kill

en-verb

kill (third-person singular simple present kills, present participle killing, simple past and past participle killed)

kills (present singular third-person)
killing (participle present)
killed (participle past)
killed (past)
kill (infinitive)
kill (first-person present singular)
killed (first-person past singular)
kill (present second-person singular)
killest (archaic present second-person singular)
killed (past second-person singular)
killedst (archaic past second-person singular)
kills (present singular third-person)
killeth (archaic present singular third-person)
killed (past singular third-person)
kill (plural present)
killed (past plural)
kill (present subjunctive)
killed (past subjunctive)
kill (imperative present)
killing (participle present)
killed (participle past)

From Middle English killen, kyllen, cüllen (“to strike, beat, cut”), of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots kele, keil (“to kill”).
* Perhaps from unattested Old English *cyllan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwulljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwuljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to throw, hit, hurt by throwing”).
* Or, possibly a variant of Old English cwellan (“to kill, murder, execute”) (see quell).
* Or, from Old Norse kolla (“to hit on the head, harm”), related to Norwegian kylla (“to poll”), Middle Dutch kollen (“to knock down”), Icelandic kollur (“top, head”); see also coll, cole).
Compare also Saterland Frisian källe (“to hurt”), Middle Dutch kellen (“to kill, hurt”), Middle Low German kellen, killen (“to ache strongly, cause one great pain”) (whence German Low German kellen, killen (“to hurt, injure, torment, vex”)), Middle High German kellen (“to torment; torture”).

cog

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand


blue

en-verb

blue (third-person singular simple present blues, present participle blueing or bluing, simple past and past participle blued)

blues (present singular third-person)
blueing (participle present)
bluing (participle present)
blued (participle past)
blued (past)
blew (alternative obsolete)
blewe (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English blewe, from Anglo-Norman blew (“blue”), from Middle French bleu, from Old French blöe, bleve, blef (“blue”), from Frankish *blāu (“blue”) (perhaps through a Late Latin blāvus, blāvius (“blue”) attested from Isidore of Seville), from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue, dark blue”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw- (“yellow, blond, grey”).
Cognate with dialectal English blow (“blue”), Scots blue, blew (“blue”), North Frisian bla, blö (“blue”), Saterland Frisian blau (“blue”), Dutch blauw (“blue”), German blau (“blue”), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish blå (“blue”), Icelandic blár (“blue”), Latin flāvus (“yellow”), French bleu (“blue”), Middle Irish blá (“yellow”). Doublet of blow.
Possibly related also to English blee (“colour”), from Old English blēo (“colour”); but direct derivatives of Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (“blue, dark blue”) in Old English include: Old English blāw and blēo (“blue”), Old English blǣwen (“bluish, light-blue”), blǣhǣwen (“blue-coloured, bluish, violet or purple colour”, literally “blue-hued”). There seems to be a parallel connection in Germanic between words for blue and colour, dually exemplified by Proto-West Germanic *blīu (“colour, blee”) and *blāu (“blue”); and Proto-Germanic *hiwją (“colour, hue”) and *hēwijaz (“blue, purple”).
The sense "obscene, pornographic" is apparently from the colour; various theories exist as to how it arose, including that it is from the colour of the envelopes used to contain missives of the censors and managers to vaudevillian performers on objectionable material from their acts that needed to be excised.

m+

(transitive, metallurgy) To treat the surface of steel so that it is passivated chemically and becomes more resistant to rust.


green

en-adj

green (comparative greener, superlative greenest)

greener (comparative)
greenest (superlative)

Bislama: grin

→ Marshallese: kūriin

Tok Pisin: grin

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *grōniz
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂
Proto-Germanic *-į̄
Proto-West Germanic *-ī
Proto-West Germanic *grōnī
Old English grēne
Middle English grene
English green
From Middle English grene, from Old English grēne, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”). More at grow. Doublet of Gruen.
See also North Frisian green, West Frisian grien, Dutch groen, Low German grön, green, greun, German grün, Danish and Norwegian Nynorsk grøn, Swedish grön, Norwegian Bokmål grønn, Icelandic grænn.
The sense of obscene, pornographic, or sexual in the Philippines is from a calque of Spanish verde.

der

the grass is always greener on the other side of the road

The pressure required to obtain a given green density depends upon the metal powder material being pressed. Excessive pressures can present some complex problems such as punch and die fractures, slip cracks and cleavage fractures in the green part. Although high pressures are required for pressing high density shapes they should not be excessive.

2014 April 17, Michael Russo, “Understanding the Powdered Metal Process: Spotlight on Compacting”, in National Bronze, archived from the original on 2024-10-14:

(metallurgy) Of or pertaining to a part formed from compacted metal powder which has not yet undergone sintering to improve its strength.


invest

en-verb

invest (third-person singular simple present invests, present participle investing, simple past and past participle invested)

invests (present singular third-person)
investing (participle present)
invested (participle past)
invested (past)

Borrowed from Middle French investir or Medieval Latin investire, from Latin investio (“to clothe, cover”), from in- (“in, on”) + vestio (“to clothe, dress”), from vestis (“clothing”); see vest. The sense “to spend money etc.” probably via Italian investire, of the same root.

надели́ть

полномочиями, властью, правами

(metallurgy) To prepare for lost wax casting by creating an investment mold (a mixture of a silica sand and plaster).


alligator

]
From early Modern English alligater, alligarta, aligarto, alegarto, alagarto, from Spanish el lagarto (“the lizard”), from Latin lacertus (“lizard”), modern spelling possibly influenced by the unrelated Latin alligator (“one who binds”).

Any of various machines with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator.

(metalworking) A form of squeezer for the puddle ball.


soak

soak (third-person singular simple present soaks, present participle soaking, simple past and past participle soaked)

soaks (present singular third-person)
soaking (participle present)
soaked (participle past)
soaked (past)

From Middle English soken, from Old English socian (“to soak, steep”, literally “to cause to suck (up)”), from Proto-Germanic *sukōną (“to soak”), causative of Proto-Germanic *sūkaną (“to suck”). Cognate with Middle Dutch soken (“to cause to suck”). More at suck.

inh

(metallurgy, transitive) To heat (a metal) before shaping it.


grind

en-verb

grind (third-person singular simple present grinds, present participle grinding, simple past and past participle ground or grinded)

grinds (present singular third-person)
grinding (participle present)
ground (participle past)
ground (past)
grinded (participle past)
grinded (past)
grind (infinitive)
grind (first-person present singular)
ground (first-person past singular)
grind (present second-person singular)
grindest (archaic present second-person singular)
ground (past second-person singular)
groundst (archaic past second-person singular)
groundest (archaic past second-person singular)
grinds (present singular third-person)
grindeth (archaic present singular third-person)
ground (past singular third-person)
grind (plural present)
ground (past plural)
grind (present subjunctive)
ground (past subjunctive)
grind (imperative present)
grinding (participle present)
ground (participle past)
grounden (archaic participle past)
grind (infinitive)
grind (first-person present singular)
grinded (first-person past singular)
grind (present second-person singular)
grinded (past second-person singular)
grinds (present singular third-person)
grinded (past singular third-person)
grind (plural present)
grinded (past plural)
grind (present subjunctive)
grinded (past subjunctive)
grind (imperative present)
grinding (participle present)
grinded (participle past)

From Middle English grynden, from Old English grindan, from Proto-West Germanic *grindan, from Proto-Germanic *grindaną.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian gríende, griene (“to grind, mill”), Dutch grinden (“to grind”, rare) and grind (“gravel, shingle”), Albanian grind (“to brawl, fight”).

the mill cannot grind with water that is past

(metalworking) To remove material by rubbing with an abrasive surface.

шлифовам

to remove material by rubbing with an abrasive surface


spelt

The noun is from Middle English spelt, from Old English spelt, connected with the verb. Compare speld and German Spelze (“husk”).
The adjective is from Middle English spelt, probably a contraction of spelked, past participle of spelken (“to bruise (beans)”), itself of obscure origin. Compare Scots spilkings (“split peas”), the later verb, and perhaps also splet.
The verb is probably from the adjective. Compare earlier spald, speld.


bright

en-adj

bright (comparative brighter, superlative brightest)

brighter (comparative)
brightest (superlative)

The adjective is from Middle English bright, from Old English beorht, from Proto-West Germanic *berht, from Proto-Germanic *berhtaz (“bright”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine, to gleam, whiten”).
The noun is derived from Middle English bright (“brightness, brilliance; daylight; light”), from bright (adjective): see above.
The English word is cognate with Albanian bardhë (“white”), Dutch brecht (in personal names), Icelandic bjartur (“bright”), Lithuanian brekšta (“to dawn”), Middle Irish brafad (“blink of an eye”), Norwegian bjart (“bright, clear, shining”), Persian برازیدن (barâzidan, “to beautify; to befit”), Northern Luri بڵێز (bełız, “blaze”) Russian бре́зжить (brézžitʹ, “to dawn; to flicker faintly, glimmer; (figuratively) of a hope, thought, etc.: to begin to manifest, emerge”), Sanskrit भ्राजते (bhrājate), Scots bricht (“bright”), Welsh berth (“beautiful, fair, fine”) (obsolete).

cog

the candle that burns twice as bright burns half as long

(metallurgy) Of a metal object or surface: lacking any protective coating or surface treatment for the prevention of corrosion.


shear

en-noun

shear (countable and uncountable, plural shears)

From Middle English sheren, scheren, from Old English sċieran (“to shear; to shave”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
Cognate with West Frisian skarre, Low German scheren, Dutch scheren, German scheren, Danish skære, Norwegian Bokmål skjære, Norwegian Nynorsk skjera, Swedish skära, Finnish keritä; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), Latin caro (“flesh”), Albanian shqerr (“to tear, cut”), harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian ski̇̀rti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”). See also sharp.

inh

(metalworking) A large machine use for cutting sheet metal.


sweep

From Middle English swepen, from Proto-West Germanic *swaipijan (unattested in Old English), from Proto-Germanic *swaipijaną. Cognate with Early Modern West Frisian swiepe (“whip, cleanse, sweep”), from Old Frisian swēpa, suepa (“sweep”). More distantly related to Old Norse sveipa (whence Swedish svepa). See also swoop.

cog

(metalworking) A movable template for making moulds, in loam moulding.


ball

en-verb

ball (third-person singular simple present balls, present participle balling, simple past and past participle balled)

balls (present singular third-person)
balling (participle present)
balled (participle past)
balled (past)

From Middle English bal, ball, balle, from an unattested Old English *beall, *bealla (“round object, ball”) or Old Norse bǫllr (“a ball”), both from Proto-Germanic *balluz, *ballô (“ball”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n- (“ball, bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Cognate with Old Saxon ball, Dutch bal, Old High German bal, ballo (German Ball (“ball”); Ballen (“bale”)). Related forms in Romance are borrowings from Germanic. See also balloon, bale.

der

(metalworking) To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling.


iron

en-noun

iron (countable and uncountable, plural irons)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-iron.wav

From Middle English iren, from Old English īsern, īsærn, īren, īsen, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną (“iron”), from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom (“iron”), a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).

en:any nonsteel material mostly made of Fe

(uncountable, countable, metallurgy) Any material, not a steel, predominantly made of elemental iron.


short

en-adj

short (comparative shorter, superlative shortest)

shorter (comparative)
shortest (superlative)

tall

antonym(s) of “having a small distance between ends or edges”

tall

antonym(s) of “of a person, of comparatively little height”

long

antonym(s) of “cricket, of a fielder or fielding position, relatively close to the batsman”

long

antonym(s) of “financial position expecting falling value”

From Middle English schort, short, from Old English sċeort, sċort (“short”), from Proto-West Germanic *skurt, from Proto-Germanic *skurtaz (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-. Doublet of curt.
Cognates
Cognate with shirt, skirt, curt, Scots short, schort (“short”), French court, Dutch kort, German kurz, Old High German scurz (“short”) (whence Middle High German schurz), Old Norse skorta (“to lack”) (whence Danish skorte), Albanian shkurt (“short, brief”), Latin curtus (“shortened, incomplete”) and Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ. Doublet of curt. More at shirt.

little

I chose to interpret the references to butter and sugar as indicating that a short pastry was required. (Later editions suggest a biscuit-like texture.)

