minute

Tok Pisin: minit

→ Baluchi: منٹ (minaṭṭ)

→ Bengali: মিনিট (miniṭ)

→ Burmese: မိနစ် (mi.nac)

→ Central Dusun: minit

→ Chichewa: miniti

→ Fiji Hindi: minit

→ Fijian: miniti

→ Gujarati: મિનિટ (miniṭ)

→ Hausa: minti

→ Hindi: मिनट (minaṭ)

→ Indonesian: menit

→ Malay: minit

→ Malayalam: മിനിറ്റ് (miniṟṟŭ)

→ Maori: miniti

→ Marathi: मिनिट (miniṭ)

→ Nepali: मिनेट (mineṭ)

→ Odia: ମିନଟ (minaṭa)

→ Pashto: منټ (minëṭ)

→ Punjabi: ਮਿਨਟ (minaṭ)

→ Sinhalese: මිනිත්තුව (minittuwa)

→ Urdu: مِنَٹ (minaṭ)

From Middle English mynute, minute, mynet, from Old French minute, from Medieval Latin minūta (“60th of an hour; note”). Doublet of menu and menudo.

der

(architecture) A fixed part of a module.


Aaron's rod

en-noun

Aaron's rod (countable and uncountable, plural Aaron's rods)

/ˈɛəɹ.ənz ɹɒd/

/ˈɛɹ.ənz ɹɑd/

A reference to Numbers 17:8, the Authorized / KJV translation of which is "And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds." (spelling modernized).

(architecture) A rod-shaped molding decorated with an entwined snake, and sometimes leaves, vines, and/or scrolls.


abacus

From Late Middle English abacus, abagus, agabus (“abacus; art of counting with an abacus”), from Latin abacus, abax (“sideboard or table with a slab at the top; slab at the top of a column; counting board, sand table; board for playing games”) (compare Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)), from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “slab, counting board; board covered with sand for drawing; plate; dice-board”). Doublet of abaque.
The plural form abaci is reinforced from Latin abacī.

der

Harvard University
Houghton Library
Roman abacus

The only mouldings uſed, both by the Saxon and Norman architects, were the torus, the ſcotia or reverſed torus, the cavetto or hollow moulding, and a kind of chamfered faſcia, which latter was generally uſed for impoſts or abacuſes to their capitals.

1795 June 11, 18, 25, William Wilkins, “XIV. An Essay towards the History of the Venta Icenorum of the Romans, and of Norwich Castle; with Remarks on the Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans. [On the Architecture of NORWICH Castle.]”, in Archaeologia: Or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity, volume XII, London: Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London; printed by J[ohn] Nichols, printer to the Society; […], published 1796, →OCLC, page 160:

At Amiens, the square form of the abaci, and the volutes of the capitals, afford a decisive proof that the Norman fashion had not yet been superseded. On the other hand, at Salisbury, the abaci are mostly round, and where foliage is used in the capitals, their graceful and luxurious design clearly shews an advancement in that department of the art.

1829 June, “Cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens Compared, by the Late Rev. G. D. Whittington, in the Sixth Chapter of His ‘Survey of the Ecclesiastical Antiquities of France.’ 1811.”, in The Crypt, or Receptacle for Things Past, and West of England Magazine, volume I, part I, number VI (New Series), Winchester, Hampshire: Published by Charles Henry Wheeler, […], →OCLC, page 245:

The stones of the cornice, hitherto called X and Y, receive, now that they form the capital, each a separate name; the sloping stone is called the Bell of the capital, and that laid above it, the Abacus. Abacus means a board or tile: I wish there were an English word for it, but I fear there is no substitution possible, the term having been long fixed, and the reader will find it convenient to familiarise himself with the Latin one.

1851, John Ruskin, “The Capital”, in The Stones of Venice, volume I (The Foundations), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, § III, pages 102–103:

The shafts carry the usual cubical capitals—surmounted by plain heavy impost stones in place of moulded abaci—the one on the right being the better preserved.

1942, Theodore Fyfe, Architecture in Cambridge: Examples of English Architectural Styles from Saxon to Modern Times, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: At the University Press, →OCLC, page 49:

The Hathor abaci above the Mammisi capitals were only decorated on the east flank. Perhaps the decoration of the abacus was not regarded as important as the capital and although it is above the capital, its decoration was executed only when time constraints did not prevail.

1989, Eleni Vassilika, “The Work Methods of the Artisan at Philae”, in Ptolemaic Philae (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 34), Leuven, Belgium: Departement Oriëntalistiek, Uitgeverij Peeters, →ISBN, pages 187–188:

The abacus is moulded in three sections and has four main concave faces corresponding with the tapering volutes below and truncated by a short square face on the diagonal.

2005, Robert Chitham, “Plates 20 and 21: The Ionic Capital I and II”, in The Classical Orders of Architecture, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Burlington, Mass.: Architectural Press, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 76:

(architecture) The uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave, in some cases a flat oblong or square slab, in others more decorated.


abacus

nl-noun

abacus m (plural abaci or abacussen, diminutive abacusje n)

abaci (plural)
abacussen (plural)
abacusje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax), possibly from a Semitic source; compare Hebrew אָבָק (avák, “dust”).

(architecture) abacus (upper portion of a column's capital)


accolade

First use appears c. 1591 in the publications of Thomas Lodge, borrowed from French accolade, from Occitan acolada (“an embrace”), from acolar (“to embrace”), from Italian accollato, from Vulgar Latin *accollō (“to hug around the neck”), from Latin ad- + collum (“neck”) (English collar).

der

(architecture) An ornament composed of two ogee curves meeting in the middle, each concave toward its outer extremity and convex toward the point at which it meets the other.


summer

From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

And we are warned, that the foundation or maine summers of our houses faile and shrinke, when we see the quarters bend, or wals to breake.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 43, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 146:

(architecture) A horizontal beam supporting a building.


spring

en-verb

spring (third-person singular simple present springs, present participle springing, simple past sprang or sprung, past participle sprung)

springs (present singular third-person)
springing (participle present)
sprang (past)
sprung (past)
sprung (participle past)
spring (infinitive)
spring (first-person present singular)
sprang (first-person past singular)
sprung (first-person nonstandard past singular)
spring (present second-person singular)
sprang (past second-person singular)
sprung (nonstandard past second-person singular)
springs (present singular third-person)
sprang (past singular third-person)
sprung (nonstandard past singular third-person)
spring (plural present)
sprang (past plural)
sprung (nonstandard past plural)
spring (present subjunctive)
sprang (past subjunctive)
sprung (nonstandard past subjunctive)
spring (imperative present)
springing (participle present)
sprung (participle past)
sprang (nonstandard participle past)

From Middle English springen, from Old English springan (“to spring, leap, bounce, sprout forth, emerge, spread out”), from Proto-West Germanic *springan, from Proto-Germanic *springaną (“to burst forth”), from Proto-Indo-European *spre(n)ǵʰ- (“to move, race, spring”), from *sper- (“to jerk, twitch, snap, shove”).
Cognates
* Saterland Frisian springe
* West Frisian springe
* Dutch springen
* German Low German springen
* German springen
* Danish springe
* Swedish springa
* Norwegian springe
* Faroese springa
* Icelandic springa (“to burst, explode”).
Other possible cognates include Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push (in)”), Old Church Slavonic прѧсти (pręsti, “to spin, to stretch”), Latin spargere (“to sprinkle, to scatter”), Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to hasten”), Sanskrit स्पृहयति (spṛháyati, “to be eager”). Some newer senses derived from the noun.

cog

They sprung an arch over the lintel.

(transitive, architecture, of arches) To build, to form the initial curve of.

The arches spring from the front posts.

(intransitive, architecture, of arches, with "from") To extend, to curve.


die

en-verb

die (third-person singular simple present dies, present participle dying, simple past and past participle died)

dies (present singular third-person)
dying (participle present)
died (participle past)
died (past)
die (infinitive)
die (first-person present singular)
died (first-person past singular)
die (present second-person singular)
diest (archaic present second-person singular)
died (past second-person singular)
diedst (archaic past second-person singular)
dies (present singular third-person)
dieth (archaic present singular third-person)
died (past singular third-person)
die (plural present)
died (past plural)
die (present subjunctive)
died (past subjunctive)
die (imperative present)
dying (participle present)
died (participle past)
dye (alternative)

→ Vietnamese: đai

From Middle English deyen, from Old English *dīeġan and Old Norse deyja, both from Proto-Germanic *dawjaną (“to die”). Displaced native Old English sweltan, whence Modern English swelt, and Old English steorfan, whence modern starve.

(architecture) To disappear gradually in another surface, as where mouldings are lost in a sloped or curved face.


flute

→ Irish: fliúit

→ Welsh: ffliwt

From Middle English fleute, floute, flote, from Old French flaute, fleüte, from Old Provençal flaüt, of uncertain origin. Perhaps ultimately from three possibilities:
* Blend of Provencal flaujol (“flageolet”) + laüt (“lute”)
* From Latin flātus (“blowing”), from flāre (“to blow”)
* Imitative.
Doublet of flauta and fluyt.

(architecture, firearms) A semicylindrical vertical groove, as in a pillar, in plaited cloth, or in a rifle barrel to cut down the weight.

hulli

architecture: vertical groove in a pillar


mandapa

mandapas (plural)
mandap (alternative)
mandapam (alternative)
mantapa (alternative)

Borrowed from Sanskrit मण्डप (maṇḍapa), मण्टप (maṇṭapa, “pavilion, mandapa”), a non-native word likely from the same source as मठ (maṭha, “hut, hermit's cottage”). Probably derived via Hindi मंडप (maṇḍap) or another New Indo-Aryan language.

(in south India, architecture) A pillared hall or porch fronting a Hindu temple. It may be attached or detached from the building.


industrial

industrial (nominative singular)
industrialu (genitive singular)
industrialowi (dative singular)
industrial (accusative singular)
industrialem (instrumental singular)
industrialu (locative singular)
industrialu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English industrial.

ubor

(architecture) industrial architecture (objects of industrial and post-industrial architecture)


offset

From off- + set, used to construct the noun form of the verb to set off. Compare Middle English ofsetten (“to encumber, harass, beset, besiege”), from Old English ofsettan (“to press, oppress, overwhelm, crush”).

cog

(architecture) A horizontal ledge on the face of a wall, formed by a diminution of its thickness, or by the weathering or upper surface of a part built out from it; a set-off.


abutment

en-noun

abutment (countable and uncountable, plural abutments)

First attested in 1644; engineering sense first attested in 1793. From Old French aboutement. Equivalent to abut + -ment.

(engineering, architecture) The solid portion of a structure that supports the lateral pressure of an arch or vault.

