PGF

PGF (countable and uncountable, plural PGFs)

placental growth factor
placental growth factor#English

(genetics) Abbreviation of placental growth factor gene, the gene encoding for the biomolecule placental growth factor (“PlGF”).


SIR

en-noun

SIR (countable and uncountable, plural SIRs)

(biochemistry, genetics) Abbreviation of silent information regulator.


PCR

polymerase chain reaction
polymerase chain reaction#English

(genetics, molecular biology, organic chemistry) initialism of polymerase chain reaction


RNAi

RNA interference
RNA interference#English

(genetics) Initialism of RNA interference.


junk DNA

junk DNA (usually uncountable, plural junk DNAs)

(genetics) Any portion of the DNA sequence of a chromosome or a genome with no apparent function identified by science to date.

ADN poubelle

portion of DNA that has no identified function


diploid

From diplo- + -oid. By surface analysis, di- + -ploid.

It has been shown, however, that triploid forms producing diploid gametes in one sex and haploid ones in the other sex can act as a stepping stone towards tetraploidization (triploid bridge; [ 93 – 95 ]).

2015 July 4, Heinz-Ulrich Reyer, Christian Arioli-Jakob, Martina Arioli, “Post-zygotic selection against parental genotypes during larval development maintains all-hybrid populations of the frog Pelophylax esculentus”, in BMC Evolutionary Biology, volume 15, →DOI:

(genetics) Of a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome, one of the pair being derived from the ovum and the other from the spermatozoon. Most somatic cells of higher organisms are diploid.

diploide

of a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome

(genetics) Of an organism, having diploid cells.


diploid

de-adj

diploid (strong nominative masculine singular diploider, not comparable)

diploider (masculine nominative singular strong)
diploid (masculine predicative singular)
diploid (feminine predicative singular)
diploid (neuter predicative singular)
diploid (plural predicative)
diploider (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
diploide (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
diploides (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
diploide (nominative plural strong without-article)
diploiden (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
diploider (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
diploiden (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
diploider (genitive plural strong without-article)
diploidem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
diploider (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
diploidem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
diploiden (dative plural strong without-article)
diploiden (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
diploide (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
diploides (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
diploide (accusative plural strong without-article)
der diploide (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die diploide (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das diploide (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die diploiden (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des diploiden (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der diploiden (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des diploiden (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der diploiden (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem diploiden (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der diploiden (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem diploiden (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den diploiden (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den diploiden (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die diploide (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das diploide (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die diploiden (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein diploider (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine diploide (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein diploides (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
diploiden (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine diploiden (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines diploiden (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer diploiden (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines diploiden (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
diploiden (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner diploiden (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem diploiden (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer diploiden (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem diploiden (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
diploiden (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen diploiden (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen diploiden (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine diploide (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein diploides (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
diploiden (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine diploiden (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)

From diplo- + -id. Coined in the second half of the 19th century by botanist Eduard Strasburger.

Eine diploide Zelle


diploid

ro-adj

diploid m or n (feminine singular diploidă, masculine plural diploizi, feminine and neuter plural diploide)

diploidă (feminine singular)
diploizi (masculine plural)
diploide (feminine neuter plural)
diploid (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
diploidă (feminine indefinite singular)
diploizi (indefinite masculine plural)
diploide (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
diploidul (definite masculine neuter singular)
diploida (definite feminine singular)
diploizii (definite masculine plural)
diploidele (definite feminine neuter plural)
diploide (feminine indefinite singular)
diploidului (definite masculine neuter singular)
diploidei (definite feminine singular)
diploizilor (definite masculine plural)
diploidelor (definite feminine neuter plural)


haploid

en:genetics, broad sense, defined by typical gamete karyotype for the organism

(genetics, loosely) Having the number of chromosomes that a typical gamete has (in the given organism), namely, half the number that a typical somatic cell has (in the given organism).

Examples of haploid cells are prokaryotes and the gametes of eukaryotes.

en:genetics, strict sense, defined by typical gamete karyotype for most organisms

(genetics, strictly) Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (which is the number that a typical gamete has in many organisms although not all).

haploide

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes


haploid

haploid m or n (feminine singular haploidă, masculine plural haploizi, feminine and neuter plural haploide)

haploidă (feminine singular)
haploizi (masculine plural)
haploide (feminine neuter plural)
haploid (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
haploidă (feminine indefinite singular)
haploizi (indefinite masculine plural)
haploide (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
haploidul (definite masculine neuter singular)
haploida (definite feminine singular)
haploizii (definite masculine plural)
haploidele (definite feminine neuter plural)
haploide (feminine indefinite singular)
haploidului (definite masculine neuter singular)
haploidei (definite feminine singular)
haploizilor (definite masculine plural)
haploidelor (definite feminine neuter plural)


haft

is-noun

haft n (genitive singular hafts, nominative plural höft)

hafts (genitive singular)
höft (nominative plural)
haft (indefinite nominative singular)
haftið (definite nominative singular)
höft (indefinite nominative plural)
höftin (definite nominative plural)
haft (accusative indefinite singular)
haftið (accusative definite singular)
höft (accusative indefinite plural)
höftin (accusative definite plural)
hafti (dative indefinite singular)
haftinu (dative definite singular)
höftum (dative indefinite plural)
höftunum (dative definite plural)
hafts (genitive indefinite singular)
haftsins (definite genitive singular)
hafta (genitive indefinite plural)
haftanna (definite genitive plural)

tunguhaft

frenulum linguae; ankyloglossia, tongue-tie

(genetics, of a chromosome) constriction


synonymous

From Medieval Latin synōnymus, from Ancient Greek συνώνυμος (sunṓnumos). By surface analysis, synonym + -ous.

(genetics, of a SNP) Such that both its forms yield the same sequenced protein.

synonyme

genetics: with both forms yielding the same protein


mutation

en-noun

mutation (countable and uncountable, plural mutations)

Late 14th century as Middle English mutacioun, from Latin mūtātiō, both directly and via Old French mutacion.

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 2013-08-14:

(genetics) Any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material.


mutation

mutation (indefinite nominative singular)
mutations (genitive indefinite singular)
mutationen (definite nominative singular)
mutationens (definite genitive singular)
mutationer (indefinite nominative plural)
mutationers (genitive indefinite plural)
mutationerna (definite nominative plural)
mutationernas (definite genitive plural)

(countable, uncountable, genetics) mutation


centromere

Borrowed from German Centromer, corresponding to centro- + -mere (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”)).

The aberrant bivalents with single terminal chiasmata are specially liable to this failure of orientation, presumably because their centromeres lie exceptionally far apart, as is the case in similar circumstances in a Lilium hybrid with reduced chiasma-frequency.

1936, C. D. Darlington, “The Analysis of Chromosome Movements, I. Podophyllum versipelle”, in Cytologia, volume 7, numbers 1-2, page 242:

Every chromosome has a long arm and a short arm separated by a pinch point known as a centromere.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2000, page 16:

(genetics) The central region of a eukaryotic chromosome where the kinetochore is assembled.


puff

puff (countable and uncountable, plural puffs)

From Middle English puff, puf, from Old English pyf (“a blast of wind, puff”), imitative. Cognate with Middle Low German puf, pof.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(genetics) A region of a chromosome exhibiting a local increase in diameter.


heterotypic

(genetics) Relating to the first nuclear division in meiosis.


polymerase chain reaction

en-noun

polymerase chain reaction (plural polymerase chain reactions)

genetic fingerprinting
genetic fingerprinting

(genetics, molecular biology, organic chemistry) A technique in molecular biology for creating multiple copies of DNA from a sample; used in genetic fingerprinting etc.

ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応

ポリメラーゼれんさはんのう


blood test

(law, genetics) An analysis of blood performed on two subjects to determine whether they are biologically related, such as a paternity test.


molecular biology

(genetics) the branch of biology that studies the manipulation of genetic sequence of DNA

(genetics) the technology of gene manipulation


molecular biologist

molecular biologist (plural molecular biologists)

(biochemistry, genetics) a scientist who specializes in molecular biology


molecular medicine

(medicine, genetics) the branch of medicine that studies the manipulation of genes, and the subsequent effect on genetic diseases


stop codon

(biology, genetics, biochemistry) a sequence of three RNA nucleotides (A, C, G or U) that instruct the synthesis, or translation, of a protein to stop. The three-letter stop codon sequences have been given names: "UAG" is amber, "UGA" is opal, and "UAA" is ochre.

lopetuskodoni

codon that instructs protein synthesis to stop


guanodine

guanosine monophosphate
guanosine monophosphate

guanosine diphosphate
guanosine diphosphate

guanosine triphosphate
guanosine triphosphate

(biochemistry, genetics) any of the three nucleotides guanosine monophosphate, guanosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate


guanosine

guanosine (countable and uncountable, plural guanosines)

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from guanine and ribose


adenosine

From German Adenosin, corresponding to aden(ine) + (rib)os(e) + -ine.

Caffeine acts as an antagonist at receptors in the brain for one of the chemical messengers called adenosine.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 82:

Think of adenosine as a chemical barometer that continuously registers the amount of elapsed time since you woke up this morning.

2017, Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep, Penguin, published 2018, page 27:

SAM: Readings confirmed. Based on the levels of adenosine in your system, the neural implant is functioning properly.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Hyperion:

Adenosine levels can be quickly righted after a few nights of good sleep, however.

2022 June 24, Oliver Whang, “The Sleep Debt Collector Is Here”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from adenine and ribose, found in striated muscle tissue.


gen

head

gen n (singular definite genet, plural indefinite gener)

genet (definite singular)
gener (indefinite plural)
gen (indefinite nominative singular)
genet (definite nominative singular)
gener (indefinite nominative plural)
generne (definite nominative plural)
gens (genitive indefinite singular)
genets (definite genitive singular)
geners (genitive indefinite plural)
genernes (definite genitive plural)

From German Gen, from Ancient Greek γενεά (geneá, “generation, descent”), from the aorist infinitive of γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”). Coined by the Danish biologist Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen in a German-language publication.


gen

(genetics) gene (a theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms)


gen

Borrowed from Dutch gen (“gene”), from German Gen (which was coined by Danish biologist Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen in a German-language publication), from Ancient Greek γενεά (geneá, “generation, descent”), from the aorist infinitive of γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “I come into being”).