2013, Heston Blumenthal, Historic Heston, →ISBN, page 122:

(baking, of pastries; metallurgy) Brittle, crumbly. (See shortbread, shortcake, shortcrust, shortening, hot short, cold-short.)


electron

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron). Doublet of elettro.


flash

en-verb

flash (third-person singular simple present flashes, present participle flashing, simple past and past participle flashed)

flashes (present singular third-person)
flashing (participle present)
flashed (participle past)
flashed (past)

In some senses, from Middle English flasshen, a variant of flasken, flaskien (“to sprinkle, splash”), which was likely of imitative origin; in other senses probably of North Germanic origin akin to Swedish dialectal flasa (“to burn brightly, blaze”), related to flare. Compare also Icelandic flasa (“to rush, go hastily”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

(metallurgy) To release the pressure from a pressurized vessel.


ore

From Old French, from Latin aura (“breeze”).


blooming

en-noun

blooming (countable and uncountable, plural bloomings)

(metallurgy) The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron.


burden

From Middle English burden, birden, burthen, birthen, byrthen, from Old English byrden, byrþen, from Proto-West Germanic *burþini, from *burþī, from Proto-Germanic *burþį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”).

der

Rossiter W[orthington] Raymond
w:Rossiter W. Raymond

(metalworking) The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace.


pipe

en-verb

pipe (third-person singular simple present pipes, present participle piping, simple past and past participle piped)

pipes (present singular third-person)
piping (participle present)
piped (participle past)
piped (past)

From Middle English pīpe, pype (“hollow cylinder or tube used as a conduit or container; duct or vessel of the body; musical instrument; financial records maintained by the English Exchequer, pipe roll”), from Old English pīpe (“pipe (musical instrument); the channel of a small stream”), from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā. Reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pipire, pipiare, pipare, from pīpiō (“to chirp, peep”), of imitative origin. Doublet of fife.
The “storage container” and “liquid measure” senses are derived from Middle English pīpe (“large storage receptacle, particularly for wine; cask, vat; measure of volume”), from pīpe (above) and Old French pipe (“liquid measure”). In specific contexts, calques similar units of measure such as Portuguese pipa.
The verb is from Middle English pīpen, pypyn (“to play a pipe; to make a shrill sound; to speak with a high-pitched tone”), from Old English pīpian (“to pipe”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

inh

(intransitive, metallurgy) Of a metal ingot: to become hollow in the process of solidifying.


drag

en-noun

drag (countable and uncountable, plural drags)

From Middle English draggen (“to drag”), early Middle English dragen (“to draw, carry”), confluence of Old English dragan (“to drag, draw, draw oneself, go, protract”) and Old Norse draga (“to draw, attract”); both from Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to draw, drag”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to draw, drag”).
Verb sense influenced due to association with the noun drag (“that which is hauled or dragged”), related to Low German dragge (“a drag-anchor, grapnel”). Cognate with Danish drægge (“to dredge”), Danish drage (“to draw, attract”), Swedish dragga (“to drag, drag anchor, sweep”), Swedish draga (“to draw, go”), Icelandic draga (“to drag, pull”). Doublet of draw.

cog

(metallurgy) The bottom part of a flask or mould, the upper part being the cope.


湯

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *yu.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. Also used in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

(metallurgy) molten metal used in casting or founding


pellet

English pellet, itself from Old French pelote (“small ball”).


STS

en-noun

STS (countable and uncountable, plural STSs)

special treatment steel
w:special treatment steel

(metallurgy, military, nautical, historical) Initialism of special treatment steel (a type of homogenous armor plate).


well

From Middle English welle, from Old English wielle (“well”), from Proto-West Germanic *wallijā, from Proto-Germanic *wallijǭ (“well, swirl, wave”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).
Cognate with West Frisian wel (“well”), Dutch wel (“well”), German Low German Well (“well”), German Welle (“wave”), Danish væld (“well; spring”), Swedish väl (“well”), Icelandic vella (“boiling; bubbling; eruption”).

cog

wool (interjection or unstressed, some accents)

the jug goes to the well until it breaks

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

(metalworking) The lower part of a furnace, into which the metal falls.


amalgam

en-noun

amalgam (countable and uncountable, plural amalgams)

From Medieval Latin amalgama (“mercury alloy”), from Arabic اَلْمَلْغَم (al-malḡam, “emollient poultice or unguent for sores”), from Ancient Greek μάλαγμα (málagma, “emollient; malleable material”), from μαλάσσω (malássō, “to soften”), from μαλακός (malakós, “soft”). Doublet of malagma. For the verb, compare French amalgamer.

der

(metallurgy) An alloy containing mercury.


amalgam

ms-noun

amalgam (Jawi spelling املݢم, plural amalgam-amalgam)


amalgam

amalgam (nominative singular)
amalgamy (nominative plural)
amalgamu (genitive singular)
amalgamów (genitive plural)
amalgamowi (dative singular)
amalgamom (dative plural)
amalgam (accusative singular)
amalgamy (accusative plural)
amalgamem (instrumental singular)
amalgamami (instrumental plural)
amalgamie (locative singular)
amalgamach (locative plural)
amalgamie (singular vocative)
amalgamy (plural vocative)
amalgama (alternative obsolete)

Internationalism; compare English amalgam. Possibly borrowed from German Amalgam, French amalgame, or Spanish amalgama, ultimately from Medieval Latin amalgama, from Arabic الْمَلْغَم (al-malḡam), from Ancient Greek μάλαγμα (málagma). First attested in 1771.

ref

Józef Feliks Rogaliński (1771) Doswiadczenia skutkow rzeczy pod zmysły podpadaiących na publicznych posiedzeniach w szkołach poznańskich Societatis Jesu na widok wystawione y wykladane, Jego Krolewskiey Mosci Panu naszemu Miłościwemu ofiarowane (in Polish), volume 1, page 125

(metallurgy) amalgam (alloy containing mercury)


bar

en-noun

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

Ancient Sparta used iron bars instead of handy coins in more valuable alloy, to physically discourage the use of money.

We are expecting a carload of bar tomorrow.

(countable, uncountable, metallurgy) A solid metal object with uniform (round, square, hexagonal, octagonal or rectangular) cross-section; in the US its smallest dimension is ¹⁄₄ inch or greater, a piece of thinner material being called a strip.

staaf

metallurgy: solid object of round, square, hexagonal, octagonal or rectangular section


pole

en-verb

pole (third-person singular simple present poles, present participle poling, simple past and past participle poled)

poles (present singular third-person)
poling (participle present)
poled (participle past)
poled (past)

From Middle English pole, pal, from Old English pāl (“a pole, stake, post; a kind of hoe or spade”), from Proto-West Germanic *pāl (“pole”), from Latin pālus (“stake, pale, prop, stay”), perhaps from Old Latin *paxlos, from Proto-Italic *pākslos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to nail, fasten”). Doublet of peel, pale, and palus.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots pale, paill (“stake, pale”), North Frisian pul, pil (“stake, pale”), Saterland Frisian Pool (“pole”), West Frisian poal (“pole”), Dutch paal (“pole”), German Pfahl (“pile, stake, post, pole”), Danish pæl (“pole”), Swedish påle (“pole”), Icelandic páll (“hoe, spade, pale”), Old English fæc (“space of time, while, division, interval; lustrum”).

cog

poll (one pronunciation or with the doll–dole merger)

to pole copper

(transitive, metallurgy) To treat (copper) by blowing natural gas or other reducing agent through the molten oxide, burning off the oxygen.


lathe

From Middle English lathe (“turning-lathe; stand”), from Old Norse hlað (“pile, heap”)—compare dialectal Danish lad (“stand, support frame”) (as in drejelad (“turning-lathe”), savelad (“saw bench”)), dialectal Norwegian la, lad (“pile, small wall”), dialectal Swedish lad (“folding table, lay of a loom”)—from hlaða (“to load”). More at lade.

inh

He shaped the bedpost by turning it on a lathe.

1856: Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part II Chapter IV, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling
Of the windows of the village there was one yet more often occupied; for on Sundays from morning to night, and every morning when the weather was bright, one could see at the dormer-window of the garret the profile of Monsieur Binet bending over his lathe, whose monotonous humming could be heard at the Lion d'Or.

(tools, metalworking, woodworking) A machine tool used to shape a piece of material, or workpiece, by rotating the workpiece against a cutting tool.


stalk

From Middle English stalke, stelke, stalk, perhaps from Old English *stealc, *stielc, *stealuc, from Proto-West Germanic *staluk, *stalik, from Proto-Germanic *stalukaz, *stalikaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *stalô, *staluz (“support, stem, stalk”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to place, stand; be stiff; stud, post, trunk, stake, stem, stalk”). Cognate with Old High German *stelh in wazzarstelh (“wagtail”), Danish stilk (“stalk, stem”), Swedish stjälk (“stalk, stem”), Icelandic stilkur (“stalk, stem”).
Related also to Middle English stale (“ladder upright, stalk”), Old English stalu (“wooden upright”), Middle Low German stal, stale (“chair leg”), Old English stela (“stalk”), Dutch steel (“stalk”), German Stiel (“stalk”), Albanian shtalkë (“crossbeam, board used as a door hinge”), Welsh telm (“frond”), Ancient Greek στειλειή (steileiḗ, “beam”), Old Armenian ստեղն (stełn, “trunk, stalk”).

varsi

something resembling the stalk of a plant

(metalworking) An iron bar with projections inserted in a core to strengthen it; a core arbor.


batter

en-verb

batter (third-person singular simple present batters, present participle battering, simple past and past participle battered)

batters (present singular third-person)
battering (participle present)
battered (participle past)
battered (past)

From Middle English batteren, batren, bateren, a frequentative of Middle English batten, baten (“to beat”), equivalent to bat + -er (frequentative suffix).

