integrar

ca-verb

integrar (first-person singular present integro, first-person singular preterite integrí, past participle integrat); root stress: (Central, Valencia, Balearic) /e/

integrar (canonical)
root stress: (canonical)
e (canonical)
integro (first-person present singular)
integrí (first-person preterite singular)
integrat (participle past)
integrar (infinitive)
integrant (gerund)
integrat (masculine participle past singular)
integrada (feminine participle past singular)
integrats (masculine participle past plural)
integrades (feminine participle past plural)
integro (first-person indicative present singular)
integres (indicative present second-person singular)
integra (indicative present singular third-person)
integrem (first-person indicative plural present)
integreu (indicative plural present second-person)
integren (indicative plural present third-person)
integrava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
integraves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
integrava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
integràvem (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
integràveu (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
integraven (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
integraré (first-person future indicative singular)
integraràs (future indicative second-person singular)
integrarà (future indicative singular third-person)
integrarem (first-person future indicative plural)
integrareu (future indicative plural second-person)
integraran (future indicative plural third-person)
integrí (first-person indicative preterite singular)
integrares (indicative preterite second-person singular)
integrà (indicative preterite singular third-person)
integràrem (first-person indicative plural preterite)
integràreu (indicative plural preterite second-person)
integraren (indicative plural preterite third-person)
integraria (conditional first-person indicative singular)
integraries (conditional indicative second-person singular)
integraria (conditional indicative singular third-person)
integraríem (conditional first-person indicative plural)
integraríeu (conditional indicative plural second-person)
integrarien (conditional indicative plural third-person)
integri (first-person present singular subjunctive)
integris (present second-person singular subjunctive)
integri (present singular subjunctive third-person)
integrem (first-person plural present subjunctive)
integreu (plural present second-person subjunctive)
integrin (plural present subjunctive third-person)
integrés (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
integressis (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
integrés (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
integréssim (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
integréssiu (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
integressin (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
integra (imperative second-person)
integri (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular)
integrem (first-person imperative plural)
integreu (imperative plural second-person)
integrin (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically)
no integris (imperative negative second-person)
no integri (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular)
no integrem (first-person imperative negative plural)
no integreu (imperative negative plural second-person)
no integrin (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically)

Borrowed from Latin integrāre. Compare the doublet entregar.

(transitive, sociology, mathematics) to integrate


decolonization

en-noun

decolonization (countable and uncountable, plural decolonizations)

But what does decolonisation have to do with place names? Place names are the meeting points of history and geography that shape part of our identities.

2019, Nalini Mohabir, “Renaming the Cook Islands would be a vital step towards true independence”, in Guardian.:

(social sciences) The reverse of colonization, i.e. granting back autonomy to a group.


longitudinal

/ˌlɒŋɡɪˈt͡juːdɪnl̥/

/ˌlɔŋɡɪˈt͡ʃʉwdɪnəl/

/lɔŋɡəˈt͡ʃʉːdənəl/

From Middle English longitudinal, from Latin longitūdin-, oblique stem of longitūdō (“length, longitude”). By surface analysis, longitude + -in- + -al.

surf

longitudinal studies

Examining national longitudinal data, Mossakowski has found that people who were unemployed for long periods in their teens or early 20s are far more likely to develop a habit of heavy drinking (five or more drinks in one sitting) by the time they approach middle age.

2010 March 1, Don Peck, “How a New Jobless Era Will Transform America”, in The Atlantic:

(sciences and social sciences, of a study) Sampling data over time rather than merely once.


modality

en-noun

modality (countable and uncountable, plural modalities)

Thus, the University budgeting system can be seen not only as modality in the reproduction of social structures, but also as an important means of meeting deeply rooted psychological needs for ontological security.

1997, Christopher G. A. Bryant, David Jary, Anthony Giddens: Critical Assessments - Volume 4, →ISBN, page 307:

Modalities of structuration, then, are simply ways in which rules and resources are knowingly used by people in interactions.

2010, Kenneth Allan, Contemporary Social and Sociological Theory: Visualizing Social Worlds, →ISBN, page 255:

In turn, social structure and human interactions are interrelated through three aspects of modality: interpretive schema, facility, and norm.

2016, Jia Luo, Social Structuration in Tibetan Society, →ISBN:

An example, which I explore in detail in this book in Chap. 5, is the way that parents to be use their knowledge and expertise of how to mobilise digital memories (their affordances to use a mobile phone, to use social media platforms for example) to take sonographic image of the unborn foetus that they are given in a hospital out into the world and beyond. They thereby shift the modality of the medical procedure that generated the image-memory as part of an obstetric sonogram.

2016, Anna Reading, Gender and Memory in the Globital Age, →ISBN, page 52:

(sociology) The way in which infrastructure and knowledge of how to use it give rise to a meaningful pattern of interaction (a concept in Anthony Giddens's structuration theory).


topicalize

en-verb

topicalize (third-person singular simple present topicalizes, present participle topicalizing, simple past and past participle topicalized)

topicalizes (present singular third-person)
topicalizing (participle present)
topicalized (participle past)
topicalized (past)

[…] during the whole media debate the alternative point of view and the perspective and rights of the minority groups themselves were hardly, if at all, topicalized.

2013, Teun A. van Dijk, News Analysis, page 203:

(sociology) To treat (a subject) as a topic.


basilect

From basi- (“base, bottom”) + -lect (“speech”).

confix

The highest level of good English has been called the acrolect; the lowest level of poor speech, the basilect; both are contrasted with the matrilect, the general native language.

1977, Joseph Twadell Shipley, In praise of English: the growth & use of language, page 78:

In both regions English is used extensively, the spoken form ranging from, in the language of linguisticians, the basilect to the mesolect and the matrilect or acrolect (prestige English) .

1987, Douglas N. Young, Language--planning and medium in education:

If only the basilect is a true creole, then the mesolect is relegated to limbo -- not a creole, certainly not a standard.

1996, James E. Alatis, Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, →ISBN:

(sociolinguistics) A variety of a language that differs substantially from the standard form, and is only considered suitable for very informal contexts by speakers.

basilect

variety of a language that has diverged greatly from the standard form


passing

en-noun

passing (countable and uncountable, plural passings)

→ Japanese: パッシング (passhingu)

Coordinate term: pass

When there is a discrepancy between an individual's actual social identity and his virtual one, it is possible for this fact to be known to us before we normals contact him, or to be quite evident when he presents himself before us. He is a discredited person, and it is mainly he I have been dealing with until now.
… However, when his differentness is not immediately apparent, and is not known beforehand, … he is a discreditable, not a discredited person …. The issue is … that of managing information about his failing. To display or not to display; to tell or not to tell; to let on or not to let on; to lie or not to lie; and in each case, to whom, how, when, and where.
… It is this second general issue, the management of undisclosed discrediting information about self, that I am focusing on in these notes - in brief, 'passing'.

1963, Erving Goffman, 'Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity', Ch.2 at p.57, 58 (page numbers per the Pelican Books 1976 reprint)

(sociology) The ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group or category different from their own.

passabilidade

ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group different from their own


environmentalism

environmentalism (countable and uncountable, plural environmentalisms)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-environmentalism.wav

The first is that the present work in no sense represents a relapse toward the old environmentalism which believed it could find the causes of culture in environment.

1939, Alfred L. Kroeber, “Objectives”, in Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, published 1963, page 1:

(medicine, social sciences) A theory that views environment, rather than heredity or culture, as the important factor in the development of an individual or group.


culture shock

culture shock (countable and uncountable, plural culture shocks)

Having grown up in rural Arkansas, I experienced tremendous culture shock on moving to Harlem.

I went through another, reverse culture shock when I got back to Israel and the efort ^([sic]) required to change from cherished and catered-to visitor to an ordinary working woman kept me away from my typewriter jor ^([sic]) months.

1982 December 4, Ilana Weinstock, “Letters From My Aunt”, in Gay Community News, volume 10, number 20, page 4:

(anthropology, sociology) A state of anxious confusion experienced by someone exposed to an alien or unfamiliar environment.


colonization

colonization (countable and uncountable, plural colonizations)

(social sciences) The process of colonizing or taking over.


situated

(sociology) Embedded or rooted within a culture.


ядро

bg-noun

ядро́ • (jadró) n (relational adjective я́дрен)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
я́дрен (adjective relational)
ядро́ (indefinite singular)
ядра́ (indefinite plural)
ядро́то (definite singular)
ядра́та (definite plural)

Borrowed from Russian ядро́ (jadró), from Proto-Slavic *ędro.

парти́йни ядра́

(sociology) active core, operational group or cluster within a social structure


ядро

ru-noun+

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер, diminutive я́дрышко)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
я́дрышко (diminutive)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядре́ (prepositional singular)
я́драх (plural prepositional)

→ Bulgarian: ядро́ (jadró)

→ Kazakh: ядро (ädro)

→ Kyrgyz: ядро (yadro)

(sociology) core members, activists (in a group)


passable

en-adj

passable (comparative more passable, superlative most passable)

more passable (comparative)
most passable (superlative)

The idea of something, or someone, being unusual and sexual is intoxicating. I concluded that if I ever met a very passable transsexual and we were attracted to one another, I'd go bisexual and pursue the relationship.

2014, Paul Stryker, Confessions of a Sex Offender, page 33:

(sociology) able to "pass", or be accepted as a member of a race, sex or other group to which society would not otherwise regard one as belonging.

passável

able to be accepted as a member of a race, sex or other group


subaltern

From Middle French subalterne, from Late Latin subalternus, from Latin sub- + alternus, from alter.

Young refers sardonically to the existence of reams of postcolonial "theory", and promises to give us "postcolonialism from below, which is what and where it should rightly be, given that it elaborates a politics of ‘the subaltern’, that is, subordinated classes and peoples".

2003 August 9, Steven Poole, “Postcolonialism and all that jazz”, in The Guardian:

In Ghosh's novel, a canonical western scientist is pitted against a counterscientific group of native folk-medicine practitioners led by Mangala, a subaltern in every conceivable meaning of the term.

