trade

en-noun

trade (countable and uncountable, plural trades)

From Middle English trade (“path, course of conduct”), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from Middle Low German trade (“track, course”), from Old Saxon trada (“spoor, track”), from Proto-Germanic *tradō (“track, way”), and cognate with Old English tredan (“to tread”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to tread, walk, step, run”).


leap

From Middle English lepen, from Old English hlēapan, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaupan, from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną. Doublet of lope, lowp, elope, gallop, galop, interlope, and loop.
Cognate with West Frisian ljeppe (“to jump”), Dutch lopen (“to run; to walk”), German laufen (“to run; to walk”), Danish løbe (“to run”), Norwegian Bokmål løpe (“to run”), from Proto-Indo-European *klewb- (“to spring, stumble”) (compare Lithuanian šlùbti ‘to become lame’, klùbti ‘to stumble’).


color

colors (plural)
colour (alternative Commonwealth Ireland)
usage notes (alternative)

From Middle English colour, color, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color. Doublet of couleur.
Displaced English blee, Middle English blee (“color”), from Old English blēo. Also partially replaced Old English hīew (“color”) and its descendants (English hue), which is less often used in this sense.
The spelling color was popularized in modern American English by Noah Webster, to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon, and make all American spellings of the derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc).

колори́т

interest, especially in a selective area

He smelted Wells’s colour before it was valued, and by the time anybody saw it, it had been poured into bars and stamped with the Reserve seal.

2013, Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries, London: Granta, published 2014, →ISBN, page 184:

(mining) Gold, particles of gold found when prospecting.


van

(mining) A shovel used in cleansing ore.


van

en-verb

van (third-person singular simple present vans, present participle vanning, simple past and past participle vanned)

vans (present singular third-person)
vanning (participle present)
vanned (participle past)
vanned (past)

Rossiter W[orthington] Raymond
w:Rossiter W. Raymond

(mining) To wash or cleanse, as a small portion of ore, on a shovel.


grass

en-noun

grass (countable and uncountable, plural grasses)

Tok Pisin: gras, garas

Fiji Hindi: giraas

New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

From Middle English gras, from Old English græs, from Proto-Germanic *grasą (“grass”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots girs, gers, gress (“grass”), North Frisian gäärs, geers (“grass”), Saterland Frisian Gäärs (“grass”), West Frisian gers (“grass”), Low German Gras (“grass”), Dutch gras (“grass, turf, pasture”), German Gras (“grass, weed”), Danish græs (“grass”), Swedish gräs (“grass”), Norwegian Bokmål gress (“grass”), Faroese, Icelandic and Norwegian Nynorsk gras (“grass”), Latin herba (“plant, weed, grass”), Albanian grath (“grass blade, spike”). Related to grow, green.
The "informer" sense is probably a shortening of grasshopper (“police officer, informant”), rhyming slang for copper (“police officer”) or shopper (“informant”); the exact sequence of derivation is unclear.

inh

the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence

the grass is always greener on the other side of the road

(countable, mining) The surface of a mine.


country

en-noun

country (countable and uncountable, plural countries)

countries (plural)
contree (alternative archaic)
countrey (alternative archaic)
contrey (alternative obsolete)
countre (alternative obsolete)
countrie (alternative obsolete)
counterie (alternative obsolete)
counthry (alternative pronunciation-spelling)
cuntry (alternative derogatory pronunciation-spelling)

Jamaican Creole: konchri

Krio: kɔntri

Nigerian Pidgin: kontri

Sranan Tongo: kondre

Tok Pisin: kantri

desc

→ Arabic: كَانْتْرِي (kāntrī)

→ Arabic: كَانْتْرِي (kāntrī)

⇒ Chinese: 港腳 /港脚 (gǎngjiǎo)

→ Finnish: country, kantri

→ French: country

→ Italian: country

→ Japanese: カントリー (kantorī)

→ Korean: 컨트리 (keonteuri)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: køntri

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: køntri

→ Polish: country

→ Portuguese: country

→ Romanian: country

→ Russian: ка́нтри (kántri)

→ Kazakh: кантри (kantri)

→ Spanish: country

→ Swedish: country

→ Ukrainian: ка́нтрі (kántri)

[ˈkʰʌnt̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷi]

From Middle English contre, contree, contreie, from Old French contree, cuntrede, from Vulgar Latin *(terra) contrāta (“(land) lying opposite; (land) spread before one”) (also in Medieval Latin as "country, region"), from Latin contra (“against, opposite”) (whence contra-). Cognate with Scots kintra. Unrelated to county. Displaced native English land in some of its senses.
From around 1300 as "area surrounding a walled city or town; the open country." By early 16th century the sense was applied mostly to rural areas, as opposed to towns and cities.

a prophet has no honor in his own country

a prophet is not without honor save in his own country

Appendix:Countries and territories of the world

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 737a. Government

en:rock through which a vein of ore or coal runs

(mining) The rock through which a vein of ore or coal runs.


bank

banks (plural)
banck (alternative obsolete)
bancke (alternative obsolete)
banke (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English bank, banke, from Old English *banca (“bench”) (attested in Old English hōbanca (“couch”) and Old English banc (“bank, hillock, embankment”), from Proto-West Germanic *bankō, from Proto-Germanic *bankô. Akin to Old Norse bakki (“elevation, hill”), Norwegian bakke (“slope, hill”).

inh

(mining) The face of the coal at which miners are working.

(mining) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level.

Ores are brought to bank.

(mining) The ground at the top of a shaft.


wall

From Middle English wal, from Old English weall (“wall, dike, earthwork, rampart, dam, rocky shore, cliff”), from Proto-West Germanic *wall (“wall, rampart, entrenchment”), from Latin vallum (“wall, rampart, entrenchment, palisade”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”).
Perhaps conflated with waw (“a wall within a house or dwelling, a room partition”), from Middle English wawe, from Old English wāg, wāh (“an interior wall, divider”), see waw.
Cognate with North Frisian wal (“wall”), Saterland Frisian Waal (“wall, rampart, mound”), Dutch wal (“wall, rampart, embankment”), German Wall (“rampart, mound, embankment”), Swedish vall (“mound, wall, bank”). More at wallow, walk.

cog

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

throw enough mud at the wall and some of it will stick

throw things at the wall and see what sticks

(mining) Any of the surfaces of rock enclosing the lode.


work

en-noun

work (countable and uncountable, plural works)

works (plural)
werke (alternative)
worke (alternative)
wuk (alternative)
werk (alternative)
werq (alternative)

Pijin: waka

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Germanic *werką
Proto-West Germanic *werk
Old English weorc
Middle English werk
English work
From Middle English work, werk, from Old English weorc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom.
Akin to Scots wark, Saterland Frisian Wierk, West Frisian wurk, Dutch werk, German Werk, German Low German Wark, Danish værk, Norwegian Bokmål verk, Norwegian Nynorsk verk, Swedish verk, yrke and orka, Icelandic verk, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹 (gawaurki), Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon, “work”) (from ϝέργον (wérgon)), Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰 (vər^əz, “to work, to perform”), Armenian գործ (gorc, “work”), Albanian argëtoj (“entertain, reward, please”), Russian варганить (varganitʹ, “"to whip up, to cook something quickly, to throw together"”). English cognates include bulwark, boulevard, energy, erg, georgic, liturgy, metallurgy, organ, surgeon, wright. Doublet of erg and ergon.

աշխատանք

thermodynamics: energy in transit between one form or repository and another

all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy


win

en-verb

win (third-person singular simple present wins, present participle winning, simple past won or (obsolete) wan, past participle won)

wins (present singular third-person)
winning (participle present)
won (past)
wan (obsolete past)
won (participle past)
win (infinitive)
win (first-person present singular)
won (first-person past singular)
win (present second-person singular)
winnest (archaic present second-person singular)
won (past second-person singular)
wonnest (archaic past second-person singular)
wins (present singular third-person)
winneth (archaic present singular third-person)
won (past singular third-person)
win (plural present)
won (past plural)
win (present subjunctive)
won (past subjunctive)
win (imperative present)
winning (participle present)
won (participle past)

From Middle English winnen, from Old English winnan (“to labour, swink, toil,”) (compare Old English ġewinnan (“conquer, obtain, gain; endure, bear, suffer; be ill”)), from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winnaną (“to swink, labour, win, gain, fight”), from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, desire, love”).
Cognate with Low German winnen, Dutch winnen, German gewinnen, Danish vinde, Norwegian Bokmål vinne, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish vinna.

der

when (with both the wine–whine merger and pin–pen merger)

money won is twice as sweet as money earned

(transitive, mining) To extract (ore, coal, etc.).


cow

en-noun

cow (countable and uncountable, plural cows or cattle or (archaic or dialectal) kine)

cows (plural)
cattle (plural)
kine (archaic dialectal plural)

bull

antonym(s) of “female domesticated ox or other bovine”

Sranan Tongo: kaw

Tok Pisin: kau

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">cows</i>

→ Abenaki: kaoz (from cows)

→ Maori: kau

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws
Proto-Germanic *kōz
Proto-West Germanic *kō
Old English cū
Middle English cou
English cow
Inherited from Middle English cou, cu, from Old English cū (“cow”), from Proto-West Germanic *kō, from Proto-Germanic *kōz (“cow”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cow”).
Cognate with Sanskrit गो (go), Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Persian گاو (gâv)), Latvian govs (“cow”), Proto-Slavic *govędo (Serbo-Croatian govedo, Russian говядина (govjadina, “beef”), Scots coo (“cow”), North Frisian ko, kø (“cow”), West Frisian ko (“cow”), Dutch koe (“cow”), Low German Koh, Koo, Kau (“cow”), German Kuh (“cow”), Swedish ko (“cow”), Norwegian ku (“cow”), Icelandic kýr (“cow”), Latin bōs (“ox, bull, cow”) (whence English beef), Armenian կով (kov, “cow”). Doublet of beef.
The plural kine is from Middle English kyne, kyn, kuin, kiin, kien (“cows”), either a double plural of Middle English ky, kye (“cows”), equivalent to modern kye + -en, or inherited from Old English cūna (“cows', of cows”), genitive plural of cū (“cow”).

etymon

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

why buy the cow when you can get the milk for free

(mining) A chock: a wedge or brake used to stop a machine or car.


wring

en-verb

wring (third-person singular simple present wrings, present participle wringing, simple past wrung or (archaic or dialectal) wrang or (rare) wringed, past participle wrung or (rare) wringed)

wrings (present singular third-person)
wringing (participle present)
wrung (past)
wrang (archaic dialectal past)
wringed (past rare)
wrung (participle past)
wringed (participle past rare)
wring (infinitive)
wring (first-person present singular)
wringed (first-person past singular)
wring (present second-person singular)
wringest (archaic present second-person singular)
wringed (past second-person singular)
wringedst (archaic past second-person singular)
wrings (present singular third-person)
wringeth (archaic present singular third-person)
wringed (past singular third-person)
wring (plural present)
wringed (past plural)
wring (present subjunctive)
wringed (past subjunctive)
wring (imperative present)
wringing (participle present)
wringed (participle past)

From Middle English wringen, wryngen from Old English wringan (“to wring”), from Proto-Germanic *wringaną (“to squeeze, twist, wring”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wrenǵʰ-.
Cognates
* Ancient Greek ῥίμφα (rhímpha, “fast”)
* Dutch wringen
* Lithuanian reñgtis (“to bend down”)
* Middle Low German wringen (Low German wringen)
* Old Frisian *wringa (West Frisian wringe)
* Old High German rinkan, ringan, ringan (Middle High German ringen, modern German wringen, German ringen (“to wrestle”))

քամել

to squeeze or twist (something moist) tightly so that liquid is forced out

стискам

to hold (someone or something) tightly and press or twist

(mining) Of a lode: to be depleted of ore; to peter or peter out.


jack

→ Brazilian Portuguese: jegue

→ European Portuguese: jaque

Transferred use of the personal name Jack.
(cricket: eleventh batsman): An allusion to the jack in playing cards, which follows the 10.

náłbiil bijaadbee dahnádidlohí

device for raising and supporting a heavy object

(mining, now rare) A wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting.


case

From Middle English case, from Old Northern French casse (compare Old French chasse (“box, chest, case”)), from Latin capsa (“box, bookcase”), from capiō (“to take, seize, hold”). Doublet of cash, chase, and chasse. Compare Spanish caja, Asturian caxa, Portuguese caixa.

