K

Abbreviations.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of counter, prefix counter-, sequence contr.

ng

prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">counter-</i>, sequence contr.


пояс

uk-noun

по́яс • (pójas) m inan (genitive по́яса or по́ясу, nominative plural пояси́, genitive plural поясі́в)

по́яс (canonical)
pójas (romanization)
по́яса (genitive)
по́ясу (genitive)
пояси́ (nominative plural)
поясі́в (genitive plural)
по́яс (nominative singular)
пояси́ (nominative plural)
по́яса (genitive singular)
по́ясу (genitive singular)
поясі́в (genitive plural)
по́ясові (dative singular)
по́ясу (dative singular)
пояса́м (dative plural)
по́яс (accusative singular)
пояси́ (accusative plural)
по́ясом (instrumental singular)
пояса́ми (instrumental plural)
по́ясі (locative singular)
пояса́х (locative plural)
по́ясе (singular vocative)
пояси́ (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pȍjāsъ. Doublet of пас (pas), a borrowing from Polish.

по́яс астеро́їдів

вулкані́чний по́яс

по́ясу поясу#Ukrainian

(genitive по́ясу):
(astronomy, geography, geology) belt


плутон

ru-noun+

плуто́н • (plutón) m inan (genitive плуто́на, nominative plural плуто́ны, genitive plural плуто́нов)

плуто́н (canonical)
plutón (romanization)
плуто́на (genitive)
плуто́ны (nominative plural)
плуто́нов (genitive plural)
плуто́н (nominative singular)
плуто́ны (nominative plural)
плуто́на (genitive singular)
плуто́нов (genitive plural)
плуто́ну (dative singular)
плуто́нам (dative plural)
плуто́н (accusative singular)
плуто́ны (accusative plural)
плуто́ном (instrumental singular)
плуто́нами (instrumental plural)
плуто́не (prepositional singular)
плуто́нах (plural prepositional)

(geology) pluton, a large body of igneous rock solidified out of magma deep in the earth’s core.


lapis lazuli

en-noun

lapis lazuli (countable and uncountable, plural lapides lazuli or lapis lazulis)

lapides lazuli (plural)
lapis lazulis (plural)

From Middle English lapis lazuli, from Medieval Latin lapis (“stone”) + lazulī, genitive singular of lazulum (“lapis lazuli, azure, the sky”), from Arabic لَازُوَرْد (lāzuward, “lapis lazuli, azure”), from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard). Compare azure, of the same origin.

der

He saw the amber silk curtains wave to and fro: the middle window was open; in it stood a pillar of lapis lazuli, which supported an alabaster figure, Canova's Dansatrice.

1832, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Heath's Book of Beauty, 1833, The Talisman, page 66:

(mineralogy) A deep-blue stone, used in making jewelry, and traditionally used to make the pigment ultramarine.


lapis lazuli

Borrowed from English lapis lazuli, from Medieval Latin lapis (“stone”) and lazulī (“of the heavens”).


lustre

en-noun

lustre (countable and uncountable, plural lustres)

From Middle French lustre. See luster (etymology 1).

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lustre.wav

Various kinds of minerals differ in their lustre; iron pyrites are described as having a metallic lustre, glassy materials a vitreous lustre; others, such as opal, look resinous, and the lustres of yet others are described as being either pearly, or silky, or dull, like earth.

(geology) The way in which the surface of any particular type of mineral reflects light differently from other minerals, which is helpful in telling minerals apart.


