Klasse

de-noun

Klasse f (genitive Klasse, plural Klassen)

Klasse (genitive)
Klassen (plural)
Klasse (nominative singular)
Klassen (definite nominative plural)
Klasse (genitive singular)
Klassen (definite genitive plural)
Klasse (dative singular)
Klassen (dative definite plural)
Klasse (accusative singular)
Klassen (accusative definite plural)

→ Estonian: klass

→ Romanian: clasă

→ Serbo-Croatian: klasa / класа

Ultimately from Latin classis, probably via French classe.

Die Furcht, ein wiedervereinigtes Deutschland werde langfristig stärker seinen nationalen Interessen nachgehen und unilateral agieren – ohne Rücksicht auf den Nachbarn also –, verfolgt seither Frankreichs politische Klasse.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 24/2010, page 88:

The fear that a reunited Germany would pursue its national interests more strongly in the long term and act unilaterally – hence without consideration of its neighbors – haunts the political class of France since that time.

(sociology, economics) class (grouping based on upbringing, job, wealth, etc.)


satisfice

en-verb

satisfice (third-person singular simple present satisfices, present participle satisficing, simple past and past participle satisficed)

satisfices (present singular third-person)
satisficing (participle present)
satisficed (participle past)
satisficed (past)

Blend of satisfy + suffice, coined by American political scientist and psychologist Herbert A. Simon in 1956.

coinage

Evidently, organisms adapt well enough to ‘satisfice’; they do not, in general, ‘optimize’.

1956, H[erbert] A. Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment”, in Psychological Review, volume 63, number 2, page 129:

[T]here are two contrasting types of decision-making mentalities, maximizing and satisficing. If you're choosing a marriage partner, you probably want to maximize. You want to find the very best person you are totally in love with. […] But politics is not like that. Politics is a prosaic activity most of the time. You probably want to satisfice, pick the person who's good enough, who seems reasonably responsible.

2015 December 4, David Brooks, “No, Donald Trump won't win [print version: International New York Times, 5–6 December 2015, page 9]”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2015-12-16:

(sociology, intransitive) Of human behavior: to make a choice that suffices to fulfill the minimum requirements to achieve an objective, without special regard for utility maximization or optimization of one's preferences.


family of orientation

en-noun

family of orientation (plural families of orientation)

(sociology) The family in which a person grows up.


family of procreation

family of procreation (plural families of procreation)

(sociology) A family that is formed when a couple have their first child.


apologetic apostrophe

apologetic apostrophe (plural apologetic apostrophes)

While not all agreements were carried out as planned, what this attempt at consistency achieved in Smith's case was to give his poetry the appearance of a distinctive literary language, related to English, but having its own identity and forms, and without the distraction for the reader of the apologetic apostrophes.

2009, Margery Palmer McCulloch, Scottish Modernism and Its Contexts 1918-1959:

(sociolinguistics, orthography) An apostrophe added to a Scots word in order to give the appearance that it is a contraction of an English word.


ceto

Borrowed from Latin coetus (“group, society”).

bor+

il ceto medio


herd instinct

But as we've seen at Westminster, the herd instinct is powerful and when the herd moves, it moves.

7 July 2022, Boris Johnson, resignation speech:


herd behaviour

en-noun

herd behaviour (countable and uncountable, plural herd behaviours)

(sociology) the tendency of a group of individuals (a herd) to react coherently without there being any coordination between them. The term may be applied to animals, or to human phenomena such as stock market bubbles and behaviour in political demonstrations.


herding instinct

herding instinct (plural herding instincts)

(sociology) A social tendency in humans to identify with and model many behaviors and beliefs after a larger group of individuals with whom they identify.


bandwagon effect

(sociology) the observation that people often do or believe what they think many other people do.


digital divide

As schools were closed, the digital divide meant that more affluent families with computers, iPads and good internet connections had a very different home educational (and informational, social and entertainment) situation than families without these amenities.

2020 April 17, Rebecca Solnit, “Coronavirus does discriminate, because that’s what humans do”, in The Guardian:

information technology
information technology

(information technology, sociology, neologism) The gap between those with regular, effective access to digital technologies (and the computer literacy to use them) and those without it.


deviance

deviance (countable and uncountable, plural deviances)

(sociology) Actions or behaviors that violate formal and informal cultural norms such as laws and customs.


diferenciar

head

diferenciar (present tense diferencias, past tense diferenciis, future tense diferencios, imperative diferenciez, conditional diferencius)

diferencias (present)
diferenciis (past)
tense diferencios (future)
diferenciez (imperative)
diferencius (conditional)
diferenciar (infinitive present)
diferenciir (infinitive past)
diferencior (future infinitive)
diferencias (present)
diferenciis (past)
diferencios (future)
diferencius (conditional present)
diferenciez (imperative present)
diferencianta (active adjective participle present)
diferenciinta (active adjective participle past)
diferencionta (active adjective future participle)
diferenciante (active adverbial participle present)
diferenciinte (active adverbial participle past)
diferencionte (active adverbial future participle)
diferencianto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
diferenciinto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
diferencionto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
diferencianti (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
diferenciinti (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
diferencionti (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
diferenciata (adjectival participle passive present)
diferenciita (adjectival participle passive past)
diferenciota (adjectival future participle passive)
diferenciate (adverbial participle passive present)
diferenciite (adverbial participle passive past)
diferenciote (adverbial future participle passive)
diferenciato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
diferenciito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
diferencioto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
diferenciati (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
diferenciiti (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
diferencioti (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)

Borrowed from English differentiate, French différencier, German differenzieren, Italian differenziare, Russian дифференци́ровать (differencírovatʹ), Spanish diferenciar.

bor

дифференци́ровать

(transitive, intransitive, biology, sociology) to differentiate, to acquire or give a distinct or separate character


testimonio

From Latin American Spanish testimonio (“testimony”).

1988, Sommer D. "Not Just a Personal Story: Women’s Testimonios and the Plural Self". In: Schenck C, Brodzki B Life/Lines: Theoretical Essays on Women’s Autobiography. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

1989 (Spring), John Beverley "The Margin at the Center: On Testimonio (Testimonial Narrative)" MFS Modern Fiction Studies Volume 35, Number 1, pp. 11-28 doi:10.1353/mfs.0.0923

(sociology) A first-hand account of politically charged experiences; an oral history narrative.


recuperation

en-noun

recuperation (usually uncountable, plural recuperations)

Borrowed from Latin recuperātiō. By surface analysis, recuperate + -ion.

Coordinate term: cooptation

[Raoul Vaneigem] I have nothing in common with the spectacular recuperation of a project that, in my case, has remained revolutionary throughout.

2009 May, Hans Ulrich Obrist, “In Conversation with Raoul Vaneigem”, in e-flux, archived from the original on 2009-09-07:

(politics, sociology) Process by which radical or subversive ideas are co-opted by mainstream society.


ascription

ascription (usually uncountable, plural ascriptions)

(sociology) The stratification of people according to inborn characteristics (such as race or sex) outside of their control.


gynecocracy

gynecocracy (countable and uncountable, plural gynecocracies)

Gynaecocracy may not, however, be an idyllic affair.

1999, Jacqueline Rose, “Go girl”, in London Review of Books, section 21.19:

(government, sociology) Government or rule by women, or a society with such leadership.


socius

(sociology) According to Gilles Deleuze, a social body that takes credit for production.


identitarianism

identitarianism (countable and uncountable, plural identitarianisms)

"The radical feminists always wanted in their frantic identitarianism to eliminate the difference between the sexes" (p. 96)

Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, The Menace of the Herd, or Procrustes at Large, 1943, e.g.

Identitarianism is probably the most well-known of these ‘new’ ideologies, despite its fairly recent emergence on the political scene. Employing the lambda symbol, identitarianism has gained increasing purchase amongst youth across western Europe, and France in particular, growing out of the (European) New Right (Nouvelle Droite), which dates to the 1970s and GRECE (Research and Study Group on European Civilization).

2020, Tim Nieguth, editor, Nationalism and Popular Culture, Routledge, →ISBN:

(sociology) Politics based on social identity.


field theory

field theory (countable and uncountable, plural field theories)

(sociology) A theory concerning the relationship between social actors and local social orders.


communitas

communitas (countable and uncountable, plural communitates)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin commūnitās. Doublet of community.

ubor

Monastic life, pilgrimage, bonds of friendship formed among the group of young initiates, contemporary teenage counter-culture movements are all good examples of communitates.

2012, Helena Bassil-Morozow, The Trickster in Contemporary Film, →ISBN, pages 17–18:

(sociology) An unstructured community of common experience.

A sense of harmony with the universe is made evident and the whole planet is felt to be communitas.

1986, Victor W. Turner, The Anthropology of Experience, University of Illinois Press, page 43:

The achievement of communitas is the pilgrim's fundamental motivation.

1986, Victor W. Turner, Contesting the Sacred, Routledge, published 1991:

Their focus is on group bonding, and the euphoric, almost transcendental experience of becoming one with the music and the crowd (which sounds like a version of what the anthropologist Victor Turner called ‘communitas’—an intense, intimate, liberating kind of group bonding, experienced only in ‘liminal’ states).

[2004, Kate Fox, “Rules of Sex”, in Watching the English, Hodder & Stoughton, →ISBN, page 330:

Liminality, in other words, engenders communitas by levelling social distinctions while at the same time destabilizing normative structures and inspiring criticism.

2013, Isher-Paul Sahni, “More than Horseplay”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 35, page 81:

(sociology) The very spirit of community; an intense community spirit, the feeling of great social equality, solidarity, and togetherness.


institutional

/ˌɪnstɪˈtʃuːʃənəl/

If vocational counseling to help the individual find his peculiar niche has elements of the impulse conception of self, the idea that a person can make of himself what he will, that one chooses a task and then works at it, is the view of institutionals.

1981, Gregory Prentice Stone, Harvey A. Farberman, Social Psychology Through Symbolic Interaction, page 206:

For institutionals the self is revealed through adherence to a high standard, especially in spite of adverse conditions.

1988, Michael R. Wood, Louis A. Zurcher Jr., The Development of a Postmodern Self, page 22:

For the institutionals, hypocrisy consists of failing to live up to one's standards.

1999, Roy F. Baumeister, The Self in Social Psychology:

(sociology) A person whose sense of self is based on institutionalized values and standards, as opposed to their tastes and impulses.


Southern hospitality

(sociology) The reputation for people in the U.S. South to be particularly warm and welcoming to visitors.


socialization

en-noun

socialization (countable and uncountable, plural socializations)

From socialize + -ation or social + -ization.

Socialization skills are important things to learn in kindergarten.

(sociology, psychology) The process of learning how to live in a way acceptable to one's own society, said especially about children.