Edward H[enry] Knight
w:Edward H. Knight

(mining) A small fissure which admits water into the workings.


mill

mills (plural)
miln (alternative obsolete)

Sranan Tongo: miri

→ Hindi: मिल (mil)

From Middle English mylne, mille, from Old English mylen, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu (“mill”), from Late Latin molīna, molīnum, molīnus (“mill”), from Latin molō (“grind, mill”, verb), closely allied to Proto-Germanic *muljaną (“to crush, grind”) (see English millstone). Perhaps cognate with Milne (a surname). Doublet of moline, moulin, and blin.

cog

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

every miller draws water to his own mill

the mill cannot grind with water that is past

They pulled me off the main crew and had me digging in the mill.

(mining) An excavation in rock, transverse to the workings, from which material for filling is obtained.

Near-synonym: country

The geologists were responsible for keeping the work within the mill.

(mining) A passage underground through which ore is shot.

tuotantotunneli

mining: passage underground through which ore is shot


mill

en-verb

mill (third-person singular simple present mills, present participle milling, simple past and past participle milled)

mills (present singular third-person)
milling (participle present)
milled (participle past)
milled (past)

(transitive, mining) To fill (a winze or interior incline) with broken ore, to be drawn out at the bottom.


jump

jump (third-person singular simple present jumps, present participle jumping, simple past and past participle jumped)

jumps (present singular third-person)
jumping (participle present)
jumped (participle past)
jumped (past)
jump (infinitive)
jump (first-person present singular)
jumped (first-person past singular)
jump (present second-person singular)
jumpest (archaic present second-person singular)
jumped (past second-person singular)
jumpedst (archaic past second-person singular)
jumps (present singular third-person)
jumpeth (archaic present singular third-person)
jumped (past singular third-person)
jump (plural present)
jumped (past plural)
jump (present subjunctive)
jumped (past subjunctive)
jump (imperative present)
jumping (participle present)
jumped (participle past)

From Middle English jumpen (“to walk quickly, run, jump”), probably of Middle Low German or North Germanic origin, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *gumpōną ~ *gumbōną (“to hop, skip, bounce”), an iterative verb. The OED suggests an imitative origin. Related to jumble. In the sense “to propel oneself” it displaced leap partially and spring largely.
Cognates
Cognate with German Low German jumpen (“to jump”), archaic German gumpen (“to jump, hop, bounce”), dialectal German gampen (“to hop”), Alemannic German gumpe (“to leap, jump”), Walser dialect kumpu, Old Norse gopta (“to jump; make jump”) Danish gumpe (“to jolt”), Swedish gumpa (“to jump”), Danish gimpe (“to move up and down”), Middle English jumpren, jumbren (“to mix, jumble”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog


jump

Brill Publishers
hydraulic jump
jump cut
jump discontinuity
jump instruction

onomatopoeic

imitative

(mining) A dislocation in a stratum; a fault.


room

en-noun

room (countable and uncountable, plural rooms)

→ Japanese: ルーム (rūmu)

→ Kikuyu: rumu

→ Maori: rūma

→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *rūm
Old English rūm
Middle English roum
English room
From Middle English roum, from Old English rūm (“room, space”), from Proto-West Germanic *rūm (“room”), from Proto-Germanic *rūmą (“room”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁- (“free space”).
Cognate with Low German Ruum, Dutch ruimte (“space”) and Dutch ruim (“cargo load”), German Raum (“space, interior space”), Danish rum (“space, locality”), Norwegian rom (“space”), Swedish rum (“space, location”), and also with Latin rūs (“country, field, farm”) through Indo-European. More at rural.
In the standard language, it is ostensibly an exception to the Great Vowel Shift, which otherwise would have produced the pronunciation /ɹaʊm/, but /aʊ/ does not occur before noncoronal consonants in standard Modern English native vocabulary. The pronunciation /ɹaʊm/ does occur in, for example, Lancashire. However, German Raum did undergo diphthongization similar to the Great Vowel Shift. Doublet of Raum, a surname from German.

inh

rum (/ɹʊm/) (without the foot-strut split)

nervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs

(mining) An area for working in a coal mine.


alligator

]
From early Modern English alligater, alligarta, aligarto, alegarto, alagarto, from Spanish el lagarto (“the lizard”), from Latin lacertus (“lizard”), modern spelling possibly influenced by the unrelated Latin alligator (“one who binds”).

Any of various machines with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator.


tide

From Middle English tyde, tide, tyd, tid (“time”), from Old English tīd (“time”), from Proto-West Germanic *tīdi, from Proto-Germanic *tīdiz (“time”), from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis (“time”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide”). Related to time.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots tide, tyde (“tide”), North Frisian tid (“time”), West Frisian tyd, tiid (“time, while”), Dutch tijd (“time”), Dutch tij, getij (“tide of the sea”), Afrikaans tyd (“time”), Low German Tied, Tiet (“time”), Low German Tide (“tide of the sea”), German Zeit (“time”), German Tide, Gezeiten (“tide of the sea”), Danish tid (“time”), Swedish tid (“time”), Icelandic tíð (“time”), Albanian ditë (“day”), Old Armenian տի (ti, “age”), Northern Kurdish dem (“time”).

der

Southern US, African-American Vernacular


plum

en-verb

plum (third-person singular simple present plums, present participle plumming, simple past and past participle plummed)

plums (present singular third-person)
plumming (participle present)
plummed (participle past)
plummed (past)


hazel

en-noun

hazel (usually uncountable, plural hazels)

hazels (plural)
hazle (alternative archaic)

From Middle English hasel, from Old English hæsl (“hazel, shrub”), from Proto-West Germanic *hasl, from Proto-Germanic *haslaz (“hazel”), from Proto-Indo-European *kóslos (“hazel”). Cognate with Dutch hazelaar (“hazel”), German Hasel (“hazel”), Swedish hassel (“hazel”), Latin corulus, corylus (“hazel-tree, hazelwood”), Irish coll (“hazel”).


bat

From Middle English bat, batte, from Old English batt (“bat, club, cudgel”), probably of Celtic origin, compare Old Breton bath (“club, cudgel”) and modern Breton bazh (“swagger stick”), ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂- (“to strike, beat, pierce”), similar to the Gaulish source of Latin battuo (“I beat, pound”).

der

bituminous shale ; which miners , if I mistake not , call bat

1799, Richard Kirwan, Geological Essays:


eye

en-noun

eye (plural eyes or (archaic or dialectal) eyen or (archaic) eyne)

eyes (plural)
eyen (archaic dialectal plural)
eyne (archaic plural)

Sranan Tongo: ai

From Middle English eye, eie, yë, eighe, eyghe, yȝe, eyȝe, from Old English ēage (“eye”), from Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô (“eye”) (compare Scots ee, West Frisian each, Dutch oog, German Auge, Danish øje, Norwegian Bokmål øye, Norwegian Nynorsk auga, Swedish öga), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃okʷ-, *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).
Other Indo-European cognates include Latin oculus (whence English oculus), Lithuanian aki̇̀s, Old Church Slavonic око (oko), Albanian sy, Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps, “(poetic) eye; face”) and ὄσσε (ósse, “eyes”), Armenian ակն (akn), Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬌 (aši, “eyes”), Sanskrit अक्षि (ákṣi). Related to ogle.
The uncommon plural form eyen is from Middle English eyen, from Old English ēaġan, nominative and accusative plural of ēaġe (“eye”).

cog

an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind

better than a poke in the eye with a burnt stick

better than a poke in the eye with a rusty nail

better than a poke in the eye with a sharp stick

better than a poke in the eye with a shitty stick

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

it's all fun and games until someone loses an eye


draw

en-verb

draw (third-person singular simple present draws, present participle drawing, simple past drew, past participle drawn or (colloquial and nonstandard) drew)

draws (present singular third-person)
drawing (participle present)
drew (past)
drawn (participle past)
drew (colloquial nonstandard participle past)
draw (infinitive)
draw (first-person present singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
draw (present second-person singular)
drawest (archaic present second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
drewest (archaic past second-person singular)
draws (present singular third-person)
draweth (archaic present singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
draw (plural present)
drew (past plural)
draw (present subjunctive)
drew (past subjunctive)
draw (imperative present)
drawing (participle present)
drawn (participle past)

The verb is derived from Middle English drauen, drawen, draȝen, dragen (“to drag, pull; to draw (out); to attract; to entice, lure; to lead; to make a drawing; to move, travel; etc.”), from Old English dragan (“to drag, draw”), from Proto-West Germanic *dragan (“to carry; to haul”), from Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to carry; to pull, draw”); further etymology uncertain, often said to be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw”), but possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate root which is also the source of Latin trahō (“to pull, draw; etc.”). Doublet of drag and draught.
The noun is derived from Middle English drau, draue (“action of shooting with a bow”), from drauen, drawen (verb).
cognates
* Albanian dredh (“to turn, spin”)
* Danish drage
* Dutch dragen
* German tragen (“to carry”)
* Old Armenian դառնամ (daṙnam, “to turn”)
* Sanskrit ध्रजस् (dhrájas, “gliding course or motion”)
* West Frisian drage

vyluhovávat

of drinks: to leave temporarily so as to allow the flavour to increase

изтеглям

cardgames: to take the top card of a deck into hand

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

Senses relating to extracting or selecting.

(transitive) To pull (something) out; to extract, to remove.