(genetics) a theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms; a gene may take several values and in principle predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair colour.


gen

genowy (adjective)
gen (nominative singular)
geny (nominative plural)
genu (genitive singular)
genów (genitive plural)
genowi (dative singular)
genom (dative plural)
gen (accusative singular)
geny (accusative plural)
genem (instrumental singular)
genami (instrumental plural)
genie (locative singular)
genach (locative plural)
genie (singular vocative)
geny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English gene, French gène, German Gen, ultimately from Ancient Greek γενεᾱ́ (geneā́).

(genetics) gene (theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms; it may take several values and, in principle, predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair color)


epigenetics

/ˌɛpɪd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪks/

Blend of epigenesis + genetics; coined by C. H. Waddington in 1942.

Epigenetics deals with the regulation of genetic activity within a cell - which genes are switched on or off, and when it happens.

2010 November 6, “Sins of the Fathers”, in New Scientist:

The nuts and bolts of how this happens revolves around the massively trendy field of “epigenetics,” revealing how early life experience causes long-lasting changes in gene expression in particular brain regions.

2023, Robert M. Sapolsky, Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will, New York: Penguin, →ISBN:

(genetics) The study of the processes involved in the genetic development of an organism, especially the activation and deactivation of genes.

(genetics) The study of heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in DNA sequence.


LNA

locked nucleic acid
locked nucleic acid#English

(genetics) Initialism of locked nucleic acid.


遺伝子

ja-noun

遺(い)伝(でん)子(し) • (idenshi) ^(←ゐでんし (widensi)?)

遺伝子 (canonical)
idenshi (romanization)
widensi (romanization)
ゐでんし (hiragana historical)

遺伝子銀行

遺伝子銀行 いでんしぎんこう

遺伝子工学

遺伝子工学 いでんしこうがく

遺伝子診断

遺伝子診断 いでんししんだん

遺伝子操作

遺伝子操作 いでんしそうさ

遺伝子治療

遺伝子治療 いでんしちりょう

遺伝子導入

遺伝子導入 いでんしどうにゅう

遺伝子突然変異

遺伝子突然変異 いでんしとうぜんへんい

核外遺伝子

核外遺伝子 かくがいいでんし

癌抑制遺伝子

癌抑制遺伝子 がんよくせいいでんし

構造遺伝子

構造遺伝子 こうぞういでんし

対立遺伝子

対立遺伝子 たいりついでんし

致死遺伝子

致死遺伝子 ちしいでんし

調節遺伝子

調節遺伝子 ちょうせついでんし

重複遺伝子

重複遺伝子 ちょうふくいでんし

同義遺伝子

同義遺伝子 どうぎいでんし

複対立遺伝子

複対立遺伝子 ふくたいりついでんし

補足遺伝子

補足遺伝子 ほそくいでんし

免疫応答遺伝子

免疫応答遺伝子 めんえきおうとういでんし

利己的遺伝子説

利己的遺伝子説 りこてきいでんしせつ


hypomethylation

(genetics) a decrease in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA


hypermethylation

en-noun

hypermethylation (countable and uncountable, plural hypermethylations)

(genetics) an increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA.


methylation

methylation (countable and uncountable, plural methylations)

/ˌmɛθɪˈleɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-methylation.wav

(genetics) The addition of a methyl group to cytosine and adenine residues in DNA that leads to the epigenetic modification of DNA and the reduction of gene expression and protein production.


homólogo

pt-adj

homólogo (feminine homóloga, masculine plural homólogos, feminine plural homólogas)

homóloga (feminine)
homólogos (masculine plural)
homólogas (feminine plural)

From Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “in agreement, of one mind”).

der

(genetics) homologous (having the same morphology as another chromosome)


Giemsa

(genetics) A complex of stains used to investigate chromosomes; a mixture of eosin and methylene blue in glycerol and methanol.


sister chromatid

en-noun

sister chromatid (plural sister chromatids)

(genetics) Either of the two chromatids of a replicated chromosome.


chromatid

/ˈkɹəʊmətɪd/

From Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -id.

af

(genetics) After DNA replication, either of the two connected double-helix strands of a metaphase chromosome that separate during mitosis.


genetic code

(genetics) The set of rules by which the sequence of bases in DNA are translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins.


chiasma

chiasmas (plural)
chiasmata (plural)
chiasm (alternative)

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek χίασμα (khíasma), from χιάζω (khiázō, “to mark with the letter chi, χ”).

(genetics, cytology) The contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis.

kiazma

the contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis


chemotaxonomy

en-noun

chemotaxonomy (usually uncountable, plural chemotaxonomies)

(biochemistry, genetics) The classification or taxonomy of organisms based on differences and similarities in biochemistry, especially on differences in amino acid sequence in proteins that the organisms have in common.


tetraploid

From Ancient Greek τετραπλός (tetraplós) + Ancient Greek είδος (eídos), equivalent to tetra- + -ploid.

In potato, crosses between the tetraploid cultivated species Solanum tuberosum, and some clones of the diploid wild-type species S. phureja, constitute a method of producing maternal dihaploids.

1998, C. Horlow, C. Raquin, “A Critical Analysis of Existing Haploidization Techniques”, in Y[ves] Chupeau, M[ichel] Caboche, Y[ves] Henry, editors, Androgenesis and Haploid Plants: […] In Memory of Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, page 14:

(genetics) Having four sets of chromosomes.


genetic drift

genetic drift (countable and uncountable, plural genetic drifts)

(genetics, evolutionary theory) An overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual alleles of the genes.


octoploid

(genetics) having eight complete sets of chromosomes in a single cell


polyploid

(genetics) Having more than the usual number of complete sets of chromosomes in a single cell.

polyploid

having more than the usual number of complete sets of chromosomes


polyploidy

polyploidy (countable and uncountable, plural polyploidies)

From polyploid + -y, after German Polyploidie.

As they mature, the DNA is replicated several times but the cell does not divide, a condition known as polyploidy which allows cells to increase in size.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 90:

This propensity to polyploidy helps account for the diversity (and thus success) of flowering plants, in particular. It is also known that flowering plants sailed majestically through the life-destroying asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period, which did for the dinosaurs and many other animals.

2014 June 28, “Double or quits”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8893:

(uncountable, genetics) The condition of being polyploid or the process of becoming polyploid.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being polyploid.


insertion

insertion (countable and uncountable, plural insertions)

(genetics) The addition of a nucleotide to a chromosome by mutation.


Δ

(genetics) Used before a gene name as a modifier to denote a deletion mutation of that gene.


hybrid disgenesis

(genetics) a phenomenon in which high transposon mobility causes reduced fertility in hybrid progeny


pseudogene

(genetics) A segment of DNA that is part of the genome of an organism, and which is similar to a gene but does not code for a gene product.


chimerical

en-adj

chimerical (comparative more chimerical, superlative most chimerical)

more chimerical (comparative)
most chimerical (superlative)
chimaerical (alternative)
chimærical (alternative)

/kɪˈmɛɹɪkəl/

From chimera, from Latin chimaera, from Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira, “she-goat”). This term entered English in or around 1638.

uder

(genetics) Resulting from the expression of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins.

chimérique

resulting from the expression of two or more genes


propagation

en-noun

propagation (countable and uncountable, plural propagations)

From Middle French propagation, from Old French propagacion, from Latin propagatio.
Morphologically propagate + -ion

разпространение

the dissemination of something to a larger area or greater number

(genetics) The elongation part of transcription.


crossover

crossover (countable and uncountable, plural crossovers)

(genetics) The result of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis.

tekijäinvaihdunta

the result of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis


allogeneic

/ˌæləd͡ʒəˈniɪk/

(genetics) Genetically different because of being derived from separate individuals of the same species.


mosaic

mosaic (countable and uncountable, plural mosaics)

mosaics (plural)
mosaick (alternative obsolete)
musaic (alternative archaic)

From Middle French mosaïque, from Italian mosaico, from Medieval Latin musaicum, from Late Latin musivum (opus), from Latin museum, musaeum, probably from Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseîon), shrine of the Muses (Μοῦσα (Moûsa)).

(genetics) An individual composed of two or more cell lines of different genetic or chromosomal constitution, but from the same zygote.


nonhomologous

The nonhomologous RNA recombination resulted in an enhanced hemagglutinin cleavability.


stuffer fragment

stuffer fragment (plural stuffer fragments)

(genetics) A section of DNA contained within the genome of lambda vector that is replaced by the DNA to be cloned.


polylinker

(genetics) A short sequence of DNA containing several restriction enzyme recognition sites that is contained in cloning vectors


shi

Clipping of shibire. Coined by Japanese-Canadian geneticist and zoologist David Suzuki, the person who also coined "shibire".


leader sequence

en-noun

leader sequence (plural leader sequences)

(genetics) The sequence at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule that is not translated into protein.


replicon

During cell division there is a probability that either or both of the master replicons will misreplicate and one of the daughter cells will be missing a master copy.

1970, Michael Abercrombie, Jean Brachet, Thomas Joseph King, Advances in Morphogenesis - Volume 8, page 177:

(genetics) A DNA molecule or a region of DNA that replicates as an individual unit. A replicon may be, for instance, a chromosome, a plasmid or a phage.


replicon

replicons (plural)
réplicon (alternative Brazil)
replicão (alternative Portugal)

(genetics) replicon (region of DNA or RNA that replicates from a single origin)


reversion

reversion (countable and uncountable, plural reversions)

/ɹɪˈvɜːʒ(ə)n̩/

/ɹɪˈvɜːʃ(ə)n̩/

Borrowed into late Middle English from Old French reversion (modern réversion), from Latin reversio, from revertō. By surface analysis, revert + -sion.

(genetics) The return of a genetic characteristic after a period of suppression.


STR

STR (countable and uncountable, plural STRs)

These observations lead us to predict that structural genomic variants are as important as SNPs, short tandem repeats (STRs) and other small changes in their contribution to genome variation.