общуване

sociology: the process of learning one’s culture


nousu

nousu (nominative singular)
nousut (nominative plural)
nousu (accusative nominative singular)
nousut (accusative nominative plural)
nousun (accusative genitive singular)
nousut (accusative genitive plural)
nousun (genitive singular)
nousujen (genitive plural)
nousua (partitive singular)
nousuja (partitive plural)
nousussa (inessive singular)
nousuissa (inessive plural)
noususta (elative singular)
nousuista (elative plural)
nousuun (illative singular)
nousuihin (illative plural)
nousulla (adessive singular)
nousuilla (adessive plural)
nousulta (ablative singular)
nousuilta (ablative plural)
nousulle (allative singular)
nousuille (allative plural)
nousuna (essive singular)
nousuina (essive plural)
nousuksi (singular translative)
nousuiksi (plural translative)
nousutta (abessive singular)
nousuitta (abessive plural)
nousuin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
nousuni (nominative singular)
nousuni (nominative plural)
nousuni (accusative nominative singular)
nousuni (accusative nominative plural)
nousuni (accusative genitive singular)
nousuni (accusative genitive plural)
nousuni (genitive singular)
nousujeni (genitive plural)
nousuani (partitive singular)
nousujani (partitive plural)
nousussani (inessive singular)
nousuissani (inessive plural)
nousustani (elative singular)
nousuistani (elative plural)
nousuuni (illative singular)
nousuihini (illative plural)
nousullani (adessive singular)
nousuillani (adessive plural)
nousultani (ablative singular)
nousuiltani (ablative plural)
nousulleni (allative singular)
nousuilleni (allative plural)
nousunani (essive singular)
nousuinani (essive plural)
nousukseni (singular translative)
nousuikseni (plural translative)
nousuttani (abessive singular)
nousuittani (abessive plural)
nousuineni (comitative plural)
noususi (nominative singular)
noususi (nominative plural)
noususi (accusative nominative singular)
noususi (accusative nominative plural)
noususi (accusative genitive singular)
noususi (accusative genitive plural)
noususi (genitive singular)
nousujesi (genitive plural)
nousuasi (partitive singular)
nousujasi (partitive plural)
nousussasi (inessive singular)
nousuissasi (inessive plural)
nousustasi (elative singular)
nousuistasi (elative plural)
nousuusi (illative singular)
nousuihisi (illative plural)
nousullasi (adessive singular)
nousuillasi (adessive plural)
nousultasi (ablative singular)
nousuiltasi (ablative plural)
nousullesi (allative singular)
nousuillesi (allative plural)
nousunasi (essive singular)
nousuinasi (essive plural)
nousuksesi (singular translative)
nousuiksesi (plural translative)
nousuttasi (abessive singular)
nousuittasi (abessive plural)
nousuinesi (comitative plural)
nousumme (nominative singular)
nousumme (nominative plural)
nousumme (accusative nominative singular)
nousumme (accusative nominative plural)
nousumme (accusative genitive singular)
nousumme (accusative genitive plural)
nousumme (genitive singular)
nousujemme (genitive plural)
nousuamme (partitive singular)
nousujamme (partitive plural)
nousussamme (inessive singular)
nousuissamme (inessive plural)
nousustamme (elative singular)
nousuistamme (elative plural)
nousuumme (illative singular)
nousuihimme (illative plural)
nousullamme (adessive singular)
nousuillamme (adessive plural)
nousultamme (ablative singular)
nousuiltamme (ablative plural)
nousullemme (allative singular)
nousuillemme (allative plural)
nousunamme (essive singular)
nousuinamme (essive plural)
nousuksemme (singular translative)
nousuiksemme (plural translative)
nousuttamme (abessive singular)
nousuittamme (abessive plural)
nousuinemme (comitative plural)
nousunne (nominative singular)
nousunne (nominative plural)
nousunne (accusative nominative singular)
nousunne (accusative nominative plural)
nousunne (accusative genitive singular)
nousunne (accusative genitive plural)
nousunne (genitive singular)
nousujenne (genitive plural)
nousuanne (partitive singular)
nousujanne (partitive plural)
nousussanne (inessive singular)
nousuissanne (inessive plural)
nousustanne (elative singular)
nousuistanne (elative plural)
nousuunne (illative singular)
nousuihinne (illative plural)
nousullanne (adessive singular)
nousuillanne (adessive plural)
nousultanne (ablative singular)
nousuiltanne (ablative plural)
nousullenne (allative singular)
nousuillenne (allative plural)
nousunanne (essive singular)
nousuinanne (essive plural)
nousuksenne (singular translative)
nousuiksenne (plural translative)
nousuttanne (abessive singular)
nousuittanne (abessive plural)
nousuinenne (comitative plural)
nousunsa (nominative singular)
nousunsa (nominative plural)
nousunsa (accusative nominative singular)
nousunsa (accusative nominative plural)
nousunsa (accusative genitive singular)
nousunsa (accusative genitive plural)
nousunsa (genitive singular)
nousujensa (genitive plural)
nousuaan (partitive singular)
nousuansa (partitive singular)
nousujaan (partitive plural)
nousujansa (partitive plural)
nousussaan (inessive singular)
nousussansa (inessive singular)
nousuissaan (inessive plural)
nousuissansa (inessive plural)
nousustaan (elative singular)
nousustansa (elative singular)
nousuistaan (elative plural)
nousuistansa (elative plural)
nousuunsa (illative singular)
nousuihinsa (illative plural)
nousullaan (adessive singular)
nousullansa (adessive singular)
nousuillaan (adessive plural)
nousuillansa (adessive plural)
nousultaan (ablative singular)
nousultansa (ablative singular)
nousuiltaan (ablative plural)
nousuiltansa (ablative plural)
nousulleen (allative singular)
nousullensa (allative singular)
nousuilleen (allative plural)
nousuillensa (allative plural)
nousunaan (essive singular)
nousunansa (essive singular)
nousuinaan (essive plural)
nousuinansa (essive plural)
nousukseen (singular translative)
nousuksensa (singular translative)
nousuikseen (plural translative)
nousuiksensa (plural translative)
nousuttaan (abessive singular)
nousuttansa (abessive singular)
nousuittaan (abessive plural)
nousuittansa (abessive plural)
nousuineen (comitative plural)
nousuinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *nousu. Equivalent to nousta (“to rise”) + -u.

(sociology, sosiaalinen + ~) upward mobility (advancement to better-paid or better-regarded social strata)


essentialism

essentialism (countable and uncountable, plural essentialisms)

Coordinate term: essentialization

A closer examination of the components of essentialism is required for a better understanding of the relation between essentialism and prejudice toward the two social categories of interest in this dissertation, African Americans and gay men.

2007, Luisa Fernanda Ramirez, Dual Intergroup Meanings of Essentialism, →ISBN, page 8:

Like most of those who use the term, I continue to think essentialism a bad thing, but what exactly is wrong with it? Is it a matter of degree, a question of context or something that must be avoided at all costs?

2013, Anne Phillips, Gender and Culture, →ISBN:

I think we need to sophisticate our understanding of cultural essentialisms, including gender ones, because it might help us deal better with issues of resistance.

2013, Brackette Williams, Women Out of Place, →ISBN:

Colonial discourse relied heavily on such essentialisms wherein a race or ethnic group was first represented as possessing certain key features and then those very features were 'applied' to all members of the group.

2015, Pramod K. Nayar, The Postcolonial Studies Dictionary, →ISBN, page 68:

(sociology) The view that all members of certain groups of people (such as those with the same race, gender, age, or sexual orientation) have common, essential traits inherent to the defining feature of the group; (also) behavior or statement(s) that reflect such a view.


ideal-seeking behavior

(sociology) Behaviour that is characterized by both the desire and the ability to progress towards an ideal by choosing a new goal when a previous one has been met or the effort to meet it has failed.


alcohology

(sociology) The study of the effects of alcohol; on living organisms, people or social environments.


foodway

From food + way; in the sense of "alimentary canal", by extension from airway.

Coordinate term: speechway

(sociology, chiefly in the plural) The food traditions or customs of a group of people, including their culinary and nutritional practices and related social aspects.