2012, Aparajita De, Amrita Ghosh, Ujjwal Jana, Subaltern Vision: A Study in Postcolonial Indian English Text, page 109:

(social sciences, literary theory) A member of a group that is socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony and of the colonial homeland.

siirtomaa-alamainen

member of a group outside a hegemonic power structure


Gesellschaft

en-noun

Gesellschaft (plural Gesellschaften or Gesellschafts)

Gesellschaften (plural)
Gesellschafts (plural)

Borrowed from German Gesellschaft, from Geselle + -schaft. Compare to English gemeinschaft.

Seven years later, Hernández wrote a Return of Martín Fierro in which the Gaucho sells out: assimilates back into Christian society, gives up his freedom for the kind of constitutional Gesellschaft being pushed in those days by Buenos Aires.

1973, Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow:

(sociology) A hypothetical mode of society, made up of self-serving individuals linked by impersonal ties; as opposed to Gemeinschaft.


assimilation

assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural assimilations)

/əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin assimilatio. By surface analysis, assimilate + -ion.

After centuries of British cultural assimilation, a majority of Irish now speak English instead of Irish.

(sociology, cultural studies) The adoption, by a minority group, of the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.


assimilation

head

assimilation c (singular definite assimilationen, plural indefinite assimilationer)

assimilationen (definite singular)
assimilationer (indefinite plural)
assimilation (indefinite nominative singular)
assimilationen (definite nominative singular)
assimilationer (indefinite nominative plural)
assimilationerne (definite nominative plural)
assimilations (genitive indefinite singular)
assimilationens (definite genitive singular)
assimilationers (genitive indefinite plural)
assimilationernes (definite genitive plural)


involution

en-noun

involution (countable and uncountable, plural involutions)

(economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) A cessation of development or progress despite intense inner competition.

內卷 /内卷

a cessation of development or progress despite intense inner competition


acrolect

From acro- (“tip; peak”) + -lect, coined by William Alexander Stewart in 1965.

coin

In one dimension change is directed toward the acrolect, the “typical” change in the creole continuum.

1994, Michael Montgomery, The Crucible of Carolina, University of Georgia Press, →ISBN, page 60:

At the other end of the continuum is the most standard speech, the acrolect. In between is a gradient of forms with many successive levels, the mesolects.

2013, Allan Bell, The Guidebook to Sociolinguistics, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 83:

(sociolinguistics) The variety of speech that is considered most suitable for formal occasions (typically using only standard forms).

acrolecte

variety of speech that is considered the standard form


adaptation

en-noun

adaptation (countable and uncountable, plural adaptations)

/ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/

From French adaptation, from Medieval Latin adaptātiō, from Latin adaptō (“I fit, adjust, modify; I adapt, fit or adjust to”); see adapt. Equivalent to adapt + -ation.

der

(sociology) The means by which social groups adapt to different social and physical environments.


whiteness

en-noun

whiteness (countable and uncountable, plural whitenesses)

Inherited from Middle English whitenesse, whitnesse, whytnesse, hwitnesse, from Old English hwītnes (“whiteness”), equivalent to white + -ness.

inh+

As a white body, I have not had to face my whiteness; insofar as the world is oriented around whiteness, I rarely have to turn my attention back onto myself, as do the black and brown bodies that are “stopped” or “held up” for being out of place […]

2013, Shelley M. Park, Mothering Queerly, Queering Motherhood, page 42:

(sociology, often capitalized) The quality of being white (in the racial sense).


operationalize

en-verb

operationalize (third-person singular simple present operationalizes, present participle operationalizing, simple past and past participle operationalized)

operationalizes (present singular third-person)
operationalizing (participle present)
operationalized (participle past)
operationalized (past)

/ɒpəˈɹeɪʃ(ə)nəlʌɪz/

/ˌɑpəˈɹeɪʃənəˌlaɪz/

To operationalize a concept is to identify those variables in terms of which the phenomenon represented by the concept can be accurately observed.

1956, Ernest Greenwood, “New Directions in Delinquency Research: A Commentary on a Study by Bernard Lander”, in Social Service Review, volume 30, number 2, page 152:

Vision seems ‘childishly simple’ to us but proves to be fiendishly hard to operationalise, precisely because we are so good at it.

2012, Adam Zeman, ‘Only Connect’, Literary Review, number 399:

General vocabulary is often defined as a common core of English words and operationalized as the most frequent words in a balanced and representative corpus of English.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 107:

(transitive, social sciences) To define (a concept) in such a way that it can be practically measured.


aesthetic information

Calque of French information esthétique, as used by French social psychologist and philosopher Abraham Moles in his Théorie de l’information et perception esthétique (1958).

lang

Coordinate term: semantic information

If esthetic information is a key element in the structure of political cognitions, it is clearly of crucial importance to learn as much as possible about the dynamics of their generation. Which forms of political cues convey or reinforce which meanings in mass publics?

1971, Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence, page 36:

That is to say that the feeling we experience when we see leaves fluttering in the wind is difficult to translate into a verbal description or a drawing. Aesthetic information has no immediate, direct use.

2020 [2015], Jörg Kurt Grütter, Basics of Perception in Architecture, →ISBN, page 5:

Skimming and scanning were two of the main hyper-reading techniques encouraged by the abundance of aesthetic information in the turn-of-the-century ILN and Graphic numbers.

2021, Alison Hedley, Making Pictorial Print: Media Literacy and Mass Culture in British Magazines, 1885–1918, →ISBN, page 82:

(sociology, design) Sensory information that cannot be articulated in language.


sheltered

en-adj

sheltered (comparative more sheltered, superlative most sheltered)

more sheltered (comparative)
most sheltered (superlative)

(sociology) (Of a person) who grew up being overprotected by parents or other guardians; often implies a lack of social skills or worldly experience.


reclaim

en-verb

reclaim (third-person singular simple present reclaims, present participle reclaiming, simple past and past participle reclaimed)

reclaims (present singular third-person)
reclaiming (participle present)
reclaimed (participle past)
reclaimed (past)

From Middle English reclaymen, recleymen, reclamen, from Anglo-Norman reclamer (noun reclaim and Middle French reclamer (noun reclaim), from Latin reclāmō, reclāmāre.

Once a term of homophobic abuse, the term “queer” has been reclaimed as a marker for some gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT), and other marginalized sexual identities.

(sociology) To bring back a term into acceptable usage, usually of a slur, and usually by the group that was once targeted by that slur.


disenchantment

en-noun

disenchantment (countable and uncountable, plural disenchantments)

From dis- + enchantment. In the social sciences sense a calque of German Entzauberung, as used by sociologist Max Weber.

Blumenberg's thesis, which has since been reiterated by a number of philosophers and historians, is that nominalism, as it became widespread in Protestant theology, led to the Enlightenment, disenchantment, and the scientific revolution.

2021, Meghan O'Gieblyn, chapter 11, in God, Human, Animal, Machine […] , →ISBN:

(in particular, social sciences) The devaluation of religion or mysticism apparent in modern society.


norma

norma (nominative singular)
normy (nominative plural)
normy (genitive singular)
norem (genitive plural)
normě (dative singular)
normám (dative plural)
normu (accusative singular)
normy (accusative plural)
normo (singular vocative)
normy (plural vocative)
normě (locative singular)
normách (locative plural)
normou (instrumental singular)
normami (instrumental plural)


pluralism

pluralism (countable and uncountable, plural pluralisms)

Instead, it is more probable that globalization is leading to a plurality of pluralisms.

2007, Matthias Koenig with Paul F. A. Guchteneire, Unesco, Democracy and Human Rights in Multicultural Societies, page 251:

(sociology) A social system that permits smaller groups within a society to maintain their individual cultural identities.

плурализъм

social system with multiple cultural identities


longitudinally

en-adv

longitudinally (comparative more longitudinally, superlative most longitudinally)

more longitudinally (comparative)
most longitudinally (superlative)

(sciences and social sciences) By sampling data over time rather than merely once.


homogamy

Surgeons no longer pursue nurses as they did when the former were most likely men and the latter women; now they go for anaesthetists or other surgeons. In one sense homogamy is desirable, because it means women are less dependent on status-asymmetric marriages; in another, it’s dismal because it constitutes a form of social closure […]

2018 December 21, Stuart Jeffries, “Germany’s Hidden Crisis by Oliver Nachtwey review – social decline in the heart of Europe”, in The Guardian:

(sociology) Marriage or other union between similar people, or people of the same sex.


sonda

sonda (nominative singular)
sondy (nominative plural)
sondy (genitive singular)
sond (genitive plural)
sondzie (dative singular)
sondom (dative plural)
sondę (accusative singular)
sondy (accusative plural)
sondą (instrumental singular)
sondami (instrumental plural)
sondzie (locative singular)
sondach (locative plural)
sondo (singular vocative)
sondy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sonde, from Middle French, from Old French sonde, from Old English sund, from Proto-Germanic *sundą, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)-.


closure

en-noun

closure (countable and uncountable, plural closures)

From Middle English closure, from Old French closure, from Late Latin clausura, from Latin claudere (“to close”); see clausure and cloture (etymological doublets) and close.

(sociology) The phenomenon by which a group maintains its resources by the exclusion of others based on various criteria. ᵂᵖ


nationism

nationism (countable and uncountable, plural nationisms)

From nation + -ism, by Joshua Fishman, 1968.

In determining language policies, Fishman contends that a country needs to balance the concerns of nationalism (the feelings that develop from a sense of group identity) and nationism (the practical concerns of governing).

1992, Sandra McKay, Teaching English Overseas: an Introduction, page 9:

For these nations language was a prior criterion of national identity, in the sense of ‘nationalism’, and only later became and issue at the level of ‘nation’, once these societies had made the transition from nationalism to nationism.

2002, Tim Ingold, Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, page 544:

Instead of this, the dominant role of language in nation-building in many states, at least in the early post-independence era, has been […] pragmatic nationism rather than aggressive nationalism.

2008, Andrew Simpson, Language and National Identity in Africa, page 22:

(sociolinguistics) The practical concerns of running a nation, especially seen as divorced from emotional beliefs about national identity.


kidult

Organizational methods appear significantly more frequently in kidult programs, next most frequently in adult programs, and least frequently in children's programs. Escape methods appear most frequently in adult programs with kidult and children's programs about equal.