(mining) To raise (coal or ore) from an underground mine to the surface.


face

Sranan Tongo: fesi

→ Danish: fjæs

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fjes

Norwegian Nynorsk: fjes

→ Swedish: fejs, fjäs

→ Wu: 番斯 (¹fe-sy)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?
Latin faciēs
Late Latin facia
Old French facebor.
Middle English face
English face
From Middle English face, from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs (“form, appearance”). Doublet of facies. Displaced native onlete (“face, countenance, appearance”), anleth (“face”), from Old English anwlite, andwlita, compare German Antlitz; Old English ansīen (“face”), Middle English neb (“face, nose”) (from Old English nebb), Middle English ler, leor, leer (“face, cheek, countenance”) (from Old English hlēor), and non-native Middle English vis (“face, appearance, look”) (from Old French vis) and Middle English chere (“face”) from Old French chere.
In the sense of face as in reputation, influenced by Chinese 面子 (miànzi) or 臉／脸 (liǎn), both of which mean literally the front of the head and metaphorically one's public image. See lose face.

noncog

talk to the hand 'cause the face ain't listening

(mining) The exposed surface of the mineral deposit where it is being mined. Also the exposed end surface of a tunnel where digging may still be in progress.


roach

Variant of roche (“rock”). Attested since the seventeenth century.

After long Working of this Coal, it was found upon the rising Grounds, that there lay another Roach of Coal, at the Depth of 14 Yards under it

1749, Rog. Mostyn, “Mineralogy”, in Philosophical Transactions and Collections to the End of the Year, volume II, London: Royal Society, →OCLC, page 379:

(UK, obsolete, mining) A bed or stratum of some mineral.


ściana

Polish: ściana

Silesian: ściana

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *stěnà. First attested in 1398.

Nicolaus cum Johanne zuppas salis al. *czyany tenere debebunt

1937 [1443], Feliks Pohorecki, editor, Catalogus diplomatum Bibliothecae Instituti Ossoliniani nec non Bibliothecae Pawlikowianae inde ab anno 1227 usque ad annum 1505, page 77:

(mining) wall (place in a mine where a mineral is extracted from a deposit)


ściana

pl-noun

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)
ściena (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(mining) wall (exposed surface of the mineral deposit where it is being mined)


chat

Frank had been looking at calcite crystals for a while now [...] among the chats or zinc tailings of the Lake County mines, down here in the silver lodes of the Vita Madre and so forth.

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 441:

(mining, local use) Mining waste from lead and zinc mines.


train

en-verb

train (third-person singular simple present trains, present participle training, simple past and past participle trained)

trains (present singular third-person)
training (participle present)
trained (participle past)
trained (past)

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔e̞ɪ̯n]

From Middle English trayne (“train”), from Old French train (“a delay, a drawing out”), from traïner (“to pull out, to draw”), from Vulgar Latin *traginō, from *tragō, from Latin trahō (“to pull, to draw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). The verb was derived from the noun in Middle English.
For the meaning to teach compare typologically Russian ната́скивать (natáskivatʹ) (akin to тащи́ть (taščítʹ)).

m+

ната́скивать

(transitive, mining) To trace (a lode or any mineral appearance) to its head.


dish

en-noun

dish (countable and uncountable, plural dishes)

Tok Pisin: dis

From Middle English dissh, disch, from Old English disċ (“plate; bowl; dish”), from Proto-West Germanic *disk (“table; dish”) (whence also Proto-Slavic *dъska, whence Bulgarian дъска́ (dǎská), Polish deska, Russian доска́ (doská)), Russian чан (čan)) from Latin discus. Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, disk, and diskos.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots disch (“dish; plate”), Dutch dis (“table”), German Low German Disk, Disch (“table”), German Tisch (“table”), Danish disk (“dish; counter”), Swedish disk (“dish; counter”), Icelandic diskur (“dish; plate”), Finnish tiski (“desk, counter; dish”).
Compare the identical meaning expansion (vessel for food, then also content of such a vessel, then also specific type of food): Bulgarian блю́до (bljúdo), Russian блю́до (bljúdo). For the roundness aspect compare Polish rondel (“pan, saucepan”) (< Latin rotundus (whence also English round)).

doublet

(mining, archaic) A trough in which ore is measured.

(mining, archaic) That portion of the produce of a mine which is paid to the land owner or proprietor.


lead

en-noun

lead (countable and uncountable, plural leads)

leads (plural)
lede (alternative obsolete)
leed (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English leden, from Old English lǣdan (“to lead”), from Proto-West Germanic *laidijan, from Proto-Germanic *laidijaną (“to cause one to go, lead”), causative of Proto-Germanic *līþaną (“to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to leave, die”).
Cognate with West Frisian liede (“to lead”), Dutch leiden (“to lead”), German leiten (“to lead”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål lede (“to lead”), Norwegian Nynorsk leia (“to lead”), Swedish leda (“to lead”). Related to Old English līþan (“to go, travel”).


bend

From Middle English benden, from Old English bendan (“to bind or bend (a bow), fetter, restrain”), from Proto-West Germanic *bandijan, from Proto-Germanic *bandijaną (“to bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”). Cognate with Middle High German benden (“to fetter”), Danish bænde (“to bend”), Norwegian bende (“to bend”), Faroese benda (“to bend, inflect”), Icelandic benda (“to bend”). Related to bind, band, bond.


dig

en-verb

dig (third-person singular simple present digs, present participle digging, simple past and past participle dug or (archaic) digged)

digs (present singular third-person)
digging (participle present)
dug (participle past)
dug (past)
digged (archaic participle past)
digged (archaic past)

From Middle English diggen (“to dig”), alteration of Old English dīcian (“to dig a ditch, to mound up earth”) (compare Old English dīcere (“digger”)) from dīc, dīċ (“dike, ditch”) from Proto-Germanic *dīkaz, *dīkiją (“pool, puddle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stab, dig”). Additionally, Middle English diggen may derive from an unrecorded suffixed variant, *dīcgian. Akin to Danish dige (“to dig, raise a dike”), Swedish dika (“to dig ditches”). Related to French diguer (“to dig”), from Middle French diguer, from Old French dikier, itself a borrowing of the same Germanic root (from Middle Dutch dijc). More at ditch, dike.

der

he who digs a pit for others falls in himself

(mining) To take ore from its bed, in distinction from making excavations in search of ore.


fire

en-verb

fire (third-person singular simple present fires, present participle firing, simple past and past participle fired)

fires (present singular third-person)
firing (participle present)
fired (participle past)
fired (past)
fire (infinitive)
fire (first-person present singular)
fired (first-person past singular)
fire (present second-person singular)
firest (archaic present second-person singular)
fired (past second-person singular)
firedst (archaic past second-person singular)
fires (present singular third-person)
fireth (archaic present singular third-person)
fired (past singular third-person)
fire (plural present)
fired (past plural)
fire (present subjunctive)
fired (past subjunctive)
fire (imperative present)
firing (participle present)
fired (participle past)

From Middle English firen, fyren, furen, from Old English fȳrian (“to make a fire”), from the noun (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian fioria (“to light a fire”), Saterland Frisian fjuurje (“to fire”), Middle Dutch vûren, vueren, vieren (“to set fire”), Dutch vuren (“to fire, shoot”), Old High German fiuren (“to ignite, set on fire”), German feuern (“to fire”).

udløse

computer sciences, software engineering: to initiate an event

`Now are you both ready?' I said, as people do when they are going to fire a mine.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

(transitive, mining) To set off an explosive in a mine.


drive

en-verb

drive (third-person singular simple present drives, present participle driving, simple past drove or (archaic) drave or (dialectal) driv, past participle driven or (dialectal) druv or (dialectal) drove)

drives (present singular third-person)
driving (participle present)
drove (past)
drave (archaic past)
driv (dialectal past)
driven (participle past)
druv (dialectal participle past)
drove (dialectal participle past)
drive (infinitive)
drive (first-person present singular)
drove (first-person past singular)
driv (dialectal first-person past singular)
drave (archaic first-person past singular)
drive (present second-person singular)
drivest (archaic present second-person singular)
drove (past second-person singular)
driv (dialectal past second-person singular)
drovest (archaic past second-person singular)
drave (archaic past second-person singular)
dravest (archaic past second-person singular)
drives (present singular third-person)
driveth (archaic present singular third-person)
drove (past singular third-person)
driv (dialectal past singular third-person)
drave (archaic past singular third-person)
drive (plural present)
drove (past plural)
driv (dialectal past plural)
drave (archaic past plural)
drive (present subjunctive)
drove (past subjunctive)
driv (dialectal past subjunctive)
drave (archaic past subjunctive)
drive (imperative present)
driving (participle present)
driven (participle past)
druv (dialectal participle past)
drove (dialectal participle past)
Dr. (alternative)

→ Russian: драйв (drajv)

→ Scottish Gaelic: draibh

→ Ukrainian: драйв (drajv)

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷaɪv]

From Middle English driven, from Old English drīfan (“to drive, force, move”), from Proto-West Germanic *drīban, from Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots drive (“to drive”), North Frisian driwe (“to drive”), Saterland Frisian drieuwe (“to drive”), West Frisian driuwe (“to chase, drive, impel”), Dutch drijven (“to drive”), Low German drieven (“to drive, drift, push”), German treiben (“to drive, push, propel”), Norwegian Bokmål drive, Danish drive (“to drive, run, force”), Norwegian Nynorsk driva, Swedish driva (“to drive, power, drift, push, force”), Icelandic drífa (“to drive, hurry, rush”).

cog

don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly

1852-1866, Charles Tomlinson, Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts and Manufactures
If the miners find no ore, they drive or cut a gallery from the pit a short distance at right angles to the direction of the lodes found

(mining) To dig horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel.


fell

(mining) The finer portions of ore, which go through the meshes when the ore is sorted by sifting.


inset

From Middle English insetten, from Old English insettan (“to set in, institute, appoint”), equivalent to in- + set. Cognate with Dutch inzetten (“to insert, set in”), Low German insetten (“to set in”), German einsetzen (“to insert, employ”), Danish indsætte (“to insert”), Swedish insätta (“to inset, induct, institute”), Icelandic innsetja (“to install”).

cog

(mining) An opening partway down a shaft, giving access to the intermediate levels.


back

front

antonym(s) of “side opposite the front or useful side”

front

antonym(s) of “that which is farthest away from the front”

From Middle English bak, from Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend”). The adverb represents an aphetic form of aback.
Compare Middle Low German bak (“back”), from Old Saxon bak, and West Frisian bekling (“chair back”), Old High German bah, Swedish and Norwegian bak. Cognate with German Bache (“sow [adult female hog]”).

agter

break one's arm patting oneself on the back

could be written on the back of a postage stamp

could fit on the back of a postage stamp

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

The stope is kept full of broken ore, sufficient only being drawn to leave a working space between the floor of broken ore and the back of the stope.

