f

Modification of upper case Latin letter F, from Greek Ϝ (W, “Digamma”), from Phœnician 𐤅 (W, “waw”), the ultimate source being probably Egyptian.


aberration

en-noun

aberration (countable and uncountable, plural aberrations)

/ˌæb.əˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

A learned borrowing from Latin aberrātiō(n) (“relief, diversion”), first attested in 1594, from aberrō (“wander away, go astray”), from ab (“away”) + errō (“wander”). Compare French aberration. By surface analysis, aberrat(e) + -ion.

абера́ция

astronomy: small periodical change of position of heavenly bodies

(optics) The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single focus; a defect in a focusing mechanism that prevents the intended focal point.


aberration

head

aberration c (singular definite aberrationen, plural indefinite aberrationer)

aberrationen (definite singular)
aberrationer (indefinite plural)
aberration (indefinite nominative singular)
aberrationen (definite nominative singular)
aberrationer (indefinite nominative plural)
aberrationerne (definite nominative plural)
aberrations (genitive indefinite singular)
aberrationens (definite genitive singular)
aberrationers (genitive indefinite plural)
aberrationernes (definite genitive plural)


aberration

Unadapted borrowing from Latin aberrātiō(n) (“relief, diversion”), from aberr(ā) (“wander away, go astray”) (from ab (“away”) + errō (“wander”)) + -tiō(n) (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or their results). Compare English aberration.


lente

Borrowed from Latin lentem (“lentil”), in Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of "lens".

(optics) lens (object focusing or defocusing the light passing through it)


acceptance

en-noun

acceptance (countable and uncountable, plural acceptances)

acceptances (plural)
acceptaunce (alternative)

* First attested in 1574. From Middle French acceptance, from Old French accepter (“accept”). Equivalent to accept + -ance.


lens

lens (plural lenses or (obsolete) lens or (rare) lentes)

lenses (plural)
lens (obsolete plural)
lentes (plural rare)
lense (alternative)

→ Bengali: লেন্স (lenś)

→ Turkish: lens

Borrowed from Latin lēns (“lentil”), with Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of “lens”, a semantic loan from Arabic عَدْسَة (ʕadsa, “lentil; optic lens”).

semantic loan

Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. That’s because the lenses that are excellent at magnifying tiny subjects produce a narrow depth of field.

2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist:

(optics) An object, usually made of glass, that focuses or defocuses the light that passes through it.

lente

object focusing or defocusing the light passing through it


lens

nl-noun

lens f (plural lenzen, diminutive lensje n)

lenzen (plural)
lensje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: lens

→ Indonesian: lensa

→ Japanese: レンズ (renzu)

→ Papiamentu: lèns


pencil

pencils (plural)
pensill (alternative obsolete)

Tok Pisin: pensil

→ Bole: pensur

→ Central Dusun: pinsil

→ Central Melanau: pisil

→ Dhivehi: ފަންސުރު (fan̊suru)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: بِنْسِل (pinsil, binsil) (obsolete)

→ Hausa: fensir

→ Hindi: पेंसिल (pensil), पेन्सिल (pensil)

→ Iban: pinsil

→ Indonesian: pènsil

→ Maguindanao: pinsil

or via Tok Pisin <i class="Latn mention" lang="tpi">pensil</i>

→ Maia: pensil (or via Tok Pisin pensil)

→ Malay: pensel

→ Malayalam: പെൻസിൽ (peṉsil)

→ Marshallese: pinjeļ

→ Pennsylvania German: Bensil

→ Scottish Gaelic: peansail

→ Swahili: penseli

→ Swazi: ípénseli

→ Tagalog: pensil

→ Tausug: pinsil

→ Telugu: పెన్సిలు (pensilu)

→ Welsh: pensil, pensel

→ Xhosa: ípénsile

→ Yoruba: pẹ́ńsù

From Anglo-Norman and Old French pincil (see the variant pincel, which gave rise to Modern French pinceau (“paintbrush”)), from Latin pēnicillum, diminutive of pēniculus (“brush”), itself a diminutive of pēnis (“tail; penis”). Not related to pen.

(optics) An aggregate or collection of rays of light, especially when diverging from, or converging to, a point.


AA

en-noun

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

(optics) Initialism of angular aperture.


עדשה

he-noun

עֲדָשָׁה • (adashá) f (plural indefinite עֲדָשׁוֹת, singular construct עַדְשַׁת־, plural construct עַדְשׁוֹת־)

עֲדָשָׁה (canonical)
adashá (romanization)
עֲדָשׁוֹת (indefinite plural)
עַדְשַׁת־ (construct singular)
עַדְשׁוֹת־ (construct plural)

/ʕăðɔːˈʃɔː/ [ʕaðɔːˈʃɔː]

/ʕəðɔˈʃɔ/ [ʕæðɔːˈʃɔː]

Compare Arabic عَدَس (ʕadas, “lentil”) and Arabic عَدَسَة (ʕadasa, “lens”).

(optics) lens (an object, usually made of glass, that focuses or defocuses the light that passes through it)


achromatism

the achromatism of a lens

(optics) The state or quality of being achromatic; achromaticity.


verre

Haitian Creole: vè

Louisiana Creole: vè, vèr, vær

Inherited from Middle French voirre (most probably pronounced /ˈvwɛːrə/), from Old French voirre, from Latin vitrum. Doublet of vitre.
The irregular evolution of /wɛ/ into /ɛ/ in this word is "early but normal after labials"; the influence of derivatives with an etymological first-syllable /ɛ/ may also be relevant. Compare François vs. Français, roide vs. raide.

un verre de lunettes

un verre grossissant

(countable) Object of this substance
(optics) lens, glass


flat

From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”). Doublet of plat and pleyt.
The noun is from Middle English flat (“level piece of ground, flat edge of a weapon”), from the adjective.
The algebraic sense was coined by Serre in a 1956 paper, originally as French plat.

inh

"When sampling the aperture of a telescope, using auto-collimating flats (ACFs) is more economical"

2013 April 1, Spechler et al., “Advanced Dispersed Fringe Sensing Algorithm for Coarse Phasing Segmented Mirror Telescopes”, in NASA Tech Briefs, retrieved 2021-12-27:


光

光 (canonical)
hikari (romanization)
筋 (counter)

→ Okinawan: 光 (fikari)

⟨pi₁kari⟩ → */pʲikari/ → /ɸikari/ → /hikari/
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 光る (hikaru, “to shine, to glitter, to gleam”).

光通信ケーブル

optical communication cable, fiberoptic cable

蛍の光窓の雪

firefly's dim light, snow reflect on the window → diligent study

光ファイバー

(optics) relating to light or vision: optical, photo-


polyhedron

en-noun

polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons)

polyhedra (plural)
polyhedrons (plural)
polyedron (alternative)

From New Latin polyedron, from Ancient Greek πολύεδρος (polúedros, “having many seats”), from πολυ- (polu-, “many”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”); compare French polyèdre. By surface analysis, poly- + -hedron.

der

quasiregular polyhedronArchimedean solidCatalan solid

regular polyhedronKepler-Poinsot polyhedronPlatonic solidcube

semiregular polyhedronantiprismArchimedean solidCatalan soliddipyramidprismtrapezohedron

List of uniform polyhedra on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

(optics) A polyscope, or multiplying glass.


meniscus

From Ancient Greek μηνίσκος (mēnískos, “crescent”), from μήνη (mḗnē, “moon”).

uder

(optics) A lens which is convex on one side and concave on the other, being crescent-shaped in cross-section.


virtual

vertual (alternative)
virtuall (alternative)
vertuall (alternative)

/ˈvɜːt͡ʃʊəl/

/ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/

/ˈvɵːt͡ʃuəl/

PIE word
 *wiHrós
The adjective is derived from Middle English vertual, virtual [and other forms], from Old French vertüal, vertüelle (modern French virtuel), or from their etymon Medieval Latin virtuālis (“of or pertaining to potency or power; having power to produce an effect, potent; morally virtuous”), from Latin virtūs (“goodness, virtue; manliness, virility”) (from vir (“adult male, man”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós (“man”), possibly from *weyh₁- (“to chase, hunt, pursue”)) + -tūs (suffix forming collective or abstract nouns)) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship), modelled after virtuōsus (“good, virtuous”).
Sense 4 (“pertaining to a theoretical infinitesimal velocity in a mechanical system that does not violate the system’s constraints”) is borrowed from French virtuel, from Middle French virtuel, from Old French vertüal, vertüelle: see above.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* French virtuel
* Italian virtuale
* Spanish virtual

der

(optics) Chiefly in virtual focus: of a focus or point: from which light or other radiation apparently emanates; also, of an image: produced by light that appears to diverge from a point beyond the reflecting or refracting surface.

vale-

of a focus or point: from which light or other radiation apparently emanates; of an image: produced by light that appears to diverge from a point beyond the reflecting or refracting surface


achromatic

en-adj

achromatic (comparative more achromatic, superlative most achromatic)

more achromatic (comparative)
most achromatic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἀχρωμάτιστος (akhrōmátistos, “uncolored”), from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), equivalent to a- + chromatic; compare French achromatique.

der

ἀχρωμάτιστος

(optics) Free from color; transmitting light without color-related distortion.


achromaticity

(optics) The state or quality of being achromatic.


focus

en-noun

focus (countable and uncountable, plural foci or focuses or focusses)

foci (plural)
focuses (plural)
focusses (plural)

Borrowed from Latin focus (“hearth, fireplace”); see there for more. Doublet of fuel.
Kepler introduced the term into mathematics and the sciences in describing elliptical orbits of planets (quote from Nicholas Mee) :
"One of the interesting properties of an ellipse is that if there were a light bulb at one focus, then all the light that it emits would reflect off the ellipse and converge at the other focus. This is why Kepler originally used the name focus for these points."

bor+

The heat of sunlight at the focus of a magnifying glass can easily set dry leaves on fire.