1963, Alpha Kappa Delta, Sociological Inquiry, volumes 33-34, page 189:

By casting popular culture as simplistic and ‘kidult’, as distinct from the authentic adult culture she approves of, she reduces a complex culture to a generational divide: the new is childish; while the old and established is timeless, worthy of consumption by adults.

2006, Kate Crawford, Adult Themes: Rewriting the Rules of Adulthood, page 192:

In the 21st century, whose “kidult” blurring of the lines sees grown-ups listening to “kindie rock,” feeding their kids gourmet gelato instead of Good Humor, and dissecting the last Pixar film, the notion of a tree house in our collective backyard with a misspelled sign saying “Kidz only” is a healthy thing[.]

2008, Dade Hayes, Anytime Playdate: Inside the Preschool Entertainment Boom, or, How Television Became My Baby’s Best Friend, page 86:

(informal, marketing, sociology) An adult who participates in youth culture and activities traditionally intended for children.

大細路 /大细路

middle-aged person who participates in youth culture


SDR

SDR (countable and uncountable, plural SDRs)

(social sciences) Initialism of socially desirable responding.


Klasse

de-noun

Klasse f (genitive Klasse, plural Klassen)

Klasse (genitive)
Klassen (plural)
Klasse (nominative singular)
Klassen (definite nominative plural)
Klasse (genitive singular)
Klassen (definite genitive plural)
Klasse (dative singular)
Klassen (dative definite plural)
Klasse (accusative singular)
Klassen (accusative definite plural)

→ Estonian: klass

→ Romanian: clasă

→ Serbo-Croatian: klasa / класа

Ultimately from Latin classis, probably via French classe.

Die Furcht, ein wiedervereinigtes Deutschland werde langfristig stärker seinen nationalen Interessen nachgehen und unilateral agieren – ohne Rücksicht auf den Nachbarn also –, verfolgt seither Frankreichs politische Klasse.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 24/2010, page 88:

The fear that a reunited Germany would pursue its national interests more strongly in the long term and act unilaterally – hence without consideration of its neighbors – haunts the political class of France since that time.

(sociology, economics) class (grouping based on upbringing, job, wealth, etc.)


satisfice

en-verb

satisfice (third-person singular simple present satisfices, present participle satisficing, simple past and past participle satisficed)

satisfices (present singular third-person)
satisficing (participle present)
satisficed (participle past)
satisficed (past)

Blend of satisfy + suffice, coined by American political scientist and psychologist Herbert A. Simon in 1956.

coinage

Evidently, organisms adapt well enough to ‘satisfice’; they do not, in general, ‘optimize’.

1956, H[erbert] A. Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment”, in Psychological Review, volume 63, number 2, page 129:

[T]here are two contrasting types of decision-making mentalities, maximizing and satisficing. If you're choosing a marriage partner, you probably want to maximize. You want to find the very best person you are totally in love with. […] But politics is not like that. Politics is a prosaic activity most of the time. You probably want to satisfice, pick the person who's good enough, who seems reasonably responsible.

2015 December 4, David Brooks, “No, Donald Trump won't win [print version: International New York Times, 5–6 December 2015, page 9]”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2015-12-16:

(sociology, intransitive) Of human behavior: to make a choice that suffices to fulfill the minimum requirements to achieve an objective, without special regard for utility maximization or optimization of one's preferences.


family of orientation

en-noun

family of orientation (plural families of orientation)

(sociology) The family in which a person grows up.


family of procreation

family of procreation (plural families of procreation)

(sociology) A family that is formed when a couple have their first child.


apologetic apostrophe

apologetic apostrophe (plural apologetic apostrophes)

While not all agreements were carried out as planned, what this attempt at consistency achieved in Smith's case was to give his poetry the appearance of a distinctive literary language, related to English, but having its own identity and forms, and without the distraction for the reader of the apologetic apostrophes.

2009, Margery Palmer McCulloch, Scottish Modernism and Its Contexts 1918-1959:

(sociolinguistics, orthography) An apostrophe added to a Scots word in order to give the appearance that it is a contraction of an English word.


ceto

Borrowed from Latin coetus (“group, society”).

bor+

il ceto medio


bandwagon effect

(sociology) the observation that people often do or believe what they think many other people do.


herding instinct

en-noun

herding instinct (plural herding instincts)

(sociology) A social tendency in humans to identify with and model many behaviors and beliefs after a larger group of individuals with whom they identify.


herd behaviour

herd behaviour (countable and uncountable, plural herd behaviours)

(sociology) the tendency of a group of individuals (a herd) to react coherently without there being any coordination between them. The term may be applied to animals, or to human phenomena such as stock market bubbles and behaviour in political demonstrations.


herd instinct

But as we've seen at Westminster, the herd instinct is powerful and when the herd moves, it moves.

7 July 2022, Boris Johnson, resignation speech:


digital divide

As schools were closed, the digital divide meant that more affluent families with computers, iPads and good internet connections had a very different home educational (and informational, social and entertainment) situation than families without these amenities.

2020 April 17, Rebecca Solnit, “Coronavirus does discriminate, because that’s what humans do”, in The Guardian:

information technology
information technology

(information technology, sociology, neologism) The gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies (and the computer literacy to use them) and those without it.


functionalism

functionalism (countable and uncountable, plural functionalisms)

/ˈfʌŋkʃənəlɪzəm/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-functionalism.wav

(social sciences) The idea that social and cultural cohesion are a function of the interdependence and interactions of the institutions of a society.


deviance

deviance (countable and uncountable, plural deviances)

(sociology) Actions or behaviors that violate formal and informal cultural norms such as laws and customs.


diferenciar

head

diferenciar (present tense diferencias, past tense diferenciis, future tense diferencios, imperative diferenciez, conditional diferencius)

diferencias (present)
diferenciis (past)
tense diferencios (future)
diferenciez (imperative)
diferencius (conditional)
diferenciar (infinitive present)
diferenciir (infinitive past)
diferencior (future infinitive)
diferencias (present)
diferenciis (past)
diferencios (future)
diferencius (conditional present)
diferenciez (imperative present)
diferencianta (active adjective participle present)
diferenciinta (active adjective participle past)
diferencionta (active adjective future participle)
diferenciante (active adverbial participle present)
diferenciinte (active adverbial participle past)
diferencionte (active adverbial future participle)
diferencianto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
diferenciinto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
diferencionto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
diferencianti (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
diferenciinti (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
diferencionti (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
diferenciata (adjectival participle passive present)
diferenciita (adjectival participle passive past)
diferenciota (adjectival future participle passive)
diferenciate (adverbial participle passive present)
diferenciite (adverbial participle passive past)
diferenciote (adverbial future participle passive)
diferenciato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
diferenciito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
diferencioto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
diferenciati (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
diferenciiti (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
diferencioti (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)

Borrowed from English differentiate, French différencier, German differenzieren, Italian differenziare, Russian дифференци́ровать (differencírovatʹ), Spanish diferenciar.

bor

дифференци́ровать

(transitive, intransitive, biology, sociology) to differentiate, to acquire or give a distinct or separate character


testimonio

From Latin American Spanish testimonio (“testimony”).

1988, Sommer D. "Not Just a Personal Story: Women’s Testimonios and the Plural Self". In: Schenck C, Brodzki B Life/Lines: Theoretical Essays on Women’s Autobiography. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

1989 (Spring), John Beverley "The Margin at the Center: On Testimonio (Testimonial Narrative)" MFS Modern Fiction Studies Volume 35, Number 1, pp. 11-28 doi:10.1353/mfs.0.0923

(sociology) A first-hand account of politically charged experiences; an oral history narrative.


recuperation

en-noun

recuperation (usually uncountable, plural recuperations)

Borrowed from Latin recuperātiō. By surface analysis, recuperate + -ion.

Coordinate term: cooptation

[Raoul Vaneigem] I have nothing in common with the spectacular recuperation of a project that, in my case, has remained revolutionary throughout.

2009 May, Hans Ulrich Obrist, “In Conversation with Raoul Vaneigem”, in e-flux, archived from the original on 2009-09-07:

(politics, sociology) Process by which radical or subversive ideas are co-opted by mainstream society.


ascription

ascription (usually uncountable, plural ascriptions)

(sociology) The stratification of people according to inborn characteristics (such as race or sex) outside of their control.


queering

queering (countable and uncountable, plural queerings)

(LGBTQ, social sciences) The process by which something is queered.


socius

(sociology) According to Gilles Deleuze, a social body that takes credit for production.


gynecocracy

gynecocracy (countable and uncountable, plural gynecocracies)

Gynaecocracy may not, however, be an idyllic affair.

1999, Jacqueline Rose, “Go girl”, in London Review of Books, section 21.19:

(government, sociology) Government or rule by women, or a society with such leadership.


identitarianism

identitarianism (countable and uncountable, plural identitarianisms)

"The radical feminists always wanted in their frantic identitarianism to eliminate the difference between the sexes" (p. 96)

Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, The Menace of the Herd, or Procrustes at Large, 1943, e.g.

(sociology) Politics based on social identity.

Needless to add, this augurs badly for the future of the GRECE’s identitarianism, for it now tacitly acknowledges the right of non-Europeans to occupy and partition European lands.

2004, Michael O'Meara, New Culture, New Right: Anti-liberalism in Postmodern Europe, page 78:

Identitarianism is probably the most well-known of these ‘new’ ideologies, despite its fairly recent emergence on the political scene. Employing the lambda symbol, identitarianism has gained increasing purchase amongst youth across western Europe, and France in particular, growing out of the (European) New Right (Nouvelle Droite), which dates to the 1970s and GRECE (Research and Study Group on European Civilization).

2020, Tim Nieguth, editor, Nationalism and Popular Culture, Routledge, →ISBN:

Counter Extremism Project
w:Counter Extremism Project

(sociology, politics, often capitalized) A far-right political movement and philosophy that seeks to preserve European ethnic and cultural identity against the perceived threats of immigration, Islam, and globalization.


technoscience

Briefly put, strategies of globalization undertaken by the state, capital and technoscience all attempt to negotiate the production of locality in a non place- based way that induces increasingly delocalizing effects.

2002, Ginette Verstraete, Tim Cresswell, Mobilizing Place, Placing Mobility: The Politics of Representation in a Globalized World, Rodopi, page 20:

Technoscience, when well directed, can produce important means of improving the quality of human life, from useful domestic appliances to great transportation systems, bridges, buildings and public spaces.