1911, Robert Bruce Brinsmade, Mining Without Timber, page 161:

(mining) The roof of a horizontal underground passage.


rake

From Middle English rake, rakke (“pass, path, track; type of fencing thrust; pasture land (?)”), and then partly:
* probably from Old English racu (“bed of a stream; path; account, narrative; explanation; argument, reasoning; reason”) (compare Old English hrace, hraca, hracu (“gorge”)), from Proto-Germanic *rakō (“path, track; course, direction; an unfolding, unwinding; account, narrative; argument, reasoning”) [and other forms], from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, right oneself”); and
* from Old Norse rák (“strip; stripe; furrow; small mountain ravine”), further etymology uncertain but probably ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rakō, as above.
Cognates
The English word is cognate with Icelandic rák (“streak, stripe; notch in a rock; vein in stone or wood”), Norwegian råk (“channel (in ice); cow path; trail”), Norwegian Nynorsk råk (“channel (in ice); cow path; trail; furrow; stripe”), Swedish råk (“crack or channel in ice; river valley”); and probably cognate with Old Danish rag (modern Danish rag (“stiff; taut”) (regional)), Old Norse rakr (“straight”), Swedish rak (“straight”).

tehdas

puffer that emits a stream of spaceships

(mining) A fissure or mineral vein of ore traversing the strata vertically, or nearly so.


overcast

/ˈəʊvəˌkɑːst/

From Middle English overcasten, equivalent to over- + cast. Compare Swedish överkast.

(mining) A place where one roadway crosses another, specifically where an airway was built across the top of another airway for ventilation purposes.


put

en-verb

put (third-person singular simple present puts, present participle putting, simple past put, past participle put or (UK dialectal) putten)

puts (present singular third-person)
putting (participle present)
put (past)
put (participle past)
putten (UK dialectal participle past)
put (infinitive)
put (first-person present singular)
put (first-person past singular)
put (present second-person singular)
puttest (archaic present second-person singular)
put (past second-person singular)
puttedst (archaic past second-person singular)
puts (present singular third-person)
putteth (archaic present singular third-person)
put (past singular third-person)
put (plural present)
put (past plural)
put (present subjunctive)
put (past subjunctive)
put (imperative present)
putting (participle present)
put (participle past)
putt (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English putten, puten, poten, from Old English putian, *pūtian ("to push, put out"; attested by derivative putung (“pushing, impulse, instigation, urging”)) and potian (“to push, thrust, strike, butt, goad”), both from Proto-West Germanic *putōn, from Proto-Germanic *putōną (“to stick, stab”), which is of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bud- (“to shoot, sprout”), which would make it cognate with Sanskrit बुन्द (bundá, “arrow”), Lithuanian budė, and budis (“mushroom, fungus”). Compare also related Old English pȳtan (“to push, poke, thrust, put out (the eyes)”). Cognate with Dutch poten (“to set, plant”), Danish putte (“to put”), Swedish putta, pötta, potta (“to strike, knock, push gently, shove, put away”), Norwegian putte (“to set, put”), Norwegian pota (“to poke”), Icelandic pota (“to poke”), Dutch peuteren (“to pick, poke around, dig, fiddle with”).

gloss

"to push, put out"; attested by derivative <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">putung</i> (“pushing, impulse, instigation, urging”)

cog

never put off until tomorrow what you can do today

put daylight between oneself and someone

put two and two together and come up with five

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

you can't put an old head on young shoulders

you can't put a wise head on young shoulders

you can't put the shit back in the horse

you can't put the toothpaste back in the tube

you can't put the toothpaste back into the tube

(mining) To convey coal in the mine, as for example from the working to the tramway.


rid

term-label

(chiefly Northern England, archaic or obsolete)

The verb is derived from Middle English ridden (“to remove debris, obstructions, etc., from (a place), to clear; to complete (something unfinished); to free (someone or something); to relieve (someone); etc.”), probably from Old English *ryddan (“to remove debris, obstructions, etc., from (a place), to clear”) (the past participle form ġeryd is attested), from Proto-Germanic *riudijaną (“to clear”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewdʰ- (“to clear land”), or possibly from *Hrew- (“to dig out, tear out; to open; to acquire”). The verb was probably also influenced by the following:
* Middle English redden (“to rescue (someone), deliver, save; to rid (someone) of a burden; to free (someone)”) (from which redd (obsolete except Northern England, Scotland) is partly derived), from Old English hreddan (“to deliver, rescue, save; to free; to recover; to take away”), from Proto-West Germanic *hraddjan (“to rescue, save”), from Proto-Germanic *hradjaną (“to rescue, save; to free; to loosen”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to move quickly; to rattle; to shake”); and
* Middle English reden (“to arrange; to get ready, prepare; to put in order, tidy; to remove debris, obstructions, etc., from (a place), to clear; to unblock; etc.”) (whence rede (chiefly Scotland, archaic)), from Old English rǣdan, Early Old English rēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *raidijan (“to arrange”), from Proto-Germanic *raidijaną (“to arrange”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to arrange; to count, count out”).
The adjective is derived from rid, the past participle of the verb. The noun is derived from the verb.
As regards noun sense 1 (“progress which has been made; speed”), compare verb sense 1.4.5 (“to complete or get through (a task, or work)”).
cognates
* Dutch redden (“to save, deliver”)
* German retten (“to save, deliver”), reuten (“to clear”), roden (“to clear”)
* Old Frisian hredda (“to save”)
* Old Norse hrōðja (“to clear, strip”), Old Norse ryðja (“to clear, empty”)

inh

(mining) Loose earth, rubble, etc., on the surface of a quarry which must be removed before digging can begin; rid-work.

sivukivi

loose earth, rubble, etc., on the surface of a quarry which must be removed before digging can begin


run

runs (plural)
rin (alternative dialectal)
ren (alternative dialectal)

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal part of a step”

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal distance of a set of stairs”

From Middle English runnen, rennen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen,
yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).
Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), Alemannic German ränne (“to run”), German rennen (“to run, race”), rinnen (“to flow”), Danish rende (“to run”), Swedish ränna (“to run”), Swedish rinna (“to flow”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

der

(mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by licence of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.


shear

en-verb

shear (third-person singular simple present shears, present participle shearing, simple past sheared or shore, past participle shorn or sheared)

shears (present singular third-person)
shearing (participle present)
sheared (past)
shore (past)
shorn (participle past)
sheared (participle past)

From Middle English sheren, scheren, from Old English sċieran (“to shear; to shave”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
Cognate with West Frisian skarre, Low German scheren, Dutch scheren, German scheren, Danish skære, Norwegian Bokmål skjære, Norwegian Nynorsk skjera, Swedish skära, Finnish keritä; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), Latin caro (“flesh”), Albanian shqerr (“to tear, cut”), harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian ski̇̀rti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”). See also sharp.

inh

(mining, intransitive) To make a vertical cut in coal.


shoot

Catalan: xut

Portuguese: chuto

From Middle English shoten, from Old English scēotan, from Proto-West Germanic *skeutan, from Proto-Germanic *skeutaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kéwd-e-ti, from *(s)kewd- (“to shoot, throw”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sjitte, Low German scheten, Dutch schieten, German schießen, Danish skyde, Norwegian Bokmål skyte, Norwegian Nynorsk skyta, Swedish skjuta; and also, through Indo-European, with Russian кида́ть (kidátʹ), Albanian hedh (“to throw, toss”), Persian چست (čost, “quick, active”), Lithuanian skudrùs.

where to find a shoot of ore opposite one they may have taken away on a parallel lode

1853, Thomas McElrath, William Jewett Tenney, William Phipps Blake, The Mining Magazine and Journal of Geology, Mineralogy, Metallurgy:

1901, Frank Lee Hess, pubs.usgs.gov report. Rare Metals. TIN, TUNGSTEN, AND TANTALUM IN SOUTH DAKOTA.
In the western dike is a shoot about 4 feet in diameter carrying a considerable sprinkling of cassiterite, ore which in quantity would undoubtedly be worth mining. The shoot contains a large amount of muscovite mica with quartz and very little or no feldspar...

(mining) A vein of ore running in the same general direction as the lode.


show

en-noun

show (countable and uncountable, plural shows)

shows (plural)
shew (alternative archaic)
shewe (alternative obsolete)
showe (alternative obsolete)

→ Catalan: xou

→ Danish: show

→ Dutch: show

→ Finnish: show

→ French: show

→ German: Show

→ Hindi: शो (śo)

→ Hungarian: show

→ Japanese: ショー (shō)

→ Korean: 쇼 (syo)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: show

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: show

→ Portuguese: show

→ Russian: шоу (šou)

→ Spanish: show

→ Swedish: show

→ Turkish: şov

→ Urdu: شو (śo)

From Middle English schewe, from the verb (schewen).

(mining, obsolete) A pale blue flame at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of firedamp.


sit

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
Middle English sitten
English sit
From Middle English sitten, from Old English sittan, from Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, from Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sitte, Low German sitten, Dutch zitten, German sitzen, Swedish sitta, Norwegian Bokmål sitte, Norwegian Nynorsk sitja; and with Irish suigh, Latin sedeo, Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ).

etymon

(mining) Subsidence of the roof of a coal mine.


spend

en-verb

spend (third-person singular simple present spends, present participle spending, simple past and past participle spent)

spends (present singular third-person)
spending (participle present)
spent (participle past)
spent (past)

From Middle English spenden, from Old English spendan (attested especially in compounds āspendan (“to spend”), forspendan (“to use up, consume”)), from Proto-West Germanic *spendōn (“to spend”), borrowed from Latin expendere (“to weigh out”). Doublet of expend.
Cognate with Old High German spentōn (“to consume, use, spend”) (whence German spenden (“to donate, provide”)), Middle Dutch spenden (“to spend, dedicate”), Old Icelandic spenna (“to spend”).

cog

time spent laughing is time spent with the gods

(mining) To break ground; to continue working.


stank

en-verb

stank (third-person singular simple present stanks, present participle stanking, simple past and past participle stanked)

stanks (present singular third-person)
stanking (participle present)
stanked (participle past)
stanked (past)

From Old French estanc, (French étang), from Latin stagnum (“a pool”). Compare stagnant, stagnate.

The writer was obliged, a few months ago, to open out a whole district which had been "stanked off " ( as the phrase of the district is ) for over a year, and on approaching the old air-way the heat became intolerable and the fire was burning as badly as ever.

1884, North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, Transactions - Volume 33, page 155:

From your experience then, taking into account the fact that you have a fiery and dusty mine to deal with, would you prefer to stank off as soon as there is the slightest evidence of any natural heating, either by smell or vapour or anything else, or would you prefer to run the risk of having to cope with filling out a large quantity of debris to get at the fire?

1916, Great Britain. Home Office, First Report of the Departmental Committee on Spontaneous Combustion of Coal in Mines, page 176:

If a gob-fire were more or less effectively stanked off, so that they had plenty of time for the work, he could quite see what a very useful adjunct cementation would be in that case.

1917, Institution of Mining Engineers (Great Britain), Transactions - Volume 53, page 32:

The process of methane removal at the pretreatment or exploitation stage, or methane outlets from the stanked areas, are carried out in about half of them.