S

From the Etruscan letter 𐌔 (s, “es”), from the Ancient Greek letter Σ (S, “sigma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤔 (š, “šin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌒.


flinty

en-adj

flinty (comparative flintier or more flinty, superlative flintiest or most flinty)

flintier (comparative)
more flinty (comparative)
flintiest (superlative)
most flinty (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-flinty.wav

flinty rock

flinty slate

(geology) Siliceous (including basanite).


astrogeology

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-astrogeology.wav

(astronomy, geology) The science dealing with the structure and composition of planets and other bodies in the solar system.

astrogeologia

the science of planet's structure and composition


areology

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-areology.wav

(astronomy, geology) The scientific observation and study of the planet Mars's geology; geology of Mars.

areologjí

the observation and study of the planet Mars


EC

en-noun

EC (countable and uncountable, plural ECs)

enstatite chondrite
enstatite chondrite#English

(geology, astronomy) Initialism of enstatite chondrite.


LNG

liquefied natural gas
liquefied natural gas#English

(petrochemistry) Initialism of liquefied natural gas.


uplift

uplift (countable and uncountable, plural uplifts)

Recent uplift of the Maine and Oregon coasts has not been enough to "undrown" the larger valleys; the shorelines are still submergent.

1971, George Finiel Adams, Jerome Wyckoff, Landforms, page 143:

This is explained as an uplift in the coast at a rate of 16.2 mm/y in the period before 1900, a downlift of 2.8 mm/y in the period 1900-1906 and a rapid «sinking» of the coast at 22.7 mm/y in the 24 months before the earthquake.

1982, Earthquakes: Observation, Theory and Interpretation (Proceeding of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi"; course 85), North-Holland Publishing Company, page 517:

(geology) A tectonic upheaval, especially one that takes place in the process of mountain building.


NWA

(planetology, geology) Abbreviation of northwest Africa.


ACC

calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate#English

(mineralogy) Initialism of amorphous calcium carbonate.


SLE

(planetology, areology) Initialism of single-layer ejecta.


Neptunian

From Latin Neptūnius (“of or pertaining to the Roman god Neptune”), from Neptūnus (“the Roman god Neptune”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy”)) + -ius (suffix forming adjectives from nouns); analysable as Neptune + -ian. The English word is cognate with French neptunien (“pertaining to the Roman god Neptune, pertaining to the sea, pertaining to Neptunism, Neptunian; proponent of Neptunism, Neptunist”), German Neptunier (“proponent of Neptunism, Neptunist”).

cog

neptunian dyke

A special character of these mounds [the Kess-Kess carbonate mud mounds] is the numerous Neptunian dikes. These are fracture systems, which have been filled with other sediments and minerals. It is suspected that these dikes represent spring conduits (seeps) during the formation of the mounds, and that the seeping fluids were of a hydrothermal nature [...].

2008, Martin Hovland, “Ancient and Modern Analogues”, in Deep-water Coral Reefs: Unique Biodiversity Hot-spots (Springer–Praxis Books in Life Sciences Incorporating Aquatic and Marine Sciences), Dordrecht, Berlin: Springer; Chichester, West Sussex: Praxis Publishing, →ISBN, section 7.3.2 (Kess-Kess Formations, Morocco), page 170:

(by extension, geology) Formed by the action of water.

In the Neptunian ſyſtem it is ſuppoſed that the poſitions of the ſtrata have been determined, partly by the figure of the baſe or ground on which they have been depoſited, and partly by their depoſition having been a ſpecies of cryſtallization.

1802, [John Murray], “Part III. Of the Arguments in Support of the Huttonian and Neptunian Theories, from the Positions of the Strata of the Globe.”, in A Comparative View of the Huttonian and Neptunian Systems of Geology: In Answer to the Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth, by Professor [John] Playfair, Edinburgh: Printed for Ross and Blackwood, […]; London: T. N. Longman, and G. Rees, →OCLC, page 106:

In several important cases, it is difficult to determine to what degree the metamorphosis has extended, since it remains uncertain whether the form and structural relations of the mountain-mass are to be considered as remains of the neptunian sedimentary formation, or as a product of the metamorphosis itself; for the original form of the neptunian, as well as of the volcanic sedimentary rocks have often become so changed by erosion, and so much alike in both classes of rocks, that this distinctive character is wholly lost; [...]