подпора

architecture: support for an arch or vault

(architecture) That element that shares a common boundary or surface with its neighbor.

abutmento

architecture: element that shares a common boundary or surface with its neighbor


acanthus

From Latin acanthus, from Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos), from ἀκή (akḗ, “thorn”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

It is difficult to imagine that Bernard of Clairvaux was gullible enough to accept dozens of historiated windows, grisaille fields of griffins, mosaic pavements, carved acanthus capitals, inhabited vine columns, and golden altarware on the strength of the justifications offered by a single window, one tympanum, and Suger's libelli.

1994 March, R Ousterhout, “Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, an Annotated Bibliography and Historiography by W. Eugene Kleinbauer”, in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, volume 53, number 1:

(architecture) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of Acanthus spinosus, used in the capitals of the Corinthian and composite orders.


ground

ground (countable and uncountable, plural grounds)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-der.
Proto-Germanic *grunduz
Old English grund
Middle English ground
English ground
From Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.

etymon

cut the ground from under someone's feet

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them.

(architecture, chiefly in the plural) One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which mouldings etc. are attached.


compass

From Middle English compas (“a circle, circuit, limit, form, a mathematical instrument”), from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus (“a circle, a circuit”), from Latin com- (“together”) + passus (“a pace, step, later a pass, way, route”); see pass, pace.

der

(carpentry, architecture, shipbuilding) A curved circular form.


skew

From Middle English skeu, skew (“stone with a sloping surface forming the slope of a gable, offset of a buttress, etc.”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman eschu, escuwe, eskeu, or Old Northern French eschieu, eskieu, eskiu, from Old French escu, escut, eschif (“a shield”) (modern French écu), from Latin scūtum (“a shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or *skey- (“to cut, split”).

refn

From [John Henry Parker] (1845) “Skew, Skew-table”, in A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture, 4th enlarged edition, volume I, Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: David Bogue, →OCLC, page 340.

[John Henry Parker] (1850) “Skew, Skew-table, Scuwe, Scwe”, in A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture, 5th enlarged edition, volume I (Text), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: David Bogue, →OCLC, page 429.

nb...

skewe, skieu, scheu, scue, scuwe, scwe, scyue, skyue

der

How many yards of roofing and serking, in a Roof 45 feet, 8 in. long, from skew to skew; and 21 feet, 8 in. deep, from ridge to easing, including 9 inches for wall plates or double eave?

1838, James Morrison, “Appendix II. Duodecimals. Or Cross Multiplication.”, in A Concise System of Commercial Arithmetic, Adapted to Modern Practice: […], new edition, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 210:

Skew, Skew-table: the term skew is still used in the north for a stone built into the bottom of a gable or other similar situation to support the coping above [...]

[1845, [John Henry Parker], “Skew, Skew-table”, in A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture, 4th edition, volume I, Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: David Bogue, →OCLC, page 340:

(architecture) A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, etc., cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place; a skew-corbel.

luiskattu kivi

stone with a sloping surface at the foot of the slope of a gable, etc.

Gable Copings or Skews are of various forms of section, the most common varieties being the parallel sided, Fig. 654; the weathered, or feather-edged, Fig. 655; and the saddle-backed, Fig. 656. [...] The skews at the eaves terminate in what is termed a club-skew or skew-corbel. This admits of an infinite variety of forms, according to the style of the building, but the object is the same in all—namely, to afford a support and abutment to the skew.

1855, J. N., “MASON WORK”, in John C[halmers] Morton, editor, A Cyclopedia of Agriculture, Practical and Scientific, […], volume II, Glasgow, Edinburgh: Blackie and Son […], →OCLC, page 389:

The architecture of the steadings given in Plates I. to IX. is of the simplest description—plain rubble-work, with broached ashlar corners, rebates, lintels, and skews, and the roofs extending in stretches, and terminating in gables, without points to be affected by the weather. [...] A somewhat more ornamental style is given in Plate XV. of the farm-steading at Coleshill, in Berkshire, the corners and rebates being in raised work, and the skews of the gables ridged and pinnacled.

1861, Henry Stephens, Robert Scott Burn, “Division Second—Plans of Existing Steadings”, in The Book of Farm-buildings: Their Arrangement and Construction, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, 1st book (Principles of Arrangement), paragraph 276, page 50:

(chiefly Scotland, architecture) The coping of a gable.

[page xxviii] Here ensuithe an abstracte of the freemasons worke. [...] It'm, the walle new made on the west syde of the watergate [...] a bottres made wᵗ harde asheler of Kent, l. foot, and in Cane asheler a skew vj. foot, [...] [page xxix] It'm, at the Juell Hows door, iij. spaces covered wᵗ skew and crest, amontying xxxvj. fote of stone.

1533, John Bayley, “Appendix to Part I. [The Following is Extracted from a Survey Made of the Tower, in Order to a General Repair of Its Different Buildings, in the Twenty-third Year of King Henry the Eighth, Preserved in the Chapter-house at Westminster.]”, in The History and Antiquities of the Tower of London, […] In Two Parts, part I, London: T[homas] Cadell, […], published 1821, →OCLC, pages xxviii and xxix:

Skew and crest: this phrase, which occurs in the specifications for the repairs at the Tower of London, (23 H. VIII.,) plainly describes the common coping of a wall which consists of a sloping or skew surface surmounted by a roll moulding by way of crest; sometimes there are two skews, separated by a set-off.

1850, [John Henry Parker], “Skew and crest”, in A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture, 5th edition, volume I (Text), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: David Bogue, […], →OCLC, page 429:

(architecture, obsolete) One of the stones placed over the end of a gable, or forming the coping of a gable.


quarrel

en-noun

quarrel (countable and uncountable, plural quarrels)

PIE word
 *kʷetwóres
From Middle English quarrel (“bolt for an arbalest, crossbow, or siege engine; (figurative) seductive glance, temptation to sin; needle (possibly one square in cross-section); small (perhaps square-shaped) opening in window tracery; a cushion (perhaps square-shaped)”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman quarel, quarele, quarrel, Middle French quarrel, and Old French quarel, quarrel, carrel (“crossbow bolt; floor tile or paving stone (rectangular- or square-shaped); small glass pane for windows”) (modern French carreau (“crossbow bolt; a tile; windowpane; a square”)), from Late Latin quarellus, quadrellus (“crossbow bolt; paving stone; a tile”), from Latin quadrum (“a square; square section; regular shape or form”) + -ellus (variant of -ulus (suffix forming diminutive nouns, indicating small size or youth)). Quadrum is ultimately derived from quattuor (“four”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres (“four”). Doublet of carreau.

nb...

quarel, quarele, quarell, quarelle, quareyll, quarrell, querel, querelle, qwarel, qwarell, (Lancashire) wharl

der

(countable, architecture) A diamond- or square-shaped piece of glass forming part of a lattice window.

(countable, Northern England, architecture) A square tile; a quarry tile; (uncountable) such tiles collectively.

(countable, architecture, obsolete) A small square-shaped opening in window tracery.


abaco

From Latin abacus (“counting board”), from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”).

(architecture) abacus (uppermost portion of the capital of a column)


jump

Brill Publishers
hydraulic jump
jump cut
jump discontinuity
jump instruction

From Middle English jumpen (“to walk quickly, run, jump”), probably of Middle Low German or North Germanic origin, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *gumpōną ~ *gumbōną (“to hop, skip, bounce”), an iterative verb. The OED suggests an imitative origin. Related to jumble. In the sense “to propel oneself” it displaced leap partially and spring largely.
Cognates
Cognate with German Low German jumpen (“to jump”), archaic German gumpen (“to jump, hop, bounce”), dialectal German gampen (“to hop”), Alemannic German gumpe (“to leap, jump”), Walser dialect kumpu, Old Norse gopta (“to jump; make jump”) Danish gumpe (“to jolt”), Swedish gumpa (“to jump”), Danish gimpe (“to move up and down”), Middle English jumpren, jumbren (“to mix, jumble”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

(architecture) An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry.


sill

From Middle English sille, selle, sülle, from Old English syll, syl (“sill, threshold, foundation, base, basis”), from Proto-Germanic *sulī (“bar, sill”), from Proto-Indo-European *sel-, *swel- (“beam, board, frame, threshold”).
Cognate with Scots sil, sill (“balk, beam, floor, sill”), Dutch zulle (“sill”), Low German Sull, Sülle (“threshold, ramp, sill”), German Süll, Sülle (“threshold, sill”), Danish syld (“base of a framework building”), Swedish syll (“joist, cross-tie”), Norwegian syll, Icelandic syll, sylla (“sill”). Related also to German Schwelle ( > Danish svelle), Old Norse svill, Latin silva (“wood, forest”), Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē).

She looked out the window resting her elbows on the window sill.

en:part of building framing beneath window

(architecture, also "window sill") A breast wall; window breast; horizontal brink which forms the base of a window.


boss

From Middle English bos, bose, boce, from Old French boce (“lump, bulge, protuberance, knot”), from Frankish *bottja, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to hit, strike, beat”). Doublet of beat; see there for more.

der

A swelling, lump or protuberance in an animal, person or object.

(architecture) A knob or projection, usually at the intersection of ribs in a vault.

(architecture) A roughly cut stone set in place for later carving.


conch

conches (plural)
conchs (plural)
conk (alternative)
conque (alternative)

From Latin concha, from Ancient Greek κόγχη (kónkhē). Doublet of concha.

(architecture) The semidome of an apse, or the apse itself.


egg

en-noun

egg (countable and uncountable, plural eggs)

→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg

Jamaican Creole: eg

Sranan Tongo: eksi

The noun is derived from Middle English eg, egg, egge (“egg of a domestic or wild fowl; egg of a snake”) [and other forms] (originally Northern England and Northeast Midlands), from Old Norse egg (“egg”), from Proto-Germanic *ajją (“egg”) (by Holtzmann’s law), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”), probably from *h₂éwis (“bird”), from *h₂ew- (“to clothe oneself, dress; to be dressed”) (in the sense of an animal clothed in feathers). Doublet of huevo, oeuf, and ovum.
The native English ey [and other forms] (plural eyren) (obsolete), from Old English ǣġ, is also derived from Proto-Germanic *ajją. It survived into at least c. 16th century before being fully displaced by egg.
The verb is derived from the noun.

wôwan

approximately spherical or ellipsoidal body produced by birds, insects, reptiles, and other animals, housing the embryo within a membrane or shell during its development

egg

person regarded as having not yet realized they are transgender, or who has not yet come out as transgender or is in the early stages of transitioning; one’s lack of awareness that one is transgender

kill the goose that lays the golden eggs

there's more than one way to cook an egg

there's more than one way to crack an egg

(countable) A thing which looks like or is shaped like an egg (sense 1.1).