2006, Lars Feuk et al., “Structural variation in the human genome”, Nature, 7:85

We estimated that the following percentage of elements were correctly assembled: 95.4% of alpha satellites; 91.5% of human satellites 2 and 3; 97.7% of segmental duplications (SDs); 94.3% of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs); 94.2% of short tandem repeats (STRs); and 98.8% of all human repeats²⁶.

2023 May 11, Wen-Wei LiaoMobin AsriJana Ebleret al., “A draft human pangenome reference”, in Nature, volume 617, →DOI, page 313:

short tandem repeat
short tandem repeat#English

(genetics) Initialism of short tandem repeat.


CNV

CNV (countable and uncountable, plural CNVs)

"During the past year alone, fast on the heels of two breakthrough studies, hundreds of submicroscopic copy-number variants (CNVs) and inversions have been described in the human genome."

2006, Lars Feuk et al., “Structural variation in the human genome”, in Nature, 7:85:

2006, Freeman et al., "Copy number variation: New insights into genome diversity" Genome Res 2006; 16: 949-61.
"DNA copy number variation has long been associated with specific chromosomal rearrangements and genomic disorders, but its ubiquity in mammalian genomes was not fully realized until recently. Although our understanding of the extent of this variation is still developing, it seems likely that, at least in humans, copy number variants (CNVs) account for a substantial amount of genetic variation."

copy-number variant
copy-number variant#English

copy number variation
copy number variation#English

(genetics) Initialism of copy-number variant or copy number variation.


copy-number variant

copy-number variant (plural copy-number variants)

(genetics) A DNA sequence, 1000 nucleotides (or synonymously base pairs) in length or longer, that is present a variable number of times as copies in a genome relative to a reference genome.


hypostasis

hypostasis (countable and uncountable, plural hypostases or hypostaseis)

hypostases (plural)
hypostaseis (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hypostasis.wav

From Ecclesiastical Latin hypostasis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (hupóstasis, “sediment, foundation; substance, existence, essence”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + στάσις (stásis, “standing”). Morphologically hypo- + -stasis.

bor

When penetrance is suppressed altogether, the term ‘epistasis’ (and ‘hypostasis’ of the suppressed gene) is used.

1997, Vogul & Motulsky, Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches, page 141:

(genetics) The effect of one gene preventing another from expressing.


hypostatic

en-adj

hypostatic (comparative more hypostatic, superlative most hypostatic)

more hypostatic (comparative)
most hypostatic (superlative)

From mediaeval Latin hypostaticus, from Ancient Greek ὑποστατικός (hupostatikós), from ὑποστατός (hupostatós). Equivalent to hypostasis + -tic.

uder

(genetics) Of a gene, affected by hypostasis.


ortholog

(genetics) Any of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species related by linear descent.


PAR

pseudoautosomal region
w:pseudoautosomal region

(genetics) Abbreviation of pseudoautosomal region.


amorphic

en-adj

amorphic (comparative more amorphic, superlative most amorphic)

more amorphic (comparative)
most amorphic (superlative)

/ˌəˈmɔːɹfɪk/

(genetics, of a mutation) Causing a complete loss of gene function.


hot spot

hot spots (plural)
hotspot (alternative)

titik panas

location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas

пизэке

(figuratively) A place notable for a high level of activity or danger.

(genetics) The region of a gene in which there is a higher than normal rate of mutation.


Human Genome Project

(genetics) An organized international scientific endeavour to determine the complete structure of human genetic material (DNA), identify all the genes, and to understand their function.


monomorphic

/ˌmɑnoʊ̯ˈmɔɹfɪk/

From mono- (“one”) + -morphic (“of a form”).

Common immunohistochemical markers of this lymphoma include CD2, CD56, CD3, and T-cell receptors. 7 Typically, the histology of these lymphomas are characterized by monomorphic inflammatory cellular infiltrates, which may be diffuse or show angiocentricity and angiodestruction as well as tissue destruction. 7 Lymphoid markers from the nasal mucosal biopsy from this patient were negative for CD56 and EBER.

2015, Brook McConnell, M. Sherif Said, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan, “Nasal septal perforation associated with pyoderma gangrenosum”, in Allergy & Rhinology, volume 6, →DOI:

(genetics, of a gene) Invariant across a species.


recombinant

The new HIV test is the first test designed for widespread application that uses recombinant technology to test for highly specific HIV antibodies.

1988 December 11, Chris Bull, “Get Ready For The 5-Minute HIV Test”, in Gay Community News, volume 16, number 22, page 1:

(genetics) Formed by genetic recombination.


recombinant

(genetics) An organism, cell, or haplotype formed by genetic recombination.


clastogenic

From Ancient Greek κλάω (kláō, “to break”) + -genic.

(genetics) capable of causing damage to chromosomes


lilliputian

lilliputians (plural)
Lilliputian (alternative)

From the name of a fictional island called Lilliput in the novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift.

(genetics) A fruit fly gene that, when mutated, makes cells abnormally small. See AFF2.


biotype

(genetics) A group of organisms having the same specific genotype


X-linked trait

(genetics) Any trait or characteristic whose appearance or absence in a person is determined by a gene on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome.


nonstop

(genetics) Describing a point mutation within a stop codon that causes the continued translation of an mRNA strand.


intron

It is a medium-sized gene, then, interrupted by five longish introns.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 138:

(genetics) A portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded.

内含子

genetics: portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing


X chromosome

X chromosomes (plural)
X-chromosome (alternative)

Named by Hermann Henking in 1890 from x (signifying the unknown) due to some baffling properties he had observed. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


Y chromosome

Y chromosomes (plural)
Y-chromosome (alternative)

Named by Nettie Stevens in 1905 using the next letter in sequence following the naming by Hermann Henking in 1890 of the X chromosome. The brief resemblance in the appearance of the X and Y chromosomes to the letters "X" and "Y" respectively during cell division is entirely coincidental.

(genetics) A mammalian sex chromosome, occurring only in male cells. Cells of females have a pair of X chromosomes while cells of males have an X and a Y.


X-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of X chromosome.


Y-chromosome

(genetics) Alternative spelling of Y chromosome.


endophenotype

(genetics) any hereditary characteristic that is normally associated with some condition but is not a direct symptom of that condition


mitochondrial DNA

en-noun

mitochondrial DNA (countable and uncountable, plural mitochondrial DNAs)

(genetics) The genetic material, typically inherited from one's mother, contained within the mitochondria of each of one's cells.


X-junction

Linear molecules containing the same sequences are not bound, and one X-junction successfully competes with another for binding whereas linear duplexes do not compete.

1998, Jac A. Nickoloff, Merl F. Hoekstra, DNA Damage and Repair: Volume I: DNA Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes, page 197:

(genetics) A non-linear strand of DNA where certain cruciform binding proteins can compete for binding.


silencer

(genetics) Something that prevents gene expression

Something that silences
Something that prevents gene expression


heterogenic

(genetics) Of or relating to the genes of different species.


repeat unit

(genetics) A specific sequence of bases that repeats within a nucleic acid (or of amino acids within a protein)


X-linked gene

(genetics) Any gene located on the sex chromosomes. Typically, these genes are found on the X chromosome and not on the Y chromosome.


mutagen

Borrowed from Dutch mutageen (“mutagen”), from English mutagen.

bor+

(genetics, pathology) mutagen: any agent or substance that can cause genetic mutation


pathogenomics

(genetics, pathology) genomic research on pathogenic microorganisms


cell line

(genetics) A biological tissue or group of individual cells that are genetically identical as a result of dividing mitotically from a single progenitor cell.


polygenetic

(genetics, sometimes proscribed) Polygenic.


revertant

en-adj

revertant (comparative more revertant, superlative most revertant)

more revertant (comparative)
most revertant (superlative)

(genetics) That has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a subsequent mutation.

revertente

that has reverted to its former genotype


mosaicism

en-noun

mosaicism (countable and uncountable, plural mosaicisms)

Some but not all of the cells that made up the fetus […] had an extra chromosome on the twentieth pair. A mosaicism, it was called.

2007, Michael Chabon, The Yiddish Policemen’s Union, 4th Estate (2010), page 14:

(genetics) The condition in which more than one genetically distinct population of cells coexist within one individual.


linkage

linkage (countable and uncountable, plural linkages)

Genetic linkage
Linkage (linguistics)
Linkage (mechanical)
Linkage (policy)
linkage

(genetics) The property of genes of being inherited together.


UNA

unlocked nucleic acid
unlocked nucleic acid#English

(genetics) Initialism of unlocked nucleic acid.


allo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-allo-.wav

From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), from Proto-Hellenic *áľľos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (English else).

allohaploid

allopolyploid

allohexaploid

External, outside, or from a separate location.

(genetics) Hybridization of multiple species.


tetraploidy

tetraploidy (countable and uncountable, plural tetraploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being tetraploid, having four sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being tetraploid.


self-splicing

(genetics, of an intron) Able to splice without the addition of any protein factors.


編碼

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/

/pɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma³³²/

/pʰiɛn³³ be⁵⁵⁴/

/piɛn⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/pʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/

/pɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma³³²/

/pʰiɛn³³ be⁵⁵⁴/

/piɛn⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/pʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bɛ⁵³/


編碼

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/

/pɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma³³²/

/pʰiɛn³³ be⁵⁵⁴/

/piɛn⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/pʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiːn⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/pɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/

/pɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma³³²/

/pʰiɛn³³ be⁵⁵⁴/

/piɛn⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/pʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bɛ⁵³/


oncogene

It was obvious from the start what kinds of genes oncogenes would turn out to be – genes that encourage cells to grow.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 234:

(oncology, genetics) Any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels.


oncogene

/õ.kɔˈʒɛ.nɨ/

(oncology, genetics) oncogene (gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell)


proteome

/ˈpɹəʊtɪəʊm/

Blend of protein + genome or proteo- + -ome.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis allows the separation of thousands of proteins, and provides the means for separating the proteome (the PROTEin complement expressed by a genOME) of a simple species, or the protein component of a complex tissue.