(metalworking) To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly.


pattern

From earlier patten, paterne, from Middle English patron (“patron; example”), from Old French patron, from Medieval Latin patrōnus (“patron”). Doublet of padrone, patron, Patronus, and patroon.

skemo

intelligible arrangement which has a mathematical, geometric, statistical etc. relationship

From this point those who became pupils went on to a further series of shops, usually commencing with the pattern shop. […] However, some of us did make quite reasonable patterns and had the satisfaction of seeing castings produced from them but, sad to say, many of these efforts were used as firewood after they had left the shop.

1944 November and December, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—II”, in Railway Magazine, page 341:

But instead, the distinctive ironwork and glass platform awnings have been carefully refurbished, while making them compatible with the overhead wiring. Kettering's island Platform 2/3 is especially noteworthy. Although it dates from 1879, when the station was enlarged to four platforms, the same original (1857) patterns for the delicate cast-ironwork seem to have been used - […].

2022 December 14, Robin Leleux, “A royal occasion as heritage projects honoured: Kettering”, in RAIL, number 972, page 56:

(metalworking, dated) A full-sized model around which a mould of sand is made, to receive the melted metal. It is usually made of wood and in several parts, so as to be removed from the mould without damage.


vy

From Malay besi, from Proto-Malayic *bəsi, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *bəsi.

(physics, chemistry, metallurgy) iron (element)


reduce

en-verb

reduce (third-person singular simple present reduces, present participle reducing, simple past and past participle reduced)

reduces (present singular third-person)
reducing (participle present)
reduced (participle past)
reduced (past)

From Middle English reducen, from Old French reduire, from Latin redūcō (“reduce”); from re- (“back”) + dūcō (“lead”). See duke, and compare with redoubt.

(transitive, metallurgy) To produce metal from ore by removing nonmetallic elements in a smelter.

pelkistää

metallurgy: to produce metal from ore by removing nonmetallic elements in a smelter


besi

From Proto-Malayic *bəsi, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *bəsi.


besi

بسي (Jawi)
basi (alternative)
بسي (alternative)

→ Dairi Batak: besi

→ Karo Batak: besi

→ Toba Batak: bosi / ᯅᯬᯘᯪ

→ Bau Bidayuh: bosi

→ Bilba: besi

→ Bima: βesi

→ Buginese: bessi

Indonesian: besi

→ Old Javanese: wesi

Javanese: ꦮꦼꦱꦶ (wesi)

→ Kambera: báhi

→ Komodo: besi

→ Makasar: bassi

→ Malagasy: vy

→ Mandar: bassi

→ Manggarai: besi

→ Ngaju: wasi

→ Rejang: besey

→ Rembong: besi

→ Sundanese: ᮘᮩᮞᮤ (beusi)

→ Tae': bassi

→ Tausug: basi'

→ Tetum: besi


besi

From Proto-Malayo-Chamic *bəsi, perhaps via Malay besi.


ladle

From Middle English ladel, from Old English hlædel, derived from Proto-Germanic *hlaþaną (“to load”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”), same source as Lithuanian kloti (“to spread”), equivalent to lade + -le (“agent suffix”).

inh

(metallurgy) A container used in a foundry to transport and pour out molten metal.


match

→ Azerbaijani: matç

→ Belarusian: матч (matč)

→ Bengali: ম্যাচ (mêc)

→ Catalan: matx

→ Crimean Tatar: matç

→ Dutch: match

→ Egyptian Arabic: ماتش

→ Esperanto: matĉo

→ Estonian: matš

→ Finnish: matsi

desctree

→ French: match
→ Ladino: mach
→ Romanian: meci
→ Turkish: maç

→ German: Match

→ Greek: ματς (mats)

→ Hindi: मैच (maic)

→ Hungarian: meccs

→ Japanese: マッチ (matchi)

→ Latvian: mačs

→ Polish: mecz
→ Kashubian: mecz

→ Russian: матч (matč)
→ Armenian: մատչ (matčʻ)

→ Swahili: mechi

→ Ukrainian: матч (matč)

→ Welsh: matsh

From Middle English macche, mecche, from Old English mæċċa, ġemæċċa (“companion, mate, wife, one suited to another”), from Proto-West Germanic *makkjō, *gamakkjō (“partner, equal”), from Proto-Germanic *makô, from Proto-Indo-European *mag- (“to knead, work”). Compare Danish mage (“mate”), Icelandic maki (“spouse”).

der

(metalworking) A perforated board, block of plaster, hardened sand, etc., in which a pattern is partly embedded when a mould is made, for giving shape to the surfaces of separation between the parts of the mould.


roast

en-verb

roast (third-person singular simple present roasts, present participle roasting, simple past and past participle roasted)

roasts (present singular third-person)
roasting (participle present)
roasted (participle past)
roasted (past)
rost (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English rosten, a borrowing from Old French rostir (“to roast, to torture with fire”), from Frankish *rōstijan (“to roast, broil”), from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną (“to roast”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews- (“to crackle; roast”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian rosterje (“to roast”), Dutch roosten, roosteren (“to roast”), German rösten (“to roast”).
Displaced native Middle English breden, bræden (“to roast”), from Old English brǣdan, related to German braten (“to roast, grill”).

der

(metalworking) To dissipate the volatile parts of by heat, as ores.


duplex

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplex (“double, two-fold”), from duo (“two”) + plico (“fold together”); compare the roots of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”); compare also πλέκω (plékō, “twist, braid”). By surface analysis, duo- + -plex.

Duplex stainless steels have been classified according to the first period (1930–1960) and second period (1960–1990). The designations for these duplex alloys in the United States have been primarily according to Unified Numbering System (UNS) numbers in the S3xxx.x series.

2010, Harold M. Cobb, The History of Stainless Steel, Materials Park, O.H.: ASM International, →ISBN, page 189:

(metallurgy) Of stainless steel: having a structure containing austenite and ferrite in roughly equal proportions.

duplex-

metallurgy: of stainless steel, containing austenite and ferrite in roughly equal proportions


duplex

(metallurgy) duplex process (for refining steel)


anima

From Latin anima, from animus, from Proto-Italic *anamos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, a nominal derivative of *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”). Doublet of alma.

(metallurgy) a mould/mold used to create a cavity


raise

en-verb

raise (third-person singular simple present raises, present participle raising, simple past and past participle raised)

raises (present singular third-person)
raising (participle present)
raised (participle past)
raised (past)

From Middle English reysen, raisen, reisen, from Old Norse reisa (“to raise”), from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną (“to raise”), causative form of Proto-Germanic *rīsaną (“to rise”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to rise, arise”). According to Kroonen (2013), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”).
Cognate with Old English rāsian (“to explore, examine, research”), Old English rīsan (“to seize, carry off”), Old English rǣran (“to raise”). Doublet of rear.

whakahī

Referring to lifting the pitch of a musical note

hāpai

Of lifting an object to a higher elevation

hī

Refers to raising an eyebrow in scepticism

raise oneself up by one's own bootstraps

(physical) To cause to rise; to lift or elevate.

(metalworking, transitive) To emboss (sheet metal), or to form it into cup-shaped or hollow articles, by hammering, stamping, or spinning.


gate

From Middle English gate, gat, ȝate, ȝeat, from Old English ġeat (“gate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą (“hole, opening”).
See also Old Norse gat, Swedish and Dutch gat, Low German Gaat, Gööt.

(metalworking) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mould; the ingate.


dozen

dozens (plural)
dozen (plural)
doz (alternative)

→ Bengali: ডজন (ḍojon)

⇒ Chinese: 打 (dá)

→ Vietnamese: tá

→ Hindi: दर्जन (darjan)

→ Fiji Hindi: darjan

desctree

⇒ Japanese: ダース (dāsu)
→ Korean: 다스 (daseu)

→ Manx: dussan

→ Maori: taihana

→ Scottish Gaelic: dusan

→ Swahili: dazeni

→ Welsh: dwsin

From Middle English dozen, dozein, doseyne, from Old French dozaine (“a group of twelve”) (Modern French douzaine), from doze (“twelve”) + -aine (“-ish”), from Latin duodecim (“twelve”) (from duo (“two”) + decem (“ten”)) + -ana (“-ish”).

der

The dozen as a measure for iron ore remained almost completely constant at 12 cwts. during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 139:

(metallurgy) An old English measure of ore containing 12 hundredweight.