1848 April, B[ernhard] Studer, “On Mineral Metamorphism”, in Robert Jameson, editor, The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Exhibiting a View of the Progressive Discoveries and Improvements in the Sciences and the Arts, volume XLIV, number LXXXVIII, Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black; London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, →OCLC, page 372:

(by extension, geology, historical) Of, pertaining to, or supporting Neptunism (“a discredited theory that rocks were formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth's oceans”).

neptunien

of, pertaining to, or supporting Neptunism


Neptunian

We are not ourselves, bigotted Neptunians or Vulcanians: we perceive difficulties whichever theory be adopted: and provided the earth be but stable under us, we are not anxiously jealous for the dignity of the trident-wielding power, or for the honour of the hammer-working deity.

1807 October, “View of the Mineralogy, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Fisheries, of the Island of Arran, […] by the Rev. James Headrick. pp. 395. Price 10s. 6d. Constable and Co. Edinburgh: Murray, London, 1807. [book review]”, in The Literary Panorama. Being a Review of Books, Magazine of Varieties, and Annual Register, volume III, London: Printed by Cox, Son, and Baylis, […], [f]or C[harles] Taylor, […], published March 1808, →OCLC, column 57:

Its [obsidian's] origin is warmly contested between the Neptunians and Plutonians, many of the latter denominating it a vitreous lava.

1813, John Mason Good, Olinthus Gregory, Newton Bosworth, “OBSIDIAN”, in Pantologia. A New Cyclopædia, Comprehending a Complete Series of Essays, Treatises, and Systems, Alphabetically Arranged; […], volumes VIII (MID–OZO), London: Printed for G. Kearsley; [et al.], →OCLC, column 1:

As to the two theories, neither will suffice alone. The neptunian is utterly inadequate to explain the phenomena of basalt; nor can a vulcanist account for the appearance of an hydrophane.—We need both explanations. Those geologists who have travelled in the north of Europe, are generally neptunians; those who have made their observations in the south of the same regions, are generally vulcanists.

1817 April, “Art. IV.—An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology, being an Introduction to the Study of Those Sciences, […] By Parker Cleaveland, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, and Lecturer in Chymistry and Mineralogy in Bowdoin College, &c. &c. Boston, 1816. Large 8vo. pp. 668.”, in The Analectic Magazine, volume IX, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by Moses Thomas, →OCLC, pages 312–313:

(geology, historical) A proponent of Neptunism.


monte

(geomorphology, orography) mountain, mount


aggrade

en-verb

aggrade (third-person singular simple present aggrades, present participle aggrading, simple past and past participle aggraded)

aggrades (present singular third-person)
aggrading (participle present)
aggraded (participle past)
aggraded (past)

(transitive, geology) to raise the level of a river bed by the deposition of sediment


Dach

de-noun

Dach n (strong, genitive Daches or Dachs, plural Dächer, diminutive Dächlein n or Dächelchen n)

Daches (genitive)
Dachs (genitive)
Dächer (plural)
Dächlein (diminutive neuter)
Dächelchen (diminutive neuter)
Dach (nominative singular)
Dächer (definite nominative plural)
Daches (genitive singular)
Dachs (genitive singular)
Dächer (definite genitive plural)
Dach (dative singular)
Dache (dative singular)
Dächern (dative definite plural)
Dach (accusative singular)
Dächer (accusative definite plural)

→ Belarusian: дах (dax)

→ Polish: dach

→ Ukrainian: дах (dax)

From Middle High German dach, from Old High German dah, from Proto-West Germanic *þak, from Proto-Germanic *þaką, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teg-.
Compare German Low German Dack, Dutch dak, English thack, thatch, Danish tag. Akin to Latin toga (“garment”) and Ancient Greek στέγος (stégos, “roof”).


OCS

Continental Shelf
continental shelf#English

(geology) Initialism of Outer Continental Shelf.


