A

(genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for adenine in genetic code.


barcode

barcodes (plural)
bar code (alternative)

→ Afrikaans: staafkode (calque)

→ Dutch: barcode

desctree

→ Dutch: streepjescode (calque)
→ Afrikaans: strepieskode (calque)

Compound of bar + code. First attested in 1963 for sense 1.

(genetics) A portion of a gene that identifies a particular species.


comma

en-noun

comma (plural commas or (rare) commata or (obsolete) commaes)

commas (plural)
commata (plural rare)
commaes (obsolete plural)
come (alternative obsolete)

From Latin comma, from Ancient Greek κόμμα (kómma), from κόπτω (kóptō, “I cut”).

(genetics) A delimiting marker between items in a genetic sequence.


translation

translation (countable and uncountable, plural translations)

translations (plural)
translatioun (alternative obsolete)
tr. (alternative abbreviation)
trans. (alternative abbreviation)
transl. (alternative abbreviation)

From Middle English translacioun (“transfer, translation”), from Anglo-Norman translacioun, from Latin trānslātiō, from trānslāt-, the supine stem of trānsferō (“to transfer, transport, transform, translate”). Displaced native Old English wending.

inh

(countable, uncountable) The act of translating, in its various senses:

(genetics) The process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins within a ribosome.

трансля́цыя

genetics: process for producing proteins


genome

genomes (plural)
genom (alternative dated)

From earlier genom, from German Genom, coined by German botanist Hans Winkler in 1920 as a blend of Gen (“gene”) + Chromosom (“chromosome”). By surface analysis, gen(e) + -ome, or a blend of gen(e) + (chromos)ome. Spelling altered to reflect the surface analysis.

blend

Creating a complete map of the human connectome would therefore be a monumental milestone but not the end of the journey to understanding how our brains work. The achievement will transform neuroscience and serve as the starting point for asking questions we could not otherwise have answered, just as having the human genome has made it possible to ask new questions about cellular and molecular systems.

2012 March-April, Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Well-connected Brains”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-04-27, page 171:

Because of her significant testing, Avery had had DNA sequencing of her “exome,” the part of her genome that makes proteins in the body, said Dr. Michael Wangler, a researcher at the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital.

2017 December 18, Ashley Strickland, “Mystery condition gives way to bright future for 10-year-old”, in CNN:

(genetics) The complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism.

مَجِين

complete genetic information of an organism


DNA

en-noun

DNA (countable and uncountable, plural DNAs)

The noun is an initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid. The verb is derived from the noun.

Among the various fractions isolated was one presumed to contain only desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA). Because of certain speculations on the role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis it was necessary to measure and compare the rate of phosphate entry into DNA with that in other fractions of yeast phosphate.

1948 March–April, Martin D[avid] Kamen, “Detection of Intermediates, Criteria of Purity”, in Louis H. Roddis, editor, Supplement to the United States Naval Medical Bulletin on Preparation and Measurement of Isotopes and Some of Their Medical Aspects, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U.S. Navy; U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 118:

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

1953 April 25, J[ames] D[ewey] Watson, F[rancis] H[arry] C[ompton] Crick, “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”, in Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, volume 171, number 4356, London: Macmillan and Co.; New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-04-03, page 737, column 1:

As you know, heredity resides in our genes. Our genes are, in turn, composed of complex molecules called DNA. About 10 years ago we learned how to synthesize DNA in the test tube with the use of a certain cellular catalyst or enzyme. […] During the past year, we have been able to synthesize DNA which has the full genetic activity of natural DNA.

1968 March 8, Arthur Kornberg (witness), “Statement of Dr. Arthur Kornberg, Professor and Executive Head of the Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.”, in National Commission on Health Science and Society: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Government Research of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session on S.J. Res. 145: A Joint Resolution for the Establishment of the National Commission on Health Science and Society […], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 40:

Recent breakthroughs in DNA technology are expected to provide investigators with powerful forensic tools to help solve these difficult kinds of cases.

1988 August, John W. Hicks, “DNA Profiling: A Tool for Law Enforcement”, in Thomas J. Deakin, editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, volume 57, number 8, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice; Office of Congressional and Public Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 3:

[I]n bacteria, recombination between the DNAs of different organisms usually occurs between a piece of DNA from one strain of a bacterium, called the donor strain, and the entire chromosome of another strain, called the recipient strain.

2020, Tina M. Henkin, Joseph E. Peters, “Bacterial Genetic Analysis: Fundamentals and Current Approaches”, in Snyder & Champness: Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 5th edition, Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, →ISBN, page 157, column 1:

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (“a nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction”).

DNS

initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (for full forms, see deoxyribonucleic acid)


DNA

(biochemistry, genetics) initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid (“a nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction”)


DNA

[dʲiːe̞nɯ̟e̞ː]

デオキシリボ核酸 デオキシリボ核酸#Japanese

deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid

(genetics, biochemistry) synonym of デオキシリボ核酸 (deokishiribo-kakusan, “deoxyribonucleic acid”); DNA


DNA

Orthographic borrowing from English DNA.

kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy
kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy#Polish

(genetics, molecular biology) abbreviation of kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy


DNA

DNA (indefinite nominative singular)
DNA:s (genitive indefinite singular)
DNA:t (definite nominative singular)
DNA:ts (definite genitive singular)
dna (alternative)


DNA

[ˌd̪ɪ ʔɛn̪ ˈʔeɪ̯]

Borrowed from English DNA, an initialism of deoxyribonucleic acid.


deoxyribonucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid (plural deoxyribonucleic acids)

deoxyribonucleic acids (plural)
desoxyribonucleic acid (alternative)

Meronym: nucleotide

(biochemistry, genetics) A nucleic acid found in all living things (and some non-living things such as certain viruses) which consists of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; encoded in its structure are genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction.

حِمْض نَوَوِيّ رِيبِيّ مَنْقُوص الأُكْسِجِين

xüčiltörögč ügejdüülsen bööm čixriin bööm xüčil

хүчилтөрөгч үгэйдүүлсэн бөөм чихрийн бөөм хүчил

küčiltöröɣči ügeyidegülüɣsen bögem sikir-un bögem küčil

ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯᠲᠥᠷᠥᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠮ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ


arm

From Middle English arm, from Old English earm, from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmos (“a fitting, joint; arm, forequarter”), a suffixed form of *h₂er- (“to join, fit together”).
Cognates
Akin to Dutch arm, German Arm, Yiddish אָרעם (orem), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish arm. Indo-European cognates include Latin armus (“the uppermost part of the arm, shoulder”), Bulgarian рамо (ramo), Polish ramię, Serbo-Croatian rȁme, Armenian արմունկ (armunk, “elbow”), Ancient Greek ἁρμός (harmós, “joint, shoulder”) and ἅρμα (hárma, “wagon, chariot”), Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma), Old Persian [script needed] (arma).

cog

break one's arm patting oneself on the back

one can't carry two watermelons under one arm

(genetics) One of the two parts of a chromosome.


candidate

From Latin candidātus (“a person who is standing for public office”, noun), from candidus (“dazzling white, shining, clear”) + -ātus, -āta, -ātum (participial adjective-forming suffix), in reference to Roman candidates wearing bleached white togas as a symbol of purity at a public forum. By surface analysis, candid + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

surf

(genetics) A gene which may play a role in a given disease.


amber

en-noun

amber (countable and uncountable, plural ambers)

red

antonym(s) of “intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights”

From Middle English ambre, aumbre, from Old French aumbre, ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭭𐭡𐭫 (ʾnbl /ambar/, “ambergris”). Compare English lamber, ambergris. Displaced Middle English smulting (from Old English smelting (“amber”)), Old English eolhsand (“amber”), Old English glær (“amber”), and Old English sāp (“amber, resin, pomade”).
* The nucleotide sequence "UAG" is named "amber" for the first person to isolate the amber mutation, California Institute of Technology graduate student Harris Bernstein, whose last name ("Bernstein") is the German word for the resin "amber".

ambergris

obsolete: the waxy product of the sperm whale

an amber codon, an amber mutation, an amber suppressor

For example, to cross a temperature-sensitive mutation with an amber mutation, amber suppressor cells are infected at the low (permissive) temperature.

2007, Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, edition 3, page 333:

Double ambers revert at 10⁻⁸−10⁻⁹, and therefore, reversion is negligible. Double-amber mutants are made by crossing single-amber mutants with each other.

2007, Jonathan C. Kuhn, “Detection of Salmonella by Bacteriophage Felix 01”, in Salmonella: Methods and Protocols, pages 27–28:

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) The stop codon (nucleotide triplet) "UAG", or a mutant which has this stop codon at a premature place in its DNA sequence.


amber

head

amber (definite accusative amberi, plural amberler)

amberi (accusative definite)
amberler (plural)
amber (nominative singular)
amberler (nominative plural)
amberi (accusative definite singular)
amberleri (accusative definite plural)
ambere (dative singular)
amberlere (dative plural)
amberde (locative singular)
amberlerde (locative plural)
amberden (ablative singular)
amberlerden (ablative plural)
amberin (genitive singular)
amberlerin (genitive plural)

From Ottoman Turkish عنبر (anber), from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar).

(biochemistry, genetics) The stop codon "UAG".


SD

We estimated that the following percentage of elements were correctly assembled: 95.4% of alpha satellites; 91.5% of human satellites 2 and 3; 97.7% of segmental duplications (SDs); 94.3% of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs); 94.2% of short tandem repeats (STRs); and 98.8% of all human repeats²⁶.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

segmental duplication
w:segmental duplication

(genetics) Initialism of segmental duplication.


chromosome

/ˈkɹəʊ.məˌsəʊm/

19th century: from German Chromosom, ultimately from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”) (because they are stained under the microscope). Equivalent to chromo- + -some.

Chromosomes store genetic information.