(architecture) Chiefly in egg and dart: an ornamental oval moulding alternating in a row with dart or triangular shapes.


eye

en-noun

eye (plural eyes or (archaic or dialectal) eyen or (archaic) eyne)

eyes (plural)
eyen (archaic dialectal plural)
eyne (archaic plural)

Sranan Tongo: ai

From Middle English eye, eie, yë, eighe, eyghe, yȝe, eyȝe, from Old English ēage (“eye”), from Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô (“eye”) (compare Scots ee, West Frisian each, Dutch oog, German Auge, Danish øje, Norwegian Bokmål øye, Norwegian Nynorsk auga, Swedish öga), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃okʷ-, *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).
Other Indo-European cognates include Latin oculus (whence English oculus), Lithuanian aki̇̀s, Old Church Slavonic око (oko), Albanian sy, Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps, “(poetic) eye; face”) and ὄσσε (ósse, “eyes”), Armenian ակն (akn), Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬌 (aši, “eyes”), Sanskrit अक्षि (ákṣi). Related to ogle.
The uncommon plural form eyen is from Middle English eyen, from Old English ēaġan, nominative and accusative plural of ēaġe (“eye”).

cog

an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind

better than a poke in the eye with a burnt stick

better than a poke in the eye with a rusty nail

better than a poke in the eye with a sharp stick

better than a poke in the eye with a shitty stick

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

it's all fun and games until someone loses an eye

(architecture) The circle in the centre of a volute.


vernacular

→⇒ Irish: béarlagair

From Latin vernāculus (“domestic, indigenous, of or pertaining to home-born slaves”), from verna (“a native, a home-born slave (one born in his master's house)”).

uder

(architecture) A style of architecture involving local building materials and styles; not imported.


vernacular

en-adj

vernacular (comparative more vernacular, superlative most vernacular)

more vernacular (comparative)
most vernacular (superlative)

(architecture) Of or related to local building materials and styles; not imported.

местен

of or related to local building materials and styles; not imported — see also folk


capital

capitals (plural)
capitall (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English capitale, partly from Old French capital and partly from Late Latin capitellum (“capital or chapiter of a column”), a form of Latin capitulum (“head-like object or structure; chapter”) (whence English capitulum, chapter, and the synonym chapiter (“uppermost part of a column”)), from caput (“head”) + -ulum (diminutive suffix). Doublet of caddie, cadel, cadet, capitellum, caudillo, and Kadet.

doublet

[ˈkʰæp.ɪ.ɾɫ̩]

But a great wonder of this chamber, and a marvel to behold, was how the capital of every one of the four-and-twenty pillars was hewn from a single precious stone, carved by the hand of some sculptor of long ago into the living form of a monster: […]

1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros: A Romance, London: Jonathan Cape […], →OCLC, page 3:

(countable, architecture) The uppermost part of a column.


ear

Tok Pisin: ia

From Middle English ere, eare, from Old English ēare (“ear”), from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from the voiced Verner alternant of Proto-Germanic *ausô (“ear”) (compare Scots ear, West Frisian ear, Dutch oor, German Ohr, Swedish öra, Danish øre), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (compare Old Irish áu, Latin auris, Lithuanian ausi̇̀s, Russian у́хо (úxo), Albanian vesh, Ancient Greek οὖς (oûs), Old Armenian ունկն (unkn), and Persian گوش (gôš)).

you can't make a silk purse of a sow's ear


nose

Sranan Tongo: noso

Aukan: nosu

Saramaccan: núsu

From Middle English nose, from Old English nosu, from Proto-West Germanic *nosu, variant of *nasō, old dual from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s- ~ *nh₂es- (“nose, nostril”).
See also Saterland Frisian Noose, West Frisian noas, Dutch neus, Swedish nos, Norwegian nos (“snout”), German Low German Nees, Nes, Näs, German Nase, Swedish näsa, Norwegian nese, Danish næse (“nose”); also Latin nāris (“nostril”), nāsus (“nose”), Lithuanian nósis, Russian нос (nos), Sanskrit नासा (nā́sā, “nostrils”).

(architecture) A downward projection from a cornice.


neck

From Middle English nekke, nakke, from Old English hnecca, *hnæcca (“neck, nape”), from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô (“nape, neck”), from Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (“back of the head, nape, neck”). Cognate with Scots nek (“neck”), North Frisian neek, neeke, Nak (“neck”), Saterland Frisian Näkke (“neck”), West Frisian nekke (“neck”), Dutch nek (“neck”), German Low German Nack (“neck”), German Nacken (“nape of the neck”), Danish nakke (“neck”), Swedish nacke (“nape of the neck”), Icelandic hnakki (“neck”), Tocharian A kñuk (“neck, nape”). Possibly a mutated variant of *kneug/k (compare Old English hnocc (“hook, penis”), Welsh cnwch (“joint, knob”), Latvian knaūķis (“dwarf”). Doublet of nek. More at nook. Displaced halse (“neck, throat”) and swire (“neck”).

(architecture) The gorgerin of a capital.


cebula

pl-noun

cebula f (diminutive cebulka, related adjective cebulowy)

cebulka (diminutive)
cebulowy (adjective)
cebula (nominative singular)
cebule (nominative plural)
cebuli (genitive singular)
cebul (genitive plural)
cebuli (genitive plural)
cebuli (dative singular)
cebulom (dative plural)
cebulę (accusative singular)
cebule (accusative plural)
cebulą (instrumental singular)
cebulami (instrumental plural)
cebuli (locative singular)
cebulach (locative plural)
cebulo (singular vocative)
cebule (plural vocative)
cybula (alternative Middle Polish)
czybula (alternative Middle Polish)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: цибу́лꙗ (cibúlja), цебу́лꙗ (cebúlja), цибу́лꙗ (cibúlja)
Belarusian: цыбу́ля (cybúlja)
Carpathian Rusyn: цибу́ля (cybúlja)
Ukrainian: цибу́ля (cybúlja); цебу́ля (cebúlja) (dialectal)
→ Russian: цибу́ля (cibúlja) (dialectal)

(architecture) onion-shaped dome of a building


podłoga

podłogowy (adjective)
podłoga (nominative singular)
podłogi (nominative plural)
podłogi (genitive singular)
podłog (genitive plural)
podłodze (dative singular)
podłogom (dative plural)
podłogę (accusative singular)
podłogi (accusative plural)
podłogą (instrumental singular)
podłogami (instrumental plural)
podłodze (locative singular)
podłogach (locative plural)
podłogo (singular vocative)
podłogi (plural vocative)
pôdnôga (alternative)

→ Belarusian: падло́га (padlóha)

→ Ukrainian: підло́га (pidlóha)

→ Yiddish: פּאָדלאָגע (podloge)

(architecture) floor (supporting surface of a room)


heel

From Middle English hele, from Old English hēla, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō, from Proto-Germanic *hanhilaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel, hock”), equivalent to hock + -le. More at hock.
Compare North Frisian haiel, West Frisian hyl, Dutch hiel, German Low German Hiel, Danish and Norwegian hæl, Swedish häl.

couldn't pour water out of a boot with the instructions on the heel

(architecture) The lower end of a timber in a frame, as a post or rafter.

пета

architecture: lower end of a timber in a frame

Of these there are two Kinds; in the one, that Part which has the greatest Projecture is Concave, and is term'd Doucine, or an Upright Ogee; in the other, the Convex Part has the greatest Projecture; and this is call'd the Heel, or Inverted Ogee.

1722, Claude Perrault, A Treatise of the Five Orders in Architecture, page vii:

There are two kinds—the upright ogee, in which the concave part projects most, and the heel or inverted ogee, which has the convexity most prominent. This last, with its fillet above, is always the upper moulding of a classical cornice.

1846, George William Francis, The Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, and Manufactures:

Talon: Heel moulding or ogee

1891, Vignola, Practical Elementary Treatise on Architecture, page ii:

(architecture, obsolete) A cyma reversa.


pavement

en-noun

pavement (usually uncountable, plural pavements)

From Middle English pament, from Anglo-Norman pavement and reinforced by Middle French pavement; both from Latin pavīmentum (“paved surface or floor”), from pavīre (“to beat, to ram, to tread down”). Morphologically pave + -ment.

насти́лка

interior flooring, especially when of stone, of large buildings

pol, výložennyj figúrnoj plítkoj, mozáikoj

пол, вы́ложенный фигу́рной пли́ткой, моза́икой

Interior flooring, especially when of stone, of large buildings.

(architecture) The interior flooring of a church sanctuary, between the communion rail and the altar.


luz

Inherited from Old Spanish luz, from Latin lūcem, from Proto-Italic *louks, from Proto-Indo-European *léwks (“light”). Compare the borrowed doublet lux.


lam

(architecture) louvers, blinds, shutters


festoon

The half-dozen pieces […] were painted white and carved with festoons of flowers, birds and cupids. To display them the walls had been tinted a vivid blue which had now faded, but the carpet, which had evidently been stored and recently relaid, retained its original turquoise.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 1, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(architecture) A bas-relief, painting, or structural motif resembling such an ornament.

фестон

architecture: bas-relief, painting, or structural motif resembling a festoon


facet

(architecture) The narrow plane surface between flutings of a column; a fillet.


hide

hides (plural)
hyde (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English hyde, from Old English hȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *hūdi, from Proto-Germanic *hūdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *kéw(H)tis (“skin, hide”) (compare Latin cutis (“skin, rind, hide”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(H)- (“to cover”), ultimately the same root as the above etymology. More at sky.
Cognates
See also West Frisian hûd, Dutch huid, German Haut, Welsh cwd (“scrotum”), Latin cutis (“skin”), Lithuanian kutys (“purse, money-belt”), Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “hollow vessel”), σκῦτος (skûtos, “cover, hide”).

cog

In the early days of American settlement, hides were built into houses to provide protection from the Indians and to conceal merchandise from the threat of taxation or thievery.

1980, Robert M. Jones, editor, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN, page 125:

(countable, architecture) A secret room for hiding oneself or valuables; a hideaway.


light

lightes (plural)
lighte (alternative)
lyght (alternative)
lyghte (alternative)
liȝt (alternative)
liȝte (alternative)
lyȝt (alternative)
lyȝte (alternative)
lijȝt (alternative)
liȝht (alternative)
lyȝht (alternative)
lyȝhte (alternative)
liȝth (alternative)
lyȝth (alternative)
ligt (alternative)
lygtte (alternative)
ligth (alternative)
liht (alternative)
lihte (alternative)
lyht (alternative)
lyhte (alternative)
lith (alternative)
lithe (alternative)
lyth (alternative)
lythe (alternative)
litht (alternative)
lite (alternative)
lyte (alternative)
lit (alternative)
lytte (alternative)
lichte (alternative)
lict (alternative)
licth (alternative)
liste (alternative)
leoht (alternative)
leocht (alternative)
loht (alternative)

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light

etymon

(architecture) an opening in a wall allowing for the transmission of light; a window.


canal

Inherited from Latin canālis (“channel; canal”).

inh+

(architecture) groove, fluting (of a column, etc.)


conductor

conductors (plural)
conductour (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French conductour, from Old French conduitor, from Latin conductor.


cable

Recorded since c.1205 as Middle English cable, from Old Northern French cable, from Late Latin capulum (“lasso, rope, halter”), from Latin capiō (“to take, seize”). Use of the term "cable" to refer to the USD/GBP exchange rate originated in the mid-19th century, when the exchange rate began to be transmitted across the Atlantic by a submarine communications cable.