(countable, optics) A point at which reflected or refracted rays of light converge.


focus

en-verb

focus (third-person singular simple present focuses or focusses, present participle focusing or focussing, simple past and past participle focused or focussed)

focuses (present singular third-person)
focusses (present singular third-person)
focusing (participle present)
focussing (participle present)
focused (participle past)
focused (past)
focussed (participle past)
focussed (past)

You'll need to focus the microscope carefully in order to capture the full detail of this surface.

(transitive, optics) To adjust (a lens, an optical instrument) in order to position an image with respect to the focal plane.

фокусирам

(transitive, optics) to adjust (a lens, an optical instrument)

I can't get the lens to focus.

The camera focuses automatically on the subject's eyes.

(intransitive, optics, of a lens, optical instrument, etc.) To adjust itself or be adjusted such that light from a scene converges appropriately to create a clear image.

фокуси́роваться

(intransitive, optics) To adjust itself or be adjusted such that light from a scene converges appropriately


focus

Afrikaans: fokus

Borrowed from New Latin focus. The figurative sense probably derives from English focus.

Zij plaatste een convexe lens op de focus.


aperture

/ˈæp.ɚˌt͡ʃʊɹ/

/ˈæp.ɚ.t͡ʃɚ/

/ˈæp.ɚˌtjʊɹ/

-æpə(ɹ)tʃʊə(ɹ)

From late Middle English, from Latin apertūra (“an opening”), from aperiō (“to uncover, make or lay bare”) + -tūra (“-ure”, action noun suffix). Doublet of overture.

stralingsvlak

hole restricting the diameter of the lightpath through one plane

апертура

refers to the opening itself, not to the device

(optics) A hole which restricts the diameter of the lightpath through one plane in an optical system.

This telescope has a 100 cm aperture.

(astronomy, photography) The diameter of such a hole which restricts the width of the lightpath through the whole system. For a telescope, this is the diameter of the objective lens.


vertex

Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin vertex (“whirl, eddy; top, crown, peak, summit”). Doublet of vortex.

der

Mathworld article on vertices of polyhedra

Mathworld article on vertices of polygons

(optics) The point where the surface of a lens crosses the optical axis.

keskipiste

point where the surface of an optical element crosses the optical axis


RF

en-noun

RF (countable and uncountable, plural RFs)

(optics, imaging, photography) Abbreviation of radiance field.


coma

Borrowed from Latin coma (“hair of the head”), from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē, “hair”).

(optics) A defect characterized by diffuse, pear-shaped images that in an ideal image would appear as points.

彗差

Defect characterized by diffuse, pear-shaped images


coma

Borrowed from Latin coma (“hair of the head”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κόμη (kómē).


glory

en-noun

glory (countable and uncountable, plural glories)

From Middle English glory, glorie, from Old French glorie (“glory”), from Latin glōria (“glory, fame, renown, praise, ambition, boasting”). Doublet of gloria. Displaced native Old English wuldor.

der

(meteorology, optics) An optical phenomenon, consisting of concentric rings and somewhat similar to a rainbow, caused by sunlight or moonlight interacting with the water droplets that compose mist or clouds, centered on the antisolar or antilunar point.


plenoptic

Coined circa 1991, Latin plenus (“full”) + optic.

(optics) Of or relating to all the light, travelling in every direction, in a given space.

plénoptique

of or relating to all the light, travelling in every direction, in a given space


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

The complement of blue is orange.

(optics) The color which, when mixed with the given color, gives black (for mixing pigments) or white (for mixing light).


chromatic

en-adj

chromatic (not generally comparable, comparative more chromatic, superlative most chromatic)

more chromatic (comparative)
most chromatic (superlative)

Borrowed from French chromatique (“chromatic”) or directly from its etymon Latin chrōmaticus, from Ancient Greek χρωματικός (khrōmatikós, “relating to colour; one of the three types of tetrachord in Greek music”), from χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour; pigment; chromatic scale in music; music”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind; to rub; to stroke; to remove”), perhaps in the sense of the grinding of pigments) + -τῐκός (-tĭkós, suffix forming adjectives); analysable as chroma + -tic.

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-chromatic.wav

(not comparable, optics) Having the capacity to separate spectral colours by refraction.


bias

Borrowed from Dutch bias or Inherited from Malay bias, both Borrowed from English bias, from French biais.

(acoustics, optics) the turning or bending of any wave, such as a light or sound wave, when it passes from one medium into another of different optical density


positive crystal

en-noun

positive crystal (plural positive crystals)

(optics) A doubly refracting crystal in which the index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is greater than for the ordinary ray, and the former is refracted nearer to the axis than the latter, such as quartz and ice; as opposed to negative crystal: one in which this characteristic is reversed, such as Iceland spar or tourmaline.


tia

tia nắng

(phóng xạ) tia X/Rơn-ghen


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

From Middle English diafragma, Ancient Greek διάφραγμα (diáphragma, “partition”), from διά (diá, “across”) and φράγμα (phrágma, “barrier”), from the verb φράσσω (phrássō). First attested in the late 14th century.

der

(optics, photography) A thin opaque structure with a central aperture, used to limit the passage of light into a camera or similar device.

диафра́гма

optics: structure with a central aperture used to limit the passage of light


diaphragm

en-verb

diaphragm (third-person singular simple present diaphragms, present participle diaphragming, simple past and past participle diaphragmed)

diaphragms (present singular third-person)
diaphragming (participle present)
diaphragmed (participle past)
diaphragmed (past)

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

He employs an equatorial with an object-glass having a focal length of five metres, and which was diaphragmed down to eight centimetres.

1870, D. Appleton & Co., Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1869, page 43:

(optics, photography) To reduce lens aperture using an optical diaphragm.


resolve

resolve (third-person singular simple present resolves, present participle resolving, simple past and past participle resolved)

resolves (present singular third-person)
resolving (participle present)
resolved (participle past)
resolved (past)

From Middle English resolven, from Old French resolver, a learned borrowing of Latin resolvō (“loosen, thaw, melt, resolve”), equivalent to re- + solve. Piecewise doublet of re-solve.

sulattaa

to melt; to dissolve; to liquefy or soften

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

(optics) To render visible or distinguishable the parts of something.


luminance

en-noun

luminance (countable and uncountable, plural luminances)

(optics) The luminous flux emitted in a given direction divided by the product of the projected area of the source element perpendicular to the direction and the solid angle containing that direction (i.e. luminous intensity divided by unit area), measured in stilbs or apostilbs.


gloria

gloria (nominative singular)
glorie (nominative plural)
glorii (genitive singular)
glorii (genitive plural)
gloryj (archaic genitive plural)
glorii (dative singular)
gloriom (dative plural)
glorię (accusative singular)
glorie (accusative plural)
glorią (instrumental singular)
gloriami (instrumental plural)
glorii (locative singular)
gloriach (locative plural)
glorio (singular vocative)
glorie (plural vocative)


focal

pt-adj

focal m or f (plural focais, not comparable)

Learned borrowing from New Latin focālis. By surface analysis, foco + -al.


glans

nl-noun

glans m (uncountable, diminutive glansje n)

Afrikaans: glans

From Middle Dutch glans (ca. 1400), from Middle High German glanz (“shine, lustre”), whence Modern German Glanz.


saturate

en-verb

saturate (third-person singular simple present saturates, present participle saturating, simple past and past participle saturated)

saturates (present singular third-person)
saturating (participle present)
saturated (participle past)
saturated (past)

/ˈsæt͡ʃəˌɹeɪt/

The adjective is first attested in the second part of the 15ᵗʰ century, in Middle English, the verb in 1538, the noun in 1921; inherited from Middle English saturat(e) (“satiated, satisfied”), borrowed from Latin saturātus, perfect passive participle of saturō (“to fill, satisfy, quench”) (see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3)), from satur (“full”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).

inh+

(transitive, optics) To render pure, or of a colour free from white light.


intensity

en-noun

intensity (countable and uncountable, plural intensities)

From intense + -ity. Cf. also Medieval Latin intensitas.

(optics) Can mean any of radiant intensity, luminous intensity or irradiance.


caustic

From the Latin causticus (“burning”), from Ancient Greek καυστικός (kaustikós, “burning”), from καυστός (kaustós, “burnt”) + -ικός (-ikós).

suffix

(optics, computer graphics) The envelope of reflected or refracted rays of light for a given surface or object.


caustic curve

Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction.

(optics) A curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane.


caustic surface

en-noun

caustic surface (plural caustic surfaces)

(optics) A surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents.


distortion

distortion (countable and uncountable, plural distortions)

/dɪsˈtɔːʃən/

Borrowed from Latin distortio, distortionis, from distortus.

bor+

(optics) An aberration that causes magnification to change over the field of view.


concavo-convex

en-adj

concavo-convex (comparative more concavo-convex, superlative most concavo-convex)

more concavo-convex (comparative)
most concavo-convex (superlative)
concavoconvex (alternative)

(optics) Having one side concave and the other convex.

凹凸

having one side concave and the other convex


albedo

en-noun

albedo (countable and uncountable, plural albedos or albedoes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-albedo.wav

Borrowed from Latin albēdō (“whiteness”).

bor+

For track, painting rails white at weak points that are more prone to buckling (where the 'critical rail temperature' is close to the 'stress free temperature' [...]) increases their albedo and can help slow how quickly they heat up, reducing their temperature by perhaps five degrees or so.

