GDP

Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too. GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory. Its apparent simplicity explains why it is scrutinised down to tenths of a percentage point every month.

2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

Or take Wikipedia. Supported by investments of time rather than money, it has left the old Encyclopedia Britannica in the dust – and taken the GDP down a few notches in the process.

2017, Rutger Bregman, chapter 5, in Elizabeth Manton, transl., Utopia for Realists, Kindle edition, Bloomsbury Publishing, page 104:

Global GDP is projected to grow by 3.1% this year, and by just 2.2% in 2023, according to the latest forecast from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

2022 November 22, Hanna Ziady, “If the world avoids a recession, it’ll have India and China to thank”, in CNN:

gross domestic product
gross domestic product#English

(economics) Initialism of gross domestic product.

BBP

gross domestic product — see also gross domestic product


GDP

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰi⁵¹/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ti⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ tiː⁵⁵ pʰiː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ pʰi⁵¹/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ti⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ tiː⁵⁵ pʰiː⁵⁵/

國內生產總值 國內生產總值#Chinese

国内生产总值 国内生产总值#Chinese

(economics) GDP (“gross domestic product”); synonym of 國內生產總值 /国内生产总值 (guónèi shēngchǎn zǒngzhí)


GDP

Initialism of English gross domestic product; borrowed from English GDP.

国内総生産 国内総生産#Japanese

(economics) synonym of 国内総生産 (kokunai sōseisan, “gross domestic product”); GDP (“gross domestic product”)


ab

From German ab (“from”), from Middle High German ab, from Old High German ab (“of”), from Proto-Germanic *ab (“away, away from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).

der

NB - Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «ab».ogg

ab Frankfurt

ab varelager

ab fabrikk

(economics) from; (i.e. delivered) for the seller's expense at a location and forwarded for the buyer's expense

ab mai


foreign debt

en-noun

foreign debt (usually uncountable, plural foreign debts)

(uncountable, economics) An aggregate amount of such debts.


domestic debt

domestic debt (countable and uncountable, plural domestic debts)

(economics) debt owed to creditors resident in the same country as the debtor

內債 /内债

debt owed to creditors resident in the same country as debtor


growth

growth (countable and uncountable, plural growths)

From grow + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Compare Old Frisian grēd ("meadow, pasture"; > North Frisian greyde (“growth, pasture”)), Middle High German gruote, gruot (“greens, fresh growth, shoot”), Old Norse gróðr ("growth, crop"; > Faroese grøði, Danish grøde (“fruits”), Swedish gröda (“crop, harvest”)). More at grow.

gloss

"meadow, pasture"; > North Frisian <i class="Latn mention" lang="frr">greyde</i> (“growth, pasture”)

Growth was dampened by a softening of the global economy in 2001, but picked up in the subsequent years due to strong growth in China.

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers.[…]Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster. Clever financial ploys are what have made billionaires of the industry’s veterans. “Operational improvement” in a portfolio company has often meant little more than promising colossal bonuses to sitting chief executives if they meet ambitious growth targets. That model is still prevalent today.

2013 June 22, “Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 70:

Liz Truss has promised Britons she has “got your back” and set out a plan for “growth, growth and growth” in a conference speech disrupted by protesters asking who voted for her plan.

2022 October 5, Rowena Mason, quoting Liz Truss, “Liz Truss promises ‘growth, growth and growth’ in protest-hit speech”, in The Guardian:

(economics) Ellipsis of economic growth.


PM

(economics) abbreviation of Personenmonat (“man-month”)


dollarization

/dɑləɹɪˈzeɪ̯ʃɪn/

“Many emerging-market economies have tried a number of technical devices: the fixed rate peg, varieties of crawling peg, currency boards and even dollarization,” Mr. Greenspan said in a recent speech. “The success has been mixed. Where successful, they have been backed by sound policies.”

1999 January 2, Joseph Kahn, quoting Alan Greenspan, “Era May End For Floating Currencies”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Making dollarisation work requires structural reform, something President Noboa has failed to achieve. Ecuador's businesses are struggling against high costs. The public finances face a shortfall. A new agreement with the IMF has proved elusive. Neither candidate says he would scrap the dollar, but neither says much about reform.

2002 October 26, “New faces of Andean politics”, in The Economist, U.S. edition:

(economics) The process of a country, officially, or its residents, unofficially, adopting the US dollar or other foreign currency in parallel to or instead of the domestic currency.

دَوْلَرَة

the process of a country adopting the US dollar as its primary currency


point

en-noun

point (countable and uncountable, plural points)

→ Cantonese: point

→ Indonesian: poin

→ Japanese: ポイント (pointo)

→ Korean: 포인트 (pointeu)

→ Malay: poin

From Middle English poynt, from Old French point m (“dot; minute amount”), from Latin pūnctum (“a hole punched in; a point, puncture”), substantive use of pūnctus m, perfect passive participle of pungō (“I prick, punch”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ- (“prick, punch”)); alternatively, from Old French pointe f (“sharp tip”), from Latin pūncta f (past participle). Mostly displaced native Middle English ord (“point”), from Old English ord (“point”). Doublet of pointe, ponto, puncto, punctum, punt, and punto.

kärki

position at the front or vanguard of an advancing force

decimal point

not used when reading decimal fractions aloud

A small discrete division or individual feature of something.

(economics) A unit used to express differences in prices of stocks and shares.


tighten

en-verb

tighten (third-person singular simple present tightens, present participle tightening, simple past and past participle tightened)

tightens (present singular third-person)
tightening (participle present)
tightened (participle past)
tightened (past)

Synchronically equivalent to tight + -en. From Middle English tighten, from Old English tyhtan, thus originally unrelated to tight (Old English *þiht).

If the government doesn't tighten the money supply, inflation is certain to be harsh.

(economics) To make money harder to borrow or obtain.

The Fed is expected to tighten by a quarter-point.

(economics) To raise short-term interest rates.


EU

France and Belgium led the drive for British chocolate to be renamed 'vegelate' before it could be sold abroad, but they lost that battle. Now an updated EU chocolate directive obliges all EU countries to accept all chocolate[…]

2005, John MacDonald, Andrew Bowden, Dare We Trust Them?: A New Vision for Europe, page 151:

The sprinkles had the red food coloring E127, or erythrosine. E127 is only permitted for use in cocktail cherries and candied cherries in the UK and the EU, according to a statement from West Yorkshire Trading Standards sent to CNN Thursday.

2021 October 14, Jack Guy, “UK bakery banned from using sprinkles which are legal in the US”, in CNN:

(politics, economics) Initialism of European Union.

European Union — see also European Union, EUSSR


inflation

en-noun

inflation (countable and uncountable, plural inflations)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French inflation (“swelling”), from Latin īnflātiō (“expansion", "blowing up”), from īnflātus, the perfect passive participle of īnflō (“blow into, expand”), from in (“into”) + flō (“blow”). By surface analysis, inflate + -ion.

der

(economics) An increase in the quantity of money, leading to a devaluation of existing money.

inflationäre Geldvermehrung

Due to inflation, the monthly gym fee is rising by 10% from January.

(economics) An increase in the general level of prices or in the cost of living.

inflacion

(economics) A decline in the value of money.


inflation

head

inflation c (singular definite inflationen, plural indefinite inflationer)

inflationen (definite singular)
inflationer (indefinite plural)
inflation (indefinite nominative singular)
inflationen (definite nominative singular)
inflationer (indefinite nominative plural)
inflationerne (definite nominative plural)
inflations (genitive indefinite singular)
inflationens (definite genitive singular)
inflationers (genitive indefinite plural)
inflationernes (definite genitive plural)


inflation

Inherited from Old French inflation, borrowed from Latin īnflātiōnem. Cf. also the dialectal enflaison, which may be of popular origin.


inflation

inflation (indefinite nominative singular)
inflations (genitive indefinite singular)
inflationen (definite nominative singular)
inflationens (definite genitive singular)
inflationer (indefinite nominative plural)
inflationers (genitive indefinite plural)
inflationerna (definite nominative plural)
inflationernas (definite genitive plural)


core inflation

en-noun

core inflation (usually uncountable, plural core inflations)

So-called core inflation is still rising. Signs of everyday decay – suddenly reduced postal services, the dependably dire state of public transport, local councils hitting the financial skids – are everywhere.

2023 June 25, John Harris, “Britain is used to crises now. But this widespread hopelessness is new – and frightening”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(economics) Inflation excluding the increase or decrease of prices in some transitory sectors (usually food and energy).

核心通貨膨脹 /核心通货膨胀

inflation excluding the increase or decrease of prices in some sectors

(economics, in the Eurozone) Inflation excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco prices.

核心通貨膨脹 /核心通货膨胀

Eurozone: inflation excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco prices


stickiness

stickiness (usually uncountable, plural stickinesses)

(economics): Of prices or wages: the tendency to stay the same despite changes in the economy.


deficit

Unadapted borrowing from English deficit.


indice

Borrowed from Latin indicem (“sign, indication; index”), from indicō (“point out, indicate, show”). Doublet of endice.

bor+

(economics, mathematics) index, rate, rating


trade deficit

(economics) A negative balance of trade.


index

en-noun

index (plural indexes or indices or (obsolete, in use in the 17th century) index's)

indexes (plural)
indices (plural)
index's (obsolete plural)

⇒ Chinese: 引得 (yǐndé)

→ Japanese: インデックス (indekkusu)

From Latin index (“a discoverer, informer, spy; of things, an indicator, the forefinger, a title, superscription”), from indicō (“point out, show”); see indicate.

der

(economics) A single number calculated from an array of prices or of quantities.