1996, T.S. Golosinski, Guo Yuguang, Mining Science and Technology, page 19:

(by extension, mining) To seal off an area of the mine in which a fire has started.


string

en-noun

string (countable and uncountable, plural strings)

Tok Pisin: string

→ Dutch: string

→ Finnish: stringit

→ French: string

→ German: String

desc

מחרוז//מַחְרֹזֶת

→ Hebrew: מחרוז /מַחְרֹזֶת (makhrózet) (semantic loan)

→ Japanese: ストリング (sutoringu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: streng (semantic loan)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: streng (semantic loan)

→ Polish: stringi

→ Portuguese: estrém; string

→ Swedish: string

From Middle English string, streng, strynge, from Old English strenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *strangi, from Proto-Germanic *strangiz (“string”), from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord, strand; to tighten”).
Cognate with Scots string (“string”), Dutch streng (“cord, strand”), Low German strenge (“strand, cord, rope”), German Strang (“strand, cord, rope”), Danish streng (“string”), Swedish sträng (“string, cord, wire”), Icelandic strengur (“string”), Latvian stringt (“to be tight, wither”), Latin stringō (“I tighten”), Ancient Greek στραγγαλόομαι (strangalóomai, “to strangle”), from στραγγάλη (strangálē, “halter”), Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”).

cog

στραγγαλόομαι

弦

any similar long, thin and flexible object

弓弦

ゆづる, yuzuru, ゆみづる, yumizuru, ゆんづる, yunzuru

a single miner is often found pursuing his solitary labours at a string or thin vein of ore

1833, Thomas Sopwith, An Account of the Mining Districts of Alston Moor, Weardale […] :

(mining) A small, filamentous ramification of a metallic vein.


underlie

en-verb

underlie (third-person singular simple present underlies, present participle underlying, simple past underlay, past participle underlain)

underlies (present singular third-person)
underlying (participle present)
underlay (past)
underlain (participle past)

From Middle English underlien, underliggen, from Old English underliċġan (“to underlie, to be subject to, give way to”), equivalent to under- + lie. Cognate with Dutch onderliggen (“to lie below, lie on the bottom of”), German unterliegen (“to lie under, be subject to, succumb”).


underlay

en-verb

underlay (third-person singular simple present underlays, present participle underlaying, simple past and past participle underlaid)

underlays (present singular third-person)
underlaying (participle present)
underlaid (participle past)
underlaid (past)

From Middle English underleyen, from Old English underleċġan (“to underlay, prop, support”), equivalent to under- + lay. Cognate with Dutch onderleggen (“to lay or put under”), German unterlegen (“to underlay”), Swedish underlägga (“to underlay”).

cog

(mining, ambitransitive, of a vein, fault, or lode) To incline from the vertical.


comb

From Middle English comb, from Old English camb (“comb”), from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz (“comb”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth”), a doublet of cam. The verb is derived from the noun and displaced the older verb kemb.
Cognates
Compare Saterland Frisian Koum, Swedish/Dutch kam, Norwegian kam, German Kamm); also Tocharian B keme, Lithuanian žam̃bas (“sharp edge”), Old Church Slavonic зѫбъ (zǫbŭ), Albanian dhëmb, Ancient Greek γομφίος (gomphíos, “backtooth, molar”), Sanskrit जम्भ (jambha)).

(Cornwall, mining, obsolete) A kind of vertical plate in a lode.


collar

→ Hausa: kwala

→ Burmese: ကော်လာ (kaula)

→ Swahili: kola

From Middle English coler, borrowed from Old French coler (Modern French collier), from Late Latin collāre, from Latin collāris, from collum (“neck”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals, “neck”), Old English heals (“neck”). Compare Spanish cuello (“neck”). More at halse. Doublet of collet.

(technology) Any encircling device or structure.

(mining) A curb, or a horizontal timbering, around the mouth of a shaft.


drawer

Middle English drawer, from draw + -er (agent noun suffix). Attested from the 14th century.

/ˈdɹɔː.ə(ɹ)/

/ˈdɹɔːɹə(ɹ)/

(mining, historical) A wagoner or person who pushes underground tubs.


flat

From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”). Doublet of plat and pleyt.
The noun is from Middle English flat (“level piece of ground, flat edge of a weapon”), from the adjective.
The algebraic sense was coined by Serre in a 1956 paper, originally as French plat.

inh

(mining) A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also, any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal.


apex

Borrowed from Latin apex (“point, tip, summit”).

The highest or the greatest part of something, especially forming a point.

(mining, US) The end or edge of a vein nearest the surface.


butterfly

From Middle English buterflie, butturflye, boterflye, from Old English buterflēoge, equivalent to butter + fly. Cognate with Dutch botervlieg, German Butterfliege (“butterfly”). The name may have originally been applied to butterflies of a yellowish color, or reflected a belief that butterflies ate milk and butter (compare German Molkendieb (“butterfly”, literally “whey-thief”) and Low German Botterlicker (“butterfly”, literally “butter-licker”)), or that they excreted a butter-like substance (compare Dutch boterschijte (“butterfly”, literally “butter-shitter”)). Compare also German Schmetterling from Schmetten (“cream”), German Low German Bottervögel (“butterfly”, literally “butter-fowl”). More at butter, fly.
An alternate theory suggests that the first element may have originally been Old English butor- (“beater”), a mutation of bēatan (“to beat”), but this would not explain the cognates in other languages or the other names formed with milk products.
Superseded non-native Middle English papilion (“butterfly”) borrowed from Old French papillon (“butterfly”).

cog

(mining) A safety link or detaching hook above the cage attached to the winding rope to prevent the cage from being overwound.


metal

en-noun

metal (countable and uncountable, plural metals)

nonmetal

antonym(s) of “any of a number of chemical elements in the periodic table that form a metallic bond with other metal atoms”

From Middle English metal, a borrowing from Old French metal, from Latin metallum (“metal, mine, quarry, mineral”), itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon, “mine, quarry, metal”).

аметалл

atomic element or material made of such atoms

(heading) Chemical elements or alloys, and the mines where their ores come from.

(mining) The ore from which a metal is derived.


metal

metalles (plural)
matall (alternative)
mataylle (alternative)
metail (alternative)
metaille (alternative)
metall (alternative)
metalle (alternative)
metel (alternative)
metell (alternative)
metelle (alternative)
mettall (alternative)
mettel (alternative)

English: metal, mettle

Scots: metal

→ Welsh: metel

Borrowed from Old French metal, from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).


salt

en-verb

salt (third-person singular simple present salts, present participle salting, simple past and past participle salted)

salts (present singular third-person)
salting (participle present)
salted (participle past)
salted (past)

PIE word
 *séh₂ls
From Middle English salt, from Old English sealt, from Proto-West Germanic *salt, from Proto-Germanic *saltą, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”). Doublet of sal, ultimately from Latin sāl (“salt”), which it superseded as the general term for "salt".

To insert or inject something into an object to give it properties it would not naturally have.

(mining) To blast metal into (as a portion of a mine) in order to cause to appear to be a productive seam.


tail

Sranan Tongo: tere

From Middle English tail, tayl, teil, from Old English tæġl (“tail”), from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, from Proto-Germanic *taglą (“hair, fiber; hair of a tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, fray, shred”). Cognate with Scots tail (“tail”), Saterland Frisian Tail (“tail, end”), West Frisian teil (“tail”), Dutch teil (“tail, haulm, blade”), Low German Tagel (“twisted scourge, whip of thongs and ropes; end of a rope”), German Zagel (“tail”), dialectal Danish tavl (“hair of the tail”), Swedish tagel (“hair of the tail, horsehair”), Norwegian tagl (“tail”), Icelandic tagl (“tail, horsetail, ponytail”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl, “hair”). In some senses, apparently by a generalization of the usual opposition between head and tail.

cog

have the world by the tail on a downhill pull

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

trust someone as far as one could fling a bull by the tail


foal

From Middle English fole, from Old English fola, from Proto-West Germanic *folō, from Proto-Germanic *fulô, from pre-Germanic *pl̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *pōlH- (“animal young”) (cognate with Saterland Frisian Foole, West Frisian fôle, foalle, Dutch veulen, German Low German Fohl, German Fohlen, Fohle, Swedish fåle; compare also Ancient Greek πῶλος (pôlos), Latin pullus, Albanian pelë (“mare”), Old Armenian ուլ (ul, “kid, fawn”). Related to filly.

inh

(mining, historical) A young boy who assisted the headsman by pushing or pulling the tub.


blower

From Middle English blowere, blower, from Old English blāwere; equivalent to blow + -er.

The great sources of fire-damp in coal mines are blowers or fissures from which currents of this inflammable gas issue in considerable quantities and for a long series of years

1843, Humphry Davy, “On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, number 31 December 1833 volume 2, republished online 1 January 1997:

(mining) A fissure from which firedamp issues, often in quantity for many years.


leader

→ Catalan: líder

→ Czech: lídr

→ Galician: líder

→ Japanese: リーダー (rīdā)

→ Korean: 리더 (rideo)

→ Polish: lider

→ Portuguese: líder

→ Romanian: lider

→ Russian: ли́дер (líder)

→ Spanish: líder

→ Turkish: lider

→ Ukrainian: лі́дер (líder)

From Middle English leder, ledere, from Old English lǣdere (“leader”), from Proto-West Germanic *laidijārī (“leader”), equivalent to lead + -er. Cognate with Scots ledar, leidar (“leader”), West Frisian lieder (“leader”), Dutch leider (“leader”), German Leiter (“leader, conductor, manager”), Danish leder (“leader, manager”), Swedish ledare (“leader, conductor, director”), Icelandic leiðari (“leader, conductor”).

cog

Someone or something that leads or conducts.

(mining) A branch or small vein, not important in itself, but indicating the proximity of a better one.


upcast

From Middle English upcasten, equivalent to up- + cast.

(mining) The ventilating shaft of a mine out of which the air passes after having circulated through the mine.

(mining) A current of air passed along such a shaft.


floor

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

non-rhotic, dough–door merger, African-American Vernacular

Inherited from Middle English flor, flore, from Old English flōr (“floor, pavement, ground, bottom”), from Proto-West Germanic *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz (“flat surface, floor, plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).
Cognate with Scots flair, Scots flure, fluir (“floor”), Saterland Frisian Floor (“floor”), West Frisian flier (“floor”), Dutch vloer (“floor”), German Low German Floor (“entry hall”), German Flur (“field, floor, entrance hall”), Swedish flor (“floor of a cow stall”), Norwegian Nynorsk flor (“floor of a cow stall”), Irish urlár (“floor”), Scottish Gaelic làr (“floor, ground, earth”), Welsh llawr (“floor, ground”), Latin plānus (“level, flat”).

cog

(mining) A horizontal, flat ore body; the rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit.