alakulttuuri

alakulttuuri (nominative singular)
alakulttuurit (nominative plural)
alakulttuuri (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurit (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurin (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurit (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurin (genitive singular)
alakulttuurien (genitive plural)
alakulttuureiden (genitive plural)
alakulttuureitten (genitive plural)
alakulttuuria (partitive singular)
alakulttuureita (partitive plural)
alakulttuureja (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissa (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissa (inessive plural)
alakulttuurista (elative singular)
alakulttuureista (elative plural)
alakulttuuriin (illative singular)
alakulttuureihin (illative plural)
alakulttuurilla (adessive singular)
alakulttuureilla (adessive plural)
alakulttuurilta (ablative singular)
alakulttuureilta (ablative plural)
alakulttuurille (allative singular)
alakulttuureille (allative plural)
alakulttuurina (essive singular)
alakulttuureina (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksi (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksi (plural translative)
alakulttuuritta (abessive singular)
alakulttuureitta (abessive plural)
alakulttuurein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
alakulttuurini (nominative singular)
alakulttuurini (nominative plural)
alakulttuurini (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurini (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurini (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurini (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurini (genitive singular)
alakulttuurieni (genitive plural)
alakulttuureideni (genitive plural)
alakulttuureitteni (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriani (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitani (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejani (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissani (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissani (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristani (elative singular)
alakulttuureistani (elative plural)
alakulttuuriini (illative singular)
alakulttuureihini (illative plural)
alakulttuurillani (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillani (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltani (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltani (ablative plural)
alakulttuurilleni (allative singular)
alakulttuureilleni (allative plural)
alakulttuurinani (essive singular)
alakulttuureinani (essive plural)
alakulttuurikseni (singular translative)
alakulttuureikseni (plural translative)
alakulttuurittani (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittani (abessive plural)
alakulttuureineni (comitative plural)
alakulttuurisi (nominative singular)
alakulttuurisi (nominative plural)
alakulttuurisi (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurisi (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurisi (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurisi (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurisi (genitive singular)
alakulttuuriesi (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidesi (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittesi (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriasi (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitasi (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejasi (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissasi (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissasi (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristasi (elative singular)
alakulttuureistasi (elative plural)
alakulttuuriisi (illative singular)
alakulttuureihisi (illative plural)
alakulttuurillasi (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillasi (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltasi (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltasi (ablative plural)
alakulttuurillesi (allative singular)
alakulttuureillesi (allative plural)
alakulttuurinasi (essive singular)
alakulttuureinasi (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksesi (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksesi (plural translative)
alakulttuurittasi (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittasi (abessive plural)
alakulttuureinesi (comitative plural)
alakulttuurimme (nominative singular)
alakulttuurimme (nominative plural)
alakulttuurimme (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurimme (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurimme (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurimme (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurimme (genitive singular)
alakulttuuriemme (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidemme (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittemme (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriamme (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitamme (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejamme (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissamme (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissamme (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristamme (elative singular)
alakulttuureistamme (elative plural)
alakulttuuriimme (illative singular)
alakulttuureihimme (illative plural)
alakulttuurillamme (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillamme (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltamme (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltamme (ablative plural)
alakulttuurillemme (allative singular)
alakulttuureillemme (allative plural)
alakulttuurinamme (essive singular)
alakulttuureinamme (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksemme (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksemme (plural translative)
alakulttuurittamme (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittamme (abessive plural)
alakulttuureinemme (comitative plural)
alakulttuurinne (nominative singular)
alakulttuurinne (nominative plural)
alakulttuurinne (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurinne (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurinne (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurinne (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurinne (genitive singular)
alakulttuurienne (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidenne (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittenne (genitive plural)
alakulttuurianne (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitanne (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejanne (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissanne (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissanne (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristanne (elative singular)
alakulttuureistanne (elative plural)
alakulttuuriinne (illative singular)
alakulttuureihinne (illative plural)
alakulttuurillanne (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillanne (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltanne (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltanne (ablative plural)
alakulttuurillenne (allative singular)
alakulttuureillenne (allative plural)
alakulttuurinanne (essive singular)
alakulttuureinanne (essive plural)
alakulttuuriksenne (singular translative)
alakulttuureiksenne (plural translative)
alakulttuurittanne (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittanne (abessive plural)
alakulttuureinenne (comitative plural)
alakulttuurinsa (nominative singular)
alakulttuurinsa (nominative plural)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative nominative singular)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative nominative plural)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative genitive singular)
alakulttuurinsa (accusative genitive plural)
alakulttuurinsa (genitive singular)
alakulttuuriensa (genitive plural)
alakulttuureidensa (genitive plural)
alakulttuureittensa (genitive plural)
alakulttuuriaan (partitive singular)
alakulttuuriansa (partitive singular)
alakulttuureitaan (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejaan (partitive plural)
alakulttuureitansa (partitive plural)
alakulttuurejansa (partitive plural)
alakulttuurissaan (inessive singular)
alakulttuurissansa (inessive singular)
alakulttuureissaan (inessive plural)
alakulttuureissansa (inessive plural)
alakulttuuristaan (elative singular)
alakulttuuristansa (elative singular)
alakulttuureistaan (elative plural)
alakulttuureistansa (elative plural)
alakulttuuriinsa (illative singular)
alakulttuureihinsa (illative plural)
alakulttuurillaan (adessive singular)
alakulttuurillansa (adessive singular)
alakulttuureillaan (adessive plural)
alakulttuureillansa (adessive plural)
alakulttuuriltaan (ablative singular)
alakulttuuriltansa (ablative singular)
alakulttuureiltaan (ablative plural)
alakulttuureiltansa (ablative plural)
alakulttuurilleen (allative singular)
alakulttuurillensa (allative singular)
alakulttuureilleen (allative plural)
alakulttuureillensa (allative plural)
alakulttuurinaan (essive singular)
alakulttuurinansa (essive singular)
alakulttuureinaan (essive plural)
alakulttuureinansa (essive plural)
alakulttuurikseen (singular translative)
alakulttuuriksensa (singular translative)
alakulttuureikseen (plural translative)
alakulttuureiksensa (plural translative)
alakulttuurittaan (abessive singular)
alakulttuurittansa (abessive singular)
alakulttuureittaan (abessive plural)
alakulttuureittansa (abessive plural)
alakulttuureineen (comitative plural)
alakulttuureinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈɑ̝lɑ̝ˌkul̪t̪ːuːri]


polyculture

polyculture (countable and uncountable, plural polycultures)

What we have here is not a 'multiculture' as it is represented in multiculturalism, not a pluralist order of discrete patches of culture, all somehow, 'equally valid' within the polity, but—to form a Greek/Roman Creole—a polyculture, or at any rate a collection of cultural entities that are not (a) discrete and complete in themselves; (b) that are not in any sense 'intrinsically' 'equal'; and (c) are active together and hence bound up with change.

2003 (originally 1992), Roger Hewitt, Language, Youth and the Destabilisation of Ethnicity, R. Harris and B. Rampton (eds.), page 190

Marsdsen, R. (1993) 'Global Monoculture, Multiculture and Polyculture', Social Research 60 (3): 493–523.

2003, Angus Cameron, Ronen Palan, The Imagined Economies of Globalization, SAGE, →ISBN, page 179:

Finally, but equal in importance, this book aims to engage with the ongoing dialogue among scholars of race and ethnicity in America, specifically regarding conversations on the issues of multiculture, polyculture, and the persistence of race.

2007, Jeffrey F. L. Partridge, Beyond Literary Chinatown, American Ethnic and Cultural S:

Europe/the EU's internal collective group identity is polycultural and not yet multicultural as per its “United in Diversity” motto. The concept of polyculture is a borrowed term from the discipline of agriculture. […] This paper adds a third definition to these two definitions by proposing to include the dominant culture within the fold of the polyculture to make it a multicultural society.

2014, Kenan Aksu, Turkey: A Regional Power in the Making, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, page 128:

(sociology, uncommon) A multiculture; a polycultural society, sometimes especially one in which multiple cultures exist without one dominating.


habitus

habitus (countable and uncountable, plural habiti or habitus or habituses)

habiti (plural)
habitus (plural)
habituses (plural)

From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”). The plural habiti is a misconstruction, as the Latin plural is in fact habitūs. This is reflected by the English plural habitus, which is occasionally encountered. habiti may have been influenced by Latin habitī, the plural of the participle habitus; however, it is not the etymon of the English term.

(sociology) The lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectations of particular social groups that are acquired through the activities and experiences of everyday life.


habitus

id-noun

habitus (plural habitus-habitus, first-person possessive habitusku, second-person possessive habitusmu, third-person possessive habitusnya)

habitus-habitus (plural)
habitusku (first-person possessive)
habitusmu (possessive second-person)
habitusnya (possessive third-person)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch habitus, from Latin habitus.

(sociology) the lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectations of particular social groups that are acquired through the activities and experiences of everyday life.


Rolle

de-noun

Rolle f (genitive Rolle, plural Rollen, diminutive Röllchen n)

Rolle (genitive)
Rollen (plural)
Röllchen (diminutive neuter)
Rolle (nominative singular)
Rollen (definite nominative plural)
Rolle (genitive singular)
Rollen (definite genitive plural)
Rolle (dative singular)
Rollen (dative definite plural)
Rolle (accusative singular)
Rollen (accusative definite plural)

15th century, from Old French rolle, probably through Middle Dutch rolle (as also the verb rollen). Further from Latin rotula, rotulus. The sense “role” from the modern French descendant rôle.


detournement

en-noun

detournement (countable and uncountable, plural detournements)

(sociology) The reuse of elements of mainstream media to produce a subversive message.


asento

Borrowed from Spanish acento, ultimately from Latin accentus.

(sociolinguistics) accent (distinctive pronunciation associated with a region, social group, etc.)


dehabilitation

(sociology) The process of social estrangement and progressive loosening of social bonds between an individual and their family and society as a result of long-term residence in an institution.


intellectualism

intellectualism (countable and uncountable, plural intellectualisms)

(sociology) The use of mental attributes as a criterion or value.


transactional

en-adj

transactional (comparative more transactional, superlative most transactional)

more transactional (comparative)
most transactional (superlative)

(psychology, sociology) Based on value derived from transactions rather than on morals, ethics, or principles; pragmatic or amoral rather than moral.


anonim

id-noun

anonim (first-person possessive anonimku, second-person possessive anonimmu, third-person possessive anonimnya)

anonimku (first-person possessive)
anonimmu (possessive second-person)
anonimnya (possessive third-person)

From Dutch anoniem, from French anonyme, from Latin anōnymus, from Ancient Greek ἀνώνυμος (anṓnumos).


sheltered workshop

en-noun

sheltered workshop (plural sheltered workshops)

(sociology) A place where persons with limited mental ability can work in a safe environment.


Prekariat

de-noun

Prekariat n (strong, genitive Prekariates or Prekariats, plural Prekariate)

Prekariates (genitive)
Prekariats (genitive)
Prekariate (plural)

Es wird hier nicht viel gesagt zum Beispiel über Amazon und den siechen Einzelhandel, […] über diese krasse Prekariats-Armada aus Deliveroo-Sklaven, die auf Klapperrädern durch die Stadtzentren hecheln.

2017 January 26, Alard von Kittlitz, “Fuck you, Silicon Valley!”, in Die Zeit:


iron cage

(sociology) A theory proposed by Max Weber which argues that rationalization and rules trap humans in a figurative "cage" of thought.


Merton thesis

(sociology) A theory that significant developments in the modern world have a positive correlation with Protestant pietism, similar to Weber's link between success and the Protestant ethic.


tribo

Borrowed from Latin tribus f (“one of the three tribes of Rome”), from trēs (“three”).

bor+

(sociology, informal) subculture (portion of a culture distinguished by its customs)


gynocracy

en-noun

gynocracy (countable and uncountable, plural gynocracies)

(government, sociology) Synonym of gynecocracy


standard language

standard language (plural standard languages)

In modern standard languages, norms of usage often seem to be superimposed by prescriptive norms.

2014, Stephan Elspaß, Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German, University of Salzburg [Gijsbert Rutten, Rik Vosters, Wim Vandenbussche, Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900: A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective, John Benjamins Publishing Company] p. 303

(sociolinguistics) A form of a language that is institutionally promoted, regarded as the most "correct" or neutral variety; used by a population for public and formal purposes.

Some remain clusters of dialects like those of the Pamirs; others are at varying levels of stabilisation; some may be young standard languages, having only recently achieved that status; [...]

1978, James E. Alatis, International Dimensions of Bilingual Education, Georgetown University Press, page xii:

Not all standard languages have the backing of institutions such as the Académie française. English is a good example of a standard language without such a regulatory body.

1994, Suzanne Romaine, Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 85:

(sociolinguistics) A language that has a standard form as one of its varieties; a language that has undergone standardization.


認同

/ʐən⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋin⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/lim³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/zim³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/d͡zim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/d͡ziŋ¹¹ taŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐən⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/ŋin⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/lim³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/lim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/zim³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/d͡zim²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/d͡ziŋ¹¹ taŋ⁵⁵/

(psychology, sociology) identification; identity


mesolect

[...] one characteristic of the mesolect seems to be that it contains, not merely forms from the polar lects, but forms which in function, if not always in phonetic shape, are peculiar to itself.