A length of DNA is divided into segments called chromosomes and shorter individual units called genes.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 7:

(cytology, genetics) A linear arrangement of condensed DNA and associated proteins (such as chaperone proteins) which contains the genetic material (genome) of an organism.


translate

en-verb

translate (third-person singular simple present translates, present participle translating, simple past and past participle translated)

translates (present singular third-person)
translating (participle present)
translated (participle past)
translated (past)
translate (infinitive)
translate (first-person present singular)
translated (first-person past singular)
translate (present second-person singular)
translatest (archaic present second-person singular)
translated (past second-person singular)
translatedst (archaic past second-person singular)
translates (present singular third-person)
translateth (archaic present singular third-person)
translated (past singular third-person)
translate (plural present)
translated (past plural)
translate (present subjunctive)
translated (past subjunctive)
translate (imperative present)
translating (participle present)
translated (participle past)

[ˈtʃɹʷɛ̃nzɫæe̯ʔ(t)]

From Middle English translaten (“to transport, translate, transform”), from Anglo-Norman translater, from Latin trānslātus, perfect passive participle of trānsferō (“to transport, carry across, translate”). See also -ate (verb-forming suffix). Distant doublet of transfer, see collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.
In this sense, displaced Old English wendan (“to translate,” also the word for “to turn” and “to change”).

traduir

to change (something) from one form or medium to another

транслирам

to move (something) from one place or position to another

All mRNAs are translated on the basis of consecutive groups of three bases, codons, being interpreted by the translational machinery […]. Many diverse proteins and RNAs are involved in the translation of mRNA. First is the mRNA itself, which is the template "read" and translated into a protein product.

2015, Erich Grotewold, Joseph Chappell, Elizabeth A[nne] Kellogg, “Translation of RNA”, in Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, section 15.1 (Translation: A Key Aspect of Gene Expression), page 207, column 2:

Senses relating to the change of information, etc., from one form to another.

(transitive, genetics) To generate a chain of amino acids based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule.

transzlál

to generate a chain of amino acids based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule


box

en-noun

box (plural boxes or (nonstandard, computing, humorous) boxen)

boxes (plural)
boxen (humorous nonstandard plural)

Tok Pisin: bokis

→ Afrikaans: boks

→ Bengali: বাক্স (bakśo)

→ Bulgarian: бокс (boks)

→ Crimean Tatar: boks

→ Danish: boks

→ Dutch: box m

→ Faroese: boks

→ French: box m

→ German: Box f

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बकस m (bakas), बक्सा m (baksā)

Urdu: بکس m (baks, bakas)

→ Icelandic: box n

→ Indonesian: boks

→ Irish: bosca m

→ Italian: box m

→ Japanese: ボックス (bokkusu)

→ Korean: 박스 (bakseu)

→ Maori: pāka

→ Marwari: बकस (baks, bakas)

→ Nepali: बाकस (bākas)

→ Norman: bosc m

→ Norwegian: boks m

→ Pashto: بکس (baks)

→ Persian: باکس (bâks)

→ Polish: boks m

→ Portuguese: box m

→ Russian: бокс m (boks)

→ Scottish Gaelic: bogsa m, bocsa

→ Spanish: box m

→ Swedish: box c

→ Welsh: bocs

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos)
Ancient Greek -ις (-is)
Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís)bor.
Late Latin buxisbor.
Proto-West Germanic *buhsā
Old English box
Middle English box
English box
From Middle English box (“container, box, cup”), from Old English box (“box, case”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā (“box”) from Late Latin buxis (“box”), Latin pyxis (“small box for medicines or toiletries”), of uncertain origin; compare Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”) and Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís, “box or tablet made of boxwood; box; cylinder”). Doublet of piseog, pyx, and pyxis.
Cognate with Middle Dutch bosse, busse (“jar; tin; round box”) (modern Dutch bos (“wood, forest”), bus (“container, box; bushing of a wheel”)), Old High German buhsa (Middle High German buhse, bühse, modern German Büchse (“box; can”)), Swedish bössa (“box”).
The humorous plural form boxen is from box + -en, by analogy with oxen.

кутия

compartment or receptacle for receiving items

ramme

rectangular border around an image, text, etc.

квадратче

small area on a document for a tick mark

tofu

empty box displayed by some computer systems in place of a character not supported by available fonts

Similar considerations apply in the case of tRNA genes, where the internal promoter is split into two functional domains (box A and box B) which must be a minimum distance apart[…]. The first 11 bp of the internal control region in the Xenopus 5S gene are structurally and functionally homologous to the box A element of tRNA gene promoters, […]

1990, David De Pomerai, “Gene Organisation and Control”, in From Gene to Animal: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of Animal Development, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, section 1.3 (Transcriptional Control), page 11:

Senses relating to a two-dimensional object or space

(genetics) One of two specific regions in a promoter.


CSS

en-noun

CSS (countable and uncountable, plural CSSs or CSSes)

Recently, the construction of CSS has been reported for the mapping of a susceptibility locus for testicular cancer on mouse chromosome 19.

2005, Eugene J. Eisen, editor, The Mouse in Animal Genetics and Breeding Research, Imperial College Press, →ISBN, page 77:

However, the gender of the mice, and, hence, the “direction” of the cross, is important to ensure that the X and Y chromosomes and the mitochondria are derived from the host strain in autosomal CSSs.

2006, Annie E. Hill, Eric S. Lander, Joseph H. Nadeau, “Chromosome Substitution Strains: A New Way to Study Genetically Complex Traits”, in Qing K. Wang, editor, Cardiovascular Disease: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine), volume I (Genetics), Humana Press, →ISBN, page 160:

CSS models are also advantageous for detecting a given QTL in the presence of many other QTLs. In comparing results of published mapping studies, as many, and usually substantially more, QTLs were detected with CSSs than with F₂ intercrosses of comparable size.

2008, Wendell W. Weber, Pharmacogenetics, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 288:

(genetics) Initialism of chromosome substitution strain.


annotation

annotation (countable and uncountable, plural annotations)

/ˌænəˈteɪʃən/

From Latin annotātiōnem, accusative singular of annotātiō (“remark, annotation”), from annotātus, perfect passive participle of annotō (“note down, remark”). Equivalent to annotate + -ion.

(genetics) Information relating to the genetic structure of sequences of bases.

注釋 /注释

information relating to the genetic structure of sequences of bases


translocation

translocation (countable and uncountable, plural translocations)

(genetics) A transfer of a chromosomal segment to a new position, especially on a nonhomologous chromosome; the segment so transferred.

translocatie

genetics: transfer of chromosomal segment


additive

en-adj

additive (comparative more additive, superlative most additive)

more additive (comparative)
most additive (superlative)

From Late Latin additivus, from the participial stem of Latin addere (“to add”).

(genetics) Of or pertaining to genes (or the interaction etc. of such genes) which govern the same trait and whose effects work together on the phenotype.


edit

Back-formation from editor, influenced by French éditer (“edit, publish”) and Latin editus.

(genetics) An alteration to the DNA sequence of a chromosome; an act of gene splicing.


host

hosts (plural)
hoast (alternative obsolete)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis
Proto-Indo-European *pótis
Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis
Proto-Italic *hostipotis
Latin hospes
Old French ostebor.
Middle English hoste
English host
From Middle English hoste, from Old French oste (French: hôte), from Latin hospitem, accusative of hospes (“a host, also a sojourner, visitor, guest; hence, a foreigner, a stranger”), from *hostipotis, an old compound of hostis and the root of potis, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis (“master of guests”), from *gʰóstis (“stranger, guest, enemy”) and *pótis (“owner, master, host, husband”). Used in English since 13th century.

der

The so-called junk DNA is known, so far, to provide no apparent benefit to its host.

(evolution, genetics) An organism bearing certain genetic material, with respect to its cells.

drager

genetics: organism bearing certain genetic material


PET

en-noun

PET (countable and uncountable, plural PETs)

The name of the computer (sense 4) derives from the 1970s pet rock fad; the acronym was invented afterwards.

(countable, genetics) Acronym of paired-end tag.


en-adj

null (comparative more null, superlative most null)

more null (comparative)
most null (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French nul, from Latin nūllus.

(genetics, of a mutation) Causing a complete loss of gene function; amorphic.


syzygy

en-noun

syzygy (countable and uncountable, plural syzygies)

From Late Latin sȳzygia (“conjunction”), from Ancient Greek συζυγία (suzugía, “union, yoke, pair”). This word was recognized as English in 1847 (in its astronomical meaning).

der

(genetics) The pairing of chromosomes in meiosis.


homologous

en-adj

homologous (comparative more homologous, superlative most homologous)

more homologous (comparative)
most homologous (superlative)

/həˈmɒləɡəs/

From Late Latin homologus, from Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), from ὁμός (homós, “same”) + λόγος (lógos, “reason, reckoning”). Compare homo- (“same”) and -ous (adjectival suffix). From 1655, in the mathematical sense. See also homolog, homologue.

der

Showing a degree of correspondence or similarity.

(genetics) Having the same morphology as another chromosome or locus; relating to a homologue.

homologní

(genetics) having the same morphology as another chromosome


line

→ Scottish Gaelic: loidhne

From Middle English line, lyne, from Old English līne (“line, cable, rope, hawser, series, row, rule, direction”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).
Influenced in Middle English by Middle French ligne (“line”), from Latin linea. More at linen.
The oldest sense of the word is “rope, cord, thread”; from this the senses “path”, “continuous mark” were derived.

lyn

path through two or more points, threadlike mark

lyn

single horizontal row of text on a screen, printed paper, etc.

linja

measure of length, the main division of an inch or its local equivalent

(genetics) A population of cells derived from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup.


nick

The noun is derived from Late Middle English nik (“notch, tally; nock of an arrow”). Its further etymology is unknown; a connection with nock (“notch in a bow to hold the bowstring; notch at the rear of an arrow that fits the bowstring; cleft in the buttocks”) has not been clearly established.
The verb appears to be derived from the noun, though the available evidence shows that some of the verb senses predate the noun senses. No connection with words in Germanic languages such as Danish nikke (“to nod”), Middle Dutch nicken (“to bend; to bow”) (modern Dutch knikken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German nicken (“to bend over; to sink”), Middle High German nicken (“to bend; to depress”) (modern German nicken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German knicken (“to bend; to snap”) (modern German knicken (“to bend; to break”), Old Frisian hnekka (“to nod”), and Swedish nicka (“to nod”), has been clearly established.

unknown

further etymology is unknown

cog

Analysis of the effect of temperature on the polymerization reaction with nicked and gapped DNA substrates in Mn²⁺ (8) [...] reveals identical values of activation energy (Eₐ) and Q₁₀, indicating that the frequency of productive interactions of polymerase β with 3′-hydroxyl termini at nicks and gaps is indistinguishable and suggesting that localized destabilization of the 5′-terminated DNA strand at the nick site does not contribute significantly to the rate-determining step(s) of the synthetic reaction.

