menhir

PIE word
 *méǵh₂s
Either borrowed from French menhir, or from its etymon Breton maen-hir (literally “long stone”), from maen (“stone”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big, great”)) + hir (“long”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“long; lasting”)). Cognate with Cornish mênhere, Welsh maen hir.

der

Near-synonym: orthostat

[N]o time has passed since we lived in caves, grappled with fish at the reedy shore, buried our dead with a song, with red-ochre and pulled up our dolmens, temples and menhirs and standing stones to the glory of some indeterminate god or gods, […]

1963, Thomas Pynchon, “Confessions of Fausto Maijstral”, in V.: […], Philadelphia, Pa., New York, N.Y.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott Company, →OCLC, pages 310–311:

On the coast tree ferns and pandanus palms. Inland termite menhirs seventeen feet high.

1980, Anthony Burgess, chapter 39, in Earthly Powers, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, London: Penguin Books, published 1981, →ISBN, page 280:

(archaeology) A single tall standing stone as a monument, especially one dating to prehistoric times.


menhir

nl-noun

menhir m (plural menhirs, diminutive menhirtje n)

menhirs (plural)
menhirtje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Breton menhir, from Breton maen-hir.


menhir

Borrowed from Breton maen-hir, from maen (“stone”) + hir (“tall”) (compare Welsh maen hir, Cornish mênhere).


menhir

menhir (nominative singular)
menhiry (nominative plural)
menhiru (genitive singular)
menhirów (genitive plural)
menhirowi (dative singular)
menhirom (dative plural)
menhir (accusative singular)
menhiry (accusative plural)
menhirem (instrumental singular)
menhirami (instrumental plural)
menhirze (locative singular)
menhirach (locative plural)
menhirze (singular vocative)
menhiry (plural vocative)

(archaeology) menhir (single tall standing stone as a monument, especially one dating to prehistoric times)


menhir

Borrowed from French menhir, from Breton maen-hir.


θησαυρός

head

θησαυρός • (thisavrós) m (plural θησαυροί)

thisavrós (romanization)
θησαυροί (plural)
θησαυρός (nominative singular)
θησαυροί (nominative plural)
θησαυρού (genitive singular)
θησαυρών (genitive plural)
θησαυρό (accusative singular)
θησαυρούς (accusative plural)
θησαυρέ (singular vocative)
θησαυροί (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek θησαυρός (thēsaurós).


λίθος

líthos (romanization)
λίθοι (plural)
λίθος (nominative singular)
λίθοι (nominative plural)
λίθου (genitive singular)
λίθων (genitive plural)
λίθο (accusative singular)
λίθους (accusative plural)
λίθε (singular vocative)
λίθοι (plural vocative)

Learnedly, from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos), masculine (also feminine).

líthoi kaì plínthoi kaì xúla kaì kéramos atáktōs errhimména

λίθοι, πλίνθοι και κέραμοι ατάκτως ερριμέναancient: λίθοι καὶ πλίνθοι καὶ ξύλα καὶ κέραμος ἀτάκτως ἐρριμμένα

(archaeology) Εποχή του Λίθου (“Stone Age”)

masculine form:
Εποχή του Λίθου (“Stone Age”)

Εποχή του Λίθου
Εποχή του Λίθου#Greek


ψυχή

psychí (romanization)
ψυχές (plural)
ψυχή (nominative singular)
ψυχές (nominative plural)
ψυχής (genitive singular)
ψυχών (genitive plural)
ψυχή (accusative singular)
ψυχές (accusative plural)
ψυχή (singular vocative)
ψυχές (plural vocative)

άβυσσος η ψυχή του ανθρώπου

there's nowt so queer as folk; an abyss [is] the soul of man

Ο Θεός να αναπαύσει την ψυχή της.

Το σώμα είναι η κιβωτός της ψυχής.

η ψυχή της Ελλάδας

(religion, folklore, also figurative) soul, spirit (essence of a person (or place or thing figuratively) usually thought to consist of one's thoughts and personality)


orm

ormen (definite singular)
ormar (indefinite plural)
ormane (definite plural)

From Old Norse ormr, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis. Akin to English worm.

(folklore) a mythical worm living in a human body parts, teeth or bones, causing various kinds of sickness

(folklore) any mythical dragon-like creature


orm

From Old Swedish ormber (“snake, vermin, ringworm”), from Old Norse ormr, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis, *wrmo- (“serpent, scorpion, maggot, worm”), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn”). Akin to English worm, wyrm. Doublet of vurm.


llorona

rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains, Paraguay, Philippines

(folklore) weeping woman (from the Latin American folkloric legend La Llorona)


ドイツ民主共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ みんしゅ きょうわこく

ドイツ民(みん)主(しゅ)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ民主共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Minshu Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨ kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

From ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 民主 (minshu, “democratic”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”), a calque of German Deutsche Demokratische Republik.

cal

German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic

(history) the German Democratic Republic


ドイツ連邦共和国

ja-pos

ドイツ れんぽう きょうわこく

ドイツ連(れん)邦(ぽう)共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) • (Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku)

ドイツ連邦共和国 (canonical)
Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku (romanization)

[do̞it͡sɨ ɾẽ̞mpo̞ː kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠ko̞kɯ̟]

Calque of German Bundesrepublik Deutschland, equivalent to ドイツ (Doitsu, “Germany”) + 連邦 (renpō, “federation”) + 共和国 (kyōwakoku, “republic”)

af

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany

(history) the Federal Republic of Germany (official name of former West Germany)


oecus

Borrowed from Latin oecus, from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos, “house”).

(history) An apartment, room, or hall in an ancient Roman dwelling house.


typology

en-noun

typology (countable and uncountable, plural typologies)

(archaeology) The result of the classification of things according to their characteristics.


νάνος

nános (romanization)
νάνοι (plural)
νάνος (nominative singular)
νάνοι (nominative plural)
νάνου (genitive singular)
νάνων (genitive plural)
νάνο (accusative singular)
νάνους (accusative plural)
νάνε (singular vocative)
νάνοι (plural vocative)

(mythology, folklore) dwarf (member of a race of beings, usually depicted as having some sort of supernatural powers and being skilled in crafting and metalworking)


necropolis

necropolis (plural necropolises or necropoleis or necropoles or necropoli)

necropolises (plural)
necropoleis (plural)
necropoles (plural)
necropoli (plural)

Brookwood Cemetery
Deir el-Bahari
London Necropolis Railway
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
Theban Necropolis

Borrowed from Koine Greek νεκρόπολις (nekrópolis, “city of the dead, cemetery”) (used to describe part of the city of Alexandria, Egypt), from Ancient Greek νεκρός (nekrós, “dead”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“to disappear; to perish”)) + πόλις (pólis, “city”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tpelH- (“city; fortification”)). The English word is analysable as necro- + -polis, and is cognate with French nécropole, German Nekropolis, Late Latin necropolis.
The plural form necropoleis is derived from Ancient Greek νεκροπόλεις (nekropóleis).

der

These labours upon Phœnician necropoli are of great importance. [...] M. [Louis Félicien] de Saulcy, one of the first travellers who has thrown light upon these necropoli, devoted himself to a very interesting examination of the tombs of the kings, of the prophets and judges, and upon the immense necropolis that surrounds Jerusalem, like a funeral enceinte.

1853, Abbé de St. Michon [i.e., Jean-Hippolyte Michon], chapter XIV, in [anonymous], transl., Narrative of a Religious Journey in the East in 1850 and 1851, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 338:

The ancient Greeks generally buried their dead in their nekropoleis or their gardens; often on the road leading to their towns, or before the gates. This pious feeling of affection and reverence for the dead, is a touching feature in the character of the modern Greeks.

1854, A[dolphus] L[ouis] Kœppen, “The Harbors and Naval Establishments of the Ancient Athenians—The Modern Peiræus”, in Sketches of a Traveller from Greece, Constantinople, Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine, Chambersburg, Pa.: […] M. Kieffer & Co., →OCLC, page 19:

What shall I say of these immense Necropoleis, or Cities of the Dead, where the same care and labour were employed to embellish death, as other nations have bestowed on the adornment of life? Such an architecture could have sprung up only among a people filled with the idea of immortality, and in whose eyes earthly existence was but a fleeting passage to a future life.

1859, James Burton Robinson, “Lecture IV. Lecture on the Geography, Institutions, Trade, Arts, and Sciences of Ancient Egypt”, in Public Lectures Delivered before the Catholic University of Ireland, on Some Subjects of Ancient & Modern History, in the Years 1856, 1857, & 1858, London: Catholic Bookselling & Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, page 149:

The monuments of Egypt are religious, as the temples; sepulchral, as the necropoles; or triumphal, as the obelisks. [...] The most splendid necropoles of Egypt are those of Memphis and Thebes, and to the necropolis of the former the pyramids of El-Geezeh, near Cairo, are especially related.

1860, Anne C[harlotte] Lynch Botta, “Egyptian Literature”, in Hand-book of Universal Literature, from the Best and Latest Authorities: […], New York, N.Y.: Derby & Jackson, […], →OCLC, page 60:

Are we not overawed by those immense temples [in Egypt], those prodigious palaces, those grottos hewn in the living rock, those endless necropolises, and those indestructible colossi?

1865 February 1, “Pointed Architecture. […]”, in The Art-Student; a Magazine of the Fine Arts: […], volume II, number 13, London: Hall, Smart, and Allen, […], →OCLC, page 262, column 2:

What would be the result if one attempted to determine the physical character of that people from a study of the remains in their necropoli?

1899 May, William Z[ebina] Ripley, “The Origin of European Culture”, in Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly, volume LV, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, →OCLC, pages 24–25:

"How did you happen to discover it?" he inquired as they emerged from the end of the avenue under a massive gateway carved by the cemetery's developers to resemble some regal necropolis of the Pharaohs.

1988 November, Barbara Hambly, chapter 3, in Those Who Hunt the Night, New York, N.Y.: Open Road Media, published 2011, →ISBN:

The great cemeteries or necropolises (literally, "cities of the dead") adjacent to the major Etruscan cities such as Cerveteri and Tarquinia are the most visible relics of this civilization.

1993, Graeme Barker, Annie Grant, Tom Rasmussen, “Approaches to the Etruscan Landscape: The Development of the Tuscania Survey”, in Peter Bogucki, editor, Case Studies in European Prehistory, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, page 229:

Separate fractions of dentine and enamel of 12 individuals from the necropolis of Sion (Valais, Switzerland) have been analyzed for Pb and Sr isotope compositions.

2003 March, M. Chiaradia, A. Gallay, W. Todt, “Different Contamination Styles of Prehistoric Human Teeth at a Swiss Necropolis (Sion, Valais) Inferred from Lead and Strontium Isotopes”, in Applied Geochemistry, volume 18, number 3, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 353:

If the layer of the offerings is contemporary with the burials, then these are the earliest of the nekropolis, dating to the early third quarter of the seventh century.

