protectionism

en-noun

protectionism (countable and uncountable, plural protectionisms)

/pɹəˈtɛkʃənɪzəm/

Borrowed from French protectionnisme. By surface analysis, protection + -ism.

(politics, economics) A system or policy of protecting the domestic producers of a product from foreign competition by imposing tariffs, quotas, duties or other barriers on importations.

proteksionizëm

a policy of protecting the domestic producers of a product by imposing tariffs, quotas or other barriers on imports


cameralist

From German Kameralist, from New Latin cameralista, from Medieval Latin cameralis + Latin -ista (“-ist”), from camera (“chamber”) (English camera), from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára). Sense is due to administrators in the royal chamber; compare political sense of cabinet.

(economics) An economist who strongly emphasizes political factors in recommending economic policy.


depress

en-verb

depress (third-person singular simple present depresses, present participle depressing, simple past and past participle depressed)

depresses (present singular third-person)
depressing (participle present)
depressed (participle past)
depressed (past)

From Middle English depressen, from Old French depresser, from Latin dēpressus, perfect participle of dēprimō (“to press down, to weigh down”), from dē- (“off, away, down, out”) + premō (“to press”).

af

Lower productivity will eventually depress wages.

Russia claims the proportion of the grain that went to the very poorest countries was less than 4%, but this ignores the fact that even if wealthier countries were buying the wheat, the extra supply was depressing the general price all countries were paying.

2023 July 20, Patrick Wintour, “What was the Black Sea grain deal and why did it collapse?”, in The Guardian:

(economics) To cause a depression or a decrease in parts of the economy.

laskea

to cause a depression or a decrease in parts of the economy


oligopoly

en-noun

oligopoly (countable and uncountable, plural oligopolies)

/ɒlɪˈɡɒpəli/

/ˌɑləˈɡɑpəli/

PIE word
 *h₃ligos
From oligo- (prefix meaning ‘few; several’) + -poly (suffix meaning ‘pertaining to the number of sellers in a market’), by analogy with monopoly.

confix

Because of the ease of collusion, particularly price fixing, duopolies and oligopolies easily produce outcomes as bad for the general public as outright monopolies.

For the sheep are falling into few and powerful hands; and these, if they have not a monopoly, have at least an oligopoly, and can keep up the price.

1866 October 1, Frederic Seebohm, “The Oxford Reformers of 1498. Chapter VII.”, in George Henry Lewes, editor, The Fortnightly Review, volume VI, number XXXIV, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, section 3 ([Thomas] More Drawn into Court. His Introduction to the “Utopia” (1516)), page 489:

[Thomas] More makes an antithesis between monopolium and oligopolium. We have ‘monopoly,’ but not ‘oligopoly’ (the sale by a few), and so cannot preserve the point of the sentence.

[1895, J[oseph] H[irst] Lupton, “The Fyrste Boke of the Communycacion of Raphaell Hythlodaye Concernynge the Best State of a Commenwealthe”, in Thomas More, translated by Ralph Robynson, The Utopia of Sir Thomas More: In Latin from the Edition of March 1518, and in English from the First Edition of Ralph Robynson’s Translation in 1551 […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, footnote 2, page 55, column 2:

An embarrassing infelicity is the use of Russianised consonants, where for six of the consonants, an additional set is made by supersigns, representing the letter h. […] The specialist offices have it all to themselves; not a 'monopoly’, but an ‘oligopoly’, if we may coin the term.

1907 April, G. Macloskie, “[General Literature.] The Gospel of Matthew in Esperanto.—La Evangelio Sankta Mateo lau Dro. Martin Luther Tradukita en la Lingvon Internacian Esperanto de W. B. Mielck kaj Fr. Stephan, kun Antauparolo de Lic. Dr. Alfred Jeremias Pastro de la Lutheran-preghejo kaj Docento de la Universitato en Leipzig. Leipzig, 1906. J. C. Hinrichs. pp. vii, 66. [book review]”, in The Princeton Theological Review, volume V, number 2, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 352:

The major difference between pure and differentiated oligopoly cases is that in pure oligopolies less "shock" is needed to alter the organization of the market.

1967, John C. Narver, “The Competitive Effects of Conglomerate Mergers”, in Conglomerate Mergers and Market Competition (Publications of the Institute of Business and Economic Research, University of California), Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, published 1969, →OCLC, page 126:

Although the power source had shifted from the king's near monopoly into an elite oligopoly, the masses were still afflicted when they sought wood fuel. But through the oligopoly, charcoal fuel proliferated throughout London's trades and industries. By the 1200s, brewers and bakers, tile makers, glassblowers, pottery producers, and a range of other craftsmen all became hour-to-hour consumers of charcoal. This only magnified the indispensable nature of the oligopolists.

2006 September, Edwin Black, “Power Struggle”, in Internal Combustion: How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN, page 16:

By the late 1930s, however, the major film companies had consolidated their status as vertically-integrated oligopolies that dominated movie production, distribution and exhibition.

2016, Iwan Morgan, “Introduction: Hollywood and the Great Depression”, in Iwan Morgan, Philip John Davies, editors, Hollywood and the Great Depression: American Film, Politics and Society in the 1930s, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN:

Not only does the tech oligopoly seamlessly record our preferences, habits, and choices, it also uses that data to guide our future choices, rendering us increasingly useful to the tech companies and useless to ourselves.

2022 October 28, Malcolm Harris, “Are We Living Under ‘Technofeudalism’?”, in New York Magazine:

(economics) An economic condition in which a small number of sellers exert control over the market of a commodity.


elasticity

en-noun

elasticity (countable and uncountable, plural elasticities)

If the sales of an item drop by 5% when the price increases by 10%, its price elasticity is −0.5.

Given elasticity of demand, there is a strong argument that filling the millions of empty seats through lower fares could actually increase revenue.

2022 November 30, Anthony Lambert, “Rail fares fit for the 21st century”, in RAIL, number 971, page 43:

(economics) The sensitivity of changes in a quantity with respect to changes in another quantity.

առաձգականություն

economics: sensitivity of a variable to changes in another variable


metallist

No economist, with the possible exception of the most doctrinaire metallists, have ever expressed any other opinion. --American Economic Review (1938) 28, p. 316

While not all Jacksonians were Metallists, or vice versa, the Jacksonian Metallists sought to purge the currency of small bank notes and replace them with gold and silver coins. --Exploring Economic History (1974) 11, p. 228

The authors argue that Ricardo, unlike Marx, was no ‘metallist’, that is, he never applied the labour theory of value to the monetary metal to determine the general price level. --Economic Journal (1991) 101, p. 407

(economics) An advocate of metal coinage as the principal or sole currency.


cepo

Inherited from Latin cippus (“stake”). Doublet of the borrowed cipo.

La semana pasada Javier Milei relacionó la marcha del crawling peg con las posibilidades de salir del cepo.

2025 January 14, Ana Clara Pedotti, “Inflación de diciembre: bajaría el ajuste mensual del dólar y la tasa de interés”, in Clarín, page 12:

foreign exchange control
foreign exchange control

(Argentina, economics) ellipsis of cepo cambiario (“foreign exchange control”)


bailout

Unadapted borrowing from English bailout.


inelastic

en-adj

inelastic (comparative more inelastic, superlative most inelastic)

more inelastic (comparative)
most inelastic (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-inelastic.wav

perfectly inelastic supply

A different approach is needed now, as there is more discretionary travel which, unlike the use of season tickets, does not have inelastic demand characteristics.

2023 April 3, 'Industry Insider', “Passengers returning to rail”, in RAIL, number 1006, page 68:

(economics) Insensitive to changes in price.


disutility

en-noun

disutility (countable and uncountable, plural disutilities)


quasi-rent

(economics) The income earned, in excess of post-investment opportunity cost, by a sunk cost investment.


fruto

Borrowed from Latin frūctus. Compare the inherited Old Spanish frucho.

El lector a quien interesen los estudios de folk-lore comaparado, puede consultar con fruto algunas de las obras que cito en la bibliografía.

1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 324:


leakage

leakage (countable and uncountable, plural leakages)

(economics) The loss of revenue generated by tourism to the economies of other countries.


dol

(shipping) mast, a tall, slim post or tower, usually tapering upward, used to support, for example, the sails on a ship, flags, floodlights, or communications equipment such as an aerial, usually supported by guy-wires


demurrage

demurrage (countable and uncountable, plural demurrages)

despatch

antonym(s) of “detention of a ship, or fee paid for it”

1640s, from Old French demorage, from demorer (English demur), from Latin dēmorārī (“to tarry”).
By surface analysis, demur (“delay”) + -age, with doubled ‘r’ to clarify pronunciation and avoid ambiguity with demure.

surf

(shipping) the detention of a ship or other freight vehicle, during delayed loading or unloading

surestarie

detention of a freight vehicle during delayed loading or unloading


inflated

en-adj

inflated (comparative more inflated, superlative most inflated)

more inflated (comparative)
most inflated (superlative)

His inflated prices made the vendor unpopular.

Apprenticeship programmes supply the industry with an ongoing cohort of qualified talent. It is much cheaper to train new people than to pay inflated wages to attract existing talent. Apprenticeships are also a useful way of teaching the practical, hands-on skills that the modern railway needs.

2023 March 8, Neil Robertson, “Tackling the skills shortage”, in RAIL, number 978, page 33:


дым

ru-noun+

дым • (dym) m inan (genitive ды́ма, nominative plural дымы́, genitive plural дымо́в, relational adjective ды́мный or дымово́й, diminutive дымо́к)

dym (romanization)
ды́ма (genitive)
дымы́ (nominative plural)
дымо́в (genitive plural)
ды́мный (adjective relational)
дымово́й (adjective relational)
дымо́к (diminutive)
ды́м (nominative singular)
дымы́ (nominative plural)
ды́ма (genitive singular)
дымо́в (genitive plural)
ды́му (dative singular)
дыма́м (dative plural)
ды́м (accusative singular)
дымы́ (accusative plural)
ды́мом (instrumental singular)
дыма́ми (instrumental plural)
ды́ме (prepositional singular)
дыма́х (plural prepositional)
ды́му (partitive singular)
дыму́ (locative singular)
дымъ (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dymъ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).

ru:дым
ru:дым (налогообложение)

(historical, obsolete, taxation) taxable household unit in medieval Rus


skola

lt-noun

skolà f (plural skõlos) stress pattern 4

skolà (canonical feminine stress-pattern-4)
skõlos (plural)
skolà (nominative singular)
skõlos (nominative plural)
skolõs (genitive singular)
skolų̃ (genitive plural)
skõlai (dative singular)
skolóms (dative plural)
skõlą (accusative singular)
skolàs (accusative plural)
skolà (instrumental singular)
skolomi̇̀s (instrumental plural)
skolojè (locative singular)
skolosè (locative plural)
skõla (singular vocative)
skõlos (plural vocative)

In ablaut with skelė́ti (“to owe”), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to owe”).


austerity

en-noun

austerity (countable and uncountable, plural austerities)

comfort

antonym(s) of “severity of manners or life”

From Ancient Greek αὐστηρότης (austērótēs, “bitter, harsh”). Morphologically austere + -ity.

uder

He said France clearly wanted to "close one page and open another". He reiterated his opposition to austerity alone as the only way out of Europe's crisis: "My final duty, and I know I'm being watched from beyond our borders, is to put Europe back on the path of growth and employment."