2022 August 10, Gareth Dennis, “How can we run trains when the heat is on?”, in RAIL, number 963, page 45:

(physics, meteorology, astronomy, optics) The fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body, commonly expressed as a percentage.


albedo

Learned borrowing from Latin albēdō. First attested in 1908.

ref

Zasady fizyki: Fizyka ogólna, dynamiczne własności materyi, akustyka (in Polish), volume 1, 1908, page x

albedo in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

niskie/małe albedo

wysokie albedo

ziemskie albedo/albedo Ziemi

albedo wynosi ileś

albedo neutronów

albedo powierzchni

albedo planety

albedo śniegu

wartość albedo

wielkości albedo

(physics, meteorology, astronomy, optics) albedo (fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body)


albedo

pt-noun

albedo m (usually uncountable, plural albedos)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *albʰós
Proto-Italic *alβos
Latin albus
Proto-Indo-European *-Hōder.
Latin -ēdō
Late Latin albēdōlbor.
Portuguese albedo
Learned borrowing from Late Latin albēdō.

etymon

(physics, meteorology, astronomy, optics) albedo (the fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body)


biconcave

a biconcave lens

the biconcave vertebrae

Red blood cells are biconcave.

(optics, anatomy) Having both sides that are concave.


dichromatic

en-adj

dichromatic (comparative more dichromatic, superlative most dichromatic)

more dichromatic (comparative)
most dichromatic (superlative)

From di- + Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”) + -ic.

(optics) having two hues, either of which may be visible depending on both the concentration of the absorbing substance and the depth or thickness of the medium traversed, such as in pumpkin seed oil. A form of polychromatism.

(optics) exhibiting dichroism; dichroic.


focal point

(optics) A focus; a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge.

կիզակետ

(optics) a focus; a point at which rays of light or other radiation converge


optic

Borrowed from Middle French optique or Medieval Latin opticus, from Ancient Greek ὀπτῐκός (optĭkós, “of or for sight”), from ὀπτός (optós, “visible”) + -ῐκός (-ĭkós, “-ic”, adjectival suffix).

af

optick (alternative)
optique (alternative)

(optics, relational) Of, or relating to optics or optical instruments.

оптичен

of or relating to optics or optical instruments


optic

optics (plural)
optick (alternative)
optique (alternative)

2013, Fenella Saunders, “Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4, →DOI, page 270:

(optics) A lens or other part of an optical instrument that interacts with light.


plano

Learned borrowing from Latin plānus (“flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂-. Doublet of chão, porão, lhano, and piano.


meridional ray

(optics) A ray that passes through the axis of the optical fiber.


etendue

Borrowed from French étendue (“area, expanse; size; extent, range, scale”), short for étendue géométrique (“geometric extent”).

bor

The topics include […] carefully outlining the concepts of etendue, finesse, and their theoretical implications; methods of spectral, spatial, temporal, and polarization discrimination; and application of these topics to search and track systems.

1966, “Advanced Infrared Technology [course title]”, in The University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conferences: Fundamentals of Infrared Technology, June 6–10, 1966; Advanced Infrared Technology, June 27 – July 1, 1966; Precision Radiometry – Calibration and Instrumentation, June 27 – July 1, 1966: Three Intensive One-week Courses for: Engineers, Scientists (University of Michigan Official Publication), volume 67, number 115, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, →OCLC:

The light power transmitted to the detector is proportional to the product of the solid angle #92;mathit#123;#92;Omega#125; and area A in the central plane, which is imaged by the lens onto the aperture (often called the étendue U).

2003, Wolfgang Demtröder, “Spectroscopic Instrumentation”, in Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation (Advanced Texts in Physics), 3rd edition, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 149:

Etendue is an optical invariant and is called by many different names. One of the names is "light-gathering power." As implied by this terminology, when light enters an optical system with smaller etendue from another optical system with larger etendue, the former optical system fails to transmit some part of the light. […] Therefore, a given EUV [extreme ultraviolet] power with a larger etendue than that of the requirement is substantially equivalent to a smaller EUV power with the etendue of the requirement.

2006, Kazuya Ota, Yukata Watanabe, Vadim Banine, Hans Franken, “EUV Source Requirements for EUV Lithography”, in Vivek Bakshi, editor, EUV Sources for Lithography, Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE Press, →ISBN, section 2.2.6 (Etendue of Source Output and Positioning Stability), pages 36–37:

(optics) A conserved property of the light in an optical system which characterizes how "spread out" the light is in terms of angle and area: it is the product of its cross-sectional area (normal to the direction of propagation) and the solid angle it subtends.


dispersion

en-noun

dispersion (countable and uncountable, plural dispersions)

/dɪˈspɜːʒən/

From Middle English dispersioun, from Old French dispersion, from Latin dispersiō.

(optics) The separation of visible light by refraction or diffraction.

разсейване

optics: separation of visible light to its component frequencies


cellule

→ Persian: سلول (sellul)


flare

it-noun

flare m (usually invariable, plural flares)


teleskop

teleskop (nominative singular)
teleskopy (nominative plural)
teleskopu (genitive singular)
teleskopów (genitive plural)
teleskopowi (dative singular)
teleskopom (dative plural)
teleskop (accusative singular)
teleskopy (accusative plural)
teleskopem (instrumental singular)
teleskopami (instrumental plural)
teleskopie (locative singular)
teleskopach (locative plural)
teleskopie (singular vocative)
teleskopy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τηλεσκόπος (tēleskópos, “far-seeing”); from τῆλε (têle, “afar”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “I look at”).

lbor

(astronomy) telescope (any instrument used to observe distant objects)

(astronomy, optics) telescope (optical instrument that magnifies)


focal length

(optics) A measure of how strongly an optical system converges or diverges light, the inverse of optical power. In the simple case of a single convex lens, it is the distance along the optical axis from the principal plane of the lens to the lens's focal point (where, for instance, the film would be placed in a camera). For more complex or multi-element optical systems, focal length need not correspond to any obvious measurable physical distance.


pseudoscope

One could easily do this with stereo photographs, but one could also do it by making a pseudoscope, with a short cardboard tube and mirrors, […]

2001, Oliver Sacks, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood:

(optics) An optical instrument that reverses perception of depth.


achromatic lens

en-noun

achromatic lens (plural achromatic lenses)

chromatic aberration
chromatic aberration

(optics) A lens generally composed of two separate lenses, one convex and one concave and generally of different materials, in such a way that the chromatic aberration produced by one is corrected by the other.


Aberration

de-noun

Aberration f (genitive Aberration, plural Aberrationen)

Aberration (genitive)
Aberrationen (plural)
Aberration (nominative singular)
Aberrationen (definite nominative plural)
Aberration (genitive singular)
Aberrationen (definite genitive plural)
Aberration (dative singular)
Aberrationen (dative definite plural)
Aberration (accusative singular)
Aberrationen (accusative definite plural)


Albedo

Albedo f (genitive Albedo, plural Albedos)

Albedo (genitive)
Albedos (plural)
Albedo (nominative singular)
Albedos (definite nominative plural)
Albedo (genitive singular)
Albedos (definite genitive plural)
Albedo (dative singular)
Albedos (dative definite plural)
Albedo (accusative singular)
Albedos (accusative definite plural)


Gleitsichtbrille

Gleitsichtbrille f (genitive Gleitsichtbrille, plural Gleitsichtbrillen)

Gleitsichtbrille (genitive)
Gleitsichtbrillen (plural)
Gleitsichtbrille (nominative singular)
Gleitsichtbrillen (definite nominative plural)
Gleitsichtbrille (genitive singular)
Gleitsichtbrillen (definite genitive plural)
Gleitsichtbrille (dative singular)
Gleitsichtbrillen (dative definite plural)
Gleitsichtbrille (accusative singular)
Gleitsichtbrillen (accusative definite plural)


LF

en-noun

LF (countable and uncountable, plural LFs)

(optics, imaging, photography) Abbreviation of light field.


prism

→ Japanese: プリズム (purizumu)

→ Korean: 프리즘 (peurijeum)

→ Malay: prisma

→ Thai: ปริซึม (bprí-sʉ̂m)

[ˈpʰɹ̠̊ɪzm̩]

Learned borrowing from Late Latin prisma (“(geometry) prism”), from Ancient Greek πρίσμᾰ (prísmă, “anything sawn; sawdust; (Koine, geometry) prism”), from πρῐ́ζω (prĭ́zō) (a variant of πρῑ́ω (prī́ō, “to saw”), further etymology unknown) + -μᾰ (-mă, suffix forming neuter nouns denoting the effect or result of an action, etc.).

prizëm

transparent block used to reflect or refract light

[page 13] One of theſe Parts [of a piece of black paper] I painted vvith a red Colour and the other vvith a blevv. […] This Paper I vievved through a Priſm of ſolid Glaſs, vvhoſe tvvo Sides through vvhich the Light paſſed to the Eye vvere plane and vvell poliſhed, and contained an Angle of about Sixty Degrees: vvhich Angle I call the refracting Angle of the Priſm. […] [page 17] Theſe Experiments may ſuffice for the Colours of Natural Bodies. For in the Colours made by the Refraction of Priſms this Propoſition vvill appear by the Experiments vvhich are novv to follovv in the next Propoſition.

1704, I[saac] N[ewton], “[The First Book of Opticks. Part I.] Prop[osition] I. Theor[y] I. Lights which Differ in Colour, Differ also in Degrees of Refrangibility.”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, pages 13 and 17:

Here, avvful [Isaac] Newton, the diſſolving clouds / Form, fronting on the ſun, thy ſhovvery priſm; / And to the ſage-inſtructed eye unfold / The various tvvine of light, by thee diſclos'd / From the vvhite mingling maze.

a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Spring”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC, page 10, lines 207–211:

(geometry) A polyhedron with parallel ends of the same polygonal shape and size, the other faces being parallelogram-shaped sides.