կաբելային

communications system with coaxial or fiber optic

(architecture) A moulding, shaft of a column, or any other member of convex, rounded section, made to resemble the spiral twist of a rope.


cable

en-verb

cable (third-person singular simple present cables, present participle cabling, simple past and past participle cabled)

cables (present singular third-person)
cabling (participle present)
cabled (participle past)
cabled (past)

(architecture, transitive) To ornament with cabling.


shoe

en-noun

shoe (plural shoes or (archaic, dialectal) shoon or (obsolete) shoen)

shoes (plural)
shoon (archaic dialectal plural)
shoen (obsolete plural)

From Middle English scho, sho, from Old English sċōh (“shoe”), from Proto-West Germanic *skōh, from Proto-Germanic *skōhaz (“shoe”), of unclear etymology; possibly a derivation from *skehaną (“to move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English sabatine, sabatoun (“shoe”) from Medieval Latin sabatēnum, sabatum (“shoe, slipper”) (compare Old Occitan sabatō, Spanish zapato (“shoe”), French sabot (“wooden shoe, clog”), Italian ciabatta). The archaic plural shoon is from Middle English shon, from Old English scōn, scōum (“shoes”, dative plural) and scōna (“shoes'”, genitive plural); it is cognate with Scots shuin (“shoes”). See also Scots shae, West Frisian skoech, Low German Schoh, Dutch schoen, German Schuh, Bavarian Schuach, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish sko, Tocharian B skāk (“balcony”).

skoen

something resembling a shoe (e.g. brake shoe)

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

Something resembling a shoe in form, position, or function, such as a brake shoe.

(architecture) A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building.


bell

→ Fiji Hindi: belo

→ Japanese: ベル (beru)

→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

From Middle English belle, from Old English belle (“bell”), from Proto-Germanic *bellǭ. Cognate with West Frisian belle, bel, Dutch bel, Low German Belle, Bel, Danish bjelde, Swedish bjällra, Norwegian bjelle, Icelandic bjalla.

(architecture) The part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital.


body

en-noun

body (countable and uncountable, plural bodies)

bodies (plural)
bodie (alternative obsolete)

→ Bislama: bodi

→ Chichewa: bóde

→ Finnish: bodi

→ Indonesian: bodi

Jamaican Creole: badi, bady

Nigerian Pidgin: bọdí

→ Spanish: bodi

→ Swahili: bodi

desc

→ Thai: บอดี้ (bɔɔ-dîi), บอดี

→ Thai: บอดี้ (bɔɔ-dîi), บอดี

Tok Pisin: bodi

Torres Strait Creole: bodi

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ-
Proto-West Germanic *bodag
Old English bodiġ
Middle English bodi
English body
From Middle English bodi, bodiȝ, from Old English bodiġ (“body, trunk, chest, torso, height, stature”), from Proto-West Germanic *bodag (“body, trunk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”). Cognate with Old High German botah (whence Swabian Bottich (“body, torso”)).

有黏性

comparative viscosity, solidity or substance

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

Main section.
(architecture, of a church) nave.


basket

en-noun

basket (countable and uncountable, plural baskets)

→ Cornish: basket

→ Irish: bascaed

→ Welsh: basged

From Middle English basket, from Anglo-Norman baschet, basket, bascat, of obscure origin.
One theory is that it derives from Late Latin bascauda (“kettle, table-vessel”), from Proto-Brythonic (in Breton baskodenn), from Proto-Celtic *baskis (“bundle, load”), from purported Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle”), but this is now widely viewed as a substrate word for phonetic reasons. Related to Latin fascis (“bundle, package, load”) (whence English fasces), Albanian bokshe (“bundle”), Breton bac'h (“bundle, load”), Ancient Greek φάκελος (phákelos) and βάσκιοι (báskioi) (“bundle (of sticks)”); see also faggot (“(originally) bundle of sticks”).

unk

obscure

buslo

a large, deep basket used especially in marketing

pangnan

a small basket used by fishermen or to hold flowers or fruit

Thus the capital of the Corinthian column always resembles a deep narrow basket covered with a tile, and completely surrounded by foliage

(architecture) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital.


curtain

Inherited from Middle English curtine, from Old French cortine, from Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”), a calque from Ancient Greek.

(architecture) That part of a wall of a building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc.


cell

From Middle English celle, selle, from Old English cell (attested in inflected forms), from Latin cella (“chamber, small room, compartment”), later reinforced by Old French cel, sele, Old French cele. ultimately from Proto-Italic *kelnā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of cella and hall.

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

(architecture) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof.


overhang

/ˈoʊvəɹˌhæŋ/

From Old English oferhangan, corresponding to over- + hang.

(architecture) That portion of the roof structure that extends beyond the exterior walls of a building.


parasol

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-parasol.wav

From French parasol, from Italian parasole, from para- (“to shield”) + sole (“sun”).

sunshade

umbrella used for protection against the sun

chatra

royal & religious symbol in South & East Asia

(architecture) A roof or covering of a structure designed to provide cover from wind, rain, or sun.


rise

From Middle English risen, from Old English rīsan, from Proto-West Germanic *rīsan, from Proto-Germanic *rīsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to rise, arise”). According to Kroonen (2013), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”). See also raise.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian rize, Saterland Frisian riese (“to arise”), Dutch rijzen (“to rise, ascend, lift”), German Low German riesen (“to rise; arise”), German dialectal reisen (“to fall”), Norwegian Nynorsk risa (“to rise”), Icelandic rísa (“to rise”). Related also to German reisen (“to travel, fare”), Dutch reizen (“to travel”), Danish rejse (“to travel”), Swedish resa (“to travel”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rris (“I raise, grow”) and Russian рост (rost, “growth”).

cog

As the rise, i.e. height, of the arch decreases, the outward thrust increases.

Each step had a rise of 170 mm and a going of 250 mm.

(architecture) The height of an arch or a step.


curtail

Alteration of curtal, from Old French courtault (“which has been shortened”), itself from court (“short”) (from Latin curtus) + -ault

der

(architecture) A scroll termination, as of a step, etc.


string

en-noun

string (countable and uncountable, plural strings)

Tok Pisin: string

→ Dutch: string

→ Finnish: stringit

→ French: string

→ German: String

desc

מחרוז//מַחְרֹזֶת

→ Hebrew: מחרוז /מַחְרֹזֶת (makhrózet) (semantic loan)

→ Japanese: ストリング (sutoringu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: streng (semantic loan)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: streng (semantic loan)

→ Polish: stringi

→ Portuguese: estrém; string

→ Swedish: string

From Middle English string, streng, strynge, from Old English strenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *strangi, from Proto-Germanic *strangiz (“string”), from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord, strand; to tighten”).
Cognate with Scots string (“string”), Dutch streng (“cord, strand”), Low German strenge (“strand, cord, rope”), German Strang (“strand, cord, rope”), Danish streng (“string”), Swedish sträng (“string, cord, wire”), Icelandic strengur (“string”), Latvian stringt (“to be tight, wither”), Latin stringō (“I tighten”), Ancient Greek στραγγαλόομαι (strangalóomai, “to strangle”), from στραγγάλη (strangálē, “halter”), Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”).

cog

στραγγαλόομαι

弦

any similar long, thin and flexible object

弓弦

ゆづる, yuzuru, ゆみづる, yumizuru, ゆんづる, yunzuru


tore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(architecture) Alternative form of torus.


round

en-adj

round (comparative rounder or more round, superlative roundest or most round)

rounder (comparative)
more round (comparative)
roundest (superlative)
most round (superlative)
around (alternative)
ron (alternative)

From Middle English round, rounde, from Old Northern French roünt, rund, Old French ront, runt, reont ( > French rond), from both Late Latin retundus and the original Latin rotundus. The noun developed partly from the adjective and partly from the corresponding French noun rond. Doublet of rotund.

pyöreä

pronounced with the mouth in the shape of an "O"


box

en-verb

box (third-person singular simple present boxes, present participle boxing, simple past and past participle boxed)

boxes (present singular third-person)
boxing (participle present)
boxed (participle past)
boxed (past)

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos)
Ancient Greek -ις (-is)
Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís)bor.
Late Latin buxisbor.
Proto-West Germanic *buhsā
Old English box
Middle English box
English box
From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish bössa (“box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

cog

As early as the 1850s, prisons were being made "safer" by boxing in water pipes and enclosing galleries with netting to prevent jumping.

2013, Ronald V[ictor] Clarke, David Lester, “Introduction to the Transaction Edition”, in Suicide: Closing the Exits, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, →ISBN, page ix:

(transitive, architecture) To enclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to conceal (for example, pipes) or to bring to a required form.

заграждам

(architecture) to enclose with boarding, lathing, etc.


anchor

anchors (plural)
anchour (alternative archaic)

→ Chuukese: angko

From Middle English anker, from Old English ancor, ancra, from Latin ancora, from (or cognate with) Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura). The modern form is a sixteenth-century modification after the Medieval Latin spelling anchora. Doublet of ancora, anker, angora, and Ankara.

doublet

(architecture) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together.

(architecture) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; part of the ornaments of certain mouldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-and-anchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament.


base

en-noun

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

basis

chemical compound that will neutralize an acid

(architecture) The lowermost part of a column, between the shaft and the pedestal or pavement.


collar

→ Hausa: kwala

→ Burmese: ကော်လာ (kaula)

→ Swahili: kola

From Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern French collier), from Late Latin collāre, from Latin collāris, from collum (“neck”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals, “neck”), Old English heals (“neck”). Compare Spanish cuello (“neck”). More at halse. Doublet of collet.

(technology) Any encircling device or structure.

Any encircling device or structure.
A ring or cincture.