2012 April 23, Angelique Chrisafis, “François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election”, in the Guardian:

(economics) A policy of deficit-cutting, which by definition requires lower spending, higher taxes, or both.

austeritat

policy of deficit-cutting: reduce spending and/or raise taxes


IVA

imposta sul valore aggiunto
imposta sul valore aggiunto#Italian

(taxation) initialism of imposta sul valore aggiunto (“value added tax”)


IVA

(taxation) acronym of imposto sobre o valor acrescentado (“value added tax”)


IVA

(taxation) acronym of impuesto sobre al valor añadido (“value added tax”) or other synonymous acronym ("impuesto sobre el valor añadido" in Spain and "impuesto sobre el valor agregado" in Colombia)


straddle

en-verb

straddle (third-person singular simple present straddles, present participle straddling, simple past and past participle straddled)

straddles (present singular third-person)
straddling (participle present)
straddled (participle past)
straddled (past)

As a verb, attested since the 1560s. Most likely, an alteration of dialectal striddle. The noun is first attested in the 1610s.

(economics) To execute a commodities market spread.


bonde

Borrowed from English bond. The tramway sense is said to have originated from coupons sold as transport tickets which looked liked bonds issued at the time.


liberalization

en-noun

liberalization (countable and uncountable, plural liberalizations)

liberalizations (plural)
liberalisation (alternative)

From liberalize + -ation or liberal + -ization.

(economics) the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entitiesᵂᵖ


price gouging

price gouging (usually uncountable, plural price gougings)

The farmers aren't really guilty of price gouging, but they are trying to recoup some of their losses from the flooding earlier this spring.

(business, economics) The act of or an instance of charging services or pricing goods at unreasonably high prices.


право

bg-noun

пра́во • (právo) n (relational adjective пра́вен or пра́вов)

пра́во (canonical)
právo (romanization)
пра́вен (adjective relational)
пра́вов (adjective relational)
пра́во (indefinite singular)
права́ (indefinite plural)
пра́вото (definite singular)
права́та (definite plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pravo, a nominalization of прав (prav, “right, straight”) + -о (-o). Ultimately a calque of German Recht and French droit. See Russian пра́во (právo) for more information.


bolha

bolhas (plural)
bôlha (alternative obsolete)
boilha (alternative misspelling)

From Latin bulla. Doublet of bola and bula.

(economics) bubble (period of intense speculation in a market)


nosedive

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nosedive.wav

Byers was frequently at odds with Rail Regulator Sir Tom Winsor, but quit after 11 months - his career took a nosedive when he admitted false claims for £125,000 expenses, and he was banned from the House of Commons for two years.

2022 April 6, Howard Johnston, “SRA: Lets not make the same mistakes with GBR”, in RAIL, number 954, page 34:

(economics, etc.) A rapid fall, e.g. in price or value.


ponto

pontos (plural)
poncto (alternative obsolete)

From Old Galician-Portuguese ponto, from Latin punctum (“point”), from pungō (“to prick, to puncture, to punch”). Cognate with Spanish punto. Doublet of point.

(economics) point, a unit used to express stocks, shares, interest rates, etc.


transaction utility

en-noun

transaction utility (countable and uncountable, plural transaction utilities)

(economics, marketing) The perceived value of getting a good deal; the difference between the amount paid and a notional reference price.


monopsony

From Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, solitary; singular, unique”) + ὀψωνέω (opsōnéō, “to buy fish or victuals in general”) + -y, modelled after monopoly. ὀψωνέω is from ὄψον (ópson, “delicacies”) + ὠνέομαι (ōnéomai, “to buy, purchase”). The English word was coined by British classics scholar Bertrand Hallward (1901–2003), and popularized by British economist Joan Robinson (1903–1983) in her book The Economics of Imperfect Competition (1933): see the quotation.

der

Our next task is to consider the change in the amount of a commodity purchased when the market changes from an indefinitely large number of competing buyers to a single buying agency. This may be described as the comparison between competitive and monopsony buying, just as the corresponding comparison for selling was called the comparison between competitive and monopoly output.

1933, Joan Robinson, “Monopsony”, in The Economics of Imperfect Competition, London: Macmillan and Co., Limited […], →OCLC, section 2, page 219:

It appears to follow that employment, far from falling, may be raised by an adroitly contrived legal minimum wage or collective agreement. Indeed, this proposition is an important one in the theory of both wage regulation and trade unionism. Its applicability is sometimes limited, however, even when monopsony is significant, by the danger that the employer may be driven out of business completely, as when, because of his own irremediable inefficiency or other objective disadvantages, monopsony profit achieved at his workers' expense is the differential between hanging on and outright failure.

1971, Martin Bronfenbrenner, “Imperfect Competition and Exploitation”, in Income Distribution Theory (Aldine Treatises in Modern Economics), Chicago, Ill.: Aldine-Atherton, →ISBN; republished Piscataway, N.J.: AldineTransaction, Transaction Publishers, 2007 (2009 (2nd paperback) printing), →ISBN, pages 193–194:

Examples of monopsonies are few. One limited monopsony is the U.S. federal government, which orders certain defense and security systems often with the condition that it be the sole client to be delivered the product, thus a monopsony. […] Indeed, any government is a natural monopsony, at least in some areas. Absolutist, state-run economies, like [Joseph] Stalin's Soviet Union or North Korea, are dominated by monopolies and monopsonies, which often are granted to cronies by those in power. […] In today's commercial markets, there are next to no true large monopsonies.

2007, Stephen G. Hannaford, “Oligopolies and Oligopsonies”, in Market Domination!: The Impact of Industry Consolidation on Competition, Innovation, and Consumer Choice, Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 15:

For purposes of evaluating monopsony cases from the standpoint of economic efficiency, it makes sense to adopt a "purpose"-oriented classification system. After all, all monopsony cases can be reduced to either a unilateral or collusive use of buying power in order to promote the interests of the buyer.

2010, Roger D. Blair, Jeffrey L. Harrison, “The Antitrust Laws and Monopsonistic Forms of Conduct”, in Monopsony in Law and Economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 2.4 (A Taxonomy of Monopsony Cases), page 29:

(economics) A market situation in which there is only one buyer for a product.

մոնոպսոնիա

market situation in which there is only buyer for a product

The result is different when the resource buyer is a monopsony. The monopsony firm is a single buyer, and therefore it faces the market supply curve.

1978, Roger K. Chisholm, Marilu Hurt McCarty, Principles of Microeconomics, Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, →ISBN, page 344:

If the takeover is approved, Comcast would control 20 of the top 25 cable markets,[…]. Antitrust officials will need to consider Comcast’s status as a monopsony (a buyer with disproportionate power), when it comes to negotiations with programmers, whose channels it pays to carry.

2014 March 15, “Turn it off: American regulators should block Comcast’s proposed deal with Time Warner Cable”, in The Economist, volume 410, number 8878, archived from the original on 2014-03-14:

Network Rail is a monopsony (the sole buyer in a particular market) and must be careful not to exploit that position.

2020 November 4, Christian Wolmar, “Hubble trouble: we need co-operation on innovation...”, in Rail, page 49:

(economics) A buyer with disproportionate power.


tonite

(US, informal, entertainment industry) Alternative spelling of tonight.


liquidity

en-noun

liquidity (countable and uncountable, plural liquidities)

From liquid + -ity, from Latin liquiditas.

Some stocks are traded so rarely that they lack liquidity.

(economics, countable) An asset's property of being able to be sold without affecting its value; the degree to which it can be easily converted into cash.

իրացվելիություն

property of being able to be easily converted into cash


SSP

surat setoran pajak
surat setoran pajak#Indonesian

(taxation) initialism of surat setoran pajak


dumping

dumping (countable and uncountable, plural dumpings)

→ Catalan: dumping, dúmping

→ Dutch: dumping

→ Finnish: dumping

→ French: dumping

→ German: Dumping

→ Hungarian: dömping

→ Indonesian: dumping

→ Italian: dumping

→ Japanese: ダンピング (danpingu)

→ Korean: 덤핑 (deomping)

→ Portuguese: dumping

→ Romanian: dumping

→ Spanish: dumping

→ Turkish: damping

(economics, trading) Selling goods at less than their normal price, or even at a loss, especially in the export market as a means of securing a monopoly.

дъмпинг

selling goods at less than their normal price, especially in the export market


dumping

Unadapted borrowing from English dumping.


dumping

dumping-dumping (plural)
damping (alternative)


dumping

(economics) dumping (the sale of goods at less than their normal price)


arbitrage

→ Dutch: arbitrage

→ English: arbitrage

→ Polish: arbitraż

→ Romanian: arbitraj

desctree

→ Russian: арбитра́ж (arbitráž)
→ Mongolian: арбитраж (arbitraž)

→ Turkish: arbitraj

→ Ukrainian: арбітра́ж (arbitráž)


Paket

de-noun

Paket n (strong, genitive Paketes or Pakets, plural Pakete)

Paketes (genitive)
Pakets (genitive)
Pakete (plural)
Paket (nominative singular)
Pakete (definite nominative plural)
Paketes (genitive singular)
Pakets (genitive singular)
Pakete (definite genitive plural)
Paket (dative singular)
Pakete (dative singular)
Paketen (dative definite plural)
Paket (accusative singular)
Pakete (accusative definite plural)

→ Romanian: pachet

Russian: пакет (paket)

Bulgarian: пакет (paket)

Ukrainian: пакет (paket)

(figurative, chiefly economics, politics) package, bundle (collective of different, often immaterial things)