1981, David Korn, Paul A. Fisher, Teresa S.-F. Wang, “Mechanisms of Catalysis of Human DNA Polymerases α and β”, in Waldo E. Cohn, editor, Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, volume 26 (DNA: Multiprotein Interactions), New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 66:

The double-stranded insert and linearized vector are denatured, and the resulting single strands of DNA anneal with their overlapping ends and extend using each other as a template to form double-stranded circular plasmids with only two nicks, one on each single strand. [...] Lastly, the nicks are covalently closed upon transformation into E. coli using its natural repair processes.

2015, Lesley-Ann Giddings, David J. Newman, “Activating the Expression of Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Clusters”, in Bioactive Compounds from Extremophiles: Genomic Studies, Biosynthetic Gene Clusters, and New Dereplication Methods (SpringerBriefs in Microbiology), Cham, Switzerland, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.2 (Heterologous Expression), page 13:

The nick translation process is simply a replication of DNA in vitro with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and radioactive nucleotide, which becomes incorporated into the duplicated DNA at a nick (break).

2015, Byong H. Lee, “Concepts and Tools for Recombinant DNA Technology”, in Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, 2nd edition, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section 2.2.3 (Purpose of Gene Cloning), pages 172–173:

(genetics) One of the single-stranded DNA segments produced during nick translation.


switch

→ Gulf Arabic: سويچ (swīč)

→ German: Switch

Perhaps from Middle Dutch swijch (“twig”), first attested in c. 1592. The mechanical device for altering the direction of something sense is first attested in c. 1797, pertaining to pivoted rails on minecart railways, which were once wooden.

камута́тар

system allowing the interconnection of telephone lines

(genetics) A mechanism within DNA that activates or deactivates a gene.


pyramid

en-verb

pyramid (third-person singular simple present pyramids, present participle pyramiding, simple past and past participle pyramided)

pyramids (present singular third-person)
pyramiding (participle present)
pyramided (participle past)
pyramided (past)
piramis (alternative obsolete)
pyramis (alternative obsolete)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(transitive, genetics) To combine (a series of genes) into a single genotype.


genetic

/d͡ʒəˈnɛtɪk/

/d͡ʒɪˈnɛtɪk/

Coined from genesis, similarly to antithesis, antithetic. Reflects Ancient Greek γενετικός (genetikós), from γένεσις (génesis) + -κός (-kós). Ultimately from Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”). By surface analysis, gene + -tic or gen(esis) + -etic.

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, and individual plants are highly heterozygous and do not breed true. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

(genetics) Relating to genetics or genes.


cruciform

(genetics) A cross shape in DNA; a Holliday junction.


noise

en-noun

noise (countable and uncountable, plural noises)

From Middle English noyse, noise, from Old French noise (“a dispute, wrangle, strife, noise”), of uncertain origin. According to some, from Latin nausia, nausea (“disgust, nausea”); according to others, from Latin noxia (“hurt, harm, damage, injury”); but neither explanation is satisfactory in regard to either form or sense.

der

(genetics) The measured level of variation in gene expression among cells, regardless of source, within a supposedly identical population.


nucleic acid

en-noun

nucleic acid (countable and uncountable, plural nucleic acids)

nucleic + acid; named for the fact that in eukaryotes, some of the important actions of such acids are especially associated with the nucleus of the cell.

(biochemistry, genetics) Any acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases; they are involved in the preservation, replication and expression of hereditary information in every living cell

azido nukleiko

acidic chainlike biological macromolecule


knockout

knockouts (plural)
knock-out (alternative)

→ Belarusian: нака́ўт (nakáŭt)

desc

→ Portuguese: nocaute, knockout (unadapted spelling)

→ Russian: нока́ут (nokáut)

→ Spanish: nocaut

→ Ukrainian: нока́ут (nokáut)

→ Vietnamese: nốc ao

(genetics) The deactivation of a particular gene.

(genetics) A creature engineered with a particular gene deactivated.


knockout

The result is a so-called knockout mouse, reared with a single gene silenced, the better to reveal that gene's true purpose.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 255:

(genetics) Designating an organism in which a particular gene has been removed or deactivated.


code

en-verb

code (third-person singular simple present codes, present participle coding, simple past and past participle coded)

codes (present singular third-person)
coding (participle present)
coded (participle past)
coded (past)

From Middle English code (“system of law”), from Old French code (“system of law”), from Latin cōdex, later form of caudex (“the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.”). Doublet of codex.

(genetics, intransitive) To encode a protein.


ADN

La police a recours à l'analyse ADN pour identifier les criminels.

Police resort to DNA analysis in order to identify criminals.

acide désoxyribonucléique
acide désoxyribonucléique#French

(biology, genetics) initialism of acide désoxyribonucléique (“DNA”)


ADN

acido desossiribonucleico
acido desossiribonucleico#Italian

(biochemistry, genetics) initialism of acido desossiribonucleico; DNA


ADN

acid dezoxiribonucleic
acid dezoxiribonucleic#Romanian

(biochemistry, genetics) initialism of acid dezoxiribonucleic; DNA


carrier

From Middle English cariere, partly from carien + -ere, after Anglo-Norman carier, cariour, and partly directly from Anglo-Norman. By surface analysis, carry + -er.

но́сьбіт

person or object that carries someone or something else

(genetics, pathology) A person or other organism that has a genetic trait, mutation or infection liable to cause a disease, but displays no symptoms.

حَامِل

person or organism that has inherited a trait or disease but displays no symptoms


copy

copies (plural)
coppy (alternative)
coppie (alternative)
copie (alternative)

Etymology tree
Middle English copy
English copy
From Middle English copy, copie, from Old French copie (“abundance, plenty; transcript, copy”), from Medieval Latin copia (“reproduction, transcript”), from Latin cōpia (“plenty, abundance”), from *coopia, from co- (“together”) + ops (“wealth, riches”). More at opulent.

ру́копись

для сда́чи в печа́ть

материа́л

для статьи́, заме́тки, книги, публика́ции

Every cell in this organism contains a copy of each gene, but whether that copy will be expressed depends on complex factors of cell differentiation and epigenetics.

en:result of gene or chromosomal duplication

The result of copying; an identical or nearly identical duplicate of an original.

(genetics) The result of gene or chromosomal duplication.

kopio

genetics: result of gene or chromosomal duplication


clade

From Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “shoot, branch”). Coined by British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, author Julian Huxley in 1957 in a paper titled "The three types of evolutionary process" in Nature. Doublet of cladus.

coin

(genetics) A higher level grouping of a genetic haplogroup.


library

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: लाइब्रेरी f (lāibrerī)

Urdu: لائبریری f (lāibrerī)

→ Iban: librari

→ Japanese: ライブラリー (raiburarī)

→ Korean: 라이브러리 (raibeureori)

→ Yoruba: láíbìrì

/ˈlaɪˌbɹɛɹi/

From Middle English librarie, from Anglo-Norman librarie, from Old French librairie, from Latin librarium (“bookcase, chest for books”), from librarius (“concerning books”), from liber (“the inner bark of trees; paper, parchment, book”), probably derived from a Proto-Indo-European base *leub(ʰ)- (“to strip, to peel”). Displaced native Middle English bochous, bokhus (literally “book house”), from Old English bōchūs (compare bookhouse).
Romance cognates often mean “bookshop” instead: French librairie, Italian libreria, Spanish librería, Romanian librărie and Portuguese livraria. This is a relatively recent innovation (16th century in French), which ended up displacing the earlier sense.

ncog

why buy a book when you can join a library

why buy a book when you can join the library

(genetics) A collection of DNA material from a single organism or relative to a single disease.


rescue

en-verb

rescue (third-person singular simple present rescues, present participle rescuing, simple past and past participle rescued)

rescues (present singular third-person)
rescuing (participle present)
rescued (participle past)
rescued (past)

From Middle English rescouen, from Old French rescoure, rescurre, rescorre; from Latin prefix re- (“re-”) + excutere (“to shake or drive out”), from ex (“out”) + quatiō (“I shake”).

ontzetten

to deliver by arms, notably from a siege

Mecp2^(R255X/+) [mice] developed an overweight body weight phenotype by 10 weeks age and increased liver and heart weight by 8 months age. Abnormal body, liver and heart weight in Mecp2^(R255X/+) was rescued by MECP2ᵀᵍ¹ allele.

2015, Meagan R. Pitcher et al., “Rett syndrome like phenotypes in the R255X Mecp2 mutant mouse are rescued by MECP2 transgene”, in Human Molecular Genetics, volume 24, number 9, →DOI, page 2664:

(biology, genetics) To restore a particular trait in an organism that was lost or altered, especially where this loss was as the consequence of some experimental manipulation.


Sleeping Beauty

en-proper noun

Sleeping Beauty (plural Sleeping Beauties)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Sleeping Beauty.wav

In the genetics sense, so called because the transposon was brought back to activity from a long evolutionary sleep.

(genetics) A transposon used in genetic engineering.


gene

From German Gen, from Ancient Greek γενεά (geneá, “generation, descent”), from the aorist infinitive of γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”). Coined by Danish botanist Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen in 1909, in a German-language publication, from the last syllable of pangene.

coin

Near-synonym: cistron (often synonymous)

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 10:

(genetics) A theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms which may take several values and (in principle) predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair color.


genotype

/ˈdʒɛnəʊˌtaɪp/

/ˈd͡ʒɛnəˌtaɪp/

(genetics) The part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of an organism which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that organism.

genotip

DNA sequence which determines a specific characteristic


phenotype

From pheno- + -type. (Date to be specified). From Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine, to show, to appear”) and Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark, type”).

derived

(genetics, evolutionary theory) The appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees.