1996 January 4, Marc R. Wilkins, “From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Amino Acid Analysis”, in Nature Biotechnology, volume 14, page 61:

So now the quest is to crack the human proteome – a concept so novel that the term proteome didn't even exist a decade ago.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 367:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome.


telomer

telomer (nominative singular)
telomery (nominative plural)
telomeru (genitive singular)
telomerów (genitive plural)
telomerowi (dative singular)
telomerom (dative plural)
telomer (accusative singular)
telomery (accusative plural)
telomerem (instrumental singular)
telomerami (instrumental plural)
telomerze (locative singular)
telomerach (locative plural)
telomerze (singular vocative)
telomery (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek τέλος (télos) + μέρος (méros).

(genetics) telomere (either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome)


dominance

dominance (countable and uncountable, plural dominances)

(biology, genetics) of an allele, the degree to which it expresses its phenotype when heterozygous, such as whether it is dominant or recessive.


recon

Contracted form of recombination + -on, coined by American molecular biologist Seymour Benzer in 1957 as " […] the smallest element in the one-dimensional array that is interchangeable (but not divisible) by genetic recombination."

coinage

(genetics) The smallest genetic unit that is capable of undergoing recombination.


plasmon

(genetics) All the genetic material outside the cell nucleus.


trinucleotide

(genetics) a codon containing three nucleotides


dysgenic

en-adj

dysgenic (comparative more dysgenic, superlative most dysgenic)

more dysgenic (comparative)
most dysgenic (superlative)

From dys- + -genic, produced from New Latin dys- from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) and γένος (génos, “offspring”).

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to, or causing degeneration or deterioration in offspring.

(genetics, medicine) Of or relating to dysgenics.


congenic

(genetics) (of different strains of an organism) That are genetically identical except for a variation in a limited genetic region or locus


DNA sequence

(genetics) The string of base pairs (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) which, when arranged in triplets to form codons, create a DNA string which encodes polypeptides.


regulator

منظِّم

device that controls or limits something

(genetics) A gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.


regulator

(genetics) a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes


LAMP

en-noun

LAMP (countable and uncountable, plural LAMPs)

(genetics) Acronym of loop-mediated isothermal amplification.


aptamer

From Latin aptus (“apt, proper”) + -mer (from Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part, portion”); compare mero-).

uder

Aptamers are oligomers of RNA or DNA that spontaneously fold into specific three-dimensional shapes that can bind defined targets. The specificity of the shape of the binding site arises from the base sequence of the aptamer, which determines the base-pairing pattern of the oligomer.

2005, (US) National Research Council, Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks, page 117:

2009, Corinne Ravelet, Eric Peyrin, Chapter 10: Aptamers in Affinity Separations: Stationary Separation, Yingfu Li, Yi Lu (editors), Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, page 271,
The use of DNA or RNA aptamers as tools in analytical chemistry is a very promising field of research because of their capabilities to bind specifically the target molecules with an affinity similar to that of antibodies.

The field of aptamer research is also more targeted, with many more catalytic aptamers being examined rather than for binding alone.

2010, Dabid Loakes, “Nucleotides an Nucleic Acids; Oligo- and Polynucleotides”, in D. W. Allen, J. C. Tebby, John C. Tebby, David Loakes, editors, Organophosphorus Chemistry, page 144:

2015, Caroli J et al, "APTANI: a computational tool to select aptamers through sequence-structure motif analysis of HT-SELEX data", Bioinformatics, 32 (2): 161-164, "3 Results".
To test APTANI performances and validate its findings, we analyzed a sequence library corresponding to an HT-SELEX experiment designed to isolate aptamers specific for murine IL4Ra (Roth et al., 2012).

(biochemistry, genetics) Any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein, selected from a large random sequence-pool, used to bind to a specific target molecule.

aptameeri

any subsequence of nucleic acid or protein used to bind to a specific target molecule


frameshift mutation

en-noun

frameshift mutation (countable and uncountable, plural frameshift mutations)

(genetics) A genetic mutation that either inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three (i.e., a non-integer number of codons), altering the reading frame of the portion of the gene downstream of the mutation and causing it to code for a completely different protein sequence.


heterogenous

(genetics) derived from a different individual or species


multiple allelism

(genetics) The state of having three or more alleles, or distinctive forms of a gene.


alleeli

alleeli (nominative singular)
alleelit (nominative plural)
alleeli (accusative nominative singular)
alleelit (accusative nominative plural)
alleelin (accusative genitive singular)
alleelit (accusative genitive plural)
alleelin (genitive singular)
alleelien (genitive plural)
alleelia (partitive singular)
alleeleja (partitive plural)
alleelissa (inessive singular)
alleeleissa (inessive plural)
alleelista (elative singular)
alleeleista (elative plural)
alleeliin (illative singular)
alleeleihin (illative plural)
alleelilla (adessive singular)
alleeleilla (adessive plural)
alleelilta (ablative singular)
alleeleilta (ablative plural)
alleelille (allative singular)
alleeleille (allative plural)
alleelina (essive singular)
alleeleina (essive plural)
alleeliksi (singular translative)
alleeleiksi (plural translative)
alleelitta (abessive singular)
alleeleitta (abessive plural)
alleelein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
alleelini (nominative singular)
alleelini (nominative plural)
alleelini (accusative nominative singular)
alleelini (accusative nominative plural)
alleelini (accusative genitive singular)
alleelini (accusative genitive plural)
alleelini (genitive singular)
alleelieni (genitive plural)
alleeliani (partitive singular)
alleelejani (partitive plural)
alleelissani (inessive singular)
alleeleissani (inessive plural)
alleelistani (elative singular)
alleeleistani (elative plural)
alleeliini (illative singular)
alleeleihini (illative plural)
alleelillani (adessive singular)
alleeleillani (adessive plural)
alleeliltani (ablative singular)
alleeleiltani (ablative plural)
alleelilleni (allative singular)
alleeleilleni (allative plural)
alleelinani (essive singular)
alleeleinani (essive plural)
alleelikseni (singular translative)
alleeleikseni (plural translative)
alleelittani (abessive singular)
alleeleittani (abessive plural)
alleeleineni (comitative plural)
alleelisi (nominative singular)
alleelisi (nominative plural)
alleelisi (accusative nominative singular)
alleelisi (accusative nominative plural)
alleelisi (accusative genitive singular)
alleelisi (accusative genitive plural)
alleelisi (genitive singular)
alleeliesi (genitive plural)
alleeliasi (partitive singular)
alleelejasi (partitive plural)
alleelissasi (inessive singular)
alleeleissasi (inessive plural)
alleelistasi (elative singular)
alleeleistasi (elative plural)
alleeliisi (illative singular)
alleeleihisi (illative plural)
alleelillasi (adessive singular)
alleeleillasi (adessive plural)
alleeliltasi (ablative singular)
alleeleiltasi (ablative plural)
alleelillesi (allative singular)
alleeleillesi (allative plural)
alleelinasi (essive singular)
alleeleinasi (essive plural)
alleeliksesi (singular translative)
alleeleiksesi (plural translative)
alleelittasi (abessive singular)
alleeleittasi (abessive plural)
alleeleinesi (comitative plural)
alleelimme (nominative singular)
alleelimme (nominative plural)
alleelimme (accusative nominative singular)
alleelimme (accusative nominative plural)
alleelimme (accusative genitive singular)
alleelimme (accusative genitive plural)
alleelimme (genitive singular)
alleeliemme (genitive plural)
alleeliamme (partitive singular)
alleelejamme (partitive plural)
alleelissamme (inessive singular)
alleeleissamme (inessive plural)
alleelistamme (elative singular)
alleeleistamme (elative plural)
alleeliimme (illative singular)
alleeleihimme (illative plural)
alleelillamme (adessive singular)
alleeleillamme (adessive plural)
alleeliltamme (ablative singular)
alleeleiltamme (ablative plural)
alleelillemme (allative singular)
alleeleillemme (allative plural)
alleelinamme (essive singular)
alleeleinamme (essive plural)
alleeliksemme (singular translative)
alleeleiksemme (plural translative)
alleelittamme (abessive singular)
alleeleittamme (abessive plural)
alleeleinemme (comitative plural)
alleelinne (nominative singular)
alleelinne (nominative plural)
alleelinne (accusative nominative singular)
alleelinne (accusative nominative plural)
alleelinne (accusative genitive singular)
alleelinne (accusative genitive plural)
alleelinne (genitive singular)
alleelienne (genitive plural)
alleelianne (partitive singular)
alleelejanne (partitive plural)
alleelissanne (inessive singular)
alleeleissanne (inessive plural)
alleelistanne (elative singular)
alleeleistanne (elative plural)
alleeliinne (illative singular)
alleeleihinne (illative plural)
alleelillanne (adessive singular)
alleeleillanne (adessive plural)
alleeliltanne (ablative singular)
alleeleiltanne (ablative plural)
alleelillenne (allative singular)
alleeleillenne (allative plural)
alleelinanne (essive singular)
alleeleinanne (essive plural)
alleeliksenne (singular translative)
alleeleiksenne (plural translative)
alleelittanne (abessive singular)
alleeleittanne (abessive plural)
alleeleinenne (comitative plural)
alleelinsa (nominative singular)
alleelinsa (nominative plural)
alleelinsa (accusative nominative singular)
alleelinsa (accusative nominative plural)
alleelinsa (accusative genitive singular)
alleelinsa (accusative genitive plural)
alleelinsa (genitive singular)
alleeliensa (genitive plural)
alleeliaan (partitive singular)
alleeliansa (partitive singular)
alleelejaan (partitive plural)
alleelejansa (partitive plural)
alleelissaan (inessive singular)
alleelissansa (inessive singular)
alleeleissaan (inessive plural)
alleeleissansa (inessive plural)
alleelistaan (elative singular)
alleelistansa (elative singular)
alleeleistaan (elative plural)
alleeleistansa (elative plural)
alleeliinsa (illative singular)
alleeleihinsa (illative plural)
alleelillaan (adessive singular)
alleelillansa (adessive singular)
alleeleillaan (adessive plural)
alleeleillansa (adessive plural)
alleeliltaan (ablative singular)
alleeliltansa (ablative singular)
alleeleiltaan (ablative plural)
alleeleiltansa (ablative plural)
alleelilleen (allative singular)
alleelillensa (allative singular)
alleeleilleen (allative plural)
alleeleillensa (allative plural)
alleelinaan (essive singular)
alleelinansa (essive singular)
alleeleinaan (essive plural)
alleeleinansa (essive plural)
alleelikseen (singular translative)
alleeliksensa (singular translative)
alleeleikseen (plural translative)
alleeleiksensa (plural translative)
alleelittaan (abessive singular)
alleelittansa (abessive singular)
alleeleittaan (abessive plural)
alleeleittansa (abessive plural)
alleeleineen (comitative plural)
alleeleinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈɑ̝lːe̞ːli]