purse

purse (nominative singular)
purseet (nominative plural)
purse (accusative nominative singular)
purseet (accusative nominative plural)
purseen (accusative genitive singular)
purseet (accusative genitive plural)
purseen (genitive singular)
purseiden (genitive plural)
purseitten (genitive plural)
pursetta (partitive singular)
purseita (partitive plural)
purseessa (inessive singular)
purseissa (inessive plural)
purseesta (elative singular)
purseista (elative plural)
purseeseen (illative singular)
purseisiin (illative plural)
purseihin (illative plural)
purseella (adessive singular)
purseilla (adessive plural)
purseelta (ablative singular)
purseilta (ablative plural)
purseelle (allative singular)
purseille (allative plural)
purseena (essive singular)
purseina (essive plural)
purseeksi (singular translative)
purseiksi (plural translative)
purseetta (abessive singular)
purseitta (abessive plural)
pursein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
purseeni (nominative singular)
purseeni (nominative plural)
purseeni (accusative nominative singular)
purseeni (accusative nominative plural)
purseeni (accusative genitive singular)
purseeni (accusative genitive plural)
purseeni (genitive singular)
purseideni (genitive plural)
purseitteni (genitive plural)
pursettani (partitive singular)
purseitani (partitive plural)
purseessani (inessive singular)
purseissani (inessive plural)
purseestani (elative singular)
purseistani (elative plural)
purseeseeni (illative singular)
purseisiini (illative plural)
purseihini (illative plural)
purseellani (adessive singular)
purseillani (adessive plural)
purseeltani (ablative singular)
purseiltani (ablative plural)
purseelleni (allative singular)
purseilleni (allative plural)
purseenani (essive singular)
purseinani (essive plural)
purseekseni (singular translative)
purseikseni (plural translative)
purseettani (abessive singular)
purseittani (abessive plural)
purseineni (comitative plural)
purseesi (nominative singular)
purseesi (nominative plural)
purseesi (accusative nominative singular)
purseesi (accusative nominative plural)
purseesi (accusative genitive singular)
purseesi (accusative genitive plural)
purseesi (genitive singular)
purseidesi (genitive plural)
purseittesi (genitive plural)
pursettasi (partitive singular)
purseitasi (partitive plural)
purseessasi (inessive singular)
purseissasi (inessive plural)
purseestasi (elative singular)
purseistasi (elative plural)
purseeseesi (illative singular)
purseisiisi (illative plural)
purseihisi (illative plural)
purseellasi (adessive singular)
purseillasi (adessive plural)
purseeltasi (ablative singular)
purseiltasi (ablative plural)
purseellesi (allative singular)
purseillesi (allative plural)
purseenasi (essive singular)
purseinasi (essive plural)
purseeksesi (singular translative)
purseiksesi (plural translative)
purseettasi (abessive singular)
purseittasi (abessive plural)
purseinesi (comitative plural)
purseemme (nominative singular)
purseemme (nominative plural)
purseemme (accusative nominative singular)
purseemme (accusative nominative plural)
purseemme (accusative genitive singular)
purseemme (accusative genitive plural)
purseemme (genitive singular)
purseidemme (genitive plural)
purseittemme (genitive plural)
pursettamme (partitive singular)
purseitamme (partitive plural)
purseessamme (inessive singular)
purseissamme (inessive plural)
purseestamme (elative singular)
purseistamme (elative plural)
purseeseemme (illative singular)
purseisiimme (illative plural)
purseihimme (illative plural)
purseellamme (adessive singular)
purseillamme (adessive plural)
purseeltamme (ablative singular)
purseiltamme (ablative plural)
purseellemme (allative singular)
purseillemme (allative plural)
purseenamme (essive singular)
purseinamme (essive plural)
purseeksemme (singular translative)
purseiksemme (plural translative)
purseettamme (abessive singular)
purseittamme (abessive plural)
purseinemme (comitative plural)
purseenne (nominative singular)
purseenne (nominative plural)
purseenne (accusative nominative singular)
purseenne (accusative nominative plural)
purseenne (accusative genitive singular)
purseenne (accusative genitive plural)
purseenne (genitive singular)
purseidenne (genitive plural)
purseittenne (genitive plural)
pursettanne (partitive singular)
purseitanne (partitive plural)
purseessanne (inessive singular)
purseissanne (inessive plural)
purseestanne (elative singular)
purseistanne (elative plural)
purseeseenne (illative singular)
purseisiinne (illative plural)
purseihinne (illative plural)
purseellanne (adessive singular)
purseillanne (adessive plural)
purseeltanne (ablative singular)
purseiltanne (ablative plural)
purseellenne (allative singular)
purseillenne (allative plural)
purseenanne (essive singular)
purseinanne (essive plural)
purseeksenne (singular translative)
purseiksenne (plural translative)
purseettanne (abessive singular)
purseittanne (abessive plural)
purseinenne (comitative plural)
purseensa (nominative singular)
purseensa (nominative plural)
purseensa (accusative nominative singular)
purseensa (accusative nominative plural)
purseensa (accusative genitive singular)
purseensa (accusative genitive plural)
purseensa (genitive singular)
purseidensa (genitive plural)
purseittensa (genitive plural)
pursettaan (partitive singular)
pursettansa (partitive singular)
purseitaan (partitive plural)
purseitansa (partitive plural)
purseessaan (inessive singular)
purseessansa (inessive singular)
purseissaan (inessive plural)
purseissansa (inessive plural)
purseestaan (elative singular)
purseestansa (elative singular)
purseistaan (elative plural)
purseistansa (elative plural)
purseeseensa (illative singular)
purseisiinsa (illative plural)
purseihinsa (illative plural)
purseellaan (adessive singular)
purseellansa (adessive singular)
purseillaan (adessive plural)
purseillansa (adessive plural)
purseeltaan (ablative singular)
purseeltansa (ablative singular)
purseiltaan (ablative plural)
purseiltansa (ablative plural)
purseelleen (allative singular)
purseellensa (allative singular)
purseilleen (allative plural)
purseillensa (allative plural)
purseenaan (essive singular)
purseenansa (essive singular)
purseinaan (essive plural)
purseinansa (essive plural)
purseekseen (singular translative)
purseeksensa (singular translative)
purseikseen (plural translative)
purseiksensa (plural translative)
purseettaan (abessive singular)
purseettansa (abessive singular)
purseittaan (abessive plural)
purseittansa (abessive plural)
purseineen (comitative plural)
purseinensa (comitative plural)

(metallurgy) flash (material left around the edge of a moulded part at the parting line of the mould)


gad

From Middle English gad, gadde, borrowed from Old Norse gaddr (“goad, spike”), from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”). Doublet of goad and yard.

Twice a day a 'gad' of iron, i.e., a bloom weighing 1 cwt. was produced, which took from six to seven hours.

1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 146:

(dated, metallurgy) An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.


rap

en-verb

rap (third-person singular simple present raps, present participle rapping, simple past and past participle rapped)

raps (present singular third-person)
rapping (participle present)
rapped (participle past)
rapped (past)

From Middle English rappen, of North Germanic origin, related to Swedish rappa (“to strike, beat, rap”), German rappeln (“to rattle”).

(metalworking) To free (a pattern) in a mould by light blows on the pattern, so as to facilitate its removal.


model

model (nominative singular)
modely (nominative plural)
modelu (genitive singular)
modelů (genitive plural)
modelu (dative singular)
modelům (dative plural)
model (accusative singular)
modely (accusative plural)
modele (singular vocative)
modely (plural vocative)
modelu (locative singular)
modelech (locative plural)
modelem (instrumental singular)
modely (instrumental plural)

→ Silesian: model


lance

From Middle English launce, from Old French lance, from Latin lancea.

(metallurgy) A small iron rod which suspends the core of the mold in casting a shell.


комар

ru-noun+

кома́р • (komár) m anim (genitive комара́, nominative plural комары́, genitive plural комаро́в, relational adjective комари́ный, diminutive кома́рик)

кома́р (canonical)
komár (romanization)
комара́ (genitive)
комары́ (nominative plural)
комаро́в (genitive plural)
комари́ный (adjective relational)
кома́рик (diminutive)
кома́р (nominative singular)
комары́ (nominative plural)
комара́ (genitive singular)
комаро́в (genitive plural)
комару́ (dative singular)
комара́м (dative plural)
комара́ (accusative singular)
комаро́в (accusative plural)
комаро́м (instrumental singular)
комара́ми (instrumental plural)
комаре́ (prepositional singular)
комара́х (plural prepositional)
кома́ръ (alternative)

→ Yakut: кумаар (kumaar)

Dolgan: кумаар (kumaar)

→ Yiddish: קאָמאַר (komar)

blank-cutting machine
blank-cutting machine

(metallurgy) nibbling machine, blank-cutting machine


cheek

en-noun

cheek (countable and uncountable, plural cheeks)

From Middle English cheeke, cheke, cheoke, choke, from Old English ċēce, ċēace, ċēoce (“cheek; jaw”), from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, *keukā (“jaw, cheek”), from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ, *keukǭ (“jaw; palate; pharynx”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (“to chew”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Sooke (“cheek”), West Frisian tsjeak (“jaw”), Dutch kaak (“jaw; cheek”), Swedish käke (“jaw; jowl”), Norwegian kjake (“jaw”), Old Norse kók (“mouth; gullet”).

der

(metalworking) The middle section of a flask, made so that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mould.


anneal

en-verb

anneal (third-person singular simple present anneals, present participle annealing, simple past and past participle annealed)

anneals (present singular third-person)
annealing (participle present)
annealed (participle past)
annealed (past)
aneal (alternative)

From Middle English anelen, onelen, from Old English onǣlan (“to burn, ignite, set fire to, consume, heat, enlighten, incite, inflame, inspire, kindle”), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on”) + Proto-Germanic *ailijaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”). The double-N spelling may have arisen by analogy with Latinate verbs like announce, annex, and annul.
The word is related to Old English onāl (“that which is burnt, burning; incense”), Old English āl (“fire, burning”), Icelandic eldur (“fire”), Swedish eld (“fire, flame”), Danish ild (“fire”).

cog

National Archives and Record Administration

The best tough soft iron, such as will weld round, is drawn into rods by smiths, using charcoal fires, and taking welding heats every time, the rod is about 1.4 inch diameter, 9 or 10 feet long, containing 4lbs. each, tapered at each end to a long point; they are first anealed by being brought to a bright red heat, in a furnace excluding the air as much as possible, for if the air can be entirely excluded, no scab will rise in anealing; […]

1812 March 7, O. E., “The Process of Making Iron Wire”, in H[ezekiah] Niles, editor, The Weekly Register, volume II, number 27, Baltimore, Md.: Printed and published by the editor, at the Franklin Press, South-Street, next door to the Merchants' Coffee-House, →OCLC, page 9:

On closer inspection it appeared that steel annealed at 100° is, cæteris paribus, more easily soluble than glass hard steel; steel annealed at 200° more easily soluble than steel annealed at 100°, and steel annealed at 360° more easily soluble than steel annealed at 200°. […] These curious results were substantiated by annealing one-half of short glass hard rods (ca. 5ᶜᵐ in length) at red heat on dissolving in HCl, the diameter of the soft length is diminished more rapidly than the diameter of the hard length.

1887, C. Barus, V[incenc] Strouhal, “The Effect of Sudden Cooling Exhibited by Glass and by Steel, Considered both Physically and Chemically”, in Report of Work Done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics Mainly During the Fiscal Year 1885–'86 (Bulletins of the United States Geological Survey; no. 42; 50th Congress, 2d session, House of Representatives Miscellaneous Documents; no. 137), volume VII, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, published 1889, →OCLC, page 123:

The isolated disordered regions and the amorphous layer have widely different anneal behavior. In the case of germanium and silicon, the isolated disordered regions anneal at moderate temperatures of approximately 200° and 300° C, respectively. The amorphous layers also anneal in a characteristic fashion, but at appreciably higher temperatures, i.e., at approximately 600° C in silicon and 400° C in germanium. It should be noted that even though both types of disorder can be annealed at temperatures well below those where diffusion of the dopant species occurs, there are still defects present.

1970, James W[alter] Mayer, Lennart Eriksson, John A[rthur] Davies, “General Features of Ion Implantation”, in Ion Implantation in Semiconductors: Silicon and Germanium, New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, →OCLC, page 5:

I felt his strong bones anneal themselves to my own, his blood vent its bright tide into my veins, the semen of his testicles foam as it dashed in a torrent against mine.

1979, J.G. Ballard, The Unlimited Dream Company, chapter 30:

A properly made, fully sintered and fully annealed metal clay piece should be able to stand up to any traditional metalsmithing technique.