(genetics, evolutionary theory) Any observable characteristic of an organism, such as its morphological, developmental, biochemical or physiological properties, or its behavior.


allele

Borrowed from German Allel, shortened from Allelomorph, from English allelomorph. Ultimately from the Ancient Greek prefix ἀλληλ- (allēl-) from ἄλλος (állos, “other”).

Genes are competing directly with their alleles for survival, since their alleles in the gene pool are rivals for their slot on the chromosomes of future generations. Any gene that behaves in such a way as to increase its own survival chances in the gene pool at the expense of its alleles will, by definition, tautologously, tend to survive.

1976, Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Kindle edition, OUP Oxford, published 2016, page 46:

(genetics) One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position, or locus, on a chromosome.


allele

Clipping of allelomorfo, compare English allele.


heterozygous

(genetics) Of an organism: having two different alleles in a given gene.

хетерозиготен

Of an organism which has two different alleles of a given gene


fraternal

en-adj

fraternal (comparative more fraternal, superlative most fraternal)

more fraternal (comparative)
most fraternal (superlative)
fraternall (alternative)

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Borrowed from Middle French fraternel, from Medieval Latin frāternālis (“fraternal”), from Latin frāternus (“of or pertaining to a brother, fraternal”), from frāter (“brother”).

der

Seventy percent of twins are fraternal and result from fertilization of two separate ova by two different sperm.

2012, Leonard Crowley, An Introduction to Human Disease: Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations, page 471:

Because each egg and each sperm of a fraternal zygote contain slightly different genetic material, these two embryos do not have identical genetic makeups.

2012, James Luce, Chasing Davis: An Atheist's Guide to Morality Using Logic and Science:

The rate of natural fraternal embryo fusion is not well documented.

2015, Sheldon Krimsky, Stem Cell Dialogues: A Philosophical and Scientific Inquiry Into Medical Frontiers, page 120:

(genetics) Of twins or embryos, produced from two different eggs and sperm, and genetically distinct.

erimunainen

genetics: of twins or embryos, produced from two different eggs and sperm, and genetically distinct


adenine

en-noun

adenine (countable and uncountable, plural adenines)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-adenine.wav

From German Adenin, from Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn, “gland”). By surface analysis, aden- + -ine. It was named in 1885 by the German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, in reference to the pancreas (a specific gland) from which Kossel's sample had been extracted.

One of these labels is ethenoadenine, which is obtained by chemical modification of adenine.

2002, Nikolai L. Vekshin, Photonics of Biopolymers, page 115:

There are two genes in the adenine biosynthetic pathway of yeast (ADE1 and ADE2) that, apart from producing an absolute requirement for adenine when mutant, also produce a change in colony color.

2006, David Markie, “1: Markers, Selection, and Media in Yeast Artificial Chromosome Cloning”, in Alasdair MacKenzie, editor, YAC Protocols, 2nd edition, page 2:

The HCN pentamer, adenine (a constituent of DNA, RNA and many coenzymes), is one of the most abundant biochemical molecules.

2010, Debjani Roy, Rogué Schleyer, “6: Chemical Origin of Life: How do Five HCN Molecules Combine to form Adenine under Prebiotic and Interstellar Conditions”, in Chérif F. Matta, editor, Quantum Biochemistry, page 202:

(biochemistry, genetics) A base, C₅H₅N₅, found in certain glands and tissues, which pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


thymine

thymine (countable and uncountable, plural thymines)

From thymus + -ine.
Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calves' thymus glands, hence its name.

Then he found them, the substances that made up the four-letter alphabet in whose language all life is written — adenine and cytosine, guanine and thymine.

1997, Ian McEwan, Enduring Love, Vintage (1998), page 164:

In a recent paper on homopyrimidine decamers containing aeg-monomers and thymine monomers with a sulfomethyl substituent at the γ-position, similar triplexes has also been described [43 ].

2015 October 16, “Polyanionic Carboxyethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids ( ce -PNAs): Synthesis and DNA Binding”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(organic chemistry, genetics) A heterocyclic base, 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; it pairs with adenine in DNA.

胸腺嘧啶

organic chemistry, genetics: heterocyclic base, 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione


regulation

regulation (countable and uncountable, plural regulations)

/ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

(genetics) Mechanism controlling DNA transcription.


inversion

inversion (countable and uncountable, plural inversions)

/ɪnˈvɜː.ʃən/

(genetics) A segment of DNA in the context of a chromosome that is reversed in orientation relative to a reference karyotype or genome.


RNA

RNA (canonical)
āru-enu-ē (romanization)

[a̠ːɾɯ̟e̞nɯ̟e̞ː]

ribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid#English

(genetics, biochemistry) synonym of リボ核酸 (ribo-kakusan, “ribonucleic acid”); RNA


RNA

Orthographic borrowing from English RNA.

kwas rybonukleinowy
kwas rybonukleinowy#Polish

(genetics, molecular biology) abbreviation of kwas rybonukleinowy


period

periods (plural)
per. (alternative abbreviation)

frequency

antonym(s) of “length of time of recurrence of a periodic phenomenon”

/ˈpɪə.ɹɪ.əd/

From Middle English periode, from Middle French periode, from Medieval Latin periodus, from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “circuit, orbit, a recurring interval of time, path around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”). Displaced native Middle English tide (“interval, period, season”), from Old English tīd (“time, period, season”), as well as Middle English elde (“age, period”), from Old English ieldu (“age, period of time”).

periudhë

history: period of time seen as coherent entity

periodike

length of time during which something repeats

Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against the period gene product, which influences biological rhythms in D. melanogaster, by using small synthetic peptides from the per sequence as immunogens.

1988 April 1, “Antibodies to the period gene product of drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system”, in Neuron, volume 1, number 2, page 141:

(genetics) A Drosophila gene, the gene product of which is involved in regulation of the circadian rhythm.


expressivity

en-noun

expressivity (usually uncountable, plural expressivities)

(genetics) The degree to which a gene affects or can affect an organism.


complement

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

A DNA molecule is formed from two strands, each of which is the complement of the other.

(genetics) A nucleotide sequence in which each base is replaced by the complementary base of the given sequence: adenine (A) by thymine (T) or uracil (U), cytosine (C) by guanine (G), and vice versa.

после́довательность комплемента́рных основа́ний


filial

en-adj

filial (comparative more filial, superlative most filial)

more filial (comparative)
most filial (superlative)

From Middle English filial, from Latin fīliālis, from filius (“son”) / filia (“daughter”).

This, following Bateson, we may call the parental generation or P generation. Subsequent generations are called filial generations (abbreviated F) and their numerical order is indicated by a subscript, as first filial (F₁), second filial (F₂), etc.

1916, William E. Castle, Gregor Mendel, Genetics & Eugenics, page 101:

(genetics) Of a generation or generations descending from a specific previous one.


palindrome

From Ancient Greek παλίνδρομος (palíndromos, “running back again”), from πάλιν (pálin, “back, again, back again”) + δρόμος (drómos, “running, race, racecourse”). By surface analysis, palin- + -drome (compare also velodrome and syndrome).

апалиндром

a sequence of units that reads the same forwards as backwards

(genetics) A stretch of DNA in which the sequence of nucleotides on one strand are in the reverse order to that of the complementary strand


simplex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-simplex.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-simplices.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-simplicia.wav

Henri Poincaré
MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
Pieter Hendrik Schoute

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Latin simplex (“plain, simple; single”). The first part, sim-, comes from Proto-Indo-European *sem-, *sm̥- (“one; together”). The second part, -plex, may be from *pleḱ- (“to weave”).
The noun is derived from the adjective. The plural forms simplices and simplicia are learned borrowings from Latin simplicēs (masculine or feminine) and simplicia (neuter), respectively plural forms of simplex.
Noun sense 1 (“generalization of a triangle or tetrahedron to an arbitrary dimension”) was apparently coined by the Dutch mathematician Pieter Hendrik Schoute (1846–1913) as a short version of Simplicissimum in Mehrdimensionale Geometrie (in German, 1902). (In his pioneering works on algebraic topology, the French mathematician Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) had previously introduced the concept, but not the actual term simplex.)

lbor

Of a polyploid organism: having one dominant allele at a given locus on all homologous chromosomes.

simpleksinen

of a polyploid organism: having one dominant allele at a given locus on all homologous chromosomes

(archaic or obsolete) Synonym of heterozygous (“of an organism: having two different alleles in a given gene”).


fragment

sk-noun

fragment m inan (relational adjective fragmentový or fragmentárny)

fragmentový (adjective relational)
fragmentárny (adjective relational)
singular
plural
nominative
fragment
fragmenty
genitive
fragmenta
fragmentov
dative
fragmentu
fragmentom
accusative
locative
fragmente
fragmentoch
instrumental
fragmentmi

(biology, genetics) fragment (part of a broken chromosome)


transform

en-verb

transform (third-person singular simple present transforms, present participle transforming, simple past and past participle transformed)

transforms (present singular third-person)
transforming (participle present)
transformed (participle past)
transformed (past)
xform (alternative)

From Middle English transformen, from Old French transformer, from Latin transformo, transformare, from trans (“across”, preposition) + forma (“form”).

(transitive, genetics) To subject (a cell) to transformation.

transformieren

in genetics: subject (a cell) to transformation


transformation

en-noun

transformation (countable and uncountable, plural transformations)

Inherited from Middle English transformacioun, from Middle French, from Ecclesiastical Latin trānsfōrmātiō.
Morphologically transform + -ation

inh+

(genetics) The alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic.

muutos

genetics: alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA


phase

From New Latin phasis, from Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”), from φάω (pháō, “to shine”); compare phantasm and see face.


phase

en-verb

phase (third-person singular simple present phases, present participle phasing, simple past and past participle phased)

phases (present singular third-person)
phasing (participle present)
phased (participle past)
phased (past)

(genetics, informal, transitive) To determine haplotypes in (data) when genotypes are known.


determinant

Borrowed from French déterminant, equivalent to determine + -ant.

(genetics) Something that causes a nuclease to cut at a specified point


founder

From Old French fondeur, from Latin fundātor, equivalent to found + -er.

etymid

establisher, from _fundo_ as pour-melt-etc

kantaisä

someone for whose parents one has no data

a founder population

the founder effect

The sickle cell mutation today can be found in five different haplotypes, leading to the conclusion that the mutation appeared independently five times in five different founders.