rekombinaatio

rekombinaatio (nominative singular)
rekombinaatiot (nominative plural)
rekombinaatio (accusative nominative singular)
rekombinaatiot (accusative nominative plural)
rekombinaation (accusative genitive singular)
rekombinaatiot (accusative genitive plural)
rekombinaation (genitive singular)
rekombinaatioiden (genitive plural)
rekombinaatioitten (genitive plural)
rekombinaatiota (partitive singular)
rekombinaatioita (partitive plural)
rekombinaatiossa (inessive singular)
rekombinaatioissa (inessive plural)
rekombinaatiosta (elative singular)
rekombinaatioista (elative plural)
rekombinaatioon (illative singular)
rekombinaatioihin (illative plural)
rekombinaatiolla (adessive singular)
rekombinaatioilla (adessive plural)
rekombinaatiolta (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioilta (ablative plural)
rekombinaatiolle (allative singular)
rekombinaatioille (allative plural)
rekombinaationa (essive singular)
rekombinaatioina (essive plural)
rekombinaatioksi (singular translative)
rekombinaatioiksi (plural translative)
rekombinaatiotta (abessive singular)
rekombinaatioitta (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
rekombinaationi (nominative singular)
rekombinaationi (nominative plural)
rekombinaationi (accusative nominative singular)
rekombinaationi (accusative nominative plural)
rekombinaationi (accusative genitive singular)
rekombinaationi (accusative genitive plural)
rekombinaationi (genitive singular)
rekombinaatioideni (genitive plural)
rekombinaatioitteni (genitive plural)
rekombinaatiotani (partitive singular)
rekombinaatioitani (partitive plural)
rekombinaatiossani (inessive singular)
rekombinaatioissani (inessive plural)
rekombinaatiostani (elative singular)
rekombinaatioistani (elative plural)
rekombinaatiooni (illative singular)
rekombinaatioihini (illative plural)
rekombinaatiollani (adessive singular)
rekombinaatioillani (adessive plural)
rekombinaatioltani (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioiltani (ablative plural)
rekombinaatiolleni (allative singular)
rekombinaatioilleni (allative plural)
rekombinaationani (essive singular)
rekombinaatioinani (essive plural)
rekombinaatiokseni (singular translative)
rekombinaatioikseni (plural translative)
rekombinaatiottani (abessive singular)
rekombinaatioittani (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioineni (comitative plural)
rekombinaatiosi (nominative singular)
rekombinaatiosi (nominative plural)
rekombinaatiosi (accusative nominative singular)
rekombinaatiosi (accusative nominative plural)
rekombinaatiosi (accusative genitive singular)
rekombinaatiosi (accusative genitive plural)
rekombinaatiosi (genitive singular)
rekombinaatioidesi (genitive plural)
rekombinaatioittesi (genitive plural)
rekombinaatiotasi (partitive singular)
rekombinaatioitasi (partitive plural)
rekombinaatiossasi (inessive singular)
rekombinaatioissasi (inessive plural)
rekombinaatiostasi (elative singular)
rekombinaatioistasi (elative plural)
rekombinaatioosi (illative singular)
rekombinaatioihisi (illative plural)
rekombinaatiollasi (adessive singular)
rekombinaatioillasi (adessive plural)
rekombinaatioltasi (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioiltasi (ablative plural)
rekombinaatiollesi (allative singular)
rekombinaatioillesi (allative plural)
rekombinaationasi (essive singular)
rekombinaatioinasi (essive plural)
rekombinaatioksesi (singular translative)
rekombinaatioiksesi (plural translative)
rekombinaatiottasi (abessive singular)
rekombinaatioittasi (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioinesi (comitative plural)
rekombinaatiomme (nominative singular)
rekombinaatiomme (nominative plural)
rekombinaatiomme (accusative nominative singular)
rekombinaatiomme (accusative nominative plural)
rekombinaatiomme (accusative genitive singular)
rekombinaatiomme (accusative genitive plural)
rekombinaatiomme (genitive singular)
rekombinaatioidemme (genitive plural)
rekombinaatioittemme (genitive plural)
rekombinaatiotamme (partitive singular)
rekombinaatioitamme (partitive plural)
rekombinaatiossamme (inessive singular)
rekombinaatioissamme (inessive plural)
rekombinaatiostamme (elative singular)
rekombinaatioistamme (elative plural)
rekombinaatioomme (illative singular)
rekombinaatioihimme (illative plural)
rekombinaatiollamme (adessive singular)
rekombinaatioillamme (adessive plural)
rekombinaatioltamme (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioiltamme (ablative plural)
rekombinaatiollemme (allative singular)
rekombinaatioillemme (allative plural)
rekombinaationamme (essive singular)
rekombinaatioinamme (essive plural)
rekombinaatioksemme (singular translative)
rekombinaatioiksemme (plural translative)
rekombinaatiottamme (abessive singular)
rekombinaatioittamme (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioinemme (comitative plural)
rekombinaationne (nominative singular)
rekombinaationne (nominative plural)
rekombinaationne (accusative nominative singular)
rekombinaationne (accusative nominative plural)
rekombinaationne (accusative genitive singular)
rekombinaationne (accusative genitive plural)
rekombinaationne (genitive singular)
rekombinaatioidenne (genitive plural)
rekombinaatioittenne (genitive plural)
rekombinaatiotanne (partitive singular)
rekombinaatioitanne (partitive plural)
rekombinaatiossanne (inessive singular)
rekombinaatioissanne (inessive plural)
rekombinaatiostanne (elative singular)
rekombinaatioistanne (elative plural)
rekombinaatioonne (illative singular)
rekombinaatioihinne (illative plural)
rekombinaatiollanne (adessive singular)
rekombinaatioillanne (adessive plural)
rekombinaatioltanne (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioiltanne (ablative plural)
rekombinaatiollenne (allative singular)
rekombinaatioillenne (allative plural)
rekombinaationanne (essive singular)
rekombinaatioinanne (essive plural)
rekombinaatioksenne (singular translative)
rekombinaatioiksenne (plural translative)
rekombinaatiottanne (abessive singular)
rekombinaatioittanne (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioinenne (comitative plural)
rekombinaationsa (nominative singular)
rekombinaationsa (nominative plural)
rekombinaationsa (accusative nominative singular)
rekombinaationsa (accusative nominative plural)
rekombinaationsa (accusative genitive singular)
rekombinaationsa (accusative genitive plural)
rekombinaationsa (genitive singular)
rekombinaatioidensa (genitive plural)
rekombinaatioittensa (genitive plural)
rekombinaatiotaan (partitive singular)
rekombinaatiotansa (partitive singular)
rekombinaatioitaan (partitive plural)
rekombinaatioitansa (partitive plural)
rekombinaatiossaan (inessive singular)
rekombinaatiossansa (inessive singular)
rekombinaatioissaan (inessive plural)
rekombinaatioissansa (inessive plural)
rekombinaatiostaan (elative singular)
rekombinaatiostansa (elative singular)
rekombinaatioistaan (elative plural)
rekombinaatioistansa (elative plural)
rekombinaatioonsa (illative singular)
rekombinaatioihinsa (illative plural)
rekombinaatiollaan (adessive singular)
rekombinaatiollansa (adessive singular)
rekombinaatioillaan (adessive plural)
rekombinaatioillansa (adessive plural)
rekombinaatioltaan (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioltansa (ablative singular)
rekombinaatioiltaan (ablative plural)
rekombinaatioiltansa (ablative plural)
rekombinaatiolleen (allative singular)
rekombinaatiollensa (allative singular)
rekombinaatioilleen (allative plural)
rekombinaatioillensa (allative plural)
rekombinaationaan (essive singular)
rekombinaationansa (essive singular)
rekombinaatioinaan (essive plural)
rekombinaatioinansa (essive plural)
rekombinaatiokseen (singular translative)
rekombinaatioksensa (singular translative)
rekombinaatioikseen (plural translative)
rekombinaatioiksensa (plural translative)
rekombinaatiottaan (abessive singular)
rekombinaatiottansa (abessive singular)
rekombinaatioittaan (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioittansa (abessive plural)
rekombinaatioineen (comitative plural)
rekombinaatioinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English recombination).