äyri

äyri (nominative singular)
äyrit (nominative plural)
äyri (accusative nominative singular)
äyrit (accusative nominative plural)
äyrin (accusative genitive singular)
äyrit (accusative genitive plural)
äyrin (genitive singular)
äyrien (genitive plural)
äyriä (partitive singular)
äyrejä (partitive plural)
äyrissä (inessive singular)
äyreissä (inessive plural)
äyristä (elative singular)
äyreistä (elative plural)
äyriin (illative singular)
äyreihin (illative plural)
äyrillä (adessive singular)
äyreillä (adessive plural)
äyriltä (ablative singular)
äyreiltä (ablative plural)
äyrille (allative singular)
äyreille (allative plural)
äyrinä (essive singular)
äyreinä (essive plural)
äyriksi (singular translative)
äyreiksi (plural translative)
äyrittä (abessive singular)
äyreittä (abessive plural)
äyrein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
äyrini (nominative singular)
äyrini (nominative plural)
äyrini (accusative nominative singular)
äyrini (accusative nominative plural)
äyrini (accusative genitive singular)
äyrini (accusative genitive plural)
äyrini (genitive singular)
äyrieni (genitive plural)
äyriäni (partitive singular)
äyrejäni (partitive plural)
äyrissäni (inessive singular)
äyreissäni (inessive plural)
äyristäni (elative singular)
äyreistäni (elative plural)
äyriini (illative singular)
äyreihini (illative plural)
äyrilläni (adessive singular)
äyreilläni (adessive plural)
äyriltäni (ablative singular)
äyreiltäni (ablative plural)
äyrilleni (allative singular)
äyreilleni (allative plural)
äyrinäni (essive singular)
äyreinäni (essive plural)
äyrikseni (singular translative)
äyreikseni (plural translative)
äyrittäni (abessive singular)
äyreittäni (abessive plural)
äyreineni (comitative plural)
äyrisi (nominative singular)
äyrisi (nominative plural)
äyrisi (accusative nominative singular)
äyrisi (accusative nominative plural)
äyrisi (accusative genitive singular)
äyrisi (accusative genitive plural)
äyrisi (genitive singular)
äyriesi (genitive plural)
äyriäsi (partitive singular)
äyrejäsi (partitive plural)
äyrissäsi (inessive singular)
äyreissäsi (inessive plural)
äyristäsi (elative singular)
äyreistäsi (elative plural)
äyriisi (illative singular)
äyreihisi (illative plural)
äyrilläsi (adessive singular)
äyreilläsi (adessive plural)
äyriltäsi (ablative singular)
äyreiltäsi (ablative plural)
äyrillesi (allative singular)
äyreillesi (allative plural)
äyrinäsi (essive singular)
äyreinäsi (essive plural)
äyriksesi (singular translative)
äyreiksesi (plural translative)
äyrittäsi (abessive singular)
äyreittäsi (abessive plural)
äyreinesi (comitative plural)
äyrimme (nominative singular)
äyrimme (nominative plural)
äyrimme (accusative nominative singular)
äyrimme (accusative nominative plural)
äyrimme (accusative genitive singular)
äyrimme (accusative genitive plural)
äyrimme (genitive singular)
äyriemme (genitive plural)
äyriämme (partitive singular)
äyrejämme (partitive plural)
äyrissämme (inessive singular)
äyreissämme (inessive plural)
äyristämme (elative singular)
äyreistämme (elative plural)
äyriimme (illative singular)
äyreihimme (illative plural)
äyrillämme (adessive singular)
äyreillämme (adessive plural)
äyriltämme (ablative singular)
äyreiltämme (ablative plural)
äyrillemme (allative singular)
äyreillemme (allative plural)
äyrinämme (essive singular)
äyreinämme (essive plural)
äyriksemme (singular translative)
äyreiksemme (plural translative)
äyrittämme (abessive singular)
äyreittämme (abessive plural)
äyreinemme (comitative plural)
äyrinne (nominative singular)
äyrinne (nominative plural)
äyrinne (accusative nominative singular)
äyrinne (accusative nominative plural)
äyrinne (accusative genitive singular)
äyrinne (accusative genitive plural)
äyrinne (genitive singular)
äyrienne (genitive plural)
äyriänne (partitive singular)
äyrejänne (partitive plural)
äyrissänne (inessive singular)
äyreissänne (inessive plural)
äyristänne (elative singular)
äyreistänne (elative plural)
äyriinne (illative singular)
äyreihinne (illative plural)
äyrillänne (adessive singular)
äyreillänne (adessive plural)
äyriltänne (ablative singular)
äyreiltänne (ablative plural)
äyrillenne (allative singular)
äyreillenne (allative plural)
äyrinänne (essive singular)
äyreinänne (essive plural)
äyriksenne (singular translative)
äyreiksenne (plural translative)
äyrittänne (abessive singular)
äyreittänne (abessive plural)
äyreinenne (comitative plural)
äyrinsä (nominative singular)
äyrinsä (nominative plural)
äyrinsä (accusative nominative singular)
äyrinsä (accusative nominative plural)
äyrinsä (accusative genitive singular)
äyrinsä (accusative genitive plural)
äyrinsä (genitive singular)
äyriensä (genitive plural)
äyriään (partitive singular)
äyriänsä (partitive singular)
äyrejään (partitive plural)
äyrejänsä (partitive plural)
äyrissään (inessive singular)
äyrissänsä (inessive singular)
äyreissään (inessive plural)
äyreissänsä (inessive plural)
äyristään (elative singular)
äyristänsä (elative singular)
äyreistään (elative plural)
äyreistänsä (elative plural)
äyriinsä (illative singular)
äyreihinsä (illative plural)
äyrillään (adessive singular)
äyrillänsä (adessive singular)
äyreillään (adessive plural)
äyreillänsä (adessive plural)
äyriltään (ablative singular)
äyriltänsä (ablative singular)
äyreiltään (ablative plural)
äyreiltänsä (ablative plural)
äyrilleen (allative singular)
äyrillensä (allative singular)
äyreilleen (allative plural)
äyreillensä (allative plural)
äyrinään (essive singular)
äyrinänsä (essive singular)
äyreinään (essive plural)
äyreinänsä (essive plural)
äyrikseen (singular translative)
äyriksensä (singular translative)
äyreikseen (plural translative)
äyreiksensä (plural translative)
äyrittään (abessive singular)
äyrittänsä (abessive singular)
äyreittään (abessive plural)
äyreittänsä (abessive plural)
äyreineen (comitative plural)
äyreinensä (comitative plural)

Borrowed from Old Norse eyrir (compare Swedish öre, Danish øre, Norwegian øre and Icelandic eyrir), from Latin aureus (“gold coin”).


rigidity

en-noun

rigidity (countable and uncountable, plural rigidities)

/ɹɪˈd͡ʒɪdɪti/

From rigid + -ity, from Latin rigiditas.

(economics) stickiness (of prices/wages etc.). Describing the tendency of prices and money wages to adjust to changes in the economy with a certain delay.


locomotive

/ˌləʊkəˈməʊtɪv/

From French locomotif, from Latin locō (literally “from a place”) (ablative of locus (“place”)) + Vulgar Latin mōtivus (“moving”) (see motive).
In the rail transport sense, ellipsis of locomotive (steam) engine, attested from 1814.

(economics) A country which drives the world economy by having a high level of imports, such as the United States.


money supply

(economics) The total amount of money (bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments) in a particular economy.

貨幣供應量 /货币供应量

total amount of money in a particular economy


free market

The very notion of 'integrated transport' has always appalled the free market instincts of the Conservatives, and still does.

2021 March 10, Christian Wolmar, “Integrated transport: A lot is said but little is being done”, in RAIL, number 926, page 50:

(economics) Any market in which trade is unregulated by government; an economic system free from government intervention.

mercat lliure

competitive market where buyers and sellers can operate without restrictions


Klasse

de-noun

Klasse f (genitive Klasse, plural Klassen)

Klasse (genitive)
Klassen (plural)
Klasse (nominative singular)
Klassen (definite nominative plural)
Klasse (genitive singular)
Klassen (definite genitive plural)
Klasse (dative singular)
Klassen (dative definite plural)
Klasse (accusative singular)
Klassen (accusative definite plural)

→ Estonian: klass

→ Romanian: clasă

→ Serbo-Croatian: klasa / класа

Ultimately from Latin classis, probably via French classe.

Die Furcht, ein wiedervereinigtes Deutschland werde langfristig stärker seinen nationalen Interessen nachgehen und unilateral agieren – ohne Rücksicht auf den Nachbarn also –, verfolgt seither Frankreichs politische Klasse.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 24/2010, page 88:

The fear that a reunited Germany would pursue its national interests more strongly in the long term and act unilaterally – hence without consideration of its neighbors – haunts the political class of France since that time.

(sociology, economics) class (grouping based on upbringing, job, wealth, etc.)


hot money

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hot money.wav

financial instrument
financial instrument

(slang, economics) Money, or other financial instruments, that moves regularly between different markets in search of the best interest rate.


appropriability

en-noun

appropriability (countable and uncountable, plural appropriabilities)

(economics) The environmental factors that govern an innovator's ability to capture profits generated by an innovation.

apropriabilidade

the ability to profit from an innovation


fogal

From fogo + -al. Compare Medieval Latin focālis (“hearth tax”).

O focal (census pro singulis FOCIS exactus) era um censo, ou uma espécie de imposto, que os plebeus pagavam por cada fogo.

1853, François-René de Chateaubriand, Memorias d'alem da campa Volume 2, Typographia de J. Lourenço de Sousa, page 70

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(historical, taxation) hearth tax, a tax levied on each household


startup

startups (plural)
start-up (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English startup.

ubor

(economics) startup (a new company or organization or business venture)


dovish

en-adj

dovish (comparative more dovish, superlative most dovish)

more dovish (comparative)
most dovish (superlative)
doveish (alternative)

The Federal Reserve's statement on recent inflation was interpreted as dovish by the market.

A dovish policy keeps unemployment close to 6 percent and lets the price level swing more widely to absorb economic shocks.

1985, Price Stability and Public Policy, page 143:

By appearing more dovish than the central bank actually is, the trade-off it faces between stabilization of inflation and stabilization fo the output gap is likely to worsen.

2010, Jordi Galí, “The New-Keynesian Approach to Monetary Policy Analysis: Lessons and New Directions”, in Volker Wieland, editor, The Science and Practice of Monetary Policy Today, page 15:

(economics) Disfavoring increasing interest rates; inclined against increasing interest rates.