2006 June 1, Dennis Drayna, “Founder Mutations”, in Scientific American, New York, N.Y.: Springer Nature America, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-07:

Among the Ashkenazi Jews in the positive group, 81 percent had one of the three founder mutations, suggesting that 23andMe's test could be helpful for them.

2019 April 16, Heather Murphy, “Don’t Count on 23andMe to Detect Most Breast Cancer Risks, Study Warns”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-13:

The gene mutation is likely to have come from a founder individual who lived at least 250 years ago, the paper published in the European Journal of Human Genetics said.

2023 March 16, Nadeem Badshah, “One in a hundred people with Orkney heritage have gene increasing risk of cancer”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-05:

(genetics) A common ancestor of some population (especially one with a certain genetic mutation).


frame

→ Korean: 프레임 (peureim)

→ Swahili: fremu

From Middle English frame (“profit, benefit, advantage; a structure composed according to a plan”), from the verb (above) and also from Old Norse frami (“advantage, fame, bravery, efficiency, privilege, honor”); and frame (“a framework or structure of any kind”) which is of uncertain origin. The latter is usually regarded as a derivative of former; however, compare the rare Anglo-Norman and Old French frame, fraine (“frame, framework”), itself of uncertain origin, which might be a borrowing from the English, from the Norse, or even possibly ultimately from Frankish *hramu (“frame”) related to Dutch raam (“window frame”).

der

(genetics, "reading frame") A way of dividing nucleotide sequences into a set of consecutive triplets.


strand

Origin uncertain. Cognate with Scots stran, strawn, strand (“strand”). Perhaps the same as strand ("rivulet, stream, gutter"; see Etymology 1 above); or from Middle English *stran, from Old French estran (“a rope, cord”), from Middle High German stren, strene (“skein, strand”), from Old High German streno, from Proto-West Germanic *strenō, from Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”), from Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”); related to Dutch streng (“skein, hank of thread, strand, string”), German Strähne (“skein, hank of thread, strand of hair”). Compare also Old High German stranga (“strand of hair”), modern German Strang (“strand, thread, cord”).


transfer

en-noun

transfer (countable and uncountable, plural transfers)

/tɹɑːnsˈfɜː/

From Latin trānsferō (“I bear across”). Distant doublet of translate. See also collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.

(genetics) The conveying of genetic material from one cell to another.


primer

primer (countable and uncountable, plural primers)

запалка

small charge used to ignite gunpowder or other explosive

(biochemistry, genetics) A molecule which initiates the synthesis of an enzyme, (especially) a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule which initiates DNA replication.

引物

biology: molecule required for replication of DNA


-on

(biology, genetics) Forming names of things considered as basic or fundamental units, such as codon or recon.


-on

-onet (definite neuter singular)
-on (indefinite plural)
-oner (indefinite plural)
-onene (definite plural)
-ona (definite plural)

A new formation from words such as ion (“ion”), from Ancient Greek -ου (-ou), neuter of -ος (-os), from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates nouns from verb stems).

der

aceton, testosteron, kodon

(chemistry, biology, genetics) Used to form nouns denoting certain organic compounds; -one, -on


repeat

From Middle English repeten, from Old French repeter, from Latin repetō, repetere, from the prefix re- (“again”) + peto (“attack, beseech”).

(genetics, biochemistry) A pattern of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout a genome (or of amino acids in a protein).


epigenetic

/ˌɛpɪd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪk/

(genetics, mineralogy) Of or relating to epigenesis.

The old and optimistic “one gene — one character” concept has long been invalidated by phenomena such as pleiotropy and polygeny, and for a generation now we have thought of genomic activity as a system of complex epigenetic interactions — an epigenetic landscape.

1977 December, Rupert Riedl, “A Systems-Analytical Approach to Macro-Evolutionary Phenomena”, in The Quarterly Review of Biology, volume 52, number 4, →JSTOR, page 352:

Every cell in the body contains the same DNA but epigenetic settings on cells in the bone and blood, for example, mean the tissues do very different jobs. The epigenetic consequences of a huge range of environmental factors are under investigation, from exposure to drugs, chemicals and hormones, to the impact of poor maternal care in infancy, and the likelihood that they are as hereditable as DNA.

2010 November 6, “Sins of the Fathers”, in New Scientist:

It is now possible to define whole epigenomes, representing the totality of epigenetic marks in a given cell type. Epigenetic processes are essential for packaging and interpreting the genome, are fundamental to normal development and are increasingly recognized as being involved in human disease.

2008 August 7, The American Association for Cancer Research Human Epigenome Task Force, European Union, Network of Excellence, Scientific Advisory Board, “Moving AHEAD with an international human epigenome project”, in Nature, volume 454, →DOI, page 711:

As one celebrated example, if you're a baby rat growing up with an atypically inattentive mother, epigenetic changes in the regulation of one gene in your hippocampus will make it harder for you to recover from stress as an adult.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

(genetics) Of or relating to epigenetics.


delivery

en-noun

delivery (countable and uncountable, plural deliveries)

From Middle English deliveri et al., from Anglo-Norman, from Old French delivrer.

(genetics) Process of introducing foreign DNA into host cells.


reverse

From Middle English revers, from Anglo-Norman revers, Middle French revers, and their source, Latin reversus, perfect passive participle of reversō, from re- + versō. Doublet of revers.

(genetics) In which cDNA synthetization is obtained from an RNA template.


anneal

en-verb

anneal (third-person singular simple present anneals, present participle annealing, simple past and past participle annealed)

anneals (present singular third-person)
annealing (participle present)
annealed (participle past)
annealed (past)
aneal (alternative)

From Middle English anelen, onelen, from Old English onǣlan (“to burn, ignite, set fire to, consume, heat, enlighten, incite, inflame, inspire, kindle”), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on”) + Proto-Germanic *ailijaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”). The double-N spelling may have arisen by analogy with Latinate verbs like announce, annex, and annul.
The word is related to Old English onāl (“that which is burnt, burning; incense”), Old English āl (“fire, burning”), Icelandic eldur (“fire”), Swedish eld (“fire, flame”), Danish ild (“fire”).

cog

National Archives and Record Administration

The 5′ junction is checked using a target gene-specific primer of ~21 nucleotides, which anneals upstream of the cassette integration site, together with a primer which anneals downstream of the first loxP site in the PCR cassette.

2007, Celine I. Maeder, Peter Maier, Michael Knop, “A Guided Tour to PCR-based Genomic Manipulations of S. Cerevisiae (PCR-targeting)”, in Ian Stansfield, Michael J. R. Stark, editors, Yeast Gene Analysis (Methods in Microbiology; 36), 2nd edition, London: Academic Press, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 68:

(genetics, ambitransitive) To make a double-stranded nucleic acid by pairing a single strand with a complementary strand.


opal

In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.

أُوبَال

a mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) A colloquial name used in molecular biology referring to a particular stop codon sequence, "UGA."


reeler

(genetics) An autosomal-recessive mouse mutant in which cortical neurons are generated normally but abnormally placed, a lack of reelin causing disorganization of cortical laminar layers. It has a reeling gait.


chimera

chimeras (plural)
chimaera (alternative archaic)
chimæra (alternative archaic)
chimere (alternative obsolete)
chymera (alternative obsolete)
chemera (alternative obsolete)
chymæra (alternative obsolete)

monolith

antonym(s) of “anything composed of very disparate parts”

Variant of Middle English chimere, chymere, & chymera under renewed Latin influence from the 16th century, from French chimère, from Latin Chimaera, from Ancient Greek Χίμαιρα (Khímaira, “fire-breathing mythological monster, fire-spewing Lycian or Cilician mountain”), from χίμαιρα (khímaira, “she-goat”, from χίμαρος (khímaros, “male goat”) + -α (-a)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-. In reference to the fish, directly from Latin Chimaera, used by Linnaeus. In reference to organisms with distinct areas of different genetic makeups, a calque of German Chimäre, used by Hans Winkler in 1907.

af

The DNA test returned a false negative because the killer was a chimera, having absorbed her twin in utero.

[P]reembryo cells from different parents can combine and grow into a chimera (an individual with cells from two or more zygotes)—in this case, an entity containing genetic material from four parents! Spontaneous chimeras […] occur rarely in our species. Recent examples include a woman who resulted from the merger of two zygotes or the early fusion of two genetically distinct embryos.

2014, David A[lan] Grimes, Linda G. Brandon, “Miscarriage: The Healthy Winnowing of Pregnancy”, in Every Third Woman in America: How Legal Abortion Transformed Our Nation, Carolina Beach, N.C.: Daymark Publishing, →ISBN:

(genetics) An organism with genetically distinct cells originating from two or more zygotes.

quimera

organism with genetically distinct cells from two or more zygotes


chimera

pl-noun

chimera f (related adjective chimerny or chimeryczny)

chimerny (adjective)
chimeryczny (adjective)
chimera (nominative singular)
chimery (nominative plural)
chimery (genitive singular)
chimer (genitive plural)
chimerze (dative singular)
chimerom (dative plural)
chimerę (accusative singular)
chimery (accusative plural)
chimerą (instrumental singular)
chimerami (instrumental plural)
chimerze (locative singular)
chimerach (locative plural)
chimero (singular vocative)
chimery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin chimaera, from Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira).

(genetics) chimera (organism with genetically distinct cells from two or more zygotes)


deleterious

en-adj

deleterious (comparative more deleterious, superlative most deleterious)

more deleterious (comparative)
most deleterious (superlative)
deletorious (alternative)

Borrowed (1640s, 1582 as deletorious) from Medieval Latin deleterius, deletorius, from Ancient Greek δηλητήριος (dēlētḗrios, “noxious, deleterious”), from δηλητήρ (dēlētḗr, “a destroyer”), from δηλέομαι (dēléomai, “I hurt, damage, spoil, waste”). Not related to delete.

der

A deleterious mutation


dominant

→ Polish: dominant

Finally, if we suppose provisionally that the mutant genes are dominant just as often as they are recessive, selection will be far more severe in eliminating the disadvantageous dominants than in eliminating the disadvantageous recessives.