طَابِق

horizontal structure dividing a building

alapohja

mining: horizontal, flat ore body; rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit

(mining) The bottom of a pit, pothole or mine.

lattia

mining: bottom of a pit, pothole or mine


dump

From Middle English dumpen, dompen, probably from Old Norse dumpa (“to thump”) (whence Danish dumpe (“to fall suddenly”)), of uncertain origin, possibly imitative of falling, similar to thump.

onomatopoeic

imitative


want

en-noun

want (countable and uncountable, plural wants)

wants (plural)
waunt (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English wanten (“to lack, to need”), from Old Norse vanta (“to lack”), from Proto-Germanic *wanatōną (“to be wanting, lack”), from *wanô (“lack, deficiency”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty”). Cognate with Middle High German wan (“not full, empty”), Middle Dutch wan (“empty, poor”), Old English wana (“want, lack, absence, deficiency”), Latin vanus (“empty”). See wan, wan-.

cog

(UK, mining) A depression in coal strata, hollowed out before the subsequent deposition took place.


burden

From Middle English burden, birden, burthen, birthen, byrthen, from Old English byrden, byrþen, from Proto-West Germanic *burþini, from *burþī, from Proto-Germanic *burþį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”).

der

(mining) The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin.


pipe

→ Bengali: পাইপ (paip)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: پيپ (pēp, bēb, “smoking pipe”), پايپ (pāyp, bāyb, “medium of transportation (sense 2.1)”)

→ Hindi: पाइप (pāip)

→ Japanese: パイプ (paipu)

→ Korean: 파이프 (paipeu)

→ Malay: paip

→ Maori: paipa

→ Russian: пайп (pajp)

→ Urak Lawoi': ปาเฮะ (pahëq)

From Middle English pīpe, pype (“hollow cylinder or tube used as a conduit or container; duct or vessel of the body; musical instrument; financial records maintained by the English Exchequer, pipe roll”), from Old English pīpe (“pipe (musical instrument); the channel of a small stream”), from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā. Reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pipire, pipiare, pipare, from pīpiō (“to chirp, peep”), of imitative origin. Doublet of fife.
The “storage container” and “liquid measure” senses are derived from Middle English pīpe (“large storage receptacle, particularly for wine; cask, vat; measure of volume”), from pīpe (above) and Old French pipe (“liquid measure”). In specific contexts, calques similar units of measure such as Portuguese pipa.
The verb is from Middle English pīpen, pypyn (“to play a pipe; to make a shrill sound; to speak with a high-pitched tone”), from Old English pīpian (“to pipe”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

inh

Meanings relating to something resembling a tube.

(mining) An elongated or irregular body or vein of ore.


brat

(mining) A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.


size

en-verb

size (third-person singular simple present sizes, present participle sizing, simple past and past participle sized)

sizes (present singular third-person)
sizing (participle present)
sized (participle past)
sized (past)

Attested since the 14th century, originally meant a “law or regulation that determines the amount to be paid”, from Middle English syse, sise (“regulation, control, limit”), from Old French cise, sise, aphetism of assise (“assize”), from the verb asseoir (“to sit down”), from Latin assidēre, composed of ad- (“to, towards, at”) + sedeō (“sit; settle down”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Displaced native Old English miċelnes (literally “bigness”).

ncog

(transitive) To classify or arrange by size.

(mining) To sift (pieces of ore or metal) in order to separate the finer from the coarser parts.


putter

(mining) One who pushes the small wagons in a coal mine, to transport the coal mined by the getter.


breast

breasts (plural)
brest (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English brest, from Old English brēost, from Proto-West Germanic *breust, from Proto-Germanic *breustą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to swell”). Compare West Frisian boarst, Danish bryst, Swedish bröst; cf. also Dutch borst, German Brust.

der

hope springs eternal in the human breast


damp

en-noun

damp (countable and uncountable, plural damps)

From Middle English dampen (“to stifle; suffocate”). Akin to Low German damp, Dutch damp, and German Dampf (“vapor, steam, fog”), Icelandic dampi, Swedish damm (“dust”), and to German dampf imperative of dimpfen (“to smoke”). Also Middle English dampen (“to extinguish, choke, suffocate”). Ultimately all descend from Proto-Germanic *dampaz.

der

There are sulphurous Vapours which infect the Vegetables, and render the Grass unwholsom to the Cattle that feed upon it: Miners are often hurt by these Steams. Observations made in some of the Mines in Derbyshire, describe four sorts of those Damps.

1733, John Arbuthnot, chapter 1, in An Essay Concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies, London: Jacob Tonson, page 19:

(mining, archaic or historical) A gaseous product, formed in coal mines, old wells, pits, etc.


pitch

From Middle English picchen, pycchen (“to thrust in, fasten, settle”), from Old English *piċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *pikkijan, a variant of Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn (“to pick, peck”), whence Middle English pikken, picken (“to pick, pierce”), modern English pick.

nyökkääminen

rotation angle about the transverse axis

килово клатене

nautical: measure of extent to which a vessel's bow and stern go up and down

(mining) The limit of ground set to a miner who receives a share of the ore taken out.


hanger-on

hangers-on (plural)
hanger on (alternative)


nick

en-verb

nick (third-person singular simple present nicks, present participle nicking, simple past and past participle nicked)

nicks (present singular third-person)
nicking (participle present)
nicked (participle past)
nicked (past)

The noun is derived from Late Middle English nik (“notch, tally; nock of an arrow”). Its further etymology is unknown; a connection with nock (“notch in a bow to hold the bowstring; notch at the rear of an arrow that fits the bowstring; cleft in the buttocks”) has not been clearly established.
The verb appears to be derived from the noun, though the available evidence shows that some of the verb senses predate the noun senses. No connection with words in Germanic languages such as Danish nikke (“to nod”), Middle Dutch nicken (“to bend; to bow”) (modern Dutch knikken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German nicken (“to bend over; to sink”), Middle High German nicken (“to bend; to depress”) (modern German nicken (“to nod”)), Middle Low German knicken (“to bend; to snap”) (modern German knicken (“to bend; to break”), Old Frisian hnekka (“to nod”), and Swedish nicka (“to nod”), has been clearly established.

unknown

further etymology is unknown

cog

A practice then prevailed of blasting without nicking the side of the place which still continues and of conducting the current of air too far by means of brattice, to both of which practices I raised a strong objection. They admitted their inability to make the men nick the coal as they formerly did and thought the application of brattice could not be properly defined, but that it should be left to the discretion of the manager of each particular mine as to the distance openings should be made apart between the intake and return air courses.

1872 February 28, Peter Higson, “[Mines. Reports of the Inspectors of Mines, to Her Majesty’s Secretary of State, for the Year 1871. Chapter 653.] Report of the Working of the Mines Inspection Act (23 & 24 Vict. c. 151.) in the West Lancashire and North Wales District, during the Year ended 31st December 1871.”, in Reports from Commissioners: Twenty-two Volumes. […], volume XVI, London: Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswode, […], for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, →OCLC, page 58:

(transitive, mining) To make a cut at the side of the face.


kappa

kappa (nominative singular)
kapat (nominative plural)
kappa (accusative nominative singular)
kapat (accusative nominative plural)
kapan (accusative genitive singular)
kapat (accusative genitive plural)
kapan (genitive singular)
kappojen (genitive plural)
kappain (genitive plural rare)
kappaa (partitive singular)
kappoja (partitive plural)
kapassa (inessive singular)
kapoissa (inessive plural)
kapasta (elative singular)
kapoista (elative plural)
kappaan (illative singular)
kappoihin (illative plural)
kapalla (adessive singular)
kapoilla (adessive plural)
kapalta (ablative singular)
kapoilta (ablative plural)
kapalle (allative singular)
kapoille (allative plural)
kappana (essive singular)
kappoina (essive plural)
kapaksi (singular translative)
kapoiksi (plural translative)
kapatta (abessive singular)
kapoitta (abessive plural)
kapoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kappani (nominative singular)
kappani (nominative plural)
kappani (accusative nominative singular)
kappani (accusative nominative plural)
kappani (accusative genitive singular)
kappani (accusative genitive plural)
kappani (genitive singular)
kappojeni (genitive plural)
kappaini (genitive plural rare)
kappaani (partitive singular)
kappojani (partitive plural)
kapassani (inessive singular)
kapoissani (inessive plural)
kapastani (elative singular)
kapoistani (elative plural)
kappaani (illative singular)
kappoihini (illative plural)
kapallani (adessive singular)
kapoillani (adessive plural)
kapaltani (ablative singular)
kapoiltani (ablative plural)
kapalleni (allative singular)
kapoilleni (allative plural)
kappanani (essive singular)
kappoinani (essive plural)
kapakseni (singular translative)
kapoikseni (plural translative)
kapattani (abessive singular)
kapoittani (abessive plural)
kappoineni (comitative plural)
kappasi (nominative singular)
kappasi (nominative plural)
kappasi (accusative nominative singular)
kappasi (accusative nominative plural)
kappasi (accusative genitive singular)
kappasi (accusative genitive plural)
kappasi (genitive singular)
kappojesi (genitive plural)
kappaisi (genitive plural rare)
kappaasi (partitive singular)
kappojasi (partitive plural)
kapassasi (inessive singular)
kapoissasi (inessive plural)
kapastasi (elative singular)
kapoistasi (elative plural)
kappaasi (illative singular)
kappoihisi (illative plural)
kapallasi (adessive singular)
kapoillasi (adessive plural)
kapaltasi (ablative singular)
kapoiltasi (ablative plural)
kapallesi (allative singular)
kapoillesi (allative plural)
kappanasi (essive singular)
kappoinasi (essive plural)
kapaksesi (singular translative)
kapoiksesi (plural translative)
kapattasi (abessive singular)
kapoittasi (abessive plural)
kappoinesi (comitative plural)
kappamme (nominative singular)
kappamme (nominative plural)
kappamme (accusative nominative singular)
kappamme (accusative nominative plural)
kappamme (accusative genitive singular)
kappamme (accusative genitive plural)
kappamme (genitive singular)
kappojemme (genitive plural)
kappaimme (genitive plural rare)
kappaamme (partitive singular)
kappojamme (partitive plural)
kapassamme (inessive singular)
kapoissamme (inessive plural)
kapastamme (elative singular)
kapoistamme (elative plural)
kappaamme (illative singular)
kappoihimme (illative plural)
kapallamme (adessive singular)
kapoillamme (adessive plural)
kapaltamme (ablative singular)
kapoiltamme (ablative plural)
kapallemme (allative singular)
kapoillemme (allative plural)
kappanamme (essive singular)
kappoinamme (essive plural)
kapaksemme (singular translative)
kapoiksemme (plural translative)
kapattamme (abessive singular)
kapoittamme (abessive plural)
kappoinemme (comitative plural)
kappanne (nominative singular)
kappanne (nominative plural)
kappanne (accusative nominative singular)
kappanne (accusative nominative plural)
kappanne (accusative genitive singular)
kappanne (accusative genitive plural)
kappanne (genitive singular)
kappojenne (genitive plural)
kappainne (genitive plural rare)
kappaanne (partitive singular)
kappojanne (partitive plural)
kapassanne (inessive singular)
kapoissanne (inessive plural)
kapastanne (elative singular)
kapoistanne (elative plural)
kappaanne (illative singular)
kappoihinne (illative plural)
kapallanne (adessive singular)
kapoillanne (adessive plural)
kapaltanne (ablative singular)
kapoiltanne (ablative plural)
kapallenne (allative singular)
kapoillenne (allative plural)
kappananne (essive singular)
kappoinanne (essive plural)
kapaksenne (singular translative)
kapoiksenne (plural translative)
kapattanne (abessive singular)
kapoittanne (abessive plural)
kappoinenne (comitative plural)
kappansa (nominative singular)
kappansa (nominative plural)
kappansa (accusative nominative singular)
kappansa (accusative nominative plural)
kappansa (accusative genitive singular)
kappansa (accusative genitive plural)
kappansa (genitive singular)
kappojensa (genitive plural)
kappainsa (genitive plural rare)
kappaansa (partitive singular)
kappojaan (partitive plural)
kappojansa (partitive plural)
kapassaan (inessive singular)
kapassansa (inessive singular)
kapoissaan (inessive plural)
kapoissansa (inessive plural)
kapastaan (elative singular)
kapastansa (elative singular)
kapoistaan (elative plural)
kapoistansa (elative plural)
kappaansa (illative singular)
kappoihinsa (illative plural)
kapallaan (adessive singular)
kapallansa (adessive singular)
kapoillaan (adessive plural)
kapoillansa (adessive plural)
kapaltaan (ablative singular)
kapaltansa (ablative singular)
kapoiltaan (ablative plural)
kapoiltansa (ablative plural)
kapalleen (allative singular)
kapallensa (allative singular)
kapoilleen (allative plural)
kapoillensa (allative plural)
kappanaan (essive singular)
kappanansa (essive singular)
kappoinaan (essive plural)
kappoinansa (essive plural)
kapakseen (singular translative)
kapaksensa (singular translative)
kapoikseen (plural translative)
kapoiksensa (plural translative)
kapattaan (abessive singular)
kapattansa (abessive singular)
kapoittaan (abessive plural)
kapoittansa (abessive plural)
kappoineen (comitative plural)
kappoinensa (comitative plural)