2011, Alexandra[-Fani] Alexandridou, “Attic Early Black-figured Shapes”, in John M. Fossey, Angelo Geissen, editors, The Early Black-figured Pottery of Attika in Context (c. 630–570 BCE) (Monumenta Graeca et Romana; 17), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 38, column 1:

(archaeology) An ancient site used for burying the dead, particularly if consisting of elaborate grave monuments.


vampiro

es-noun

vampiro m (plural vampiros, feminine vampiresa, feminine plural vampiresas)

vampiros (plural)
vampiresa (feminine)
vampiresas (feminine plural)

Borrowed from French vampire or German Vampir, from Hungarian vámpír, ultimately from Serbo-Croatian vàmpīr.


jung

id-noun

jung (first-person possessive jungku, second-person possessive jungmu, third-person possessive jungnya)

jungku (first-person possessive)
jungmu (possessive second-person)
jungnya (possessive third-person)

(history) a unit of land area measurement equals 28,386 m² or four bau.


verraco

From a derivative of Latin verrēs (“boar”). Compare Romance cognates with varying suffixes: Portuguese barrão, Asturian bracu, French verrat, etc.

[…], siendo Balarus uno de los nombres que aparece en la inscripción funeraria de un verraco abulense

2003, Jesús Rafael Álvarez-Sanchís, Los vettones, Real Academia de la Historia, page 309:

[…] , Balarus being one of the names that appears in the funerary inscription of a verraco from Ávila.

(archaeology) a stone sculpture of a pig or other quadruped created by the pre-Roman inhabitants of Iberia, especially the Vettones


quadrireme

During three decades of peace the Venetian battle fleet had stagnated, but soon, once again, reserve galleys were pushing out of the Arsenal. A colossal quadrireme constructed by the scholar-turned-shipwright Vettor Fausto was loaded with batteries of cannon.

1980, Colin Thubron, Seafarers: The Venetians, page 121:

(history) a galley with four banks of oars, each rowed by two oarsmen.


quadrat

Attested since 1683. Possibly from French cadrat or Italian quadrato (“square”), from Latin quadrātum (“square”). Doublet of quadrate and of etymology 1 above. So called because the basic quadrat, the em quadrat, has a square face, having the same width as the height of a line of type.

(Egyptology) A virtual rectangular subdivision of a line or column of hieroglyphs within which a group of hieroglyphs is arranged.


전국

[t͡ɕʌ̹nɡuk̚]

(history) Warring States period in Chinese history


vizier

→ Irish: visír

→ Welsh: fisir

From Ottoman Turkish وزیر (vezir) (Turkish vezir) (via French vizir), from Arabic وَزِير (wazīr, “helper, aide, minister”, literally “one who bears (the burden of office)”). Doublet of wazir.

vezîr

stricter transliterations of Ottoman Turkish

(history) A high-ranking official or minister in an Islamic government, especially in the Ottoman Empire.

(history) The highest-ranking official or minister in ancient Egypt or Ebla; a chief administrator or a chancellor.

As Inanna prepares to descend she fastens the seven divine laws to her side, and as she walks toward the netherworld she speaks to her vizier, Ninshubur.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 174:

(history) An ancient Mesopotamian 𒈛 (sukkal).


doubles

→ Japanese: ダブルス (daburusu)

A quarter peal of plain bob doubles was rung.

(campanology, plural only) bell changes rung on five bells


parietal

From Latin parietālis, from pariēs (“wall”).

(archaeology) A flat Roman wall tile with roughened surface, used as a base for plasterwork.


pyxis

nl-noun

pyxis f (plural pyxiden or pyxissen, diminutive pyxisje n)

pyxiden (plural)
pyxissen (plural)
pyxisje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Latin pyxis, from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís). Doublet of box, buks (“shotgun”), and bus (“container”).

doublet

(archaeology) a type of small box from Ancient Greece holding small, valuable items (such as jewellery, cosmetics or medicine)


radiocarbon dating

en-noun

radiocarbon dating (usually uncountable, plural radiocarbon datings)

(physics, archaeology, paleontology) A method of estimating the age of an artifact or biological vestige based on the relative amounts of the different isotopes of carbon present in a sample.


canopic jar

From Latin Canōpicus, from Canopus + -icus.

Had Radulph Tubbs such luck with tombs it is probable that he […] would have uncovered only the four canopic jars containing, respectively, the large intestines, small intestines, heart, and liver.

1993, Rikki Ducornet, The Jade Cabinet, Dalkey Archive Press, page 120:

(archaeology) An Egyptian pottery container in which the entrails of a mummy have been placed.


ichnology

ichnology (countable and uncountable, plural ichnologies)

/ɪkˈnɒləd͡ʒɪ/

(paleontology) A branch of paleontology concerned with the study of trace fossils such as footprints and burrows. Its subdisciplines include paleoichnology and neoichnology.


trace fossil

(paleontology) A type of fossil reflecting the reworking of sediments and hard substrates by organisms, rather than the physical remains of the organism itself. This includes structures such as burrows, trails, impressions, coprolites and borings.

icnofóssil

a geological record of an organism's activity, rather than the physical remains of the organism itself


paleoichnology

The evolutionary aspect of ecology which has started to develop due to studies of trace fossils will stay long the privilege of paleoichnology.

1984, Palaeontology: Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress: Invited Papers, Volume 2, International Geological Congress:

Paleoichnology is their historic equivalent—the study of ichnological evidence of animals of the past.

2003, Jose Louis Sanz, Starring T. Rex! Dinosaur Mythology and Popular Culture, Indiana University Press, page 8:

As far as I can discern for now, only a few of the lessons learned were readily applicable to mainstream neoichnology and paleoichnology, but no matter.

2004, Ichnology Newsletter, number 26, page 42:

This field is called paleoichnology, which means the study (ology) of ancient (paleo) footprints (ichnos). Despite its name, there's more to paleoichnology than footprints.

2006, Richard L. Orndorff, Robert W. Wieder, David G. Futey, “Geology Underfoot in Southern Utah”, in Mountain, Press Publishing, page 12:

The subjects of paleoichnology are trace fossils (also called ichnofossils), which are fossilized structures produced in substrates ranging from unlithified sediment to sedimentary rock or organic matter (including shell, bone, wood and peat) by the activity of organisms.

2017, Dirk Knaust, Atlas of Trace Fossils in Well Core, Springer, page 5:

(paleontology) A branch of ichnology concerned with the study of trace fossils preserved in ancient rocks.


ichnofossil

/ˈɪknəʊˌfɒsəl/

For example, an ichnofossil might be the preserved track an animal, or its burrow.

Suites of taphonomic factors that influence body fossils and ichnofossils are clearly not identical. Nonetheless, without too much twisting, ichnofossil-lagerstätten can be placed into the same genetic categories.

2007, Charles E. Savrda, “6: Taphonomy of Trace Fossils”, in William Miller, III, editor, Trace Fossils, Elsevier, page 106:

The only abundant ichnofossils are large and inclined structures in La Cancha Bed (Profile K), interpreted as mammal burrows.

2010, Eduardo S. Bellosi et al., “21: Ichnofacies Examination of the Sarmiento Formation”, in R. H. Madden, A. A. Carlini, M. G. Vucetich, R. F. Kay, editors, The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, Cambridge University Press, page 313:

Changes in the preservational environment in the thousands or millions of years between the creation of each set of prints results in these different forms of ichnofossil.

2017 March 22, Elsa Panciroli, “Walking in the footsteps of giants and gerbils: what fossil prints can tell us”, in The Guardian:

(paleontology) A trace fossil; a fossil record that preserves some activity of an organism, but no part of the organism itself.


Mrs. Claus

A relatively new gala, the Celebrate Santa Convention boasts a sea of Santas, Mrs. Clauses, elves, and reindeers, […]

2011, Kristin Luna, Tennessee Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff, Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, →ISBN, page 167:

In normal years, he runs a roving school for Santas and Mmes. Claus and supplies a workforce of bearded men to malls and corporate events around the country. […] He led a neighborhood tree-lighting in a blue surgical mask with a Mrs. Claus friend near his apartment in Upper Manhattan, and a few buddies volunteered for a socially distanced Christmas parade.

2020 December 25, Emma Green, “The Christmas Crisis”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 2020-12-25:

“Why do I get the feeling that ‘we’ includes me?” I said warily. “Of course it includes you. You’re Mrs. Claus.” She reconsidered. “One of the Mrs. Clauses, at any rate. I signed you up for two shifts and some cookies. Surely that’s not too much to ask?”

2021, Liz Ireland, Mrs. Claus and the Halloween Homicide, Kensington Books, →ISBN:

In 1937, a Michigan school was established in Midland, and it has been training Santas and Mrs. Clauses for eighty-five years.

2022, Bill Loomis, Christmas in Detroit, Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, →ISBN, page 67:


나라

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 나랗〮 (Yale: nàláh), from Old Korean 國惡 (*NALak). Compare Yukjin dialect 나랑 (narang), which preserves the velar nature of the coda consonant.
Beyond Koreanic, the word is usually connected to Proto-Tungusic *nā (“land”), and hence Manchu ᠨᠠ (na, “land”) and Nanai на (na, “land”), with *lak~*lah being a suffix. Also cf. -tah in Middle Korean ᄯᅡᇂ (stah, “ground, land”) > Korean 땅 (ttang, “ibid.”) and -lk in Middle Korean ᄒᆞᆰ (holk, “earth, soil”) > Korean 흙 (heuk, “ibid.”).

m+

건륭제는 청나라의 황제였다.

Qianlong emperor was an emperor of the Qing dynasty.


xenia

From New Latin xenia, from Ancient Greek ξενίᾱ (xeníā, “hospitality”).

der

(classical studies) The concept of hospitality to strangers.


stela

en-noun

stela (plural stelas or stelae or steles)

stelas (plural)
stelae (plural)
steles (plural)

From Latin stēla, from Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē). Doublet of stele.

In the courts of the houses lie many round stelæ, or pillars, once placed on the graves of the Athenians.

1776, R. Chandler, Trav. Greece, VIII 35:

He erected a stela, with an inscription in the sacred character, to commemorate his successes.

1837, J. G. Wilkinson, Manners & Customs of the Anc. Egyptians, I ii 101:

The upright blocks or stelas are among the most curious parts of the present ruin.

1876, S. Manning, Land of Pharaohs, section 203:

Thothmes I. set up two stelæ near the Euphrates.

1893, E. A. T. W. Budge, Mummy, section 30:

A shore excursion had been arranged for the passengers who were interested in visiting the stelae of San Ignacio.

(archaeology) an obelisk or upright stone pillar, usually as a primitive commemoration or gravestone


stela

stela (nominative singular)
stele (nominative plural)
steli (genitive singular)
stel (genitive plural)
steli (dative singular)
stelom (dative plural)
stelę (accusative singular)
stele (accusative plural)
stelą (instrumental singular)
stelami (instrumental plural)
steli (locative singular)
stelach (locative plural)
stelo (singular vocative)
stele (plural vocative)

(archaeology, sculpture) stele, stela (tall, slender stone monument)


feyness

feyness (countable and uncountable, plural feynesses)

(Shetland, folklore, countable) A ghost resembling a living person, seeing which is an omen of that person's death.


patriarchy

patriarchy (countable and uncountable, plural patriarchies)

/ˈpeɪ̯tɹɪɑːkɪ/

/ˈpætɹɪɑːkɪ/

From Latin patriarchia, from Byzantine Greek πατριαρχία (patriarkhía), from Koine Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “patriarch”), from πατρία (patría) and ἄρχω (árkhō). By surface analysis, patri- + -archy.

der

(anthropology, history) A social system in which the father is head of the household, having authority over women and children, and in which lineage is traced through the male line.


lana

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laña.

inh+

(folklore) oil that supposedly grants the ungo the abilities of flight, shapeshifting, etc.


monumental

en-adj

monumental (comparative more monumental, superlative most monumental)

more monumental (comparative)
most monumental (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin monumentālis, from Latin monumentum; equivalent to monument + -al.