1930, R. A. Fisher, J. H. Bennett, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, page 50:

(genetics) Of an allele, that a heterozygote for the allele has the same phenotype as the homozygote.


dominant

ca-adj

dominant m or f (masculine and feminine plural dominants)


dominant

nl-adj

dominant (comparative dominanter, superlative dominantst)

dominanter (comparative)
dominantst (superlative)
dominant (adverbial positive predicative)
dominanter (adverbial comparative predicative)
het dominantst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het dominantste (adverbial predicative superlative)
dominante (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
dominantere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
dominantste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
dominant (indefinite neuter positive singular)
dominanter (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
dominantste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
dominante (indefinite plural positive)
dominantere (comparative indefinite plural)
dominantste (indefinite plural superlative)
dominante (definite positive)
dominantere (comparative definite)
dominantste (definite superlative)
dominants (partitive positive)
dominanters (comparative partitive)

Borrowed from French dominant, from Middle French dominant.


dominant

head

dominant (comparative dominantare, superlative dominantast)

dominantare (comparative)
dominantast (superlative)
dominant (indefinite positive)
dominantare (comparative indefinite)
dominantast (indefinite superlative)
dominant (indefinite neuter positive singular)
dominantare (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
dominantast (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
dominanta (indefinite plural positive)
dominantare (comparative indefinite plural)
dominantast (indefinite plural superlative)
dominante (archaic indefinite masculine plural positive)
dominantare (archaic comparative indefinite masculine plural)
dominantast (archaic indefinite masculine plural superlative)
dominante (definite masculine positive singular)
dominantare (comparative definite masculine singular)
dominantaste (definite masculine singular superlative)
dominanta (definite positive)
dominantare (comparative definite)
dominantaste (definite superlative)


duplication

en-noun

duplication (countable and uncountable, plural duplications)

From Middle English duplicacioun, from Middle French duplication, from Late Latin duplicātiō, duplicātiōnem, from Latin duplicō. Morphologically duplicate + -ion.

(genetics) The act of copying a nucleotide sequence from one chromosome to another.

(genetics) A nucleotide sequence copied through such a process.


fixation

fixation (countable and uncountable, plural fixations)

From Old French fixation. By surface analysis, fix + -ation.

fixació

a state of mind involving obsession with a particular person, idea or thing

(genetics) The change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) to a situation where only one of the alleles remains.


gap

From Middle English gap, gappe, from Old Norse gap (“an empty space, gap, chasm”), from gapa (“to gape, scream”), from Proto-Germanic *gapōną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape”). Related to Danish gab (“an expanse, space, gap”), Old English ġeap (“open space, expanse”); compare English gape.

cog

(genetics) An unsequenced region in a sequence alignment.


hybridization

en-noun

hybridization (countable and uncountable, plural hybridizations)

hybridizations (plural)
hybridisation (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hybridization.wav

The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized.

(genetics) The formation of double-stranded nucleic acid by complementary base-pairing


inbred

en-adj

inbred (comparative more inbred, superlative most inbred)

more inbred (comparative)
most inbred (superlative)

From the past participle of inbreed, equivalent to in- + bred.

(genetics) Describing a strain produced through successive generations of inbreeding resulting in a population of genetically identical individuals which are homozygous at all genetic loci.


lethal

Learned borrowing from Latin lētālis (“deadly, mortal, fatal”), improperly written lēthālis, from lētum (“death”), improperly written as lēthum, from a supposed connection with Ancient Greek λήθη (lḗthē, “oblivion, forgetfulness”).

ncog

(genetics) An allele that causes the death of the organism that carries it.


recessive

en-adj

recessive (comparative more recessive, superlative most recessive)

more recessive (comparative)
most recessive (superlative)

From Latin recēdō + -ive, or directly from New Latin recessīvus.

1944 June 21, James A. G. Rehn, South African Bird-Locust Records and Notes (Orthoptera; Acrididae; Cyrtacanthacridinae; Group Cyrtacanthacres), Notulae Naturae, Number 137, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, page 3,
The Lydenburg male and the other two females have the infuscate pattern definitely more recessive and less evident, although traceable.

This plan takes advantage of the fact that barless is the most recessive of a series of alleles.

1988, American Pigeon Journal, volume 76, page 36:

The series of murine Agouti alleles is a consistent array as it progresses from the most recessive to the most dominant allele (Jackson, 1994).

2001, D. P. Sponenberg, M. F. Rothschild, 6: Genetics of Coat Colour and Hair Texture, page 65:

(genetics) Able to be masked by a dominant allele or trait.


recessive

Suppose, for example, that we started with a population consisting of pure dominants, heterozygotes, and recessives in the ratio 1 : 4 : 4.

1915, Reginald Crundall Punnett, Mimicty in Butterflies, page 95:

Selection favoring recessives is common in maize breeding for several traits, such as sweetness, opacity, brachysm, lack of ligules.

1988, Arnel R. Hallauer, Marcelo J. Carena, J.B. Miranda Filho, 6: Selection: Theory, 2nd edition, page 234:

2008, Ascertainment Test, entry in George P. Rédei, Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics, page 147,
In three-child families 27/64 will have no affected offspring, 9/37 will have 2, and 1/37 are expected to have 3 recessives.


segregation

en-noun

segregation (countable and uncountable, plural segregations)

/sɛɡɹəˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/

1555. From Latin segregatio.
Morphologically segregate + -ion

(genetics) The separation of a pair of chromatids or chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis


splice

Circa 1525, borrowed from Middle Dutch splissen (Modern Dutch splitsen); akin to Middle Dutch splitten (“to split”), German spleißen (“to split, splice”), Spliss (“split ends, hair breakage”), French épisser (also from Dutch). The Dutch word originally referred only to the fraying of the ropes' ends but was then also used for the entire process of fraying and retying; hence the peculiar semantic development from “split” to “join”. The same development occurred in German.

(genetics) The process of removing intron sequences from the pre-messenger RNA, and then joining together exons.


splice

en-verb

splice (third-person singular simple present splices, present participle splicing, simple past and past participle spliced)

splices (present singular third-person)
splicing (participle present)
spliced (participle past)
spliced (past)

(genetics) To remove intron sequences from the pre-messenger RNA, and then join together exons.


recombination

(genetics) The formation of genetic combinations in offspring that are not present in the parents.


transcript

[ˈtʃɹʷænskɹʷɪp̚t]

From Latin transcriptum, from transcribere.

Some transcripts were exclusively expressed in specific organs, such as female protarsus, whereas others were universally expressed, this varied expression profile may provide insights into the specific functions mediated by chemoreception proteins in insects.

2015 December 12, “Identification and Comparative Expression Profiles of Chemoreception Genes Revealed from Major Chemoreception Organs of the Rice Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(genetics) A molecule of RNA produced by transcription.


翻譯

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ it̚⁵/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ iʔ⁴/

/huoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ iʔ⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚¹²¹/

/hueŋ³³⁻²³ ek̚⁴/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ ek̚⁴/

/fe⁵⁵ ɦiɪʔ²¹/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ it̚⁵/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ iʔ⁴/

/huoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ iʔ⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚¹²¹/

/hueŋ³³⁻²³ ek̚⁴/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ ek̚⁴/

/fe⁵⁵ ɦiɪʔ²¹/

傳譯

to translate; to do interpreting, originally referred to translation generally

(genetics) to translate (to generate a chain of amino acids based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule)


GC

en-noun

GC (countable and uncountable, plural GCs)

(genetics, molecular biology) Initialism of guanine-cytosine.


shift

shift (countable and uncountable, plural shifts)

The noun is from Middle English schyft, shyffte. Cognate with German Schicht (“layer, shift”).
The verb is from Middle English schiften, from Old English sċiftan (“to divide, separate into shares; appoint, ordain; arrange, organise”), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną, *skiptijaną, from earlier *skipatjaną (“to organise, put in order”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”). Cognate with Scots schift, skift (“to shift”), West Frisian skifte, skiftsje (“to sort”), Dutch schiften (“to sort, screen, winnow, part”), German schichten (“to stack, layer”), Swedish skifta (“to shift, change, exchange, vary”), Norwegian skifte (“to shift”), Icelandic skipta (“to switch”). See ship.

cog

This kind of change, called shift - or more memorably, 'viral sex' - tends to trigger a pandemic, because a radically different virus demands a radically different immune response, and that takes time to mobilise.

2017, Laura Spinney, Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World, →ISBN:

(genetics) A mutation in which the DNA or RNA from two different sources (such as viruses or bacteria) combine.


variation

en-noun

variation (usually uncountable, plural variations)

/ˌvɛəɹɪˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvæɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

/ˌvɛɹiˈeɪʃn̩/

From Middle French variation, from Old French variacion, from Latin variātiō, from vary + -ation.

(genetics) The modification of a hereditary trait.


chronogram

From chrono- + -gram, from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) + γράμμα (grámma, “writing”).

(genetics) A phylogenetic tree that has branch spans proportional to evolutionary time.


satellite

From Middle French satellite, from Latin satelles (“attendant”). Ultimately perhaps of Etruscan origin.

(genetics) A very large array of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA.


regulon

(genetics) A group of genes that are regulated by the same regulatory molecule. The genes of a regulon share a common regulatory element binding site or promoter. The genes comprising a regulon may be located non-contiguously in the genome


variant

variants (plural)
variaunt (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-variant.wav

Recorded since c.1380, from Old French variant, from Latin variāns, the present active participle of variō (“to change”).

Most train operators have reduced services with emergency timetables, as they struggle to cope with a rapid increase in staff absences due to the Omicron variant of COVID.