→ Swedish: kappe

[Alt: A cubical wooden measuring vessel, a kappa.]
Borrowing from Germanic, not clearly dateable: compare Old Saxon skap (“a measure”), Old High German scaf (“vessel”), from Proto-Germanic *skapaz, which is possibly a derivative of *skapjaną (“to shape”) (compare also *skappijǭ in Danish skæppe, Old Norse skeppa, dialectal Estonian käpp (“measure”)). Cognate within Finnic with Estonian kapp, Ingrian kappa, Karelian kappa, Kukkuzi kappa, Ludian kappe, nominally reconstructible as Proto-Finnic *kappa.

(mining) skip (transportation container in a mine)


sole

→ Hebrew: סוֹל (sol)

From Middle English sole, soole, from Old English sole, solu. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman sole, Old French sole, from Vulgar Latin *sola (“bottom of the shoe”, also “flatfish”), from Latin solea (“sandal, bottom of the shoe”), from Proto-Indo-European *swol- (“sole”). Cognate with Dutch zool (“sole, tread”), German Sohle (“sole, insole, bottom, floor”), Danish sål (“sole”), Icelandic sóli (“sole, outsole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 (sulja, “sandal”). Related to Latin solum (“bottom, ground, soil”). More at soil.
Compare typologically Russian по́чва (póčva) akin to подо́шва (podóšva).

cog

(mining) The seat or bottom of a mine; applied to horizontal veins or lodes.


baba

babka (diminutive)
baba (nominative singular)
baby (nominative plural)
baby (genitive singular)
bŏb (genitive plural)
babōw (genitive plural)
babie (dative singular)
babōm (dative plural)
babã (accusative singular)
baby (accusative plural)
babōm (instrumental singular)
babami (instrumental plural)
babōma (instrumental plural)
babie (locative singular)
babach (locative plural)
babo (singular vocative)
baby (plural vocative)


pilot

→ Dari: پیلوت (pilot)

→ Hindi: पायलट (pāylaṭ)

→ Japanese: パイロット (pairotto)

→ Korean: 파일럿 (pailleot)

→ Northern Kurdish: pîlot

From Middle French pilot, pillot, from Italian pilota, piloto, older also pedotta, pedot(t)o (the form in pil- is probably influenced by pileggiare (“to sail, navigate”)); ultimately from unattested Byzantine Greek *πηδώτης (*pēdṓtēs, “helmsman”), from Ancient Greek πηδόν (pēdón, “blade of an oar, oar”), hence also Ancient and Modern Greek πηδάλιον (pēdálion, “rudder”).

der

(mining) The heading or excavation of relatively small dimensions, first made in the driving of a larger tunnel.


quick

en-adj

quick (comparative quicker or more quick, superlative quickest or most quick)

quicker (comparative)
more quick (comparative)
quickest (superlative)
most quick (superlative)
kwik (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

From Middle English quik, quic, from Old English cwic (“alive”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwiku, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”), from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”), *gʷeyh₃w- (“to live”).
Cognate with Dutch kwik, kwiek, German keck, Danish kvik (“quick, quick-witted”) and Danish kæk (“bold; spirited”), Swedish kvick; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life”), Latin vivus, Lithuanian gývas (“alive”), Latvian dzīvs (“alive”), Russian живо́й (živój), Polish żywy (“alive”), Welsh byw (“alive”), Irish beo (“alive”), biathaigh (“feed”), Northern Kurdish jîn (“to live”), jiyan (“life”), giyan (“soul”), can (“soul”), Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “living”), Albanian nxit (“to urge, stimulate”). Doublet of jiva.

the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

(mining, of a vein of ore) productive; not "dead" or barren


fork

Ultimately from Etymology 1, above, through use for various things with two or more branches. Attested in this sense from the 18th century.

(mining) The bottom of a sump into which the water of a mine drains.


fork

en-verb

fork (third-person singular simple present forks, present participle forking, simple past and past participle forked)

forks (present singular third-person)
forking (participle present)
forked (participle past)
forked (past)
forcque (alternative)

Forking the water, is drawing it all out; and when it is done, they say, “the mine or the water is forked;” and “the engine is in fork.”

1836 [1808], Richard Polwhele, A Cornish English Vocabulary:

(mining, transitive) To bale a shaft dry.


launder

Contracted from Middle English lavender, from Old French lavandiere, from Late Latin lavandera, from Latin lavō (“I wash”).

(mining) A trough used by miners to receive powdered ore from the box where it is beaten, or for carrying water to the stamps, or other apparatus for comminuting (sorting) the ore.


POP

pengawas operasional pertama
pengawas operasional pertama#Indonesian

(mining) acronym of pengawas operasional pertama


wash

wash (third-person singular simple present washes, present participle washing, simple past washed, past participle washed or (archaic) washen)

washes (present singular third-person)
washing (participle present)
washed (past)
washed (participle past)
washen (archaic participle past)

→ Swazi: washa

From Middle English wasshen, waschen, weschen, from Old English wascan, from Proto-West Germanic *waskan, from Proto-Germanic *waskaną, *watskaną (“to wash, get wet”), from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“wet; water”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian waaske (“to wash”), West Frisian waskje (“to wash”), Dutch wassen, wasschen (“to wash”), Low German waschen (“to wash”), German waschen (“to wash”), Danish vaske (“to wash”), Norwegian Bokmål vaske (“to wash”), Swedish vaska (“to wash”), Icelandic vaska (“to wash”).

der

(mining) To separate valuable material (such as gold) from worthless material by the action of flowing water.


bang

From Middle English *bangen, from Old English *bangian or borrowed from Old Norse banga (“to pound, hammer”); both from Proto-Germanic *bangōną (“to beat, pound”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰen- (“to beat, hit, injure”). Cognate with Scots bang, bung (“to strike, bang, hurl, thrash, offend”), Icelandic banga (“to pound, hammer”), Old Swedish bånga ("to hammer"; whence modern Swedish banka (“to knock, pound, bang”)), Danish banke (“to beat”), bengel (“club”), Low German bangen, bangeln (“to strike, beat”), West Frisian bingel, bongel, Dutch bengel (“bell; rascal”), German Bengel (“club”), bungen (“to throb, pulsate”).
In the sense of a fringe of hair, from bang off.
In the sense of abrupt left turn, from Boston left and associated risk of a crash.

gl

"to hammer"; whence modern Swedish <i class="Latn mention" lang="sv">banka</i> (“to knock, pound, bang”)

Audio (US)

Load the bang into the hole.


operator

en-noun

operator (countable and uncountable, plural operators)

/ˈɒpəˌɹeɪtə/

/ˈɑpəˌɹeɪtɚ/

Borrowed from Latin operātor, from operor (“work, labour”). Equivalent to operate + -or.

(by ellipsis, mining) The company that operates a mine; often the same one that owns the mine.


bar

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

(mining) A vein or dike crossing a lode.


brood

en-noun

brood (countable and uncountable, plural broods)

From Middle English brood, brod, from Old English brōd (“brood; foetus; breeding, hatching”), from Proto-Germanic *brōduz (“heat, breeding”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁- (“breath, mist, vapour, steam”).

der

(mining) Heavy waste in tin and copper ores.


banjo

English: benjo

→ Esperanto: banĝo

→ Irish: bainseo

→ Japanese: バンジョー

→ Macedonian: бенџо (bendžo)

→ Mongolian: банжо (banžo)

→ Russian: банджо (bandžo)

→ Thai: แบนโจ (bɛɛn-joo)

→ Welsh: banjô

→ Yiddish: באַנדזשאָ (bandzho)

From the pronunciation of African slaves, of unknown ultimate origin. Possibly a corruption of bandore (from Spanish bandurria), alternatively from a West African language such as Mandinka banjul, or Kimbundu mbanza.


marrow

A 'getter' or miner is paid 1½ to 2 cents per hundred weight of Coals excavated, […] but out of this sum, his "marrows" or assistants who do the business of 'putting' and 'hurrying' for him must be paid […]

(mining, slang, obsolete) A miner's mate or assistant.


farmer

desc

→ Kashubian: farmôrz (Canada, United States)

→ Yiddish: פֿאַרמער (farmer)

From Middle English fermour (“a steward, bailliff, collector of taxes”), from Old French fermier (“a farmer, a lessee, husbandman, bailliff”), from Medieval Latin firmarius (“one to whom land is rented, a collector of taxes, deputy”), from firma; equivalent to farm + -er. Compare Old English feormere (“a purveyor of a guild, a supplier of food, a grocer, farmer”). More at farm.

inh

(historical, mining) The lord of the field, or one who farms the lot and cope of the crown.


barrow

From Middle English berwe, bergh, from Old English beorg (“mountain, hill, mound, barrow, burial place”), from Proto-West Germanic *berg, from Proto-Germanic *bergaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰos, from *bʰerǵʰ-. Doublet of berg and bergh.
Cognate with Scots burrow (“mound, tumulus, barrow”), Saterland Frisian Bäirch, Bierich (“mountain”), West Frisian berch (“mountain”), Dutch berg (“mountain”), German Low German Barg (“mountain”), German Berg (“mountain”), Danish bjerg (“mountain”), Swedish berg (“mountain”), Norwegian berg (“rock, mountain, hillock, rock bottom”), Icelandic berg (“mountain”), bjarg (“rock”), Northern Luri برگ (berg, “mountain,hill”), Polish brzeg (“bank, shore”), Russian бе́рег (béreg, “bank, shore, land”).

cog

(mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, or other such refuse.


random

en-noun

random (countable and uncountable, plural randoms)

From earlier randon, from Middle English randoun, raundon, from Old French randon, from randir (“to run, gallop”) (whence French randonnée (“long walk, hike”)), from Frankish *randiju (“a run, race”) or Old Norse rend (“a run, race”), both from Proto-Germanic *randijō, from *rinnaną (“run”, verb), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)r̥-nw- (“to flow, move, run”). Cognate with Middle Low German uprinden (“to jump up”), Danish rende (“to run”). See run.


slip

From Middle English slippen, probably from Middle Low German slippen, from Old Saxon *slippian, from Proto-West Germanic *slippjan, from Proto-Germanic *slipjaną (“to glide”), an iterative form of *slīpaną (“to slip, slide”), from Proto-Indo-European *sleyb- (“slimy; to slide”). Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *slewbʰ- (“slip, slide”), or related to Proto-Germanic *slībaną (“to split”); related to Old English slipor (“slippery”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian slipje (“to slip”), Dutch slippen (“to slip”), German Low German slippen, slupen (“to slip”), German schlüpfen (“to slip”).

der

there's many a slip between the cup and the lip

there's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip

(mining) A dislocation of a lead, destroying continuity.


log

logs (plural)
logg (alternative obsolete)
logge (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English logg, logge (first recorded in Anglo-Latin as loggum), of uncertain origin, but probably from Old Norse lóg, lág (“felled tree, log”), derived from Old Norse liggja (“to lie”). If so, then cognate with Norwegian låg (“fallen tree”), Dutch loog (“wood, timber, lumber”).
Alternatively, directly from Norwegian låg (“fallen tree”), which could have been borrowed through the Norwegian timber trade. However the Old Norse/Middle Norwegian vowel is long while Middle English vowel is short.