Monumental construction.


mastaba

mastaba (nominative singular)
mastaby (nominative plural)
mastaby (genitive singular)
mastab (genitive plural)
mastabie (dative singular)
mastabom (dative plural)
mastabę (accusative singular)
mastaby (accusative plural)
mastabą (instrumental singular)
mastabami (instrumental plural)
mastabie (locative singular)
mastabach (locative plural)
mastabo (singular vocative)
mastaby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Arabic مِصْطَبَة (miṣṭaba).

bor+

(archaeology) mastaba (rectangular structure with a flat top and slightly sloping sides, built during Ancient Egyptian times above tombs that were situated on flat land)


שואה

he-proper noun

הַשּׁוֹאָה • (hasho'á) f

הַשּׁוֹאָה (canonical)
hasho'á (romanization)

→ English: Shoah

→ French: Shoah

→ German: Schoah

(history) Shoah (the systematic mass murder of six million Jews perpetrated by Nazi Germany shortly before and during World War II)


erlking

Partial calque of German Erlkönig (literally “alder-king”), a mistranslation of Danish ellerkonge (“king of the elves”).

pcal

This line, and indeed the whole passage (lines 653-664), allude to the well-known poem by Goethe about the erlking, hoary enchanter of the elf-haunted alderwood, who falls in love with the delicate little boy of a belated traveler.

1962, Charles Kinbote [pseudonym; Vladimir Nabokov], Pale Fire, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, published November 1985, →ISBN:

So easy for one young son to be swallowed up in a world teeming with Erlkings, real and imagined.

2010, Rachel Billington, The Missing Boy, Hachette, →ISBN:

He was in the forest looking to see the trees / But none were there / He found a girl / She found the erlking

2012, ミラクルミュージカル (lyrics and music), “Murders”, in Hawaii: Part II:

By now, he seems less a cartoon character than some contemporary Erlking, the malicious spirit made famous by Goethe (and Schubert) but found originally in a Danish ballad.

2018 October 22, Carol Rumens, “Poem of the week: Three Poetesses by Kristín Ómarsdóttir”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(European folklore) In German literature and modern folklore, a malicious elf or spirit who preys on children.


Shoah

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Shoah.wav

From Hebrew שׁוֹאָה (šōʾā, “catastrophe”).

I never knew him, or any of my other relatives who died in the Shoah. But I would gladly dump every ounce of that gold into the ocean, just to give them a decent burial.

(history) The systematic mass murder of six million Jews perpetrated by Nazi Germany shortly before and during World War II.


Padishah

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پادشاه (padişah), from Classical Persian پادِشاه (pādišāh) / پادْشاه (pādšāh).

(history) A ruler of a Muslim country or state.

padishah

(historical) a ruler of a Muslim country or state


spahi

From French spahi, from Ottoman Turkish سپاهی (sipahi), from Classical Persian سِپَاهِی (sipāhī, “horseman, soldier”) (> sepoy), from سِپَاه (sipāh, “army”). Doublet of sepoy.

der

2001, Orhan Pamuk, My Name Is Red, tr. Erdağ M Göknar
I hear that the great Sadiki Bey illustrated a copy of Strange Creatures, commissioned by an Uzbek spahi cavalryman, for only forty gold pieces.

(history) An Ottoman (Turkish empire) cavalryman, especially as recruited under a land-based system.

(history) A soldier in a mainly Arab-recruited cavalry (originally horse, later light armored) regiment in French colonial service in (former/ in name still) Ottoman North African provinces


rei

reia (definite singular)
reier (indefinite plural)
reiene (definite plural)

From Old Norse reið, Proto-Germanic *raidō. Doublet of raide.


syrinx

/sɪˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːz/

Learned borrowing from Latin sȳrinx (“reed; reed pipe, panpipes”), from Ancient Greek σῦριγξ (sûrinx, “panpipes; pipe-shaped object”), from Pre-Greek. Doublet of syringe.
The plural form syringes is a learned borrowing from Latin sȳringes.

der

And novv vvhen the people of all ſorts came flocking to the Court, in a tumultuous manner, Agathocles [grandson of Agathocles of Syracuse], taking the King vvith him, vvent and hid himſelf, in a place called Syringes, vvhich vvas a gallery or vvalk, vvhich had every vvay three vvalls and gates to paſſe, before one could come unto it.

1658, James Ussher, “The Sixth Age of the World. [The Macedonian Empire.]”, in The Annals of the World. […], London: […] E[van] Tyler, for J[ohn] Crook, […], and for G[abriel] Bedell, […], →OCLC, page 374:

The Former of theſe Tvvo Hermes [i.e., the god Thoth], vvas the Inventor of Arts and Sciences, the Latter [Siphoas], the Reſtorer and Advancer of them: the Firſt vvrote in Hieroglyphicks upon Pillars, ἐν τῆ Συριγγικῆ γῆ [in the land of Syringes] (as the learned Valeſius conjectures it ſhould be read, instead of Σηριαδικῆ.) VVhich Syringes vvhat they vvere, Am[mianus] Marcellinus vvill inſtruct us; […]

1678, R[alph] Cudworth, chapter IV, in The True Intellectual System of the Universe: The First Part; wherein All the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism is Confuted; and Its Impossibility Demonstrated, London: […] Richard Royston, […], →OCLC, page 322:

There are alſo (in Egypt) Syrinxes, certain ſubterraneous and vvinding receſſes, vvhich (as it is ſaid) men skilled in antient rites, foreknovving the coming of the deluge, and fearing that the memory of their ceremonies ſhould be blotted out, hevved and faſhioned out of quarries in ſeveral places, vvith immenſe labour, and carved on the vvalls vvhich they had ſo hevvn, many kinds of fovvls, and vvild beaſts, and figures of animals innumerable, vvhich they called hieroglyphick (ſo ſome read the text) or ſacred characters.

1733, [Patrick Delany], “Dissertation XIV. Of Other Testimonies Relating to the Deluge.”, in Revelation Examined with Candour. Or, A Fair Enquiry into the Sense and use of the Several Revelations Expressly Declared, or Sufficiently Implied, to be Given to Mankind from the Creation, as They are Found in the Bible. […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, pages 247–248:

Further the Ramesseion (the Osmandyeion of the Descript.) with the alley of sphinxes, the Menephtheion (palace at Kurnah) and other monuments as late as Ptolemy the First's time. Grottoes and syrinxes all around.

1850, C. O. Müller [i.e., Karl Otfried Müller], F[riedrich] G[ottlieb] Welcker, “History of Art in Antiquity. Appendix. The Nations Not of Greek Race.”, in John Leitch, transl., Ancient Art and Its Remains; or A Manual of the Archæology of Art. […], new edition, London: A[rchibald] Fullarton and Co., […], →OCLC, note 3, page 216:

(archaeology, Egyptology) Chiefly in the plural: a narrow channel cut in rock, especially in Ancient Egyptian burial chambers.

Ancient Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian#Adjective


jubilee

en-noun

jubilee (countable and uncountable, plural jubilees)

/ˌd͡ʒuːbɪˈliː/

senses 3.3 and 3.4 when spelled jubile, obsolete

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

From Late Middle English jubile [and other forms], from Middle French jubile, from Old French jubilee, jubileus (modern French jubilé), from Late Latin iūbilaeus (adjective, also treated as a noun), from Ancient Greek ἰωβηλαῖος (iōbēlaîos, “of a jubilee”), from ἰώβηλος (iṓbēlos, “jubilee”) + -ῐος (-ios, suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Ἰώβηλος (Iṓbēlos) is derived from Hebrew יוֹבֵל (yōḇēl, “ram, trumpet made from a ram’s horn; jubilee”) (because a ram’s horn trumpet was originally used to proclaim the event; see Leviticus 25:9), influenced by Latin iūbilum (“a cry, a shout”) and iūbilō (“to cheer, shout or sing joyfully”). Cognate with Italian giubileo, Spanish jubileo.

der

And thou ſhalt number ſeuen Sabbaths of yeeres vnto thee, ſeuen times ſeuen yeeres, and the ſpace of the ſeuen Sabbaths of yeeres, ſhall be vnto thee fourtie and nine yeeres. Then ſhalt thou cauſe the trumpet of the Jubile to ſound, on the tenth day of the ſeuenth moneth, in the day of atonement ſhall ye make the trumpet ſound throughout all your land. And ye ſhall hallow the fiftieth yeere, and proclaime libertie throughout all the land, vnto al the inhabitants thereof: It ſhalbe a Jubile vnto you, and ye ſhall returne euery man vnto his poſſeſſion, and ye ſhall returne euery man vnto his family.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Leviticus 25:8–10, column 2:

Touching this yeere of Iubilee is much controverſie. The ancient Authors account it the fiftieth yeere. […] Culuiſius hath at large diſputed this queſtion againſt Creutzhemius and Bucholcerus, by diuers arguments prouing that the Iubilee vvas but fortie nine yeeres complete, and that the fiftieth yeere vvas the firſt onvvards of another Iubilee or Sabbath of yeeres: […]

1626, [Samuel] Purchas, “Of the Festiuall Dayes Instituted by God in the Law”, in Purchas His Pilgrimes. […], 5th part, London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, 2nd book, page 113:

[I]n the old Israel, there had supposedly been a system of ‘Jubilee’, a year in which all land should go back to the family to which it had originally belonged and during which all slaves should be released.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, “Boundaries Defined (50 CE–300)”, in Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years, New York, N.Y.: Viking, published 2010, →ISBN, page 120:

(countable, Jewish history) A special year of emancipation supposed to be observed every fifty years, when farming was temporarily stopped, certain houses and land which had been sold could be redeemed by the original owners or their relatives, and Hebrew slaves set free.

聖年

(Jewish history) special year of emancipation supposed to be observed every fifty years


xa

From and older *jãa, from Latin Diāna. Cognate with Asturian xana, Old French gene, Romanian zână.

un térmeno medio entre os trasnos e as almas en pena; pero que participaban un pouco máis desta última condición, sólo que eran moi pacífecas, pois nunca se soubo que se metesen con nadie non metendose primeiro con elas. A estas pantasmas chamabanlle xás; abundaban como as moscas no mes da Agosto, e eran pola súa bondá, pouco temidas dos labregos.

1886, M. Nunez González, O muíño dos tíos Mariquiñas:

... a middle term in between elves and banshees, but a little closer to the latter ones and more peaceful, since they never messed with nobody if not disturbed first. These ghosts were called xas; they abounded as flies in August, and, because of they good temper, they were little feared by the peasants.


pesa

pesa (canonical)
pesa (plural)
mapesa (plural)

Borrowed from Hindi पैसा (paisā) / Urdu پَیسَہ (paisa).