fuusio

fuusio (nominative singular)
fuusiot (nominative plural)
fuusio (accusative nominative singular)
fuusiot (accusative nominative plural)
fuusion (accusative genitive singular)
fuusiot (accusative genitive plural)
fuusion (genitive singular)
fuusioiden (genitive plural)
fuusioitten (genitive plural)
fuusiota (partitive singular)
fuusioita (partitive plural)
fuusiossa (inessive singular)
fuusioissa (inessive plural)
fuusiosta (elative singular)
fuusioista (elative plural)
fuusioon (illative singular)
fuusioihin (illative plural)
fuusiolla (adessive singular)
fuusioilla (adessive plural)
fuusiolta (ablative singular)
fuusioilta (ablative plural)
fuusiolle (allative singular)
fuusioille (allative plural)
fuusiona (essive singular)
fuusioina (essive plural)
fuusioksi (singular translative)
fuusioiksi (plural translative)
fuusiotta (abessive singular)
fuusioitta (abessive plural)
fuusioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
fuusioni (nominative singular)
fuusioni (nominative plural)
fuusioni (accusative nominative singular)
fuusioni (accusative nominative plural)
fuusioni (accusative genitive singular)
fuusioni (accusative genitive plural)
fuusioni (genitive singular)
fuusioideni (genitive plural)
fuusioitteni (genitive plural)
fuusiotani (partitive singular)
fuusioitani (partitive plural)
fuusiossani (inessive singular)
fuusioissani (inessive plural)
fuusiostani (elative singular)
fuusioistani (elative plural)
fuusiooni (illative singular)
fuusioihini (illative plural)
fuusiollani (adessive singular)
fuusioillani (adessive plural)
fuusioltani (ablative singular)
fuusioiltani (ablative plural)
fuusiolleni (allative singular)
fuusioilleni (allative plural)
fuusionani (essive singular)
fuusioinani (essive plural)
fuusiokseni (singular translative)
fuusioikseni (plural translative)
fuusiottani (abessive singular)
fuusioittani (abessive plural)
fuusioineni (comitative plural)
fuusiosi (nominative singular)
fuusiosi (nominative plural)
fuusiosi (accusative nominative singular)
fuusiosi (accusative nominative plural)
fuusiosi (accusative genitive singular)
fuusiosi (accusative genitive plural)
fuusiosi (genitive singular)
fuusioidesi (genitive plural)
fuusioittesi (genitive plural)
fuusiotasi (partitive singular)
fuusioitasi (partitive plural)
fuusiossasi (inessive singular)
fuusioissasi (inessive plural)
fuusiostasi (elative singular)
fuusioistasi (elative plural)
fuusioosi (illative singular)
fuusioihisi (illative plural)
fuusiollasi (adessive singular)
fuusioillasi (adessive plural)
fuusioltasi (ablative singular)
fuusioiltasi (ablative plural)
fuusiollesi (allative singular)
fuusioillesi (allative plural)
fuusionasi (essive singular)
fuusioinasi (essive plural)
fuusioksesi (singular translative)
fuusioiksesi (plural translative)
fuusiottasi (abessive singular)
fuusioittasi (abessive plural)
fuusioinesi (comitative plural)
fuusiomme (nominative singular)
fuusiomme (nominative plural)
fuusiomme (accusative nominative singular)
fuusiomme (accusative nominative plural)
fuusiomme (accusative genitive singular)
fuusiomme (accusative genitive plural)
fuusiomme (genitive singular)
fuusioidemme (genitive plural)
fuusioittemme (genitive plural)
fuusiotamme (partitive singular)
fuusioitamme (partitive plural)
fuusiossamme (inessive singular)
fuusioissamme (inessive plural)
fuusiostamme (elative singular)
fuusioistamme (elative plural)
fuusioomme (illative singular)
fuusioihimme (illative plural)
fuusiollamme (adessive singular)
fuusioillamme (adessive plural)
fuusioltamme (ablative singular)
fuusioiltamme (ablative plural)
fuusiollemme (allative singular)
fuusioillemme (allative plural)
fuusionamme (essive singular)
fuusioinamme (essive plural)
fuusioksemme (singular translative)
fuusioiksemme (plural translative)
fuusiottamme (abessive singular)
fuusioittamme (abessive plural)
fuusioinemme (comitative plural)
fuusionne (nominative singular)
fuusionne (nominative plural)
fuusionne (accusative nominative singular)
fuusionne (accusative nominative plural)
fuusionne (accusative genitive singular)
fuusionne (accusative genitive plural)
fuusionne (genitive singular)
fuusioidenne (genitive plural)
fuusioittenne (genitive plural)
fuusiotanne (partitive singular)
fuusioitanne (partitive plural)
fuusiossanne (inessive singular)
fuusioissanne (inessive plural)
fuusiostanne (elative singular)
fuusioistanne (elative plural)
fuusioonne (illative singular)
fuusioihinne (illative plural)
fuusiollanne (adessive singular)
fuusioillanne (adessive plural)
fuusioltanne (ablative singular)
fuusioiltanne (ablative plural)
fuusiollenne (allative singular)
fuusioillenne (allative plural)
fuusionanne (essive singular)
fuusioinanne (essive plural)
fuusioksenne (singular translative)
fuusioiksenne (plural translative)
fuusiottanne (abessive singular)
fuusioittanne (abessive plural)
fuusioinenne (comitative plural)
fuusionsa (nominative singular)
fuusionsa (nominative plural)
fuusionsa (accusative nominative singular)
fuusionsa (accusative nominative plural)
fuusionsa (accusative genitive singular)
fuusionsa (accusative genitive plural)
fuusionsa (genitive singular)
fuusioidensa (genitive plural)
fuusioittensa (genitive plural)
fuusiotaan (partitive singular)
fuusiotansa (partitive singular)
fuusioitaan (partitive plural)
fuusioitansa (partitive plural)
fuusiossaan (inessive singular)
fuusiossansa (inessive singular)
fuusioissaan (inessive plural)
fuusioissansa (inessive plural)
fuusiostaan (elative singular)
fuusiostansa (elative singular)
fuusioistaan (elative plural)
fuusioistansa (elative plural)
fuusioonsa (illative singular)
fuusioihinsa (illative plural)
fuusiollaan (adessive singular)
fuusiollansa (adessive singular)
fuusioillaan (adessive plural)
fuusioillansa (adessive plural)
fuusioltaan (ablative singular)
fuusioltansa (ablative singular)
fuusioiltaan (ablative plural)
fuusioiltansa (ablative plural)
fuusiolleen (allative singular)
fuusiollensa (allative singular)
fuusioilleen (allative plural)
fuusioillensa (allative plural)
fuusionaan (essive singular)
fuusionansa (essive singular)
fuusioinaan (essive plural)
fuusioinansa (essive plural)
fuusiokseen (singular translative)
fuusioksensa (singular translative)
fuusioikseen (plural translative)
fuusioiksensa (plural translative)
fuusiottaan (abessive singular)
fuusiottansa (abessive singular)
fuusioittaan (abessive plural)
fuusioittansa (abessive plural)
fuusioineen (comitative plural)
fuusioinensa (comitative plural)


blocco

Borrowed from French blocus, from Middle Dutch blochuus (“fortified house”).


holding deal

(entertainment industry) An agreement made between a studio or network (or other similar entity) and a person, such as an actor, producer or writer, to hold the person to be exclusive to that entity for an agreed upon period of time, usually one year or "season", for an agreed-upon amount of money.


MMF

en-noun

MMF (countable and uncountable, plural MMFs)

money market fund
money market fund#English

(economics) Initialism of money market fund; a type of mutual fund.


taxa

From Old Galician-Portuguese taixa (14th century), from taixar (“to tax; to charge a fee”), from Latin taxāre (“to handle; to compute”), from tangō (“I touch”).

prometo, commo leal vasallo, deles fazer pagar as ditas taixas et pedidos et dézemos que devan

1368, E. Cal Pardo, editor, Monasterio de San Salvador de Pedroso en tierras de Trasancos, A Coruña: Deputación Provincial, page 259:

I promise, as a loyal vassal, to make them pay the aforementioned taxes and allotments and tithes that they owe

(taxation) tax (money paid to the government)

(economics) a percentage or ratio of a value


taxa

From taxar (“to tax; to charge a fee”), from Latin taxāre (“to handle; to compute”), from tangō (“to touch”).


CRS

Common Reporting Standard
w:Common Reporting Standard

(taxation) Initialism of Common Reporting Standard.


marginal cost

(economics) The increase in cost that accompanies a unit increase in output; the unit cost of that additional output; the partial derivative of the cost function with respect to output.


SDA

sumber daya alam
sumber daya alam#Indonesian

(economics) initialism of sumber daya alam (“natural resource”)


EMU

EMU (countable and uncountable, plural EMUs)

economic and monetary union
w:economic and monetary union

(economics) Initialism of economic and monetary union.


ножницы

ru-noun+

но́жницы • (nóžnicy) f inan pl (genitive но́жниц, plural only, relational adjective но́жничный, diminutive но́жнички)

но́жницы (canonical)
nóžnicy (romanization)
но́жниц (genitive)
но́жничный (adjective relational)
но́жнички (diminutive)
но́жницы (nominative plural)
но́жниц (genitive plural)
но́жницам (dative plural)
но́жницы (accusative plural)
но́жницами (instrumental plural)
но́жницах (plural prepositional)
но́жницы (dated nominative plural)
но́жницъ (dated genitive plural)
но́жницамъ (dated dative plural)
но́жницы (accusative dated plural)
но́жницами (dated instrumental plural)
но́жницахъ (dated plural prepositional)

→ Northern Yukaghir: ноожисьэ (noozise)

→ Southern Yukaghir: ноожисьэ (nōžisʹe)

Ru-ножницы.ogg


game theory

(mathematics, economics) A branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic situations in which individuals or organisations choose various actions in an attempt to maximize their returns.

joku-teoria

mathematical study of strategic situations


theory of games

(mathematics, economics, dated) game theory.


game-theoretical

(mathematics, economics) Of, relating to, or defined in terms of game theory.

peliteoreettinen

of, relating to, or defined in terms of game theory


quantification

en-noun

quantification (countable and uncountable, plural quantifications)

Coined by Scottish philosopher Sir William Hamilton: "quantification of the predicate".

(economics) The expression of an economic activity in monetary units.


upmarket

en-adj

upmarket (comparative more upmarket, superlative most upmarket)

more upmarket (comparative)
most upmarket (superlative)

Temperatures in the western suburbs of Sydney, far from the upmarket beachside glamour, reached 47C (117F) last week, topping the 44C I experienced there the week before. For reference, if it reached 47C in the middle of the Sahara desert, that would be an unusually hot day.

2017 February 20, Paul Mason, “Climate scepticism is a far-right badge of honour – even in sweltering Australia”, in the Guardian:

(economics) Designed for customers with a high income.


impacted

impacted (comparative more impacted, superlative most impacted)

more impacted (comparative)
most impacted (superlative)

Table A3-1 compares the capabilities of (1) impacted communities and school districts to finance capital improvements from their own resources […]

1983, United States. Bureau of Land Management. Colorado State Office, Green River - Hams Fork coal region: round two:

Like many of my colleagues, I represent one of the most highly impacted schools in the Nation. This school relies on the impact aid program.