Any encircling device or structure.
A collar beam.


basis

la-noun

basis f (genitive basis); third declension

basis (genitive)
basis (nominative singular)
basēs (nominative plural)
basis (genitive singular)
basium (genitive plural)
basī (dative singular)
basibus (dative plural)
basim (accusative singular)
basēs (accusative plural)
basīs (accusative plural)
basī (ablative singular)
basibus (ablative plural)
basis (singular vocative)
basēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: base

→ Catalan: base

→ Danish: basis

→ Dutch: basis, base

→ Indonesian: basis, basa

→ English: basis

desctree

→ Dutch: base, basis (obsolete in this sense)
→ Indonesian: basa

→ English: base

→ Finnish: basis

→ Galician: base

→ German: Basis

⇒ German: Base

→ Italian: base

→ Macedonian: база (baza)

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: basis

Norwegian Nynorsk: basis

→ Old French: base
French: base (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: base, bace, bas, baas, basse
English: base
Scots: base

→ Polish: baza

→ Portuguese: base

→ Russian: ба́за (báza), ба́зис (bázis)

→ Armenian: բազա (baza)

→ Azerbaijani: baza

→ Kazakh: база (baza)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: ба́за

Latin: báza

→ Slovene: bāza

→ Spanish: base

→ Swedish: bas

→ Turkish: baz

→ Ukrainian: ба́за (báza)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (bắsĭs, “stepping, step; foot; base, pedestal”).

bor

(architecture) the lowest part of the shaft of a column


belly

bellies (plural)
bellie (alternative archaic)

Hawaiian Creole: belly

desctree

Sranan Tongo: bere
Aukan: bee
Saramaccan: bë́ë

Inherited from Middle English bely, beli, bali, below, belew, balyw, from Old English bielġ (“bag, pouch, bulge”), from Proto-West Germanic *balgi, *balgu, from Proto-Germanic *balgiz, *balguz (“skin, hide, bellows, bag”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell, blow up”). Cognate with Dutch balg, German Balg, Danish bælg, Old Irish bolg, Welsh bol. Doublet of bellows, blague, bulge, and budge. See also bellows.
For the belly — bellows connection compare typologically Macedonian мев (mev, “abdomen, belly; bellows”). Also compare Ancient Greek φῦσα (phûsa, “bellows; bladder; ...”), Latin venter — vēsīca, Russian пу́зо (púzo) — пузы́рь (puzýrʹ), пузырёк (puzyrjók).

m+

one's belly thinks one's throat has been cut

The part of anything which resembles (either closely or abstractly) the human belly in protuberance or in concavity; often, the fundus (innermost part).

(architecture) The hollow part of a curved or bent timber, the convex part of which is the back.


abako

eo-head

abako (accusative singular abakon, plural abakoj, accusative plural abakojn)

abakon (accusative singular)
abakoj (plural)
abakojn (accusative plural)

→ Ido: abako

From English abacus, French abaque, German Abakus, Italian abaco, Polish abakus, Russian аба́к (abák), all from Latin abacus.

(architecture) abacus (uppermost portion of the capital of a column)


acoustic

Borrowed from Medieval Latin acūsticus, acousticos, from Ancient Greek ἀκουστῐκός (akoustĭkós, “of or for hearing”), from ἀκούω (akoúō, “to hear”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, adjectival suffix). Sense 4 ("autistic") was popularized on TikTok in late October 2023. Doublet of hear.

af

acoustick (alternative obsolete)
acoustical (alternative)

صَوْتِيّ

pertaining to hearing or the science of sounds

Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds.

(architecture, of building materials) Used for soundproofing or modifying sound.


list

From Middle English lī̆st, lī̆ste (“band, stripe; hem, selvage; border, edge, rim; list, specification; barriers enclosing area for jousting, etc.”), from Old English līste (“hem, edge, strip”), or Old French liste, listre (“border; band; strip of paper; list”), or Medieval Latin lista, all from Proto-West Germanic *līstā, from Proto-Germanic *līstǭ (“band, strip; hem, selvage; border, edge”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to trace, track”).
Cognates
* Saterland Frisian Lieste (“margin, strip, list”)
*Dutch lijst (“picture frame, list”)
* German Low German Liest (“edging, border”)
* German Leiste (“strip, rail, ledge; (heraldry) bar”)
* Swedish lista (“list”)
* Icelandic lista listi (“list”)
* Italian lista (“list; strip”)
* Portuguese lista (“list”)
* Spanish lista (“list, roll; stripe”)
* Galician lista (“band, strip; list”)
* Finnish lista (“(informal) list; batten”).

cog

STRIÆ, in ancient architecture, the liſts, fillets or rays which ſeparate the ſtriges or flutings of columns.

1788, [John Carter], “STRIÆ”, in The Builder’s Magazine: Or, A Universal Dictionary for Architects, Carpenters, Masons, Bricklayers, &c. […], new edition, London: Printed for E. Newbery, […], →OCLC, page 284:

A volute is a kind of spiral scroll, used in the Ionic and Composite capitals, of which it makes the principal characteristic and ornament. […] There are several diversities practised in the volute. In some, the list or edge, throughout all the circumvolutions, is in the same line or plane. […] [I]n others, the canal or one circumvolution is detached from the list of another by a vacuity or aperture.

1876, Edward Shaw, Thomas W[illiam] Silloway, George M[ilford] Harding, “Introduction”, in Civil Architecture; being a Complete Theoretical and Practical System of Building, Containing the Fundamental Principles of the Art. […], 11th edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: Henry Carey Baird & Co., […], →OCLC, page 22, column 2:

(architecture) A little square moulding; a fillet or listel.


list

Uncertain; possibly from tilting on lists in jousts, or from Etymology 4 in the sense of inclining towards what one desires.


tail

Sranan Tongo: tere

From Middle English tail, tayl, teil, from Old English tæġl (“tail”), from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, from Proto-Germanic *taglą (“hair, fiber; hair of a tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, fray, shred”). Cognate with Scots tail (“tail”), Saterland Frisian Tail (“tail, end”), West Frisian teil (“tail”), Dutch teil (“tail, haulm, blade”), Low German Tagel (“twisted scourge, whip of thongs and ropes; end of a rope”), German Zagel (“tail”), dialectal Danish tavl (“hair of the tail”), Swedish tagel (“hair of the tail, horsehair”), Norwegian tagl (“tail”), Icelandic tagl (“tail, horsetail, ponytail”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl, “hair”). In some senses, apparently by a generalization of the usual opposition between head and tail.

cog

have the world by the tail on a downhill pull

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

trust someone as far as one could fling a bull by the tail

(architecture) The bottom or lower portion of a member or part such as a slate or tile.


tail

en-verb

tail (third-person singular simple present tails, present participle tailing, simple past and past participle tailed)

tails (present singular third-person)
tailing (participle present)
tailed (participle past)
tailed (past)

(architecture) To hold by the end; said of a timber when it rests upon a wall or other support; with in or into


blade

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

teh

typically sharp-edged working end of a knife or other cutting tool

(architecture, in the plural) The principal rafters of a roof.


key

From Middle English keye, kaye, keiȝe, from Old English cǣġ (“key, solution, experiment”) (whence also Scots key and kay (“key”)), of uncertain origin. The only sure cognates are Saterland Frisian Koai (“key”), West Frisian kaai (“key”), and North Frisian kay (“key”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *kēgaz, *kēguz (“stake, post, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-, *ǵegʰ-, *ǵegʰn- (“branch, stake, bush”), which would make it cognate with Middle Low German kāk (“whipping post, pillory”), and perhaps to Middle Dutch keige (“javelin, spear”) and Middle Low German keie, keige (“spear”). For the semantic development, note that medieval keys were simply long poles (ending in a hook) with which a crossbar obstructing a door from the inside could be removed from the outside, by lifting it through a hole in the door. Liberman has noted, however, "The original meaning of *kaig-jo- was presumably '*pin with a twisted end.' Words with the root *kai- followed by a consonant meaning 'crooked, bent; twisted' are common only in the North Germanic languages."

шпи́лка

object used to maintain the orientation between two others

Key in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

(architecture) A piece of wood used as a wedge.

(architecture) The last board of a floor when laid down.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(architecture) A kind of spire or lantern formed by converging flying buttresses.


wedge

en-noun

wedge (countable and uncountable, plural wedges)

From Middle English wegge (“wedge”), from Old English weċġ (“wedge”), from Proto-West Germanic *wagi, from Proto-Germanic *wagjaz.

(architecture) A voussoir, one of the wedge-shaped blocks forming an arch or vault.


stop

From Middle English stoppen, stoppien, from Old English stoppian (“to stop, close”), from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn, from Proto-Germanic *stuppōną (“to stop, close”), *stuppijaną (“to push, pierce, prick”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb- (“to push; stick”), from *(s)tew- (“to bump; impact; butt; push; beat; strike; hit”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian stopje (“to stop, block”), West Frisian stopje (“to stop”), Dutch stoppen (“to stop”), Low German stoppen (“to stop”), German stopfen (“to be filling, stuff”), German stoppen (“to stop”), Danish stoppe (“to stop”), Swedish stoppa (“to stop”), Icelandic stoppa (“to stop”), Middle High German stupfen, stüpfen (“to pierce”). More at stuff, stump.
Alternative etymology derives Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn from an assumed Vulgar Latin *stūpāre, *stuppāre (“to stop up with tow”), from stūpa, stīpa, stuppa (“tow, flax, oakum”), from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē, “tow, flax, oakum”). This derivation, however, is doubtful, as the earliest instances of the Germanic verb do not carry the meaning of "stuff, stop with tow". Rather, these senses developed later in response to influence from similar sounding words in Latin and Romance.

cog

A device intended to block the path of a moving object

(architecture) A member, plain or moulded, formed of a separate piece and fixed to a jamb, against which a door or window shuts.

sulkija

architecture: member against which a door or window shuts


profile

en-noun

profile (countable and uncountable, plural profiles)

From French profil, from Italian profilo (“a border”), later also proffilo (“a side-face, profile”), from Latin pro (“before”) + filo (“a line, stroke, thread”), from filum (“a thread”); see file. Doublet of purfle.

(architecture) A section of any member, made at right angles with its main lines, showing the exact shape of mouldings etc.


gain

(architecture) A square or bevelled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam.


band

⇒ Guyanese Creole English: bando

→ Japanese: バンド (bando)

→ Korean: 밴드 (baendeu)

Inherited from Middle English band (also bond), from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandą, *bandiz (“band, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”). Middle English band reinforced by Old French bande. Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Danish bånd, Swedish band, Icelandic band (“band”). Related to bond, bind, bend.

inh

A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of colour, or of brickwork.

In Gothic architecture, the moulding, or suite of mouldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts.


conge

(architecture) Alternative form of congé: an apophyge or cavetto.


molding

en-noun

molding (countable and uncountable, plural moldings)

moldings (plural)
moulding (alternative)

From Middle English moldyng; equivalent to mold + -ing.