2015, Pope Francis I, Laudato Si': Encyclical Letter on care for our common home:

(philosophy, social sciences) The study of the technological and social context of science.


field theory

field theory (countable and uncountable, plural field theories)

(sociology) A theory concerning the relationship between social actors and local social orders.


communitas

communitas (countable and uncountable, plural communitates)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin commūnitās. Doublet of community.

ubor

Monastic life, pilgrimage, bonds of friendship formed among the group of young initiates, contemporary teenage counter-culture movements are all good examples of communitates.

2012, Helena Bassil-Morozow, The Trickster in Contemporary Film, →ISBN, pages 17–18:

(sociology) An unstructured community of common experience.

A sense of harmony with the universe is made evident and the whole planet is felt to be communitas.

1986, Victor W. Turner, The Anthropology of Experience, University of Illinois Press, page 43:

The achievement of communitas is the pilgrim's fundamental motivation.

1986, Victor W. Turner, Contesting the Sacred, Routledge, published 1991:

Their focus is on group bonding, and the euphoric, almost transcendental experience of becoming one with the music and the crowd (which sounds like a version of what the anthropologist Victor Turner called ‘communitas’—an intense, intimate, liberating kind of group bonding, experienced only in ‘liminal’ states).

[2004, Kate Fox, “Rules of Sex”, in Watching the English, Hodder & Stoughton, →ISBN, page 330:

Liminality, in other words, engenders communitas by levelling social distinctions while at the same time destabilizing normative structures and inspiring criticism.

2013, Isher-Paul Sahni, “More than Horseplay”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 35, page 81:

(sociology) The very spirit of community; an intense community spirit, the feeling of great social equality, solidarity, and togetherness.


institutional

/ˌɪnstɪˈtʃuːʃənəl/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Usmaan (Middle river exports)-institutional.wav

If vocational counseling to help the individual find his peculiar niche has elements of the impulse conception of self, the idea that a person can make of himself what he will, that one chooses a task and then works at it, is the view of institutionals.

1981, Gregory Prentice Stone, Harvey A. Farberman, Social Psychology Through Symbolic Interaction, page 206:

For institutionals the self is revealed through adherence to a high standard, especially in spite of adverse conditions.

1988, Michael R. Wood, Louis A. Zurcher Jr., The Development of a Postmodern Self, page 22:

For the institutionals, hypocrisy consists of failing to live up to one's standards.

1999, Roy F. Baumeister, The Self in Social Psychology:

(sociology) A person whose sense of self is based on institutionalized values and standards, as opposed to their tastes and impulses.


Southern hospitality

(sociology) The reputation for people in the U.S. South to be particularly warm and welcoming to visitors.


emic

en-adj

emic (comparative more emic, superlative most emic)

more emic (comparative)
most emic (superlative)

Coined by American linguist Kenneth Pike in 1954 from phonemic.
* Kenneth Lee Pike (1982) Linguistic Concepts: An Introduction to Tagmemics, page 44: “Generalizing from phonemics, I coined the term emic in 1954.”

coin

A useful example of the emic-etic distinction may be made by comparing the concept “waves on the ocean or sea” from the perspective of a European American with that of a Truk Islander […] The proposed etics here might be that both cultures understand the use of waves as vehicles for surfing and as movement reflecting the transfer of energy […] certain differences, or emics exist, for European Americans the waves may be sources of beauty — the Truk Islander has learned to use them […] as a road map.

1996, Advanced Methodological Issues in Culturally Competent Evaluation for Substance Abuse Prevention:

In contemporary Anglophone usage, the term 'dhow' has come to refer generically and exonymically to traditional wooden vessels of the western Indian Ocean, whatever their particular forms or emic classification.

2015, John P. Cooper, Dionisius A. Agius, Tom Collie, Faisal al-Naimi, “Boat and ship engravings at al-Zubārah, Qatar: the dāw exposed?”, in Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, volume 45: Papers from the forty-eighth meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the British Museum, London, 25 to 27 July 2014 (2015), →ISSN, pages 35–47:

(social sciences, anthropology) Of or pertaining to the analysis of a cultural system or its features from the perspective of a participant in that culture.


etic

en-adj

etic (comparative more etic, superlative most etic)

more etic (comparative)
most etic (superlative)

Coined by American linguist Kenneth Pike in 1954 from phonetic.
* Kenneth Lee Pike (1962) With Heart and Mind: A Personal Synthesis of Scholarship and Devotion, page 37: “I have coined the term etic to refer to the detached observer’s view […]”

(social sciences, anthropology) Of or pertaining to analysis of a culture from a perspective situated outside all cultures.


socialization

en-noun

socialization (countable and uncountable, plural socializations)

From socialize + -ation or social + -ization.

Socialization skills are important things to learn in kindergarten.

(sociology, psychology) The process of learning how to live in a way acceptable to one's own society, said especially about children.

общуване

sociology: the process of learning one’s culture


nousu

nousu (nominative singular)
nousut (nominative plural)
nousu (accusative nominative singular)
nousut (accusative nominative plural)
nousun (accusative genitive singular)
nousut (accusative genitive plural)
nousun (genitive singular)
nousujen (genitive plural)
nousua (partitive singular)
nousuja (partitive plural)
nousussa (inessive singular)
nousuissa (inessive plural)
noususta (elative singular)
nousuista (elative plural)
nousuun (illative singular)
nousuihin (illative plural)
nousulla (adessive singular)
nousuilla (adessive plural)
nousulta (ablative singular)
nousuilta (ablative plural)
nousulle (allative singular)
nousuille (allative plural)
nousuna (essive singular)
nousuina (essive plural)
nousuksi (singular translative)
nousuiksi (plural translative)
nousutta (abessive singular)
nousuitta (abessive plural)
nousuin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
nousuni (nominative singular)
nousuni (nominative plural)
nousuni (accusative nominative singular)
nousuni (accusative nominative plural)
nousuni (accusative genitive singular)
nousuni (accusative genitive plural)
nousuni (genitive singular)
nousujeni (genitive plural)
nousuani (partitive singular)
nousujani (partitive plural)
nousussani (inessive singular)
nousuissani (inessive plural)
nousustani (elative singular)
nousuistani (elative plural)
nousuuni (illative singular)
nousuihini (illative plural)
nousullani (adessive singular)
nousuillani (adessive plural)
nousultani (ablative singular)
nousuiltani (ablative plural)
nousulleni (allative singular)
nousuilleni (allative plural)
nousunani (essive singular)
nousuinani (essive plural)
nousukseni (singular translative)
nousuikseni (plural translative)
nousuttani (abessive singular)
nousuittani (abessive plural)
nousuineni (comitative plural)
noususi (nominative singular)
noususi (nominative plural)
noususi (accusative nominative singular)
noususi (accusative nominative plural)
noususi (accusative genitive singular)
noususi (accusative genitive plural)
noususi (genitive singular)
nousujesi (genitive plural)
nousuasi (partitive singular)
nousujasi (partitive plural)
nousussasi (inessive singular)
nousuissasi (inessive plural)
nousustasi (elative singular)
nousuistasi (elative plural)
nousuusi (illative singular)
nousuihisi (illative plural)
nousullasi (adessive singular)
nousuillasi (adessive plural)
nousultasi (ablative singular)
nousuiltasi (ablative plural)
nousullesi (allative singular)
nousuillesi (allative plural)
nousunasi (essive singular)
nousuinasi (essive plural)
nousuksesi (singular translative)
nousuiksesi (plural translative)
nousuttasi (abessive singular)
nousuittasi (abessive plural)
nousuinesi (comitative plural)
nousumme (nominative singular)
nousumme (nominative plural)
nousumme (accusative nominative singular)
nousumme (accusative nominative plural)
nousumme (accusative genitive singular)
nousumme (accusative genitive plural)
nousumme (genitive singular)
nousujemme (genitive plural)
nousuamme (partitive singular)
nousujamme (partitive plural)
nousussamme (inessive singular)
nousuissamme (inessive plural)
nousustamme (elative singular)
nousuistamme (elative plural)
nousuumme (illative singular)
nousuihimme (illative plural)
nousullamme (adessive singular)
nousuillamme (adessive plural)
nousultamme (ablative singular)
nousuiltamme (ablative plural)
nousullemme (allative singular)
nousuillemme (allative plural)
nousunamme (essive singular)
nousuinamme (essive plural)
nousuksemme (singular translative)
nousuiksemme (plural translative)
nousuttamme (abessive singular)
nousuittamme (abessive plural)
nousuinemme (comitative plural)
nousunne (nominative singular)
nousunne (nominative plural)
nousunne (accusative nominative singular)
nousunne (accusative nominative plural)
nousunne (accusative genitive singular)
nousunne (accusative genitive plural)
nousunne (genitive singular)
nousujenne (genitive plural)
nousuanne (partitive singular)
nousujanne (partitive plural)
nousussanne (inessive singular)
nousuissanne (inessive plural)
nousustanne (elative singular)
nousuistanne (elative plural)
nousuunne (illative singular)
nousuihinne (illative plural)
nousullanne (adessive singular)
nousuillanne (adessive plural)
nousultanne (ablative singular)
nousuiltanne (ablative plural)
nousullenne (allative singular)
nousuillenne (allative plural)
nousunanne (essive singular)
nousuinanne (essive plural)
nousuksenne (singular translative)
nousuiksenne (plural translative)
nousuttanne (abessive singular)
nousuittanne (abessive plural)
nousuinenne (comitative plural)
nousunsa (nominative singular)
nousunsa (nominative plural)
nousunsa (accusative nominative singular)
nousunsa (accusative nominative plural)
nousunsa (accusative genitive singular)
nousunsa (accusative genitive plural)
nousunsa (genitive singular)
nousujensa (genitive plural)
nousuaan (partitive singular)
nousuansa (partitive singular)
nousujaan (partitive plural)
nousujansa (partitive plural)
nousussaan (inessive singular)
nousussansa (inessive singular)
nousuissaan (inessive plural)
nousuissansa (inessive plural)
nousustaan (elative singular)
nousustansa (elative singular)
nousuistaan (elative plural)
nousuistansa (elative plural)
nousuunsa (illative singular)
nousuihinsa (illative plural)
nousullaan (adessive singular)
nousullansa (adessive singular)
nousuillaan (adessive plural)
nousuillansa (adessive plural)
nousultaan (ablative singular)
nousultansa (ablative singular)
nousuiltaan (ablative plural)
nousuiltansa (ablative plural)
nousulleen (allative singular)
nousullensa (allative singular)
nousuilleen (allative plural)
nousuillensa (allative plural)
nousunaan (essive singular)
nousunansa (essive singular)
nousuinaan (essive plural)
nousuinansa (essive plural)
nousukseen (singular translative)
nousuksensa (singular translative)
nousuikseen (plural translative)
nousuiksensa (plural translative)
nousuttaan (abessive singular)
nousuttansa (abessive singular)
nousuittaan (abessive plural)
nousuittansa (abessive plural)
nousuineen (comitative plural)
nousuinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *nousu. Equivalent to nousta (“to rise”) + -u.