2010, Kate McKinnon, Sculptural Metal Clay Jewelry: Techniques and Explorations, Loveland, Colo.: Interweave Press, →ISBN, page 27:

(metallurgy) To subject to great heat and then (often slow) cooling, and sometimes reheating and further cooling, for the purpose of rendering less brittle; to temper; to toughen.

отгрявам

to subject to great heat and then cooling


anneal

Additional information obtained from counting krypton-85 released during the anneals shows that only fractions of a per cent of the theoretical amount of gas are released […]

1958 October 3, William V. Johnston, The Effect of Transients and Longer-time Anneals on Irradiated Uranium-zirconium Alloys (AEC Research and Development Report; KAPL; 1965), Schenectady, N.Y.: Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, General Electric Company, page xiii:

In contrast, our work showed that the 100% hydrogen anneal (1160°C for 45 min) led to a defect-free, atomically smooth surface. It should be noted that a high temperature anneal in Ar, H₂, or high vacuum is a well established pre-epitaxial growth step by which a native oxide film is removed to obtain a good quality epitaxial layer[…].

1994, D. M. Lee, D. Ruprecht, D. Hymes, W. Huber, “Surface Characterization of Heat Treated Silicon Wafers”, in H[oward] R. Huff, W. Bergholz, K[ōji] Sumino, editors, Semiconductor Silicon/1994: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Silicon Materials Science and Technology (Electronics Division Proceedings; 94-10), The Electrochemical Society, →ISBN, page 241:

In the two-step anneal, the low temperature (nucleation) anneal was conducted at 450°C, 650°C, 750°C, or 850°C for various times. Following the low temperature anneal, the samples were heat treated at 1000°C for a total cumulative anneal time of 40 h. All anneals were carried out in a dry nitrogen ambient environment.

1999, C. Y. Kung, F. C. Tsuy, H. M. Lee, S. C. Lee, “The Effect of the Nucleation Temperature on the Variation of the Microstructure of Cz Silicon after Two- and Three-step Anneals”, in T. Abe et al., editors, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Defects in Silicon (Electronics Division Proceedings; 99-1), Pennington, N.J.: The Electrochemical Society, →ISBN, page 291:

(chemistry, metallurgy) An act of annealing.


loam

en-noun

loam (countable and uncountable, plural loams)

From Middle English lome, lame, lam, from Old English lām (“clay, mud, mire, earth”), from Proto-West Germanic *laim, from Proto-Germanic *laimaz, *laimô (“clay”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Leem (“loam”), West Frisian liem (“loam”), Dutch leem (“loam”), German Lehm (“loam”). Related also to lime.

der

(metalworking) A mixture of sand, clay, and other materials, used in making moulds for large castings, often without a pattern.


sprue

ли́тник

hole allowing melted material into the mold

(metallurgy) A channel through which molten metal is poured into the mold during the casting process.

(metallurgy) Material that cools in the feed channels to a mold.


quench

en-verb

quench (third-person singular simple present quenches, present participle quenching, simple past quenched, past participle quenched or (obsolete) quent)

quenches (present singular third-person)
quenching (participle present)
quenched (past)
quenched (participle past)
quent (obsolete participle past)

From Middle English quenchen, from Old English cwenċan, from Proto-Germanic *kwankijaną.

The swordsmith quenched the sword in an oil bath so that it wouldn't shatter.

(transitive, metallurgy) To cool rapidly by direct contact with liquid coolant, as a blacksmith quenching hot iron.


相槌

ja-noun

相(あい)槌(づち) • (aizuchi) ^(←あひづち (afiduti)?)

相槌 (canonical)
aizuchi (romanization)
afiduti (romanization)
あひづち (hiragana historical)

→ English: aizuchi

From あい (ai-, “mutual, together”) + 槌(つち) (tsuchi, “hammer”). The tsuchi changes to zuchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

鍛冶があひつちと云ふは、二人むかひてうつゆへ歟

When a blacksmith says aizuchi they mean two people working face-to-face

Kaji ga aizuchi to iu wa, futari mukai de utsu yue yo

(archaic, metalworking) (two persons) hammering an object alternately or in unison


whisker

Middle English wisker, whisk (verb) + -er

(metallurgy) A small tendril that forms on metal.


shank

From Middle English schanke, from Old English sċanca (“leg”), from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô (compare West Frisian skonk, Dutch schenkel, Low German Schanke, German Schenkel (“shank, leg”), Danish skank, Norwegian skank, Swedish skänkel), from *skankaz (compare Old Norse skakkr (“wry, crooked”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (compare Middle Irish scingim (“I spring”), Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”).

(metalworking) A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it.


forge

en-verb

forge (third-person singular simple present forges, present participle forging, simple past and past participle forged)

forges (present singular third-person)
forging (participle present)
forged (participle past)
forged (past)

From Middle English forgen, from Anglo-Norman forger and Old French forgier, from Latin fabrico (“to frame, construct, build”). Doublet of fabricate.

der

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

On Mars's armor forged for proof eterne

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], line 451:

Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out.[…]. Ikey the blacksmith had forged us a spearhead after a sketch from a picture of a Greek warrior; and a rake-handle served as a shaft.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

(metallurgy) To shape a metal by heating and hammering.


dap

en-verb

dap (third-person singular simple present daps, present participle dapping, simple past and past participle dapped)

daps (present singular third-person)
dapping (participle present)
dapped (participle past)
dapped (past)

Onomatopoeic, from the sound made when a person runs while wearing daps.

(metalworking) To create a hollow indentation.


knobble

knobble (third-person singular simple present knobbles, present participle knobbling, simple past and past participle knobbled)

knobbles (present singular third-person)
knobbling (participle present)
knobbled (participle past)
knobbled (past)

From Middle English knoble; equivalent to knob + -le.

knobbled charcoal iron

a knobbling furnace

(transitive, metallurgy) To produce wrought iron by treating (semirefined puddled iron) on a hearth before shingling.


pickle

en-noun

pickle (countable and uncountable, plural pickles)

→ Dutch: pickles

→ French: pickles

→ Irish: picil

→ Korean: 피클 (pikeul)

→ Portuguese: picles

→ Spanish: pickles, picle

→ Welsh: picil

From Middle English pikel (“spicy sauce served with meat or fish”), borrowed from Middle Dutch, Middle Low German pekel (“brine”). Cognate with Scots pikkill (“salt liquor, brine”), Saterland Frisian Piekele (“pickle, brine”), Dutch pekel (“pickle, brine”), Low German pekel, peckel, pickel, bickel (“pickle, brine”), German Pökel (“pickle, brine”).

cog

(metalworking) A bath of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, etc., to remove burnt sand, scale, rust, etc., from the surface of castings, or other articles of metal, or to brighten them or improve their colour.

киселинна вана

metalworking: bath of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, etc.


smelting

Buried within the Mediterranean littoral are some seventy to ninety million tons of slag from ancient smelting, about a third of it concentrated in Iberia. This ceaseless industrial fueling caused the deforestation of an estimated fifty to seventy million acres of woodlands.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:

(metallurgy) The process of melting or fusion, especially to extract a metal from its ore.


lantern

lanterns (plural)
lanthorn (alternative archaic)

→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)

Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)

→ Irish: laindéar

→ Malay: lentera

Indonesian: lentera

→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

From Middle English lanterne (13th century), via Old French lanterne from Latin lanterna (“lantern”), itself a corruption of Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr, “torch”) (see lamp, λάμπω (lámpō)) by influence of Latin lucerna (“lamp”). The spelling lanthorn was current during the 16th to 19th centuries and originates with a folk etymology associating the word with the use of horn as translucent cover. For the verb, compare French lanterner to hang at the lamppost. Displaced native Old English lēohtfæt (literally “light-container”).

ncog

(metalworking) A perforated barrel to form a core upon.


chill

en-verb

chill (third-person singular simple present chills, present participle chilling, simple past and past participle chilled)

chills (present singular third-person)
chilling (participle present)
chilled (participle past)
chilled (past)

→ Danish: chille

→ Dutch: chillen

→ French: chiller

→ German: chillen

→ Norwegian: chille

→⇒ Portuguese: chilar

→ Swedish: chilla

From Middle English chillen, from Old English ċilian (“to be cold”), from Proto-West Germanic *kilēn (“to be cold”). Cognate with Middle Dutch killen (“to be cold”), Dutch killen (“to be cold, shiver”).

inh

(transitive, metallurgy) To harden a metal surface by sudden cooling.

закалявам

to harden a metal surface by sudden cooling

(intransitive, metallurgy) To become hard by rapid cooling.


reduction

en-noun

reduction (countable and uncountable, plural reductions)

From Middle English reduccion, a borrowing from Old French reducion, from Latin reductiō, reductiōnem.

The final stage of thickness reduction (typically 90% from about 2mm to <0.2mm) is carried out by cold rolling.

2016, Gordon L. Robertson, Food Packaging Principles and Practice, 3rd edition, page 191:

(metalworking) The ratio of a material's change in thickness compared to its thickness prior to forging and/or rolling.


billet

From Middle English billet, bylet, belet, billette, from Old French billette, from bille (“log, tree trunk”), from Vulgar Latin *bilia, probably of Gaulish origin (compare Old Irish bile (“tree”)).

The Saturday evening Cardiff-West Wales mail train is still steam-worked, but a most unlikely locomotive used on May 23 was Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 No. 45250 (5A); it returned on May 25 with a train of steel billets.

1964 July, “Motive Power Miscellany: Western Region”, in Modern Railways, page 70:

(metallurgy) A semi-finished length of metal.


opener

(metalworking) A person employed to separate sheets of hot metal that become stuck together.


keyhole

(metallurgy) A welding method in which a hole forms in the surface immediately ahead of the puddle in the direction of welding. The hole is filled as the weld progresses.


cyanidation

(metallurgy) The extraction of gold or silver from their ores using the cyanide process


refraction

refraction (countable and uncountable, plural refractions)

/ɹəˈfɹækʃən/

(metallurgy) The degree to which a metal or compound can withstand heat


salamander

/ˈsæləˌmɑːndə/

From Middle English salamandre, from Anglo-Norman salamandre, from Latin salamandra, from Ancient Greek σαλαμάνδρα (salamándra), of uncertain origin (per Beekes, likely Pre-Greek); possibly of Iranian origin, see Persian سمندر (samandar) for more information.

Salamander tapping is done at the salamander base, which is the bottom-most level of the liquid pool in a blast furnace hearth. A high degree of precision is required to tap the salamander base effectively

2019, Ian Cameron, Mitren Sukhram, Kyle Lefebvre, Blast Furnace Ironmaking:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(metallurgy) Solidified material in a furnace hearth.


facing

(metalworking) A powdered substance, such as charcoal or bituminous coal, applied to the face of a mould, or mixed with the sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting.