(biology, genetics, chemistry) recombination


mutaatio

mutaatio (nominative singular)
mutaatiot (nominative plural)
mutaatio (accusative nominative singular)
mutaatiot (accusative nominative plural)
mutaation (accusative genitive singular)
mutaatiot (accusative genitive plural)
mutaation (genitive singular)
mutaatioiden (genitive plural)
mutaatioitten (genitive plural)
mutaatiota (partitive singular)
mutaatioita (partitive plural)
mutaatiossa (inessive singular)
mutaatioissa (inessive plural)
mutaatiosta (elative singular)
mutaatioista (elative plural)
mutaatioon (illative singular)
mutaatioihin (illative plural)
mutaatiolla (adessive singular)
mutaatioilla (adessive plural)
mutaatiolta (ablative singular)
mutaatioilta (ablative plural)
mutaatiolle (allative singular)
mutaatioille (allative plural)
mutaationa (essive singular)
mutaatioina (essive plural)
mutaatioksi (singular translative)
mutaatioiksi (plural translative)
mutaatiotta (abessive singular)
mutaatioitta (abessive plural)
mutaatioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
mutaationi (nominative singular)
mutaationi (nominative plural)
mutaationi (accusative nominative singular)
mutaationi (accusative nominative plural)
mutaationi (accusative genitive singular)
mutaationi (accusative genitive plural)
mutaationi (genitive singular)
mutaatioideni (genitive plural)
mutaatioitteni (genitive plural)
mutaatiotani (partitive singular)
mutaatioitani (partitive plural)
mutaatiossani (inessive singular)
mutaatioissani (inessive plural)
mutaatiostani (elative singular)
mutaatioistani (elative plural)
mutaatiooni (illative singular)
mutaatioihini (illative plural)
mutaatiollani (adessive singular)
mutaatioillani (adessive plural)
mutaatioltani (ablative singular)
mutaatioiltani (ablative plural)
mutaatiolleni (allative singular)
mutaatioilleni (allative plural)
mutaationani (essive singular)
mutaatioinani (essive plural)
mutaatiokseni (singular translative)
mutaatioikseni (plural translative)
mutaatiottani (abessive singular)
mutaatioittani (abessive plural)
mutaatioineni (comitative plural)
mutaatiosi (nominative singular)
mutaatiosi (nominative plural)
mutaatiosi (accusative nominative singular)
mutaatiosi (accusative nominative plural)
mutaatiosi (accusative genitive singular)
mutaatiosi (accusative genitive plural)
mutaatiosi (genitive singular)
mutaatioidesi (genitive plural)
mutaatioittesi (genitive plural)
mutaatiotasi (partitive singular)
mutaatioitasi (partitive plural)
mutaatiossasi (inessive singular)
mutaatioissasi (inessive plural)
mutaatiostasi (elative singular)
mutaatioistasi (elative plural)
mutaatioosi (illative singular)
mutaatioihisi (illative plural)
mutaatiollasi (adessive singular)
mutaatioillasi (adessive plural)
mutaatioltasi (ablative singular)
mutaatioiltasi (ablative plural)
mutaatiollesi (allative singular)
mutaatioillesi (allative plural)
mutaationasi (essive singular)
mutaatioinasi (essive plural)
mutaatioksesi (singular translative)
mutaatioiksesi (plural translative)
mutaatiottasi (abessive singular)
mutaatioittasi (abessive plural)
mutaatioinesi (comitative plural)
mutaatiomme (nominative singular)
mutaatiomme (nominative plural)
mutaatiomme (accusative nominative singular)
mutaatiomme (accusative nominative plural)
mutaatiomme (accusative genitive singular)
mutaatiomme (accusative genitive plural)
mutaatiomme (genitive singular)
mutaatioidemme (genitive plural)
mutaatioittemme (genitive plural)
mutaatiotamme (partitive singular)
mutaatioitamme (partitive plural)
mutaatiossamme (inessive singular)
mutaatioissamme (inessive plural)
mutaatiostamme (elative singular)
mutaatioistamme (elative plural)
mutaatioomme (illative singular)
mutaatioihimme (illative plural)
mutaatiollamme (adessive singular)
mutaatioillamme (adessive plural)
mutaatioltamme (ablative singular)
mutaatioiltamme (ablative plural)
mutaatiollemme (allative singular)
mutaatioillemme (allative plural)
mutaationamme (essive singular)
mutaatioinamme (essive plural)
mutaatioksemme (singular translative)
mutaatioiksemme (plural translative)
mutaatiottamme (abessive singular)
mutaatioittamme (abessive plural)
mutaatioinemme (comitative plural)
mutaationne (nominative singular)
mutaationne (nominative plural)
mutaationne (accusative nominative singular)
mutaationne (accusative nominative plural)
mutaationne (accusative genitive singular)
mutaationne (accusative genitive plural)
mutaationne (genitive singular)
mutaatioidenne (genitive plural)
mutaatioittenne (genitive plural)
mutaatiotanne (partitive singular)
mutaatioitanne (partitive plural)
mutaatiossanne (inessive singular)
mutaatioissanne (inessive plural)
mutaatiostanne (elative singular)
mutaatioistanne (elative plural)
mutaatioonne (illative singular)
mutaatioihinne (illative plural)
mutaatiollanne (adessive singular)
mutaatioillanne (adessive plural)
mutaatioltanne (ablative singular)
mutaatioiltanne (ablative plural)
mutaatiollenne (allative singular)
mutaatioillenne (allative plural)
mutaationanne (essive singular)
mutaatioinanne (essive plural)
mutaatioksenne (singular translative)
mutaatioiksenne (plural translative)
mutaatiottanne (abessive singular)
mutaatioittanne (abessive plural)
mutaatioinenne (comitative plural)
mutaationsa (nominative singular)
mutaationsa (nominative plural)
mutaationsa (accusative nominative singular)
mutaationsa (accusative nominative plural)
mutaationsa (accusative genitive singular)
mutaationsa (accusative genitive plural)
mutaationsa (genitive singular)
mutaatioidensa (genitive plural)
mutaatioittensa (genitive plural)
mutaatiotaan (partitive singular)
mutaatiotansa (partitive singular)
mutaatioitaan (partitive plural)
mutaatioitansa (partitive plural)
mutaatiossaan (inessive singular)
mutaatiossansa (inessive singular)
mutaatioissaan (inessive plural)
mutaatioissansa (inessive plural)
mutaatiostaan (elative singular)
mutaatiostansa (elative singular)
mutaatioistaan (elative plural)
mutaatioistansa (elative plural)
mutaatioonsa (illative singular)
mutaatioihinsa (illative plural)
mutaatiollaan (adessive singular)
mutaatiollansa (adessive singular)
mutaatioillaan (adessive plural)
mutaatioillansa (adessive plural)
mutaatioltaan (ablative singular)
mutaatioltansa (ablative singular)
mutaatioiltaan (ablative plural)
mutaatioiltansa (ablative plural)
mutaatiolleen (allative singular)
mutaatiollensa (allative singular)
mutaatioilleen (allative plural)
mutaatioillensa (allative plural)
mutaationaan (essive singular)
mutaationansa (essive singular)
mutaatioinaan (essive plural)
mutaatioinansa (essive plural)
mutaatiokseen (singular translative)
mutaatioksensa (singular translative)
mutaatioikseen (plural translative)
mutaatioiksensa (plural translative)
mutaatiottaan (abessive singular)
mutaatiottansa (abessive singular)
mutaatioittaan (abessive plural)
mutaatioittansa (abessive plural)
mutaatioineen (comitative plural)
mutaatioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈmut̪ɑ̝ːˌt̪io̞]

Internationalism, ultimately from Latin mūtātiō.

(genetics) mutation (any heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material)


mobilization

mobilization (countable and uncountable, plural mobilizations)

mobilizations (plural)
mobilisation (alternative)

From French mobilisation or mobilize + -ation.

(genetics) The transport of a copy of a gene from one chromosome, or one organism to another.


paralogue

paralogues (plural)
paralog (alternative)

(genetics) A pair of genes that derives from the same ancestral gene and now reside at different locations within the same genome.


polygenic

A risk score based on multiple genetic differences, or polygenic risk score, predicted significantly more cases of early-onset heart disease than standard tests for single genetic defects, according to new research in the American Heart Association’s journal Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine.

2018, American Heart Association, “Multi-gene Test Predicts Early Heart Disease Risk”, in Drug Discovery & Development:

polygenetic[Appendix:Glossary#proscribed|proscribed]] in this sense>

(genetics) controlled by the interaction of more than one gene


recombine

en-verb

recombine (third-person singular simple present recombines, present participle recombining, simple past and past participle recombined)

recombines (present singular third-person)
recombining (participle present)
recombined (participle past)
recombined (past)

(genetics, ambitransitive) To combine again, especially to reassemble the parts of something previously taken apart in a different manner.

(genetics, intransitive) To undergo recombination.


restriction enzyme

en-noun

restriction enzyme (plural restriction enzymes)

We now know of 400 different kinds of restriction enzymes, each of which recognises a different sequence of DNA letters and cuts there, like a pair of scissors that cuts the paper only where it finds the word ‘restriction’.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 244:

(genetics) An endonuclease that catalyzes double-strand cleavage of DNA containing a specific sequence.


hitchhiking

hitchhiking (usually uncountable, plural hitchhikings)

(genetics) A form of evolution caused by genetic drift.


allelomorph

→ German: Allel

→ English: allele

From allelo- (“other”) + -morph (“shape”), from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”). Coined by English biologists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders in 1902, in a paper titled "The facts of heredity in the light of Mendel’s discovery".

coin

In such cases each member acts as the allelomorph of any other member, and only two can occur in any one female, and only one in any male.

1916, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila, page 11:


genom

genom (nominative singular)
genomok (nominative plural)
genomot (accusative singular)
genomokat (accusative plural)
genomnak (dative singular)
genomoknak (dative plural)
genommal (instrumental singular)
genomokkal (instrumental plural)
genomért (causal-final singular)
genomokért (causal-final plural)
genommá (singular translative)
genomokká (plural translative)
genomig (singular terminative)
genomokig (plural terminative)
genomként (essive-formal singular)
genomokként (essive-formal plural)
genomban (inessive singular)
genomokban (inessive plural)
genomon (singular superessive)
genomokon (plural superessive)
genomnál (adessive singular)
genomoknál (adessive plural)
genomba (illative singular)
genomokba (illative plural)
genomra (singular sublative)
genomokra (plural sublative)
genomhoz (allative singular)
genomokhoz (allative plural)
genomból (elative singular)
genomokból (elative plural)
genomról (delative singular)
genomokról (delative plural)
genomtól (ablative singular)
genomoktól (ablative plural)
genomé (singular)
genomoké (plural)
genoméi (singular)
genomokéi (plural)
genomom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
genomjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
genomod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
genomjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
genomja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
genomjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
genomunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
genomjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
genomotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
genomjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
genomjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
genomjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(genetics) genome (complete genetic information of an organism)


genom

(genetics) genome: the complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism


genom

genom (nominative singular)
genomy (nominative plural)
genomu (genitive singular)
genomów (genitive plural)
genomowi (dative singular)
genomom (dative plural)
genom (accusative singular)
genomy (accusative plural)
genomem (instrumental singular)
genomami (instrumental plural)
genomie (locative singular)
genomach (locative plural)
genomie (singular vocative)
genomy (plural vocative)

(genetics) genome (complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism)


exon

Combination of the prefix ex of the term expressed (region) and the term intron.