(sociology) upward mobility (advancement to better-paid or better-regarded social strata) (often with the adjective sosiaalinen)


constructionism

constructionism (countable and uncountable, plural constructionisms)

But is it one constructionism in many guises, or a variety of quite different constructionisms, or merely old issues dressed up in new jargon,

1997, Derek Edwards, Discourse and Cognition, page 51:

The futility of dismissing social constructionism in favor of some "real," authentic nature outside the social and linguistic.

2018, Nicole Seymour, Bad Environmentalism, page 134:

(social sciences) The idea that people learn about, or perceive the world by constructing mental models.


Wizard of Oz

The name of a character from the 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, or any of its adaptations, about the journey of Dorothy through the magical Land of Oz in search of a way home.

The goal of Neimo is to provide designers with a "Wizard of Oz" environment to observe and evaluate how users interact with multimodal interfaces.

1992, Wayne D. Gray, William E. Hefley, Dianne Murray, “NEIMO, A MULTIMODAL WIZARD OF OZ PLATFORM”, in Proceedings of the 1993 International Workshop on ..., page 204:

Once a preliminary application design is complete, a wizard-of-oz study can help test and refine the interface.

2006, E. K. Brown, Anne Anderson, Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, volume 11, page 769:

A Wizard of Oz prototype is an incomplete system that a designer can simulate "behind a curtain" (usually by taking the place of a recognizer) while observing the reactions of real end users (see Figure 1).

2007, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software ..., page 119:

(engineering, social sciences, usually attributive) A person simulating the operation of a supposed intelligent device, usually in an experiment.


essentialism

essentialism (countable and uncountable, plural essentialisms)

Coordinate term: essentialization

A closer examination of the components of essentialism is required for a better understanding of the relation between essentialism and prejudice toward the two social categories of interest in this dissertation, African Americans and gay men.

2007, Luisa Fernanda Ramirez, Dual Intergroup Meanings of Essentialism, →ISBN, page 8:

Like most of those who use the term, I continue to think essentialism a bad thing, but what exactly is wrong with it? Is it a matter of degree, a question of context or something that must be avoided at all costs?

2013, Anne Phillips, Gender and Culture, →ISBN:

I think we need to sophisticate our understanding of cultural essentialisms, including gender ones, because it might help us deal better with issues of resistance.

2013, Brackette Williams, Women Out of Place, →ISBN:

Colonial discourse relied heavily on such essentialisms wherein a race or ethnic group was first represented as possessing certain key features and then those very features were 'applied' to all members of the group.

2015, Pramod K. Nayar, The Postcolonial Studies Dictionary, →ISBN, page 68:

(sociology) The view that all members of certain groups of people (such as those with the same race, gender, age, or sexual orientation) have common, essential traits inherent to the defining feature of the group; (also) behavior or statement(s) that reflect such a view.


eventing

eventing (usually uncountable, plural eventings)

The corollary of this, as Whorf points out, is that thinkings and feelings to do with 'eventings' in the world are located there, out in the world in which the eventing takes place - as a natural part of the whole into which they are interwoven.

1993, John Shotter, Conversational Realities: Constructing Life Through Language:

(social sciences, rare) The occurrence of an event.


ideal-seeking behavior

(sociology) Behaviour that is characterized by both the desire and the ability to progress towards an ideal by choosing a new goal when a previous one has been met or the effort to meet it has failed.


alcohology

(sociology) The study of the effects of alcohol; on living organisms, people or social environments.


foodway

From food + way; in the sense of "alimentary canal", by extension from airway.

Coordinate term: speechway

(sociology, chiefly in the plural) The food traditions or customs of a group of people, including their culinary and nutritional practices and related social aspects.


alakulttuuri

alakulttuuri (nominative singular)
alakulttuurit (nominative plural)
alakulttuuri (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurit (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurin (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurit (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurin (genitive singular)
alakulttuurien (genitive plural)
alakulttuureiden (genitive plural)
alakulttuureitten (genitive plural)
alakulttuuria (partitive singular)
alakulttuureita (partitive plural)
alakulttuureja (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissa (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissa (inessive plural)
alakulttuurista (elative singular)
alakulttuureista (elative plural)
alakulttuuriin (illative singular)
alakulttuureihin (illative plural)
alakulttuurilla (adessive singular)
alakulttuureilla (adessive plural)
alakulttuurilta (ablative singular)
alakulttuureilta (ablative plural)
alakulttuurille (allative singular)
alakulttuureille (allative plural)
alakulttuurina (essive singular)
alakulttuureina (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksi (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksi (plural translative)
alakulttuuritta (abessive singular)
alakulttuureitta (abessive plural)
alakulttuurein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
alakulttuurini (nominative singular)
alakulttuurini (nominative plural)
alakulttuurini (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurini (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurini (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurini (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurini (genitive singular)
alakulttuurieni (genitive plural)
alakulttuureideni (genitive plural)
alakulttuureitteni (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriani (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitani (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejani (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissani (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissani (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristani (elative singular)
alakulttuureistani (elative plural)
alakulttuuriini (illative singular)
alakulttuureihini (illative plural)
alakulttuurillani (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillani (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltani (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltani (ablative plural)
alakulttuurilleni (allative singular)
alakulttuureilleni (allative plural)
alakulttuurinani (essive singular)
alakulttuureinani (essive plural)
alakulttuurikseni (singular translative)
alakulttuureikseni (plural translative)
alakulttuurittani (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittani (abessive plural)
alakulttuureineni (comitative plural)
alakulttuurisi (nominative singular)
alakulttuurisi (nominative plural)
alakulttuurisi (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurisi (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurisi (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurisi (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurisi (genitive singular)
alakulttuuriesi (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidesi (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittesi (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriasi (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitasi (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejasi (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissasi (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissasi (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristasi (elative singular)
alakulttuureistasi (elative plural)
alakulttuuriisi (illative singular)
alakulttuureihisi (illative plural)
alakulttuurillasi (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillasi (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltasi (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltasi (ablative plural)
alakulttuurillesi (allative singular)
alakulttuureillesi (allative plural)
alakulttuurinasi (essive singular)
alakulttuureinasi (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksesi (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksesi (plural translative)
alakulttuurittasi (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittasi (abessive plural)
alakulttuureinesi (comitative plural)
alakulttuurimme (nominative singular)
alakulttuurimme (nominative plural)
alakulttuurimme (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurimme (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurimme (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurimme (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurimme (genitive singular)
alakulttuuriemme (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidemme (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittemme (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriamme (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitamme (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejamme (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissamme (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissamme (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristamme (elative singular)
alakulttuureistamme (elative plural)
alakulttuuriimme (illative singular)
alakulttuureihimme (illative plural)
alakulttuurillamme (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillamme (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltamme (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltamme (ablative plural)
alakulttuurillemme (allative singular)
alakulttuureillemme (allative plural)
alakulttuurinamme (essive singular)
alakulttuureinamme (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksemme (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksemme (plural translative)
alakulttuurittamme (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittamme (abessive plural)
alakulttuureinemme (comitative plural)
alakulttuurinne (nominative singular)
alakulttuurinne (nominative plural)
alakulttuurinne (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurinne (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurinne (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurinne (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurinne (genitive singular)
alakulttuurienne (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidenne (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittenne (genitive plural)
alakulttuurianne (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitanne (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejanne (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissanne (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissanne (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristanne (elative singular)
alakulttuureistanne (elative plural)
alakulttuuriinne (illative singular)
alakulttuureihinne (illative plural)
alakulttuurillanne (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillanne (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltanne (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltanne (ablative plural)
alakulttuurillenne (allative singular)
alakulttuureillenne (allative plural)
alakulttuurinanne (essive singular)
alakulttuureinanne (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksenne (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksenne (plural translative)
alakulttuurittanne (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittanne (abessive plural)
alakulttuureinenne (comitative plural)
alakulttuurinsa (nominative singular)
alakulttuurinsa (nominative plural)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurinsa (genitive singular)
alakulttuuriensa (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidensa (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittensa (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriaan (partitive singular)
alakulttuuriansa (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitaan (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejaan (partitive plural)
alakulttuureitansa (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejansa (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissaan (inessive singular)
alakulttuurissansa (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissaan (inessive plural)
alakulttuureissansa (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristaan (elative singular)
alakulttuuristansa (elative singular)
alakulttuureistaan (elative plural)
alakulttuureistansa (elative plural)
alakulttuuriinsa (illative singular)
alakulttuureihinsa (illative plural)
alakulttuurillaan (adessive singular)
alakulttuurillansa (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillaan (adessive plural)
alakulttuureillansa (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltaan (ablative singular)
alakulttuuriltansa (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltaan (ablative plural)
alakulttuureiltansa (ablative plural)
alakulttuurilleen (allative singular)
alakulttuurillensa (allative singular)
alakulttuureilleen (allative plural)
alakulttuureillensa (allative plural)
alakulttuurinaan (essive singular)
alakulttuurinansa (essive singular)
alakulttuureinaan (essive plural)
alakulttuureinansa (essive plural)
alakulttuurikseen (singular translative)
alakulttuuriksensa (singular translative)
alakulttuureikseen (plural translative)
alakulttuureiksensa (plural translative)
alakulttuurittaan (abessive singular)
alakulttuurittansa (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittaan (abessive plural)
alakulttuureittansa (abessive plural)
alakulttuureineen (comitative plural)
alakulttuureinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈɑ̝lɑ̝ˌkul̪t̪ːuːri]


polyculture

polyculture (countable and uncountable, plural polycultures)

What we have here is not a 'multiculture' as it is represented in multiculturalism, not a pluralist order of discrete patches of culture, all somehow, 'equally valid' within the polity, but—to form a Greek/Roman Creole—a polyculture, or at any rate a collection of cultural entities that are not (a) discrete and complete in themselves; (b) that are not in any sense 'intrinsically' 'equal'; and (c) are active together and hence bound up with change.