2000, Congressional Record, V. 146, Pt. 6, May 10, 2000 to May 23, 2000:

(US, economics) Having lost property revenue due to Federal presence, such that it may receive impact aid.


procura

LL-Q5146 (por)-Juliano P. Junho (Jjunho)-procura.wav

(economics) demand (amount of a good or service that consumers are willing to buy at a particular price)


renta

renta (nominative singular)
renty (nominative plural)
renty (genitive singular)
rent (genitive plural)
rencie (dative singular)
rentom (dative plural)
rentę (accusative singular)
renty (accusative plural)
rentą (instrumental singular)
rentami (instrumental plural)
rencie (locative singular)
rentach (locative plural)
rento (singular vocative)
renty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Rente, from Old French rente, from Early Medieval Latin rendita.

pogoń za rentą

(rare, economics) rent; profit made from one's capital or wealth


repunte

(economics) recovery, hike, upturn, uptick


sanare

it-verb

sanàre (first-person singular present sàno, first-person singular past historic sanài, past participle sanàto, auxiliary avére)

sanàre (canonical)
sàno (first-person present singular)
sanài (first-person historic past singular)
sanàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
sanàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
sanàndo (gerund)
sanànte (participle present)
sanàto (participle past)
sàno (first-person indicative present singular)
sàni (indicative present second-person singular)
sàna (indicative present singular third-person)
saniàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
sanàte (indicative plural present second-person)
sànano (indicative plural present third-person)
sanàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
sanàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
sanàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
sanavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
sanavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
sanàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
sanài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
sanàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
sanò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
sanàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
sanàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
sanàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
sanerò (first-person future indicative singular)
sanerài (future indicative second-person singular)
sanerà (future indicative singular third-person)
sanerémo (first-person future indicative plural)
saneréte (future indicative plural second-person)
sanerànno (future indicative plural third-person)
sanerèi (conditional first-person singular)
sanerésti (conditional second-person singular)
sanerèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
sanerébbe (conditional singular third-person)
sanerémmo (conditional first-person plural)
saneréste (conditional plural second-person)
sanerèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
sanerébbero (conditional plural third-person)
sàni (first-person present singular subjunctive)
sàni (present second-person singular subjunctive)
sàni (present singular subjunctive third-person)
saniàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
saniàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
sànino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
sanàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
sanàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
sanàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
sanàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
sanàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
sanàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
sàna (imperative second-person singular)
sàni (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
saniàmo (first-person imperative plural)
sanàte (imperative plural second-person)
sànino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
sanàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
sàni (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
saniàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
sanàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
sànino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

(transitive, economics) to balance, make up, correct


bursa

* Learned borrowing from Latin bursa, from the Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa, “hide, wine-skin”).
* Semantic loan from Dutch beurs.

der

Bursa Efek Indonesia

(business, economics) exchange: a place for conducting trading


bimetallism

en-noun

bimetallism (countable and uncountable, plural bimetallisms)

As in China, bi-metallism exacerbated rural unrest in Nguyen Vietnam.

2016, Christopher Goscha, The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam, Penguin, published 2017, page 34:

(economics) The use of a monetary standard based upon two different metals, traditionally gold and silver usually in a fixed ratio of values.


romancer

Barbara Cartland scratched out this trusty 19th-century romancer concerning the scrumptious Serena Staverly (Diana Rigg), who has the dreadful misfortune to be lost in a game of cards to the flint-hearted Lord Justin.

1989 March 6, The Sydney Morning Herald, page 8S, column 1:

(entertainment industry) A romantic film or television show.


microeconomics

/ˌmaɪkɹəʊˌɛkəˈnɒnɪks/

/ˌmaɪkɹəʊˌiːkəˈnɒnɪks/

(economics) The field of economics that deals with small-scale economic activities such as those of an individual or company.

mikro-ekonomie

study of small-scale economic activities


autarky

autarky (countable and uncountable, plural autarkies)

autarkies (plural)
autarchie (alternative obsolete)
autarchy (alternative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐτᾰ́ρκειᾰ (autắrkeiă, “independence, self-sufficiency, autarky; satisfaction with one’s resources, contentment”) + English -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state). Αὐτᾰ́ρκειᾰ (Autắrkeiă) is derived from αὐτάρκης (autárkēs, “self-sufficient; content with what one has”) + -ειᾰ (-eiă, suffix forming feminine nouns); while αὐτάρκης (autárkēs) is from αὐτο- (auto-, prefix meaning ‘self’) + ᾰ̓ρκέω (ărkéō, “to be enough for, satisfy, suffice; (passive) to be satisfied with”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erk- (“to guard, protect; to hold; to lock”)) + -ης (-ēs, suffix forming third-declension adjectives).

autarki

(policy of) national economic self-sufficiency

封閉經濟 /封闭经济 (fēngbìjīngjì, literally “closed economy”)

閉鎖経済 (へいさけいざい, heisa keizai, literally “closed economy”)

폐쇄경제(閉鎖經濟) (pyeswaegyeongje, literally “closed economy”)

Selfe-ſufficiencie is the end.] To haue all things, and to vvant or deſire nothing, is Selfe-ſufficiencie, Ariſtot: Polit. Lib. 7. Cap. 5. This autarchie or ſelfe-ſufficiencie, is the end and the good contained in the forme of a Citie, and conſequently is the end of all other ſocieties.

1598, Aristotle, “What is a Citie: And that It Consisteth by Nature: And that Man is Naturally a Sociable and Ciuill Creature”, in I. D. [i.e., John Dee], transl., Aristotles Politiques, or Discourses of Government. […], London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, book I, page 13:

If it were proved that these objects, that is to say prosperity, power, economic independence, could be attained by a policy of effective and complete autarky, there is no doubt that it would soon be carried into effect; […] But be that as it may, autarky does not permit the attainment of the objects which we have just mentioned. In reality, autarky is nowhere put into application.

1938 October 17, Paul van Zeeland, Economics or Politics? A Lecture by Paul van Zeeland, formerly Prime Minister of Belgium […], Cambridge, Cambridgshire: University Press, published 1939, →OCLC, pages 23–24:

[T]he concept of autarky is premised on the existence of economic relations required to fulfill needs for non-self-sufficient goods through interchange with outside areas. In fact, a self-sufficient society in the strict sense of the term has never existed anywhere in the world since the dawn of human history. If "closing of the ports" is a monopolistic system for control of foreign relations by state authority through which that state authority can regulate by force the influx of goods and economic activity that might threaten the maintenance of its class control, it can only really be called a policy for achieving the economic autarky of the state.

1991, Katō Eiichi, “The Age of the Great Voyages and Japan’s ‘National Seclusion’”, in National Committee of Japanese Historians, editor, Historical Studies in Japan (VII) 1983–1987: Japan at the XVIIth International Congress of Historical Sciences in Madrid, Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha; Leiden: E[vert] J[an] Brill, →ISBN, page 48:

So, although the origin of "political economy" is the household unit, this alone is not enough to meet all needs. The co-operative effort of large numbers of people is required to build irrigation systems, defences against enemies and so on. The village is a further natural development. A final development to meet greater needs is the polis itself, the city-state. The principle at work here is autarky (autos, "self" and arkeo, "suffice") or self-sufficiency.

2001, Rupert Woodfin, Judy Groves, illustrator, “The Purpose of the City State”, in Richard Appignanesi, editor, Introducing Aristotle (Introducing …), Thriplow, Cambridgeshire: Icon Books; [United States]: Totem Books, published 2002, →ISBN, page 140:

Autarky, as defended by the German school of Grossraumautarkie and today by the French Nobel prize recipient, Maurice Allais, is a response to globalist economics. The autarky of great spaces is no obsidional closure, but an exercise in contingency: only those things that can't be produced domestically are imported. […] At the same time, autarky resists the extremely fragile 'new economy', which comes with globalisation, limiting the participation of transnational firms and extra-European financial powers within the European economy.

2009, Guillaume Faye, “Metapolitical Dictionary [Autarky of Great Spaces]”, in Michael O’Meara, transl., edited by John B. Morgan, Why We Fight: Manifesto of the European Resistance, [London]: Arktos Media, →ISBN, page 82:

(uncountable) (A policy of) national economic self-sufficiency, aimed at ending reliance on foreign imports to sustain a domestic economy.

Does this mean that the era of autarkies and of economic nationalism is ended?

1948 May 13, Robert Lecourt, “L’Aube (Organ of the Popular Republican Movement)”, in [anonymous], transl., News from France, number 8, New York, N.Y.: Information Division, French Embassy, →OCLC, page 8:

Local government entities are not autarkies, they don't lead fully independent financial policies, but still they have sufficient flexibility at the municipal level in their investments to be able to quantify and monitor their performance.

2013, Piotr Arak et al., “How to Measure the Impact of Public Policies on Human Development?”, in National Human Development Report: Poland 2012: Local and Regional Development, Warsaw: UNDP Project Office in Poland, United Nations Development Programme, →ISBN, section 4.2 (Welfare: Inputs and Outcomes), page 121:

(countable) A self-sufficient country or region which is not dependent on international trade to function economically.

omavarainen

self-sufficient region or country which is not dependent on international trade to function economically


externalize

en-verb

externalize (third-person singular simple present externalizes, present participle externalizing, simple past and past participle externalized)

externalizes (present singular third-person)
externalizing (participle present)
externalized (participle past)
externalized (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-externalize.wav

Offering high-quality software as open-source externalizes benefits to a large community, but also externalizes much of the cost of testing and further development.

Operating a low-cost, high-pollution manufacturing process externalizes costs in the form of adverse human health consequences and ecosystem effects.

(economics) To direct to others, as costs or benefits.


PIB

producte interior brut
producte interior brut#Catalan

producte intern brut
producte intern brut#Catalan

(economics) acronym of producte interior brut or producte intern brut (“GDP (gross domestic product)”)


PIB

produto interior bruto
produto interior bruto#Galician

(economics) acronym of produto interior bruto (“GDP (gross domestic product)”)


PIB

(taxation) initialism of pemberitahuan impor barang


PIB

produto interno bruto
produto interno bruto#Portuguese

(economics) acronym of produto interno bruto (“GDP (gross domestic product)”)


PIB

producto interior bruto
producto interior bruto#Spanish

producto interno bruto
producto interno bruto#Spanish

(economics) acronym of producto interior bruto or producto interno bruto (“GDP (gross domestic product)”)


корпорация

bg-noun

корпорати́вен

корпора́ция • (korporácija) f (relational adjective корпорати́вен)

корпора́ция (canonical)
korporácija (romanization)
корпорати́вен (adjective relational)
корпора́ция (indefinite singular)
корпора́ции (indefinite plural)
корпора́цията (definite singular)
корпора́циите (definite plural)

bg-ndecl

корпора́ция<>


normative economics

(economics) economic thought in which one applies moral beliefs, or judgment, claiming that an outcome is "good" or "bad". For example: "this tax on cigarettes will be good because it will reduce smoking."


overheat

en-verb

overheat (third-person singular simple present overheats, present participle overheating, simple past and past participle overheated)

overheats (present singular third-person)
overheating (participle present)
overheated (participle past)
overheated (past)

/ˌəʊvəˈhiːt/

From Middle English overheten. Cognate with German überheizen, überhitzen (“to overheat”), Swedish överhetta (“to overheat”). By surface analysis, over- + heat.

Dalio said that the Chinese economy was in danger of overheating, and somebody asked how a Chinese slowdown would affect the price of oil and other commodities.

2011 July 18, John Cassidy, “Mastering the Machine”, in The New Yorker, →ISSN:

(economics) To grow too quickly in an uncontrolled way.


concurrentie

→ Indonesian: konkurènsi

Borrowed from Middle French concurrence. Equivalent to concurrent + -ie.


bilancia

From Late Latin *bilancia, from Latin bilanx, from bi- (see Latin bis) and lanx.

bilancia dei pagamenti

bilancia commerciale


inside lag

(economics, banking) The amount of time it takes for the government or the central bank to respond to a shock in the economy.


minimum wage

en-noun

minimum wage (usually uncountable, plural minimum wages)

A part of the Bill went to interfere in the bargains made between the master manufacturer and his workmen, upon a principle which could not fail to produce the most mischievous consequences; and he could not help observing, with relation to this point, that the idea of some persons, that a minimum of wages would be beneficial to the workmen employed, was the most mistaken notion that had ever been conceived, for the inevitable consequence must be, that in the case of a slackness of work, the masters would discharge their workers altogether, rather than employ them at the minimum wages.