индекс

economics: single number calculated from an array of prices or quantities


index

en-verb

index (third-person singular simple present indexes, present participle indexing, simple past and past participle indexed)

indexes (present singular third-person)
indexing (participle present)
indexed (participle past)
indexed (past)

(chiefly economics) To normalise in order to account for inflation; to correct for inflation by linking to a price index in order to maintain real levels.


index

index (nominative singular)
indexy (nominative plural)
indexu (genitive singular)
indexů (genitive plural)
indexu (dative singular)
indexům (dative plural)
index (accusative singular)
indexy (accusative plural)
indexe (singular vocative)
indexy (plural vocative)
indexu (locative singular)
indexech (locative plural)
indexem (instrumental singular)
indexy (instrumental plural)

index spotřebitelských cen


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamat (nominative plural)
lama (accusative nominative singular)
lamat (accusative nominative plural)
laman (accusative genitive singular)
lamat (accusative genitive plural)
laman (genitive singular)
lamojen (genitive plural)
lamain (genitive plural rare)
lamaa (partitive singular)
lamoja (partitive plural)
lamassa (inessive singular)
lamoissa (inessive plural)
lamasta (elative singular)
lamoista (elative plural)
lamaan (illative singular)
lamoihin (illative plural)
lamalla (adessive singular)
lamoilla (adessive plural)
lamalta (ablative singular)
lamoilta (ablative plural)
lamalle (allative singular)
lamoille (allative plural)
lamana (essive singular)
lamoina (essive plural)
lamaksi (singular translative)
lamoiksi (plural translative)
lamatta (abessive singular)
lamoitta (abessive plural)
lamoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
lamani (nominative singular)
lamani (nominative plural)
lamani (accusative nominative singular)
lamani (accusative nominative plural)
lamani (accusative genitive singular)
lamani (accusative genitive plural)
lamani (genitive singular)
lamojeni (genitive plural)
lamaini (genitive plural rare)
lamaani (partitive singular)
lamojani (partitive plural)
lamassani (inessive singular)
lamoissani (inessive plural)
lamastani (elative singular)
lamoistani (elative plural)
lamaani (illative singular)
lamoihini (illative plural)
lamallani (adessive singular)
lamoillani (adessive plural)
lamaltani (ablative singular)
lamoiltani (ablative plural)
lamalleni (allative singular)
lamoilleni (allative plural)
lamanani (essive singular)
lamoinani (essive plural)
lamakseni (singular translative)
lamoikseni (plural translative)
lamattani (abessive singular)
lamoittani (abessive plural)
lamoineni (comitative plural)
lamasi (nominative singular)
lamasi (nominative plural)
lamasi (accusative nominative singular)
lamasi (accusative nominative plural)
lamasi (accusative genitive singular)
lamasi (accusative genitive plural)
lamasi (genitive singular)
lamojesi (genitive plural)
lamaisi (genitive plural rare)
lamaasi (partitive singular)
lamojasi (partitive plural)
lamassasi (inessive singular)
lamoissasi (inessive plural)
lamastasi (elative singular)
lamoistasi (elative plural)
lamaasi (illative singular)
lamoihisi (illative plural)
lamallasi (adessive singular)
lamoillasi (adessive plural)
lamaltasi (ablative singular)
lamoiltasi (ablative plural)
lamallesi (allative singular)
lamoillesi (allative plural)
lamanasi (essive singular)
lamoinasi (essive plural)
lamaksesi (singular translative)
lamoiksesi (plural translative)
lamattasi (abessive singular)
lamoittasi (abessive plural)
lamoinesi (comitative plural)
lamamme (nominative singular)
lamamme (nominative plural)
lamamme (accusative nominative singular)
lamamme (accusative nominative plural)
lamamme (accusative genitive singular)
lamamme (accusative genitive plural)
lamamme (genitive singular)
lamojemme (genitive plural)
lamaimme (genitive plural rare)
lamaamme (partitive singular)
lamojamme (partitive plural)
lamassamme (inessive singular)
lamoissamme (inessive plural)
lamastamme (elative singular)
lamoistamme (elative plural)
lamaamme (illative singular)
lamoihimme (illative plural)
lamallamme (adessive singular)
lamoillamme (adessive plural)
lamaltamme (ablative singular)
lamoiltamme (ablative plural)
lamallemme (allative singular)
lamoillemme (allative plural)
lamanamme (essive singular)
lamoinamme (essive plural)
lamaksemme (singular translative)
lamoiksemme (plural translative)
lamattamme (abessive singular)
lamoittamme (abessive plural)
lamoinemme (comitative plural)
lamanne (nominative singular)
lamanne (nominative plural)
lamanne (accusative nominative singular)
lamanne (accusative nominative plural)
lamanne (accusative genitive singular)
lamanne (accusative genitive plural)
lamanne (genitive singular)
lamojenne (genitive plural)
lamainne (genitive plural rare)
lamaanne (partitive singular)
lamojanne (partitive plural)
lamassanne (inessive singular)
lamoissanne (inessive plural)
lamastanne (elative singular)
lamoistanne (elative plural)
lamaanne (illative singular)
lamoihinne (illative plural)
lamallanne (adessive singular)
lamoillanne (adessive plural)
lamaltanne (ablative singular)
lamoiltanne (ablative plural)
lamallenne (allative singular)
lamoillenne (allative plural)
lamananne (essive singular)
lamoinanne (essive plural)
lamaksenne (singular translative)
lamoiksenne (plural translative)
lamattanne (abessive singular)
lamoittanne (abessive plural)
lamoinenne (comitative plural)
lamansa (nominative singular)
lamansa (nominative plural)
lamansa (accusative nominative singular)
lamansa (accusative nominative plural)
lamansa (accusative genitive singular)
lamansa (accusative genitive plural)
lamansa (genitive singular)
lamojensa (genitive plural)
lamainsa (genitive plural rare)
lamaansa (partitive singular)
lamojaan (partitive plural)
lamojansa (partitive plural)
lamassaan (inessive singular)
lamassansa (inessive singular)
lamoissaan (inessive plural)
lamoissansa (inessive plural)
lamastaan (elative singular)
lamastansa (elative singular)
lamoistaan (elative plural)
lamoistansa (elative plural)
lamaansa (illative singular)
lamoihinsa (illative plural)
lamallaan (adessive singular)
lamallansa (adessive singular)
lamoillaan (adessive plural)
lamoillansa (adessive plural)
lamaltaan (ablative singular)
lamaltansa (ablative singular)
lamoiltaan (ablative plural)
lamoiltansa (ablative plural)
lamalleen (allative singular)
lamallensa (allative singular)
lamoilleen (allative plural)
lamoillensa (allative plural)
lamanaan (essive singular)
lamanansa (essive singular)
lamoinaan (essive plural)
lamoinansa (essive plural)
lamakseen (singular translative)
lamaksensa (singular translative)
lamoikseen (plural translative)
lamoiksensa (plural translative)
lamattaan (abessive singular)
lamattansa (abessive singular)
lamoittaan (abessive plural)
lamoittansa (abessive plural)
lamoineen (comitative plural)
lamoinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *lama (compare Estonian lamama (“to lie down”), Ludian lama, Votic lama), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *lamaz (“lame, withered; defective”). Alternatively related to Moksha лама (lama) and Erzya ламо (lamo, “many”), although the semantic shift is problematic.

der

Talous on lamassa.


action

en-noun

action (countable and uncountable, plural actions)

→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)

→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)

→ German: Action

→ Irish: aicsean

→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)

→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)

→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)

→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

From Middle English accioun, accion, from Old French aucion, acciun, from Latin āctiō(n) (“act of doing or making”), from āctus + action suffix -iō(n), perfect passive participle of agere (“do, act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti; see also act, active. By surface analysis, act + -ion.

der

(Misesian praxeology, Austrian economics) Purposeful behavior.


boom

→ German: Boom

Indonesian: bum

→ Japanese: ブーム (būmu)

→ Polish: boom

→ Russian: бум (bum)

Onomatopoeic, perhaps borrowed; compare German bummen, Dutch bommen (“to hum, buzz”). The sense "a period of economic growth" is generally taken to derive from the sense "a rapid expansion", although other origins have also been suggested.

(economics, business) A period of prosperity, growth, progress, or high market activity.


boom

boom (nominative singular)
boomy (nominative plural)
boomu (genitive singular)
boomów (genitive plural)
boomowi (dative singular)
boomom (dative plural)
boom (accusative singular)
boomy (accusative plural)
boomem (instrumental singular)
boomami (instrumental plural)
boomie (locative singular)
boomach (locative plural)
boomie (singular vocative)
boomy (plural vocative)

(economics, business) boom (period of prosperity)


boom

boomuri (plural)
boom (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
boomul (accusative definite nominative singular)
boomuri (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
boomurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
boom (indefinite singular)
boomului (definite singular)
boomuri (indefinite plural)
boomurilor (definite plural)
boomule (singular vocative)
boomurilor (plural vocative)


gross domestic product

en-noun

gross domestic product (usually uncountable, plural gross domestic products)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-gross domestic product.wav

(economics) A measure of the economic production of a particular territory in financial capital terms over a specific time period.