(history) paisa (unit of Indian currency)


красный

ru-noun+

кра́сный • (krásnyj) m anim (genitive кра́сного, nominative plural кра́сные, genitive plural кра́сных, feminine кра́сная)

кра́сный (canonical)
krásnyj (romanization)
кра́сного (genitive)
кра́сные (nominative plural)
кра́сных (genitive plural)
кра́сная (feminine)
кра́сный (nominative singular)
кра́сные (nominative plural)
кра́сного (genitive singular)
кра́сных (genitive plural)
кра́сному (dative singular)
кра́сным (dative plural)
кра́сного (accusative singular)
кра́сных (accusative plural)
кра́сным (instrumental singular)
кра́сными (instrumental plural)
кра́сном (prepositional singular)
кра́сных (plural prepositional)

Ru-красный.ogg

Inherited from Old East Slavic красьнъ (krasĭnŭ), красьнꙑи (krasĭnyi, “beautiful, good”), from Proto-Slavic *krasьnъ (“beautiful”). The sense “red” is unique to Russian and did not develop in other Slavic descendants of *krasьnъ; first attested in 1515 in Muscovite diplomatic correspondence, it serves as the primary sense of the word in the modern Russian language.
For sense development, compare кра́ска (kráska, “paint”), original sense hypothesized to be “blush” or “decoration”, and to кра́сить (krásitʹ, “to color”), original sense “to decorate”.
Also compare Votic kauniz.

inh+

(history, politics) a Red; a member of the Red Guard


dwerg

head

dwerg (plural dwerge, diminutive dwergie)

From Dutch dwerg, from Middle Dutch dwerch, from Old Dutch *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.

(fiction, folklore, fantasy, mythology) dwarf (small folkloristic humanoid)


dwerg

nl-noun

dwerg m (plural dwergen, diminutive dwergje n, feminine dwergin)

dwergen (plural)
dwergje (diminutive neuter)
dwergin (feminine)

Afrikaans: dwerg

From Middle Dutch dwerch, from Old Dutch *dwerg, from Proto-West Germanic *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.
Compare West Frisian dwerch, German Zwerg, English dwarf, Danish dværg.


Cro-Magnon

en-noun

Cro-Magnon (plural Cro-Magnons or Cro-Magnon)

Cro-Magnons (plural)
Cro-Magnon (plural)

From French Cro-Magnon, from Occitan Cròs-Manhon.
Named after Abri de Cro-Magnon, a rock shelter in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, Dordogne, France, where the first skeletons were found in 1868.

The Cro-Magnons may have been one important step beyond the Neanderthals in social organization.[…]That the Cro-Magnons and the Neanderthals encountered each other is probable. There seems to be no more than a five-thousand-year interval between the general occupation of home sites by the Neanderthals and their replacement by Cro-Magnon tools and fossils.

1994, Seymour W. Itzkoff, The Decline of Intelligence in America: A Strategy for National Renewal, Greenwood Publishing Group (Praeger Publishers), page 14:

The Cro Magnon came to live in Europe around forty thousand years ago and most educated people have heard of them. The Cro Magnon are the ones who created the remarkable cave paintings found in southern France and Spain at Lascaux and Altamira.

2006, Lyndall Baker Landauer, The Learning Pool: Basic Science Everyone Needs to Know, Xlibris, page 85:

In addition, the latest evidence suggests that the "agricultural revolution" occurred sometime during the second half of the Cro-Magnon era. Anatomically, the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon brains were approximately the same overall size.

2009, Anthony Scioli, Henry B. Biller, Hope in the Age of Anxiety, Oxford University Press, page 44:

(archaeology) The earliest known form of modern human (Homo sapiens) in Europe, dating from the late Paleolithic.

кроманьо́нец

earliest known form of modern human, in Europe


tegula

Borrowed from Latin tegula (“a tile”), from tegō (“to cover”). Doublet of tile.

(archaeology) A flat Roman roof tile with raised edges, joined together by an imbrex.


backfill

en-verb

backfill (third-person singular simple present backfills, present participle backfilling, simple past and past participle backfilled)

backfills (present singular third-person)
backfilling (participle present)
backfilled (participle past)
backfilled (past)

We backfilled the cistern with pea gravel to discourage its use as a refuse container.

(archaeology) To refill an excavation unit to restore the former ground surface and/or to preserve the unit and make it recognizable as having been excavated.


perper

perperi (plural)
perper (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
perperul (accusative definite nominative singular)
perperi (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
perperii (accusative definite nominative plural)
perper (indefinite singular)
perperului (definite singular)
perperi (indefinite plural)
perperilor (definite plural)
perperule (singular vocative)
perperilor (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὑπέρπυρον (hupérpuron).


wappenschawing

/ˈwæpənʃɑːɪŋ/

From the roots of English weapon + showing. Cognate with Dutch wapenschouwing.

(history) A periodical muster of armed men within a particular district.


gracile

en-adj

gracile (comparative more gracile, superlative most gracile)

more gracile (comparative)
most gracile (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gracile.wav

/ˈɡɹeɪˌsaɪl/

Borrowed from Middle French gracil, gracile (“slender, thin”) (modern French gracile (“gracile”)), or directly from its etymon Latin gracilis (“slender, slim, thin; lean, meagre, scanty; simple, unadorned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kerḱ- (“to become thin; to wane”). The sense “graceful or gracefully slender” was apparently influenced by the non-cognate word grace. The English word is cognate with Italian gracile (“delicate, frail; slender, thin”), Portuguese grácil, Spanish grácil (“graceful; delicate; slender”), and a doublet of gracilis.

cog

This tentative comparison, plus consideration of individual skulls, shows the Neolithic pre-Greeks more Mediterranean than the Greeks, with emphasis on intermediate or gracile Mediterranean rather more than on the rugged Basic White trend, [...]

1945, J. Lawrence Angel, “Neolithic Ancestors of the Greeks”, in American Journal of Archaeology, volume 49, number 3, →DOI, page 256:

Where stratified fossil sequences are known, "gracile" fossils precede robust ones. The extremely robust hominids do not appear on the scene until about 2 million years ago, followed shortly thereafter by an "advanced" gracile. Both the advanced gracile and robust forms probably evolved from earlier gracile australopithecines.

1981, Nancy Makepeace Turner, “Early Hominid Lifeways: The Critical Role of an Interpretive Framework”, in On Becoming Human, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 254:

At various times since Homo first appeared in Africa, it shared the continent with more robust hominids, perhaps several different species of them. [...] They seem to have evolved from more ‘gracile’ apes (gracile being the opposite of robust). The gracile apes are also placed in the genus Australopithecus, and we too almost certainly emerged from among gracile australopithecine ranks.

2004, Richard Dawkins, “Ape-men”, in The Ancestor’s Tale: The Dawn of Life, New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, pages 86–87:

We would also expect increasing home-range size in Neanderthals in 'edge' regions (bordering the MLB and the plains), such as south-west France, in response to habitat fragmentation during periods of expansion of open vegetation. A more gracile morphology would have been far more efficient over larger areas.

2004, Clive Finlayson, “Comparative Behaviour and Ecology of Neanderthals and Modern Humans”, in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 117:

(chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an animal or skeletal element: having a slender frame.


nar

nl-noun

nar m or c (plural narren, diminutive narretje n)

narren (plural)
narretje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: nar

From Middle Dutch narre, borrowed from Middle High German narre, from Old High German narro, further etymology unknown; compare German Narr.


див

div (romanization)
див (indefinite singular)
ди́вове (indefinite plural)
ди́вът (definite singular subjective)
ди́вовете (definite plural subjective)
ди́ва (definite objective singular)
ди́вовете (definite objective plural)
ди́ва (count-form plural)
ди́ве (singular vocative)
ди́вове (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish دیو (div, “demon; giant”), of Iranian origin. Compare Serbo-Croatian ди̏в (“giant”). First attested in the 15 century.

bor+

(dialectal, folklore) Alternative form of дев (dev, “demihuman”) (folklore personage with extraordinary capabilities, attested in tales and legends)


див

ru-noun+

див • (div) m anim (genitive ди́ва, nominative plural ди́вы, genitive plural ди́вов)

div (romanization)
ди́ва (genitive)
ди́вы (nominative plural)
ди́вов (genitive plural)
ди́в (nominative singular)
ди́вы (nominative plural)
ди́ва (genitive singular)
ди́вов (genitive plural)
ди́ву (dative singular)
ди́вам (dative plural)
ди́ва (accusative singular)
ди́вов (accusative plural)
ди́вом (instrumental singular)
ди́вами (instrumental plural)
ди́ве (prepositional singular)
ди́вах (plural prepositional)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *divъ (“evil spirit”)

inh+

(mythology, folklore) demon, harbinger of misfortune


Annam

Borrowed from Vietnamese An Nam, from Chinese 安南 (Ānnán).

(history) A former colonial province of China, now part of Vietnam's present-day Tonkin.


Annam

Borrowed from French Annam, from Vietnamese An Nam, from Chinese 安南 (Ānnán).

(history) One the French protectorates in Vietnam, located in Central Vietnam.


Annam

English: Annam

Vietnamese: An Nam

(history) Annam (a former colonial province of China, now part of Vietnam's present-day Tonkin)

(history) Annam (a former French colony, one of the French protectorates in Vietnam, located in Central Vietnam)


witenagemot

Learned borrowing from Old English witena ġemōt (literally “assembly of the wise”).

lbor

To this study was necessarily added that of the ecclesiastical canons; and the knowledge of each must have given the clergy a great superiority, both as legislators in the witenagemot, and as magistrates in the different courts, at which it was their duty to attend.

1851, John Lingard, The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, J Murphy, page 102:

(history, usually uncountable, sometimes countable) Any of several assemblies which existed in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the 11th century, initially with regional jurisdiction (there being different ones in Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex and Wessex), later with national jurisdiction, made up of important noblemen.

(history, countable) A specific session of such an assembly.


CHE

Carnian humid episode
Carnian humid episode#English

(paleontology, geology) Initialism of Carnian humid episode.


Stufe

Stufe (genitive)
Stufen (plural)
Stufe (nominative singular)
Stufen (definite nominative plural)
Stufe (genitive singular)
Stufen (definite genitive plural)
Stufe (dative singular)
Stufen (dative definite plural)
Stufe (accusative singular)
Stufen (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German stuofe, from Old High German stuofa, from Proto-West Germanic *stōpā, related to the verb *stappjan (“to tread, step”).
Akin to Old Saxon stōpo. Cognate with Dutch stoep. More at stoop.


lynchet

Apparently lynch (“variant of linch”) + -et, the first element derived from Old English hlinc (“a hill”).

A stretch of a hundred odd acres, in one patch, on the highest ground of the farm, rising above stony lanchets or lynchets - the outcrop of siliceous veins in the chalk formation.

1891, Thomas Hardy, chapter 43, in Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Penguin Classics, published 2003, →ISBN:

(archaeology) A bank of earth that slowly builds up on the lower slope of a ploughed field; a feature of ancient field systems.


helium dating

(archaeology) a method of determining the age of rock that depends on the production of helium during the decay of various radioactive isotopes of uranium and thorium.


kapre

Borrowed from Spanish cafre, from Arabic كَافِر (kāfir, “unbeliever”), originally referring to the East African slaves brought by the Portuguese and sold in Manila as "Cafres".

(folklore) ogre or giant believed to smoke cigars and live in old trees, especially balete (banyan) trees


gord

From Proto-Slavic *gordъ. Doublet of yard and garth.

(archaeology) A medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, typically a group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall of earth and wood, with a palisade running along the top of the bulwark.


mouro

pt-noun

mouro m (plural mouros, feminine moura, feminine plural mouras)

mouros (plural)
moura (feminine)
mouras (feminine plural)

mouro encantado
mouro encantado#Portuguese

(Iberian folklore) Synonym of mouro encantado


trench cut

(archaeology) A triangle-shaped cut in a tell, used to see how many levels there are or to find information about each separate settlement.


Abbevillian

Name derived from Abbeville, France (location of the archaeological sites).