1973 Sep, Derek Bickerton, “The Nature of a Creole Continuum”, in Language, 49(3), page 642:

(sociolinguistics) A variety of speech that is midway between the acrolect and the basilect.


anomic

en-adj

anomic (comparative more anomic, superlative most anomic)

more anomic (comparative)
most anomic (superlative)

Anglo-Indians (Eurasians) ceased to be counted as a separate category although we know from other evidence that many of that community, beleaguered and anomic as they often felt themselves to be, remained in railroad service (Bear, 2007).

2012 August 3, John Hurd, Ian J. Kerr, India’s Railway History: A Research Handbook (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section Two: South Asia; 27), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 22:

(sociology) Socially disorganized, disoriented or alienated.

anomický

socially disorganized, disoriented or alienated


有機

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (有機):
* → Japanese: 有機(ゆうき) (yūki)
* → Korean: 유기(有機) (yugi)
* → Vietnamese: hữu cơ (有機)

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki³³/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ki³³/

(attributive, sociology) organic (describing a form of social solidarity)


gatekeep

en-verb

gatekeep (third-person singular simple present gatekeeps, present participle gatekeeping, simple past and past participle gatekept)

gatekeeps (present singular third-person)
gatekeeping (participle present)
gatekept (participle past)
gatekept (past)

From gate + keep, as back-formation from gatekeeper.

(sociology) To limit (sometimes manipulatively, rather than directly) how much of a role another party, often a spouse, has in some task.


audism

From audio + -ism, modelled after racism and sexism. Coined by American academic Tom Humphries in 1975.

coinage

(sociology) Discrimination against deaf people in favor of hearing people.


morphologique

(relational) morphology; morphological
(sociology)


Verband

de-noun

Verband m (strong, genitive Verbandes or Verbands, plural Verbände)

Verbandes (genitive)
Verbands (genitive)
Verbände (plural)
Verband (nominative singular)
Verbände (definite nominative plural)
Verbandes (genitive singular)
Verbands (genitive singular)
Verbände (definite genitive plural)
Verband (dative singular)
Verbande (dative singular)
Verbänden (dative definite plural)
Verband (accusative singular)
Verbände (accusative definite plural)

(law, sociology) organisation/organization, union


Vetternwirtschaft

Vetternwirtschaft f (genitive Vetternwirtschaft, no plural)

Vetternwirtschaft (genitive)
Vetternwirtschaft (nominative singular)
Vetternwirtschaft (genitive singular)
Vetternwirtschaft (dative singular)
Vetternwirtschaft (accusative singular)


reinscribe

en-verb

reinscribe (third-person singular simple present reinscribes, present participle reinscribing, simple past and past participle reinscribed)

reinscribes (present singular third-person)
reinscribing (participle present)
reinscribed (participle past)
reinscribed (past)

This ambivalent anality both parodied national and gendered fantasies of “hardness” at the same time that it drew on dynamics of racial and queer mimesis to reinscribe hegemonic (white/ straight) masculinity.

2022, Marisol Cortez, “Ambivalent Anality: Revisiting the Queer Ecology of "the Jackass Moment"”, in Media+Environment:

(sociology) To reproduce an idea in a new context or manifestation, typically in a way that reinforces it or extends its influence.


patriarca

From Old Galician-Portuguese patriarca, patriarcha, borrowed from Late Latin patriarcha, from Byzantine Greek πατριάρχης (patriárkhēs, “the founder of the tribe/family”), from Ancient Greek πατριά (patriá, “generation, ancestry, descent, tribe, family”) + -άρχης (-árkhēs, “-arch”).

der

(sociology) patriarch (male head of a community or household)


microanalysis

en-noun

microanalysis (countable and uncountable, plural microanalyses)

(sociology) the analysis of individual or community social activity e.g. family relationships.


structuration

structuration (countable and uncountable, plural structurations)

(sociology) A theory proposed by Anthony Giddens in an attempt to reconcile theoretical dichotomies of social systems such as agency/structure, subjective/objective, and micro/macro perspectives.


FSW

(sociology) Initialism of female sex worker.


criminologia

From criminal (“criminal”) + -ologia (“-ology”).

af

(psychology, sociology) criminology (the study of crime and of the behaviour of criminals)


literary language

Literary languages have been enriched by dialects and have at the same time assisted the levelling out of dialectical differences which in its turn has contributed to ….

1977, Magomet Izmaylovich Isayev, National languages in the USSR: problems and solutions, Прогресс, p. 316

I would note that almost 12% of the population of the SRCroatia are Serbs and that they are obliged to use the "Croatian literary language" for official purposes even though this is not their native language.

1990, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Operations, Views on the Serbo-Croatian Language Service at the Voice of America:

Gaj argued that the establishment of a common literary language was essential for the development of an Illyrian national consciousness and he attempted to bring together the three main dialects used by the Southern Slavs...

2003, Alex J. Bellamy, The Formation of Croatian National Identity, page 44:

The Erzya and Moksha population, especially in urban areas, has become increasingly exposed to Russian; within this context, both the literary languages and the dialects have been affected to a considerable extent. In the course of being update the literary languages have experienced radical changes. An abundance of Russian terminology has been introduced in dictionaries; grammars have been prescribing the use of concurrent forms of the native and Russian languages as a norm.

2013, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, Mémoires de la Société finno-ougrienne, Volume 268 of Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia, Nimilehti painettu Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kirjapainossa, →ISBN, page 14:

As they explain, 'the literary language is first of all a collection of expressive habits and customs, and to preserve the purity of the literary language can mean nothing other than to preserve these habits and customs' (Guberina and Krsic/ 1940: 77).

2014, K. Langston, A. Peti-Stantic, Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia:

(sociolinguistics, Slavistics) A language variety used as an institutional norm in a community, opposed to vernacular dialects; a standard language.

gjuhë letrare

supraregional idiom — see also standard language, standard


precarity

en-noun

precarity (countable and uncountable, plural precarities)

/pɹəˈkɛɹɪti/

/pɹəˈkɛəɹɪti/

Borrowed from New Latin precārietās. By surface analysis, precarious + -ity, leading to the syncopation.

A phenomenon that catches a general tendency towards obscurity is what Standing calls "uptitling" - to give a job a high-sounding epithet to conceal its precarity and, I would say, its substance.

2014, Roland Paulsen, Empty Labor: Idleness and Workplace Resistance, →ISBN, page 82:

Does the boy sense, already, the precarity of all this?

2021, Anthony Doerr, Cloud Cuckoo Land, page 622:

(sociology) A condition of existence without predictability or security, affecting material or psychological welfare.


acculturare

it-verb

acculturàre (first-person singular present accultùro, first-person singular past historic acculturài, past participle acculturàto, auxiliary avére)

acculturàre (canonical)
accultùro (first-person present singular)
acculturài (first-person historic past singular)
acculturàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
acculturàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
acculturàndo (gerund)
acculturànte (participle present)
acculturàto (participle past)
accultùro (first-person indicative present singular)
accultùri (indicative present second-person singular)
accultùra (indicative present singular third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
acculturàte (indicative plural present second-person)
accultùrano (indicative plural present third-person)
acculturàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
acculturàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
acculturàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
acculturavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
acculturavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
acculturàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
acculturài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
acculturàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
acculturò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
acculturàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
acculturàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
acculturàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
acculturerò (first-person future indicative singular)
acculturerài (future indicative second-person singular)
acculturerà (future indicative singular third-person)
acculturerémo (first-person future indicative plural)
accultureréte (future indicative plural second-person)
acculturerànno (future indicative plural third-person)
acculturerèi (conditional first-person present singular)
acculturerésti (conditional present second-person singular)
acculturerèbbe (conditional present singular third-person)
acculturerébbe (conditional present singular third-person)
acculturerémmo (conditional first-person plural present)
accultureréste (conditional plural present second-person)
acculturerèbbero (conditional plural present third-person)
acculturerébbero (conditional plural present third-person)
accultùri (first-person present singular subjunctive)
accultùri (present second-person singular subjunctive)
accultùri (present singular subjunctive third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
acculturiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
accultùrino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
acculturàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
acculturàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
acculturàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
acculturàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
acculturàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
acculturàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
accultùra (imperative second-person singular)
accultùri (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
acculturàte (imperative plural second-person)
accultùrino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
acculturàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
accultùri (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
acculturiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
acculturàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
accultùrino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

(transitive, sociology, ethnology) to acculturate


social status

en-noun

social status (countable and uncountable, plural social statuses)

(sociology) One's position within a social hierarchy, one's social class along with any personal social advantages or disadvantages, one's value relative to society.

սոցիալական կարգավիճակ

honor or prestige attached to one's position in society


achieved status

achieved status (plural achieved statuses)

Coordinate term: ascribed status

The modern ideal is to organize society as a system of achieved status, where a higher position is based on personal achievements rather than immutable characteristics.

2022, W. David Marx, chapter 1, in Status and Culture, Viking, →ISBN:

(sociology) A person's social status that is acquired, such as being an Olympic athlete, being a criminal, or being a college professor.


ascribed status

ascribed status (plural ascribed statuses)

Coordinate term: achieved status

Older societies built their hierarchies on ascribed status, where individuals received their social ranking based on predetermined criteria, such as age, ethnic group, occupation, and gender.

(sociology) The social status that a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life.


economic mobility

economic mobility (countable and uncountable, plural economic mobilities)

(sociology) The ability of a person or group of people to improve their income and social status, whether in an individual lifetime or between generations.


master status

(sociology) The social status that is a person’s primary socially identifying characteristic, such as being the queen.


social mobility

(sociology) The degree to which, in a given society, an individual's, family's, or group's social status can change throughout the course of their life through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.

社會流動

degree to which social status can change


comparative ethics

(anthropology, sociology, ethics) A type of descriptive ethics, focused on studying the nature and origins of beliefs about morality held by people in diverse social or cultural groups.


eugenika

id-noun

eugenika (first-person possessive eugenikaku, second-person possessive eugenikamu, third-person possessive eugenikanya)

eugenikaku (first-person possessive)
eugenikamu (possessive second-person)
eugenikanya (possessive third-person)

Internationalism, borrowed from English eugenics.


normalcy bias

(sociology) A human tendency to respond to threat warnings with disbelief or minimization, and to similarly underestimate a disaster's deleterious effects.


criminologico

it-adj

criminologico (feminine criminologica, masculine plural criminologici, feminine plural criminologiche)

criminologica (feminine)
criminologici (masculine plural)
criminologiche (feminine plural)


anomi

From French anomie, from Ancient Greek ἀνομία (anomía).


deviace

deviace (nominative singular)
deviace (nominative plural)
deviace (genitive singular)
deviací (genitive plural)
deviaci (dative singular)
deviacím (dative plural)
deviaci (accusative singular)
deviace (accusative plural)
deviace (singular vocative)
deviace (plural vocative)
deviaci (locative singular)
deviacích (locative plural)
deviací (instrumental singular)
deviacemi (instrumental plural)


reappropriate

en-verb

reappropriate (third-person singular simple present reappropriates, present participle reappropriating, simple past and past participle reappropriated)

reappropriates (present singular third-person)
reappropriating (participle present)
reappropriated (participle past)
reappropriated (past)

Once a term of homophobic abuse, the term “queer” has been reappropriated as a marker for some gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT), and other marginalized sexual identities.