国内総生産

(こくないそうせいさん, kokunai-sōseisan), ＧＤＰ (ＧＤＰ)

gurun dorgi -i aramtucibuhe uheri saligan

ᡤᡠᠷᡠᠨ ᡩᠣᠷᡤᡞ ᡞ ᠠᠷᠠᠮᡨᡠᠴᡞᠪᡠᡥᡝ ᡠᡥᡝᠷᡞ ᠰᠠᠯᡞᡤᠠᠨ


merger

From Anglo-Norman merger (verb used as noun).

-ɜː(ɹ)dʒə(ɹ)

(economics) The legal union of two or more corporations into a single entity, typically assets and liabilities being assumed by the buying party.

միաձուլում

the legal union of two or more corporations


bad

From Middle English bad, badde (“wicked, evil, depraved”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps a shortening of Old English bæddel (“hermaphrodite”) (for loss of -el compare Middle English muche from Old English myċel, and Middle English wenche from Old English wenċel), or at least related to it and/or to bǣ̆dan (“to defile”), compare Old High German pad (“hermaphrodite”).
Alternatively, perhaps a loan from Old Norse into Middle English, compare Norwegian bad (“effort, trouble, fear”, neuter noun), East Danish bad (“damage, destruction, fight”, neuter noun), from the Proto-Germanic noun *badą, whence also Proto-Germanic *badōną (“to frighten”), Old Saxon undarbadōn (“to frighten”), Norwegian Nynorsk bada (“to weigh down, press”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, press, push, oppress”).

unk

uncertain

der

æ-tensing, New York City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

Imports are an economic good but exports an economic bad. Exports must be produced but are enjoyed by foreign consumers.

2011, Henry Thompson, International Economics: Global Markets and Competition, 3rd edition, World Scientific, page 97:

An economic bad is anything that you would pay to get rid of. It is not so hard to think of examples of bads: pollution, garbage, and disease fit the description.

2011, William J. Boyes, Michael Melvin, Economics, 9th edition, Cengage Learning, page 4:

(countable, uncountable, economics) An item (or kind of item) of merchandise with negative value; an unwanted good.


capital

en-noun

capital (countable and uncountable, plural capitals)

capitals (plural)
capitall (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English capital, borrowed partly from Old French capital and partly from Latin capitālis (“of the head”) (in sense “head of cattle”), from caput (“head”) (English cap) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Use in trade and finance originated in Medieval economies when a common but expensive transaction involved trading heads of cattle. The noun is from the adjective.
Compare chattel and kith and kine (“all one’s possessions”), which also use “cow” to mean “property”.
Doublet of cattle and chattel.

[ˈkʰæp.ɪ.ɾɫ̩]

factor of production
factor of production

(uncountable, economics) Already-produced durable goods available for use as a factor of production, such as steam shovels (equipment) and office buildings (structures).


capital

capitaluri (plural)
capital (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
capitalul (accusative definite nominative singular)
capitaluri (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
capitalurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
capital (indefinite singular)
capitalului (definite singular)
capitaluri (indefinite plural)
capitalurilor (definite plural)
capitalule (singular vocative)
capitalurilor (plural vocative)
капитал (alternative)

Borrowed from French capital, Latin capitālis.


clause

en-verb

clause (third-person singular simple present clauses, present participle clausing, simple past and past participle claused)

clauses (present singular third-person)
clausing (participle present)
claused (participle past)
claused (past)

From Middle English clause, claus, borrowed from Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa (Latin diminutive clausula (“close, end; a clause, close of a period”)), from Latin clausus, past participle of claudere (“to shut, close”). See close, its doublet.

The question of clausing the bills of lading, so as to avoid "dirtying", which impairs its negotiability, may also be looked into

1970, Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, Report of the session, number 11:

Any attempt to clause a Bill of Lading will be strenuously resisted by shippers, and they will obtain clean bills in the usual ways

1978, Samir Mankabady, The Hamburg rules on the carriage of goods by sea, page 215:

It was held that the bills of lading presented were in this case 'clean' as they contained no reservations by way of endorsement, clausing or otherwise to suggest that the goods were defective

1990, Alan Mitchelhill, Bills of lading: law and practice:

There is little authority in English law dealing with the liability of a carrier who unnecessarily clauses a bill of lading.

2004, Martin Dockra with Katherine Reece Thomas, Cases & materials on the carriage of goods by sea, page 104:

(transitive, shipping) To amend (a bill of lading or similar document).


hard

nl-adj

hard (comparative harder, superlative hardst)

harder (comparative)
hardst (superlative)
hard (adverbial positive predicative)
harder (adverbial comparative predicative)
het hardst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het hardste (adverbial predicative superlative)
harde (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
hardere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
hardste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
hard (indefinite neuter positive singular)
harder (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
hardste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
harde (indefinite plural positive)
hardere (comparative indefinite plural)
hardste (indefinite plural superlative)
harde (definite positive)
hardere (comparative definite)
hardste (definite superlative)
hards (partitive positive)
harders (comparative partitive)

Jersey Dutch: hārd

Negerhollands: hart

Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt

From Middle Dutch hart, from Old Dutch hart, from Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz.

(economics, of a currency) strong, not easily devalued


velocity

en-noun

velocity (countable and uncountable, plural velocities)

From Middle French vélocité, from Latin vēlōcitās (“speed”), from vēlōx (“fast”), thus a doublet of veloce.

(economics) The number of times that an average unit of currency is spent during a specific period of time.

ско́рость

обращения денег


bust

From Middle English busten, a variant of Middle English bursten, bresten (“to burst”). Compare German Low German basten and barsten (“to burst”). More at burst.

(economics) The downward portion of a boom and bust cycle; a recession.


contraction

contraction (countable and uncountable, plural contractions)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Late Middle English contraccioun, contraxion (“spasm, contraction; constriction, shrinking; act of pressing together”), from Old French contraction (modern French contraction), from Latin contractiō(n) (“a drawing together, contraction; abridgement, shortening; dejection, despondency”), from contrahō (“to draw things together, assemble, collect, gather; to enter into a contract”) + -tiō(n) (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or their results). Contrahō is derived from con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of objects) + trahō (“to drag, pull”) (probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). By surface analysis, contract + -ion (suffix denoting actions or processes, or their results).

verkleining

The country’s economic contraction was caused by high oil prices.

Senses relating to pulling together or shortening.

A (sometimes reversible) contracting or reduction in length, scope, size, or volume; a narrowing, a shortening, a shrinking.

(economics) A period of economic decline or negative growth.


factor

factors (plural)
factour (alternative archaic)

From Middle French facteur, from Latin factor (“a doer, maker, performer”), from factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”).

uder

incremental power transfer distribution factor

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them[…]is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies.[…]current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate[…]“stateless income”: profit subject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled.

2013 June 22, “T time”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 68:

(economics) A resource used in the production of goods or services, a factor of production.


industrial output

en-noun

industrial output (countable and uncountable, plural industrial outputs)

(economics, accounting) What an industry produces, as a national total.


bubble

Partly imitative, also influenced by burble. Compare Middle Dutch bobbe (“bubble”) > Dutch bubbel (“bubble”), Low German bubbel (“bubble”), Danish boble (“bubble”), Swedish bubbla (“bubble”). The word was first used in its economic sense in association with the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720, based on the metaphor of an inflated soap bubble bursting.

onom

imitative

real estate bubble

dot-com bubble

Thanks to the proliferation of semiconductor chips and cell phones—the number of U.S. cell phones grew from essentially zero in 1983 to nearly two hundred million by the end of 2004, and as of 2003 over one billion cell phones were in use worldwide, so by the time the high-tech bubble approached its bursting point in 2000 and 2001, coltan had become an extremely hot commodity.

2007, Elizabeth Grossman, High Tech Trash, Island Press, →ISBN, page 46:

(economics) A period of intense speculation in a market, causing prices to rise quickly to irrational levels as the metaphorical bubble expands, and then fall even more quickly as the bubble bursts.


basket

en-noun

basket (countable and uncountable, plural baskets)

→ Cornish: basket

→ Irish: bascaed

→ Welsh: basged

From Middle English basket, from Anglo-Norman baschet, basket, bascat, of obscure origin.
One theory is that it derives from Late Latin bascauda (“kettle, table-vessel”), from Proto-Brythonic (in Breton baskodenn), from Proto-Celtic *baskis (“bundle, load”), from purported Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle”), but this is now widely viewed as a substrate word for phonetic reasons. Related to Latin fascis (“bundle, package, load”) (whence English fasces), Albanian bokshe (“bundle”), Breton bac'h (“bundle, load”), Ancient Greek φάκελος (phákelos) and βάσκιοι (báskioi) (“bundle (of sticks)”); see also faggot (“(originally) bundle of sticks”).

unk

obscure

buslo

a large, deep basket used especially in marketing

pangnan

a small basket used by fishermen or to hold flowers or fruit


overhang

/ˈoʊvəɹˌhæŋ/

From Old English oferhangan, corresponding to over- + hang.