(archaeology, dated) Of or relating to any of various early Paleolithic sites, particularly in Europe, that are characterized by the presence of bifacial stone axes.


Abbevillian

(archaeology, dated) The earliest epoch of the early Paleolithic stage or tradition characterized by the presence of bifacial stone axes, especially in Europe.


mara

Borrowed from Old Norse mara, from Proto-Germanic *marǭ, cognate with Old English mare or mære. Doublet of mare. See nightmare.

The corpus of related texts tells us that within rural society it was not improbable for your neighbour's envy of your fine cattle to take the form of a mara.

1996, Catharina Raudvere, “Now you see her, now you don't: some notes on the conception of female shape-shifters in Scandinavian traditions”, in Sandra Billington, Miranda Green, editors, The Concept of the Goddess, pages 41–55:

(European folklore) A nightmare; a spectre or wraith-like creature in Germanic and particularly Scandinavian folklore; a female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.

խիպիլիկ

(folklore) a nightmare; spectre or wraith-like creature


mara

mara (nominative singular)
marat (nominative plural)
mara (accusative nominative singular)
marat (accusative nominative plural)
maran (accusative genitive singular)
marat (accusative genitive plural)
maran (genitive singular)
marojen (genitive plural)
marain (genitive plural rare)
maraa (partitive singular)
maroja (partitive plural)
marassa (inessive singular)
maroissa (inessive plural)
marasta (elative singular)
maroista (elative plural)
maraan (illative singular)
maroihin (illative plural)
maralla (adessive singular)
maroilla (adessive plural)
maralta (ablative singular)
maroilta (ablative plural)
maralle (allative singular)
maroille (allative plural)
marana (essive singular)
maroina (essive plural)
maraksi (singular translative)
maroiksi (plural translative)
maratta (abessive singular)
maroitta (abessive plural)
maroin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
marani (nominative singular)
marani (nominative plural)
marani (accusative nominative singular)
marani (accusative nominative plural)
marani (accusative genitive singular)
marani (accusative genitive plural)
marani (genitive singular)
marojeni (genitive plural)
maraini (genitive plural rare)
maraani (partitive singular)
marojani (partitive plural)
marassani (inessive singular)
maroissani (inessive plural)
marastani (elative singular)
maroistani (elative plural)
maraani (illative singular)
maroihini (illative plural)
marallani (adessive singular)
maroillani (adessive plural)
maraltani (ablative singular)
maroiltani (ablative plural)
maralleni (allative singular)
maroilleni (allative plural)
maranani (essive singular)
maroinani (essive plural)
marakseni (singular translative)
maroikseni (plural translative)
marattani (abessive singular)
maroittani (abessive plural)
maroineni (comitative plural)
marasi (nominative singular)
marasi (nominative plural)
marasi (accusative nominative singular)
marasi (accusative nominative plural)
marasi (accusative genitive singular)
marasi (accusative genitive plural)
marasi (genitive singular)
marojesi (genitive plural)
maraisi (genitive plural rare)
maraasi (partitive singular)
marojasi (partitive plural)
marassasi (inessive singular)
maroissasi (inessive plural)
marastasi (elative singular)
maroistasi (elative plural)
maraasi (illative singular)
maroihisi (illative plural)
marallasi (adessive singular)
maroillasi (adessive plural)
maraltasi (ablative singular)
maroiltasi (ablative plural)
marallesi (allative singular)
maroillesi (allative plural)
maranasi (essive singular)
maroinasi (essive plural)
maraksesi (singular translative)
maroiksesi (plural translative)
marattasi (abessive singular)
maroittasi (abessive plural)
maroinesi (comitative plural)
maramme (nominative singular)
maramme (nominative plural)
maramme (accusative nominative singular)
maramme (accusative nominative plural)
maramme (accusative genitive singular)
maramme (accusative genitive plural)
maramme (genitive singular)
marojemme (genitive plural)
maraimme (genitive plural rare)
maraamme (partitive singular)
marojamme (partitive plural)
marassamme (inessive singular)
maroissamme (inessive plural)
marastamme (elative singular)
maroistamme (elative plural)
maraamme (illative singular)
maroihimme (illative plural)
marallamme (adessive singular)
maroillamme (adessive plural)
maraltamme (ablative singular)
maroiltamme (ablative plural)
marallemme (allative singular)
maroillemme (allative plural)
maranamme (essive singular)
maroinamme (essive plural)
maraksemme (singular translative)
maroiksemme (plural translative)
marattamme (abessive singular)
maroittamme (abessive plural)
maroinemme (comitative plural)
maranne (nominative singular)
maranne (nominative plural)
maranne (accusative nominative singular)
maranne (accusative nominative plural)
maranne (accusative genitive singular)
maranne (accusative genitive plural)
maranne (genitive singular)
marojenne (genitive plural)
marainne (genitive plural rare)
maraanne (partitive singular)
marojanne (partitive plural)
marassanne (inessive singular)
maroissanne (inessive plural)
marastanne (elative singular)
maroistanne (elative plural)
maraanne (illative singular)
maroihinne (illative plural)
marallanne (adessive singular)
maroillanne (adessive plural)
maraltanne (ablative singular)
maroiltanne (ablative plural)
marallenne (allative singular)
maroillenne (allative plural)
marananne (essive singular)
maroinanne (essive plural)
maraksenne (singular translative)
maroiksenne (plural translative)
marattanne (abessive singular)
maroittanne (abessive plural)
maroinenne (comitative plural)
maransa (nominative singular)
maransa (nominative plural)
maransa (accusative nominative singular)
maransa (accusative nominative plural)
maransa (accusative genitive singular)
maransa (accusative genitive plural)
maransa (genitive singular)
marojensa (genitive plural)
marainsa (genitive plural rare)
maraansa (partitive singular)
marojaan (partitive plural)
marojansa (partitive plural)
marassaan (inessive singular)
marassansa (inessive singular)
maroissaan (inessive plural)
maroissansa (inessive plural)
marastaan (elative singular)
marastansa (elative singular)
maroistaan (elative plural)
maroistansa (elative plural)
maraansa (illative singular)
maroihinsa (illative plural)
marallaan (adessive singular)
marallansa (adessive singular)
maroillaan (adessive plural)
maroillansa (adessive plural)
maraltaan (ablative singular)
maraltansa (ablative singular)
maroiltaan (ablative plural)
maroiltansa (ablative plural)
maralleen (allative singular)
marallensa (allative singular)
maroilleen (allative plural)
maroillensa (allative plural)
maranaan (essive singular)
maranansa (essive singular)
maroinaan (essive plural)
maroinansa (essive plural)
marakseen (singular translative)
maraksensa (singular translative)
maroikseen (plural translative)
maroiksensa (plural translative)
marattaan (abessive singular)
marattansa (abessive singular)
maroittaan (abessive plural)
maroittansa (abessive plural)
maroineen (comitative plural)
maroinensa (comitative plural)

Borrowed into Western Finnish dialects from Swedish mara, which is a demon that sits on the chest of a sleeping person and causes bad dreams. This demon is known by similar names among Germanic peoples and lives in English nightmare, in Swedish mardröm (“nightmare”) and in German Nachtmahr (“nightmare”), among others.

(folklore) nightmare, mara (demon that causes bad dreams)


duende

Borrowed from Spanish duende, from Old Spanish duen de casa (“house master”).

der

(Iberian folklore) a small humanoid creature who invades homes at night to carry out mischief and scare the residents


duende

→ Cebuano: dewende

→ Chamorro: duendes

→ English: duende

→ Portuguese: duende

→ Russian: дуэ́нде (duénde)

desctree

→ Tagalog: duwende, dwende — nonstandard, duende, duwinde, ruwinri — dialectal, Rizal, rare
→ English: duwende

→ Ukrainian: дуе́нде (duénde)

Inherited from Old Spanish duen de casa (“master of the house”). Compare Sicilian donni di casa. See more at dueño.

inh+

El duende de la Navidad vive en las ramas del manzano, pasa el tiempo subiendo y bajando, atareado con unir la luz del sol a la tierra y otras tareas similares. Cada año, en el invierno, se asoma a las ramas y mira a las estrellas y ve caer la […]

(Can we date this quote?), Raquel Cachafeiro Gil, El Duende de la Navidad, →ISBN, page 4:


triples

A quarter peal of plain bob triples was rung.

(campanology) bell changes rung on seven bells


syntagma

en-noun

syntagma (plural syntagmata or syntagmas)

From Late Latin syntagma, from Ancient Greek σύνταγμα (súntagma, “orderly arrangement”), from συντάσσω (suntássō, “arrange together”, “to order”).

uder

The men forming the syntagma were arranged in a square of sixteen files of sixteen.

(history) A Macedonian phalanx fighting formation consisting of 256 men with long spears (sarissae).


bifacial core

(archaeology) The roughly biconical remains of a piece of worked flint(1) from which all possible blades have been struck.


henki

henki (nominative singular)
henget (nominative plural)
hengen (genitive singular)
henkiin (genitive plural)
henkilöin (genitive plural)
henkiä (partitive singular)
henkijä (partitive plural)
henkilöjä (partitive plural)
henkee (illative singular)
henkii (illative plural)
henkilöihe (illative plural)
hengees (inessive singular)
hengiis (inessive plural)
henkilöis (inessive plural)
hengest (elative singular)
hengist (elative plural)
henkilöist (elative plural)
hengelle (allative singular)
hengille (allative plural)
henkilöille (allative plural)
hengeel (adessive singular)
hengiil (adessive plural)
henkilöil (adessive plural)
hengelt (ablative singular)
hengilt (ablative plural)
henkilöilt (ablative plural)
hengeks (singular translative)
hengiks (plural translative)
henkilöiks (plural translative)
henkennä (essive singular)
henkeen (essive singular)
henkinnä (essive plural)
henkilöinnä (essive plural)
henkiin (essive plural)
henkilöin (essive plural)
henkent (exessive singular)
henkint (exessive plural)
henkilöint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *henki. Cognates include Finnish henki and Estonian hing.

Siunatut metsät, siunatut puut ja joet, siunatut elokkaat, hyvät ja pahat henget, kuun palvomiin, ƶertvoin toomiin töön alus

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by P. I. Maksimov and N. A. Iljin, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun neljättä klaassaa vart (toine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 104:

Holy forests, holy trees and rivers, holy animals, good and bad spirits, the worship of the moon, the offering before the beginning of a job


papu

(folklore) a fantastic creature used to scare children


bordar

From Latin bordarius, of Teutonic origin. See board.

(history) A person ranking below villeins and above serfs in the social hierarchy of a manor, holding just enough land to feed a family (about five acres) and required to provide labour on the demesne on specified days of the week.


fluorine dating

(archaeology) A technique used to date bones by measuring the amount of fluorine absorbed from the surrounding soil.


fluorine absorption dating

en-noun

fluorine absorption dating (uncountable)

(archaeology) a technique used to date bones by measuring the amount of fluorine absorbed from the surrounding soil


kurgan

(archaeology) kurgan (prehistoric burial mound in Central Asia)


franker

frankeren (definite singular)
frankere (indefinite plural)
frankerne (definite plural)


archaeozoology

(archaeology) The study of relationships between humans and animals over time.

arqueozoologia

the study of relationships between humans and animals over time


cauchemar

(folklore) A demon or witch in French folklore that drains a sleeping person's energy by night.