Barren

de-noun

Barren m (strong, genitive Barrens, plural Barren)

Barrens (genitive)
Barren (plural)
Barren (nominative singular)
Barren (definite nominative plural)
Barrens (genitive singular)
Barren (definite genitive plural)
Barren (dative singular)
Barren (dative definite plural)
Barren (accusative singular)
Barren (accusative definite plural)

Bahren (some speakers, chiefly in casual speech)

From Middle High German barre, from Old French barre.


Л

лату́нь латунь#Russian

(metallurgy) abbreviation of лату́нь (latúnʹ, “brass”)


vitriol

en-verb

vitriol (third-person singular simple present vitriols, present participle vitrioling or vitriolling, simple past and past participle vitrioled or vitriolled)

vitriols (present singular third-person)
vitrioling (participle present)
vitriolling (participle present)
vitrioled (participle past)
vitrioled (past)
vitriolled (participle past)
vitriolled (past)

From Middle English vitriol, from Old French vitriol, from Medieval Latin vitriolum (“sulfuric acid”), from vitrum (“glass”).

der

(transitive, metallurgy) To dip in dilute sulfuric acid; to pickle.


чёрный

ru-adj

черны́м-черно́

чёрный • (čórnyj) (comparative (по)черне́е or (по)черне́й, superlative черне́йший, adverb черно́ or черны́м-черно́ or чёрно, diminutive чёрненький, augmentative черню́щий)

čórnyj (romanization)
(по)черне́е (comparative)
(по)черне́й (comparative)
черне́йший (superlative)
черно́ (adverb)
черны́м-черно́ (adverb)
чёрно (adverb)
чёрненький (diminutive)
черню́щий (augmentative)
чёрный (masculine nominative)
чёрное (neuter nominative)
чёрная (feminine nominative)
чёрные (nominative plural)
чёрного (genitive masculine neuter)
чёрной (feminine genitive)
чёрных (genitive plural)
чёрному (dative masculine neuter)
чёрной (dative feminine)
чёрным (dative plural)
чёрного (accusative animate masculine)
чёрное (accusative neuter)
чёрную (accusative feminine)
чёрных (accusative animate plural)
чёрный (accusative inanimate masculine)
чёрные (accusative inanimate plural)
чёрным (instrumental masculine neuter)
чёрной (feminine instrumental)
чёрною (feminine instrumental)
чёрными (instrumental plural)
чёрном (masculine neuter prepositional)
чёрной (feminine prepositional)
чёрных (plural prepositional)
чёрен (masculine short-form)
черно́ (neuter short-form)
черна́ (feminine short-form)
черны́ (plural short-form)
чёрный (dated masculine nominative)
чёрное (dated neuter nominative)
чёрная (dated feminine nominative)
чёрные (dated masculine nominative plural)
чёрныя (dated feminine neuter nominative plural)
чёрнаго (dated genitive masculine neuter)
чёрной (dated feminine genitive)
чёрныхъ (dated feminine genitive masculine neuter)
чёрному (dated dative masculine neuter)
чёрной (dated dative feminine)
чёрнымъ (dated dative feminine masculine neuter)
чёрнаго (accusative animate dated masculine)
чёрное (accusative dated neuter)
чёрную (accusative dated feminine)
чёрныхъ (accusative animate dated feminine masculine neuter)
чёрный (accusative dated inanimate masculine)
чёрные (accusative dated inanimate masculine plural)
чёрныя (accusative dated feminine inanimate neuter plural)
чёрнымъ (dated instrumental masculine neuter)
чёрной (dated feminine instrumental)
чёрною (dated feminine instrumental)
чёрными (dated feminine instrumental masculine neuter)
чёрномъ (dated masculine neuter prepositional)
чёрной (dated feminine prepositional)
чёрныхъ (dated feminine masculine neuter prepositional)
чёренъ (dated masculine short-form)
черно́ (dated neuter short-form)
черна́ (dated feminine short-form)
черны́ (dated feminine masculine neuter short-form)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьrnъ.
Cognates include Lithuanian kir̃snas and Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa, “black, dark”).

чёрная металлурги́я


dendrite

From Ancient Greek δενδρίτης (dendrítēs, “of or pertaining to a tree”). Equivalent to dendr- + -ite.

uder

(crystallography, metallurgy) Tree-like structure of crystals growing as material crystallizes


elda

elda (present tense eldar, past tense elda, past participle elda, passive infinitive eldast, present participle eldande, imperative elda/eld)

eldar (present)
elda (past)
elda (participle past)
eldast (infinitive passive)
eldande (participle present)
elda (imperative)
eld (imperative)
elde (alternative)

From Old Norse elda (“to kindle, fire up”).

(transitive, metallurgy) to keep (i.e. a metal) inside a fire


sammuttaa

sammutan (first-person indicative present singular)
en sammuta (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen sammuttanut (first-person indicative perfect singular)
en ole sammuttanut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
sammutat (indicative present second-person singular)
et sammuta (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet sammuttanut (indicative perfect second-person singular)
et ole sammuttanut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
sammuttaa (indicative present singular third-person)
ei sammuta (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on sammuttanut (indicative perfect singular third-person)
ei ole sammuttanut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
sammutamme (first-person indicative plural present)
emme sammuta (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme sammuttaneet (first-person indicative perfect plural)
emme ole sammuttaneet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
sammutatte (indicative plural present second-person)
ette sammuta (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette sammuttaneet (indicative perfect plural second-person)
ette ole sammuttaneet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
sammuttavat (indicative plural present third-person)
eivät sammuta (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat sammuttaneet (indicative perfect plural third-person)
eivät ole sammuttaneet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
sammutetaan (indicative passive present)
ei sammuteta (indicative negative passive present)
on sammutettu (indicative passive perfect)
ei ole sammutettu (indicative negative passive perfect)
sammutin (first-person indicative past singular)
en sammuttanut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin sammuttanut (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
en ollut sammuttanut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
sammutit (indicative past second-person singular)
et sammuttanut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit sammuttanut (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
et ollut sammuttanut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
sammutti (indicative past singular third-person)
ei sammuttanut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli sammuttanut (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei ollut sammuttanut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
sammutimme (first-person indicative past plural)
emme sammuttaneet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme sammuttaneet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
emme olleet sammuttaneet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
sammutitte (indicative past plural second-person)
ette sammuttaneet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte sammuttaneet (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ette olleet sammuttaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
sammuttivat (indicative past plural third-person)
eivät sammuttaneet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat sammuttaneet (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
eivät olleet sammuttaneet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
sammutettiin (indicative passive past)
ei sammutettu (indicative negative passive past)
oli sammutettu (indicative passive pluperfect)
ei ollut sammutettu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
sammuttaisin (conditional first-person present singular)
en sammuttaisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin sammuttanut (conditional first-person perfect singular)
en olisi sammuttanut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
sammuttaisit (conditional present second-person singular)
et sammuttaisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit sammuttanut (conditional perfect second-person singular)
et olisi sammuttanut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
sammuttaisi (conditional present singular third-person)
ei sammuttaisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi sammuttanut (conditional perfect singular third-person)
ei olisi sammuttanut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
sammuttaisimme (conditional first-person plural present)
emme sammuttaisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme sammuttaneet (conditional first-person perfect plural)
emme olisi sammuttaneet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
sammuttaisitte (conditional plural present second-person)
ette sammuttaisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte sammuttaneet (conditional perfect plural second-person)
ette olisi sammuttaneet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
sammuttaisivat (conditional plural present third-person)
eivät sammuttaisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat sammuttaneet (conditional perfect plural third-person)
eivät olisi sammuttaneet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
sammutettaisiin (conditional passive present)
ei sammutettaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi sammutettu (conditional passive perfect)
ei olisi sammutettu (conditional negative passive perfect)
sammuta (imperative present second-person singular)
älä sammuta (imperative negative present second-person singular)
sammuttakoon (imperative present singular third-person)
älköön sammuttako (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon sammuttanut (imperative perfect singular third-person)
älköön olko sammuttanut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
sammuttakaamme (first-person imperative plural present)
älkäämme sammuttako (first-person imperative negative plural present)
sammuttakaa (imperative plural present second-person)
älkää sammuttako (imperative negative plural present second-person)
sammuttakoot (imperative plural present third-person)
älkööt sammuttako (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot sammuttaneet (imperative perfect plural third-person)
älkööt olko sammuttaneet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
sammutettakoon (imperative passive present)
älköön sammutettako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon sammutettu (imperative passive perfect)
älköön olko sammutettu (imperative negative passive perfect)
sammuttanen (first-person potential present singular)
en sammuttane (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen sammuttanut (first-person perfect potential singular)
en liene sammuttanut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
sammuttanet (potential present second-person singular)
et sammuttane (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet sammuttanut (perfect potential second-person singular)
et liene sammuttanut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
sammuttanee (potential present singular third-person)
ei sammuttane (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee sammuttanut (perfect potential singular third-person)
ei liene sammuttanut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
sammuttanemme (first-person plural potential present)
emme sammuttane (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme sammuttaneet (first-person perfect plural potential)
emme liene sammuttaneet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
sammuttanette (plural potential present second-person)
ette sammuttane (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette sammuttaneet (perfect plural potential second-person)
ette liene sammuttaneet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
sammuttanevat (plural potential present third-person)
eivät sammuttane (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät sammuttaneet (perfect plural potential third-person)
eivät liene sammuttaneet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
sammutettaneen (passive potential present)
ei sammutettane (negative passive potential present)
lienee sammutettu (passive perfect potential)
ei liene sammutettu (negative passive perfect potential)
sammuttaa (infinitive infinitive-i)
sammuttava (active participle present)
sammutettava (participle passive present)
sammuttaakseni (first-person possessive singular)
sammuttaaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
sammuttaaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
sammuttaaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
sammuttaakseen (possessive third-person)
sammuttaaksensa (possessive third-person)
sammuttanut (infinitive-i-long past)
sammutettu (infinitive-i-long past)
sammuttaessa (inessive second-person)
sammutettaessa (inessive second-person)
sammuttama (agent)
sammuttaessani (first-person possessive singular)
sammuttaessamme (first-person plural possessive)
sammuttaessasi (possessive second-person singular)
sammuttaessanne (plural possessive second-person)
sammuttaessaan (possessive third-person)
sammuttaessansa (possessive third-person)
sammuttamaton (inessive negative second-person)
sammuttaen (instructive second-person)
sammuttamassa (inessive third-person)
sammuttamasta (elative third-person)
sammuttamaan (illative third-person)
sammuttamalla (adessive third-person)
sammuttamatta (abessive third-person)
sammuttaman (instructive third-person)
sammutettaman (instructive third-person)
sammuttaminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
sammuttamaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
sammuttamaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
sammuttamaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
sammuttamaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
sammuttamaisillaan (possessive third-person)
sammuttamaisillansa (possessive third-person)

/ˈsɑmːutːɑːˣ/

[ˈs̠ɑ̝mːut̪ːɑ̝ː(ʔ)]


hot short

hot-short iron

(metallurgy) Of metal: brittle at high temperatures.


cold short

(metallurgy) Of metal: brittle at low temperatures.


converter

converters (plural)
convertor (alternative)

time stretch analog-to-digital converter

(metallurgy) A retort or furnace, used e.g. in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal.


strike while the iron is hot

en-verb

strike while the iron is hot (third-person singular simple present strikes while the iron is hot, present participle striking while the iron is hot, simple past and past participle struck while the iron is hot)

strikes while the iron is hot (present singular third-person)
striking while the iron is hot (participle present)
struck while the iron is hot (participle past)
struck while the iron is hot (past)

(metallurgy, blacksmithing, literally) To strike a hot piece of metal, especially iron, with a mallet or other tool before it cools, while it is still hot enough to be shaped.


recrystallization

en-noun

recrystallization (countable and uncountable, plural recrystallizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-recrystallization.wav

(metallurgy) The growth of grain fragments in an alloy, especially when it is worked by cold rolling.