(optics) A transparent block in the shape of a prism (sense 1), typically with triangular ends, used to reflect or refract light.

The beams, that thro' the Oriel shine, / Make prisms in every carven glass, […]

1842, Alfred Tennyson, “The Day-Dream”, in Poems. […], volume II, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 151:

(archaic) A spectrum produced by light being refracted through a prism.


astigmatism

en-noun

astigmatism (countable and uncountable, plural astigmatisms)

From a- (negative prefix) + stem of Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “mark, point”) + -ism. Coined by English polymath William Whewell in 1846.

coin

(optics) A defect of a lens such that light rays coming from a point do not meet at a focal point so that the image is blurred.


astigmatism

astigmatism (indefinite nominative singular)
astigmatisms (genitive indefinite singular)
astigmatismen (definite nominative singular)
astigmatismens (definite genitive singular)


refract

en-verb

refract (third-person singular simple present refracts, present participle refracting, simple past and past participle refracted)

refracts (present singular third-person)
refracting (participle present)
refracted (participle past)
refracted (past)

From Latin refrāctum, neuter form of refrāctus, the past participle of refringō, itself from re- (“again”) + frangō (“I break”).

(transitive, optics) To cause (light) to change direction as a result of entering a different medium.


apertura

From Latin apertūra. The sense of "aperture" was a later learned development. Doublet of ouverture.


apertura

apertura (nominative singular)
apertury (nominative plural)
apertury (genitive singular)
apertur (genitive plural)
aperturze (dative singular)
aperturom (dative plural)
aperturę (accusative singular)
apertury (accusative plural)
aperturą (instrumental singular)
aperturami (instrumental plural)
aperturze (locative singular)
aperturach (locative plural)
aperturo (singular vocative)
apertury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English aperture or French aperture, from Latin apertūra.

(optics) aperture (a hole which restricts the diameter of the lightpath through one plane in an optical system)


apertura

a
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 8 [Alt: {{{square}}} black rook] [Alt: {{{square}}} black bishop] [Alt: {{{square}}} black queen] [Alt: {{{square}}} black king] [Alt: {{{square}}} black bishop] [Alt: {{{square}}} black knight] [Alt: {{{square}}} black rook] 8
 7 [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] 7
 6 [Alt: {{{square}}} black knight] 6
 5 [Alt: {{{square}}} white bishop] [Alt: {{{square}}} black pawn] 5
 4 [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] 4
 3 [Alt: {{{square}}} white knight] 3
 2 [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] [Alt: {{{square}}} white pawn] 2
 1 [Alt: {{{square}}} white rook] [Alt: {{{square}}} white knight] [Alt: {{{square}}} white bishop] [Alt: {{{square}}} white queen] [Alt: {{{square}}} white king] [Alt: {{{square}}} white rook] 1
 a
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La apertura Ruy López
The Ruy Lopez opening
Borrowed from Latin apertūra. Doublet of the inherited abertura. Cognate with English aperture.

Chess diagram

(optics) aperture (something which restricts the diameter of a light path)


perspectiva

perspectivas (plural)
perspetiva (alternative Portugal)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin perspectīva (“science of optics”).

bor+

(optics) perspective (appearance of depth in objects)


光ファイバー

光ファイバー (canonical)
hikari faibā (romanization)

Calque of English optical fiber. Compound of 光 (hikari, “optical”) + ファイバー (faibā, “fiber”).

compound

(electronics, optics) optical fiber, optical fibre

Daijirin
Daijisen
Optical fiber
ja:光ファイバー
ja:松村明


throughput

en-noun

throughput (countable and uncountable, plural throughputs)

throughputs (plural)
thruput (alternative)


Snell's law

For Willebrord van Roijen Snell, Dutch mathematician.

(optics) the law that, for a ray incident on the interface of two media, the sine of the angle of incidence times the index of the refraction of the first medium is equal to the sine of the angle of refraction times the index of refraction of the second medium


angle of incidence

angle of incidence (plural angles of incidence)

(optics, physics) The angle that a straight line, ray of light, etc., meeting a surface, makes with a normal to the surface at the point of meeting.

tulokulma

angle that a straight line makes with the normal of a surface


hot spot

hot spots (plural)
hotspot (alternative)

пизэке

place notable for a high level of activity or danger

A location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas.

(optics) Synonym of heiligenschein (“an optical phenomenon which creates a bright spot around the shadow of the viewer's head, when the surface on which the shadow falls has special optical characteristics”).


apochromatic

spherical aberration
spherical aberration

(optics) Corrected for both chromatic aberration and spherical aberration

apokromaattinen

corrected for both chromatic aberration and spherical aberration


optical flat

(optics) A disk of high-quality quartz glass having at least one side ground and polished with a deviation in flatness less than 50 nanometers all over, and a surface quality of 5 microfinish or less; used, in an interferometer, to measure the flatness of other surfaces.


isochromatic

(optics) Having the same colour or wavelength.


lup

(optics) synonym of kaca pembesar (“magnifying glass”)


vatër

sq-noun

vatër f (plural vatra, definite vatra, definite plural vatrat)

vatra (plural)
vatra (definite)
vatrat (definite plural)
vatër (indefinite nominative singular)
vatra (definite nominative singular)
vatra (indefinite nominative plural)
vatrat (definite nominative plural)
vatër (accusative indefinite singular)
vatrën (accusative definite singular)
vatra (accusative indefinite plural)
vatrat (accusative definite plural)
vatre (dative indefinite singular)
vatrës (dative definite singular)
vatrave (dative indefinite plural)
vatrave (dative definite plural)
vatre (ablative indefinite singular)
vatrës (ablative definite singular)
vatrash (ablative indefinite plural)
vatrave (ablative definite plural)
votër (alternative Gheg)

→ Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: vatrã, veatrã

Istro-Romanian: votrę

Megleno-Romanian: vatră

Romanian: vatră
→ Gagauz: vatra

→ Hungarian: vatra (dialectal)

→ Romani:

Balkan Romani: vatra — Crimean

Carpathian Romani: vatra — East Slovak

Vlax Romani: vatra — Kalderaš, Lovara

→ Slavic:

Bulgarian: ва́тра (vátra) (dialectal)

Czech: vatra

Polish: watra (dialectal)

desc

vȁtra//ва̏тра

Serbo-Croatian: vȁtra /ва̏тра

Ukrainian: ва́тра (vátra) (dialectal)

Vladimir I. Georgiev
Vladimir Orel
de:Brian D. Joseph
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

Likely inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (“fire”), whence also Proto-Iranian *HáHtr̥š (“fire”) and Latin āter (“black, darkened *(by fire)”), ātrium (“room *(where the fireplace is)”). Also found in Balkan Romance and most Slavic languages, although the presence of va- ~ vo- originating from earlier *o (cf. vadhë, varfër, vesh, etc.), itself from earlier *ā, reveals it as an originally Albanian term, later borrowed in its Tosk form into the other languages. It arrived in some Slavic languages likely through Balkan Romance. An early borrowing from Latin āter, ātrium, although it cannot be entirely ruled out, is improbable, while a borrowing from Iranian is deemed unlikely due to geographical-historical reasons and the semantic field of the term.
Compare French foyer and German Fokus, Brennpunkt for the scientifical senses.


chromatic aberration

en-noun

chromatic aberration (plural chromatic aberrations)

/kɹoʊˈmæ.tɪk ˌæb.əˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

/kɹəˈmæ.tɪk ˌæb.əˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/

(optics) An optical aberration in which an image has coloured fringes, caused by differential refraction of light of different wavelengths.


kandela

Learned borrowing from Latin candēla (literally “candle”).

lbor

(optics) candela: In the International System of Units, the base unit of luminous intensity; the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. Symbol: cd


photovisual

(optics) Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays.


spherometer

More precisely, a spherometer directly measures a sagitta (distance between a point and a chord), allowing the radius of curvature to be calculated.

(optics) A device used to measure the curvature of a surface, such as a lens.


analyzer

analyzers (plural)
analyser (alternative Commonwealth)


glistening

(optics) A fluid-filled microvacuole within a lens.


