein devianteres (comparative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
devianteren (comparative indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine devianteren (comparative includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines devianteren (comparative genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer devianteren (comparative feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines devianteren (comparative genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
devianteren (comparative genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner devianteren (comparative genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem devianteren (comparative dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer devianteren (comparative dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem devianteren (comparative dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
devianteren (comparative dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen devianteren (comparative dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen devianteren (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine deviantere (accusative comparative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein devianteres (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
devianteren (accusative comparative indefinite mixed plural)
keine devianteren (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
am deviantesten (masculine predicative singular superlative)
am deviantesten (feminine predicative singular superlative)
am deviantesten (neuter predicative singular superlative)
am deviantesten (plural predicative superlative)
deviantester (masculine nominative singular strong superlative without-article)
devianteste (feminine nominative singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantestes (neuter nominative singular strong superlative without-article)
devianteste (nominative plural strong superlative without-article)
deviantesten (genitive masculine singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantester (feminine genitive singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantesten (genitive neuter singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantester (genitive plural strong superlative without-article)
deviantestem (dative masculine singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantester (dative feminine singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantestem (dative neuter singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantesten (dative plural strong superlative without-article)
deviantesten (accusative masculine singular strong superlative without-article)
devianteste (accusative feminine singular strong superlative without-article)
deviantestes (accusative neuter singular strong superlative without-article)
devianteste (accusative plural strong superlative without-article)
der devianteste (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular superlative weak)
die devianteste (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular superlative weak)
das devianteste (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular superlative weak)
die deviantesten (definite includes-article nominative plural superlative weak)
des deviantesten (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular superlative weak)
der deviantesten (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular superlative weak)
des deviantesten (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular superlative weak)
der deviantesten (definite genitive includes-article plural superlative weak)
dem deviantesten (dative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative weak)
der deviantesten (dative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative weak)
dem deviantesten (dative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative weak)
den deviantesten (dative definite includes-article plural superlative weak)
den deviantesten (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative weak)
die devianteste (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative weak)
das devianteste (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative weak)
die deviantesten (accusative definite includes-article plural superlative weak)
ein deviantester (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular superlative)
eine devianteste (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular superlative)
ein deviantestes (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular superlative)
deviantesten (indefinite mixed nominative plural superlative)
keine deviantesten (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural superlative)
eines deviantesten (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular superlative)
einer deviantesten (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular superlative)
eines deviantesten (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular superlative)
deviantesten (genitive indefinite mixed plural superlative)
keiner deviantesten (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural superlative)
einem deviantesten (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular superlative)
einer deviantesten (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular superlative)
einem deviantesten (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular superlative)
deviantesten (dative indefinite mixed plural superlative)
keinen deviantesten (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural superlative)
einen deviantesten (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular superlative)
eine devianteste (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular superlative)
ein deviantestes (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular superlative)
deviantesten (accusative indefinite mixed plural superlative)
keine deviantesten (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural superlative)


normalization

en-noun

normalization (countable and uncountable, plural normalizations)

[ˌnoː.məˌlɑɪˈzæɪ.ʃn̩]

From normal + -ization or normalize + -ation.

(sociology) A process whereby artificial and unwanted norms of behaviour and models of behaviour are made to seem natural and wanted, through propaganda, influence, imitation and conformity.


polarization

polarization (countable and uncountable, plural polarizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-polarization.wav

Borrowed from French polarisation. By surface analysis, polarize + -ation or polar + -ization.

What frazzled pollsters, surly op-ed pages, snarling cable talkfests and issue-starved candidates for office need is a fresh source of hot-eyed national polarization.

2004 February 6, William Safire, “Abolish the Penny”, in The New York Times:

Polarization is tearing at the seams of democracies around the world, from Brazil and India to Poland and Turkey.

2019 October 1, Thomas Carothers, Andrew O’Donohue, “How to Understand the Global Spread of Political Polarization”, in Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, archived from the original on 2023-02-14:

The production or the condition of polarity.

(sociology) The grouping of opinions into two extremes.


gen

genuri (plural)
gen (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
genul (accusative definite nominative singular)
genuri (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
genurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
gen (indefinite singular)
genului (definite singular)
genuri (indefinite singular)
genurilor (definite plural)
genule (singular vocative)
genurilor (vocative)

Borrowed from Latin genus. The particle sense is likely to be a calque of English like.


biofact

Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life”) + Latin arte factum (“something made with skill”).

uder

(philosophy, sociology, the arts) A hybrid of an artefact and a living entity, or between concepts of nature and technology.


appropriation

en-noun

appropriation (countable and uncountable, plural appropriations)

/əˌpɹoʊpɹiˈeɪʃən/

From Middle English appropriacion, appropriacioun, from Medieval Latin appropriātiō.

(sociology) The assimilation of concepts into a governing framework.