(architecture) A plane, or curved, narrow surface, either sunk or projecting, used for decoration by means of the lights and shades upon its surface and to conceal joints, especially between unlike materials.


skyscraper

desc

→ Belarusian: небаскроб (njebaskrób), хмарачос (xmaračós) (calque)

→ Bengali: গগনচুম্বী (gognocumbi) (calque)

небостърга́ч

→ Bulgarian: небостърга́ч (nebostǎrgáč) (calque)

zh-l

摩天樓／摩天楼 (mótiānlóu)

→ Chinese: (calque) 摩天樓／摩天楼 (mótiānlóu)

→ Czech: mrakodrap (calque)

→ French: gratte-ciel (calque)

→ German: Wolkenkratzer (calque) (see there for further descendants)

→ Dutch: wolkenkrabber (calque) (see there for further descendants)

desc

ουρανοξύστης

→ Greek: ουρανοξύστης (ouranoxýstis) (calque)

→ Hebrew: גורד שחקים (calque)

→ Hungarian: felhőkarcoló (calque)

desctree

→ Indonesian: pencakar langit (calque)
→ Malay: pencakar langit

→ Italian: grattacielo (calque)

→ Japanese: 摩天楼 (matenrō) (calque)

→ Korean: 마천루 (macheollu) (calque)

→ Latin: caeliscalpium (calque)

→ Lithuanian: dangóraižis (calque)

desc

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skyskraper (partial calque)

→ Polish: drapacz chmur (calque)

→ Portuguese: arranha-céus (calque)

→ Romanian: zgârie-nori (calque)

desctree

→ Russian: небоскрёб (neboskrjób) (calque)
→ Armenian: երկնաքեր (erknakʻer) (calque)
→ Azerbaijani: göydələn (calque)

desc

nȅbodēr/не̏боде̄р

→ Serbo-Croatian: nȅbodēr/не̏боде̄р (calque)

→ Slovene: nebotičnik (calque)

→ Spanish: rascacielos (calque)

→ Swahili: kikunawingu (calque)

→ Swedish: skyskrapa (calque)

→ Turkish: gökdelen (calque)

→ Ukrainian: хмарочос (xmaročos) (calque)

→ Vietnamese: nhà chọc trời (calque)

Compound of sky + scraper, first applied to tall steel-frame buildings in American cities such as New York City and Chicago in the 1880s.

As the curve of Sandy Hook blotted from sight the last, low glimpse of the skyscrapers which point Manhattan, Blake touched Annette's arm.

1910, William Henry Irwin, The House of Mystery:

The solitary attic—if one could thus designate a space of about three square feet—which comprised Hamar's lodging—had the advantage of being situated in the top storey of a skyscraper—at least a skyscraper for that part of the city.

1912, Elliott O'Donnell, The Sorcery Club:

Then he noticed, as a prosaic business man will notice suddenly, that a skyscraper which he has passed daily for months is out of line with its neighbor, that the seat behind the new little girl was unoccupied and that she stood alone in the aisle during exercises.

1917, Herman Gastrell Seely, A Son of the City: A Story of Boy Life:

The Wards are open-topped, with skyscrapers rising from the superstructure. Towers are sealed against vacuum, as the breathable atmosphere envelope is only maintained to a height of about seven meters. The atmosphere is contained by the centrifugal force of rotation and a "membrane" of dense, colorless sulphur hexafluoride gas, held in place by carefully managed mass effect fields.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel Station: Wards Codex entry:

From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much.[…] But viewed from high up in one of the growing number of skyscrapers in Sri Lanka’s capital, it is clear that something extraordinary is happening: China is creating a shipping hub just 200 miles from India’s southern tip.

2013 June 8, “The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 52:

(architecture) A very tall building with a large number of floors.


floor

non-rhotic, dough–door merger, African-American Vernacular

Inherited from Middle English flor, flore, from Old English flōr (“floor, pavement, ground, bottom”), from Proto-West Germanic *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz (“flat surface, floor, plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).
Cognate with Scots flair, Scots flure, fluir (“floor”), Saterland Frisian Floor (“floor”), West Frisian flier (“floor”), Dutch vloer (“floor”), German Low German Floor (“entry hall”), German Flur (“field, floor, entrance hall”), Swedish flor (“floor of a cow stall”), Norwegian Nynorsk flor (“floor of a cow stall”), Irish urlár (“floor”), Scottish Gaelic làr (“floor, ground, earth”), Welsh llawr (“floor, ground”), Latin plānus (“level, flat”).

cog

(construction, architecture) A structure formed of beams, girders, etc, with proper covering, which divides a building horizontally into storeys/stories.

For years we lived on the third floor.

When Timothy and Julia hurried up the staircase to the bedroom floor, where a considerable commotion was taking place, Tim took Barry Leach with him. He had him gripped firmly by the arm, since he felt it was not safe to let him loose, and he had no immediate idea what to do with him.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(architecture, countable) A storey/story of a building.


sofa

sofas (plural)
sopha (alternative obsolete)

→ Assamese: চোফা (süpha)

→ Burmese: ဆိုဖာ (hcuihpa)

→ Cantonese: 梳化 (so¹ faa³⁻²)

→ Hindi: सोफ़ा (sofā)

→ Japanese: ソファ (sofa)

→ Kashubian: zofa

→ Korean: 소파 (sopa) (Canada)

→ Norman: sofa

→ Penang Hokkien: sofa

→ Swahili: sofa

→ Thai: โซฟา (soo-faa)

→ Urdu: صوفہ (sofā)

→ Welsh: soffa

→ Wu: 沙發 /沙发 (¹so-faq₇)

→ Mandarin: 沙發 /沙发 (shāfā)

desc

→ Lü: ᦌᦱᧈᦝᦱᧉ (saa¹faa²)

→ Lü: ᦌᦱᧈᦝᦱᧉ (saa¹faa²)

→ Mongolian: шафа (šafa), ᠱᠠᠹᠠ (šafa)

→ Uyghur: سافا (safa)

→ Wutunhua: shafa

→ Zhuang: sahfaz

Borrowed from French sofa, ultimately from Arabic صُفَّة (ṣuffa, “a long seat made of stone or brick, covered with rich carpets and cushions and used for sitting”). Cognate with Aramaic צפא/Classical Syriac ܨܦܬܐ (ṣipā’, ṣeppəṯā, “mat, matting”). The word may have entered European languages via Muslim Iberia or through Turkish.

cog

ṣipā’, ṣeppəṯā

(Middle East architecture, archaic) A raised area of a building's floor, usually covered with carpeting, used for sitting.


mask

Borrowed from Middle French masque (“a covering to hide or protect the face”), from Italian maschera (“mask, disguise”), from (a byform of, see it for more) Medieval Latin masca, mascha, a borrowing of Proto-West Germanic *maskā from which English mesh is regularly inherited.
Replaced Old English grīma (“mask”), whence grime, and displaced non-native Middle English viser (“visor, mask”) borrowed from Old French viser, visier.
Compare also Hebrew מַסֵּכָה (masseiḥa).

蒙版

two-color bitmap used to create transparency in an image

(architecture) A grotesque head or face, used to adorn keystones and other prominent parts, to spout water in fountains, and the like.


券

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰons): phonetic 𠔉 + semantic 刀 (“knife”) – contract. Ancient contracts were cut in half.

Han compound

(architecture) arch (on bridges, doors, windows)


址

基址


実

From Old Japanese. Thought to be originally a compound of 真 (sa, “_([term?])”) + 根 (ne, “root of a plant”).
First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE in sense 2.

com+

tongue and groove
tongue and groove#English

(architecture) tongue (projecting part on a board meant to fit into a groove on another board, as in tongue and groove)


宮

Chinese folk religion
Mazu
Qing conquest of Taiwan
Qing dynasty
ancestor worship

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 + 呂: many rooms under a roof — a mansion.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qim (“house; pit; womb”); see there for hypothesized cognates.

inh

In the autumn, the pillars in the temple of the late Duke Huan were painted red with vermilion.

秋，丹桓宮之楹。

秋，丹桓宫之楹。


pinnacle

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French pinacle, pinnacle, from Late Latin pinnaculum (“a peak, pinnacle”), from Latin pinna (“a pinnacle”); see pin. Doublet of panache.

der

Some renowned metropolis / With glistering spires and pinnacles around.

1667, John Milton, “Book III”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

In the city’s midst the gleaming marble of a thousand steps climbed to the citadel where arose four pinnacles beckoning to heaven, and midmost between the pinnacles there stood the dome, vast, as the gods had dreamed it.

1906, Lord Dunsany [i.e., Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany], Time and the Gods, London: William Heineman, →OCLC, page 1:

(architecture) An upright member, generally ending in a small spire, used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire.


巴

巴 (canonical)
tomoe (romanization)
tomowe (romanization)
ともゑ (hiragana historical)

English: tomoe

First attested around the 12th century.
Originally a compound of 鞆 (tomo, “archer's left-wrist protector”) + 絵 (e, “picture, drawing”).
The use of the 巴 kanji is possibly for its resemblance to a big snake.

com

(architecture) a piece of wood, usually a floorboard or an eave, with a tomoe pattern


布

⟨nuno₁⟩ → */nunʷo/ → /nuno/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *nono.

(architecture) umbrella term for something wide, horizontal, level, parallel, etc. as in a piece of cloth


廟

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廟):
* → Japanese: 廟(びょう) (byō)
* → Korean: 묘(廟) (myo)
* → Vietnamese: miếu (廟)

→ Proto-Be: *miːwᴮꟲ²

Lingao: miu⁴

desc

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Vietnamese: miễu

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrews): semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”), whence White Hmong tsev (“idem”) (Schuessler, 2007). Note also Burmese မြို့ (mrui., “town, city”).

Han compound

I’d rather tear down ten temples than destroy a marriage.

níng chāi shí zuò miào, bù huǐ yī zhuāng hūn

寧拆十座廟，不毀一樁婚

宁拆十座庙，不毁一桩婚

(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多 / 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


pomme

Inherited from Middle French pomme, from Old French pome, pume, from Latin pōma, plural of pōmum, reanalyzed as a feminine singular, from Proto-Italic *poomos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂po-h₁ém-os (“taken off”). Compare English pome.

inh

(architecture) a decorative motif in the shape of an apple


楣

From Old Japanese. First cited to a text from 762.
Compound of 目 (ma, combining form of me, “eye; opening”) + 種 (kusa, “material, piece”, also spelled 草 in various compounds). The kusa changes to gusa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

compound

also spelled <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">草</i> in various compounds

鴨居

a lintel with grooves for a [[sliding window]] or [[sliding door|door]]

無目

a lintel lacking [[groove]]s for a [[sliding window]] or [[sliding door|door]]

(architecture, construction, carpentry) a lintel


榭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaːɡs): semantic 木 (“wood; wooden structure”) + phonetic 射 (OC *ɢljaːɡs, *laːɡs, *ɢljaːɡ, *laːɡ); also ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 木 + 射 (“archery”), as it originally referred to an early type of architecture for both the practice and the ceremony of archery: an open-space hall built on raised ground, without internal division into rooms (Wang, 1923; Yang, 1965). In bronze script, the alternative form 𫷺 (i.e. ⿸广射) can be seen.