The term 'People of the Book' has been reappropriated as a means of self-identification by Jews and by the members of certain Christian denominations.

2023 August 3, Wikipedia contributors, “People of the Book”, in English Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation:

(sociology) (of a group) To reclaim a term that was previously used to disparage that group.


criminogeno

it-adj

criminogeno (feminine criminogena, masculine plural criminogeni, feminine plural criminogene)

criminogena (feminine)
criminogeni (masculine plural)
criminogene (feminine plural)

(sociology) criminogenic (engendering crime, generating crime)


assimilationist

Spanish-language education is not favored by assimilationist parents of Latino children in the US.

To the assimilationists, American Jews have not merely acculturated — they have assimilated.

1998, Norman Linzer, David J. Schnall, Jerome A. Chanes, A Portrait of the American Jewish Community, page xii:

The conflict between melting-pot assimilationists and cultural pluralists betrays a fundamental uncertainty about the meaning of American nationhood, and about the role ethnicity plays in it.

1999, Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State: The United States, Germany, and Great Britain, page 147:

The one area where there was at least some agreement between assimilationists and Zionists was Palestine.

2000, Bruce F. Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism, page 224:

(sociology) An advocate of the policy or practice of the assimilation of immigrant or other minority cultures into a mainstream culture.

asymilant

an advocate of the assimilation into a mainstream culture


assimilationist

en-adj

assimilationist (comparative more assimilationist, superlative most assimilationist)

more assimilationist (comparative)
most assimilationist (superlative)

I wonder: if it had not been for GCN, would I now be the one who settles for the semi-closeted, factionalized world that Bay Windows and its ilk define as Shangri-la? Perhaps. What is certain, however, is that you have never jettisoned concern fror anybody for the sake of popularity and (gulp) assimilationist marketability.

1990 December 9, Ed Fendor, “The Promised Land”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 21, page 4:

Shortly after Chiang Kaishek came to power, however, the GMD^([Guomindang]) once again withdrew its support for self-determination and pursued a more assimilationist strategy.

2000, Katherine Palmer Kaup, Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China, page 62:

SCP^([Social and Cultural Planning Office of the Netherlands]) was also more explicitly involved in advocating a more assimilationist approach in this period.

2011, Peter Scholten, Framing Immigrant Integration: Dutch Research-Policy Dialogues in Comparative Perspective, page 187:

Although there have been many attempts throughout history by the state to assist Maori, many government policies have been paternalistic and assimilationist in nature.

2012, Robert Consedine, Joana Consedine, Healing Our History, page 22:

To an extent, reformers – such as the Vietnamese and Tunisian constitutionalists or the Antilleans and Malagasies of the LFADCIM^([French League for the Attainment of the Rights of Citizens of the Natives of Madagascar]) – were more assimilationist than radicals in the sense that they demanded an extension of French citizenship rights and of naturalization.

2015, Michael Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism, page 224:

(sociology) Of or pertaining to assimilationism; promoting or advocating assimilationism.


arrivismo

(sociology) arrivisme (the state or behaviour of an arriviste)


klase

Borrowed from Spanish clase (“class”), from Latin classis.

klaseng manggagawa


klasa

klasa (nominative singular)
klasë (nominative plural)
klasë (genitive singular)
klas (genitive plural)
klasów (genitive plural)
klase (dative singular)
klasóm (dative plural)
klasã (accusative singular)
klasë (accusative plural)
klasą (instrumental singular)
klasama (instrumental plural)
klase (locative singular)
klasach (locative plural)
klaso (singular vocative)
klasë (plural vocative)


klasa

pl-noun

klasa f (related adjective klasowy, abbreviation kl.)

klasowy (adjective)
kl. (abbreviation)
klasa (nominative singular)
klasy (nominative plural)
klasy (genitive singular)
klas (genitive plural)
klasie (dative singular)
klasom (dative plural)
klasę (accusative singular)
klasy (accusative plural)
klasą (instrumental singular)
klasami (instrumental plural)
klasie (locative singular)
klasach (locative plural)
klaso (singular vocative)
klasy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: klasa

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Klasse or French classe, ultimately from Latin classis. Sense 13 is a semantic loan from English class. First attested in 1688.

ref

Jan Damasceński (1688) Mateusz Ignacy Kuligowski, transl., Krolewic Indiyski w Polski stroy przybrany Albo Historya O Swiętym Jozaphacie … y o Swiętym Barlaamie …/ Od Swiętego Iana Damascena napisana, a z Græckiego ięzyka na Łaciński od Iakuba Billiusza … przetłumaczona; Teraz zaś Przez X. Matthevsza Ignacego Kvligowskiego … na wiersz Polski przełożona … (in Polish), page 199:
Tákże, ktorzy Boginią swą bydź wyznawáią Element Wodę, y ći w głupstwie podlegáią Swym błędowi: bo Wodá od Bogá stworzona Iest ludźiom ná pożytek, y w moc im zlecona, Po ktorey oni wierzchu w rozmáite czásy Wypráwuią okręty, y woienne klássy; Bywa też poszpeconą od nich, bo do wody Ludźie rożne miotáią y gnoie, y smrody; A gdy ią ogień zwárzy, odmiány nábywa; Y częstokroć własnego koloru pozbywa: Bo zmieszána z iáką krwią iest czerwona: z wody Stáią się tákże przez mroz kryształowe lody.

(countable, sociology) class (social grouping)


klasa

klasa (nominative singular)
klasy (nominative plural)
klasy (genitive singular)
klas (genitive plural)
klasie (dative singular)
klasōm (dative plural)
klasã (accusative singular)
klasy (accusative plural)
klasōm (instrumental singular)
klasami (instrumental plural)
klasōma (instrumental plural)
klasie (locative singular)
klasach (locative plural)
klaso (singular vocative)
klasy (plural vocative)


równość

równość (nominative singular)
równości (nominative plural)
równości (genitive singular)
równości (genitive plural)
równości (dative singular)
równościom (dative plural)
równość (accusative singular)
równości (accusative plural)
równością (instrumental singular)
równościami (instrumental plural)
równości (locative singular)
równościach (locative plural)
równości (singular vocative)
równości (plural vocative)


hipis

pl-noun

hipis m pers (female equivalent hipiska)

hipiska (feminine)
hipis (nominative singular)
hipisi (nominative plural)
hipisy (derogatory nominative plural)
hipisa (genitive singular)
hipisów (genitive plural)
hipisowi (dative singular)
hipisom (dative plural)
hipisa (accusative singular)
hipisów (accusative plural)
hipisem (instrumental singular)
hipisami (instrumental plural)
hipisie (locative singular)
hipisach (locative plural)
hipisie (singular vocative)
hipisi (plural vocative)

Holonym: dzieci kwiaty

(historical, sociology) hippie (1960s nonconformist)


enregister

en-verb

enregister (third-person singular simple present enregisters, present participle enregistering, simple past and past participle enregistered)

enregisters (present singular third-person)
enregistering (participle present)
enregistered (participle past)
enregistered (past)

Thus, by systematically labelling Singlish as 'broken English', official discourses enregister Singlish as a low-proficiency version of English and a hindrance to the nation's path toward globalisation.

2022 January 13, Tong King Lee, “Spiaking Singlish: The politics of ludic English in Singapore”, in Language in Society, volume 52, number 2, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 249:

(linguistics, sociology) To become a register ("a style of a language used in a particular context").


osztály

osztályok (plural)
osztály (nominative singular)
osztályok (nominative plural)
osztályt (accusative singular)
osztályokat (accusative plural)
osztálynak (dative singular)
osztályoknak (dative plural)
osztállyal (instrumental singular)
osztályokkal (instrumental plural)
osztályért (causal-final singular)
osztályokért (causal-final plural)
osztállyá (singular translative)
osztályokká (plural translative)
osztályig (singular terminative)
osztályokig (plural terminative)
osztályként (essive-formal singular)
osztályokként (essive-formal plural)
osztályul (essive-modal singular)
osztályban (inessive singular)
osztályokban (inessive plural)
osztályon (singular superessive)
osztályokon (plural superessive)
osztálynál (adessive singular)
osztályoknál (adessive plural)
osztályba (illative singular)
osztályokba (illative plural)
osztályra (singular sublative)
osztályokra (plural sublative)
osztályhoz (allative singular)
osztályokhoz (allative plural)
osztályból (elative singular)
osztályokból (elative plural)
osztályról (delative singular)
osztályokról (delative plural)
osztálytól (ablative singular)
osztályoktól (ablative plural)
osztályé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
osztályoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
osztályéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
osztályokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
osztályom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
osztályaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
osztályod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
osztályaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
osztálya (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
osztályai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
osztályunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
osztályaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
osztályotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
osztályaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
osztályuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
osztályaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Schöpflin Aladár vetette fel először, hogy Vargha költészetének a századvégen egyedülálló hazafias pesszimizmusa az Adyéval rokon. Persze, igazában semmi sincs élesebb ellentétben Ady politikai pesszimizmusával, mint az övé. Míg ugyanis Ady az uralkodó osztály bűneiben látja a veszedelmet, Vargha pesszimizmusa az uralmában fenyegetett uralkodó osztály aggodalma az éles ellenzéki támadások miatt.