Degen

de-noun

Degen m (strong, genitive Degens, plural Degen)

Degens (genitive)
Degen (plural)
Degen (nominative singular)
Degen (definite nominative plural)
Degens (genitive singular)
Degen (definite genitive plural)
Degen (dative singular)
Degen (dative definite plural)
Degen (accusative singular)
Degen (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German dëgen, from Old High German degan.
Cognate with Dutch degen, English thane, Icelandic þegn, Ancient Greek τέκνον (téknon). The word had become archaic by 1500, but was revived in poetic style since the later 18th century. This use may be a learned borrowing from Middle High German as there appear to be no attestations between ca. 1650 and 1750.

lbor

(archaic, poetic, history) hero, warrior, soldier


stallo

stalloen (definite singular)
stalloer (indefinite plural)
stalloene (definite plural)

From Northern Sami stállu, from Proto-Samic *(s)tālō.

(folklore) a stallo (A humanoid malignant being known from Sami folklore.)


stallo

stalloen (definite singular)
stalloar (indefinite plural)
stalloane (definite plural)


redcap

From red + cap.
In sense of "porter", 1890s US; compare contemporary Japanese 赤帽 (akabou), Chinese 小紅帽／小红帽 (Xiǎo Hóng Mào). On Labor Day, 1890, John Williams, an African-American railway porter, tied a red ribbon to his black uniform cap to stand out from the crowd at Grand Central Terminal. The strategy was so successful that it was soon adopted by others in the profession, leading to the synecdochic use of redcap as a term for all railway porters.

1876: Porter & Coates (pub.), Reliques of Ancient English Poetry
Lord Soulis he sat in Hermitage Castle,
And beside him Old Redcap sly; —
"Now, tell me, thou sprite, who are meikle of might,
The death that I must die?"

"What's a Brownie?" you say. Oh, it's a kind of a sort of a Bogle, but it isn't so cruel as a Redcap! What! you don't know what's a Bogle or a Redcap!

1890, Joseph Jacobs, English Fairy Tales:

[…] the goblin had aroused the mercenary's ire. This seemed to bring out a formidable and hitherto unrecognized talent in the taciturn young man.
"Why cam' ye by my door?" The redcap brandished his pikestaff menacingly.
Redcap - A malevolent goblin easily distinguishable by their namesake red cap, fiery red eyes, claws and iron boots. They often appear as little old men, but can run very fast despite the boots. They reside in castles and watchtowers along the English-Scottish border, but will move their residence to avoid detection. They have sharp eagle’s talons which they use for weapons, but can easily be repelled simply by reading holy verse. http://www.vf11.com/legendsofvalhal/legendsofvalhal-post-814.html

2002, Cecilia Dart-Thornton, The Ill-Made Mute: The Bitterbynde:

After boggarts, they studied Red Caps, nasty little goblinlike creatures that lurked where there had been bloodshed […]

1999 July 8, J. K. Rowling [pseudonym; Joanne Rowling], Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Harry Potter; 3), London: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN:

(British, folklore) A type of evil goblin or imp.


catch and release

(archaeology) The practice of replacing artifacts in their original location after examining and cataloguing them.


krater

nl-noun

krater m (plural kraters, diminutive kratertje n)

kraters (plural)
kratertje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: krater

→ West Frisian: krater

Borrowed from Latin crātēr, from Ancient Greek κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr).

(archaeology) krater (Ancient Greek vessel)


rå

råa (definite singular)
råer (indefinite plural)
råene (definite plural)


sombra

From Old Galician-Portuguese soonbra, perhaps from Latin sub (“under”) + umbra (“shadow”).


серп и молот

ru-noun+

серп и мо́лот • (serp i mólot) m inan (genitive серпа́ и мо́лота, nominative plural серпы́ и мо́лоты, genitive plural серпо́в и мо́лотов)

серп и мо́лот (canonical)
serp i mólot (romanization)
серпа́ и мо́лота (genitive)
серпы́ и мо́лоты (nominative plural)
серпо́в и мо́лотов (genitive plural)
се́рп и мо́лот (nominative singular)
серпы́ и мо́лоты (nominative plural)
серпа́ и мо́лота (genitive singular)
серпо́в и мо́лотов (genitive plural)
серпу́ и мо́лоту (dative singular)
серпа́м и мо́лотам (dative plural)
се́рп и мо́лот (accusative singular)
серпы́ и мо́лоты (accusative plural)
серпо́м и мо́лотом (instrumental singular)
серпа́ми и мо́лотами (instrumental plural)
серпе́ и мо́лоте (prepositional singular)
серпа́х и мо́лотах (plural prepositional)

Ru-серп и молот.ogg

(history) hammer and sickle (Soviet symbol of industry and agriculture)

ru:серп и молот


assemblage

en-noun

assemblage (countable and uncountable, plural assemblages)

Borrowed from French assemblage. By surface analysis, assemble + -age.

(archaeology) A group of different artifacts found in association with one another.


assemblage

(archaeology) assemblage (group of different artifacts found in association with one another)


lachrymatory

/ˈlækɹɪmətəɹi/

From Latin type *lacrimatorius, from lacrimare.

1658: For beside these Lachrymatories, notable Lamps with Vessels of Oyles and Aromaticall Liquors attended noble Ossuaries. — Sir Thomas Browne, Urne-Burial (Penguin 2005, p. 21)

(archaeology) A vase supposedly intended to hold tears; formerly used by archaeologists to designate certain urns found in Roman burials.


神聖羅馬帝國

ㄕㄣˊ ㄕㄥˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Шэньшэн Лома Диго

/ʂən³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn²¹ sɪŋ³³ lɔː²¹ maː¹³ tɐi̯³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

/sɨn¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵ lo¹¹ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ti⁵⁵ ku̯et̚²/

/siŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛiŋ²¹³ l̃o⁵³⁻³³ ma³³ tɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uɔʔ²⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lo²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ te⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kɔk̚⁵/

/sin¹³⁻²² siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lo¹³⁻²² mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lo²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ te¹¹⁻⁵³ kɔk̚³²/

/sin²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ lɤ²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te²¹⁻⁴¹ kɔk̚³²/

/sɨn¹¹ sɨn⁵⁵ lo¹¹ ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ti⁵⁵ ku̯et̚²/


drapeau

Haitian Creole: drapo

Louisiana Creole: drapo

From Old French drapel. By surface analysis, drap (“cloth”) + -eau (diminutive suffix).


genio

Borrowed from French génie, of Latin influence but based on Arabic جِنّ (jinn).

(folklore, mythology, fantasy) jinn, genie


stratigraphy

en-noun

stratigraphy (countable and uncountable, plural stratigraphies)

(archaeology) The layering of deposits, with newer remains overlaying older ones, forming a chronology of the site.


congest

For quotations using this term, see Citations:congest.

(Ireland, Scotland, agriculture, history) A farmer whose lands do not support him adequately.


unavailable

(US, history) A communist who operated underground and was therefore not available for a political leadership position.


cathair

head

cathair f (genitive singular cathrach or caithreach, nominative plural cathracha or caithreacha)

cathrach (genitive singular)
caithreach (genitive singular)
cathracha (nominative plural)
caithreacha (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
cathair (indefinite singular)
cathracha (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a chathair (indefinite singular)
a chathracha (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
cathrach (indefinite singular)
dative (indefinite)
cathraigh (archaic dialectal indefinite singular)
nominative (definite)
an chathair (definite singular)
na cathracha (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na cathrach (definite singular)
na gcathracha (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an gcathair (definite singular)
leis an gcathraigh (archaic definite dialectal singular)
don chathair (definite singular)
don chathraigh (archaic definite dialectal singular)
leis na cathracha (definite plural)

From Old Irish cathair, from Proto-Celtic *katrixs (“fortification”).

(archaeology) circular stone fort, a ringfort


Somme

(history, with The) A major battle of the First World War in 1916 in this area.


bota

ms-noun

bota (Jawi spelling بوتا, plural bota-bota, informal 1st possessive botaku, 2nd possessive botamu, 3rd possessive botanya)

بوتا (Jawi)
bota-bota (plural)
botaku (first-person informal possessive)
botamu (possessive second-person)
botanya (possessive third-person)

> Indonesian: bota (inherited)


functionalism

en-noun

functionalism (countable and uncountable, plural functionalisms)

/ˈfʌŋkʃənəlɪzəm/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-functionalism.wav

(history) The theory that the Holocaust was the result of a gradual escalation of decisions and procedures at the operational level (approved but not necessarily preconceived by Hitler).


corredo

it-noun

corredo m (plural corredi, diminutive corredìno)

From Late Latin conredum, from cum (“with”) + redum (“preparation, arrangement”), which is of Germanic origin; see also Dutch reden, Gothic *𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*rēdan), 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raidjan). Alternatively back-formation of corredare, compare arredare (“to equip”).

af

(archaeology) grave goods (artefacts buried with a dead person in a grave or tomb)


cáo

Bình Ngô đại cáo

Great Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Wu


Việt

Sino-Vietnamese word from 越 (“Yue; Viet”). Doublet of vượt.

vi-etym-sino

Việt vương Câu Tiễn

Fan Li's letter to Wen Zhong, quoted in c. 91 BCE, Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian; Vietnamese translation by Phan Ngọc
Chim đã hết thì cung tốt phải cất, thỏ khôn đã chết thì chó săn bị nấu. Vua Việt là người cổ dài, miệng diều hâu có thể cùng lo lúc hoạn nạn, nhưng không thể cùng vui sướng với ông ta. Sao ông lại không bỏ đi?
When the birds are all gone, then the good bows are stored; when the cunning hares are all dead, then the hounds are cooked. The long-necked, hawk-mouthed king of Yue is a man with whom one can share woes, not enjoy weal. Why won't ye leave?


Việt

English: Vietic

French: viétique

người Việt

Yue people, usually refers to Vietnamese people


aloja

(folklore) a type of nymph or fairy woman believed to dwell in springs, pools, waterfalls, and lakes in areas of natural beauty


primordium

It is thus vain to hope that the history of the primordia can be reduced to the progress of archeological investigation.

1997 [1991], Alexandre Grandazzi, translated by Jane Marie Todd, The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History, →ISBN, page 33:

Attempts have been made by historians of religion to distinguish between mythic orientations in time concerned with the repetition of a primordium and those concerned with the anticipation of an eschaton.

2003, David Chidester, Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple, and Jonestown, 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 106:

[Joseph Smith] did not think of himself as going back to a primordium of true Christianity, as the Puritans did. In his view, there never was a golden age when religion flourished to perfection.

2008, Richard L. Bushman, Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction, →ISBN, page 5:

(history, theology) A primordial, original condition or event.


anta

From Old Galician-Portuguese anta, borrowed from Latin antās pl.

(archaeology) dolmen (prehistoric megalithic tomb)


secondary source

en-noun

secondary source (plural secondary sources)

(historiography) A study of past events or a past author written from the perspective of a later period of time; a document that draws on one or more historical primary sources and interprets or analyses them, including documents such as newspapers whose accuracy is open to question.

secundaire bron

(historiography) document that draws on primary sources


primary source

(historiography) A historical object, especially a written document, that was created at or near the time of the events studied.


cobro

(history) rent charged by the crown to tenants of certain lands owned by the king


converso

From Spanish converso. Doublet of converse.

Guillermina Jasso, a sociology professor at New York University, said Angel was “evocative of the old converso practice of taking on very Christian surnames as a way of survival in a suspicious environment.”