Han compound

(architecture) pavilion (typically on raised ground)


樋

(architecture) gutter, a trough at the base of a roof used to convey rainwater


window

en-noun

window (countable and uncountable, plural windows)

From Middle English wyndowe, wyndown, from Old Norse vindauga (“window”, literally “wind-eye; wind-hole”), equivalent to wind + eye. Cognate with Scots windae and windock, Faroese vindeyga, Norwegian Bokmål vindu, Norwegian Nynorsk vindauge, Danish vindue, archaic Swedish vindöga, Elfdalian windog and older German Windauge. Displaced native Old English ēagþȳrel (literally “eye hole”) (the rare direct descendant is eyethurl (“window, pupil, etc.”)). The “windows” among early Germanic peoples were just unglazed holes (eyes) in the wall or roof that permitted wind to pass through .

ncog

not have a pot to piss in or a window to throw it out of

(architecture) The shutter, casement, sash with its fittings, or other framework, which closes a window opening.


Parlament

de-noun

Parlament n (strong, genitive Parlamentes or Parlaments, plural Parlamente)

Parlamentes (genitive)
Parlaments (genitive)
Parlamente (plural)
Parlament (nominative singular)
Parlamente (definite nominative plural)
Parlamentes (genitive singular)
Parlaments (genitive singular)
Parlamente (definite genitive plural)
Parlament (dative singular)
Parlamente (dative singular)
Parlamenten (dative definite plural)
Parlament (accusative singular)
Parlamente (accusative definite plural)

Compare Middle High German parlamënt n (“meeting; disputation; assembly”).

m+

legislative building
legislative building


粽

Compound of 茅(ち) (chi, short for chigaya, "cogon") + 巻(まき) (maki, “wrapping”).
Originally, rice cakes were wrapped in leaves from cogon grass.

ja-compound

(Buddhism, architecture) short for 粽形 (chimaki-gata): a Zen-style pillar with rounded edges on the top and bottom parts


order

en-noun

order (countable and uncountable, plural orders)

orders (plural)
ordre (alternative obsolete)

→ Swahili: oda

From Middle English ordre, from Old French ordre, ordne, ordene (“order, rank”), from Latin ōrdinem, accusative of ōrdō (“row, rank, regular arrangement”, literally “row of threads in a loom”), from Proto-Italic *ordō (“to arrange”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂or-d-, from *h₂er-.
Related to Latin ōrdior (“begin”, literally “begin to weave”). In sense “request for purchase”, compare bespoke. Doublet of ordo.

cog

(architecture) The disposition of a column and its component parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in classical architecture; hence (since the column and entablature are the characteristic features of classical architecture) a style or manner of architectural design.


茨

/ubara/ → /ibara/
Sound shift from Old Japanese ubara (see below). Now the modern version of this term.

(architecture, construction) the point where two curved lines come together, such as the tip of a cusped gable


葛

葛 (canonical)
kazura (romanization)
kadura (romanization)
かづら (hiragana historical)

⟨kadura⟩ → /kad͡zuɾa/ → /kazuɾa/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kantura. Cognate with Okinawan 葛 (kanda).

羅生門葛

羅生門葛 らしょうもんかずら

(architecture) the level material on to which the foundations of a structure are lain


cop

From Middle English cop, coppe, from Old English cop, copp, from Proto-West Germanic *kopp, from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz (“vault, basin, round object”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew-. Cognate with Dutch kop, German Kopf.

check cop

probably etymologically unrelated to above terms


要

/kani no me/ → /kanome/ → /kaname/
A shift from older 蟹の目 (kani no me, “crab's eye”) from a superficial resemblance of the round pinhead of a folding fan to a crab's eye, influenced by a reanalysis of the term as 金目 (kaname, literally “metal” + visually prominent feature), as the pins were increasingly made from metal instead of earlier bamboo, wood, or whalebone.
First cited to 1220.

(architecture) in a certain kind of traditional Japanese hip roof where the rafters splay out like the spines of a fan, the central point to which the rafter lines converge


proto

From Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).

(architecture, regional, Venice) an architect in charge of maintenance and restoration of St Mark's Basilica


Persian

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

From Middle English percynne, from Middle French persien, from Italian persiano, from Medieval Latin Persiānus, from Latin Persia, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/, “Persia”) (compare Early Classical Persian پارس (pārs) or modern Iranian Persian فارس (fârs), where the shift p > f. Equivalent to Persia + -ian.

der

(architecture) Any of a set of male figures used instead of columns to support an entablature.


well

From Middle English welle, from Old English wielle (“well”), from Proto-West Germanic *wallijā, from Proto-Germanic *wallijǭ (“well, swirl, wave”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).
Cognate with West Frisian wel (“well”), Dutch wel (“well”), German Low German Well (“well”), German Welle (“wave”), Danish væld (“well; spring”), Swedish väl (“well”), Icelandic vella (“boiling; bubbling; eruption”).

cog

wool (interjection or unstressed, some accents)

the jug goes to the well until it breaks

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

(architecture) An opening through the floors of a building, as for a staircase or an elevator; a wellhole.

стълбищна клетка

architecture: opening through the floors of a building


wash

en-noun

wash (countable and uncountable, plural washes)

From Middle English wasshen, waschen, weschen, from Old English wascan, from Proto-West Germanic *waskan, from Proto-Germanic *waskaną, *watskaną (“to wash, get wet”), from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“wet; water”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian waaske (“to wash”), West Frisian waskje (“to wash”), Dutch wassen, wasschen (“to wash”), Low German waschen (“to wash”), German waschen (“to wash”), Danish vaske (“to wash”), Norwegian Bokmål vaske (“to wash”), Swedish vaska (“to wash”), Icelandic vaska (“to wash”).

der

a carriage wash in a stable

(architecture) The upper surface of a member or material when given a slope to shed water; hence, a structure or receptacle shaped so as to receive and carry off water.

kouru

architecture: structure shaped so as to receive and carry off water


toro

13th century. Inherited from Latin torus, cognate with Spanish tuero. In the second meaning it is rather a learned borrowing from Latin from the same etymon.


toro

Borrowed from English torus, French tore, German Torus, Italian toro, Russian торус (torus), ultimately from Latin torus.


toro

Learned borrowing from Classical Latin torus.


toro

Borrowed from Latin torus (“swelling, bulge, cushion”). Doublet of the inherited tuero.


apron

aprons (plural)
napron (alternative obsolete)

Rebracketing of napron (a napron → an apron), from Middle English naperoun, napron, apron, from Old French napperon, diminutive of nappe (“tablecloth”), from Latin mappa (“napkin”). For other similar cases of rebracketing, see adder, daffodil, newt, nickname, orange, trickle, umpire.

(architecture) A raised panel below a window or wall monument or tablet.


center

centers (plural)
centre (alternative Australia Canada Commonwealth Ireland New-Zealand South-Africa UK including usually)

From Middle English center, centre, from Middle French centre, from Latin centrum, from Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron), from κεντεῖν (kenteîn, “to prick, goad”). Doublet of centrum.
* (group theory): In the notation Z(G), the letter Z derives from the German Zentrum (“center”).

sentrum

point equidistant from all points on the perimeter of a circle

مَرْكَز

point in the interior of figure with mean coordinates

A certain mechanical implement functioning in the middle of a whole apparatus

(architecture) A temporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or arch are supported in position until the work becomes self-supporting.


torus

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

bor

(architecture) A large convex molding, typically semicircular in cross section, which commonly projects at the base of a column and above the plinth.


torus

la-noun

torus m (genitive torī); second declension

torī (genitive)
torus (nominative singular)
torī (nominative plural)
torī (genitive singular)
torōrum (genitive plural)
torō (dative singular)
torīs (dative plural)
torum (accusative singular)
torōs (accusative plural)
torō (ablative singular)
torīs (ablative plural)
tore (singular vocative)
torī (plural vocative)
torum (alternative)
thorus (alternative)

Asturian: tueru

→ English: torus

French: toron, tore (borrowed)

→ Galician: toro

Italian: toro

→ Portuguese: toro

Spanish: tuero, toro (borrowed)

Of uncertain origin.
De Vaan proposes a tentative derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *torh₂-os, from *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”). This is formally and semantically solid, though there is little linguistic evidence to support it.
An older theory by Leumann derived the word from sternō (“to spread”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend”), but the connection between the two Latin words is semantically dubious (one would expect torus to be derived from a verb meaning "to turn" or "to knot" rather than "to spread").

der

(architecture) large round molding at the base of a column


bar

en-noun

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

(architecture) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town.


crossing

en-noun

crossing (countable and uncountable, plural crossings)

(architecture) The volume formed by the intersection of chancel, nave and transepts in a cruciform church; often with a tower or cupola over it.

creuer

architecture: volume formed by the intersection of chancel, nave and transepts in a cruciform church


paradise

paradise (countable and uncountable, plural paradises)

paradises (plural)
paradize (alternative obsolete)

→ Fijian: parataisi

→ Maori: pararaiia

→ Niuean: parataiso

→ Tokelauan: palataiho

From Middle English paradis, paradise, paradys, from Late Old English paradīs, borrowed from Old French paradis, from Latin paradīsus, from Ancient Greek παράδεισος (parádeisos), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *paridayjah. Doublet of parvis. Displaced Old English neorxnawang.

(architecture, obsolete) An open space within a monastery or adjoining a church, such as the space within a cloister, the open court before a basilica, etc.


Corinthian

en-adj

Corinthian (comparative more Corinthian, superlative most Corinthian)

more Corinthian (comparative)
most Corinthian (superlative)

/kəˈɹɪnθiən/

From Corinth + -ian. The senses related to opulence or debauchery derive from the reputation of ancient Corinth.

The silver waters of the spring had long since disappeared, but there still were left a few of the Corinthian pillars, some stretched on the ground and overgrown with creeping-plants, while two or three yet remained erect, and showed how graceful the whole must have been.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter II, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 21:

The examples of the concave family in the Byzantine times are found principally either in large capitals founded on the Greek Corinthian, used chiefly for the nave pillars of churches, or in the small lateral shafts of the palaces.

1853, John Ruskin, “V, Byzantine Palaces”, in The Stones of Venice, volume II (The Sea-Stories), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, § XV, page 130:


Byzantine

Byzantine (comparative more Byzantine, superlative most Byzantine)

more Byzantine (comparative)
most Byzantine (superlative)
byzantine (alternative)
Byzantian (alternative)
Bizantian (alternative obsolete)
Bizantine (alternative archaic)

From Late Latin byzantinus, itself from Byzantium. The figurative senses evoke the reputation for palace intrigue of the Byzantium imperial court.

(architecture) Of a style of architecture prevalent in the Eastern Empire down to 1453, marked by the round arch springing from columns or piers, the dome supported upon pendentives, capitals elaborately sculptured, mosaic or other encrustations, etc.


glyph

First attested in 1727. Borrowed from French glyphe, from Ancient Greek γλυφή (gluphḗ, “carving”), from γλύφω (glúphō, “I carve, engrave”).