hila

hila (nominative singular)
hilat (nominative plural)
hila (accusative nominative singular)
hilat (accusative nominative plural)
hilan (accusative genitive singular)
hilat (accusative genitive plural)
hilan (genitive singular)
hilojen (genitive plural)
hilain (genitive plural rare)
hilaa (partitive singular)
hiloja (partitive plural)
hilassa (inessive singular)
hiloissa (inessive plural)
hilasta (elative singular)
hiloista (elative plural)
hilaan (illative singular)
hiloihin (illative plural)
hilalla (adessive singular)
hiloilla (adessive plural)
hilalta (ablative singular)
hiloilta (ablative plural)
hilalle (allative singular)
hiloille (allative plural)
hilana (essive singular)
hiloina (essive plural)
hilaksi (singular translative)
hiloiksi (plural translative)
hilatta (abessive singular)
hiloitta (abessive plural)
hiloin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
hilani (nominative singular)
hilani (nominative plural)
hilani (accusative nominative singular)
hilani (accusative nominative plural)
hilani (accusative genitive singular)
hilani (accusative genitive plural)
hilani (genitive singular)
hilojeni (genitive plural)
hilaini (genitive plural rare)
hilaani (partitive singular)
hilojani (partitive plural)
hilassani (inessive singular)
hiloissani (inessive plural)
hilastani (elative singular)
hiloistani (elative plural)
hilaani (illative singular)
hiloihini (illative plural)
hilallani (adessive singular)
hiloillani (adessive plural)
hilaltani (ablative singular)
hiloiltani (ablative plural)
hilalleni (allative singular)
hiloilleni (allative plural)
hilanani (essive singular)
hiloinani (essive plural)
hilakseni (singular translative)
hiloikseni (plural translative)
hilattani (abessive singular)
hiloittani (abessive plural)
hiloineni (comitative plural)
hilasi (nominative singular)
hilasi (nominative plural)
hilasi (accusative nominative singular)
hilasi (accusative nominative plural)
hilasi (accusative genitive singular)
hilasi (accusative genitive plural)
hilasi (genitive singular)
hilojesi (genitive plural)
hilaisi (genitive plural rare)
hilaasi (partitive singular)
hilojasi (partitive plural)
hilassasi (inessive singular)
hiloissasi (inessive plural)
hilastasi (elative singular)
hiloistasi (elative plural)
hilaasi (illative singular)
hiloihisi (illative plural)
hilallasi (adessive singular)
hiloillasi (adessive plural)
hilaltasi (ablative singular)
hiloiltasi (ablative plural)
hilallesi (allative singular)
hiloillesi (allative plural)
hilanasi (essive singular)
hiloinasi (essive plural)
hilaksesi (singular translative)
hiloiksesi (plural translative)
hilattasi (abessive singular)
hiloittasi (abessive plural)
hiloinesi (comitative plural)
hilamme (nominative singular)
hilamme (nominative plural)
hilamme (accusative nominative singular)
hilamme (accusative nominative plural)
hilamme (accusative genitive singular)
hilamme (accusative genitive plural)
hilamme (genitive singular)
hilojemme (genitive plural)
hilaimme (genitive plural rare)
hilaamme (partitive singular)
hilojamme (partitive plural)
hilassamme (inessive singular)
hiloissamme (inessive plural)
hilastamme (elative singular)
hiloistamme (elative plural)
hilaamme (illative singular)
hiloihimme (illative plural)
hilallamme (adessive singular)
hiloillamme (adessive plural)
hilaltamme (ablative singular)
hiloiltamme (ablative plural)
hilallemme (allative singular)
hiloillemme (allative plural)
hilanamme (essive singular)
hiloinamme (essive plural)
hilaksemme (singular translative)
hiloiksemme (plural translative)
hilattamme (abessive singular)
hiloittamme (abessive plural)
hiloinemme (comitative plural)
hilanne (nominative singular)
hilanne (nominative plural)
hilanne (accusative nominative singular)
hilanne (accusative nominative plural)
hilanne (accusative genitive singular)
hilanne (accusative genitive plural)
hilanne (genitive singular)
hilojenne (genitive plural)
hilainne (genitive plural rare)
hilaanne (partitive singular)
hilojanne (partitive plural)
hilassanne (inessive singular)
hiloissanne (inessive plural)
hilastanne (elative singular)
hiloistanne (elative plural)
hilaanne (illative singular)
hiloihinne (illative plural)
hilallanne (adessive singular)
hiloillanne (adessive plural)
hilaltanne (ablative singular)
hiloiltanne (ablative plural)
hilallenne (allative singular)
hiloillenne (allative plural)
hilananne (essive singular)
hiloinanne (essive plural)
hilaksenne (singular translative)
hiloiksenne (plural translative)
hilattanne (abessive singular)
hiloittanne (abessive plural)
hiloinenne (comitative plural)
hilansa (nominative singular)
hilansa (nominative plural)
hilansa (accusative nominative singular)
hilansa (accusative nominative plural)
hilansa (accusative genitive singular)
hilansa (accusative genitive plural)
hilansa (genitive singular)
hilojensa (genitive plural)
hilainsa (genitive plural rare)
hilaansa (partitive singular)
hilojaan (partitive plural)
hilojansa (partitive plural)
hilassaan (inessive singular)
hilassansa (inessive singular)
hiloissaan (inessive plural)
hiloissansa (inessive plural)
hilastaan (elative singular)
hilastansa (elative singular)
hiloistaan (elative plural)
hiloistansa (elative plural)
hilaansa (illative singular)
hiloihinsa (illative plural)
hilallaan (adessive singular)
hilallansa (adessive singular)
hiloillaan (adessive plural)
hiloillansa (adessive plural)
hilaltaan (ablative singular)
hilaltansa (ablative singular)
hiloiltaan (ablative plural)
hiloiltansa (ablative plural)
hilalleen (allative singular)
hilallensa (allative singular)
hiloilleen (allative plural)
hiloillensa (allative plural)
hilanaan (essive singular)
hilanansa (essive singular)
hiloinaan (essive plural)
hiloinansa (essive plural)
hilakseen (singular translative)
hilaksensa (singular translative)
hiloikseen (plural translative)
hiloiksensa (plural translative)
hilattaan (abessive singular)
hilattansa (abessive singular)
hiloittaan (abessive plural)
hiloittansa (abessive plural)
hiloineen (comitative plural)
hiloinensa (comitative plural)

Unknown. Originally meant "wicket, gate" (in western Savonian and Ostrobothnian dialects). Most senses have developed through “grate, grating”; “gate” (in a field effect transistor) from “grid” (in a vacuum tube).


refractar

es-verb

refractar (first-person singular present refracto, first-person singular preterite refracté, past participle refractado)