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)
massa (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete, uncountable, metallurgy) a type of greasy sand used in the production of steel castings


liga

→ German: Liga


reedy

en-adj

reedy (comparative reedier, superlative reediest)

reedier (comparative)
reediest (superlative)

From Middle English reedy, reedi, reeddy, equivalent to reed + -y.

reedy iron

(metallurgy) Imperfectly welded together in masses of rods.


beneficiar

ca-verb

beneficiar (first-person singular present beneficio, first-person singular preterite beneficií, past participle beneficiat)

beneficio (first-person present singular)
beneficií (first-person preterite singular)
beneficiat (participle past)
beneficiar (infinitive)
beneficiant (gerund)
beneficiat (masculine participle past singular)
beneficiada (feminine participle past singular)
beneficiats (masculine participle past plural)
beneficiades (feminine participle past plural)
beneficio (first-person indicative present singular)
beneficies (indicative present second-person singular)
beneficia (indicative present singular third-person)
beneficiem (first-person indicative plural present)
beneficieu (indicative plural present second-person)
beneficien (indicative plural present third-person)
beneficiava (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
beneficiaves (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
beneficiava (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
beneficiàvem (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
beneficiàveu (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
beneficiaven (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
beneficiaré (first-person future indicative singular)
beneficiaràs (future indicative second-person singular)
beneficiarà (future indicative singular third-person)
beneficiarem (first-person future indicative plural)
beneficiareu (future indicative plural second-person)
beneficiaran (future indicative plural third-person)
beneficií (first-person indicative preterite singular)
beneficiares (indicative preterite second-person singular)
beneficià (indicative preterite singular third-person)
beneficiàrem (first-person indicative plural preterite)
beneficiàreu (indicative plural preterite second-person)
beneficiaren (indicative plural preterite third-person)
beneficiaria (conditional first-person indicative singular)
beneficiaries (conditional indicative second-person singular)
beneficiaria (conditional indicative singular third-person)
beneficiaríem (conditional first-person indicative plural)
beneficiaríeu (conditional indicative plural second-person)
beneficiarien (conditional indicative plural third-person)
beneficiï (first-person present singular subjunctive)
beneficiïs (present second-person singular subjunctive)
beneficiï (present singular subjunctive third-person)
beneficiem (first-person plural present subjunctive)
beneficieu (plural present second-person subjunctive)
beneficiïn (plural present subjunctive third-person)
beneficiés (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
beneficiessis (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
beneficiés (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
beneficiéssim (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
beneficiéssiu (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
beneficiessin (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
beneficia (imperative second-person)
beneficiï (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular)
beneficiem (first-person imperative plural)
beneficieu (imperative plural second-person)
beneficiïn (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically)
no beneficiïs (imperative negative second-person)
no beneficiï (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular)
no beneficiem (first-person imperative negative plural)
no beneficieu (imperative negative plural second-person)
no beneficiïn (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically)


lancet

From Middle English launcet, from Old French lancete, a diminutive of lance. By surface analysis, lance + -et.

Edward H[enry] Knight
w:Edward H. Knight

(metallurgy) An iron bar used for tapping a melting furnace.


Tutania

Trade name. Named after William Tutin, an English manufacturer.

(metallurgy) An alloy of copper, antimony, zinc and tin patented in 1770 by William Tutin, whose firm used it in commercial production of housewares.


scaffold

From Middle English scaffold, scaffalde, from Anglo-Norman schaffaut, eschaffaut, eschafal, eschaiphal, escadafaut (“platform to see a tournament”) (Modern French échafaud), from Old French es- (indicating movement away or separation) (from Latin ex- (“out, away”)) + chafaud, chafaut, chafault, caafau, caafaus, cadefaut (“scaffold for executing a criminal”), from Vulgar Latin *catafalcum (“viewing stage”), possibly from Ancient Greek κατα- (kata-, “back; against”) + Latin -falicum (from fala, phala (“wooden gallery or tower; siege tower”)).

der

United States Capitol
scaffold (disambiguation)

(metalworking) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf or dome-shaped obstruction above the tuyeres in a blast furnace.


aansteker

nl-noun

aansteker m (plural aanstekers, diminutive aanstekertje n)

aanstekers (plural)
aanstekertje (diminutive neuter)

(dated, metallurgy) a lever used to cast molten metal into a furnace


tool-rest

tool-rests (plural)
toolrest (alternative)

(metalworking) The part of a machine, such as a lathe, that supports the cutting tool.


metallist

(metallurgy) A person who works with metals.


blowhole

(metallurgy) An unintended cavity filled with air in a casting product.


blowhole

en-verb

blowhole (third-person singular simple present blowholes, present participle blowholing, simple past and past participle blowholed)

blowholes (present singular third-person)
blowholing (participle present)
blowholed (participle past)
blowholed (past)

(metallurgy, ambitransitive) To fill or be filled with air in an unintended cavity.


piña

en-noun

piña (countable and uncountable, plural piñas)

(metalworking) A cone of silver amalgam prepared for retorting.

(metalworking) The residual cone of spongy silver left after the retorting.


metallurgical

en-adj

metallurgical (comparative more metallurgical, superlative most metallurgical)

more metallurgical (comparative)
most metallurgical (superlative)

/ˌmɛtəˈlɜː(ɹ)dʒɪkəl/

-ɜː(ɹ)dʒɪkəl

(metallurgy) Of or relating to metallurgy, the study of metals and their properties.


huta

huta (nominative singular)
huty (nominative plural)
huty (genitive singular)
hut (genitive plural)
hucie (dative singular)
hutom (dative plural)
hutę (accusative singular)
huty (accusative plural)
hutą (instrumental singular)
hutami (instrumental plural)
hucie (locative singular)
hutach (locative plural)
huto (singular vocative)
huty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Hütte, from Middle High German hütte, from Old High German hutta, possibly from Proto-Germanic *hudjǭ.


sula

sula (nominative singular)
sulat (nominative plural)
sula (accusative nominative singular)
sulat (accusative nominative plural)
sulan (accusative genitive singular)
sulat (accusative genitive plural)
sulan (genitive singular)
sulien (genitive plural)
sulain (genitive plural rare)
sulaa (partitive singular)
sulia (partitive plural)
sulassa (inessive singular)
sulissa (inessive plural)
sulasta (elative singular)
sulista (elative plural)
sulaan (illative singular)
suliin (illative plural)
sulalla (adessive singular)
sulilla (adessive plural)
sulalta (ablative singular)
sulilta (ablative plural)
sulalle (allative singular)
sulille (allative plural)
sulana (essive singular)
sulina (essive plural)
sulaksi (singular translative)
suliksi (plural translative)
sulatta (abessive singular)
sulitta (abessive plural)
sulin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
sulani (nominative singular)
sulani (nominative plural)
sulani (accusative nominative singular)
sulani (accusative nominative plural)
sulani (accusative genitive singular)
sulani (accusative genitive plural)
sulani (genitive singular)
sulieni (genitive plural)
sulaini (genitive plural rare)
sulaani (partitive singular)
suliani (partitive plural)
sulassani (inessive singular)
sulissani (inessive plural)
sulastani (elative singular)
sulistani (elative plural)
sulaani (illative singular)
suliini (illative plural)
sulallani (adessive singular)
sulillani (adessive plural)
sulaltani (ablative singular)
suliltani (ablative plural)
sulalleni (allative singular)
sulilleni (allative plural)
sulanani (essive singular)
sulinani (essive plural)
sulakseni (singular translative)
sulikseni (plural translative)
sulattani (abessive singular)
sulittani (abessive plural)
sulineni (comitative plural)
sulasi (nominative singular)
sulasi (nominative plural)
sulasi (accusative nominative singular)
sulasi (accusative nominative plural)
sulasi (accusative genitive singular)
sulasi (accusative genitive plural)
sulasi (genitive singular)
suliesi (genitive plural)
sulaisi (genitive plural rare)
sulaasi (partitive singular)
suliasi (partitive plural)
sulassasi (inessive singular)
sulissasi (inessive plural)
sulastasi (elative singular)
sulistasi (elative plural)
sulaasi (illative singular)
suliisi (illative plural)
sulallasi (adessive singular)
sulillasi (adessive plural)
sulaltasi (ablative singular)
suliltasi (ablative plural)
sulallesi (allative singular)
sulillesi (allative plural)
sulanasi (essive singular)
sulinasi (essive plural)
sulaksesi (singular translative)
suliksesi (plural translative)
sulattasi (abessive singular)
sulittasi (abessive plural)
sulinesi (comitative plural)
sulamme (nominative singular)
sulamme (nominative plural)
sulamme (accusative nominative singular)
sulamme (accusative nominative plural)
sulamme (accusative genitive singular)
sulamme (accusative genitive plural)
sulamme (genitive singular)
suliemme (genitive plural)
sulaimme (genitive plural rare)
sulaamme (partitive singular)
suliamme (partitive plural)
sulassamme (inessive singular)
sulissamme (inessive plural)
sulastamme (elative singular)
sulistamme (elative plural)
sulaamme (illative singular)
suliimme (illative plural)
sulallamme (adessive singular)
sulillamme (adessive plural)
sulaltamme (ablative singular)
suliltamme (ablative plural)
sulallemme (allative singular)
sulillemme (allative plural)
sulanamme (essive singular)
sulinamme (essive plural)
sulaksemme (singular translative)
suliksemme (plural translative)
sulattamme (abessive singular)
sulittamme (abessive plural)
sulinemme (comitative plural)
sulanne (nominative singular)
sulanne (nominative plural)
sulanne (accusative nominative singular)
sulanne (accusative nominative plural)
sulanne (accusative genitive singular)
sulanne (accusative genitive plural)
sulanne (genitive singular)
sulienne (genitive plural)
sulainne (genitive plural rare)
sulaanne (partitive singular)
sulianne (partitive plural)
sulassanne (inessive singular)
sulissanne (inessive plural)
sulastanne (elative singular)
sulistanne (elative plural)
sulaanne (illative singular)
suliinne (illative plural)
sulallanne (adessive singular)
sulillanne (adessive plural)
sulaltanne (ablative singular)
suliltanne (ablative plural)
sulallenne (allative singular)
sulillenne (allative plural)
sulananne (essive singular)
sulinanne (essive plural)
sulaksenne (singular translative)
suliksenne (plural translative)
sulattanne (abessive singular)
sulittanne (abessive plural)
sulinenne (comitative plural)
sulansa (nominative singular)
sulansa (nominative plural)
sulansa (accusative nominative singular)
sulansa (accusative nominative plural)
sulansa (accusative genitive singular)
sulansa (accusative genitive plural)
sulansa (genitive singular)
suliensa (genitive plural)
sulainsa (genitive plural rare)
sulaansa (partitive singular)
suliaan (partitive plural)
suliansa (partitive plural)
sulassaan (inessive singular)
sulassansa (inessive singular)
sulissaan (inessive plural)
sulissansa (inessive plural)
sulastaan (elative singular)
sulastansa (elative singular)
sulistaan (elative plural)
sulistansa (elative plural)
sulaansa (illative singular)
suliinsa (illative plural)
sulallaan (adessive singular)
sulallansa (adessive singular)
sulillaan (adessive plural)
sulillansa (adessive plural)
sulaltaan (ablative singular)
sulaltansa (ablative singular)
suliltaan (ablative plural)
suliltansa (ablative plural)
sulalleen (allative singular)
sulallensa (allative singular)
sulilleen (allative plural)
sulillensa (allative plural)
sulanaan (essive singular)
sulanansa (essive singular)
sulinaan (essive plural)
sulinansa (essive plural)
sulakseen (singular translative)
sulaksensa (singular translative)
sulikseen (plural translative)
suliksensa (plural translative)
sulattaan (abessive singular)
sulattansa (abessive singular)
sulittaan (abessive plural)
sulittansa (abessive plural)
sulineen (comitative plural)
sulinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *sula, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *sula, cognate with Estonian sula. More distant cognates include Moksha соламс (solams), Komi-Permyak сывны (syvny), Udmurt сыл-сыл (syl-syl), Hungarian olvad and Southern Khanty тӑтә (tătə).