2007 January 20, Sam Roberts, “New Favor for a Name That Straddles Cultures”, in New York Times:

In the Inquisition's terms, both were automatically suspect by the fact that their families were conversos, and they might be seen as emerging from that maelstrom of religious energy released by the religious realignment of Spain in the 1490s.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, published 2010, pages 672–3:

(history) A Jew or Muslim in Spain or Portugal who converted to Roman Catholicism under duress, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries.


deben

(Egyptology) A measure of weight used during the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, equivalent to about 13.6 grams.

(Egyptology) A measure of weight used during the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, equivalent to 10 kite (about 91 grams).


quati

→ Hunsrik: Quatti

Borrowed from Old Tupi kûati, from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kʷati.

etymon

(Northeast Brazil, folklore) a type of roundelay


doble

From Latin duplus or duplex; if from the former, it is uncertain whether it was inherited or not, and may have been taken from a Catalan or Provençal intermediate, as the final '-e' rather than '-o' is unexpected. If from the latter, it is possible that it came from a Vulgar Latin *duplem as a variant accusative to Latin duplex (rather than the normal duplicem), formed analogically. Alternatively, it may derive from duple, the vocative of duplus, though this is less likely. The word may have also simply undergone a change of suffix internally within Spanish; an old form doblo was attested, but only in a legal sense. Compare Galician dobre, Portuguese dobro. Cf. also duplo and dúplex, which were later borrowed from Latin and may be doublets.


encanto

(folklore) apparition; otherworldly entity


encanto

Deverbal from encantar. Cognate with Portuguese encanto and Italian incanto.

(folklore) apparition, otherworldly entity


gloso

gloso (indefinite nominative singular)
glosos (genitive indefinite singular)
gloson (definite nominative singular)
glosons (definite genitive singular)
glosor (indefinite nominative plural)
glosors (genitive indefinite plural)
glosorna (definite nominative plural)
glosornas (definite genitive plural)

Compound of glo (“stare”) + so (“sow”). According to SAOB attested since 1863.

(folklore, Southern) A (often) white pig or boar with red sparking glowing eyes, large snout and fiery tusks, occasionally with a sharp serrated back and a tendency to run twixt the legs and cleave their victim.


caters

A quarter peal of plain bob caters was rung.

(campanology) bell changes rung on nine bells


little green man

en-noun

little green man (plural little green men)

[ˌlɪ.ɾɫ̩ ˈɡɹɪ̃i̯m ˌmɛ̃ə̯n̆]

[ˌlɪ.t͡ʔɫ̩ ˈɡɹɪ̃i̯m ˌmãn̆]

[ˌlɘ.ɾɯ ˈɡɹɘ̯ĩm ˌmɛ̞̃n̆]

կանաչ մարդուկ

humorous: space alien, Martian — see also alien

It was the pantomime of "Jack and the Bean Stalk," and as the Hallicots entered a large number of little green men were hammering on anvils in a gloomy and spacious cave.

1866 May 5, The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, page 4, column 1:

How funny to see the little green men, and the fairies in gossamer and dewdrops.

1883 March 17, The Brisbane Courier, page 3, column 3:

In an uncautions moment, once upon a time, I had informed Sweetheart that on the branches of that tree in years long past, when I used to trudge past it on foot, there used to be seen little green men, moping and mowing. So every time we pass that way Sweetheart requires the story with out variations. Not a single fairy must be added or subtracted.

1896 January 25, The Australasian, page 41, column 3:

Still the Green Isle is supposed to specialise in fairies - the little green men and fairy sprites have in spired many poems and stories of that distressful country[.]

1921 January 23, The Truth, page 8, column 4:

"Sure...the Little Green Men can't be as spiteful as some people say!"

1932 March 5, The Daily Mercury, page 14, column 2:

(folklore) A type of diminutive sprite or fairy that wears green clothing.


pintado

(history) the tattoed indigenous people of Cebu during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines


kistvaen

From Welsh cistfaen, from cist (“chest”) + maen (“stone”).

It was man of the New Stone Age who first peopled this upland, leaving remains of his hut-dwellings, his pounds, dolmens, and menhirs, his kistvaens and his cooking-holes.

(archaeology) A stone coffin in the form of a pit covered with earth and surrounded by stones.


oculo

Borrowed from Latin oculus (“eye”). Doublet of occhio, which was inherited.

(archaeology, architecture) a circular opening or window


mino

(folklore) a magic spell cast, by a supernatural being, to confuse, disorient or make people lose their way


tardo

From the same origin that trasno (“goblin”).

(folklore) nightmare (goblin who plagues people while they slept and cause a feeling of suffocation)


bezant

From Middle English besaunt, from Old French bezant, nominative bezanz, from Latin byzantius (“of Byzantium”).

(history) A coin made of gold or silver, minted at Byzantium and used in currency throughout mediaeval Europe.


defacement

defacement (countable and uncountable, plural defacements)

(heraldry, vexillology) A symbol added to a flag or coat of arms to change it or make it different from another.


sandman

E.T.A. Hoffmann
The Sandman (short story)
sandman

From sand + -man. The mythological sense may be from German Sandmann, Sandmännchen, as it is apparently first attested in English in the context of E.T.A. Hoffmann’s novella The Sandman (1816). The German is attested in the relevant sense since at least the mid-18th century.

This then was the Sandman; but what was his occupation, and what was his purpose ? The nursery-maid being applied to, gave a nursery-maid's explanation, that the Sandman was a bad man, who flung sand in the eyes of little children who did not go to bed.

1827, “On the Supernatural in Composition; and particularly on the Works of Ernest Theodore William Hoffman”, in Museum of Foreign Literature and Science, volume 11, page 458:

(folklore) A figure that brings sleep and dreams by sprinkling magical sand into people's eyes.


pitting

pitting (countable and uncountable, plural pittings)

Test pittings were carried out prior to the main excavation.


polytypic

en-adj

polytypic (comparative more polytypic, superlative most polytypic)

more polytypic (comparative)
most polytypic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek πολῠ- (polu-) + τῠπῐκός (tupikós). By surface analysis, poly- + type + -ic.

(conservation biology) of a habitat, not dominated by a single species


shrinkwrap

en-verb

shrinkwrap (third-person singular simple present shrinkwraps, present participle shrinkwrapping, simple past and past participle shrinkwrapped)

shrinkwraps (present singular third-person)
shrinkwrapping (participle present)
shrinkwrapped (participle past)
shrinkwrapped (past)

(paleontology) To reconstruct an extinct creature known from its fossils by depicting it with minimal soft tissue, this results in a thinner and less accurate representation of the creature.


petroglyph

/ˈpɛ.tɹəˌɡlɪf/

/ˈpɛ.tɹəʊˌɡlɪf/

/ˈpɛ.tɹəˌɡlɪf/

From French pétroglyphe, from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “rock”) + γλυφή (gluphḗ, “carved work”). By surface analysis, petro- + glyph.

The petroglyphs of Central Asia form a long sequence from the Neolithic onwards.

1998, Henri-Paul Francfort, “17: Central Asian petroglyphs: between Indo-Iranian and shamanistic interpretations”, in Paul S. C. Taçon, editor, The Archaeology of Rock-Art, page 302:

Ninety-six petroglyph sites were reported in the original study (DiazGranados 1993). The majority of the petroglyphs are worn.

2000, Carol Diaz-Granados, James R. Duncan, The Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Missouri, page 102:

The islands of Tonga are not known for petroglyphs; however, one of the frontal stones of a langi called Mala'e Lahi on 'Uiha Island has one petroglyph of a human foot.

2001, Georgia Lee, “18: Oceania”, in David S. Whitley, editor, Handbook of Rock Art Research, page 578:

(archaeology) A rock carving, especially one made in prehistoric times.

maenengravadur

a rock carving, especially one made in prehistoric times


mamelon

(paleontology) A structure resembling a small bump found on the outer surface of stromatoporoids.


belemnite

From Ancient Greek βέλεμνον (bélemnon, “dart, arrow”) + -ite.

af

In the universal decay this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousands of centuries. It reminded me of a sepia painting I had once seen done from the ink of a fossil Belemnite that must have perished and become fossilized millions of years ago.

1895, H. G. Wells, chapter VIII, in The Time Machine:

The guts of fossilized marine reptiles are packed with belemnites, and it's been theorized that some prehistoric sharks even died from the overconsumption of heavy belemnite shell guards.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 101:

(paleontology) Any member of the extinct order †Belemnitida of Mesozoic marine cephalopods, very similar in many ways to the modern squid and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

blemnit

a member of the extinct order Belemnitida

vættelys

fossil remain of a belemnite arm, resembling a short candle


verlichting

(history, philosophy, definite article) the Enlightenment


paradigma

nl-noun

paradigma n (plural paradigmata or paradigma's)

paradigmata (plural)
paradigma's (plural)

Borrowed from Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

(chiefly philosophy and history of sciences) paradigm (framework of concept, practices and theories; exemplar of academic behaviour)


Tiberius

la-proper noun

Tiberius m (genitive Tiberiī or Tiberī); second declension

Tiberiī (genitive)
Tiberī (genitive)
Tiberius (nominative singular)
Tiberiī (nominative plural)
Tiberiī (genitive singular)
Tiberī (genitive singular)
Tiberiōrum (genitive plural)
Tiberiō (dative singular)
Tiberiīs (dative plural)
Tiberium (accusative singular)
Tiberiōs (accusative plural)
Tiberiō (ablative singular)
Tiberiīs (ablative plural)
Tiberī (singular vocative)
Tiberiī (plural vocative)

→ Basque: Tiberio

→ Belarusian: Тыбе́рый (Tybjéryj)

→ Catalan: Tiberi

→ Dutch: Tiberius

→ English: Tiberius

→ Esperanto: Tiberio

→ West Frisian: Tibearius

→ French: Tibère

→ Galician: Tiberio

→ German: Tiberius

→ Koine Greek: Τιβέριος (Tibérios)

→ Greek: Τιβέριος (Tivérios)

→ Irish: Tibir

→ Italian: Tiberio

→ Ligurian: Tibeio

→ Latvian: Tiberijs

→ Lithuanian: Tiberijus

→ Occitan: Tibèri

→ Piedmontese: Tiberi

→ Polish: Tyberiusz

→ Portuguese: Tibério

→ Romanian: Tiberiu

→ Russian: Тибе́рий (Tibérij)

→ Sicilian: Tibberiu

→ Spanish: Tiberio

→ Ukrainian: Тибе́рій (Tybérij)

From Tiberis (“Tiber river”) + -ius (“relative adjective marker”). C.f. Etruscan 𐌈𐌄𐌚𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌄 (θefarie), presumably borrowed from Faliscan *Tiferio(s).

suf

(history) A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Emperors of the Byzantine Roman Empire Tiberius II Constantinus (r. 574–582 C.E.) and Tiberius III (r. 698–705 C.E.)


leveling

en-noun

leveling (countable and uncountable, plural levelings)

(surveying, archaeology) The process of measuring levels to establish heights and altitudes.


microblade

The upper Palaeolithic period saw the first production of microblade tools.

(archaeology, sometimes attributive) A small blade, typically produced in prehistoric times from silica-rich minerals.