век

ru-noun+

век • (vek) m inan (genitive ве́ка, nominative plural века́, genitive plural веко́в, relational adjective веково́й)

vek (romanization)
ве́ка (genitive)
века́ (nominative plural)
веко́в (genitive plural)
веково́й (adjective relational)
ве́к (nominative singular)
века́ (nominative plural)
ве́ки (nominative plural)
veká (nominative plural)
véki (nominative plural)
ве́ка (genitive singular)
веко́в (genitive plural)
ве́ку (dative singular)
века́м (dative plural)
ве́к (accusative singular)
века́ (accusative plural)
ве́ки (accusative plural)
veká (accusative plural)
véki (accusative plural)
ве́ком (instrumental singular)
века́ми (instrumental plural)
ве́ке (prepositional singular)
века́х (plural prepositional)
ве́ку (partitive singular)
веку́ (locative singular)

From Old East Slavic вѣкъ (věkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *věkъ.


moulin

Borrowed from French moulin, from Late Latin molinum (“mill”). Doublet of moline and mill.

(geology) A cylindrical, vertical shaft that extends through a glacier and is carved by meltwater from the glacier’s surface.


moulin

Inherited from Middle French moulin, from Old French molin, from Late Latin molīnum, from the adjective molīnus, from Latin molō.


бал

bal (romanization)
бал (indefinite singular)
ба́лове (indefinite plural)
ба́лът (definite singular subjective)
ба́ловете (definite plural subjective)
ба́ла (definite objective singular)
ба́ловете (definite objective plural)
ба́ла (count-form plural)

Borrowed from Russian балл (ball), from French balle (“voting ball”).

(nautical, seismology) point (on an intensity scale, e.g. the Beaufort scale or Richter scale)


Australija

lt-proper noun

Austrãlija f (uncountable, related adjective austrãliškas, demonym austrãlas or australiẽtis, female demonym austrãlė or australiẽtė) stress pattern 1

Austrãlija (canonical feminine stress-pattern-1)
austrãliškas (adjective)
austrãlas (demonym)
australiẽtis (demonym)
austrãlė (demonym feminine)
australiẽtė (demonym feminine)
Austrãlija (nominative)
Austrãlijos (genitive)
Austrãlijai (dative)
Austrãliją (accusative)
Austrãlija (instrumental)
Austrãlijoje (locative)
Austrãlija (vocative)

[ɒʊˈstrɑːlʲɪjɛ]

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Australija

sh-proper noun

Aùstrālija f (Cyrillic spelling Ау̀стра̄лија)

Aùstrālija (canonical feminine)
Ау̀стра̄лија (Cyrillic)
Australija (nominative singular)
Australije (genitive singular)
Australiji (dative singular)
Australiju (accusative singular)
Australijo (singular vocative)
Australiji (locative singular)
Australijom (instrumental singular)

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)