(economics) The volume that tips the balance between the demand and the supply toward demand lagging supply.


overtake

en-verb

overtake (third-person singular simple present overtakes, present participle overtaking, simple past overtook, past participle overtaken)

overtakes (present singular third-person)
overtaking (participle present)
overtook (past)
overtaken (participle past)

From Middle English overtaken, likely a replacement alteration (as the Middle English verb taken replaced nimen (“to take”)), of Middle English overnimen (“to overtake”), from Old English oferniman (“to take by surprise, overtake”), equivalent to over- + take.

der

(economics) To become greater than something else

overgå

economics: to become greater than something else


capitalism

en-noun

capitalism (countable and uncountable, plural capitalisms)

/ˈkæpɪ̈tl̩ˌɪzm̩/

Borrowed from French capitalisme (“the condition of one who is rich”); equivalent to capital + -ism. Derived from Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-. First used in English by novelist William Thackeray in The Newcomes [1854-1855].

bor

What this war has demonstrated is that private capitalism—that is, an economic system in which land, factories, mines and transport are owned privately and operated solely for profit—does not work. It cannot deliver the goods. This fact had been known to millions of people for years past, but nothing ever came of it, because there was no real urge from below to alter the system, and those at the top had trained themselves to be impenetrably stupid on just this point. Argument and propaganda got one nowhere. The lords of property simply sat on their bottoms and proclaimed that all was for the best. Hitler's conquest of Europe, however, was a physical debunking of capitalism. War, for all its evil, is at any rate an unanswerable test of strength, like a try-your-grip machine. Great strength returns the penny, and there is no way of faking the result.

1941, George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn, Pt. II:

(economics) An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

(economics, economic liberalism) An economic system based on the abstraction of resources into the form of privately owned capital, with economic decisions made largely through the operation of a market unregulated by the state.

kapitalisme

socio-economic system based on the abstraction of resources

भांडवलशाही

bhāṇḍvalśāhī


deflation

en-noun

deflation (countable and uncountable, plural deflations)

(economics) A decrease in the general price level, that is, in the nominal cost of goods and services as well as wages.

Beyond that, there is the hope that deflation of the US economy which the administration has in mind will, overtime; stem the import flood.

1969 March 13, “Stans to seek foreign trade”, in Christian Science Monitor:

It also must be acknowledged that Britain's problems won't be solved by an abrupt deflation of the economy.

1976 October 11, “Unions Hold Key To British Stability”, in Milwaukee Sentinel:

The great deflation of the northern economy occurred with the rupturing of the Mackenzie Valley pipe dream.

1978 June 3, “Valley Pipe Dream Wrecked Economy”, in Calgary Herald:

(economics, euphemistic) An economic contraction.


deflation

deflation (indefinite nominative singular)
deflations (genitive indefinite singular)
deflationen (definite nominative singular)
deflationens (definite genitive singular)


spread

spread (countable and uncountable, plural spreads)

From Middle English spreden, from Old English sprǣdan (“to spread, expand”), from Proto-Germanic *spraidijaną (“to spread”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per- (“to strew, sow, sprinkle”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian spreede (“to spread”), West Frisian spriede (“to spread”), North Frisian spriedjen (“to spread”), Dutch spreiden (“to spread”), Low German spreden (“to spread”), German spreiten (“to spread, spread out”), Norwegian spre, spreie (“to spread, disseminate”), Swedish sprida (“to spread”), Latin spernō, spargō, Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō), Persian سپردن (sepordan, “to deposit”), English spurn.

cog

(business, economics) The difference between the wholesale and retail prices.

marginaali

(trading, economics, finance) The difference between the price of a futures month and the price of another month of the same commodity.

spredi

finance: difference between the price of a futures month and the price of another month of the same commodity


spread

Unadapted borrowing from English spread. Doublet of espargir.

(business, economics) spread (the difference between the wholesale and retail prices)

(finance, economics) difference between the interest rate a bank charges to a client and the interest rate it pays


anchor

anchors (plural)
anchour (alternative archaic)

→ Chuukese: angko

From Middle English anker, from Old English ancor, ancra, from Latin ancora, from (or cognate with) Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura). The modern form is a sixteenth-century modification after the Medieval Latin spelling anchora. Doublet of ancora, anker, angora, and Ankara.

doublet

Supermarkets have also had to adjust. Tesco, Sainsbury's and Asda have put a much greater emphasis on developing smaller high street stores or becoming anchors for mixed-used regeneration schemes […]

2006, Planning: For the Natural and Built Environment, numbers 1650-1666, page 15:

However, mall developers offer huge discounts to department stores because these anchors create traffic […]

2007, A. Sivakumar, Retail Marketing, page 102:

(economics) A superstore or other facility that serves as a focus to bring customers into an area.


balance

→ Romanian: balanță

→ Russian: бала́нс (baláns)

→ Spanish: balance

→ Ukrainian: бала́нс (baláns)

Inherited from Middle French balance, from Old French balance, from Vulgar Latin *bilancia, from Latin bilanx, from bi- (see Latin bis) and lanx.

(economics, electricity, politics) balance


GNP

gross national product
gross national product#English

(economics) Initialism of gross national product.


GNP

GNP (canonical)
jī-enu-pī (romanization)

[d͡ʑiːe̞nɯ̟pʲiː]

国民総生産 国民総生産#Japanese

(economics) synonym of 国民総生産 (kokumin sōseisan, “gross national product”); GNP


recession

en-noun

recession (countable and uncountable, plural recessions)

Borrowed from Latin recessiō, from recēdō (“recede, retreat”), from re- (“back”) + cēdō (“to go”).

Statisticians often define a recession as negative real GDP growth during two consecutive quarters.

(economics) A period of reduced economic activity


distribution

distribution (countable and uncountable, plural distributions)

distributions (plural)
distribucion (alternative obsolete)

From Old French, from Latin distributio, from distribuere 'to distribute', itself from dis- 'apart' + tribuere 'to' (from tribus).

The wealth distribution became extremely skewed in the kleptocracy.

(economics) The apportionment of income or wealth in a population.

jako

economics: apportionment of income or wealth in a population


count

From Middle English counten, borrowed from Anglo-Norman conter, from Old French conter (“add up; tell a story”), from Latin computō (“I compute”). In this sense, displaced native Old English tellan, whence Modern English tell. Doublet of compute.

der

(shipping, marketing) Used to show the amount of like items in a package.


volume

en-noun

volume (countable and uncountable, plural volumes)

volumes (plural)
vol. (alternative abbreviation)

From Middle English volume, from Old French volume, from Latin volūmen (“book, roll”), from volvō (“roll, turn about”).

(economics) The total supply of money in circulation or, less frequently, total amount of credit extended, within a specified national market or worldwide.

rahan määrä

economics: total supply of money in circulation


laissez faire

/ˌlɛ(ˌ)seɪ ˈfɛəɹ/

Borrowed from French laissez faire (“leave it be”, literally “let do”).

bor

laissez-faire (alternative)
laisser faire (alternative)
laisser-faire (alternative)

In brief, all this Mammon-Gospel of Supply-and-demand, Competition, Laissez-faire, and Devil take the hindmost, begins to be one of the shabbiest Gospels ever preached on Earth; or altogether the shabbiest.

1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, chapter 9, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book I (Proem), page 106:

While laissez-faire economy was the product of deliberate State action, subsequent restrictions on laissez-faire started in a spontaneous way. Laissez-faire was planned; planning was not.

2001 [1944], Karl Polanyi, “12. Birth of the Liberal Creed”, in The Great Transformation:

(economics, politics) A policy of governmental non-interference in economic affairs.

放任

economics: a policy of governmental non-interference in economic affairs


laissez faire

en-adj

laissez faire (comparative more laissez faire, superlative most laissez faire)

more laissez faire (comparative)
most laissez faire (superlative)
laissez-faire (alternative)
laisser faire (alternative)
laisser-faire (alternative)

/ˌlɛ(ˌ)seɪ ˈfɛəɹ/

I think the city should take a laissez faire approach to this; getting involved would only make things worse.

(economics, politics) Practicing or representing governmental noninterference, or minimal interference, especially in economic affairs; pertaining to free-market capitalism.

laissez-faire

economics, politics: practicing or representing governmental noninterference, or minimal interference

The Senator claims to be laissez faire, but he voted in favor of the subsidies.

(economics, politics) Advocating such noninterference.

The price ceiling was well below the laissez faire price that demand would have supported, so there were always shortages.

(economics) Resulting from such noninterference.


laissez faire

Unadapted borrowing from French laissez faire (“leave it be”, literally “let do”).


freshwater

/ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔːtə(ɹ)/

From Middle English freche watur, fresshe water; equivalent to fresh + water.

2012, John Quiggin, Zombie Economics: How Dead Ideas Still Walk Among Us, Princeton University Press (expanded paperback ed., 1st ed. from 2010), →ISBN, page 86.
Meanwhile, the freshwater side of the dispute rapidly reverted to arguments from the nineteenth century, which had been debunked by Keynes and Irving Fisher.

(economics) neoclassical, in reference to U.S. macroeconomics and economics departments near the Great Lakes.


wealth

en-noun

wealth (countable and uncountable, plural wealths)

wealths (plural)
wealthe (alternative)
welth (alternative)
welthe (alternative)

Inherited from Middle English welth, welthe (“happiness, prosperity”), from Old English *welþ, *welþu, from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu (“wealth”). Alternatively, possibly an alteration (due to similar words in -th: compare helth (“health”), derth (“dearth”)) of wele (“wealth, well-being, weal”), from Old English wela (“wealth, prosperity”), from Proto-Germanic *walô (“well-being, prosperity”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“good, best”); equivalent to weal + -th (abstract nominal suffix). Cognate with Dutch weelde (“wealth”), Low German weelde (“wealth”), Old High German welida, welitha (“wealth”). Related also to German Wohl (“welfare, well-being, weal”), Danish vel (“weal, welfare”), Swedish väl (“well-being, weal”). More at weal, well.