(genetics) A region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule.


exon

exonok (plural)
exon (nominative singular)
exonok (nominative plural)
exont (accusative singular)
exonokat (accusative plural)
exonnak (dative singular)
exonoknak (dative plural)
exonnal (instrumental singular)
exonokkal (instrumental plural)
exonért (causal-final singular)
exonokért (causal-final plural)
exonná (singular translative)
exonokká (plural translative)
exonig (singular terminative)
exonokig (plural terminative)
exonként (essive-formal singular)
exonokként (essive-formal plural)
exonban (inessive singular)
exonokban (inessive plural)
exonon (singular superessive)
exonokon (plural superessive)
exonnál (adessive singular)
exonoknál (adessive plural)
exonba (illative singular)
exonokba (illative plural)
exonra (singular sublative)
exonokra (plural sublative)
exonhoz (allative singular)
exonokhoz (allative plural)
exonból (elative singular)
exonokból (elative plural)
exonról (delative singular)
exonokról (delative plural)
exontól (ablative singular)
exonoktól (ablative plural)
exoné (singular)
exonoké (plural)
exonéi (singular)
exonokéi (plural)
exonom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
exonjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
exonod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
exonjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
exonja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
exonjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
exonunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
exonjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
exonotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
exonjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
exonjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
exonjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(genetics) exon (a region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule)


exonuclease

(biochemistry, genetics) Any of a group of enzymes which cleave single nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide (DNA or RNA) chain.


triploid

(genetics) Having three sets of chromosomes.


triploid

ro-adj

triploid m or n (feminine singular triploidă, masculine plural triploizi, feminine and neuter plural triploide)

triploidă (feminine singular)
triploizi (masculine plural)
triploide (feminine neuter plural)
triploid (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
triploidă (feminine indefinite singular)
triploizi (indefinite masculine plural)
triploide (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
triploidul (definite masculine neuter singular)
triploida (definite feminine singular)
triploizii (definite masculine plural)
triploidele (definite feminine neuter plural)
triploide (feminine indefinite singular)
triploidului (definite masculine neuter singular)
triploidei (definite feminine singular)
triploizilor (definite masculine plural)
triploidelor (definite feminine neuter plural)


CRS

Cambridge Reference Sequence
w:Cambridge Reference Sequence

(genetics) Initialism of Cambridge Reference Sequence.


isochore

From iso- + Ancient Greek χώρα (khṓra, “place”).

A model that accounts for the differential recognition of transgenes integrated at different chromosomal locations, is the isochore hypothesis.

1998, Lindsey R Lindsey, Alan R Lindsey, Transgenic Plant Research, page 268:

1999, Solomon Pavlovich Vasser, Eviatar Nevo, “Scheme of the isochore organization of the human genome”, in Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Papers in Honour of Eviatar Nevo, page 117:

(genetics) A sequence of DNA that has a reasonably constant proportion of pairs of guanine and cytosine bases, and is rich in genes.


photogene

/ˈfəʊtəʊd͡ʒiːn/

(genetics) A gene involved in photosynthesis.


acrocentric

en-adj

acrocentric (comparative more acrocentric, superlative most acrocentric)

more acrocentric (comparative)
most acrocentric (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome) Having the centromere very near to one end, and thus having a long arm, and a very short arm.


mutagenesis

en-noun

mutagenesis (countable and uncountable, plural mutageneses)

(genetics) The creation or formation of a genetic mutation.


enhancer

(genetics) A short region of DNA that can increase transcription of genes


teratoid

en-adj

teratoid (comparative more teratoid, superlative most teratoid)

more teratoid (comparative)
most teratoid (superlative)

Lucien, staring goggle-eyed at the only brother he’s ever had, is standing very still, face still unwittingly teratoid, the broom at an angle in his hand, the Colt dangling at his side, […]

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 486:

(genetics, medicine) Monster-like, exhibiting abnormal development.

уродлив

monster-like, exhibiting abnormal development


imprinted

imprinted (comparative more imprinted, superlative most imprinted)

more imprinted (comparative)
most imprinted (superlative)

The inference is that there is an imprinted' gene somewhere on the X chromosome, which is normally switched on only on the paternal copy and that this gene somehow enhances the development of social adjustment [...].

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 217:

(genetics) Produced by or exhibiting imprinting; showing distinction by its origin from the paternal or maternal genome.


telomere

/ˈtiːləmɪəɹ/

2004, Peter M. Lansdorp, 11: Telomeres and Telomere Regulation, Robert Paul Lanza (editor), Handbook of Stem Cells, Volume 2: Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, page 127,
Chromosome ends or telomeres are composed of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins. A minimum number of repeats is essential for proper telomere function and to avoid sustained activation of DNA damage pathways that may result in replicative senescence or cell death.

It has been known for some time that when cells divide, causing chromosomes to duplicate, telomeres get shorter. The more a cell divides, then, the shorter the telomeres become.

2005, Cara Birrittieri, What Every Woman Should Know about Fertility and Her Biological Clock, page 51:

Previous studies have examined telomere lengths as an indirect measure of aging in cloned animals. Sheep were reported to have shorter telomeres suggestive of premature aging while cattle had either age-appropriate or longer telomeres.

2007, Peter Sutovsky, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, page 78:

(genetics) Either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome.

端粒

either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome


telomerase

(biochemistry, genetics) An enzyme in eukaryotic cells that adds a specific sequence of DNA to the telomeres of chromosomes after they divide; gives the chromosomes stability over time.


telocentric

(genetics) (of a chromosome) having the centromere at one end


mutan

Borrowed from Dutch mutant, from Latin mutans.


riflip

(genetics) A section of DNA whose length varies among individuals and which is delimited by a base which does not occur within it.


upregulation

en-noun

upregulation (countable and uncountable, plural upregulations)

(genetics) The process, in the regulation of gene expression, in which the number, or activity of receptors increases in order to increase sensitivity


downregulation

downregulation (countable and uncountable, plural downregulations)

(genetics) The process, in the regulation of gene expression, in which the number, or activity of receptors decreases in order to decrease sensitivity


polycentric

en-adj

polycentric (comparative more polycentric, superlative most polycentric)

more polycentric (comparative)
most polycentric (superlative)

(genetics) (of a chromosome, etc) Having multiple central parts


polycentric

(genetics) A chromosome, etc. having multiple central parts.


polygene

(genetics) A group of nonallelic genes that act together to produce phenotype variations


autosome

From auto- + -some, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

Autosoma (or autosome), the usual or non-aberrant chromosomes, called by me previously ordinary chromosomes.

1906 January 5, Thos. H. Montgomery, “The terminology of aberrant chromosomes and their behavivor in certain Hemiptera”, in Science, volume 23, number 575, page 36:

It is apparently formed by the arms of the loops becoming twisted around each other, and, as in the Acrididae, each of these arms no doubt represents a univalent autosome.

1908, Herbert Spencer Davis, Spermatogenesis in Acrididae and Locustidae:

(genetics) Any chromosome other than sex chromosomes.

常染色體 /常染色体

any chromosome other than sex chromosomes


autosome

→ Romanian: autozom


sex chromosome

sexual characteristic
sexual characteristic

(genetics) Either of a pair of chromosomes (in most animals and plants) whose combination determines the sexual characteristics of an individual.


cytogenetic band

en-noun

cytogenetic band (plural cytogenetic bands)

(genetics) Any of the subregions of a chromosome that are visible under a microscope after staining


metagenomics

(genetics) The study of genomes recovered from environmental samples; especially the differentiation of genomes from multiple organisms or individuals, either in a symbiotic relationship, or at a crime scene.

Metagenomik

study of genomes from environmental samples


quelling

quelling (countable and uncountable, plural quellings)


mistranslation

mistranslation (countable and uncountable, plural mistranslations)

/mɪsˈtʃɹæːnz.læɪ̯.ʃən/

(genetics) The incorporation of the incorrect amino acid into a peptide sequence.


syntenic

(genetics, of multiple genes) located on the same chromosome


synteny

synteny (usually uncountable, plural syntenies)

(genetics, obsolete, of multiple genes) The condition of being located on the same chromosome or region of genome.

(genetics) The condition of multiple species showing a region of identical gene order.


paralogous

en-adj

paralogous (comparative more paralogous, superlative most paralogous)

more paralogous (comparative)
most paralogous (superlative)

(genetics) (of multiple genes at different chromosomal locations in the same organism) Having a similar structure indicating divergence from a common ancestral gene


paralogon

(genetics) A set of paralogous chromosomal regions, derived from a common ancestral region


whole-genome duplication

en-noun

whole-genome duplication (plural whole-genome duplications)

whole-genome duplications (plural)
as: WGD (abbreviation)

(genetics) A form of polyploidy in which an organism has duplicate copies of its entire genome


pyrosequencing

(genetics) A technique used to sequence DNA using chemiluminescent enzymatic reactions.


morphogene

(genetics) Any gene that is involved in growth or in morphogenesis


polysomaty

(genetics) The condition of a cell having reduplicated chromatin in its nucleus


copy number variation

copy number variation (plural copy number variations)

copy number variations (plural)
copy-number variation (alternative)

(genetics) The variation of the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual; has been linked to some diseases


copy number polymorphism

copy number polymorphism (plural copy number polymorphisms)

copy number polymorphisms (plural)
copy-number polymorphism (alternative)

(genetics) The normal variation in the number of copies (normally two) of a gene, or of sequences of DNA, in the genome of a specific individual


euchromatin

euchromatin (countable and uncountable, plural euchromatins)

(genetics) uncoiled dispersed threads of chromosomal material that occurs during interphase; it stains lightly with basic dyes


discordance

discordance (countable and uncountable, plural discordances)

discordances (plural)
discordaunce (alternative)

(genetics) The presence of a specific genetic trait in only one of a set of clones (or identical twins).


radiomutation

(genetics) A genetic mutation due to the effects of ionizing radiation


multivalent

en-adj

multivalent (comparative more multivalent, superlative most multivalent)

more multivalent (comparative)
most multivalent (superlative)

(genetics) Having three or more homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis.