ydin

ydin (nominative singular)
ytimet (nominative plural)
ydin (accusative nominative singular)
ytimet (accusative nominative plural)
ytimen (accusative genitive singular)
ytimet (accusative genitive plural)
ytimen (genitive singular)
ytimien (genitive plural)
ydinten (genitive plural)
ydintä (partitive singular)
ytimiä (partitive plural)
ytimessä (inessive singular)
ytimissä (inessive plural)
ytimestä (elative singular)
ytimistä (elative plural)
ytimeen (illative singular)
ytimiin (illative plural)
ytimellä (adessive singular)
ytimillä (adessive plural)
ytimeltä (ablative singular)
ytimiltä (ablative plural)
ytimelle (allative singular)
ytimille (allative plural)
ytimenä (essive singular)
ytiminä (essive plural)
ytimeksi (singular translative)
ytimiksi (plural translative)
ytimettä (abessive singular)
ytimittä (abessive plural)
ytimin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
ytimeni (nominative singular)
ytimeni (nominative plural)
ytimeni (accusative nominative singular)
ytimeni (accusative nominative plural)
ytimeni (accusative genitive singular)
ytimeni (accusative genitive plural)
ytimeni (genitive singular)
ytimieni (genitive plural)
ydinteni (genitive plural)
ydintäni (partitive singular)
ytimiäni (partitive plural)
ytimessäni (inessive singular)
ytimissäni (inessive plural)
ytimestäni (elative singular)
ytimistäni (elative plural)
ytimeeni (illative singular)
ytimiini (illative plural)
ytimelläni (adessive singular)
ytimilläni (adessive plural)
ytimeltäni (ablative singular)
ytimiltäni (ablative plural)
ytimelleni (allative singular)
ytimilleni (allative plural)
ytimenäni (essive singular)
ytiminäni (essive plural)
ytimekseni (singular translative)
ytimikseni (plural translative)
ytimettäni (abessive singular)
ytimittäni (abessive plural)
ytimineni (comitative plural)
ytimesi (nominative singular)
ytimesi (nominative plural)
ytimesi (accusative nominative singular)
ytimesi (accusative nominative plural)
ytimesi (accusative genitive singular)
ytimesi (accusative genitive plural)
ytimesi (genitive singular)
ytimiesi (genitive plural)
ydintesi (genitive plural)
ydintäsi (partitive singular)
ytimiäsi (partitive plural)
ytimessäsi (inessive singular)
ytimissäsi (inessive plural)
ytimestäsi (elative singular)
ytimistäsi (elative plural)
ytimeesi (illative singular)
ytimiisi (illative plural)
ytimelläsi (adessive singular)
ytimilläsi (adessive plural)
ytimeltäsi (ablative singular)
ytimiltäsi (ablative plural)
ytimellesi (allative singular)
ytimillesi (allative plural)
ytimenäsi (essive singular)
ytiminäsi (essive plural)
ytimeksesi (singular translative)
ytimiksesi (plural translative)
ytimettäsi (abessive singular)
ytimittäsi (abessive plural)
ytiminesi (comitative plural)
ytimemme (nominative singular)
ytimemme (nominative plural)
ytimemme (accusative nominative singular)
ytimemme (accusative nominative plural)
ytimemme (accusative genitive singular)
ytimemme (accusative genitive plural)
ytimemme (genitive singular)
ytimiemme (genitive plural)
ydintemme (genitive plural)
ydintämme (partitive singular)
ytimiämme (partitive plural)
ytimessämme (inessive singular)
ytimissämme (inessive plural)
ytimestämme (elative singular)
ytimistämme (elative plural)
ytimeemme (illative singular)
ytimiimme (illative plural)
ytimellämme (adessive singular)
ytimillämme (adessive plural)
ytimeltämme (ablative singular)
ytimiltämme (ablative plural)
ytimellemme (allative singular)
ytimillemme (allative plural)
ytimenämme (essive singular)
ytiminämme (essive plural)
ytimeksemme (singular translative)
ytimiksemme (plural translative)
ytimettämme (abessive singular)
ytimittämme (abessive plural)
ytiminemme (comitative plural)
ytimenne (nominative singular)
ytimenne (nominative plural)
ytimenne (accusative nominative singular)
ytimenne (accusative nominative plural)
ytimenne (accusative genitive singular)
ytimenne (accusative genitive plural)
ytimenne (genitive singular)
ytimienne (genitive plural)
ydintenne (genitive plural)
ydintänne (partitive singular)
ytimiänne (partitive plural)
ytimessänne (inessive singular)
ytimissänne (inessive plural)
ytimestänne (elative singular)
ytimistänne (elative plural)
ytimeenne (illative singular)
ytimiinne (illative plural)
ytimellänne (adessive singular)
ytimillänne (adessive plural)
ytimeltänne (ablative singular)
ytimiltänne (ablative plural)
ytimellenne (allative singular)
ytimillenne (allative plural)
ytimenänne (essive singular)
ytiminänne (essive plural)
ytimeksenne (singular translative)
ytimiksenne (plural translative)
ytimettänne (abessive singular)
ytimittänne (abessive plural)
ytiminenne (comitative plural)
ytimensä (nominative singular)
ytimensä (nominative plural)
ytimensä (accusative nominative singular)
ytimensä (accusative nominative plural)
ytimensä (accusative genitive singular)
ytimensä (accusative genitive plural)
ytimensä (genitive singular)
ytimiensä (genitive plural)
ydintensä (genitive plural)
ydintään (partitive singular)
ydintänsä (partitive singular)
ytimiään (partitive plural)
ytimiänsä (partitive plural)
ytimessään (inessive singular)
ytimessänsä (inessive singular)
ytimissään (inessive plural)
ytimissänsä (inessive plural)
ytimestään (elative singular)
ytimestänsä (elative singular)
ytimistään (elative plural)
ytimistänsä (elative plural)
ytimeensä (illative singular)
ytimiinsä (illative plural)
ytimellään (adessive singular)
ytimellänsä (adessive singular)
ytimillään (adessive plural)
ytimillänsä (adessive plural)
ytimeltään (ablative singular)
ytimeltänsä (ablative singular)
ytimiltään (ablative plural)
ytimiltänsä (ablative plural)
ytimelleen (allative singular)
ytimellensä (allative singular)
ytimilleen (allative plural)
ytimillensä (allative plural)
ytimenään (essive singular)
ytimenänsä (essive singular)
ytiminään (essive plural)
ytiminänsä (essive plural)
ytimekseen (singular translative)
ytimeksensä (singular translative)
ytimikseen (plural translative)
ytimiksensä (plural translative)
ytimettään (abessive singular)
ytimettänsä (abessive singular)
ytimittään (abessive plural)
ytimittänsä (abessive plural)
ytimineen (comitative plural)
ytiminensä (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *üdin (“bone marrow”) (compare Estonian üdi, Karelian yjin), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wideme (“bone marrow”) (compare Northern Sami ađa (“(bone with) marrow”), Erzya удем (uďem, “marrow; intellect”), Eastern Mari вем (vem, “marrow”), Hungarian velő (“marrow”)).