благосъстояние

power, of the kind associated with a great deal of money

(uncountable, economics) Riches; a great amount of valuable assets or material possessions.


ALV

(taxation) initialism of arvonlisävero; (British) VAT, (Canada and US) sales tax, (Australia and New Zealand) GST


Warenkorb

de-noun

Warenkorb m (strong, genitive Warenkorbes or Warenkorbs, plural Warenkörbe)

Warenkorbes (genitive)
Warenkorbs (genitive)
Warenkörbe (plural)
Warenkorb (nominative singular)
Warenkörbe (definite nominative plural)
Warenkorbes (genitive singular)
Warenkorbs (genitive singular)
Warenkörbe (definite genitive plural)
Warenkorb (dative singular)
Warenkorbe (dative singular)
Warenkörben (dative definite plural)
Warenkorb (accusative singular)
Warenkörbe (accusative definite plural)

[ˈvaːʁənˌkɔʁp]

(economics) commodity bundle; market basket


output

en-noun

output (countable and uncountable, plural outputs)

From out + (verb) put; nominalisation of put out.

The factory increased its output this year.

Output at the Pen-ch'i mine, which produced somewhat under 1 million tons annually during 1942-1944, was around 500,000 tons in 1949.

1956, Yuan-li Wu, An Economic Survey of Communist China, New York: Bookman Associates, →OCLC, page 284:

It misdesigned goods, adversely selected technologies, misallocated and misremunerated factors of production, encouraged work to rule, underproduced, misdistributed outputs and was subject to a myriad of moral hazards.

2009, Steven Rosefielde, Red Holocaust, page 240:

Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid and unique to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too. GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory. Its apparent simplicity explains why it is scrutinised down to tenths of a percentage point every month.

2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

That which is produced by something, especially that which is produced within a particular time period or from a particular effort.

(economics) Production; quantity produced, created, or completed.

uitset

production; quantity produced, created, or completed


output

en-verb

output (third-person singular simple present outputs, present participle outputting, simple past and past participle output or outputted)

outputs (present singular third-person)
outputting (participle present)
output (participle past)
output (past)
outputted (participle past)
outputted (past)

We output 1400 units last year.

(economics) To produce, create, or complete.


融

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *luŋ): semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).
“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.
Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).
It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:
* 融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
* 鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
* 熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
* 溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)


universe

universes (plural)
Universe (alternative)

From Middle English universe, from Old French univers, from Latin universum (“all things, as a whole, the universe”), neuter of universus (“all together, whole, entire, collective, general, literally turned or combined into one”), from uni-, combining form of unus (“one”) + versus (“turned”), perfect passive participle of vertō (“to turn”). Analyzable as uni- + -verse through backformation of -verse.

der

God does not play dice with the universe

(marketing, economics) A sample taken from the population.

Everything under consideration.
A sample taken from the population.


gross national product

en-noun

gross national product (usually uncountable, plural gross national products)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gross national product.wav

Within the two years from 1956 to 1958 the increase of expenditures was 34 per cent in terms of dollar outlays and 28 per cent in terms of the portion of gross national product spent on higher education.

1962, Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 77:

Gross domestic product refers to the value of all goods and services produced within the country's boundaries, gross national product also includes net income from investments abroad.

2001, John Beardshaw, Economics: A Student's Guide, Pearson Education, →ISBN:

(economics) The total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation (citizens of a country, whether living at home or abroad) during a specified period.

ban that thān wat thǣk lāi dai læ phon pha lit ngǣ sāt

ບັນທັດຖານວັດແທກ ລາຍໄດ້ ແລະ ຜົນຜະລິດ ແຫ່ງຊາດ


acción

accións (plural)
açom (alternative)
ação (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin āctiōnem. Cognate with Portuguese ação.

(economics) share (financial instrument)


VL

VL (genitive)
VLen (plural)
VL (nominative singular)
VLen (definite nominative plural)
VL (genitive singular)
VLen (definite genitive plural)
VL (dative singular)
VLen (dative definite plural)
VL (accusative singular)
VLen (accusative definite plural)

vermögenswirksame Leistung
vermögenswirksame Leistung#German

(taxation) abbreviation of vermögenswirksame Leistung


GST

the goods and sales tax (GST) was first discussed in 1986 when the then Financial Secretary, John Brembridge, suggested the introduction of the GST as a solution to the narrow tax base.

2012, Kui-wai Li, Economic Freedom: Lessons Of Hong Kong, page 538:

The July budget is likely to set a deadline for the implementation of two key tax reforms – the Goods and Sales Tax (GST) and Direct Taxes Code (DTC) – which till now did not get consensus from all the states. It is estimated that with GST in place, India's GDP will shoot up by a minimum of 1.5 to two percentage points

2016, Dr. Sunil Gupta, Thoughts Gallery: Thoughts Gallery: A Treasury of Inspiring Thoughts and Quotes, page 205:

There are several instances when provinces have used their latitude in this respect to 'fill in' the tax room the federal government has left when abating its sales tax and later the Goods and Sales Tax (GST).

2018, Dietmar Braun, Fiscal Policies in Federal States:

goods and sales tax
goods and sales tax#English

(taxation)
Initialism of goods and sales tax.

goods and services tax
goods and services tax#English

(Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, Singapore) Initialism of goods and services tax.


real

en-adj

real (comparative realer or more real, superlative realest or most real)

realer (comparative)
more real (comparative)
realest (superlative)
most real (superlative)

fictitious

antonym(s) of “that has physical existence”

imaginary

antonym(s) of “relating to numbers with a one-to-one correspondence to the points on a line”

UK

US

From Middle English real, from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). Doublet of realis.

prea

signifying meritorious qualities or actions

the real treasure is the friends we made along the way

My dad calculated my family's real consumption per month.

What is the real GNP of this polity?

(economics) Having been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation; measured in purchasing power (contrast nominal).

reëel

economics: having been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation

en:neoclassical rather than Keynesian, in economics

(economics) Relating to the result of the actions of rational agents; relating to neoclassical economic models as opposed to Keynesian models.


real

de-adj

real (strong nominative masculine singular realer, comparative realer, superlative am realsten)

realer (masculine nominative singular strong)
realer (comparative)
am realsten (superlative)
real (masculine predicative singular)
real (feminine predicative singular)
real (neuter predicative singular)
real (plural predicative)
realer (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
reale (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
reales (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
reale (nominative plural strong without-article)
realen (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
realer (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
realen (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
realer (genitive plural strong without-article)
realem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
realer (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
realem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
realen (dative plural strong without-article)
realen (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
reale (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
reales (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
reale (accusative plural strong without-article)
der reale (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die reale (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das reale (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die realen (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des realen (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der realen (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des realen (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der realen (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem realen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der realen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem realen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den realen (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den realen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die reale (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das reale (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die realen (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein realer (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine reale (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein reales (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
realen (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine realen (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines realen (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer realen (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines realen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
realen (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner realen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem realen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer realen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem realen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
realen (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen realen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen realen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine reale (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein reales (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
realen (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine realen (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
realer (comparative masculine predicative singular)
realer (comparative feminine predicative singular)
realer (comparative neuter predicative singular)
realer (comparative plural predicative)
realerer (comparative masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
realere (comparative feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
realeres (comparative neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
realere (comparative nominative plural strong without-article)
realeren (comparative genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
realerer (comparative feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
realeren (comparative genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
realerer (comparative genitive plural strong without-article)
realerem (comparative dative masculine singular strong without-article)
realerer (comparative dative feminine singular strong without-article)
realerem (comparative dative neuter singular strong without-article)
realeren (comparative dative plural strong without-article)
realeren (accusative comparative masculine singular strong without-article)
realere (accusative comparative feminine singular strong without-article)
realeres (accusative comparative neuter singular strong without-article)
realere (accusative comparative plural strong without-article)
der realere (comparative definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die realere (comparative definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das realere (comparative definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die realeren (comparative definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des realeren (comparative definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der realeren (comparative definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des realeren (comparative definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der realeren (comparative definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem realeren (comparative dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der realeren (comparative dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem realeren (comparative dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den realeren (comparative dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den realeren (accusative comparative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die realere (accusative comparative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das realere (accusative comparative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die realeren (accusative comparative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein realerer (comparative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine realere (comparative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein realeres (comparative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
realeren (comparative indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine realeren (comparative includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines realeren (comparative genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer realeren (comparative feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines realeren (comparative genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
realeren (comparative genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner realeren (comparative genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem realeren (comparative dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer realeren (comparative dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem realeren (comparative dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
realeren (comparative dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen realeren (comparative dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen realeren (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine realere (accusative comparative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein realeres (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
realeren (accusative comparative indefinite mixed plural)
keine realeren (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
am realsten (masculine predicative singular superlative)
am realsten (feminine predicative singular superlative)
am realsten (neuter predicative singular superlative)
am realsten (plural predicative superlative)
realster (masculine nominative singular strong superlative without-article)
realste (feminine nominative singular strong superlative without-article)
realstes (neuter nominative singular strong superlative without-article)
realste (nominative plural strong superlative without-article)
realsten (genitive masculine singular strong superlative without-article)
realster (feminine genitive singular strong superlative without-article)
realsten (genitive neuter singular strong superlative without-article)
realster (genitive plural strong superlative without-article)
realstem (dative masculine singular strong superlative without-article)
realster (dative feminine singular strong superlative without-article)
realstem (dative neuter singular strong superlative without-article)
realsten (dative plural strong superlative without-article)
realsten (accusative masculine singular strong superlative without-article)
realste (accusative feminine singular strong superlative without-article)
realstes (accusative neuter singular strong superlative without-article)
realste (accusative plural strong superlative without-article)
der realste (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular superlative weak)
die realste (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular superlative weak)
das realste (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular superlative weak)
die realsten (definite includes-article nominative plural superlative weak)
des realsten (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular superlative weak)
der realsten (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular superlative weak)
des realsten (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular superlative weak)
der realsten (definite genitive includes-article plural superlative weak)
dem realsten (dative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative weak)
der realsten (dative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative weak)
dem realsten (dative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative weak)
den realsten (dative definite includes-article plural superlative weak)
den realsten (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative weak)
die realste (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative weak)
das realste (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative weak)
die realsten (accusative definite includes-article plural superlative weak)
ein realster (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular superlative)
eine realste (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular superlative)
ein realstes (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular superlative)
realsten (indefinite mixed nominative plural superlative)
keine realsten (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural superlative)
eines realsten (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular superlative)
einer realsten (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular superlative)
eines realsten (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular superlative)
realsten (genitive indefinite mixed plural superlative)
keiner realsten (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural superlative)
einem realsten (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular superlative)
einer realsten (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular superlative)
einem realsten (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular superlative)
realsten (dative indefinite mixed plural superlative)
keinen realsten (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural superlative)
einen realsten (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular superlative)
eine realste (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular superlative)
ein realstes (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular superlative)
realsten (accusative indefinite mixed plural superlative)
keine realsten (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural superlative)