1965, István Sőtér, editor, A magyar irodalom története, volume 4, page 687:

(sociology, politics) class (social grouping, based on job, wealth, etc.)


aile planlaması

head

aile planlaması (definite accusative aile planlamasını, uncountable)

aile planlamasını (accusative definite)
aile planlaması (nominative singular)
aile planlamaları (nominative plural)
aile planlamasını (accusative definite singular)
aile planlamalarını (accusative definite plural)
aile planlamasına (dative singular)
aile planlamalarına (dative plural)
aile planlamasında (locative singular)
aile planlamalarında (locative plural)
aile planlamasından (ablative singular)
aile planlamalarından (ablative plural)
aile planlamasının (genitive singular)
aile planlamalarının (genitive plural)


absolutisme

ms-noun

absolutisme (Jawi spelling ابسولوتيسمى, plural absolutisme-absolutisme, informal 1st possessive absolutismeku, 2nd possessive absolutismemu, 3rd possessive absolutismenya)

ابسولوتيسمى (Jawi)
absolutisme-absolutisme (plural)
absolutismeku (first-person informal possessive)
absolutismemu (possessive second-person)
absolutismenya (possessive third-person)

(political science, sociology) absolutism.


rememberer

(sociolinguistics) One who remembers several words and phrases from a moribund language, but never became fluent in it.


absolutyzm

absolutyzm (nominative singular)
absolutyzmu (genitive singular)
absolutyzmowi (dative singular)
absolutyzm (accusative singular)
absolutyzmem (instrumental singular)
absolutyzmie (locative singular)
absolutyzmie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French absolutisme, from Latin absolūtus. By surface analysis, absolut + -yzm. First attested in 1760.

ref

Krystyna Siekierska (29.01.2015) “ABSOLUTYZM”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(political science, sociology) absolutism (despotism; the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; )


意識形態

ㄧˋ ㄕˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄞˋ

ㄧˋ ㄕˋ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄞˋ

/i⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jiː³³ sɪk̚⁵ jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

/i⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jiː³³ sɪk̚⁵ jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³/

德意志意識形態

德意志意识形态

If in all ideology men and their relations appear upside-down as in a camera obscura, this phenomenon arises just as much from their historical life-process as the inversion of objects on the retina does from their physical life-process.

1845-1846, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, 《德意志意識形態》

Rúguǒ zài quánbù yìshí xíngtài zhōng, rénmen hé tāmen de guānxì jiùxiàng zài zhàoxiàngjī zhōng yīyàng shì dǎolì chéng xiàng de, nà me zhè zhǒng xiànxiàng yě shì cóng rénmen shēnghuó de lìshǐ guòchéng zhōng chǎnshēng de, zhèngrú wùtǐ zài shì wǎngmó shàng de dǎoyǐng shì zhíjiē cóng rénmen shēnghuó de shēnglǐ guòchéng zhōng chǎnshēng de yīyàng.

如果在全部意識形態中，人們和他們的關係就像在照相機中一樣是倒立呈像的，那麼這種現象也是從人們生活的歷史過程中產生的，正如物體在視網膜上的倒影是直接從人們生活的生理過程中產生的一樣。

如果在全部意识形态中，人们和他们的关系就像在照相机中一样是倒立呈像的，那么这种现象也是从人们生活的历史过程中产生的，正如物体在视网膜上的倒影是直接从人们生活的生理过程中产生的一样。


gylany

en-noun

gylany (countable and uncountable, plural gylanies)

From Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ, “woman”) + English l(inking) and Ancient Greek λ(ύειν) (l(úein)), λ(ύω) (l(úō), “to dissolve, sever; to release, set free”) + Ancient Greek ἀνδρός (andrós) (genitive singular of ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”)) + -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a state, condition, or quality); coined by the Austrian-born American cultural historian and author Riane Eisler (born 1931) in writings in the 1980s, including The Chalice and the Blade (1987): see the quotations.

suffix

[T]he two projected androcratic futures—a totalitarian future or no future at all—are not our only alternatives. There is the third alternative, the humanistic future to which the concept of gylany, both the balanced core and the logical requirement of our cultural evolution, provides the key.

1981 December, Riane Tennenhaus Eisler, “Gylany: The Balanced Future”, in Futures: The Journal of Forecasting, Planning and Policy, volume 13, number 6, Oxford: Elsevier Science, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, abstract, page 499:

It seems particularly fitting to use terms of Greek derivation to describe how these two contrasting social models have affected our cultural evolution. For the conflict between gylany and androcracy as two very different ways of living on this earth—and the advancement of our evolution through gylanic influences—is dramatically illustrated if we take a fresh look at ancient Greece from the new perspective offered by cultural transformation theory.

1987, Riane Eisler, “The Other Half of History: Part I”, in The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future, San Francisco, Calif.: Harper & Row, →ISBN, page 106:

Old Europe and Anatolia, as well as Minoan Crete, were a gylany. A balanced, non-patriarchal and non-matriarchal social system is reflected by religion, mythologies, and folklore, by studies of the social structure of Old European and Minoan cultures, and is supported by the continuity of the elements of a matrilinear system in ancient Greece, Etruria, Rome, the Basque, and other countries of Europe.

1989, Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization, San Francisco, Calif.: Harper & Row, →ISBN, page xx:

In a gylany, the sexes are "linked" rather than hierarchically "ranked" which is typical of patriarchal societies. The existence of gylanies or societies with a balanced authority among men and women has been evidenced by ethnology and anthropology. Gylany must not be confused with matriarchy which never existed and which has the value of a myth like the one about the Amazons[…]. Civilization in Old Europe is among the examples of an early gylany in mankind's cultural history.

1996, Harald Haarmann, “Iconography, Symbolism and Writing at the Dawn of Civilization – Old Europe from the Seventh to the Fourth Millennia B.C.”, in Thomas A[lbert] Sebeok, Roland Posner, Alain Rey, editors, Early Civilization and Literacy in Europe: An Inquiry into Cultural Continuity in the Mediterranean World (Approaches to Semiotics; 124), Berlin, New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, Walter de Gruyter & Co., →ISBN, pages 13–14:

Once in our sights, gylany seems in abundant evidence as a worldwide societal phenomenon before about 3000 bce, when it, together with the Mother Goddess religion underpinning it, yields universally to the blood-and-thunder sky-gods of warrior societies. Did anything like gylany ever exist in the ancient Cherokee world?

2013, Donald N. Yates, “The Mother Goddess in America”, in Old Souls in a New World: The Secret History of the Cherokee Indians (Cherokee Chapbooks; 7), 2nd edition, Phoenix, Ariz.: Panther’s Lodge Publishers, →ISBN, page 66:

(sociology) A social system based on equality of women and men.


enregistered

en-adj

enregistered (comparative more enregistered, superlative most enregistered)

more enregistered (comparative)
most enregistered (superlative)

The analysis of communicative practice is thus dedicated to socially enregistered spellings in action and shows which local indexicality governs the communicative context of a written utterance.

2022 January 7, Florian Busch, “Enregistered spellings in interaction”, in Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, volume 40, number 3, De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 307:

(linguistics, sociology) That which has been made into a register ("a style of a language used in a particular context").


misrecognize

en-verb

misrecognize (third-person singular simple present misrecognizes, present participle misrecognizing, simple past and past participle misrecognized)

misrecognizes (present singular third-person)
misrecognizing (participle present)
misrecognized (participle past)
misrecognized (past)

When people did participate in blat practice, they misrecognized their actions through narratives of friendship (Ledeneva 2003:12).

2007, Carolyn L. Hsu, Creating Market Socialism, →ISBN, page 151:

(sociology) To deliberately fail to recognize, or pretend to do so


isomorfismo

(biology, algebra, chemistry, sociology, computer science) isomorphism


Kontingenz

de-noun

Kontingenz f (genitive Kontingenz, no plural)

Kontingenz (genitive)
Kontingenz (nominative singular)
Kontingenz (genitive singular)
Kontingenz (dative singular)
Kontingenz (accusative singular)

Borrowed from Late Latin contingentia, from contingō (“come into contact”).

(philosophy, psychology, sociology, statistics) contingency (quality of being contingent; unpredictability)


Sozialpsychologie

Sozialpsychologie f (genitive Sozialpsychologie, no plural)

Sozialpsychologie (genitive)
Sozialpsychologie (nominative singular)
Sozialpsychologie (genitive singular)
Sozialpsychologie (dative singular)
Sozialpsychologie (accusative singular)

(sociology, psychology) social psychology (study of how people and groups interact)


antisegregation

The antisegregation movement faced profound challenges.

(sociology) Opposed to segregation, especially racial segregation


metanetwork

(communication, management, sociology) A network of networks.


naturalista

pl-noun

naturalista m pers (female equivalent naturalistka)

naturalistka (feminine)
naturalista (nominative singular)
naturaliści (nominative plural)
naturalisty (derogatory nominative plural)
naturalisty (genitive singular)
naturalistów (genitive plural)
naturaliście (dative singular)
naturalistom (dative plural)
naturalistę (accusative singular)
naturalistów (accusative plural)
naturalistą (instrumental singular)
naturalistami (instrumental plural)
naturaliście (locative singular)
naturalistach (locative plural)
naturalisto (singular vocative)
naturaliści (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French naturaliste. First attested in 1629.

(sociology) naturalist (one who believe in naturalism, the belief that social phenomena can be explained via phenomena by nature)


outgroup

(sociology) The group of people who do not belong to one's own social group.


ingroup

You will learn a lot about formal and informal Japanese language throughout this book. In Japanese society a distinction is made between the 'in-group' (myself, my family, my work colleagues, my friends) and the 'out-group' (my seniors, people from other families and workplaces). Politeness is an important traditional aspect of Japanese life and this is reflected strongly in the language used when speaking to those in the out-group. More informal language is generally used within the in-group.

2008, Helen Gilhooly, chapter 1, in Complete Japanese, →ISBN, page 12:

(sociology) The social group that one belongs to.


antiviolence

And one-quarter of teenagers in relationships say they have been called names or harassed by their partner through cellphones and text messages, according to a study commissioned by the clothing company Liz Claiborne, which sponsors antiviolence programs.

2009 January 27, Stephanie Clifford, “Teaching Teenagers About Harassment”, in New York Times:

(law enforcement, sociology) Acting against or opposing violence.


self-hatred

en-noun

self-hatred (usually uncountable, plural self-hatreds)

(sociology) Disrespect or disdain for one’s own demographic (but not necessarily oneself).


culture vulture

culture vulture (plural culture vultures)

/ˈkʌlt͡ʃə ˌvʌlt͡ʃə/

/ˈkʌlt͡ʃəɹ ˌvʌlt͡ʃəɹ/

However, a different indigenous researcher sees the use of restorative justice circles by nonindigenous people as being more of culture vultures and taking culture applicable to them and ignoring a brutal history of abuse, oppression, and genocide.

2020, Thomas Reed, “A Critical Review of the Native American Tradition of Circle Practices”, in Robin Throne, editor, Indigenous Research of Land, Self, and Spirit (Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies Book Series), Hershey, Pa.: Information Science Reference, IGI Global, published 2021, →ISBN, page 135:

Similarly, plug-in culture participates in a long history of cultural appropriation related to the construction of the male neoliberal subject. Think about Diplo, EDM producer-DJ and oft-accused "culture vulture," whose modus operandi involves applying Western, Eurocentric, and Americanized EDM styles to samples from global dance music communities.