CAG

en-noun

CAG (countable and uncountable, plural CAGs)

(genetics, biochemistry) The nucleobase coding triplet cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G).


suppressor

(genetics) A gene that suppresses the effect of another through epistasis.


homology

homology (countable and uncountable, plural homologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homology.wav

Henri Poincaré
Homology
MathWorld
singular homology

From Latin homologia, from Ancient Greek ὁμολογία (homología, “agreement, assent”); compare French homologie. By surface analysis, homo- + -logy.
In topology, first used by French polymath Henri Poincaré, in the sense (close to what is now called a bordism) of a relation between manifolds mapped into a reference manifold: that is, the property of such manifolds that they form the boundary of a higher-dimensional manifold inside the reference manifold. Poincaré's version was eventually replaced by the more general singular homology, which is what mathematicians now mean by homology.

homologia

biology, psychology: relationship of having a common evolutionary or developmental origin

The relationship of being homologous; a homologous relationship.

(genetics) The presence of the same series of bases in different but related genes.

homologia

genetics: presence of the same series of bases in related genes


initiation codon

en-noun

initiation codon (plural initiation codons)

(genetics) A codon that signals the first amino acid to be used in the synthesis of the polypeptide chain of a protein; either AUG or GUG


microbiome

From micro- + biome or blend of microbiota + genome.

The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut; the human microbiome consists of the genes these cells harbor.

2012 August 4, “Defining the Human Microbiome”, in Nutrition Reviews, volume 70, number Suppl. 1, pages S38–S44:

Your body’s microbiome is all the genes your microbiota contains, however colloquially the two terms are often used interchangeably.

2018 March 26, Nicola Davis, “The human microbiome: why our microbes could be key to our health”, in The Guardian:

(genetics) The genetic information (genomes) of a microbiota.


collectrin

(genetics) The gene that codes for this protein.


pharmacogenomics

In addition to the results of the cancer studies described above, studies of a large research cohort exposed to many kinds of therapies may provide early insights into pharmacogenomics — enabling the provision of the right drug at the right dose to the right patient.

2015 February 26, Francis S. Collins, Harold Varmus, “A New Initiative on Precision Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 372, number 9, →DOI, page 795:

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genes that code for enzymes that metabolize drugs, and the design of tailor-made drugs adapted to an individual's genetic make-up.


pharmacogenetics

(pharmacology, genetics) The study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing responses to drugs.


espressione

Borrowed from Latin expressiōnem (“a pressing out”).

bor+

(mathematics, programming, genetics) expression


nullomer

(genetics) A sequence of bases (in a nucleic acid) that is absent in one species (especially human) but may be present in others.


aneuploidy

en-noun

aneuploidy (countable and uncountable, plural aneuploidies)

(genetics) The condition of being aneuploid; the state of possessing a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number of the organism in question.


aneuploid

(genetics) Having a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number.

ójafnlitna

having number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid number


aneuploid

aneuploid (nominative singular)
aneuploidy (nominative plural)
aneuploidu (genitive singular)
aneuploidów (genitive plural)
aneuploidowi (dative singular)
aneuploidom (dative plural)
aneuploid (accusative singular)
aneuploidy (accusative plural)
aneuploidem (instrumental singular)
aneuploidami (instrumental plural)
aneuploidzie (locative singular)
aneuploidach (locative plural)
aneuploidzie (singular vocative)
aneuploidy (plural vocative)

From an- + eu- + -ploid. First attested in 1942.

ref

aneuploid in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(genetics) aneuploid (a cell or an organism having an incorrect amount of chromosomes)


ploidy

From the ending of words such as haploidy, polyploidy etc.

(genetics) The number of homologous sets of chromosomes in a cell.


diploidy

en-noun

diploidy (countable and uncountable, plural diploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being diploid, having two sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being diploid.


haploidy

haploidy (usually uncountable, plural haploidies)


heteroploidy

heteroploidy (usually uncountable, plural heteroploidies)

(genetics) The state of being heteroploid.


mixoploidy

(genetics) The state of being mixoploid.


mixoploid

(genetics) Having cells with different numbers of chromosomes. The genetically different cell populations usually arise from the same zygote (mosaicism) or, more rarely, they originate from different zygotes (chimerism).


monoploidy

monoploidy (countable and uncountable, plural monoploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being monoploid, having one set of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being monoploid.


monoploid

(genetics) Having a single set of chromosomes.


monoploid

ro-adj

monoploid m or n (feminine singular monoploidă, masculine plural monoploizi, feminine and neuter plural monoploide)

monoploidă (feminine singular)
monoploizi (masculine plural)
monoploide (feminine neuter plural)
monoploid (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
monoploidă (feminine indefinite singular)
monoploizi (indefinite masculine plural)
monoploide (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
monoploidul (definite masculine neuter singular)
monoploida (definite feminine singular)
monoploizii (definite masculine plural)
monoploidele (definite feminine neuter plural)
monoploide (feminine indefinite singular)
monoploidului (definite masculine neuter singular)
monoploidei (definite feminine singular)
monoploizilor (definite masculine plural)
monoploidelor (definite feminine neuter plural)


triploidy

en-noun

triploidy (countable and uncountable, plural triploidies)

(uncountable, genetics) The state of being triploid, having three sets of chromosomes.

(countable, genetics) An instance of being triploid.


Punnett square

For Reginald Punnett, British geneticist.

(genetics) A graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.


hypomorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a partial loss of gene function.


hypomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a partial loss of gene function.


paralog

paralogs (plural)
paralogue (alternative)

(genetics) either of a pair of genes that derive from the same ancestral gene


hypermorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that causes an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


hypermorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing an increase in otherwise normal gene function.


amorph

(genetics) a mutation that causes a complete loss of gene function.


neomorph

(genetics) A gain of function mutation that causes novel gene function.


neomorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) causing a novel gene function.


antimorph

(genetics) a gain of function mutation that acts in opposition to the normal gene's function.


antimorphic

(genetics, of a mutation) that antagonizes the normal gene's function.


homolog

homologs (plural)
homologon (alternative archaic)
homologue (alternative)

/ˈhɑːməlɑːɡ/

/ˈhoʊməlɑːɡ/

Borrowed from French homologue, From Ancient Greek ὁμόλογος (homólogos, “agreeing, of one mind”), equivalent to homo- + -log.

der

TP53 is the human homolog of murine Trp53.

Detecting remote homolog by protein similarity network.

2008, Chan-seok Jeong, Minho Lee, Dongsup Kim, edited by Ratko Magjarevic, World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006, Volume 1 (Biomedical Engineering), →ISBN, page 171:

A more complex mechanism is used by Vibrio cholerae toxin and by the homolog heat-labile enterotoxin secreted by ETEC strains.

2012, Phillip Smith, Thomas MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, page 407:

Something homologous; a homologous organ or part, chemical compound, chromosome, gene, or cultural element.

(biology, genetics, medicine) One of a group of similar DNA sequences that share a common ancestry, or the peptides or proteins that they encode; the counterpart gene or protein in another taxon evolved from a common ancestor (molecularly it may be either identical or similar).


orthologue

orthologues (plural)
ortholog (alternative)

(genetics) One of two or more homologous gene sequences found in different species.


teratologic

(genetics) Dealing with the study of production, development, anatomy, and classification of monsters.


canalisation

en-noun

canalisation (usually uncountable, plural canalisations)

canalisations (plural)
canalization (alternative)

/ˌkænələˈzeɪʃən/

(genetics) The ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment.


genopharmacology

(genetics, medicine) The study of the effects of pharmaceuticals and other compounds on genome expression.


horizontal gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer (countable and uncountable, plural horizontal gene transfers)

horizontal gene transfers (plural)
as: HGT (abbreviation)

Study of kett DNA shows evidence of horizontal gene transfer and the incorporation of genes from dozens of unknown species.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Kett: Biology Codex entry:

(genetics) The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria.


metabolome

In this study, we propose a means of studying metabolism, using the concept of the “metabolome”, or total complement of metabolites in a cell, to look at global shifts in cellular function under different growth conditions.

1998 October 4, Helen Tweeddale, “Effect of Slow Growth on Metabolism of Escherichia coli, as Revealed by Global Metabolite Pool (“Metabolome”) Analysis”, in Journal of Bacteriology, volume 180, number 19, page 5109:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of metabolites found in a biological sample; especially that found in a person's body under normal conditions, and when suffering from a disease.


transcriptome

Within three weeks, he had a partial ‘transcriptome’ of the ctenophore – some 5,000 or 6,000 gene sequences that were actively turned on in the animal’s nerve cells.

2017 August 1, Douglas Fox, “Aliens in our midst”, in Aeon:

(biochemistry, genetics) The complete set of RNA molecules (transcripts) produced in a cell or a population of cells.


phenotypic lag

Phenotypic lag is the delayed phenotypic manifestation off a gene mutation (in additional to mutational lag).

1973, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis:

(genetics) a delay in the expression of a phenotype acquired by mutation.


toeprint

In the absence of IF3, the 10-fold molar excess of tRNAᴾʰᵉ produces a strong +18 toeprint relative to the +15 toeprint.

2010, Single Molecule Tools, Part A: Fluorescence Based Approaches:

In the case of the entrapment model on the contrary, one does not expect the toeprint to disappear with increasing repressor concentrations, since in this case, both repressor and ribosome can bind the same mRNA.

2012, E. C. C. Lin, A. Simon Lynch, Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli:

Lastly, a "toeprint" of 30S subunits bound to T4 gene 32 mRNA has been observed with MMLV reverse transcriptase; while the experiment has not been quantitated, appearance of a signal at a subunit concentration of 0.02 μM is consistent with a binding constant on the order of 10⁷ M⁻¹ (Hartz et al., 1991).

2012, K.H. Nierhaus, F. Franceschi, A.R. Subramanian, The Translational Apparatus: Structure, Function, Regulation, Evolution, page 198:

(genetics) A measure of 30S-mRNA binding.


gene silencing

(genetics) Any mechanism or technique, either in nature or by human agency, by which the expression of a gene is either fully or almost fully prevented.


silencing

(genetics) The prevention of the expression of a gene


bicoid

(genetics) A gene, in Drosophila and related flies, that specifies which end of an egg will be the anterior and become the fly's head by setting up a concentration gradient of the Bicoid protein.


Too Many Mouths

(genetics, biochemistry) A receptor-like protein in plants which, when absent, leads to an overproduction of stomata


monomeric

(genetics) Describing a hereditary characteristic controlled by a gene at a single locus.


gene pool

(genetics) The complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population.


TAF

(genetics, microbiology) Initialism of TBP-associated factor.