→ Polish: realny

Borrowed from Late Latin reālis. Doublet of reell.

reales Einkommen

(economics) real (not nominal), measured in purchasing power


profit

en-noun

profit (countable and uncountable, plural profits)

profits (plural)
ꝓfit (alternative abbreviation obsolete)

From Middle English profit, from Old French profit (Modern French profit), from Latin prōfectus (“advance, progress, growth, increase, profit”), from proficiō (“to go forward, advance, make progress, be profitable or useful”). Doublet of profect.

der

Let no man anticipate uncertain profits.

1750 Oct. 2, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler

War is a racket. It always has been. It is possibly the oldest, easily the most profitable, surely the most vicious. It is the only one international in scope. It is the only one in which the profits are reckoned in dollars and the losses in lives... Of course, it isn't put that crudely in war time. It is dressed into speeches about patriotism, love of country, and "we must all put our shoulders to the wheel," but the profits jump and leap and skyrocket—and are safely pocketed.

1935, Smedley Butler, War Is a Racket, page 1 & 7:

The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them, which is then licensed to related businesses in high-tax countries, is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies. […] current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate […] “stateless income”: profit subject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled.

2013 June 22, “T time”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 68:

(accounting, economics) Total income or cash flow minus expenditures. The money or other benefit a non-governmental organization or individual receives in exchange for products and services sold at an advertised price.

mənfəət

total income or cash flow minus expenditures


profit

profit (nominative singular)
profity (nominative plural)
profitu (genitive singular)
profitów (genitive plural)
profitowi (dative singular)
profitom (dative plural)
profit (accusative singular)
profity (accusative plural)
profitem (instrumental singular)
profitami (instrumental plural)
proficie (locative singular)
profitach (locative plural)
proficie (singular vocative)
profity (plural vocative)

(literary, accounting, economics) profit (money acquired)


consume

en-verb

consume (third-person singular simple present consumes, present participle consuming, simple past and past participle consumed)

consumes (present singular third-person)
consuming (participle present)
consumed (participle past)
consumed (past)

From Middle English consumen, from Old French consumer, from Latin cōnsūmere, cōnsūmō, from con- (“with, together”) + sūmō (“take; consume”), from sub- + emō (“to buy, take”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to take, distribute”), possibly related to the root *nem- (“to take or give one's due”).

der

In a materialistic society, individuals are taught to consume, consume, consume.

If you consume this product while in Japan, you may be subject to consumption tax.

(economics, transitive, intransitive) To trade money for good or services as an individual.


micro

en-noun

micro (countable and uncountable, plural micros)

From Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”), or shortened form for modern words formed from its derivative micro-.

(colloquial, economics, uncountable) Clipping of microeconomics.


LLC

This provision adds requirements for the student and taxpayer (if filing on behalf of the student) to include their SSN on their tax return in order to receive either the AOTC or LLC under IRC section 25A.

2025 May 10, “The One, Big, Beautiful Bill”, in United States House Committee on Ways & Means, page 43:

Lifetime Learning Credit
w:Lifetime Learning Credit

(US, taxation) Initialism of Lifetime Learning Credit.


risk

risk (countable and uncountable, plural risks)

risks (plural)
risque (alternative archaic)

From earlier risque, from Middle French risque, from Old Italian risco (“risk”) (modern Italian rischio) and rischiare (“to run into danger”). Displaced native Old English pleoh (“risk”) and plēon (“to risk”).
speculation on earlier roots
Most dictionaries consider the etymology of these Italian terms uncertain, but some suggest they perhaps come from Vulgar Latin *resecum (“that which cuts, rock, crag”) (> Medieval Latin resicu), from Latin resecō (“cut off, loose, curtail”, verb), in the sense of that which is a danger to boating or shipping; or from Ancient Greek ῥιζικόν (rhizikón, “root, radical, hazard”).
A few dictionaries express more certainty. Collins says the Italian risco comes from Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “cliff”) due to the hazards of sailing along rocky coasts. The American Heritage says it probably comes from Byzantine Greek ῥιζικό, ριζικό (rhizikó, rizikó, “sustenance obtained by a soldier through his own initiative, fortune”), from Arabic رِزْق (rizq, “sustenance, that which God allots”), from Classical Syriac ܪܘܙܝܩܐ ,ܪܙܩܐ (rezqā, rōzīqā, “daily ration”), from Middle Persian [script needed] (rōčig), from Middle Persian [script needed] (rōč, “day”), from Old Persian [script needed] (*raučah-), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-.
Cognate with Spanish riesgo, Portuguese risco

der

ῥιζικό, ριζικό

ܪܘܙܝܩܐ ,ܪܙܩܐ

If there is a 25% chance of running over schedule, costing you a $100 out of your own pocket, that might be a risk you are willing to take. But if you have a 5% chance of running overschedule, knowing that there is a $10,000 penalty, you might be less willing to take that risk.

2002, Decisioneering Inc website, What is risk? read at http://www.decisioneering.com/risk-analysis.html on 14 May 2006

(uncountable, economics, business and engineering) The potential negative effect of an event, determined by multiplying the likelihood of the event occurring with its magnitude should it occur.

risiko

business etc.: potential (conventionally negative) effect of an event


import

import (nominative singular)
importu (genitive singular)
importowi (dative singular)
import (accusative singular)
importem (instrumental singular)
imporcie (locative singular)
imporcie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English import, from Middle English importen, from Old French emporter, importer, from Latin importō.

(economics) import (something brought in from a foreign country)


fare

head

fare (imperative far, present tense farer, simple past for, past participle fart, present participle farende)

far (imperative)
farer (present)
for (past)
fart (participle past)
farende (participle present)


producer

→ Azerbaijani: prodüser

→ Danish: producer

→ Dutch: producer

→ Hungarian: producer

→ Japanese: プロデューサー (purodyūsā)

desctree

→ Russian: продю́сер (prodjúser)
→ Kazakh: продюсер (prodüser)

/pɹəˈdʒuːsə/

But through the oligopoly, charcoal fuel proliferated throughout London's trades and industries. By the 1200s, brewers and bakers, tilemakers, glassblowers, pottery producers, and a range of other craftsmen all became hour-to-hour consumers of charcoal.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:

(economics) An individual or organization that creates goods and services.


substitute

From Middle English substituten, from Latin substitutus, past participle of substituō, from sub- (“under; beneath”) + statuō (“to put up; establish”).

(economics) Abbreviation of substitute good.


service

en-noun

service (countable and uncountable, plural services)

services (plural)
seruice (alternative obsolete)

→ Dutch: service

→ Indonesian: servis

→ German: Service

→ Hindustani

Hindi: सर्विस (sarvis)

Urdu: سروس (sarvis)

→ Hungarian: szerviz

→ Japanese: サービス (sābisu)

→ Korean: 서비스 (seobiseu)

→ Persian:

Dari: سرویس (sarwīs)

→ Russian: сервис (servis)

→ Ukrainian: сервіс (servis)

From Middle English servise, from Old English serfise, from Old French servise (French service), from the verb servir, from Latin servitium (compare Portuguese serviço, Italian servizio, Norman sèrvice, Spanish servicio), from servus (“servant; serf; slave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Displaced native Old English þeġnung.

Hair care is a service industry.

The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing",[...]and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.