2022, Mike D’Errico, “Plug-in Cultures”, in Push: Software Design and the Cultural Politics of Music Production, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Sonic Architectures), page 43:

cultural appropriation
cultural appropriation

cultural appropriator
cultural appropriator

(slang, derogatory, sociology) Someone who engages in cultural appropriation; a cultural appropriator.


ethnobotany

ethnobotany (usually uncountable, plural ethnobotanies)

(botany, sociology) The scientific study of the relationships between people and plants.


biosocial

Man’s so-called instinctual needs are actually shaped—and this may include inhibiting, fostering, or even creating “needs”—by the social games prevalent in his milieu. The view of a dual, biosocial determination of behavior has become incorporated into psychoanalytic theory through increasing emphasis on ego psychology and object relationships.

1974, Thomas S. Szasz, chapter 12, in The Myth of Mental Illness, →ISBN, page 199:

(biology, sociology) Of or pertaining to both biological and social features.


antitorture

en-adj

antitorture (comparative more antitorture, superlative most antitorture)

more antitorture (comparative)
most antitorture (superlative)

To be sure, Mr. Panetta emphasized that the president could not bypass antitorture statutes, as Bush lawyers claimed.

2009 February 18, Charlie Savage, “Obama’s War on Terror May Resemble Bush’s in Some Areas”, in New York Times:

(sociology) Acting against or opposing torture.


counterplay

en-noun

counterplay (countable and uncountable, plural counterplays)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-counterplay.wav

Near-synonyms: griefing, playing off meta — colloquial

(video games, sociology, literary) A subversive style of gameplay in which a player attempts to overturn the usual rules and conventions of the game.


antibourgeois

en-adj

antibourgeois (comparative more antibourgeois, superlative most antibourgeois)

more antibourgeois (comparative)
most antibourgeois (superlative)


folk devil

It may be true, as Fred Robinson, a senior researcher at Newcastle University said, "Many people view Mrs. Thatcher as a kind of folk devil.

1987 July 9, Steve Lohr, “Newcastle Journal: Half of England where jobs are as rare as Tories”, in New York Times, retrieved 2009-02-27:

"Every time things become problematic we start careering towards social causes and pick on a folk devil to attribute all evil."

1996 December 18, Robert Verkaik, “‘Crash’ tackling”, in The Independent (UK), retrieved 2014-06-08:

There is always a tendency, in the mainstream as much as the fringes, to blame real or imagined social problems on a folk devil.

2013 October 20, Jesse Walker, “Conspiracies: Five things they don’t want you to know”, in Boston Globe, retrieved 2014-06-08:

(idiomatic, sociology) A person or type of person blamed by the public for various ills, as during a moral panic.


biais

Probably borrowed from Old Occitan biais (“oblique direction”), of uncertain origin. Possibly via Vulgar Latin *bigassius from Ancient Greek ἐπικάρσιος (epikársios, “athwart”), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + κάρσιος (kársios, “oblique”) (root Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”)); alternatively (preferred by TFLi) from Vulgar Latin *biaxius "with two axes".

der

biais cognitif

biais de sélection

biais de confirmation


antiracism

en-noun

antiracism (usually uncountable, plural antiracisms)

Singleton talked in June about antiracism being pitted against the immense coupled forces of “white dysconsciousness and power” and told me that he hadn’t watched the video of Floyd’s killing, because “I believe once I’ve seen the video it will change the person I am.

2020 July 15, Daniel Bergner, “‘White Fragility’ Is Everywhere. But Does Antiracism Training Work?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

One can divide antiracism into three waves along the lines that feminism has been. First Wave Antiracism battled slavery and legalized segregation. Second Wave Antiracism, in the 1970s and ’80s, battled racist attitudes and taught America that being racist is a moral flaw. Third Wave Antiracism, becoming mainstream in the 2010s, teaches that because racism is baked into the structure of society, whites’ “complicity” in living within it constitutes racism itself, […]

2021, John H. McWhorter, chapter 1, in Woke Racism, New York: Forum, →ISBN:


TAM

TAM (countable and uncountable, plural TAMs)

technology acceptance model
w:technology acceptance model

(computing, sociology) Initialism of technology acceptance model.


sociophysiology

(sociology, physiology) An interdisciplinary field of research encompassing sociology and physiology


integrasi

id-noun

intêgrasi (first-person possessive integrasiku, second-person possessive integrasimu, third-person possessive integrasinya)

intêgrasi (canonical)
integrasiku (first-person possessive)
integrasimu (possessive second-person)
integrasinya (possessive third-person)

From Dutch integratie, ultimately from Latin integratio.

(politics, government, sociology) the process of fitting into a community, notably applied to 'visible' (ethnic, immigrant...) minorities.


stadial

en-adj

stadial (comparative more stadial, superlative most stadial)

more stadial (comparative)
most stadial (superlative)

He drew on the growing ethnographic record contained in travellers' tales about extra-European societies to develop a stadial view of human evolution according to which each society passed through the stages of hunting, pastoral life, farming, and trading – a schema which had no place for scriptural precept.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 188:

(archaeology, sociology) Pertaining to or existing in successive stages of a given culture, society etc.


isophenogamy

(sociology) mating between people who have the same phenotype (who bear a somatic resemblance to each other)


SED

en-noun

SED (countable and uncountable, plural SEDs)

(sociology) Initialism of socio-economic development.


liminality

liminality (countable and uncountable, plural liminalities)

The second way Novalis seeks to repotentize his thought is by striving to evoke feelings conducive to liminality.

1998, Joseph Frederick Bailey, Theorizing night vision: Novalis's "Hymnen an die Nacht.", page 209:

(anthropology, philosophy, sociology, psychology) The state or quality of ambiguity which exists in the middle stage of certain events or rituals (such as a rite of passage or a society-wide revolution), during which the participating individual or group no longer holds its pre-ritual status but has not yet attained the status it will hold when the ritual has been completed.


warstwa

pl-noun

warstwa f (diminutive warstewka, related adjective warstwowy)

warstewka (diminutive)
warstwowy (adjective)
warstwa (nominative singular)
warstwy (nominative plural)
warstwy (genitive singular)
warstw (genitive plural)
warstwie (dative singular)
warstwom (dative plural)
warstwę (accusative singular)
warstwy (accusative plural)
warstwą (instrumental singular)
warstwami (instrumental plural)
warstwie (locative singular)
warstwach (locative plural)
warstwo (singular vocative)
warstwy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьrstva. First attested in the 16th century. Doublet of wiorsta.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “warstwa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(sociology) stratum (class of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status)


politologico

it-adj

politologico (feminine politologica, masculine plural politologici, feminine plural politologiche)

politologica (feminine)
politologici (masculine plural)
politologiche (feminine plural)

From politologia (“political science”, noun) + -ico.

af

(politics, sociology, relational) political science


solidariedade

From solidário (“characterised by solidarity”) + -dade (“-ity”), from Latin solidum (“whole sum”), neuter of solidus (“solid; gold coin”).

suffix

(sociology) solidarity (unifying bond between individuals with common goal or enemy)


missocialisation

(sociology) Inadequate or disadvantageous socialisation; especially of a child


postinformation

Whereas the initially perceived risks are the result of a voluntary self-selection process, the postinformation risks are not...

1987, W Kip Viscusi, Wesley A Magat, Joel Huber, Learning about risk:

Participants in the course of performing their postinformation writing task apparently formed a new representation that was generally more abstract...

2007, Tina M Lowrey, Psycholinguistic phenomena in marketing communications:

(psychology, sociology) After the receipt of information.


tensão

Borrowed from Latin tēnsiōnem (“stretching; tension”), from tendō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, draw”). Doublet of the inherited tesão.

der

(sociology) a situation where conflict between social groups is imminent


macroanalysis

en-noun

macroanalysis (countable and uncountable, plural macroanalyses)

(sociology) the analysis of the highest levels of social activity e.g. social stratification.


socjologia

socjologia (nominative singular)
socjologii (genitive singular)
socjologii (dative singular)
socjologię (accusative singular)
socjologią (instrumental singular)
socjologii (locative singular)
socjologio (singular vocative)

From socjo- (“socio-”) + -logia (“-logics”).


crassi

From Latin classis (“division; fleet; group; class”), from Proto-Italic *klāssis, from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₁-d-ti-, derived from the root *kelh₁- (“to call, cry, summon”).


акцент

uk-noun

акце́нт<genu>

акце́нт • (akcént) m inan (genitive акце́нту, nominative plural акце́нти, genitive plural акце́нтів)

акце́нт (canonical)
akcént (romanization)
акце́нту (genitive)
акце́нти (nominative plural)
акце́нтів (genitive plural)
акце́нт (nominative singular)
акце́нти (nominative plural)
акце́нту (genitive singular)
акце́нтів (genitive plural)
акце́нтові (dative singular)
акце́нту (dative singular)
акце́нтам (dative plural)
акце́нт (accusative singular)
акце́нти (accusative plural)
акце́нтом (instrumental singular)
акце́нтами (instrumental plural)
акце́нті (locative singular)
акце́нтах (locative plural)
акце́нте (singular vocative)
акце́нти (plural vocative)

uk-ndecl

акце́нт<genu>

Borrowed from French accent, from Latin accentus.

(phonetics, sociolinguistics) accent (distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group, etc.)


nonplace

Calque of French non-lieu, non- + place.

Marc Auge identifies the nonplace as both a symptom and product of supermodernity. Auge's designation of the nonplace is neither prescriptive nor apocalyptic, realizing that the differential relation between place and nonplace is never absolute. The proliferation of nonplaces, however, is directly related to transnational capital and "supermodernity"; indeed, the nonplace is one of its products and mechanisms. Accordingly, the nonplace "designates two complementary but distinct […]

2000, Erika Suderburg, Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art, U of Minnesota Press, →ISBN, page 205:

Nonplace does not mean no place, nor does it mean a nonexistent place. It just lacks certain conditions that a place should have, such as a name and a referential reality. Commonsense tells us that to have a name but no referential reality, or to have referential reality but no name, does not count as a “place” in the strict sense. Yet, for a cartographer, so long as it is included in the area of a map, even though it does not have a name or a referential reality, no twodimensional space at […]

2012, Kai-cheung Dung, Atlas: The Archaeology of an Imaginary City, Columbia University Press, →ISBN:

And so the followers of Seferis, although they inherit a method, practice an unmethod, a methodological void. Or, to put it more precisely: although not forced to travel fleetingly from place to place, they travel anyway—to nonplaces, […]

(sociology) An anthropological space of transience where human beings remain anonymous, such as an airport or shopping mall.


etnocentrico

it-adj

etnocentrico (feminine etnocentrica, masculine plural etnocentrici, feminine plural etnocentriche)

etnocentrica (feminine)
etnocentrici (masculine plural)
etnocentriche (feminine plural)

From etno- + -centrico, calque of English ethnocentric.