Британская империя

ru-proper noun+

Брита́нская импе́рия • (Británskaja impérija) f inan (genitive Брита́нской импе́рии)

Брита́нская импе́рия (canonical)
Británskaja impérija (romanization)
Брита́нской импе́рии (genitive)
Брита́нская импе́рия (nominative singular)
Брита́нской импе́рии (genitive singular)
Брита́нской импе́рии (dative singular)
Брита́нскую импе́рию (accusative singular)
Брита́нской импе́рией (instrumental singular)
Брита́нскою импе́риею (instrumental singular)
Брита́нской импе́рии (prepositional singular)

Ru-Британская империя.ogg

(history) British Empire (a former empire ruled by the United Kingdom)

ru:Британская империя

Sojedinjónnoje Korolevstvo Velikobritanii i Severnoj Irlandii

Соединённое Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии


bladelet

(archaeology) A small stone blade with one sharp and one blunt edge


Iberomaurusian

(archaeology) Of or pertaining to a population of early humans that occupied the Mediterranean littoral from Morocco to Tunisia 22,000 to 9,000 years ago

ibéromaurusien

of or pertaining to a population of early humans that occupied the Mediterranean littoral from Morocco to Tunisia 22,000 to 9,000 years ago


Capsian

From French capsien, from Latin Capsianus, from Capsa (“Gafsa”) + -ianus (“-ian”).

(archaeology) of or pertaining to a Paleolithic culture of North Africa (named after primary findings there, in the now southern Tunisian oasis Gafsa) and southern Europe


endscraper

(archaeology) A small, rounded flint tool used to scrape hides; sometimes fitted to a bone handle.


aceramic

At Çatal Hüyük we can actually study the transition from an aceramic Neolithic with baskets and wooden vessels to a ceramic Neolithic with the first pottery.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, quoting James Mellaart, Çatal Hüyük, 1967, p. 22, quoted in The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 138:

(archaeology, of a culture, period, or site) Having no pottery or other ceramicware items.


bifacial

(archaeology, of a flint tool) Having two sharp cutting edges.


Acheulean

From French acheuléen, from Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens where the first tools from this period were found.

Assuming that language ability extends back to the hominids, we see a slow process of cultural development over millions of years, and then in the Acheulean period of Homo erectus, about three hundred thousand years ago, we find the first engraved tool.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 95:

When early modern humans – the ones who would eventually become us – started to move out of Africa something over a hundred thousand years ago, Acheulean tools were the technology of choice.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, published 2003, page 402:

(archaeology) Of or pertaining to a lower Paleolithic period characterized by the presence of flaked bifacial hand axes.


Acheulean

(archaeology) A lower Paleolithic period characterized by the presence of flaked bifacial hand axes.


retouch

en-verb

retouch (third-person singular simple present retouches, present participle retouching, simple past and past participle retouched)

retouches (present singular third-person)
retouching (participle present)
retouched (participle past)
retouched (past)

(archaeology) To modify a flint tool by making secondary flaking along the cutting edge.


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

龍山文化

龙山文化

archaeological culture
archaeological culture

(archaeology, countable) archaeological culture (recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society)


cursus

en-noun

cursus (plural cursuses or (both rare) cursus or cursūs or (nonstandard) cursi)

cursuses (plural)
cursus (plural rare)
cursūs (plural rare)
cursi (nonstandard plural rare)

Learned borrowing from Latin cursus. Doublet of course and cour.

(archaeology) A long ditch or trench of unknown function, constructed in Neolithic Britain and Ireland.


dipinto

Borrowed from Italian dipinto (literally “painting”).

(archaeology, epigraphy) a sketched or painted (as opposed to engraved) inscription.


nahualism

From nahual + -ism. The first element is from Nahuatl nahualli (“sorcerer, spirit, animal form a person may take”).

uder

(folklore, mythology) The Mesoamerican belief that certain human beings can transform into animals.


giudice

it-noun

giudice m or f by sense (plural giudici)

(history) a monarch of a medieval kingdom (giudicato) in Sardinia


火車

火車 (canonical)
kasha (romanization)
kwasya (romanization)
くわしや (hiragana historical)

/kua t͡ɕia/ → /kʷaɕʲa/ → /kaɕa/
From Middle Chinese compound 火車 (MC xwaX tsyhae).
The "steam locomotive" sense is a semantic loan from modern Chinese 火車／火车 (huǒchē).

(folklore) a yōkai that steals the corpses of those who have died as a result of accumulating evil deeds


tòng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 從. Compare Japanese 従 (ju-, “junior ranking for 位”).

cog

junior ranking for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">位</i>

(history) "junior" ranking for phẩm (“courtier rank”), e.g. chánh nhất phẩm (“senior rank 1”), tòng nhất phẩm (“junior rank 1”), chánh nhị phẩm (“senior rank 2”), tòng nhị phẩm (“junior rank 2”), etc.


peikko

peikko (nominative singular)
peikot (nominative plural)
peikko (accusative nominative singular)
peikot (accusative nominative plural)
peikon (accusative genitive singular)
peikot (accusative genitive plural)
peikon (genitive singular)
peikkojen (genitive plural)
peikkoa (partitive singular)
peikkoja (partitive plural)
peikossa (inessive singular)
peikoissa (inessive plural)
peikosta (elative singular)
peikoista (elative plural)
peikkoon (illative singular)
peikkoihin (illative plural)
peikolla (adessive singular)
peikoilla (adessive plural)
peikolta (ablative singular)
peikoilta (ablative plural)
peikolle (allative singular)
peikoille (allative plural)
peikkona (essive singular)
peikkoina (essive plural)
peikoksi (singular translative)
peikoiksi (plural translative)
peikotta (abessive singular)
peikoitta (abessive plural)
peikoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
peikkoni (nominative singular)
peikkoni (nominative plural)
peikkoni (accusative nominative singular)
peikkoni (accusative nominative plural)
peikkoni (accusative genitive singular)
peikkoni (accusative genitive plural)
peikkoni (genitive singular)
peikkojeni (genitive plural)
peikkoani (partitive singular)
peikkojani (partitive plural)
peikossani (inessive singular)
peikoissani (inessive plural)
peikostani (elative singular)
peikoistani (elative plural)
peikkooni (illative singular)
peikkoihini (illative plural)
peikollani (adessive singular)
peikoillani (adessive plural)
peikoltani (ablative singular)
peikoiltani (ablative plural)
peikolleni (allative singular)
peikoilleni (allative plural)
peikkonani (essive singular)
peikkoinani (essive plural)
peikokseni (singular translative)
peikoikseni (plural translative)
peikottani (abessive singular)
peikoittani (abessive plural)
peikkoineni (comitative plural)
peikkosi (nominative singular)
peikkosi (nominative plural)
peikkosi (accusative nominative singular)
peikkosi (accusative nominative plural)
peikkosi (accusative genitive singular)
peikkosi (accusative genitive plural)
peikkosi (genitive singular)
peikkojesi (genitive plural)
peikkoasi (partitive singular)
peikkojasi (partitive plural)
peikossasi (inessive singular)
peikoissasi (inessive plural)
peikostasi (elative singular)
peikoistasi (elative plural)
peikkoosi (illative singular)
peikkoihisi (illative plural)
peikollasi (adessive singular)
peikoillasi (adessive plural)
peikoltasi (ablative singular)
peikoiltasi (ablative plural)
peikollesi (allative singular)
peikoillesi (allative plural)
peikkonasi (essive singular)
peikkoinasi (essive plural)
peikoksesi (singular translative)
peikoiksesi (plural translative)
peikottasi (abessive singular)
peikoittasi (abessive plural)
peikkoinesi (comitative plural)
peikkomme (nominative singular)
peikkomme (nominative plural)
peikkomme (accusative nominative singular)
peikkomme (accusative nominative plural)
peikkomme (accusative genitive singular)
peikkomme (accusative genitive plural)
peikkomme (genitive singular)
peikkojemme (genitive plural)
peikkoamme (partitive singular)
peikkojamme (partitive plural)
peikossamme (inessive singular)
peikoissamme (inessive plural)
peikostamme (elative singular)
peikoistamme (elative plural)
peikkoomme (illative singular)
peikkoihimme (illative plural)
peikollamme (adessive singular)
peikoillamme (adessive plural)
peikoltamme (ablative singular)
peikoiltamme (ablative plural)
peikollemme (allative singular)
peikoillemme (allative plural)
peikkonamme (essive singular)
peikkoinamme (essive plural)
peikoksemme (singular translative)
peikoiksemme (plural translative)
peikottamme (abessive singular)
peikoittamme (abessive plural)
peikkoinemme (comitative plural)
peikkonne (nominative singular)
peikkonne (nominative plural)
peikkonne (accusative nominative singular)
peikkonne (accusative nominative plural)
peikkonne (accusative genitive singular)
peikkonne (accusative genitive plural)
peikkonne (genitive singular)
peikkojenne (genitive plural)
peikkoanne (partitive singular)
peikkojanne (partitive plural)
peikossanne (inessive singular)
peikoissanne (inessive plural)
peikostanne (elative singular)
peikoistanne (elative plural)
peikkoonne (illative singular)
peikkoihinne (illative plural)
peikollanne (adessive singular)
peikoillanne (adessive plural)
peikoltanne (ablative singular)
peikoiltanne (ablative plural)
peikollenne (allative singular)
peikoillenne (allative plural)
peikkonanne (essive singular)
peikkoinanne (essive plural)
peikoksenne (singular translative)
peikoiksenne (plural translative)
peikottanne (abessive singular)
peikoittanne (abessive plural)
peikkoinenne (comitative plural)
peikkonsa (nominative singular)
peikkonsa (nominative plural)
peikkonsa (accusative nominative singular)
peikkonsa (accusative nominative plural)
peikkonsa (accusative genitive singular)
peikkonsa (accusative genitive plural)
peikkonsa (genitive singular)
peikkojensa (genitive plural)
peikkoaan (partitive singular)
peikkoansa (partitive singular)
peikkojaan (partitive plural)
peikkojansa (partitive plural)
peikossaan (inessive singular)
peikossansa (inessive singular)
peikoissaan (inessive plural)
peikoissansa (inessive plural)
peikostaan (elative singular)
peikostansa (elative singular)
peikoistaan (elative plural)
peikoistansa (elative plural)
peikkoonsa (illative singular)
peikkoihinsa (illative plural)
peikollaan (adessive singular)
peikollansa (adessive singular)
peikoillaan (adessive plural)
peikoillansa (adessive plural)
peikoltaan (ablative singular)
peikoltansa (ablative singular)
peikoiltaan (ablative plural)
peikoiltansa (ablative plural)
peikolleen (allative singular)
peikollensa (allative singular)
peikoilleen (allative plural)
peikoillensa (allative plural)
peikkonaan (essive singular)
peikkonansa (essive singular)
peikkoinaan (essive plural)
peikkoinansa (essive plural)
peikokseen (singular translative)
peikoksensa (singular translative)
peikoikseen (plural translative)
peikoiksensa (plural translative)
peikottaan (abessive singular)
peikottansa (abessive singular)
peikoittaan (abessive plural)
peikoittansa (abessive plural)
peikkoineen (comitative plural)
peikkoinensa (comitative plural)

From older peikkoi, from Proto-Finnic *peikoi, *peiko (reshaped later with -kko; compare Estonian peig (“bridegroom”)), deriving either from Proto-Germanic *faihaz (“hostile, criminal”), *faigijaz (“fey”), or alternatively from a lost Baltic cognate (inexact parallels include Lithuanian paikas (“stupid”), piktas (“angry, bad”), pikčius (“devil”), pikulas (“devil”)), all ultimately based on Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to mark”).

der

(folklore) goblin, hobgoblin, gnome, gremlin (mythical man-like creature, often depicted hairy, tailed and mischievous)