1812 July 25, [James Maitland, 8th] Earl of Lauderdale, “Frame Work Knitters’ Bill”, in T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, editor, The Parliamentary Debates […] (House of Lords), volume XXIII, London: […] T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown; [et al.], →OCLC, columns 1248–1249:

The man who before found nothing to do now finds employment at some rate; while he who formerly worked for the minimum wages of mere labor will now, if energetic and skillful, find employment in some other capacity where his earnings will be largely increased.

1846 April, “Mr. [Robert James] Walker’s Report and Bill”, in George H[ooker] Colton, editor, The American Review: A Whig Journal of Politics, Literature, Art and Science, volume III, number IV, New York, N.Y.: George H. Colton, […], →OCLC, page 345, column 2:

The only remedy I can suggest is the adoption of a minimum wage for all employés in registered factories. […] If a minimum wage of, say, 2s. 6d. was required to be paid in all factories, the greatest evils of the so-called apprentice system would vanish.

1896 June 1, Harrison Ord, “The Sweating System”, in Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories, Work-rooms, and Shops, for the Year 1895. […], Melbourne, Vic.: Rob[er]t S. Brain, government printer, →OCLC, page 21:

The minimum-wage law, as it has been known in recent American discussion, and as it is usually understood in Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand, does not refer to a law in which is fixed a single rate below which no worker may be employed, although such laws are in existence in most of the Australasian States. The minimum wage, as understood in this country and Great Britain, is a wage fixed by some agency created by law, after due investigation has been made.

1915 April, Cha[rle]s H[enry] Verrill, “Introduction and Summary”, in Minimum-wage Legislation in the United States and Foreign Countries (Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics; Miscellaneous Series; no. 8 (whole no. 167)), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 6:

The subject of the hearing today is the question on the proposed changes in the federal minimum wage on small businesses and their employees. […] The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 established a federal minimum wage of 25 cents an hour for most workers. […] The current basic minimum wage is $5.15 an hour, with a lower wage for tipped employees, certain new hires under the age of 20 and full-time students who work part-time.

2004 April 29, Todd Akin, Would an Increase in the Federal Minimum Wage Help or Hinder Small Business? Hearing before the Subcommittee on Workforce, Empowerment & Government Programs of the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Second Session […] (Serial No. 108-61), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →ISBN, page 1:

Perhaps their most austere film, 1999’s Palme D'Or-winning Rosetta, tracks the feisty eponymous 17-year-old from a trailer park, where she lives with her alcoholic mother, to a food truck in the industrial wasteland of Seraing, Belgium. She makes less than the minimum wage, if she's lucky enough to work at all.

2012 March 15, Scott Tobias, “The Kid with a Bike [film review]”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2023-09-21:

At the store where I worked for minimum wage a few years ago, for instance, hours were capped at 39 a week. The company did that as a way to avoid providing the benefits that would kick in once one became a "full time" employee.

2016 February 16, Peter van Buren, quotee, “What Ordinary People Say”, in Anne C. Cunningham, editor, Critical Perspectives on the Minimum Wage, New York, N.Y.: Enslow Publishing, published 2017, →ISBN, page 148:

(economics) The lowest rate at which an employer must legally pay an employee, usually expressed as pay per hour.


socialismo

Borrowed from French socialisme (“socialism”) or from social + -ismo.

bor+

(politics, economics) socialism (political and economic doctrine that advocates collective control of the main means of production as a way of ensuring an equitable distribution of wealth)

(politics) socialism (political system that puts this doctrine into practice)


資本

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuoŋ³³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁴¹/

/t͡sɯ³³ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ puŋ⁵²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ pən⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuoŋ³³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pun⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pun⁴¹/

/t͡sɯ³³ pun⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ puŋ⁵²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pən²¹/

/t͡ɕi³³ pən⁴¹/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 資(し)本(ほん) (shihon), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 資本／资本 (zīběn, “resource”).

wasei kango

實收資本

实收资本


資本

→ Chinese: 資本 /资本 (zīběn)

→ Korean: 자본 (jabon)

→ Vietnamese: tư bản


jousto

jousto (nominative singular)
joustot (nominative plural)
jousto (accusative nominative singular)
joustot (accusative nominative plural)
jouston (accusative genitive singular)
joustot (accusative genitive plural)
jouston (genitive singular)
joustojen (genitive plural)
joustoa (partitive singular)
joustoja (partitive plural)
joustossa (inessive singular)
joustoissa (inessive plural)
joustosta (elative singular)
joustoista (elative plural)
joustoon (illative singular)
joustoihin (illative plural)
joustolla (adessive singular)
joustoilla (adessive plural)
joustolta (ablative singular)
joustoilta (ablative plural)
joustolle (allative singular)
joustoille (allative plural)
joustona (essive singular)
joustoina (essive plural)
joustoksi (singular translative)
joustoiksi (plural translative)
joustotta (abessive singular)
joustoitta (abessive plural)
joustoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
joustoni (nominative singular)
joustoni (nominative plural)
joustoni (accusative nominative singular)
joustoni (accusative nominative plural)
joustoni (accusative genitive singular)
joustoni (accusative genitive plural)
joustoni (genitive singular)
joustojeni (genitive plural)
joustoani (partitive singular)
joustojani (partitive plural)
joustossani (inessive singular)
joustoissani (inessive plural)
joustostani (elative singular)
joustoistani (elative plural)
joustooni (illative singular)
joustoihini (illative plural)
joustollani (adessive singular)
joustoillani (adessive plural)
joustoltani (ablative singular)
joustoiltani (ablative plural)
joustolleni (allative singular)
joustoilleni (allative plural)
joustonani (essive singular)
joustoinani (essive plural)
joustokseni (singular translative)
joustoikseni (plural translative)
joustottani (abessive singular)
joustoittani (abessive plural)
joustoineni (comitative plural)
joustosi (nominative singular)
joustosi (nominative plural)
joustosi (accusative nominative singular)
joustosi (accusative nominative plural)
joustosi (accusative genitive singular)
joustosi (accusative genitive plural)
joustosi (genitive singular)
joustojesi (genitive plural)
joustoasi (partitive singular)
joustojasi (partitive plural)
joustossasi (inessive singular)
joustoissasi (inessive plural)
joustostasi (elative singular)
joustoistasi (elative plural)
joustoosi (illative singular)
joustoihisi (illative plural)
joustollasi (adessive singular)
joustoillasi (adessive plural)
joustoltasi (ablative singular)
joustoiltasi (ablative plural)
joustollesi (allative singular)
joustoillesi (allative plural)
joustonasi (essive singular)
joustoinasi (essive plural)
joustoksesi (singular translative)
joustoiksesi (plural translative)
joustottasi (abessive singular)
joustoittasi (abessive plural)
joustoinesi (comitative plural)
joustomme (nominative singular)
joustomme (nominative plural)
joustomme (accusative nominative singular)
joustomme (accusative nominative plural)
joustomme (accusative genitive singular)
joustomme (accusative genitive plural)
joustomme (genitive singular)
joustojemme (genitive plural)
joustoamme (partitive singular)
joustojamme (partitive plural)
joustossamme (inessive singular)
joustoissamme (inessive plural)
joustostamme (elative singular)
joustoistamme (elative plural)
joustoomme (illative singular)
joustoihimme (illative plural)
joustollamme (adessive singular)
joustoillamme (adessive plural)
joustoltamme (ablative singular)
joustoiltamme (ablative plural)
joustollemme (allative singular)
joustoillemme (allative plural)
joustonamme (essive singular)
joustoinamme (essive plural)
joustoksemme (singular translative)
joustoiksemme (plural translative)
joustottamme (abessive singular)
joustoittamme (abessive plural)
joustoinemme (comitative plural)
joustonne (nominative singular)
joustonne (nominative plural)
joustonne (accusative nominative singular)
joustonne (accusative nominative plural)
joustonne (accusative genitive singular)
joustonne (accusative genitive plural)
joustonne (genitive singular)
joustojenne (genitive plural)
joustoanne (partitive singular)
joustojanne (partitive plural)
joustossanne (inessive singular)
joustoissanne (inessive plural)
joustostanne (elative singular)
joustoistanne (elative plural)
joustoonne (illative singular)
joustoihinne (illative plural)
joustollanne (adessive singular)
joustoillanne (adessive plural)
joustoltanne (ablative singular)
joustoiltanne (ablative plural)
joustollenne (allative singular)
joustoillenne (allative plural)
joustonanne (essive singular)
joustoinanne (essive plural)
joustoksenne (singular translative)
joustoiksenne (plural translative)
joustottanne (abessive singular)
joustoittanne (abessive plural)
joustoinenne (comitative plural)
joustonsa (nominative singular)
joustonsa (nominative plural)
joustonsa (accusative nominative singular)
joustonsa (accusative nominative plural)
joustonsa (accusative genitive singular)
joustonsa (accusative genitive plural)
joustonsa (genitive singular)
joustojensa (genitive plural)
joustoaan (partitive singular)
joustoansa (partitive singular)
joustojaan (partitive plural)
joustojansa (partitive plural)
joustossaan (inessive singular)
joustossansa (inessive singular)
joustoissaan (inessive plural)
joustoissansa (inessive plural)
joustostaan (elative singular)
joustostansa (elative singular)
joustoistaan (elative plural)
joustoistansa (elative plural)
joustoonsa (illative singular)
joustoihinsa (illative plural)
joustollaan (adessive singular)
joustollansa (adessive singular)
joustoillaan (adessive plural)
joustoillansa (adessive plural)
joustoltaan (ablative singular)
joustoltansa (ablative singular)
joustoiltaan (ablative plural)
joustoiltansa (ablative plural)
joustolleen (allative singular)
joustollensa (allative singular)
joustoilleen (allative plural)
joustoillensa (allative plural)
joustonaan (essive singular)
joustonansa (essive singular)
joustoinaan (essive plural)
joustoinansa (essive plural)
joustokseen (singular translative)
joustoksensa (singular translative)
joustoikseen (plural translative)
joustoiksensa (plural translative)
joustottaan (abessive singular)
joustottansa (abessive singular)
joustoittaan (abessive plural)
joustoittansa (abessive plural)
joustoineen (comitative plural)
joustoinensa (comitative plural)

(economics) elasticity (metric to how changes in one variable, e.g. price, affect another variable, e.g. demand)


detrending

(statistics, economics) The manipulation of data to remove long-term trends and thus emphasise short-term changes.


vermogen

nl-noun

vermogen n (plural vermogens, diminutive vermogentje n)

vermogens (plural)
vermogentje (diminutive neuter)

Negerhollands: vermoogen, vermogen

desc

→ Indonesian: daya (“power (physics)”, literally “ability”) (semantic loan)

From Middle Dutch vermogen. The noun represents a nominalization of the verb. By surface analysis, ver- + mogen.