2003 (originally 1992), Roger Hewitt, Language, Youth and the Destabilisation of Ethnicity, R. Harris and B. Rampton (eds.), page 190

Marsdsen, R. (1993) 'Global Monoculture, Multiculture and Polyculture', Social Research 60 (3): 493–523.

2003, Angus Cameron, Ronen Palan, The Imagined Economies of Globalization, SAGE, →ISBN, page 179:

Finally, but equal in importance, this book aims to engage with the ongoing dialogue among scholars of race and ethnicity in America, specifically regarding conversations on the issues of multiculture, polyculture, and the persistence of race.

2007, Jeffrey F. L. Partridge, Beyond Literary Chinatown, American Ethnic and Cultural S:

Europe/the EU's internal collective group identity is polycultural and not yet multicultural as per its “United in Diversity” motto. The concept of polyculture is a borrowed term from the discipline of agriculture. […] This paper adds a third definition to these two definitions by proposing to include the dominant culture within the fold of the polyculture to make it a multicultural society.

2014, Kenan Aksu, Turkey: A Regional Power in the Making, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, page 128:

(sociology, uncommon) A multiculture; a polycultural society, sometimes especially one in which multiple cultures exist without one dominating.


decolonize

en-verb

decolonize (third-person singular simple present decolonizes, present participle decolonizing, simple past and past participle decolonized)

decolonizes (present singular third-person)
decolonizing (participle present)
decolonized (participle past)
decolonized (past)

Across Ukraine, officials are starting projects to, as they say, “decolonize” their cities. Streets and subway stops whose names evoke the history of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union are under scrutiny by a population eager to rid itself of traces of the nation that invaded in late February.

2022 June 7, Erika Solomon, “Goodbye, Tchaikovsky and Tolstoy: Ukrainians look to ‘decolonize’ their streets.”, in The New York Times:

The arrival of Trump in the White House gave a new urgency to the idea that museums needed to “decolonize” their collections, atone for their past elitism, and become overtly political institutions rather than mere warehouses of valuable objects.

2022 October 3, Helen Lewis, “The Guggenheim’s Scapegoat”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN:

(transitive, social sciences) To reverse the colonization of, i.e. to grant back autonomy to a group.


hyperinnovation

(social sciences, business) A successful introduction and interconnection of novel ideas.


사회학

[sʰa̠ɦø̞ɦa̠k̚]

Sino-Korean word from 社會學, from 社會 (“society”) + 學 (“-logy”), an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 社会学(しゃかいがく) (shakaigaku), a calque of French sociologie.


habitus

en-noun

habitus (countable and uncountable, plural habiti or habitus or habituses)

habiti (plural)
habitus (plural)
habituses (plural)

From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”). The plural habiti is a misconstruction, as the Latin plural is in fact habitūs. This is reflected by the English plural habitus, which is occasionally encountered. habiti may have been influenced by Latin habitī, the plural of the participle habitus; however, it is not the etymon of the English term.

(sociology) The lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectations of particular social groups that are acquired through the activities and experiences of everyday life.


habitus

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch habitus, from Latin habitus.

(sociology) habitus (the lifestyle, etc. of particular social groups)


Rolle

de-noun

Rolle f (genitive Rolle, plural Rollen, diminutive Röllchen n)

Rolle (genitive)
Rollen (plural)
Röllchen (diminutive neuter)
Rolle (nominative singular)
Rollen (definite nominative plural)
Rolle (genitive singular)
Rollen (definite genitive plural)
Rolle (dative singular)
Rollen (dative definite plural)
Rolle (accusative singular)
Rollen (accusative definite plural)

15th century, from Old French rolle, probably through Middle Dutch rolle (as also the verb rollen). Further from Latin rotula, rotulus. The sense “role” from the modern French descendant rôle.


detournement

en-noun

detournement (countable and uncountable, plural detournements)

(sociology) The reuse of elements of mainstream media to produce a subversive message.


asento

Borrowed from Spanish acento, ultimately from Latin accentus.

(sociolinguistics) accent (distinctive pronunciation associated with a region, social group, etc.)


dehabilitation

(sociology) The process of social estrangement and progressive loosening of social bonds between an individual and their family and society as a result of long-term residence in an institution.


intellectualism

intellectualism (countable and uncountable, plural intellectualisms)

(sociology) The use of mental attributes as a criterion or value.


transactional

en-adj

transactional (comparative more transactional, superlative most transactional)

more transactional (comparative)
most transactional (superlative)

(psychology, sociology) Based on value derived from transactions rather than on morals, ethics, or principles; pragmatic or amoral rather than moral.


anonim

From Dutch anoniem, from French anonyme, from Latin anōnymus, from Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos).


sheltered workshop

en-noun

sheltered workshop (plural sheltered workshops)

(sociology) A place where persons with limited mental ability can work in a safe environment.


Prekariat

de-noun

Prekariat n (strong, genitive Prekariates or Prekariats, plural Prekariate)

Prekariates (genitive)
Prekariats (genitive)
Prekariate (plural)

Es wird hier nicht viel gesagt zum Beispiel über Amazon und den siechen Einzelhandel, […] über diese krasse Prekariats-Armada aus Deliveroo-Sklaven, die auf Klapperrädern durch die Stadtzentren hecheln.

2017 January 26, Alard von Kittlitz, “Fuck you, Silicon Valley!”, in Die Zeit:


Merton thesis

(sociology) A theory that significant developments in the modern world have a positive correlation with Protestant pietism, similar to Weber's link between success and the Protestant ethic.


iron cage

(sociology) A theory proposed by Max Weber which argues that rationalization and rules trap humans in a figurative "cage" of thought.


tribo

Borrowed from Latin tribus f (“one of the three tribes of Rome”), from trēs (“three”).

bor+

(sociology, informal) subculture (portion of a culture distinguished by its customs)


gynocracy

en-noun

gynocracy (countable and uncountable, plural gynocracies)

(government, sociology) Synonym of gynecocracy


standard language

standard language (plural standard languages)

In modern standard languages, norms of usage often seem to be superimposed by prescriptive norms.

2014, Stephan Elspaß, Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German, University of Salzburg [Gijsbert Rutten, Rik Vosters, Wim Vandenbussche, Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective, John Benjamins Publishing Company] p. 303

(sociolinguistics) A form of a language that is institutionally promoted, regarded as the most "correct" or neutral variety; used by a population for public and formal purposes.

Some remain clusters of dialects like those of the Pamirs; others are at varying levels of stabilisation; some may be young standard languages, having only recently achieved that status; [...]

1978, James E. Alatis, International Dimensions of Bilingual Education, Georgetown University Press, page xii:

Not all standard languages have the backing of institutions such as the Académie française. English is a good example of a standard language without such a regulatory body.

1994, Suzanne Romaine, Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 85:

(sociolinguistics) A language that has a standard form as one of its varieties; a language that has undergone standardization.


認同

/ʐən⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋin⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/lim³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/zim³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/d͡zim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/d͡ziŋ¹¹ taŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐən⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋin⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/lim³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/zim³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/d͡zim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/d͡ziŋ¹¹ taŋ⁵⁵/

(psychology, sociology) identification; identity


mesolect

[...] one characteristic of the mesolect seems to be that it contains, not merely forms from the polar lects, but forms which in function, if not always in phonetic shape, are peculiar to itself.

1973 Sep, Derek Bickerton, “The Nature of a Creole Continuum”, in Language, 49(3), page 642:

(sociolinguistics) A variety of speech that is midway between the acrolect and the basilect.


anomic

en-adj

anomic (comparative more anomic, superlative most anomic)

more anomic (comparative)
most anomic (superlative)

Anglo-Indians (Eurasians) ceased to be counted as a separate category although we know from other evidence that many of that community, beleaguered and anomic as they often felt themselves to be, remained in railroad service (Bear, 2007).

2012 August 3, John Hurd, Ian J. Kerr, India’s Railway History: A Research Handbook (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section Two: South Asia; 27), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 22:

(sociology) Socially disorganized, disoriented or alienated.

anomický

socially disorganized, disoriented or alienated


有機

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (有機):
* → Japanese: 有機(ゆうき) (yūki)
* → Korean: 유기(有機) (yugi)
* → Vietnamese: hữu cơ (有機)

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki³³/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki³³/

(attributive, sociology) organic (describing a form of social solidarity)


underresourced

en-adj

underresourced (comparative more underresourced, superlative most underresourced)

more underresourced (comparative)
most underresourced (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-underresourced.wav

Who was being served when mainstream media coverage focused on President Clinton's personal life rather than on issues in underresourced communities?

2000, Steven R. Goldzwig, Patricia A. Sullivan, “Electronic Democracy, Virtual Politics, and Local Communities”, in Robert E. Denton, editor, Political Communication Ethics: An Oxymoron?, page 68:

(social sciences, public health) Having insufficient resources; poor or underfunded.


gatekeep

en-verb

gatekeep (third-person singular simple present gatekeeps, present participle gatekeeping, simple past and past participle gatekept)

gatekeeps (present singular third-person)
gatekeeping (participle present)
gatekept (participle past)
gatekept (past)

From gate + keep, as back-formation from gatekeeper.

(sociology) To limit (sometimes manipulatively, rather than directly) how much of a role another party, often a spouse, has in some task.


audism

From audio + -ism, modelled after racism and sexism. Coined by American academic Tom Humphries in 1975.

coinage

(sociology) Discrimination against deaf people in favor of hearing people.