refracto (first-person present singular)
refracté (first-person preterite singular)
refractado (participle past)
refractar (infinitive)
refractando (gerund)
refractado (masculine participle past singular)
refractada (feminine participle past singular)
refractados (masculine participle past plural)
refractadas (feminine participle past plural)
refracto (first-person indicative present singular)
refractas (indicative informal present second-person singular)
refractás (indicative informal present second-person singular vos-form)
refracta (indicative present singular third-person)
refractamos (first-person indicative plural present)
refractáis (indicative plural present second-person)
refractan (indicative plural present third-person)
refractaba (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
refractabas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
refractaba (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
refractábamos (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
refractabais (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
refractaban (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
refracté (first-person indicative preterite singular)
refractaste (indicative preterite second-person singular)
refractó (indicative preterite singular third-person)
refractamos (first-person indicative plural preterite)
refractasteis (indicative plural preterite second-person)
refractaron (indicative plural preterite third-person)
refractaré (first-person future indicative singular)
refractarás (future indicative second-person singular)
refractará (future indicative singular third-person)
refractaremos (first-person future indicative plural)
refractaréis (future indicative plural second-person)
refractarán (future indicative plural third-person)
refractaría (conditional first-person indicative singular)
refractarías (conditional indicative second-person singular)
refractaría (conditional indicative singular third-person)
refractaríamos (conditional first-person indicative plural)
refractaríais (conditional indicative plural second-person)
refractarían (conditional indicative plural third-person)
refracte (first-person present singular subjunctive)
refractes (informal present second-person singular subjunctive)
refractés (informal present second-person singular subjunctive vos-form)
refracte (present singular subjunctive third-person)
refractemos (first-person plural present subjunctive)
refractéis (plural present second-person subjunctive)
refracten (plural present subjunctive third-person)
refractara (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
refractaras (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
refractara (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
refractáramos (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
refractarais (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
refractaran (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
refractase (first-person imperfect imperfect-se singular subjunctive)
refractases (imperfect imperfect-se second-person singular subjunctive)
refractase (imperfect imperfect-se singular subjunctive third-person)
refractásemos (first-person imperfect imperfect-se plural subjunctive)
refractaseis (imperfect imperfect-se plural second-person subjunctive)
refractasen (imperfect imperfect-se plural subjunctive third-person)
refractare (first-person future singular subjunctive)
refractares (future second-person singular subjunctive)
refractare (future singular subjunctive third-person)
refractáremos (first-person future plural subjunctive)
refractareis (future plural second-person subjunctive)
refractaren (future plural subjunctive third-person)
refracta (imperative informal second-person singular)
refractá (imperative informal second-person singular vos-form)
refracte (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
refracte (imperative singular third-person)
refractemos (first-person imperative plural)
refractad (imperative plural second-person)
refracten (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
refracten (imperative plural third-person)
refractes (imperative negative second-person singular)
refracte (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
refracte (imperative negative singular third-person)
refractemos (first-person imperative negative plural)
refractéis (imperative negative plural second-person)
refracten (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
refracten (imperative negative plural third-person)
refractarme (combined-form dative infinitive object-first-person object-singular)
refractarte (combined-form dative infinitive object-second-person object-singular)
refractarle (combined-form dative infinitive object-singular object-third-person)
refractarse (combined-form dative infinitive object-singular object-third-person)
refractarnos (combined-form dative infinitive object-first-person object-plural)
refractaros (combined-form dative infinitive object-plural object-second-person)
refractarles (combined-form dative infinitive object-plural object-third-person)
refractarse (combined-form dative infinitive object-plural object-third-person)
refractarme (accusative combined-form infinitive object-first-person object-singular)
refractarte (accusative combined-form infinitive object-second-person object-singular)
refractarlo (accusative combined-form infinitive object-singular object-third-person)
refractarla (accusative combined-form infinitive object-singular object-third-person)
refractarse (accusative combined-form infinitive object-singular object-third-person)
refractarnos (accusative combined-form infinitive object-first-person object-plural)
refractaros (accusative combined-form infinitive object-plural object-second-person)
refractarlos (accusative combined-form infinitive object-plural object-third-person)
refractarlas (accusative combined-form infinitive object-plural object-third-person)
refractarse (accusative combined-form infinitive object-plural object-third-person)
refractándome (combined-form dative gerund object-first-person object-singular)
refractándote (combined-form dative gerund object-second-person object-singular)
refractándole (combined-form dative gerund object-singular object-third-person)
refractándose (combined-form dative gerund object-singular object-third-person)
refractándonos (combined-form dative gerund object-first-person object-plural)
refractándoos (combined-form dative gerund object-plural object-second-person)
refractándoles (combined-form dative gerund object-plural object-third-person)
refractándose (combined-form dative gerund object-plural object-third-person)
refractándome (accusative combined-form gerund object-first-person object-singular)
refractándote (accusative combined-form gerund object-second-person object-singular)
refractándolo (accusative combined-form gerund object-singular object-third-person)
refractándola (accusative combined-form gerund object-singular object-third-person)
refractándose (accusative combined-form gerund object-singular object-third-person)
refractándonos (accusative combined-form gerund object-first-person object-plural)
refractándoos (accusative combined-form gerund object-plural object-second-person)
refractándolos (accusative combined-form gerund object-plural object-third-person)
refractándolas (accusative combined-form gerund object-plural object-third-person)
refractándose (accusative combined-form gerund object-plural object-third-person)
refráctame (combined-form dative imperative informal object-first-person object-singular second-person singular with-tú)
refráctate (combined-form dative imperative informal object-second-person object-singular second-person singular with-tú)
refráctale (combined-form dative imperative informal object-singular object-third-person second-person singular with-tú)
refráctanos (combined-form dative imperative informal object-first-person object-plural second-person singular with-tú)
refráctales (combined-form dative imperative informal object-plural object-third-person second-person singular with-tú)
refráctame (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-first-person object-singular second-person singular with-tú)
refráctate (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-second-person object-singular second-person singular with-tú)
refráctalo (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-singular object-third-person second-person singular with-tú)
refráctala (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-singular object-third-person second-person singular with-tú)
refráctanos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-first-person object-plural second-person singular with-tú)
refráctalos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-third-person second-person singular with-tú)
refráctalas (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-third-person second-person singular with-tú)
refractame (combined-form dative imperative informal object-first-person object-singular second-person singular with-vos)
refractate (combined-form dative imperative informal object-second-person object-singular second-person singular with-vos)
refractale (combined-form dative imperative informal object-singular object-third-person second-person singular with-vos)
refractanos (combined-form dative imperative informal object-first-person object-plural second-person singular with-vos)
refractales (combined-form dative imperative informal object-plural object-third-person second-person singular with-vos)
refractame (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-first-person object-singular second-person singular with-vos)
refractate (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-second-person object-singular second-person singular with-vos)
refractalo (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-singular object-third-person second-person singular with-vos)
refractala (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-singular object-third-person second-person singular with-vos)
refractanos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-first-person object-plural second-person singular with-vos)
refractalos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-third-person second-person singular with-vos)
refractalas (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-third-person second-person singular with-vos)
refrácteme (combined-form dative formal imperative object-first-person object-singular second-person singular)
refráctele (combined-form dative formal imperative object-singular object-third-person second-person singular)
refráctese (combined-form dative formal imperative object-singular object-third-person second-person singular)
refráctenos (combined-form dative formal imperative object-first-person object-plural second-person singular)
refrácteles (combined-form dative formal imperative object-plural object-third-person second-person singular)
refrácteme (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-first-person object-singular second-person singular)
refráctelo (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-singular object-third-person second-person singular)
refráctela (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-singular object-third-person second-person singular)
refráctese (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-singular object-third-person second-person singular)
refráctenos (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-first-person object-plural second-person singular)
refráctelos (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-plural object-third-person second-person singular)
refráctelas (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-plural object-third-person second-person singular)
refractémoste (combined-form dative first-person imperative object-second-person object-singular plural)
refractémosle (combined-form dative first-person imperative object-singular object-third-person plural)
refractémonos (combined-form dative first-person imperative object-first-person object-plural plural)
refractémoos (combined-form dative first-person imperative object-plural object-second-person plural)
refractémosles (combined-form dative first-person imperative object-plural object-third-person plural)
refractémoste (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-second-person object-singular plural)
refractémoslo (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-singular object-third-person plural)
refractémosla (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-singular object-third-person plural)
refractémonos (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-first-person object-plural plural)
refractémoos (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-plural object-second-person plural)
refractémoslos (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-plural object-third-person plural)
refractémoslas (accusative combined-form first-person imperative object-plural object-third-person plural)
refractadme (combined-form dative imperative informal object-first-person object-singular plural second-person)
refractadle (combined-form dative imperative informal object-singular object-third-person plural second-person)
refractadnos (combined-form dative imperative informal object-first-person object-plural plural second-person)
refractaos (combined-form dative imperative informal object-plural object-second-person plural second-person)
refractadles (combined-form dative imperative informal object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refractadme (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-first-person object-singular plural second-person)
refractadlo (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-singular object-third-person plural second-person)
refractadla (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-singular object-third-person plural second-person)
refractadnos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-first-person object-plural plural second-person)
refractaos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-second-person plural second-person)
refractadlos (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refractadlas (accusative combined-form imperative informal object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctenme (combined-form dative formal imperative object-first-person object-singular plural second-person)
refráctenle (combined-form dative formal imperative object-singular object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctennos (combined-form dative formal imperative object-first-person object-plural plural second-person)
refráctenles (combined-form dative formal imperative object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctense (combined-form dative formal imperative object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctenme (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-first-person object-singular plural second-person)
refráctenlo (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-singular object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctenla (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-singular object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctennos (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-first-person object-plural plural second-person)
refráctenlos (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctenlas (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)
refráctense (accusative combined-form formal imperative object-plural object-third-person plural second-person)

From Latin refrāctum, neuter form of refrāctus, the perfect passive participle of refringō, itself from re- (“again”) + frangō (“to break”).


Hubble

(space flight, optics) A space telescope or spy satellite with a design like the Hubble Space Telescope.


opacity

en-noun

opacity (countable and uncountable, plural opacities)

From opaque + -ity, from French opacité, from Latin opacitas.

The opacity of a clean glass window is near zero.

(optics, countable) A measure of relative impenetrability to electromagnetic radiation such as light.


laser eye surgery

laser eye surgery (countable and uncountable, plural laser eye surgeries)

(optics) A procedure to correct the vision by reshaping the cornea using a laser.


pellicle

From Latin pellicula, from pellis (“skin”). Doublet of pellicule.

(optics) A thin plastic membrane used as a beam splitter or protective cover.


brewster

stress optical coefficient
stress optical coefficient

(optics) A unit of stress optical coefficient which is equal to 10⁻¹² m²/N or 10⁻¹² Pa⁻¹. Symbol: B.


anisoplanatism

(optics) The absence of spatial invariance over an extended field of view


taivuttaa

taivutan (first-person indicative present singular)
en taivuta (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen taivuttanut (first-person indicative perfect singular)
en ole taivuttanut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
taivutat (indicative present second-person singular)
et taivuta (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet taivuttanut (indicative perfect second-person singular)
et ole taivuttanut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
taivuttaa (indicative present singular third-person)
ei taivuta (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on taivuttanut (indicative perfect singular third-person)
ei ole taivuttanut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
taivutamme (first-person indicative plural present)
emme taivuta (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme taivuttaneet (first-person indicative perfect plural)
emme ole taivuttaneet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
taivutatte (indicative plural present second-person)
ette taivuta (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette taivuttaneet (indicative perfect plural second-person)
ette ole taivuttaneet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
taivuttavat (indicative plural present third-person)
eivät taivuta (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat taivuttaneet (indicative perfect plural third-person)
eivät ole taivuttaneet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
taivutetaan (indicative passive present)
ei taivuteta (indicative negative passive present)
on taivutettu (indicative passive perfect)
ei ole taivutettu (indicative negative passive perfect)
taivutin (first-person indicative past singular)
en taivuttanut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin taivuttanut (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
en ollut taivuttanut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
taivutit (indicative past second-person singular)
et taivuttanut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit taivuttanut (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
et ollut taivuttanut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
taivutti (indicative past singular third-person)
ei taivuttanut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli taivuttanut (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei ollut taivuttanut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
taivutimme (first-person indicative past plural)
emme taivuttaneet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme taivuttaneet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
emme olleet taivuttaneet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
taivutitte (indicative past plural second-person)
ette taivuttaneet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte taivuttaneet (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ette olleet taivuttaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
taivuttivat (indicative past plural third-person)
eivät taivuttaneet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat taivuttaneet (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
eivät olleet taivuttaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
taivutettiin (indicative passive past)
ei taivutettu (indicative negative passive past)
oli taivutettu (indicative passive pluperfect)
ei ollut taivutettu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
taivuttaisin (conditional first-person present singular)
en taivuttaisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin taivuttanut (conditional first-person perfect singular)
en olisi taivuttanut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
taivuttaisit (conditional present second-person singular)
et taivuttaisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit taivuttanut (conditional perfect second-person singular)
et olisi taivuttanut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
taivuttaisi (conditional present singular third-person)
ei taivuttaisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi taivuttanut (conditional perfect singular third-person)
ei olisi taivuttanut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
taivuttaisimme (conditional first-person plural present)
emme taivuttaisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme taivuttaneet (conditional first-person perfect plural)
emme olisi taivuttaneet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
taivuttaisitte (conditional plural present second-person)
ette taivuttaisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte taivuttaneet (conditional perfect plural second-person)
ette olisi taivuttaneet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
taivuttaisivat (conditional plural present third-person)
eivät taivuttaisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat taivuttaneet (conditional perfect plural third-person)
eivät olisi taivuttaneet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
taivutettaisiin (conditional passive present)
ei taivutettaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi taivutettu (conditional passive perfect)
ei olisi taivutettu (conditional negative passive perfect)
taivuta (imperative present second-person singular)
älä taivuta (imperative negative present second-person singular)
taivuttakoon (imperative present singular third-person)
älköön taivuttako (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon taivuttanut (imperative perfect singular third-person)
älköön olko taivuttanut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
taivuttakaamme (first-person imperative plural present)
älkäämme taivuttako (first-person imperative negative plural present)
taivuttakaa (imperative plural present second-person)
älkää taivuttako (imperative negative plural present second-person)
taivuttakoot (imperative plural present third-person)
älkööt taivuttako (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot taivuttaneet (imperative perfect plural third-person)
älkööt olko taivuttaneet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
taivutettakoon (imperative passive present)
älköön taivutettako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon taivutettu (imperative passive perfect)
älköön olko taivutettu (imperative negative passive perfect)
taivuttanen (first-person potential present singular)
en taivuttane (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen taivuttanut (first-person perfect potential singular)
en liene taivuttanut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
taivuttanet (potential present second-person singular)
et taivuttane (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet taivuttanut (perfect potential second-person singular)
et liene taivuttanut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
taivuttanee (potential present singular third-person)
ei taivuttane (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee taivuttanut (perfect potential singular third-person)
ei liene taivuttanut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
taivuttanemme (first-person plural potential present)
emme taivuttane (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme taivuttaneet (first-person perfect plural potential)
emme liene taivuttaneet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
taivuttanette (plural potential present second-person)
ette taivuttane (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette taivuttaneet (perfect plural potential second-person)
ette liene taivuttaneet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
taivuttanevat (plural potential present third-person)
eivät taivuttane (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät taivuttaneet (perfect plural potential third-person)
eivät liene taivuttaneet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
taivutettaneen (passive potential present)
ei taivutettane (negative passive potential present)
lienee taivutettu (passive perfect potential)
ei liene taivutettu (negative passive perfect potential)
taivuttaa (infinitive infinitive-i)
taivuttava (active participle present)
taivutettava (participle passive present)
taivuttaakseni (first-person possessive singular)
taivuttaaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
taivuttaaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
taivuttaaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
taivuttaakseen (possessive third-person)
taivuttaaksensa (possessive third-person)
taivuttanut (infinitive-i-long past)
taivutettu (infinitive-i-long past)
taivuttaessa (inessive second-person)
taivutettaessa (inessive second-person)
taivuttama (agent)
taivuttaessani (first-person possessive singular)
taivuttaessamme (first-person plural possessive)
taivuttaessasi (possessive second-person singular)
taivuttaessanne (plural possessive second-person)
taivuttaessaan (possessive third-person)
taivuttaessansa (possessive third-person)
taivuttamaton (inessive negative second-person)
taivuttaen (instructive second-person)
taivuttamassa (inessive third-person)
taivuttamasta (elative third-person)
taivuttamaan (illative third-person)
taivuttamalla (adessive third-person)
taivuttamatta (abessive third-person)
taivuttaman (instructive third-person)
taivutettaman (instructive third-person)
taivuttaminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
taivuttamaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
taivuttamaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
taivuttamaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
taivuttamaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
taivuttamaisillaan (possessive third-person)
taivuttamaisillansa (possessive third-person)