cog

Maapallon ydin jaetaan sisäytimeen ja ulkoytimeen.

The Earth's core is divided into the inner core and the outer core.

(geology) core (center or inner part of a planet)


granule

Borrowed from French granule or directly from Late Latin grānulum, diminutive of Latin grānum (“grain”); for more, see grain. By surface analysis, grain + -ule.

(geology) A particle from 2 to 4 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale


malpais

en-noun

malpais (countable and uncountable, plural malpaises)

From Spanish malpaís, from mal (“bad”) + país (“land”).

(geology) Land akin to badlands, but having volcaniclastic rather than sedimentary rocks.

(geology) Land having an underlayer of basaltic lava and little or no soil.


peneplain

(geomorphology) A low-relief plain representing the final stage of fluvial erosion during times of extended tectonic stability.


batholith

(geology) A large irregular mass of intrusive igneous rock that has melted or forced itself into surrounding strata


heliotropo

eo-head

heliotropo (accusative singular heliotropon, plural heliotropoj, accusative plural heliotropojn)

heliotropon (accusative singular)
heliotropoj (plural)
heliotropojn (accusative plural)


carso

(geology) karst (type of land formation)


protogenic

(geology) Relating to crystalline or fire-formed rocks.


porphyry

en-noun

porphyry (countable and uncountable, plural porphyries)

From Old French porfire, from Ancient Greek πορφυρίτης λίθος (porphurítēs líthos, “purple stone”), from πορφύρα (porphúra, “purple-fish, purple dye”).

der

πορφυρίτης λίθος

(geology) A hard igneous rock consisting of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.