2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 27:

(economics) The practice of providing assistance as economic activity.

diens

practice of providing services as economic activity


accounting cost

accounting cost (plural accounting costs)

(economics) The total amount of money or goods expended in an endeavor, in which it is paid out at some time and recorded in journal entries and ledgers.


glut

en-verb

glut (third-person singular simple present gluts, present participle glutting, simple past and past participle glutted)

gluts (present singular third-person)
glutting (participle present)
glutted (participle past)
glutted (past)

Inherited from Middle English glotien /glotten, probably derived from Old French gloter /glotir /glotoiier (“to eat greedily”) [compare French engloutir (“to devour”), French glouton (“glutton”)], derived from Latin gluttiō, gluttīre (“to swallow”). Compare Russian глота́ть (glotátʹ, “to swallow”).

cog

(transitive, economics) To provide (a market) with so much of a product that the supply greatly exceeds the demand.

inonder

to provide with so much of a product that the supply greatly exceeds the demand


rent

en-noun

rent (countable and uncountable, plural rents)

From Middle English rent, rente, from Old French rente, from Early Medieval Latin rendita, from Late Latin rendere, from Latin reddere.

أُجْرَة

payment made for the use of equipment or a service

A New York city taxicab license earns more than $10,000 a year in rent.

(economics) A profit from possession of a valuable right, as a restricted license to engage in a trade or business.


employment

employment (countable and uncountable, plural employments)

employments (plural)
imployment (alternative)

From employ (itself from Middle French employer, from Middle French empleier, from Latin implicō (“enfold, involve, be connected with”), itself from in- + plicō (“fold”)) + -ment.

der

(economics) The number or percentage of people at work.


agenda

Borrowed from Latin agenda, substantive use of the neuter plural of agendus (“which ought to be done”), future passive participle (gerundive) of agō (“to do, act, make”).

(economics) a list of planned projects that are to be done as funds become available


intensive

en-adj

intensive (comparative more intensive, superlative most intensive)

more intensive (comparative)
most intensive (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English intensive (“fervent, great, intense”), borrowed from Old French intensif, intensive (modern French intensif) + Middle English -ive (suffix meaning ‘of the nature of, relating to’ forming adjectives), equivalent to intense + -ive. Intensif is from Medieval Latin intēnsīvus, from Latin intēnsus (“attentive; eager, intent; intensive”) + -īvus (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘doing; related to doing’); and intēnsus is the perfect passive participle of intendō (“to stretch out, strain”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘to, towards’) + tendō (“to extend, stretch, stretch out”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to extend, stretch”)). Doublet of intend.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

напрегнат

using something with intensity; requiring a great amount of something — see also demanding

Making something more intense; intensifying.

(agriculture, economics) Of agriculture: increasing the productivity of an area of land.

teho-

of agriculture: increasing the productivity of an area of land


rival

de-adj

rival (strong nominative masculine singular rivaler, not comparable)

rivaler (masculine nominative singular strong)
rival (masculine predicative singular)
rival (feminine predicative singular)
rival (neuter predicative singular)
rival (plural predicative)
rivaler (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
rivale (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
rivales (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
rivale (nominative plural strong without-article)
rivalen (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
rivaler (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
rivalen (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
rivaler (genitive plural strong without-article)
rivalem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
rivaler (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
rivalem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
rivalen (dative plural strong without-article)
rivalen (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
rivale (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
rivales (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
rivale (accusative plural strong without-article)
der rivale (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die rivale (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das rivale (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die rivalen (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des rivalen (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der rivalen (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des rivalen (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der rivalen (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem rivalen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der rivalen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem rivalen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den rivalen (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den rivalen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die rivale (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das rivale (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die rivalen (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein rivaler (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine rivale (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein rivales (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
rivalen (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine rivalen (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines rivalen (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer rivalen (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines rivalen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
rivalen (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner rivalen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem rivalen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer rivalen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem rivalen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
rivalen (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen rivalen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen rivalen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine rivale (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein rivales (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
rivalen (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine rivalen (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)

Als zweites Argument gegen die Möglichkeit von geistigem Eigentum wird häufig vorgebracht, dass immaterielle Güter ihrer Natur nach nicht rival seien […]

2012, Michael Goldhammer, Geistiges Eigentum und Eigentumstheorie, Mohr Siebeck, page 196:

As a second argument against the possibility of intellectual property, it is often brought forward that immaterial goods are not rivalrous by nature


barat

ca-adj

barat (feminine barata, masculine plural barats, feminine plural barates)

barata (feminine)
barats (masculine plural)
barates (feminine plural)


elastic

en-adj

elastic (comparative more elastic, superlative most elastic)

more elastic (comparative)
most elastic (superlative)
elastick (alternative obsolete)

→ Malay: elastik

From French élastique, from New Latin elasticus (“elastic”), from Ancient Greek ἐλαστός (elastós), alternative form of ἐλατός (elatós, “ductile”) (cf. ἐλατήρ (elatḗr, “a driver, hurler”)), from ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive, set in motion, push, strike, beat out”).

Demand for entertainment is more elastic than demand for energy.

(economics) Sensitive to changes in price.


expansion

en-noun

expansion (countable and uncountable, plural expansions)

Borrowed from French expansion, from Latin expānsiō. By surface analysis, expand + -sion.

Secondly, the cyclical expansion now taking shape in the United States is starting from a relatively high level; it has much less headroom than earlier expansions that began from a deeply deflated recession base.

1971, National Industrial Conference Board, The Conference Board Record - Volume 8, page 4:

In addition, new technologies are adopted which are less labour-using, thus unemploying workers. Over the postwar years, factors of this sort have contributed to a gradual upward drift in unemployment rates, even during expansions.

1978, Fred Caloren, Michel Chossudovsky, Paul Gingrich, Is the Canadian Economy Closing Down?, Black Rose Books Ltd., →ISBN, page 88:

An act, process, or instance of expanding.

(economics) An increase in the market value of an economy over time.


bubbly

en-adj

bubbly (comparative bubblier, superlative bubbliest)

bubblier (comparative)
bubbliest (superlative)

China’s economy is too bubbly and will soon slow down.

2011 July 2, Iana Dreyer, “China’s coming era of slower growth: Are western economies prepared?”, in East Asia Forum:

(economics) Having the characteristics of economic bubbles.

kupla-

economics: having the characteristics of economic bubbles


panic

en-noun

panic (countable and uncountable, plural panics)

The adjective is borrowed from Middle French panique, a word itself borrowed from Ancient Greek πανικός (panikós, “pertaining to Pan”); Pan, the Greek god of fields and woods, was believed to be the source of mysterious sounds that caused contagious, groundless fear in herds and crowds, or in people in lonely spots.
Adjective sense 3 (“pertaining to or resulting from overpowering fear or fright”) is partly an attributive use of the noun.
The noun is derived from the adjective, while the verb is derived from the noun. Verb sense 1.3 (“to highly amuse, entertain, or impress (an audience watching a performance or show”) is derived from noun sense 4 (“a highly amusing or entertaining performer, performance, or show”).

der

"I thought you inherited your money."
 "I did, old sport," he said automatically, "but I lost most of it in the big panic—the panic of the war."

1925, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, chapter 5, in The Great Gatsby, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1953, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 91:

"There is sort of a panic going on, and that is not what ought to be," [Chris] Dodd, a Democrat from Connecticut, said at a press conference in Washington today. "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were never bottom feeders in the residential mortgage market."

2008 July 11, Romaine Bostick, “Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac are Sound; Panic Unwarranted, Dodd Says”, in Bloomberg News:

(countable, economics, finance) A rapid reduction in asset prices due to broad efforts to raise cash in anticipation of such prices continuing to decline.


bum

From English boom with orthographic adaptation.


bum

(economics, business) boom (a period of prosperity, growth, progress, or high market activity)


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

complementary good
complementary good#English

(economics) Abbreviation of complementary good.


felicity

en-noun

felicity (countable and uncountable, plural felicities)

From Middle English felicite (“bliss, happiness, joy; delight, pleasure; a source of happiness; good fortune; prosperity; well-being; of a planet: in an influential position”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French felicité (modern French félicité (“bliss, happiness; felicity”)), from Latin fēlīcitātem, the accusative singular of fēlīcitās (“fertility, fruitfulness; happiness, felicity; good fortune; success”), from fēlix (“happy; blessed, fortunate, lucky; fertile, fruitful; prosperous; auspicious, favourable”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to nurse, suckle”)) + -itās (a variant of -tās (suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being)).

nb...

felicitee, felicyte, felycite, felycitee, felycyte

der

In equation (19.24) U#95;C(#92;cdot) is the marginal felicity of consumption[.]

2017, Ben J. Heidra, Foundations of Modern Macroeconomics, third edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 756:

(uncountable, economics) Period (as opposed to lifetime) utility.


PDB

produk domestik bruto
produk domestik bruto#Indonesian

(economics) initialism of produk domestik bruto


PRC

en-noun

PRC (countable and uncountable, plural PRCs)

(economics) Initialism of Private Commercial Organisation.


Keynesian

en-adj

Keynesian (comparative more Keynesian, superlative most Keynesian)

more Keynesian (comparative)
most Keynesian (superlative)

That’s why supply and demand get out of balance in a slump, according to the so-called New Keynesian model that Fed officials and other policy makers lean on.

2020 May 27, Matthew Boesler, Reade Pickert, “Salaries Get Chopped for Many Americans Who Manage to Keep Jobs”, in Bloomberg News:

(economics) Of or pertaining to an economic theory based on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, as put forward in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936 in response to the Great Depression of the 1930s, and extensively extended by a large body of followers before and after his death in 1946.

كِنْزِيٌّ

pertaining to an economic theory based on the ideas of Keynes


Keynesian

We Are All Keynesians Now [title]

1965 December 31, Milton Friedman, “We Are All Keynesians Now”, in Time, archived from the original on 2007-02-11:

Since the 1960's the Keynesians have also come under heavy criticism by a group of economists known as Neo-Keynesians. The main contention of the Neo-Keynesians is that the Keynesians have no adequate theory on inflation.