ανθρωπολογία

head

ανθρωπολογίες

ανθρωπολογία • (anthropología) f (plural ανθρωπολογίες)

el-noun

ανθρωπολογίες

anthropología (romanization)
ανθρωπολογίες (plural)
ανθρωπολογία (nominative singular)
ανθρωπολογίες (nominative plural)
ανθρωπολογίας (genitive singular)
ανθρωπολογιών (genitive plural)
ανθρωπολογία (accusative singular)
ανθρωπολογίες (accusative plural)
ανθρωπολογία (singular vocative)
ανθρωπολογίες (plural vocative)

el-decl-noun

ανθρωπολογία

ανθρωπολογίες

ανθρωπολογίας

ανθρωπολογιών

ανθρωπολογία

ανθρωπολογίες

ανθρωπολογία

ανθρωπολογίες


morphologique

(relational) morphology; morphological
(sociology)


Verband

de-noun

Verband m (strong, genitive Verbandes or Verbands, plural Verbände)

Verbandes (genitive)
Verbands (genitive)
Verbände (plural)
Verband (nominative singular)
Verbände (definite nominative plural)
Verbandes (genitive singular)
Verbands (genitive singular)
Verbände (definite genitive plural)
Verband (dative singular)
Verbande (dative singular)
Verbänden (dative definite plural)
Verband (accusative singular)
Verbände (accusative definite plural)

(law, sociology) organisation/organization, union


Vetternwirtschaft

Vetternwirtschaft f (genitive Vetternwirtschaft, no plural)

Vetternwirtschaft (genitive)
Vetternwirtschaft (nominative singular)
Vetternwirtschaft (genitive singular)
Vetternwirtschaft (dative singular)
Vetternwirtschaft (accusative singular)


patriarca

From Old Galician-Portuguese patriarca, patriarcha, borrowed from Late Latin patriarcha, from Byzantine Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “the founder of the tribe/family”), from Ancient Greek πατριά (patriá, “generation, ancestry, descent, tribe, family”) + -άρχης (-árkhēs, “-arch”).

der

(sociology) patriarch (male head of a community or household)


reinscribe

en-verb

reinscribe (third-person singular simple present reinscribes, present participle reinscribing, simple past and past participle reinscribed)

reinscribes (present singular third-person)
reinscribing (participle present)
reinscribed (participle past)
reinscribed (past)

This ambivalent anality both parodied national and gendered fantasies of “hardness” at the same time that it drew on dynamics of racial and queer mimesis to reinscribe hegemonic (white/ straight) masculinity.

2022, Marisol Cortez, “Ambivalent Anality: Revisiting the Queer Ecology of "the Jackass Moment"”, in Media+Environment:

(sociology) To reproduce an idea in a new context or manifestation, typically in a way that reinforces it or extends its influence.


microanalysis

en-noun

microanalysis (countable and uncountable, plural microanalyses)

(social sciences) the analysis of individual or community social activity e.g. family relationships.

(sociology) the analysis of individual or community social activity e.g. family relationships.


just-so story

/ˌd͡ʒʌstˈsəʊ ˌstɔːɹi/

PIE word
 *swé
From just so (“(almost) exactly or precisely like something”, adjective) + story, referring to the series of short stories called Just So Stories (collected in book form in 1902) by the English writer Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) which described how various animals acquired their distinctive characteristics, such as how the leopard got its spots. According to Kipling, the stories were so titled because they were intended to put his daughter Josephine (“Effie”) to sleep, “and you were not allowed to alter those by one single little word. They had to be told just so; or Effie would wake up and put back the missing sentence.”

Sociobiological explanations of human behaviour encounter two special difficulties, suggesting that a Darwinian model may be generally inapplicable in this case. […] Secondly, the standard foundation of Darwinian just-so stories does not apply to humans. That foundation is the implication: if adaptive, then genetic—for the inference of adaptation is usually the only basis of a selective story, and Darwinism is a theory of genetic change and variation in populations.

1978 November 16, Stephen Jay Gould, “Sociobiology: The Art of Storytelling”, in Bernard Dixon, editor, New Scientist, volume 80, number 1129, London: IPC Magazines, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 532:

(social sciences, especially anthropology, philosophy, chiefly derogatory) An untestable explanation for something, such as a form of behaviour, a biological trait, or a cultural practice.


sosiologi

From Dutch sociologie, from French sociologie, coined by Auguste Comte in 1834.

(sociology) sociology: the study of society, human social interaction and the rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups and institutions.


structuration

structuration (countable and uncountable, plural structurations)

(sociology) A theory proposed by Anthony Giddens in an attempt to reconcile theoretical dichotomies of social systems such as agency/structure, subjective/objective, and micro/macro perspectives.


FSW

(sociology) Initialism of female sex worker.


criminologia

From criminal (“criminal”) + -ologia (“-ology”).

af

(psychology, sociology) criminology (the study of crime and of the behaviour of criminals)


literary language

Literary languages have been enriched by dialects and have at the same time assisted the levelling out of dialectical differences which in its turn has contributed to ….

1977, Magomet Izmaylovich Isayev, National languages in the USSR: problems and solutions, Прогресс, p. 316

I would note that almost 12% of the population of the SRCroatia are Serbs and that they are obliged to use the "Croatian literary language" for official purposes even though this is not their native language.

1990, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Operations, Views on the Serbo-Croatian Language Service at the Voice of America:

Gaj argued that the establishment of a common literary language was essential for the development of an Illyrian national consciousness and he attempted to bring together the three main dialects used by the Southern Slavs...

2003, Alex J. Bellamy, The Formation of Croatian National Identity, page 44:

The Erzya and Moksha population, especially in urban areas, has become increasingly exposed to Russian; within this context, both the literary languages and the dialects have been affected to a considerable extent. In the course of being update the literary languages have experienced radical changes. An abundance of Russian terminology has been introduced in dictionaries; grammars have been prescribing the use of concurrent forms of the native and Russian languages as a norm.

2013, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, Mémoires de la Société finno-ougrienne, Volume 268 of Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia, Nimilehti painettu Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kirjapainossa, →ISBN, page 14:

As they explain, 'the literary language is first of all a collection of expressive habits and customs, and to preserve the purity of the literary language can mean nothing other than to preserve these habits and customs' (Guberina and Krsic/ 1940: 77).

2014, K. Langston, A. Peti-Stantic, Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia:

(sociolinguistics, Slavistics) A language variety used as an institutional norm in a community, opposed to vernacular dialects; a standard language.

gjuhë letrare

supraregional idiom — see also standard language, standard


pluralismi

pluralismi (nominative singular)
pluralismit (nominative plural)
pluralismi (accusative nominative singular)
pluralismit (accusative nominative plural)
pluralismin (accusative genitive singular)
pluralismit (accusative genitive plural)
pluralismin (genitive singular)
pluralismien (genitive plural)
pluralismia (partitive singular)
pluralismeja (partitive plural)
pluralismissa (inessive singular)
pluralismeissa (inessive plural)
pluralismista (elative singular)
pluralismeista (elative plural)
pluralismiin (illative singular)
pluralismeihin (illative plural)
pluralismilla (adessive singular)
pluralismeilla (adessive plural)
pluralismilta (ablative singular)
pluralismeilta (ablative plural)
pluralismille (allative singular)
pluralismeille (allative plural)
pluralismina (essive singular)
pluralismeina (essive plural)
pluralismiksi (singular translative)
pluralismeiksi (plural translative)
pluralismitta (abessive singular)
pluralismeitta (abessive plural)
pluralismein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
pluralismini (nominative singular)
pluralismini (nominative plural)
pluralismini (accusative nominative singular)
pluralismini (accusative nominative plural)
pluralismini (accusative genitive singular)
pluralismini (accusative genitive plural)
pluralismini (genitive singular)
pluralismieni (genitive plural)
pluralismiani (partitive singular)
pluralismejani (partitive plural)
pluralismissani (inessive singular)
pluralismeissani (inessive plural)
pluralismistani (elative singular)
pluralismeistani (elative plural)
pluralismiini (illative singular)
pluralismeihini (illative plural)
pluralismillani (adessive singular)
pluralismeillani (adessive plural)
pluralismiltani (ablative singular)
pluralismeiltani (ablative plural)
pluralismilleni (allative singular)
pluralismeilleni (allative plural)
pluralisminani (essive singular)
pluralismeinani (essive plural)
pluralismikseni (singular translative)
pluralismeikseni (plural translative)
pluralismittani (abessive singular)
pluralismeittani (abessive plural)
pluralismeineni (comitative plural)
pluralismisi (nominative singular)
pluralismisi (nominative plural)
pluralismisi (accusative nominative singular)
pluralismisi (accusative nominative plural)
pluralismisi (accusative genitive singular)
pluralismisi (accusative genitive plural)
pluralismisi (genitive singular)
pluralismiesi (genitive plural)
pluralismiasi (partitive singular)
pluralismejasi (partitive plural)
pluralismissasi (inessive singular)
pluralismeissasi (inessive plural)
pluralismistasi (elative singular)
pluralismeistasi (elative plural)
pluralismiisi (illative singular)
pluralismeihisi (illative plural)
pluralismillasi (adessive singular)
pluralismeillasi (adessive plural)
pluralismiltasi (ablative singular)
pluralismeiltasi (ablative plural)
pluralismillesi (allative singular)
pluralismeillesi (allative plural)
pluralisminasi (essive singular)
pluralismeinasi (essive plural)
pluralismiksesi (singular translative)
pluralismeiksesi (plural translative)
pluralismittasi (abessive singular)
pluralismeittasi (abessive plural)
pluralismeinesi (comitative plural)
pluralismimme (nominative singular)
pluralismimme (nominative plural)
pluralismimme (accusative nominative singular)
pluralismimme (accusative nominative plural)
pluralismimme (accusative genitive singular)
pluralismimme (accusative genitive plural)
pluralismimme (genitive singular)
pluralismiemme (genitive plural)
pluralismiamme (partitive singular)
pluralismejamme (partitive plural)
pluralismissamme (inessive singular)
pluralismeissamme (inessive plural)
pluralismistamme (elative singular)
pluralismeistamme (elative plural)
pluralismiimme (illative singular)
pluralismeihimme (illative plural)
pluralismillamme (adessive singular)
pluralismeillamme (adessive plural)
pluralismiltamme (ablative singular)
pluralismeiltamme (ablative plural)
pluralismillemme (allative singular)
pluralismeillemme (allative plural)
pluralisminamme (essive singular)
pluralismeinamme (essive plural)
pluralismiksemme (singular translative)
pluralismeiksemme (plural translative)
pluralismittamme (abessive singular)
pluralismeittamme (abessive plural)
pluralismeinemme (comitative plural)
pluralisminne (nominative singular)
pluralisminne (nominative plural)
pluralisminne (accusative nominative singular)
pluralisminne (accusative nominative plural)
pluralisminne (accusative genitive singular)
pluralisminne (accusative genitive plural)
pluralisminne (genitive singular)
pluralismienne (genitive plural)
pluralismianne (partitive singular)
pluralismejanne (partitive plural)
pluralismissanne (inessive singular)
pluralismeissanne (inessive plural)
pluralismistanne (elative singular)
pluralismeistanne (elative plural)
pluralismiinne (illative singular)
pluralismeihinne (illative plural)
pluralismillanne (adessive singular)
pluralismeillanne (adessive plural)
pluralismiltanne (ablative singular)
pluralismeiltanne (ablative plural)
pluralismillenne (allative singular)
pluralismeillenne (allative plural)
pluralisminanne (essive singular)
pluralismeinanne (essive plural)
pluralismiksenne (singular translative)
pluralismeiksenne (plural translative)
pluralismittanne (abessive singular)
pluralismeittanne (abessive plural)
pluralismeinenne (comitative plural)
pluralisminsa (nominative singular)
pluralisminsa (nominative plural)
pluralisminsa (accusative nominative singular)
pluralisminsa (accusative nominative plural)
pluralisminsa (accusative genitive singular)
pluralisminsa (accusative genitive plural)
pluralisminsa (genitive singular)
pluralismiensa (genitive plural)
pluralismiaan (partitive singular)
pluralismiansa (partitive singular)
pluralismejaan (partitive plural)
pluralismejansa (partitive plural)
pluralismissaan (inessive singular)
pluralismissansa (inessive singular)
pluralismeissaan (inessive plural)
pluralismeissansa (inessive plural)
pluralismistaan (elative singular)
pluralismistansa (elative singular)
pluralismeistaan (elative plural)
pluralismeistansa (elative plural)
pluralismiinsa (illative singular)
pluralismeihinsa (illative plural)
pluralismillaan (adessive singular)
pluralismillansa (adessive singular)
pluralismeillaan (adessive plural)
pluralismeillansa (adessive plural)
pluralismiltaan (ablative singular)
pluralismiltansa (ablative singular)
pluralismeiltaan (ablative plural)
pluralismeiltansa (ablative plural)
pluralismilleen (allative singular)
pluralismillensa (allative singular)
pluralismeilleen (allative plural)
pluralismeillensa (allative plural)
pluralisminaan (essive singular)
pluralisminansa (essive singular)
pluralismeinaan (essive plural)
pluralismeinansa (essive plural)
pluralismikseen (singular translative)
pluralismiksensa (singular translative)
pluralismeikseen (plural translative)
pluralismeiksensa (plural translative)
pluralismittaan (abessive singular)
pluralismittansa (abessive singular)
pluralismeittaan (abessive plural)
pluralismeittansa (abessive plural)
pluralismeineen (comitative plural)
pluralismeinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English pluralism). Contains the suffix -ismi.