/ˈtɑi̯ʋutːɑːˣ/

[ˈt̪ɑ̝i̯ʋut̪ːɑ̝ː(ʔ)]

taipua (“to bend”) + -ttaa (causative aspect). First adopted to mean "to inflect, declinate, conjugate" by Finnish clergyman and teacher H. K. Corander in 1845, in which sense a semantic loan from Latin īnflectō.


taipua

taivun (first-person indicative present singular)
en taivu (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen taipunut (first-person indicative perfect singular)
en ole taipunut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
taivut (indicative present second-person singular)
et taivu (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet taipunut (indicative perfect second-person singular)
et ole taipunut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
taipuu (indicative present singular third-person)
ei taivu (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on taipunut (indicative perfect singular third-person)
ei ole taipunut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
taivumme (first-person indicative plural present)
emme taivu (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme taipuneet (first-person indicative perfect plural)
emme ole taipuneet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
taivutte (indicative plural present second-person)
ette taivu (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette taipuneet (indicative perfect plural second-person)
ette ole taipuneet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
taipuvat (indicative plural present third-person)
eivät taivu (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat taipuneet (indicative perfect plural third-person)
eivät ole taipuneet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
taivutaan (indicative passive present)
ei taivuta (indicative negative passive present)
on taivuttu (indicative passive perfect)
ei ole taivuttu (indicative negative passive perfect)
taivuin (first-person indicative past singular)
en taipunut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin taipunut (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
en ollut taipunut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
taivuit (indicative past second-person singular)
et taipunut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit taipunut (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
et ollut taipunut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
taipui (indicative past singular third-person)
ei taipunut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli taipunut (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei ollut taipunut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
taivuimme (first-person indicative past plural)
emme taipuneet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme taipuneet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
emme olleet taipuneet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
taivuitte (indicative past plural second-person)
ette taipuneet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte taipuneet (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ette olleet taipuneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
taipuivat (indicative past plural third-person)
eivät taipuneet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat taipuneet (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
eivät olleet taipuneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
taivuttiin (indicative passive past)
ei taivuttu (indicative negative passive past)
oli taivuttu (indicative passive pluperfect)
ei ollut taivuttu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
taipuisin (conditional first-person present singular)
en taipuisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin taipunut (conditional first-person perfect singular)
en olisi taipunut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
taipuisit (conditional present second-person singular)
et taipuisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit taipunut (conditional perfect second-person singular)
et olisi taipunut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
taipuisi (conditional present singular third-person)
ei taipuisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi taipunut (conditional perfect singular third-person)
ei olisi taipunut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
taipuisimme (conditional first-person plural present)
emme taipuisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme taipuneet (conditional first-person perfect plural)
emme olisi taipuneet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
taipuisitte (conditional plural present second-person)
ette taipuisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte taipuneet (conditional perfect plural second-person)
ette olisi taipuneet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
taipuisivat (conditional plural present third-person)
eivät taipuisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat taipuneet (conditional perfect plural third-person)
eivät olisi taipuneet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
taivuttaisiin (conditional passive present)
ei taivuttaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi taivuttu (conditional passive perfect)
ei olisi taivuttu (conditional negative passive perfect)
taivu (imperative present second-person singular)
älä taivu (imperative negative present second-person singular)
taipukoon (imperative present singular third-person)
älköön taipuko (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon taipunut (imperative perfect singular third-person)
älköön olko taipunut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
taipukaamme (first-person imperative plural present)
älkäämme taipuko (first-person imperative negative plural present)
taipukaa (imperative plural present second-person)
älkää taipuko (imperative negative plural present second-person)
taipukoot (imperative plural present third-person)
älkööt taipuko (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot taipuneet (imperative perfect plural third-person)
älkööt olko taipuneet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
taivuttakoon (imperative passive present)
älköön taivuttako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon taivuttu (imperative passive perfect)
älköön olko taivuttu (imperative negative passive perfect)
taipunen (first-person potential present singular)
en taipune (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen taipunut (first-person perfect potential singular)
en liene taipunut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
taipunet (potential present second-person singular)
et taipune (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet taipunut (perfect potential second-person singular)
et liene taipunut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
taipunee (potential present singular third-person)
ei taipune (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee taipunut (perfect potential singular third-person)
ei liene taipunut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
taipunemme (first-person plural potential present)
emme taipune (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme taipuneet (first-person perfect plural potential)
emme liene taipuneet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
taipunette (plural potential present second-person)
ette taipune (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette taipuneet (perfect plural potential second-person)
ette liene taipuneet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
taipunevat (plural potential present third-person)
eivät taipune (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät taipuneet (perfect plural potential third-person)
eivät liene taipuneet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
taivuttaneen (passive potential present)
ei taivuttane (negative passive potential present)
lienee taivuttu (passive perfect potential)
ei liene taivuttu (negative passive perfect potential)
taipua (infinitive infinitive-i)
taipuva (active participle present)
taivuttava (participle passive present)
taipuakseni (first-person possessive singular)
taipuaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
taipuaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
taipuaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
taipuakseen (possessive third-person)
taipuaksensa (possessive third-person)
taipunut (infinitive-i-long past)
taivuttu (infinitive-i-long past)
taipuessa (inessive second-person)
taivuttaessa (inessive second-person)
taipuma (agent)
taipuessani (first-person possessive singular)
taipuessamme (first-person plural possessive)
taipuessasi (possessive second-person singular)
taipuessanne (plural possessive second-person)
taipuessaan (possessive third-person)
taipuessansa (possessive third-person)
taipumaton (inessive negative second-person)
taipuen (instructive second-person)
taipumassa (inessive third-person)
taipumasta (elative third-person)
taipumaan (illative third-person)
taipumalla (adessive third-person)
taipumatta (abessive third-person)
taipuman (instructive third-person)
taivuttaman (instructive third-person)
taipuminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
taipumaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
taipumaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
taipumaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
taipumaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
taipumaisillaan (possessive third-person)
taipumaisillansa (possessive third-person)

[ˈt̪ɑ̝i̯puɑ̝(ʔ)]

From Proto-Finnic *taipudak (cognate with Estonian taibuma and Karelian taipuo). Equivalent to *tai- + -pua, from the same root as taittaa.


condenser

(optics) A lens (or combination of lenses) designed to gather light and focus it onto a specimen or part of a mechanism.


adaptive optics

(astronomy, optics) An optical system in telescopes that reduces atmospheric distortion by dynamically measuring and correcting wavefront aberrations in real time, often by using a deformable mirror.


nanophotonics

(physics, optics) The science that studies the behaviour of light, and of optical devices, on a nanometre scale.


comatic

(optics) Of or pertaining to coma (the distortion of a lens).


convex lens

(optics) A lens having at least one convex surface, such that light passing through it may be brought to a focus.