2022 January 12, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Emergency timetables as absences surge due to COVID”, in RAIL, number 948, page 6:

(genetics) A different sequence of a gene (locus).


locus

Holonyms: subband < band < region < replicon

Meronyms: sublocus; gene, cistron; pseudogene

(genetics) A fixed position on a string of DNA or RNA, especially a chromosome, that may be occupied by one or more genes.


locus

Internationalism. Ultimately an unadapted borrowing from Latin locus (“place, spot”). Doublet of luogo.


locus

Learned borrowing from Latin locus. Doublet of luego.


ulu

ulu dil


screen

screens (plural)
skreen (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English scren, screne (“windscreen, firescreen”), from Anglo-Norman escren (“firescreen, the tester of a bed”), Old French escren, escrein, escran (modern French écran (“screen”)), from Middle Dutch scherm, from Old Dutch *skirm, from Proto-West Germanic *skirmi, from Proto-Germanic *skirmiz (“fur, shelter, covering, screen”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).
Cognate with Dutch scherm (“screen”), German Schirm (“screen”). Doublet of scherm.
An alternative etymology derives Old French escren, escran from Old Dutch *scranc (“barrier”) (compare Middle Dutch schranc, schranke (“palisade, trellis, grid”), German Schrank (“cupboard, cabinet”), German Schranke (“fence”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skrank, from Proto-Germanic *skrankaz.

skerm

viewing area of electronic output device

(by analogy) Searching through a sample for a target; an act of screening, or the method for it.

(genetics) A technique used to identify genes so as to study gene functions.

seulonta

genetics: technique used to identify genes


metagenome

(genetics) All the genetic material present in an environmental sample, consisting of the genomes of many individual organisms.


transition

en-noun

transition (countable and uncountable, plural transitions)

/tɹɑːnˈzɪ.ʃən/

Etymology tree
Middle French transitionbor.
English transition
From Middle French transition, from Latin transitio. By surface analysis, transit + -ion.

etymon

filtered-popping recursive transition network

(genetics) A point mutation in which one base is replaced by another of the same class (purine or pyrimidine); compare transversion.


promoter

(genetics) The section of DNA that controls the initiation of RNA transcription as a product of a gene.


silent

en-adj

silent (comparative silenter or more silent, superlative silentest or most silent)

silenter (comparative)
more silent (comparative)
silentest (superlative)
most silent (superlative)
scilent (alternative)

From Latin silēns (“silent”), present participle of sileō (“be silent”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyl- (“still, windless, quiet, slow”). Related to Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (anasilan, “to cease, grow still, be silent”), Old English sālnes (“silence”).

der

(genetics) Not implying significant modifications which would affect a peptide sequence.

hiljainen

not implying significant modifications which would affect a peptide sequence


excision

en-noun

excision (countable and uncountable, plural excisions)

From Middle French excision, from Latin excīsiō.

(genetics) The removal of a gene from a section of genetic material.


proto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).

lbor

prot- (alternative)
Proto- (alternative)

All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.

(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of.

վաղնջա-

(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages


construct

Borrowed from Latin cōnstrūctus, from cōnstruō (“to heap together”), from com- (“together”) + struō (“I heap up, pile”). Doublet of construe.

(genetics) A segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue.


XX

An autosomal recessive gene causes gonadal dysgenesis in XX individuals, and several distinct entities have been identified.

2001, Kenneth L. Becker (ed), Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism (in English), →ISBN, page 857:

If a Y chromosome is present in an XX-karyotyped individual, gonadal removal is necessary due to the risk of gonadoblastoma.

2007, Fima Lifshitz (ed), Pediatric Endocrinology, Volume 2 (in English), →ISBN, page 358:

The group at John Hopkins^([sic]), as well as many others, dropped the "true sex" policy (such as XX or XY) and adopted the "optimal gender" policy for assigning sex to sexually ambiguous children.

2009, Gerald N. Callahan, Between XX and XY: Intersexuality and the Myth of Two Sexes (in English), →ISBN, page 30:

(genetics) Having a female configuration of chromosomes as per the XY system.

(genetics) synonym of ZZ (“having a male configuration of chromosomes as per the ZW system”)


mutant

From Latin mūtāns, present participle of mūtō. By surface analysis, muta- + -ant.

Furthermore, it is possible that there occasionally arises what may be called a mutant of very desirable character from a eugenic point of view.

1918, Paul Popenoe, Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics:

There does seem to have been some mutation among plants[…]but in animal life where are the mutants? When or where has a new species originated in this way?

"How did I ever get such ability?" he wondered. "No one else in our family has it. Am I some sort of a mutant? But if so, how or why? I never heard Dad or Mother mention it."

1953, E. Everett Evans, Man of Many Minds:

(genetics) That which has mutated, with one or more new characteristics from a mutation.


mutant

mutant DNA

Scientists have created a mutant enzyme that breaks down plastic drinks bottles—by accident.

2018 April 16, Damian Carrington, “Scientists accidentally create mutant enzyme that eats plastic bottles”, in The Guardian:

Researchers at the SSI found that antibodies from people who recovered from coronavirus were less effective at neutralising the mutant strain, but have not made details of their experiments public.

2020 November 8, Ian Sample, “UK scientists seek mutant Covid samples from Danish mink farms”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) Of, relating to, undergoing (i.e. mutating), or resulting from change or mutation; that has undergone mutation.


univalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-univalent.wav

(genetics) Of, or relating to, a chromosome that is not paired with its homologous chromosome during synapsis.


bivalent

en-adj

bivalent (comparative more bivalent, superlative most bivalent)

more bivalent (comparative)
most bivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Of, or relating to a pair of homologous synapsed chromosomes that occur during meiosis.


trisomic

(genetics) Having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell instead of the usual number of two


deletion

en-noun

deletion (countable and uncountable, plural deletions)

From Latin dēlētiōnem (“destruction, effacement”), from the past-participle stem of dēlēre (“to blot out, destroy, efface”).

uder

(genetics) A mutation in which a gene, or other section of DNA, is removed from a chromosome.


fusion

en-noun

fusion (countable and uncountable, plural fusions)

fission

antonym(s) of “nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine”

First appears c. 1555, in a translation by Richard Eden. From Middle French fusion, from Latin fūsiōnem (the accusative of fūsiō), from fusus, past participle of fundō (“I pour, I melt”) (see also found). Doublet of foison.

The act of merging separate things, or the result thereof.

(genetics) The result of the hybridation of two genes which originally coded for separate proteins.


wobble

wobbles (plural)
wabble (alternative archaic)

From earlier wabble (“wobble”), probably from Low German wabbeln (“to wobble”). Compare Dutch wiebelen and wobbelen (“to wobble”), German wabbeln (“to wobble”), Old Norse vafla (“to hover about, totter”).

cog

(genetics) A variation in the third nucleotide of a codon that codes for a specific aminoacid.


heterosis

en-noun

heterosis (countable and uncountable, plural heteroses)

Hybridisation can also result in heterosis - the scientific term for the production of ʽsuper fit’ hybrid individuals - many examples of which come from agriculture. Heterosis can be thought of as the opposite of inbreeding depression, the phenomenon whereby the offspring of individuals that are genetically too similar - for example, brother and sister - can suffer from debilitating maladies.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 159:

(genetics) The tendency of cross-breeding to produce an animal or plant with a greater hardiness than its parents; hybrid vigour.


heterozygote

From hetero- + zygote. Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

(genetics) A diploid individual that has different alleles at one or more genetic loci.

хетерозигот

a diploid individual that has different alleles at one or more genetic loci


heterozygosis

(genetics) The fusion of two genetically different gametes


overlap

en-verb

overlap (third-person singular simple present overlaps, present participle overlapping, simple past and past participle overlapped)

overlaps (present singular third-person)
overlapping (participle present)
overlapped (participle past)
overlapped (past)

From over- + lap.
Cognate with Dutch overlap.

(genetics) To have some similar nucleotide sequences.


orthology

(genetics) Homologous sequences descended from the same ancestral sequence for which function of the gene or sequence has been conserved across evolutionary time.


NAT

en-noun

NAT (countable and uncountable, plural NATs)

(genetics) Initialism of nucleic acid test.


knockdown

knockdown (countable and uncountable, plural knockdowns)

(genetics) A genetically modified organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that have been made less active or had their expression reduced.

(genetics) The use of a reagent such as an oligonucleotide with sequence complementary to an active gene or its mRNA transcript, to interfere with the expression of said gene.


knockdown

en-verb

knockdown (third-person singular simple present knockdowns, present participle knockdowning, simple past and past participle knockdowned)

knockdowns (present singular third-person)
knockdowning (participle present)
knockdowned (participle past)
knockdowned (past)

(genetics) To employ the knockdown technique


insert

From Latin insertus, past participle of inserō, from in- + serō (“join, bind together, connect, entwine, interweave”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Compare exsert.

der

(genetics) A sequence of DNA inserted into another DNA molecule.


DNS

DNS-ek (plural)
DNS (nominative singular)
DNS-ek (nominative plural)
DNS-t (accusative singular)
DNS-eket (accusative plural)
DNS-nek (dative singular)
DNS-eknek (dative plural)
DNS-sel (instrumental singular)
DNS-ekkel (instrumental plural)
DNS-ért (causal-final singular)
DNS-ekért (causal-final plural)
DNS-sé (singular translative)
DNS-ekké (plural translative)
DNS-ig (singular terminative)
DNS-ekig (plural terminative)
DNS-ként (essive-formal singular)
DNS-ekként (essive-formal plural)
DNS-ben (inessive singular)
DNS-ekben (inessive plural)
DNS-en (singular superessive)
DNS-eken (plural superessive)
DNS-nél (adessive singular)
DNS-eknél (adessive plural)
DNS-be (illative singular)
DNS-ekbe (illative plural)
DNS-re (singular sublative)
DNS-ekre (plural sublative)
DNS-hez (allative singular)
DNS-ekhez (allative plural)
DNS-ből (elative singular)
DNS-ekből (elative plural)
DNS-ről (delative singular)
DNS-ekről (delative plural)
DNS-től (ablative singular)
DNS-ektől (ablative plural)
DNS-é (singular)
DNS-eké (plural)
DNS-éi (singular)
DNS-ekéi (plural)
DNS-em (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
DNS-eim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
DNS-ed (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
DNS-eid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
DNS-e (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
DNS-ei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
DNS-ünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
DNS-eink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
DNS-etek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
DNS-eitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
DNS-ük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
DNS-eik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Initialism of dezoxiribonukleinsav (“deoxyribonucleic acid”).


particulate

en-adj

particulate (comparative more particulate, superlative most particulate)

more particulate (comparative)
most particulate (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-particulate.wav

From New Latin particulatus, from particula, diminutive of pars.