precarity

en-noun

precarity (countable and uncountable, plural precarities)

/pɹəˈkɛɹɪti/

/pɹəˈkɛəɹɪti/

Borrowed from New Latin precārietās. By surface analysis, precarious + -ity, leading to the syncopation.

A phenomenon that catches a general tendency towards obscurity is what Standing calls "uptitling" - to give a job a high-sounding epithet to conceal its precarity and, I would say, its substance.

2014, Roland Paulsen, Empty Labor: Idleness and Workplace Resistance, →ISBN, page 82:

Does the boy sense, already, the precarity of all this?

2021, Anthony Doerr, Cloud Cuckoo Land, page 622:

(sociology) A condition of existence without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare.


acculturare

it-verb

acculturàre (first-person singular present accultùro, first-person singular past historic acculturài, past participle acculturàto, auxiliary avére)

acculturàre (canonical)
accultùro (first-person present singular)
acculturài (first-person historic past singular)
acculturàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
acculturàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
acculturàndo (gerund)
acculturànte (participle present)
acculturàto (participle past)
accultùro (first-person indicative present singular)
accultùri (indicative present second-person singular)
accultùra (indicative present singular third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
acculturàte (indicative plural present second-person)
accultùrano (indicative plural present third-person)
acculturàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acculturàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acculturàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acculturavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
acculturavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
acculturàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acculturài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
acculturàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
acculturò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
acculturàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
acculturàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
acculturàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
acculturerò (first-person future indicative singular)
acculturerài (future indicative second-person singular)
acculturerà (future indicative singular third-person)
acculturerémo (first-person future indicative plural)
accultureréte (future indicative plural second-person)
acculturerànno (future indicative plural third-person)
acculturerèi (conditional first-person singular)
acculturerésti (conditional second-person singular)
acculturerèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
acculturerébbe (conditional singular third-person)
acculturerémmo (conditional first-person plural)
accultureréste (conditional plural second-person)
acculturerèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
acculturerébbero (conditional plural third-person)
accultùri (first-person present singular subjunctive)
accultùri (present second-person singular subjunctive)
accultùri (present singular subjunctive third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
acculturiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
accultùrino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
acculturàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
acculturàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
acculturàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
acculturàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
acculturàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acculturàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
accultùra (imperative second-person singular)
accultùri (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
acculturàte (imperative plural second-person)
accultùrino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
acculturàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
accultùri (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
acculturàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
accultùrino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

(transitive, sociology, ethnology) to acculturate


social status

en-noun

social status (countable and uncountable, plural social statuses)

(sociology) One's position within a social hierarchy, one's social class along with any personal social advantages or disadvantages, one's value relative to society.

սոցիալական կարգավիճակ

honor or prestige attached to one's position in society


ascribed status

ascribed status (plural ascribed statuses)

Coordinate term: achieved status

Older societies built their hierarchies on ascribed status, where individuals received their social ranking based on predetermined criteria, such as age, ethnic group, occupation, and gender.

2022, W. David Marx, chapter 1, in Status and Culture, Viking, →ISBN:

(sociology) The social status that a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life.


achieved status

achieved status (plural achieved statuses)

Coordinate term: ascribed status

The modern ideal is to organize society as a system of achieved status, where a higher position is based on personal achievements rather than immutable characteristics.

(sociology) A person's social status that is acquired, such as being an Olympic athlete, being a criminal, or being a college professor.


master status

(sociology) The social status that is a person’s primary socially identifying characteristic, such as being the queen.


social mobility

(sociology) The degree to which, in a given society, an individual's, family's, or group's social status can change throughout the course of their life through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.

社會流動 /社会流动

degree to which social status can change


economic mobility

economic mobility (countable and uncountable, plural economic mobilities)

(sociology) The ability of a person or group of people to improve their income and social status, whether in an individual lifetime or between generations.


eugenika

Internationalism, borrowed from English eugenics.


comparative ethics

(anthropology, sociology, ethics) A type of descriptive ethics, focused on studying the nature and origins of beliefs about morality held by people in diverse social or cultural groups.


normalcy bias

normalcy bias (countable and uncountable, plural normalcy biases)

(sociology) A human tendency to respond to threat warnings with disbelief or minimization, and to similarly underestimate a disaster's deleterious effects.


criminologico

it-adj

criminologico (feminine criminologica, masculine plural criminologici, feminine plural criminologiche)

criminologica (feminine)
criminologici (masculine plural)
criminologiche (feminine plural)


anomi

From French anomie, from Ancient Greek ἀνομία (anomía).


deviace

deviace (nominative singular)
deviace (nominative plural)
deviace (genitive singular)
deviací (genitive plural)
deviaci (dative singular)
deviacím (dative plural)
deviaci (accusative singular)
deviace (accusative plural)
deviace (singular vocative)
deviace (plural vocative)
deviaci (locative singular)
deviacích (locative plural)
deviací (instrumental singular)
deviacemi (instrumental plural)


reappropriate

en-verb

reappropriate (third-person singular simple present reappropriates, present participle reappropriating, simple past and past participle reappropriated)

reappropriates (present singular third-person)
reappropriating (participle present)
reappropriated (participle past)
reappropriated (past)

Once a term of homophobic abuse, the term “queer” has been reappropriated as a marker for some gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT), and other marginalized sexual identities.

The term 'People of the Book' has been reappropriated as a means of self-identification by Jews and by the members of certain Christian denominations.

2023 August 3, Wikipedia contributors, “People of the Book”, in English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation:

(sociology) (of a group) To reclaim a term that was previously used to disparage that group.


qualitative research

(social sciences, marketing) A set of research techniques in which data is obtained from a relatively small group of respondents and not analyzed with statistical techniques.

kvalitativní výzkum

techniques not relying on statistical analysis


criminogeno

it-adj

criminogeno (feminine criminogena, masculine plural criminogeni, feminine plural criminogene)

criminogena (feminine)
criminogeni (masculine plural)
criminogene (feminine plural)

(sociology) criminogenic (engendering crime, generating crime)


assimilationist

Spanish-language education is not favored by assimilationist parents of Latino children in the US.

To the assimilationists, American Jews have not merely acculturated — they have assimilated.

1998, Norman Linzer, David J. Schnall, Jerome A. Chanes, A Portrait of the American Jewish Community, page xii:

The conflict between melting-pot assimilationists and cultural pluralists betrays a fundamental uncertainty about the meaning of American nationhood, and about the role ethnicity plays in it.

1999, Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State: The United States, Germany, and Great Britain, page 147:

The one area where there was at least some agreement between assimilationists and Zionists was Palestine.

2000, Bruce F. Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism, page 224:

(sociology) An advocate of the policy or practice of the assimilation of immigrant or other minority cultures into a mainstream culture.

asymilant

an advocate of the assimilation into a mainstream culture