prisma

prisma (nominative singular)
prismat (nominative plural)
prisma (accusative nominative singular)
prismat (accusative nominative plural)
prisman (accusative genitive singular)
prismat (accusative genitive plural)
prisman (genitive singular)
prismojen (genitive plural)
prismain (genitive plural rare)
prismaa (partitive singular)
prismoja (partitive plural)
prismassa (inessive singular)
prismoissa (inessive plural)
prismasta (elative singular)
prismoista (elative plural)
prismaan (illative singular)
prismoihin (illative plural)
prismalla (adessive singular)
prismoilla (adessive plural)
prismalta (ablative singular)
prismoilta (ablative plural)
prismalle (allative singular)
prismoille (allative plural)
prismana (essive singular)
prismoina (essive plural)
prismaksi (singular translative)
prismoiksi (plural translative)
prismatta (abessive singular)
prismoitta (abessive plural)
prismoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
prismani (nominative singular)
prismani (nominative plural)
prismani (accusative nominative singular)
prismani (accusative nominative plural)
prismani (accusative genitive singular)
prismani (accusative genitive plural)
prismani (genitive singular)
prismojeni (genitive plural)
prismaini (genitive plural rare)
prismaani (partitive singular)
prismojani (partitive plural)
prismassani (inessive singular)
prismoissani (inessive plural)
prismastani (elative singular)
prismoistani (elative plural)
prismaani (illative singular)
prismoihini (illative plural)
prismallani (adessive singular)
prismoillani (adessive plural)
prismaltani (ablative singular)
prismoiltani (ablative plural)
prismalleni (allative singular)
prismoilleni (allative plural)
prismanani (essive singular)
prismoinani (essive plural)
prismakseni (singular translative)
prismoikseni (plural translative)
prismattani (abessive singular)
prismoittani (abessive plural)
prismoineni (comitative plural)
prismasi (nominative singular)
prismasi (nominative plural)
prismasi (accusative nominative singular)
prismasi (accusative nominative plural)
prismasi (accusative genitive singular)
prismasi (accusative genitive plural)
prismasi (genitive singular)
prismojesi (genitive plural)
prismaisi (genitive plural rare)
prismaasi (partitive singular)
prismojasi (partitive plural)
prismassasi (inessive singular)
prismoissasi (inessive plural)
prismastasi (elative singular)
prismoistasi (elative plural)
prismaasi (illative singular)
prismoihisi (illative plural)
prismallasi (adessive singular)
prismoillasi (adessive plural)
prismaltasi (ablative singular)
prismoiltasi (ablative plural)
prismallesi (allative singular)
prismoillesi (allative plural)
prismanasi (essive singular)
prismoinasi (essive plural)
prismaksesi (singular translative)
prismoiksesi (plural translative)
prismattasi (abessive singular)
prismoittasi (abessive plural)
prismoinesi (comitative plural)
prismamme (nominative singular)
prismamme (nominative plural)
prismamme (accusative nominative singular)
prismamme (accusative nominative plural)
prismamme (accusative genitive singular)
prismamme (accusative genitive plural)
prismamme (genitive singular)
prismojemme (genitive plural)
prismaimme (genitive plural rare)
prismaamme (partitive singular)
prismojamme (partitive plural)
prismassamme (inessive singular)
prismoissamme (inessive plural)
prismastamme (elative singular)
prismoistamme (elative plural)
prismaamme (illative singular)
prismoihimme (illative plural)
prismallamme (adessive singular)
prismoillamme (adessive plural)
prismaltamme (ablative singular)
prismoiltamme (ablative plural)
prismallemme (allative singular)
prismoillemme (allative plural)
prismanamme (essive singular)
prismoinamme (essive plural)
prismaksemme (singular translative)
prismoiksemme (plural translative)
prismattamme (abessive singular)
prismoittamme (abessive plural)
prismoinemme (comitative plural)
prismanne (nominative singular)
prismanne (nominative plural)
prismanne (accusative nominative singular)
prismanne (accusative nominative plural)
prismanne (accusative genitive singular)
prismanne (accusative genitive plural)
prismanne (genitive singular)
prismojenne (genitive plural)
prismainne (genitive plural rare)
prismaanne (partitive singular)
prismojanne (partitive plural)
prismassanne (inessive singular)
prismoissanne (inessive plural)
prismastanne (elative singular)
prismoistanne (elative plural)
prismaanne (illative singular)
prismoihinne (illative plural)
prismallanne (adessive singular)
prismoillanne (adessive plural)
prismaltanne (ablative singular)
prismoiltanne (ablative plural)
prismallenne (allative singular)
prismoillenne (allative plural)
prismananne (essive singular)
prismoinanne (essive plural)
prismaksenne (singular translative)
prismoiksenne (plural translative)
prismattanne (abessive singular)
prismoittanne (abessive plural)
prismoinenne (comitative plural)
prismansa (nominative singular)
prismansa (nominative plural)
prismansa (accusative nominative singular)
prismansa (accusative nominative plural)
prismansa (accusative genitive singular)
prismansa (accusative genitive plural)
prismansa (genitive singular)
prismojensa (genitive plural)
prismainsa (genitive plural rare)
prismaansa (partitive singular)
prismojaan (partitive plural)
prismojansa (partitive plural)
prismassaan (inessive singular)
prismassansa (inessive singular)
prismoissaan (inessive plural)
prismoissansa (inessive plural)
prismastaan (elative singular)
prismastansa (elative singular)
prismoistaan (elative plural)
prismoistansa (elative plural)
prismaansa (illative singular)
prismoihinsa (illative plural)
prismallaan (adessive singular)
prismallansa (adessive singular)
prismoillaan (adessive plural)
prismoillansa (adessive plural)
prismaltaan (ablative singular)
prismaltansa (ablative singular)
prismoiltaan (ablative plural)
prismoiltansa (ablative plural)
prismalleen (allative singular)
prismallensa (allative singular)
prismoilleen (allative plural)
prismoillensa (allative plural)
prismanaan (essive singular)
prismanansa (essive singular)
prismoinaan (essive plural)
prismoinansa (essive plural)
prismakseen (singular translative)
prismaksensa (singular translative)
prismoikseen (plural translative)
prismoiksensa (plural translative)
prismattaan (abessive singular)
prismattansa (abessive singular)
prismoittaan (abessive plural)
prismoittansa (abessive plural)
prismoineen (comitative plural)
prismoinensa (comitative plural)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin prisma.


prisma

prisma (indefinite nominative singular)
prismas (genitive indefinite singular)
prismat (definite nominative singular)
prismats (definite genitive singular)
prisma (indefinite nominative singular)
prismas (genitive indefinite singular)
prisman (definite nominative singular)
prismans (definite genitive singular)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρίσμα (prísma).


spojka

spoječka (diminutive)
spojka (nominative singular)
spojky (nominative plural)
spojky (genitive singular)
spojek (genitive plural)
spojce (dative singular)
spojkám (dative plural)
spojku (accusative singular)
spojky (accusative plural)
spojko (singular vocative)
spojky (plural vocative)
spojce (locative singular)
spojkách (locative plural)
spojkou (instrumental singular)
spojkami (instrumental plural)


field of view

(optics) The angular extent of what can be seen, either with the eye or with an optical instrument or camera.


confocal

(optics, mathematics) Having the same foci


confocal

(optics, mathematics) confocal (having the same foci)


conformal optics

(optics) A method of designing optical systems in which the conformation of the lenses is chosen to optimize its interaction with the local environment


hyperlens

(optics) A nanostructured metamaterial that produces magnified images of objects smaller than the wavelength of the light used


instrumental width

en-noun

instrumental width (plural instrumental widths)

(optics) The width of a fringe formed in monochromatic light.


clona

clona (nominative singular)
clony (nominative plural)
clony (genitive singular)
clon (genitive plural)
cloně (dative singular)
clonám (dative plural)
clonu (accusative singular)
clony (accusative plural)
clono (singular vocative)
clony (plural vocative)
cloně (locative singular)
clonách (locative plural)
clonou (instrumental singular)
clonami (instrumental plural)


fokus

fokus (nominative singular)
fokusy (nominative plural)
fokusu (genitive singular)
fokusů (genitive plural)
fokusu (dative singular)
fokusům (dative plural)
fokus (accusative singular)
fokusy (accusative plural)
fokuse (singular vocative)
fokusy (plural vocative)
fokusu (locative singular)
fokusech (locative plural)
fokusem (instrumental singular)
fokusy (instrumental plural)

(optics) focus, focal point (point at which reflected or refracted rays of light converge)


fokus

head

fokus n or c (singular definite fokusset or fokussen, plural indefinite fokusser or fokus, plural indefinite fokusserne or fokussene)

fokusset (definite singular)
fokussen (definite singular)
fokusser (indefinite plural)
fokus (indefinite plural)
fokusserne (indefinite plural)
fokussene (indefinite plural)

(optics) focus, adjustable setting enabling a sharp image to be captured


fokus

pl-noun

fokus m inan (related adjective fokusowy)

fokusowy (adjective)
fokus (nominative singular)
fokusy (nominative plural)
fokusu (genitive singular)
fokusów (genitive plural)
fokusowi (dative singular)
fokusom (dative plural)
fokus (accusative singular)
fokusy (accusative plural)
fokusem (instrumental singular)
fokusami (instrumental plural)
fokusie (locative singular)
fokusach (locative plural)
fokusie (singular vocative)
fokusy (plural vocative)
focus (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin focus. Doublet of foyer.


diffuser

Along the sofa every three and a half feet, fluorescent tubes glow through translucent plastic diffusers.

2008 January 24, “In a Town Known for Light, a House With Very Little”, in New York Times:

(optics) Any device that or spreads out or scatters light, making the light appear softer.