The rudiments of particulate inheritance were dimly understood already by the breeders of cattle and apples, but nobody was being systematic.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 41:

(genetics) Pertaining to heritable characteristics which are attributable discretely to either one or another of an offspring's parents, rather than a blend of the two.


adventitious

adventitious (comparative more adventitious, superlative most adventitious)

more adventitious (comparative)
most adventitious (superlative)
adventicious (alternative archaic)

From Medieval Latin adventītius (“coming from abroad, extraneous”), a corruption of Latin adventīcius (“foreign, strange, accidental”), from adventus (“arrival, coming, approach, advent”) + -īcius (suffix forming adjectives), from adveniō (“to arrive”) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns).

der

(genetics, medicine) Not congenital; acquired.


imputation

en-noun

imputation (countable and uncountable, plural imputations)

From Middle French imputation, from Latin imputatio.

(genetics) The statistical inference of unobserved genotypes.


variable tandem repeat locus

(genetics) Any DNA sequence that exists in multiple copies strung together in various tandem lengths.


parental

en-adj

parental (comparative more parental, superlative most parental)

more parental (comparative)
most parental (superlative)

From Middle French parental, from Latin parentālis, from parens (“parent”).

This, following Bateson, we may call the parental generation or P generation. Subsequent generations are called filial generations (abbreviated F) and their numerical order is indicated by a subscript, [...]

1916, William E. Castle, Gregor Mendel, Genetics & Eugenics, page 101:

(genetics) Of the generation of organisms that produce a hybrid.


petite

Borrowed from French petite f, feminine of petit m (“small, little”).

The primary structure of the mitochondrial genomes of these petites had been previously determined […]

2005, Giorgio Bernardi, Structural and Evolutionary Genomics, page 39:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae#Translingual

(genetics) A mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, forming small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sources such as glucose.


integrate

en-verb

integrate (third-person singular simple present integrates, present participle integrating, simple past and past participle integrated)

integrates (present singular third-person)
integrating (participle present)
integrated (participle past)
integrated (past)

/ˈɪn.təˌɡɹeɪt/

/ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡɹæɪt/

First attested in the 1450's as an adjective, first attested in 1638 as a verb; from Middle English integrat(e) (“intact, whole”), borrowed from Latin integrātus, perfect passive participle of integrō (“to make whole, renew, repair, begin again”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from integer (“whole, fresh”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). See integer and integral.

inh

(genetics, transitive) To combine compatible elements in order to incorporate them.


transcription

en-noun

transcription (countable and uncountable, plural transcriptions)

From Middle French transcription, or directly from Latin transcriptiōnem, from trānscrībō (“transcribe”).

The process in which the DNA molecule unwinds, separates its two polynucleotide strands, and synthesizes an RNA molecule from one of these DNA strands is called transcription. Genes transcribe chemical messages in the form of RNA molecules. Transcription begins at some site in the DNA duplex and ends at some other point.

2001, Richard Kowles, Solving Problems in Genetics, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 315:

(genetics) The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.


amplification

amplification (countable and uncountable, plural amplifications)

From Latin amplificātiō, from amplificō (“I amplify”); see amplify.
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Latin -ficō
Latin amplificō
Latin -tiō
Latin amplificātiōlbor.
English amplification

etymon

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction

(genetics) The using of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolating and exponentially amplifying a fragment or sequence of DNA.


translational

translational regulation

Relating to translation, in its various senses:

(genetics) Relating to the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins.

transzlációs

relating to the process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins


translocate

en-verb

translocate (third-person singular simple present translocates, present participle translocating, simple past and past participle translocated)

translocates (present singular third-person)
translocating (participle present)
translocated (participle past)
translocated (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-translocate.wav

(genetics, transitive, of a chromosomal segment) To cause to undergo translocation.


transposon

2002, Ahmet Ipek, Introduction of an Ac/Ds Based Two-element Transposon Tagging System and Trans-activation of Ds in Carrot (Daucus Carota L.), University of Wisconsin–Madison, page 44,
Transposon tagging is a powerful technique to identify and clone genes. The successful application of transposon tagging requires previous identification and cloning of a transposon in the species under consideration.

An alternative approach to the use of retroviruses was to use a DNA transposon to integrate DNA into zebrafish chromosomes.

2003, Karl J. Clark, The Development of Sleeping Beauty Gene-trap Transposons for Insertional Mutagenesis of Vertebrates, University of Minnesota, page 7:

Our genome also contains stretches of genetic material called transposons that, at least in some cases, are thought to have been introduced long ago by viruses.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) A segment of DNA that can move to a different position within a genome, or to the genome of another species.

轉座子 /转座子

segment of DNA that can move to a different position within a genome, or to another genome


coverage

en-noun

coverage (countable and uncountable, plural coverages)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Latin operiō
Latin cooperiō
Old French covrirbor.
Middle English coveren
English cover
Proto-Italic *-ātos
Latin -ātus
Proto-Italic *-kos
Latin -cus
Latin -icus
Latin -āticus
Latin -āticum
Old French -agebor.
Middle English -age
English -age
English coverage
From cover + -age. First attested in 1912. Compare Middle English coverage (“a charge for having or stall or booth at a fair”).

cog

(genetics) The average number of reads representing a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence.

kattavuus

(genetics) average number of reads representing a given nucleotide


trivalent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-trivalent.wav


eugenic

en-adj

eugenic (comparative more eugenic, superlative most eugenic)

more eugenic (comparative)
most eugenic (superlative)

(genetics) Relating or adapting to production of strong or effective offspring.


polymorphism

en-noun

polymorphism (countable and uncountable, plural polymorphisms)

polimorfisme

crystallography: ability of a material to exist in more than one form

Since 1990 they have found an entirely new role: they promise understanding of how and why our genes are all so different. They hold the key to human polymorphism.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 137:

Some polymorphisms can be quite stable – so stable that they span the change from an ancestral to a descendant species.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale, Phoenix, published 2005, page 63:

(genetics) The regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population; also, variability of amino acid sequences within a gene's protein.

polimorfisme

genetics: regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population


complementary

en-adj

complementary (comparative more complementary, superlative most complementary)

more complementary (comparative)
most complementary (superlative)

From complement + -ary. Piecewise doublet of complimentary.

(genetics) Of the specific pairings of the bases in DNA and RNA.


homozygote

/ˌhəʊməʊˈzaɪɡəʊt/

From homo- + zygote. Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

(genetics) A diploid individual that has equal alleles at one or more genetic loci.

хомозигот

a diploid individual that has equal alleles at one or more genetic loci


C

* (element symbol, carbon): abbreviation
* (metrology, coulomb): abbreviation
* (computing, hexadecimal 12): From its position as the twelfth element of the series {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

(genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any cytosine


Mutant

de-noun

Mutant m (weak, genitive Mutanten, plural Mutanten, feminine Mutantin)

Mutanten (genitive)
Mutanten (plural)
Mutantin (feminine)
Mutant (nominative singular)
Mutanten (definite nominative plural)
Mutanten (genitive singular)
Mutanten (definite genitive plural)
Mutanten (dative singular)
Mutanten (dative definite plural)
Mutanten (accusative singular)
Mutanten (accusative definite plural)
Mutante (alternative)

Er sagt, er glaubt nicht, dass ich eine Mutantin bin, aber manche Mutanten erkennt man schwer.

2019, Oliver Plaschka, Pilgerzug der Posbis (Perry Rhodan Neo), number 191, Perry Rhodan digital, →ISBN:

(genetics, science fiction) mutant (that has undergone genetic mutation)


R

From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓 (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.

(genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any purine.


T

From the Etruscan letter 𐌕 (t, “te”), from the Ancient Greek letter Τ (T, “tau”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤕 (t, “taw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏴.

(genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for thymine


Translation

Translation f (genitive Translation, plural Translationen)

Translation (genitive)
Translationen (plural)
Translation (nominative singular)
Translationen (definite nominative plural)
Translation (genitive singular)
Translationen (definite genitive plural)
Translation (dative singular)
Translationen (dative definite plural)
Translation (accusative singular)
Translationen (accusative definite plural)

Borrowed from French translation, from Latin trānslātiō.

(genetics) translation (process whereby a strand of mRNA directs assembly of amino acids into proteins within a ribosome)


U

From the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of Y, V, and F.

(genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for uracil


Y

A late borrowing from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), first used to write Greek loanwords in Latin, derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of U, V, and F.

(genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any pyrimidine


EST

(genetics) Initialism of expressed sequence tag.


cassette

cassettes (plural)
casette (alternative dated)

(genetics) A modular DNA sequence encoding one or more genes for a single biochemical function.

kasetti

modular segment of DNA encoding genes for a single function


RE

en-noun

RE (countable and uncountable, plural REs)

response element
response element#English

(biochemistry, genetics) Initialism of response element.


headcase

headcase (countable and uncountable, plural headcases)

headcases (plural)
head-case (alternative)
head case (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-headcase.wav

Another gene downstream of EcR/Usp is headcase. Screening genes that show genetic interactions with EcR mutants, Loncle and Williams identified headcase as a regulator of dendrite pruning (Loncle and Williams 2012).

2016, Kazuo Emoto, Rachel Wong, Eric Huang, Casper Hoogenraad, editors, Dendrites: Development and Disease, Springer, →ISBN, page 280:

(genetics, uncountable) A genetic sequence that inhibits terminal branching of the trachea and regulates dendrite pruning.


HR

HR (countable and uncountable, plural HRs)

/eɪt͡ʃ ɑː(ɹ)/

homologous recombination
w:homologous recombination

(genetics) Initialism of homologous recombination.


MAD

MAD (countable and uncountable, plural MADs)

mothers against decapentaplegic
w:mothers against decapentaplegic

(genetics) Initialism of mothers against decapentaplegic.


mtDNA

mtDNA (countable and uncountable, plural mtDNAs)

mtDNAs (plural)
mDNA (alternative)
MDNA (alternative)
mitoDNA (alternative)
mtdna (alternative)

There is a large infographic on mtDNA types and population sampling.

2020, Raven Leilani, Luster, Picador (2021), pages 145–146:

mitochondrial DNA
mitochondrial DNA#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of mitochondrial DNA.