1981, Thomas Katsaros, John Teluk, Capitalism: A Cooperative Venture, University Press of America, page 22:

(economics) A proponent of Keynesian economic doctrine.


tenere

it-verb

tenére (first-person singular present tèngo, first-person singular past historic ténni or tènni, past participle tenùto, first-person singular future terrò, auxiliary avére)

tenére (canonical)
tèngo (first-person present singular)
ténni (first-person historic past singular)
tènni (first-person historic past singular)
tenùto (participle past)
terrò (first-person future singular)
avére (auxiliary)
tenére (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
tenèndo (gerund)
tenènte (participle present)
tenùto (participle past)
tèngo (first-person indicative present singular)
tièni (indicative present second-person singular)
tiéni (indicative present second-person singular)
tiène (indicative present singular third-person)
tiéne (indicative present singular third-person)
teniàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
tenéte (indicative plural present second-person)
tèngono (indicative plural present third-person)
tenévo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tenévi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tenéva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
tenevàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
tenevàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
tenévano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ténni (first-person historic indicative past singular)
tènni (first-person historic indicative past singular)
tenésti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
ténne (historic indicative past singular third-person)
tènne (historic indicative past singular third-person)
tenémmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
tenéste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
ténnero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
tènnero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
terrò (first-person future indicative singular)
terrài (future indicative second-person singular)
terrà (future indicative singular third-person)
terrémo (first-person future indicative plural)
terréte (future indicative plural second-person)
terrànno (future indicative plural third-person)
terrèi (conditional first-person singular)
terrésti (conditional second-person singular)
terrèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
terrébbe (conditional singular third-person)
terrémmo (conditional first-person plural)
terréste (conditional plural second-person)
terrèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
terrébbero (conditional plural third-person)
tènga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
tènga (present second-person singular subjunctive)
tènga (present singular subjunctive third-person)
teniàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
teniàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
tèngano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
tenéssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
tenéssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
tenésse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
tenéssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
tenéste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
tenéssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
tièni (imperative second-person singular)
tiéni (imperative second-person singular)
tènga (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
teniàmo (first-person imperative plural)
tenéte (imperative plural second-person)
tèngano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
tenére (imperative negative second-person singular)
tènga (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
teniàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
tenéte (imperative negative plural second-person)
tèngano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
tenére (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
tenèndo (gerund)
tenènte (participle present)
tenùto (participle past)
tèngo (first-person indicative present singular)
tègno (archaic first-person indicative present singular)
tièni (indicative present second-person singular)
tiène (indicative present singular third-person)
teniàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
tegnàmo (archaic first-person indicative plural present)
tenéte (indicative plural present second-person)
tèngono (indicative plural present third-person)
tègnono (archaic indicative plural present third-person)
tenévo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tenévi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tenéva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
tenevàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
tenevàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
tenévano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ténni (first-person historic indicative past singular)
tenéi (archaic first-person historic indicative past singular)
tenétti (archaic first-person historic indicative past singular)
tenètti (Traditional archaic first-person historic indicative past singular)
tenésti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
ténne (historic indicative past singular third-person)
tené (archaic historic indicative past singular third-person)
tenétte (archaic historic indicative past singular third-person)
tenètte (Traditional archaic historic indicative past singular third-person)
tenémmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
tenéste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
ténnero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
tenérono (archaic historic indicative past plural third-person)
tenéttero (archaic historic indicative past plural third-person)
tenèttero (Traditional archaic historic indicative past plural third-person)
terrò (first-person future indicative singular)
terrài (future indicative second-person singular)
terrà (future indicative singular third-person)
terrémo (first-person future indicative plural)
terréte (future indicative plural second-person)
terrànno (future indicative plural third-person)
terrèi (conditional first-person singular)
terrésti (conditional second-person singular)
terrèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
terrébbe (conditional singular third-person)
terrémmo (conditional first-person plural)
terréste (conditional plural second-person)
terrèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
terrébbero (conditional plural third-person)
tènga (first-person present singular subjunctive)
tègna (archaic first-person present singular subjunctive)
tènga (present second-person singular subjunctive)
tègna (archaic present second-person singular subjunctive)
tènga (present singular subjunctive third-person)
tègna (archaic present singular subjunctive third-person)
teniàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
tegnàmo (archaic first-person plural present subjunctive)
teniàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
tegnàte (archaic plural present second-person subjunctive)
tèngano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
tègnano (archaic plural present subjunctive third-person)
tenéssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
tenéssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
tenésse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
tenéssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
tenéste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
tenéssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
tièni (imperative second-person singular)
tènga (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
tègna (archaic formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
teniàmo (first-person imperative plural)
tegnàmo (archaic first-person imperative plural)
tenéte (imperative plural second-person)
tèngano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
tègnano (archaic formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
tenére (imperative negative second-person singular)
tènga (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
tègna (archaic formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
teniàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
tegnàmo (archaic first-person imperative negative plural)
tenéte (imperative negative plural second-person)
tèngano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
tègnano (archaic formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

From Latin tenēre, from Proto-Italic *tenēō, stative from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, draw”).

der

(intransitive, economics) to remain stable [auxiliary avere] (of a currency, stock market, etc.)


agio

/ˈæ.d͡ʒiˌoʊ/

1989, Isaac Levy, translator, The Pentateuch (translation of, Samson Raphael Hirsch, Der Pentateuch, ubersetzt und erlautert), second edition, volume 2, Exodus, Judaica Press, →ISBN, page 582 (commentary to Exodus 30:16),
Owing to the enormous number of half-shekel coins required each year in Adar, these were greatly in demand, and the money-changers made a small fixed charge of an agio for changing whole into half shekels.

The money of such banks being better than the common currency of the country, necessarily bore an agio, which was greater or smaller, according as the currency was supposed to be more or less degraded below the standard of the state.

1776, Adam Smith, An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations:

(economics, finance) The premium or percentage on a better sort of money when it is given in exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount on foreign bills of exchange is sometimes called agio.


agio

From Dutch agio, from Italian aggio, from Old Occitan aize, from Vulgar Latin *adjace(m), from Latin adjacēns, present participle of adjaceō (compare Medieval Latin in aiace).


externality

en-noun

externality (countable and uncountable, plural externalities)

From external + -ity. In the economic sense coined by British economist Alfred Marshall in 1890.

coin

Waste is a negative externality arising from consumption.

"(1) Each agency shall identify in writing the specific market failure (such as externalities, market power, lack of information) or other specific problem that it intends to address (including, where applicable, the failures of public institutions) that warrant new agency action, as well as assess the significance of that problem, to enable assessment of whether any new regulation is warranted."

2007, George W. Bush, Executive Order 13422:

Pigouvian taxes are meant to internalize ‘externalities’, generally understood to be positive or negative side-effects from economic production that are not reflected in the price of production.

2016, Cinnamon P. Carlarne, Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, editors, The Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

(economics, countable) An impact, positive or negative, on any party not involved in a given economic transaction or act.

արտաքին ազդակ

impact on any party not involved in a given economic transaction


spot market

The price on the futures market depends in part on the price on the spot market.

(trading, economics, finance) A market in which commodities are bought and sold for immediate delivery, with delivery usually taking place in the same or next business day.


rentier

pl-noun

rentier m pers (female equivalent rentierka)

rentierka (feminine)
rentier (nominative singular)
rentierzy (nominative plural)
rentiery (derogatory nominative plural)
rentiera (genitive singular)
rentierów (genitive plural)
rentierowi (dative singular)
rentierom (dative plural)
rentiera (accusative singular)
rentierów (accusative plural)
rentierem (instrumental singular)
rentierami (instrumental plural)
rentierze (locative singular)
rentierach (locative plural)
rentierze (singular vocative)
rentierzy (plural vocative)


mercantile

Borrowed from French mercantile, from Italian mercantile, from mercante (“merchant”), from Latin mercāns (“trading”).

No sign was over his door; in fact—as with old banks and mercantile houses—advertising in any shape was scorned, and it would have been felt as beneath his dignity to paint, for the benefit of strangers, the name of an establishment the trade of which came solely by connection based on personal respect.

1872, [Thomas Hardy], “II. A Meeting of the Choir”, in Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School, volume I, London: Tinsley Brothers, →OCLC, part II, page 139:

(economics) Concerned with the exchange of goods for profit.

търговски

related to the exchange of goods for profit

(economics) Of or relating to mercantilism.


fisc

(economics) tax authorities, fiscal administration

tax authorities, fiscal administration
government department of taxation


fisc

fisc (accusative indefinite nominative)
fiscul (accusative definite nominative)
fisc (indefinite)
fiscului (definite)
fiscule (vocative)


conservative

Borrowed from Middle French conservatif, from Latin cōnservō (“to preserve”). Equivalent to conserve + -ative.

A person who favors maintenance of the status quo.

(US, Canada, economics) A fiscal conservative.


conservative

en-adj

conservative (comparative more conservative, superlative most conservative)

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

George Soros remains a favorite target of conservative conspiracy theorists, seeing his corrupting influence behind every liberal movement and within every nook and cranny.

2020 November 18, Brian Lowry, “‘Soros’ looks at the life and activism of the right’s favorite bogeyman”, in CNN:

(US, Canada, economics, politics, social sciences) Supporting some combination of fiscal, political or social conservatism.

مُحَافِظ

supporting fiscal, political or social conservatism