Hij liet zijn hele vermogen na aan het Rode Kruis.

He left his entire fortune to the Red Cross.


handel

handel (nominative singular)
handlu (genitive singular)
handlowi (dative singular)
handel (accusative singular)
handlem (instrumental singular)
handlu (locative singular)
handlu (singular vocative)

(economics) trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market)


基礎

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kei̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔː³⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/

/ki³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/ki³³⁻²³ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴ t͡sʰəu/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kei̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔː³⁵/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/ki⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/

/ki³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ki⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/ki³³⁻²³ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴ t͡sʰəu/

(economics) socio-economic base; economic foundation


kapital

head

kapital (genitive kapitali, partitive kapitali)

kapitali (genitive)
kapitali (partitive)
kapital (nominative singular)
kapitalid (nominative plural)
kapital (accusative nominative singular)
kapitalid (accusative nominative plural)
kapitali (accusative genitive singular)
kapitalid (accusative genitive plural)
kapitali (genitive singular)
kapitalide (genitive plural)
kapitali (partitive singular)
kapitale (partitive plural)
kapitalisid (partitive plural)
kapitali (illative singular)
kapitalisse (illative singular)
kapitalidesse (illative plural)
kapitalesse (illative plural)
kapitalis (inessive singular)
kapitalides (inessive plural)
kapitales (inessive plural)
kapitalist (elative singular)
kapitalidest (elative plural)
kapitalest (elative plural)
kapitalile (allative singular)
kapitalidele (allative plural)
kapitalele (allative plural)
kapitalil (adessive singular)
kapitalidel (adessive plural)
kapitalel (adessive plural)
kapitalilt (ablative singular)
kapitalidelt (ablative plural)
kapitalelt (ablative plural)
kapitaliks (singular translative)
kapitalideks (plural translative)
kapitaleks (plural translative)
kapitalini (singular terminative)
kapitalideni (plural terminative)
kapitalina (essive singular)
kapitalidena (essive plural)
kapitalita (abessive singular)
kapitalideta (abessive plural)
kapitaliga (comitative singular)
kapitalidega (comitative plural)

(business, finance, economics) capital (goods and finances available before starting production)


reductive

en-adj

reductive (comparative more reductive, superlative most reductive)

more reductive (comparative)
most reductive (superlative)

From Middle French réductif, from Late Latin reductivus, from the participle stem of Latin reducere (“to reduce”).

On the relative reductive powers of different classes of American coals, as demonstrated by the experiments with oxide of lead.

1848, F Knapp, Chemical Technology; Or, Chemistry Applied to the Arts and to Manufactures:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013 March 10, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-01-04, page 83:

(chemistry, metallurgy, biology, economics) That reduces a substance etc. to a more simple or basic form.


deflazionare

it-verb

deflazionàre (first-person singular present deflazióno, first-person singular past historic deflazionài, past participle deflazionàto, auxiliary avére)

deflazionàre (canonical)
deflazióno (first-person present singular)
deflazionài (first-person historic past singular)
deflazionàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
deflazionàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
deflazionàndo (gerund)
deflazionànte (participle present)
deflazionàto (participle past)
deflazióno (first-person indicative present singular)
deflazióni (indicative present second-person singular)
deflazióna (indicative present singular third-person)
deflazioniàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
deflazionàte (indicative plural present second-person)
deflaziónano (indicative plural present third-person)
deflazionàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
deflazionàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
deflazionàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
deflazionavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
deflazionavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
deflazionàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
deflazionài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
deflazionàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
deflazionò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
deflazionàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
deflazionàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
deflazionàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
deflazionerò (first-person future indicative singular)
deflazionerài (future indicative second-person singular)
deflazionerà (future indicative singular third-person)
deflazionerémo (first-person future indicative plural)
deflazioneréte (future indicative plural second-person)
deflazionerànno (future indicative plural third-person)
deflazionerèi (conditional first-person singular)
deflazionerésti (conditional second-person singular)
deflazionerèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
deflazionerébbe (conditional singular third-person)
deflazionerémmo (conditional first-person plural)
deflazioneréste (conditional plural second-person)
deflazionerèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
deflazionerébbero (conditional plural third-person)
deflazióni (first-person present singular subjunctive)
deflazióni (present second-person singular subjunctive)
deflazióni (present singular subjunctive third-person)
deflazioniàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
deflazioniàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
deflaziónino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
deflazionàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
deflazionàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
deflazionàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
deflazionàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
deflazionàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
deflazionàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
deflazióna (imperative second-person singular)
deflazióni (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
deflazioniàmo (first-person imperative plural)
deflazionàte (imperative plural second-person)
deflaziónino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
deflazionàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
deflazióni (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
deflazioniàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
deflazionàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
deflaziónino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)


confusopoly

From confuse + -opoly, coined by Scott Adams in The Dilbert Future.

Be aware that BT have just cut some prices, *and* introduced a new tariff that you can buy your way onto. Beware however that it's an even bigger confusopoly than it was before.

1999, David Marshall, “ADSL for 200 quid a month?”, in alt.dur.general (Usenet):

Instead of the power of monopoly, consumers lose to the power of confusopoly.

2001, Herbert Jack Rotfeld, Adventures in Misplaced Marketing:

One of the main reasons to have competition is that it leads to lower prices. So now we have a confusopoly where innumerable providers are all offering us special deals but actual prices are being kept artificially high.

2003, Stevie D, “Regulating privatised companies (rail versus telecom, water, electricity, gas)”, in uk.railway (Usenet):

(economics) An economic condition whereby the market force of competition is evaded via intentional obfuscation.


WENAO

(economics) Initialism of Western Europe, North America, Oceania.


duopoly

en-noun

duopoly (countable and uncountable, plural duopolies)

duopolies (plural)
dyopoly (alternative)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From duo- (prefix meaning ‘two’) + -poly (suffix meaning ‘pertaining to the number of sellers in a market’), by analogy with monopoly.

confix

Modern examples of duopoly include the American markets for credit cards (Visa and MasterCard), smartphones (Apple and Google), soft drinks (Coca-Cola and Pepsi), and airplanes (Airbus and Boeing).

(economics) An economic condition in which two sellers exert most control over the market of a commodity.

احتكار ثنائي

economic condition in which two sellers exert (most of the) control over the market of a commodity


marginal cost of capital

en-noun

marginal cost of capital (countable and uncountable, plural marginal costs of capital)

(finance, economics) The cost of the marginal unit of capital that a firm could raise.


transfer earnings

factor of production
factor of production

(economics) The amount that a factor of production must be paid in order to prevent it from transferring to an alternative use.


leikkaus

leikkaus (nominative singular)
leikkaukset (nominative plural)
leikkaus (accusative nominative singular)
leikkaukset (accusative nominative plural)
leikkauksen (accusative genitive singular)
leikkaukset (accusative genitive plural)
leikkauksen (genitive singular)
leikkausten (genitive plural)
leikkauksien (genitive plural)
leikkausta (partitive singular)
leikkauksia (partitive plural)
leikkauksessa (inessive singular)
leikkauksissa (inessive plural)
leikkauksesta (elative singular)
leikkauksista (elative plural)
leikkaukseen (illative singular)
leikkauksiin (illative plural)
leikkauksella (adessive singular)
leikkauksilla (adessive plural)
leikkaukselta (ablative singular)
leikkauksilta (ablative plural)
leikkaukselle (allative singular)
leikkauksille (allative plural)
leikkauksena (essive singular)
leikkauksina (essive plural)
leikkaukseksi (singular translative)
leikkauksiksi (plural translative)
leikkauksetta (abessive singular)
leikkauksitta (abessive plural)
leikkauksin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
leikkaukseni (nominative singular)
leikkaukseni (nominative plural)
leikkaukseni (accusative nominative singular)
leikkaukseni (accusative nominative plural)
leikkaukseni (accusative genitive singular)
leikkaukseni (accusative genitive plural)
leikkaukseni (genitive singular)
leikkausteni (genitive plural)
leikkauksieni (genitive plural)
leikkaustani (partitive singular)
leikkauksiani (partitive plural)
leikkauksessani (inessive singular)
leikkauksissani (inessive plural)
leikkauksestani (elative singular)
leikkauksistani (elative plural)
leikkaukseeni (illative singular)
leikkauksiini (illative plural)
leikkauksellani (adessive singular)
leikkauksillani (adessive plural)
leikkaukseltani (ablative singular)
leikkauksiltani (ablative plural)
leikkaukselleni (allative singular)
leikkauksilleni (allative plural)
leikkauksenani (essive singular)
leikkauksinani (essive plural)
leikkauksekseni (singular translative)
leikkauksikseni (plural translative)
leikkauksettani (abessive singular)
leikkauksittani (abessive plural)
leikkauksineni (comitative plural)
leikkauksesi (nominative singular)
leikkauksesi (nominative plural)
leikkauksesi (accusative nominative singular)
leikkauksesi (accusative nominative plural)
leikkauksesi (accusative genitive singular)
leikkauksesi (accusative genitive plural)
leikkauksesi (genitive singular)
leikkaustesi (genitive plural)
leikkauksiesi (genitive plural)
leikkaustasi (partitive singular)
leikkauksiasi (partitive plural)
leikkauksessasi (inessive singular)
leikkauksissasi (inessive plural)
leikkauksestasi (elative singular)
leikkauksistasi (elative plural)
leikkaukseesi (illative singular)
leikkauksiisi (illative plural)
leikkauksellasi (adessive singular)
leikkauksillasi (adessive plural)
leikkaukseltasi (ablative singular)
leikkauksiltasi (ablative plural)
leikkauksellesi (allative singular)
leikkauksillesi (allative plural)
leikkauksenasi (essive singular)
leikkauksinasi (essive plural)
leikkaukseksesi (singular translative)
leikkauksiksesi (plural translative)
leikkauksettasi (abessive singular)
leikkauksittasi (abessive plural)
leikkauksinesi (comitative plural)
leikkauksemme (nominative singular)
leikkauksemme (nominative plural)
leikkauksemme (accusative nominative singular)
leikkauksemme (accusative nominative plural)
leikkauksemme (accusative genitive singular)
leikkauksemme (accusative genitive plural)
leikkauksemme (genitive singular)
leikkaustemme (genitive plural)
leikkauksiemme (genitive plural)
leikkaustamme (partitive singular)
leikkauksiamme (partitive plural)
leikkauksessamme (inessive singular)
leikkauksissamme (inessive plural)
leikkauksestamme (elative singular)
leikkauksistamme (elative plural)
leikkaukseemme (illative singular)
leikkauksiimme (illative plural)
leikkauksellamme (adessive singular)
leikkauksillamme (adessive plural)
leikkaukseltamme (ablative singular)
leikkauksiltamme (ablative plural)
leikkauksellemme (allative singular)
leikkauksillemme (allative plural)
leikkauksenamme (essive singular)
leikkauksinamme (essive plural)
leikkaukseksemme (singular translative)
leikkauksiksemme (plural translative)
leikkauksettamme (abessive singular)
leikkauksittamme (abessive plural)
leikkauksinemme (comitative plural)
leikkauksenne (nominative singular)
leikkauksenne (nominative plural)
leikkauksenne (accusative nominative singular)
leikkauksenne (accusative nominative plural)
leikkauksenne (accusative genitive singular)
leikkauksenne (accusative genitive plural)
leikkauksenne (genitive singular)
leikkaustenne (genitive plural)
leikkauksienne (genitive plural)
leikkaustanne (partitive singular)
leikkauksianne (partitive plural)
leikkauksessanne (inessive singular)
leikkauksissanne (inessive plural)
leikkauksestanne (elative singular)
leikkauksistanne (elative plural)
leikkaukseenne (illative singular)
leikkauksiinne (illative plural)
leikkauksellanne (adessive singular)
leikkauksillanne (adessive plural)
leikkaukseltanne (ablative singular)
leikkauksiltanne (ablative plural)
leikkauksellenne (allative singular)
leikkauksillenne (allative plural)
leikkauksenanne (essive singular)
leikkauksinanne (essive plural)
leikkaukseksenne (singular translative)
leikkauksiksenne (plural translative)
leikkauksettanne (abessive singular)
leikkauksittanne (abessive plural)
leikkauksinenne (comitative plural)
leikkauksensa (nominative singular)
leikkauksensa (nominative plural)
leikkauksensa (accusative nominative singular)
leikkauksensa (accusative nominative plural)
leikkauksensa (accusative genitive singular)
leikkauksensa (accusative genitive plural)
leikkauksensa (genitive singular)
leikkaustensa (genitive plural)
leikkauksiensa (genitive plural)
leikkaustaan (partitive singular)
leikkaustansa (partitive singular)
leikkauksiaan (partitive plural)
leikkauksiansa (partitive plural)
leikkauksessaan (inessive singular)
leikkauksessansa (inessive singular)
leikkauksissaan (inessive plural)
leikkauksissansa (inessive plural)
leikkauksestaan (elative singular)
leikkauksestansa (elative singular)
leikkauksistaan (elative plural)
leikkauksistansa (elative plural)
leikkaukseensa (illative singular)
leikkauksiinsa (illative plural)
leikkauksellaan (adessive singular)
leikkauksellansa (adessive singular)
leikkauksillaan (adessive plural)
leikkauksillansa (adessive plural)
leikkaukseltaan (ablative singular)
leikkaukseltansa (ablative singular)
leikkauksiltaan (ablative plural)
leikkauksiltansa (ablative plural)
leikkaukselleen (allative singular)
leikkauksellensa (allative singular)
leikkauksilleen (allative plural)
leikkauksillensa (allative plural)
leikkauksenaan (essive singular)
leikkauksenansa (essive singular)
leikkauksinaan (essive plural)
leikkauksinansa (essive plural)
leikkauksekseen (singular translative)
leikkaukseksensa (singular translative)
leikkauksikseen (plural translative)
leikkauksiksensa (plural translative)
leikkauksettaan (abessive singular)
leikkauksettansa (abessive singular)
leikkauksittaan (abessive plural)
leikkauksittansa (abessive plural)
leikkauksineen (comitative plural)
leikkauksinensa (comitative plural)