Ausbausprache

de-noun

Ausbausprache f (genitive Ausbausprache, plural Ausbausprachen)

Ausbausprache (genitive)
Ausbausprachen (plural)
Ausbausprache (nominative singular)
Ausbausprachen (definite nominative plural)
Ausbausprache (genitive singular)
Ausbausprachen (definite genitive plural)
Ausbausprache (dative singular)
Ausbausprachen (dative definite plural)
Ausbausprache (accusative singular)
Ausbausprachen (accusative definite plural)

/ˈaʊ̯sbaʊ̯ˌʃpʁaːxə/

Ausbau + Sprache. Coined by German linguist Heinz Kloss in 1967.


homophilic

(sociology) tending to maintain relationships with people similar to oneself, as characterized by age, race, gender, religion, or profession


polarisera

head

polarisera (present polariserar, preterite polariserade, supine polariserat, imperative polarisera)

polariserar (present)
polariserade (preterite)
polariserat (supine)
polarisera (imperative)
polarisera (active infinitive)
polariseras (infinitive passive)
polariserat (active supine)
polariserats (passive supine)
polarisera (active imperative)
polariseren (active archaic imperative plural)
polariserar (active indicative present)
polariserade (active indicative past)
polariseras (indicative passive present)
polariserades (indicative passive past)
polarisera (active archaic indicative plural present)
polariserade (active archaic indicative past plural)
polariseras (archaic indicative passive plural present)
polariserades (archaic indicative passive past plural)
polarisere (active dated present subjunctive)
polariserade (active dated past subjunctive)
polariseres (dated passive present subjunctive)
polariserades (dated passive past subjunctive)
polariserande (participle present)
polariserad (participle past)

to polarize (cause polarization)
(sociology) to polarize (opinions)

to polarize (cause polarization)
to polarize (opinions)


nondivorce

(chiefly sociology) Not of, pertaining to, or affected by divorce.


antielitist

en-adj

antielitist (comparative more antielitist, superlative most antielitist)

more antielitist (comparative)
most antielitist (superlative)

Basically, our politics will be populist, antielitist, antibureaucratic.

1993 January 29, Michael Miner, “Voice Transplant at the Sun-Times/Crime of a Genration”, in Chicago Reader:


grounded theory

en-noun

grounded theory (plural grounded theories)

(sociology) Any theory that is based on observation of social phenomena


antinatalist

(philosophy, sociology) A supporter of antinatalism.


antiurban

When I ask why so much of the humor on National Public Radio is antiurban, Kessler responds with one of Ian Shoales's most quoted lines: "If the city were a nice place to live, nobody would want to live there.

1988 July 15, Lawrence Rand, “Funny Business: an entire evening with Ian Shoales”, in Chicago Reader:

The District One headquarters of the Illinois Department of Transportation is about as antiurban as a building can get.

1996 September 6, Harold Henderson, “Up Against the Sprawl”, in Chicago Reader:

(sociology) Showing a negative view of cities or city life

antiurbano

showing a negative view of cities or city life


nondating

(chiefly sociology) Not dating (going on romantic outings with a partner).


gueto

(sociology) ghetto (very impoverished or segregated area of a city)


Kulturschock

de-noun

Kulturschock m (strong, genitive Kulturschockes or Kulturschocks, plural Kulturschocks or Kulturschocke)

Kulturschockes (genitive)
Kulturschocks (genitive)
Kulturschocks (plural)
Kulturschocke (plural)
Kulturschock (nominative singular)
Kulturschocks (definite nominative plural)
Kulturschocke (dated definite nominative plural)
Kulturschocks (genitive singular)
Kulturschockes (genitive singular)
Kulturschocks (definite genitive plural)
Kulturschocke (dated definite genitive plural)
Kulturschock (dative singular)
Kulturschocke (dative singular)
Kulturschocks (dative definite plural)
Kulturschocken (dated dative definite plural)
Kulturschock (accusative singular)
Kulturschocks (accusative definite plural)
Kulturschocke (accusative dated definite plural)

[kʊlˈtuːɐ̯ˌʃɔk]


assimilationism

The model of regenerative assimilationism which the Revolutionaries displayed towards the Jews was evident in regard to other groupings whose commitment to the patriotic cause was for whatever reason in doubt.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, published 2003, page 558:

(sociology) The policy or practice of the assimilation of immigrant or other minority cultures into a mainstream culture.

Assimilationismus

the policy or practice of the assimilation into a mainstream culture


nonbereaved

(chiefly psychology, sociology) Not bereaved.


Kohorte

Kohorte f (genitive Kohorte, plural Kohorten)

Kohorte (genitive)
Kohorten (plural)
Kohorte (nominative singular)
Kohorten (definite nominative plural)
Kohorte (genitive singular)
Kohorten (definite genitive plural)
Kohorte (dative singular)
Kohorten (dative definite plural)
Kohorte (accusative singular)
Kohorten (accusative definite plural)


americanista

pt-adj

americanista m or f (plural americanistas)

(sociology) Americanistic (relating to the study of the Americas)


americanista

pt-noun

americanista m or f by sense (plural americanistas)

(sociology) Americanist (expert in the study of the Americas)


androcentrico

it-adj

androcentrico (feminine androcentrica, masculine plural androcentrici, feminine plural androcentriche)

androcentrica (feminine)
androcentrici (masculine plural)
androcentriche (feminine plural)


ενδογαμία

endogamía (romanization)
ενδογαμία (nominative singular)
ενδογαμίας (genitive singular)
ενδογαμία (accusative singular)
ενδογαμία (singular vocative)


sociometrico

sociometrico (feminine sociometrica, masculine plural sociometrici, feminine plural sociometriche)

sociometrica (feminine)
sociometrici (masculine plural)
sociometriche (feminine plural)

From sociometria + -ico. By surface analysis, socio- + -metrico.


kelas

id-noun

kêlas (plural kelas-kelas, first-person possessive kelasku, second-person possessive kelasmu, third-person possessive kelasnya)

kêlas (canonical)
kelas-kelas (plural)
kelasku (first-person possessive)
kelasmu (possessive second-person)
kelasnya (possessive third-person)

From Dutch klas (“classroom”) and klasse (“class”), from French classe, from Middle French classe, from Latin classis. Doublet of klasis. Not inherited from Malay kelas, which is from English class.
* Semantic loan from English class for all senses other than “classroom” and “grade”.

(sociology) a social grouping, based on job, wealth, etc.


kelas

ms-noun

kelas (plural kelas-kelas, informal 1st possessive kelasku, 2nd possessive kelasmu, 3rd possessive kelasnya)

kelas-kelas (plural)
kelasku (first-person informal possessive)
kelasmu (possessive second-person)
kelasnya (possessive third-person)

From English class, from Middle French classe, from Latin classis.


celtismo

(linguistics, sociology, countable) Celticism (a Celtic custom or idiom, especially one that has permeated surrounding or surviving non-Celtic cultures)


sociophysicist

(sociology, physics) A sociologist or physicist whose speciality is sociophysics.


sociophysics

(sociology, physics) The study of social and political behavior using tools and concepts from physics and physical chemistry


αστική τάξη

head

αστικές τάξεις

αστική τάξη • (astikí táxi) f (plural αστικές τάξεις)

el-noun

αστικές τάξεις

astikí táxi (romanization)
αστικές τάξεις (plural)


sociobehavioural

(sociology) Describing the sociological study of behaviour.


topolect

Combination of topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”). Attested since the 1960s, but rare until its introduction by sinologist Victor Mair in 1991 to distinguish Chinese 方言 (fāngyán) from English dialect.

confix

Coordinate term: see sociolect § Coordinate terms

We can then establish and name further categories by means of the word "group" and the prefix "sub-", thus obtaining SUBDIALECT ("Untermundart") between topolect and dialect, DIALECT GROUP ("Mundartengruppe") between dialect and language, SUBFAMILY ("Unterfamilie") between language and family,

1964, University of South Florida Language Quarterly, 2, page iii:

The degree to which Yahudic lects differ from coterritorial non-Jewish lects varies spatially, chronologically, stylistically, and idiolectically (for this reason it is important to study each Yahudic topolect together with its coterritorial Arabic topolect if it has one).

(linguistics, sociolinguistics) The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region.

方言

speech-form or lect of a particular place


social dynamics

(sociology) The study of interactions within and between societies.


heterogamy

en-noun

heterogamy (usually uncountable, plural heterogamies)

(sociology) Marriage or similar union between people of different sexes, or social strata, such as races.


antitraditionalist

(sociology) An opponent of traditionalism.


antitraditionalism

(sociology) Opposition to traditionalism.


antitraditional

en-adj

antitraditional (comparative more antitraditional, superlative most antitraditional)

more antitraditional (comparative)
most antitraditional (superlative)

(sociology) Opposed to what is traditional.


interculture

As one is exposed to customs and practices of different cultures throughout one's life, one evolves through new intercultures. The intercultures may be regarded as steps within a continuing nonlinear process of cultural negotiation. This process involves a combination of retaining previous rules and practices, adapting some from the previous interculture and adopting some from the other culture.

2008, Glyn M. Rimmington, Mara Alagic, Third Place Learning:

The practice of humbling oneself in the process of deep listening is a profound experience at the heart of affinity intercultures, the global, political, highly musical networks that happen when musicians of different backgrounds get together to play (Stanyek 2004a, 93).

2013, Simone Krüger, Ruxandra Trandafoiu, The Globalization of Musics in Transit: Music Migration and Tourism:

Murdock's play stages a struggle over the character of America's rising youth, setting its conflicts in an early national Philadelphia profoundly altered by slave revolt and the presence of problematic Creole intercultures.

2016, Elizabeth Maddock Dillon, Michael Drexler, The Haitian Revolution and the Early United States:

(sociology) A new culture formed by the merging of aspects of existing cultures.


intercultura

(sociology) interculture; cross-culture; cultural exchange (reciprocal exchange of cultural relations; intellectual exchange)


anticaste

anticaste (comparative more anticaste, superlative most anticaste)

more anticaste (comparative)
most anticaste (superlative)

(sociology) Opposing the social system of caste.


superpredator

From super- + predator. Sociology sense coined by John DiIulio in 1995.

In 1996 [DiIulio] authored an incendiary warning of a "rising tide of juvenile superpredators" [and in the National Review] "[a]ll that's left of the black community in […] urban America is deviant, delinquent, and criminal adults[.]"

2001 February 9, Vincent Schiraldi, “DiIulio needs more scrutiny”, in Star News:

Superpredators theoretically arise from dysfunctional homes, inadequate schools, and morally bankrupt communities.

2005, Gus Martin, Juvenile justice: process and systems:

(sociology) A youth who repeatedly commits violent crimes, said to be a result of being raised without morals.