(mining) A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave.


trunk

From Middle English tronke, trunke, from Old French tronc (“alms box, tree trunk, headless body”), from Latin truncus (“a stock, lopped tree trunk”), from truncus (“cut off, maimed, mutilated”). For the verb, compare French tronquer, and see truncate. Doublet of truncus and tronk.

the apple does not fall far from the trunk

(heading) A channel for flow of some kind.

(mining) A flume or sluice in which ores are separated from the slimes in which they are contained.


trunk

en-verb

trunk (third-person singular simple present trunks, present participle trunking, simple past and past participle trunked)

trunks (present singular third-person)
trunking (participle present)
trunked (participle past)
trunked (past)

(transitive, mining) To extract (ores) from the slimes in which they are contained, by means of a trunk.


glut

Inherited from Middle English glotien /glotten, probably derived from Old French gloter /glotir /glotoiier (“to eat greedily”) [compare French engloutir (“to devour”), French glouton (“glutton”)], derived from Latin gluttiō, gluttīre (“to swallow”). Compare Russian глота́ть (glotátʹ, “to swallow”).

cog

(mining) A piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing.

blok

mining: piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing


whole

en-adj

whole (comparative wholer or more whole, superlative wholest or most whole)

wholer (comparative)
more whole (comparative)
wholest (superlative)
most whole (superlative)
hole (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English hol, hole (“healthy, unhurt, whole”), from Old English hāl (“healthy, safe”), from Proto-West Germanic *hail, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, safe, sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”).
The spelling with wh-, introduced in the 15th century, represents a pronunciation with an excrescent /w/ that failed to survive in the standard language (compare one, whore).
Cognates
Compare West Frisian hiel, Low German heel/heil, Dutch heel, German heil, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål hel, Norwegian Nynorsk heil; also Welsh coel (“omen”), Breton kel (“omen, mention”), Old Prussian kails (“healthy”), Old Church Slavonic цѣлъ (cělŭ, “healthy, unhurt”). Related to hale, health, hail, hallow, heal, and holy.


corporal

From French caporal, probably influenced by corporal (above), from the Italian caporale, from capo (“head, leader”) from Latin caput (“head”).

(mining, historical) A worker in charge of the wagonway, reporting to the deputy.


hutch

From Middle English hucche (“storage chest”), variation of whucce, from Old English hwiċe, hwiċċe (“box, chest”). Spelling influenced by Old French huche (“chest”), from Medieval Latin hūtica, from a different Germanic root, from Frankish *hutta, from Proto-Germanic *hudjō, *hudjǭ (“box, hut, hutch”). Akin to Old English hȳdan (“to conceal; hide”). More at hide, hut.
(cricket pavilion or dressing room): An extension of the rabbit metaphor.

(mining) A car on low wheels, in which coal is drawn in the mine and hoisted out of the pit.

(mining) A jig or trough for ore dressing or washing ore.


hutch

en-verb

hutch (third-person singular simple present hutches, present participle hutching, simple past and past participle hutched)

hutches (present singular third-person)
hutching (participle present)
hutched (participle past)
hutched (past)

(mining, transitive) To wash (ore) in a box or jig.


hatch

From Middle English hacche, hache, from Old English hæċ, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkju (compare Dutch hek ‘gate, railing’, Low German Heck ‘pasture gate, farmyard gate’), variant of *haggju ‘hedge’. More at hedge.

(mining) An opening into, or in search of, a mine.


buck

buck (third-person singular simple present bucks, present participle bucking, simple past and past participle bucked)

bucks (present singular third-person)
bucking (participle present)
bucked (participle past)
bucked (past)

From Middle English bouken (“steep in lye”), ultimately related to the root of beech. Cognate with Middle High German büchen, Swedish byka, Danish byge and Low German būken.

This [ore mixture] was bucked or cobbed down to a 'peasy' size (i.e. the size of a pea) or less, using a flat-bottomed bucking hammer, and then riddled into coarse peasy and finer (sand-sized) 'smitham' grades.

1991, Joan Day, R. F. Tylecote, The industrial revolution in metals, page 89:

(mining) To break up or pulverize, as ores.


squeeze

From earlier squize, squise (whence also dialectal English squizzen and squeege), first attested around 1600, further origin uncertain; probably an alteration of quease (which is attested since 1550), from Middle English queisen (“to squeeze”), from Old English cwȳsan (“to crush, squeeze”), itself also of unknown origin, perhaps imitative (compare Swedish qväsa, kväsa (“to squeeze, bruise, crush; quell”), Dutch kwetsen (“to injure, hurt”), German quetschen (“to squeeze”)). Or, a blend of obsolete squiss (“to squeeze”) (whence also squash and squish) with quease. Compare also French esquicher from Old Occitan esquichar (“to press, squeeze”).
The slang expression "to put the squeeze on (someone or something)", meaning "to exert influence", is from 1711. The baseball term "squeeze play" is first recorded 1905. "Main squeeze" ("most important person") is attested from 1896, the specific meaning "one's sweetheart, lover" is attested in 1970s.
The nonstandard strong forms squoze and squozen, attested dialectally since at least the mid-19th century, are by analogy with freeze.

cog

(mining) The gradual closing of workings by the weight of the overlying strata.


token

From Middle English token, taken, from Old English tācn (“sign”), from Proto-West Germanic *taikn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną, from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, teach”) with Germanic *k rather than *h by Kluge's law. The verb is from Middle English toknen, from Old English tācnian. Cognate with German Zeichen, Dutch teken and Danish tegn.

der

that and a token will get you on the subway

But the coal-owner refuses to pay for a corf or tub simply on the ground that it contains too little weight, or that it contains “softs” instead of all “hards,”—a refusal technically known by its symbol as “hanging the motties," or by a bolder metaphor as “hanging the hutches,”—the “motties,” or tokens peculliar to the collier who sends up the corf. being hung up, if satisfactory, on the proper “motty-board peg,” if not so, on the “death-board peg;” and it is asserted that “at some collieries as many as 60 or 70 each day, worth to the collier from 6d. to 8. each, are taken from them in this manner.”

1864 August 6, “Miners and Their Grievances”, in The Spectator, volume 37, number 1884, page 902:

But worse still was the practice of defrauding them of their earnings, for as their “tokens” were put on to the outside of the tubs it often happened that hundreds were taken off and thrown away; so that they often found, to their exceeding chagrin, when they came to bank, that after having put up with all the abuse and ill-treatment in the mine they had got little or nothing for working all day.

1873, Richard Fynes, The Miners of Northumberland and Durham, page 110:

The “token” is simply a small piece of leather with a given number upon it, and as the colliers work in pairs--not at the same time, but in succession, the one man taking the “fore shift,” the other the “back shift,”—each pair has a specific number, and round the “token” cabin are ranged hooks also numbered to correspond with the tokens the colliers take down with them into the mine; every tub laden with coal that comes to bank has in it one of these “tokens,” and the business of token-keeper is to secure these and lodge them upon their corresponding hooks, so that at the end of each shift, or day of labour, the colliers knows how many tubs he has sent “to bank”.

1877, “Northern Industries”, in The Primitive Methodist Magazine, page 172:

(mining) A bit of leather having a peculiar mark designating a particular miner. Each hewer sent one of these with each corf or tub he had hewn.

(mining) A thin bed of coal indicating the existence of a thicker seam at no great distance.


diagonal

diagonal (nominative singular)
diagonale (nominative plural)
diagonalu (genitive singular)
diagonali (genitive plural)
diagonalów (genitive plural)
diagonalowi (dative singular)
diagonalom (dative plural)
diagonal (accusative singular)
diagonale (accusative plural)
diagonalem (instrumental singular)
diagonalami (instrumental plural)
diagonalu (locative singular)
diagonalach (locative plural)
diagonalu (singular vocative)
diagonale (plural vocative)
djagonal (alternative)


trap

en-verb

trap (third-person singular simple present traps, present participle trapping, simple past and past participle trapped)

traps (present singular third-person)
trapping (participle present)
trapped (participle past)
trapped (past)

From Middle English trappe, from Old English træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”) (also in betræppan (“to trap”)) from Proto-West Germanic *trappjā (“trap, snare”), from Proto-West Germanic *trappjan (“to step”), from Proto-Germanic *trapjaną (“to tread, stamp”), from Proto-Indo-European *drebʰ- (“to step, trip, trample”).
Cognate with Dutch trap (“trap, snare”), German Low German Trapp (“trap”). Akin also to West Frisian traap (“stepping, treading, stairway”), German Treppe (“step, stair”), Old English træppan (“to step, tread”). Connection to "step" is "that upon which one steps". French trappe and Spanish trampa are ultimately borrowings from Germanic.

cog

For quotations using this term, see Citations:trap.

(mining, dated) To attend to and open and close a (trap-)door.


bok

boczny (adjective)
bok (nominative singular)
boki (nominative plural)
boku (genitive singular)
boków (genitive plural)
bokowi (dative singular)
bokom (dative plural)
bok (accusative singular)
boki (accusative plural)
bokiem (instrumental singular)
bokami (instrumental plural)
boku (locative singular)
bokach (locative plural)
boku (singular vocative)
boki (plural vocative)


powerful

en-adj

powerful (comparative more powerful, superlative most powerful)

more powerful (comparative)
most powerful (superlative)
powreful (alternative obsolete)
powrefull (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English pouerful, powarfull. By surface analysis, power + -ful.

(mining) Large; capacious; said of veins of ore.