(economics, politics) cut, decrease, reduction


skimming

skimming (countable and uncountable, plural skimmings)

What will be the unintended adverse effects of changes in payment? Will patient “skimming” lead to worse access for complex patients?

2013, Bernard Lo, Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: A Guide for Clinicians, page 229:

(uncountable, economics) Ellipsis of cream skimming.


market price

1776, Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Book I: Chapter 7: Of the natural and market Price of Commodities
The actual price at which any commodity is commonly sold is called its market price. It may either be above, or below, or exactly the same with its natural price.

For those that chose to buy based on their usage (mainly non-franchised freight and open access operators), NR passes on the costs of electricity at the market price for that month, hence the significant increases being experienced by the likes of Freightliner.

2021 October 20, “Network News: How do operators buy electricity?”, in RAIL, number 942, page 7:

(economics) The price at which a product, financial instrument, service or other tradable item can be bought and sold at an open market; the going price.


markkinoida

markkinoin (first-person indicative present singular)
en markkinoi (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen markkinoinut (first-person indicative perfect singular)
en ole markkinoinut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
markkinoit (indicative present second-person singular)
et markkinoi (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet markkinoinut (indicative perfect second-person singular)
et ole markkinoinut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
markkinoi (indicative present singular third-person)
ei markkinoi (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on markkinoinut (indicative perfect singular third-person)
ei ole markkinoinut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
markkinoimme (first-person indicative plural present)
emme markkinoi (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme markkinoineet (first-person indicative perfect plural)
emme ole markkinoineet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
markkinoitte (indicative plural present second-person)
ette markkinoi (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette markkinoineet (indicative perfect plural second-person)
ette ole markkinoineet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
markkinoivat (indicative plural present third-person)
eivät markkinoi (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat markkinoineet (indicative perfect plural third-person)
eivät ole markkinoineet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
markkinoidaan (indicative passive present)
ei markkinoida (indicative negative passive present)
on markkinoitu (indicative passive perfect)
ei ole markkinoitu (indicative negative passive perfect)
markkinoin (first-person indicative past singular)
en markkinoinut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin markkinoinut (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
en ollut markkinoinut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
markkinoit (indicative past second-person singular)
et markkinoinut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit markkinoinut (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
et ollut markkinoinut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
markkinoi (indicative past singular third-person)
ei markkinoinut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli markkinoinut (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei ollut markkinoinut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
markkinoimme (first-person indicative past plural)
emme markkinoineet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme markkinoineet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
emme olleet markkinoineet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
markkinoitte (indicative past plural second-person)
ette markkinoineet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte markkinoineet (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ette olleet markkinoineet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
markkinoivat (indicative past plural third-person)
eivät markkinoineet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat markkinoineet (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
eivät olleet markkinoineet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
markkinoitiin (indicative passive past)
ei markkinoitu (indicative negative passive past)
oli markkinoitu (indicative passive pluperfect)
ei ollut markkinoitu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
markkinoisin (conditional first-person present singular)
en markkinoisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin markkinoinut (conditional first-person perfect singular)
en olisi markkinoinut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
markkinoisit (conditional present second-person singular)
et markkinoisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit markkinoinut (conditional perfect second-person singular)
et olisi markkinoinut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
markkinoisi (conditional present singular third-person)
ei markkinoisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi markkinoinut (conditional perfect singular third-person)
ei olisi markkinoinut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
markkinoisimme (conditional first-person plural present)
emme markkinoisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme markkinoineet (conditional first-person perfect plural)
emme olisi markkinoineet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
markkinoisitte (conditional plural present second-person)
ette markkinoisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte markkinoineet (conditional perfect plural second-person)
ette olisi markkinoineet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
markkinoisivat (conditional plural present third-person)
eivät markkinoisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat markkinoineet (conditional perfect plural third-person)
eivät olisi markkinoineet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
markkinoitaisiin (conditional passive present)
ei markkinoitaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi markkinoitu (conditional passive perfect)
ei olisi markkinoitu (conditional negative passive perfect)
markkinoi (imperative present second-person singular)
älä markkinoi (imperative negative present second-person singular)
markkinoikoon (imperative present singular third-person)
älköön markkinoiko (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon markkinoinut (imperative perfect singular third-person)
älköön olko markkinoinut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
markkinoikaamme (first-person imperative plural present)
älkäämme markkinoiko (first-person imperative negative plural present)
markkinoikaa (imperative plural present second-person)
älkää markkinoiko (imperative negative plural present second-person)
markkinoikoot (imperative plural present third-person)
älkööt markkinoiko (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot markkinoineet (imperative perfect plural third-person)
älkööt olko markkinoineet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
markkinoitakoon (imperative passive present)
älköön markkinoitako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon markkinoitu (imperative passive perfect)
älköön olko markkinoitu (imperative negative passive perfect)
markkinoinen (first-person potential present singular)
en markkinoine (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen markkinoinut (first-person perfect potential singular)
en liene markkinoinut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
markkinoinet (potential present second-person singular)
et markkinoine (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet markkinoinut (perfect potential second-person singular)
et liene markkinoinut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
markkinoinee (potential present singular third-person)
ei markkinoine (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee markkinoinut (perfect potential singular third-person)
ei liene markkinoinut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
markkinoinemme (first-person plural potential present)
emme markkinoine (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme markkinoineet (first-person perfect plural potential)
emme liene markkinoineet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
markkinoinette (plural potential present second-person)
ette markkinoine (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette markkinoineet (perfect plural potential second-person)
ette liene markkinoineet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
markkinoinevat (plural potential present third-person)
eivät markkinoine (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät markkinoineet (perfect plural potential third-person)
eivät liene markkinoineet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
markkinoitaneen (passive potential present)
ei markkinoitane (negative passive potential present)
lienee markkinoitu (passive perfect potential)
ei liene markkinoitu (negative passive perfect potential)
markkinoida (infinitive infinitive-i)
markkinoiva (active participle present)
markkinoitava (participle passive present)
markkinoidakseni (first-person possessive singular)
markkinoidaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
markkinoidaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
markkinoidaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
markkinoidakseen (possessive third-person)
markkinoidaksensa (possessive third-person)
markkinoinut (infinitive-i-long past)
markkinoitu (infinitive-i-long past)
markkinoidessa (inessive second-person)
markkinoitaessa (inessive second-person)
markkinoima (agent)
markkinoidessani (first-person possessive singular)
markkinoidessamme (first-person plural possessive)
markkinoidessasi (possessive second-person singular)
markkinoidessanne (plural possessive second-person)
markkinoidessaan (possessive third-person)
markkinoidessansa (possessive third-person)
markkinoimaton (inessive negative second-person)
markkinoiden (instructive second-person)
markkinoimassa (inessive third-person)
markkinoimasta (elative third-person)
markkinoimaan (illative third-person)
markkinoimalla (adessive third-person)
markkinoimatta (abessive third-person)
markkinoiman (instructive third-person)
markkinoitaman (instructive third-person)
markkinoiminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
markkinoimaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
markkinoimaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
markkinoimaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
markkinoimaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
markkinoimaisillaan (possessive third-person)
markkinoimaisillansa (possessive third-person)


Internal Revenue Service

the Internal Revenue Service (canonical)

(US, finance, taxation) The United States government agency that collects taxes and enforces the internal revenue laws.


time preference

time preference (countable and uncountable, plural time preferences)

(economics) A measure of the preference a consumer has for immediate enjoyment rather than enjoyment at a future time.


total revenue

(economics) The revenue from each item multiplied by the number of items sold