глиф

carved relief representing a sound, word or idea


mushroom

→ Japanese: マッシュルーム

From Middle English muscheron, musseron, from Anglo-Norman musherum, moscheron, from Old French moisseron, of obscure origin: probably derived from Old French mosse, moise ("moss"; whence also French mousse), as the use first applied to a type of fungus which grows in moss, from Frankish *mosu (“moss”) or Old Dutch *mosa (“moss”), akin to Old High German mosa (“moor, swamp”), Old High German mos (“moss, bog”), Old High German mios (“moss, mire”), Old English mēos (“moss”), Old English mōs (“bog, marsh”), Old Norse mosi (“moss”), Old Norse myrr (“bog, mire”), from Proto-Germanic *musą, *musô, *miuziz (“mosses, bog”), from Proto-Indo-European *mews- (“mosses, mold, mildew”). Displaced native Old English swamm. More at mire. Alternatively, the Old French may be of pre-Roman origin. See Ancient Greek μύκης (múkēs, “mushroom”). Doublet of moss and mousse.

unk

obscure

gl

"moss"; whence also French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">mousse</i>

der

(architecture) A concrete column with a thickened portion at the top, used to support a slab.


quirk

First attested in the 1540s. Of uncertain origin. Possibly from Middle English *querk, from Old Norse kverk (“a bend or angle, especially below a cross-beam or below the chin, the bight of an axe", also "throat, gullet”), from Proto-Germanic *kwerkō (“throat, gullet”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour; maw”). Cognate with Scots querk (“throat", also "any hollow in the body, such as an armpit, groin, instep, etc.”), Icelandic kverk (“interior angle”). Also partially from dialectal quirk, querk (“a whim, fancy, fuss, huff, complaint", also "to peevishly grumble, grunt, sigh, croak, die”), from Middle English querken, *quirken (“to choke”), from Old Norse kvirkja (“to choke, strangle”), from the same origin above. Related to dialectal querken, quirken (“to choke”). Likely not related to queer.

der

(architecture) An acute angle dividing a molding; a groove that runs lengthwise between the upper part of a molding and a soffit.


quirk

en-verb

quirk (third-person singular simple present quirks, present participle quirking, simple past and past participle quirked)

quirks (present singular third-person)
quirking (participle present)
quirked (participle past)
quirked (past)

(transitive, architecture) To furnish with a quirk or channel.


alcove

From French alcôve, from Spanish alcoba or Portuguese alcova, from Arabic القُبَّة (al-qubba, “vault, chamber with vaulted roof”). Doublet of qubba.

der

It was very different from such bookstores as he had been accustomed to patronize. Two stories of the old house had been thrown into one: the lower space was divided into little alcoves; above, a gallery ran round the wall, which carried books to the ceiling.

1919, Christopher Morley, The Haunted Bookshop, New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap Publishers, →OCLC, page 4:

(architecture) A small recessed area set off from a larger room.


arc

Inherited from Latin arcus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷo-.


arc

Inherited from Old French arc, from Latin arcus (“bow, arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷo-.


arc

fro-noun

arc oblique singular, m (oblique plural ars, nominative singular ars, nominative plural arc)

arc oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
ars (oblique plural)
ars (nominative singular)
arc (nominative plural)

French: arc

desctree

→ Middle English: ark, arke
English: arc
→ Irish: arc
→ Maltese: ark
→ Welsh: arc


arc

arcuri (plural)
arc (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
arcul (accusative definite nominative singular)
arcuri (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
arcurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
arc (indefinite singular)
arcului (definite singular)
arcuri (indefinite plural)
arcurilor (definite plural)
arcule (singular vocative)
arcurilor (plural vocative)


horn

en-noun

horn (countable and uncountable, plural horns)

From Middle English horn, horne, from Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną. Compare West Frisian hoarn, Dutch hoorn, Low German Hoorn, horn, German Horn, Danish and Swedish horn, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-nó-m, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”). Compare Breton kern (“horn”), Latin cornū, Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras), Proto-Slavic *sьrna, Old Church Slavonic сьрна (sĭrna, “roedeer”), Hittite [script needed] (surna, “horn”), Persian سر (sar), Sanskrit शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “horn”). Doublet of corn (“callus”), corno, and cornu.
(telephone): From the horn-shaped earpieces of old communication systems that used air tubes.

doublet

An object whose shape resembles a horn, such as cornucopia or the point of an anvil.


lyre

head

lyre c (singular definite lyren, plural indefinite lyrer)

lyren (definite singular)
lyrer (indefinite plural)
lyre (indefinite nominative singular)
lyren (definite nominative singular)
lyrer (indefinite nominative plural)
lyrerne (definite nominative plural)
lyres (genitive indefinite singular)
lyrens (definite genitive singular)
lyrers (genitive indefinite plural)
lyrernes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse ljóri, derived from the same root as lys. Cognates include Norwegian ljore.

(architecture) opening in a roof through which smoke from a fireplace or stove can escape (common during the Iron Age)


atlas

Borrowed from Latin Atlas, from the name of the Ancient Greek mythological figure Ἄτλας (Átlas, “Bearer (of the Heavens)”), from τλῆναι (tlênai, “to suffer”, “to endure”, “to bear”). The sense referring to books of maps comes from the Atlas of Mercator, which he named thus in honor of Atlas, who was supposed to be skillful in astronomy and the doctrine of the sphere. The sense referring to the vertebra reflects that the spine carries the globe of the cranium (the neck carries the head).

(architecture) A figure of a man used as a column.

男像柱

(architecture) a figure of a man used as a column; telamon


atlas

atlasik (diminutive)
atlas (nominative singular)
atlasy (nominative plural)
atlasu (genitive singular)
atlasów (genitive plural)
atlasowi (dative singular)
atlasom (dative plural)
atlas (accusative singular)
atlasy (accusative plural)
atlasem (instrumental singular)
atlasami (instrumental plural)
atlasie (locative singular)
atlasach (locative plural)
atlasie (singular vocative)
atlasy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas). Doublet of atlant.

lbor

(architecture) atlas (figure of a man used as a column)


Gothic

en-adj

Gothic (comparative more Gothic, superlative most Gothic)

more Gothic (comparative)
most Gothic (superlative)
gothic (alternative)
Gothick (alternative obsolete)
goffick (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-gothic.wav

From Late Latin gothicus (“Gothic, barbaric”), from Ancient Greek Γοτθικός (Gotthikós), from Ancient Greek Γότθοι (Gótthoi, “Goths”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic”), proposed to derive from unattested Gothic *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰 (*guta). Equivalent to Goth + -ic. The various usages of the adjective are introduced nearly simultaneously in the first half of the 17th century. The literal meaning “of the Goths” is found in the 1611 preface of the King James Bible, in reference to the Gothicke tongue. The generalized meaning of “Germanic, Teutonic” appears in the 1640s. Reference to the medieval period in Western Europe, and specifically the architecture of that period (“barbaric style”, initially a term of abuse), also appears in the 1640s, as does reference to “Gothic characters” or “Gothic letters” in typography.

готически

of the type formerly used for printing German

Gothic arches

Or does the L.C.C. [London County Council] dislike nineteenth century Gothic?

1944 January and February, C. F. Cobon, “The County of London Plan”, in Railway Magazine, page 24:

The Gothic style did not cease to exist: it did, however, cease to be all-powerful, and it almost ceased to create new forms. Gothic architects had by this time drawn every possible conclusion from the premises which had been laid down […]

2000, Paul Frankl, Paul Crossley, Gothic Architecture, Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 258:

(architecture) Of or relating to the architectural style favored in Western Europe in the 12th to 16th centuries, with high-pointed arches, clustered columns, etc.

գոթական

of or relating to the architectural style


front

frontok (plural)
front (nominative singular)
frontok (nominative plural)
frontot (accusative singular)
frontokat (accusative plural)
frontnak (dative singular)
frontoknak (dative plural)
fronttal (instrumental singular)
frontokkal (instrumental plural)
frontért (causal-final singular)
frontokért (causal-final plural)
fronttá (singular translative)
frontokká (plural translative)
frontig (singular terminative)
frontokig (plural terminative)
frontként (essive-formal singular)
frontokként (essive-formal plural)
frontban (inessive singular)
frontokban (inessive plural)
fronton (singular superessive)
frontokon (plural superessive)
frontnál (adessive singular)
frontoknál (adessive plural)
frontba (illative singular)
frontokba (illative plural)
frontra (singular sublative)
frontokra (plural sublative)
fronthoz (allative singular)
frontokhoz (allative plural)
frontból (elative singular)
frontokból (elative plural)
frontról (delative singular)
frontokról (delative plural)
fronttól (ablative singular)
frontoktól (ablative plural)
fronté (singular)
frontoké (plural)
frontéi (singular)
frontokéi (plural)
frontom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
frontjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
frontod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
frontjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
frontja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
frontjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
frontunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
frontjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
frontotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
frontjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
frontjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
frontjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Borrowed from German Front, from French fronte, from Latin frons, frontis.

(architecture) front, face (the side of a building with the main entrance)


front

pl-noun

front m inan (related adjective frontowy)

frontowy (adjective)
front (nominative singular)
fronty (nominative plural)
frontu (genitive singular)
frontów (genitive plural)
frontowi (dative singular)
frontom (dative plural)
front (accusative singular)
fronty (accusative plural)
frontem (instrumental singular)
frontami (instrumental plural)
froncie (locative singular)
frontach (locative plural)
froncie (singular vocative)
fronty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: front

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Front, French front, or English front, ultimately from Latin frōns. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian frōnt.

ref

“FRONT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 13.03.2009

(architecture) front (side of a building with the main entrance)


papa

(architecture) house with low roof and little airflow


lite

Variation of light (in the sense of lacking weight, substance, etc.)


stalk

From Middle English stalke, stelke, stalk, perhaps from Old English *stealc, *stielc, *stealuc, from Proto-West Germanic *staluk, *stalik, from Proto-Germanic *stalukaz, *stalikaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *stalô, *staluz (“support, stem, stalk”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to place, stand; be stiff; stud, post, trunk, stake, stem, stalk”). Cognate with Old High German *stelh in wazzarstelh (“wagtail”), Danish stilk (“stalk, stem”), Swedish stjälk (“stalk, stem”), Icelandic stilkur (“stalk, stem”).
Related also to Middle English stale (“ladder upright, stalk”), Old English stalu (“wooden upright”), Middle Low German stal, stale (“chair leg”), Old English stela (“stalk”), Dutch steel (“stalk”), German Stiel (“stalk”), Albanian shtalkë (“crossbeam, board used as a door hinge”), Welsh telm (“frond”), Ancient Greek στειλειή (steileiḗ, “beam”), Old Armenian ստեղն (stełn, “trunk, stalk”).

varsi

something resembling the stalk of a plant

(architecture) An ornament in the Corinthian capital resembling the stalk of a plant, from which the volutes and helices spring.

stelo

architecture: ornament in the Corinthian capital