(metallurgy) smelt (any of the various liquids or semi-molten solids produced and used during the course of production of metal in a smelting process that involves melting and chemical reduction of metal compounds into purified metal)


pesä

pesä (nominative singular)
pesät (nominative plural)
pesä (accusative nominative singular)
pesät (accusative nominative plural)
pesän (accusative genitive singular)
pesät (accusative genitive plural)
pesän (genitive singular)
pesien (genitive plural)
pesäin (genitive plural rare)
pesää (partitive singular)
pesiä (partitive plural)
pesässä (inessive singular)
pesissä (inessive plural)
pesästä (elative singular)
pesistä (elative plural)
pesään (illative singular)
pesiin (illative plural)
pesällä (adessive singular)
pesillä (adessive plural)
pesältä (ablative singular)
pesiltä (ablative plural)
pesälle (allative singular)
pesille (allative plural)
pesänä (essive singular)
pesinä (essive plural)
pesäksi (singular translative)
pesiksi (plural translative)
pesättä (abessive singular)
pesittä (abessive plural)
pesin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
pesäni (nominative singular)
pesäni (nominative plural)
pesäni (accusative nominative singular)
pesäni (accusative nominative plural)
pesäni (accusative genitive singular)
pesäni (accusative genitive plural)
pesäni (genitive singular)
pesieni (genitive plural)
pesäini (genitive plural rare)
pesääni (partitive singular)
pesiäni (partitive plural)
pesässäni (inessive singular)
pesissäni (inessive plural)
pesästäni (elative singular)
pesistäni (elative plural)
pesääni (illative singular)
pesiini (illative plural)
pesälläni (adessive singular)
pesilläni (adessive plural)
pesältäni (ablative singular)
pesiltäni (ablative plural)
pesälleni (allative singular)
pesilleni (allative plural)
pesänäni (essive singular)
pesinäni (essive plural)
pesäkseni (singular translative)
pesikseni (plural translative)
pesättäni (abessive singular)
pesittäni (abessive plural)
pesineni (comitative plural)
pesäsi (nominative singular)
pesäsi (nominative plural)
pesäsi (accusative nominative singular)
pesäsi (accusative nominative plural)
pesäsi (accusative genitive singular)
pesäsi (accusative genitive plural)
pesäsi (genitive singular)
pesiesi (genitive plural)
pesäisi (genitive plural rare)
pesääsi (partitive singular)
pesiäsi (partitive plural)
pesässäsi (inessive singular)
pesissäsi (inessive plural)
pesästäsi (elative singular)
pesistäsi (elative plural)
pesääsi (illative singular)
pesiisi (illative plural)
pesälläsi (adessive singular)
pesilläsi (adessive plural)
pesältäsi (ablative singular)
pesiltäsi (ablative plural)
pesällesi (allative singular)
pesillesi (allative plural)
pesänäsi (essive singular)
pesinäsi (essive plural)
pesäksesi (singular translative)
pesiksesi (plural translative)
pesättäsi (abessive singular)
pesittäsi (abessive plural)
pesinesi (comitative plural)
pesämme (nominative singular)
pesämme (nominative plural)
pesämme (accusative nominative singular)
pesämme (accusative nominative plural)
pesämme (accusative genitive singular)
pesämme (accusative genitive plural)
pesämme (genitive singular)
pesiemme (genitive plural)
pesäimme (genitive plural rare)
pesäämme (partitive singular)
pesiämme (partitive plural)
pesässämme (inessive singular)
pesissämme (inessive plural)
pesästämme (elative singular)
pesistämme (elative plural)
pesäämme (illative singular)
pesiimme (illative plural)
pesällämme (adessive singular)
pesillämme (adessive plural)
pesältämme (ablative singular)
pesiltämme (ablative plural)
pesällemme (allative singular)
pesillemme (allative plural)
pesänämme (essive singular)
pesinämme (essive plural)
pesäksemme (singular translative)
pesiksemme (plural translative)
pesättämme (abessive singular)
pesittämme (abessive plural)
pesinemme (comitative plural)
pesänne (nominative singular)
pesänne (nominative plural)
pesänne (accusative nominative singular)
pesänne (accusative nominative plural)
pesänne (accusative genitive singular)
pesänne (accusative genitive plural)
pesänne (genitive singular)
pesienne (genitive plural)
pesäinne (genitive plural rare)
pesäänne (partitive singular)
pesiänne (partitive plural)
pesässänne (inessive singular)
pesissänne (inessive plural)
pesästänne (elative singular)
pesistänne (elative plural)
pesäänne (illative singular)
pesiinne (illative plural)
pesällänne (adessive singular)
pesillänne (adessive plural)
pesältänne (ablative singular)
pesiltänne (ablative plural)
pesällenne (allative singular)
pesillenne (allative plural)
pesänänne (essive singular)
pesinänne (essive plural)
pesäksenne (singular translative)
pesiksenne (plural translative)
pesättänne (abessive singular)
pesittänne (abessive plural)
pesinenne (comitative plural)
pesänsä (nominative singular)
pesänsä (nominative plural)
pesänsä (accusative nominative singular)
pesänsä (accusative nominative plural)
pesänsä (accusative genitive singular)
pesänsä (accusative genitive plural)
pesänsä (genitive singular)
pesiensä (genitive plural)
pesäinsä (genitive plural rare)
pesäänsä (partitive singular)
pesiään (partitive plural)
pesiänsä (partitive plural)
pesässään (inessive singular)
pesässänsä (inessive singular)
pesissään (inessive plural)
pesissänsä (inessive plural)
pesästään (elative singular)
pesästänsä (elative singular)
pesistään (elative plural)
pesistänsä (elative plural)
pesäänsä (illative singular)
pesiinsä (illative plural)
pesällään (adessive singular)
pesällänsä (adessive singular)
pesillään (adessive plural)
pesillänsä (adessive plural)
pesältään (ablative singular)
pesältänsä (ablative singular)
pesiltään (ablative plural)
pesiltänsä (ablative plural)
pesälleen (allative singular)
pesällensä (allative singular)
pesilleen (allative plural)
pesillensä (allative plural)
pesänään (essive singular)
pesänänsä (essive singular)
pesinään (essive plural)
pesinänsä (essive plural)
pesäkseen (singular translative)
pesäksensä (singular translative)
pesikseen (plural translative)
pesiksensä (plural translative)
pesättään (abessive singular)
pesättänsä (abessive singular)
pesittään (abessive plural)
pesittänsä (abessive plural)
pesineen (comitative plural)
pesinensä (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *pesä, from Proto-Uralic *pesä. Cognate with Karelian pešä, Estonian pesa, Erzya пизэ (pizë) and Hungarian fészek.

(metallurgy) bottom (of a blast furnace)


nitrox

Blend of nitro(gen) + ox(ygen). Analyzable as nitro- + ox

The ‘nitrox’ process basically supplies the surface hardness of the sursulf process, which is essentially carbonitriding, and then oxidizes it. The oxide is adherent and thus considerably increases the corrosion resistance.

1988, Robert B[allantyne] Ross, “‘Nitrox’”, in Handbook of Metal Treatments and Testing, 2nd edition, London, New York, N.Y.: Chapman and Hall, →ISBN, part 1 (A–Z of Treatment and Testing Processes), page 209:

Two other materials-based approaches may be employed in the present invention. One is to use highly doped glass (with boron or phosphorus) or plasma nitride (otherwise known as nitrox) as the inter-metal layer insulator.

2007 April 3, John McCollum, Integrated Circuit Wafer with Inter-die Metal Interconnect Lines Traversing Scribe-line Boundaries, US Patent Application 20070184635A1 (PDF version), paragraph 0022, page 2, column 2:

Carbonitriding processes are typically conducted in either a gas (ammonia) or a salt bath based on trade names such as Tufftride, Nitrotec, and Nitrox. Alternatively, a plasma nitriding process may be conducted.

2008 September, Malgorzata Przylecka, Wojciech Gęstwa, L. C. F. Canale, Xin Yao, G. E. Totten, “Sources of Failures in Carburized and Carbonitrided Components”, in L. C. F. Canale, R. A. Mesquita, G. E. Totten, editors, Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components, Materials Park, Oh.: ASM International, →ISBN, page 178, column 1:

(metallurgy) An industrial process for case hardening (imparting greater surface hardness to) metal objects, involving nitrocarburizing (the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen into the metal) followed by oxidation.