A quartet of porphyry warriors, locked for all time in stern embrace outside St. Mark's Basilica, were probably carved in the Fourth Century. They are believed to represent the Roman Emperor Diocletian and the three men who held power with him.

1980, Colin Thubron, Seafarers: The Venetians, page 43:


karst

Borrowed from German Karst. The German term and the Slovene placename Kras (the Karst Plateau) are from Proto-Slavic *korsъ, from Italo-Dalmatian carsus (cf. Italian carso), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“hard; rock”). More at Karst.
The metathesis in the Slovene term precludes German borrowing from Slovene.

In the time available to us on our geomorphological tour we were not able to see the higher and younger karsts of Kweichow and Yunnan and Kunming.

1978, M. M. Sweeting, “The Karst of Kweilin, Southern China”, in The Geographical Journal, volume 144, number 2, page 200:

The shells are just 0.04 inch (one millimeter) long and were found on a karst formation where conditions are damp, but the snails that inhabit them have yet to be observed.

2009 May 29, “Katherine Harmon”, in Top 10 New Species Discovered in 2008^([ScientificAmerican.com]):

(geology) A type of land formation, usually with many caves formed through the dissolving of limestone by underground drainage.


karst

(geology) karst (terrain with caves formed by limestone dissolution by underground drainage)


karst

is-noun

karst n (genitive singular karsts, no plural)

karsts (genitive singular)
karst (indefinite nominative singular)
karstið (definite nominative singular)
karst (accusative indefinite singular)
karstið (accusative definite singular)
karsti (dative indefinite singular)
karstinu (dative definite singular)
karsts (genitive indefinite singular)
karstsins (definite genitive singular)


karst

Borrowed from German der Karst, name of a limestone region in Slovenia.


colloid

From French colloïde, from Ancient Greek κόλλα (kólla, “glue”) + -oid. Doublet of collage, collagen, and protocol.

doublet

(geology) A particle less than 1 micron in diameter, following the Wentworth scale


hornblende

en-noun

hornblende (countable and uncountable, plural hornblendes)

From German Hornblende, from Horn (“horn”) + Blende (see blende).

(mineralogy) A green to black amphibole mineral, of complex structure, formed in the late stages of cooling in igneous rock.


amphibole

From French amphibole, coined by René Just Haüy from Ancient Greek ἀμφίβολος (amphíbolos, “ambiguous”), in reference to its many forms.

uder

Remember when we could see the mountain's peak?
The sparkle off the amphibole.

(mineralogy) Any of a large group of structurally similar hydrated double silicate minerals, containing various combinations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminium.

amfíbol

Any of a large group of similar hydrated double silicate minerals


zincite

en-noun

zincite (usually uncountable, plural zincites)

(mineralogy) A yellow, orange or dark-red mineral form of zinc oxide, often also containing small amounts of manganese, with a chemical formula (Zn,Mn²⁺)O, an important ore of zinc.


terrace

Borrowed from French terrasse, from Old Occitan terrassa, from terra (“land”). Doublet of terrasse.

(geology) A step-like landform; (sometimes) remnants of floodplains.


slump

Probably of North Germanic origin: compare Danish slumpe (“to stumble upon by chance”), Norwegian slumpe (“happen by chance”), Swedish slumpa (“to sell off”). Compare also German schlumpen (“to trail; draggle; be sloppy”), dialectal Dutch slompen (“to walk clumsily”).

cog

(geology) A form of mass wasting in which a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope.

The biggest slump in the world - a mega-slump - is in the Russian taiga. Known as the Batagaika crater, it is a kilometre-long gash in the ground, about 70 metres deep, and growing[…]

2022 September 8, Mark Brownlow, Elizabeth White, Frozen Planet II, Random House, →ISBN:

(geology, loosely) A crater or depression (an area where the ground slumps) which forms as a result of such wasting. (A large crater is colloquially called a megaslump.)


rhyolite

en-noun

rhyolite (countable and uncountable, plural rhyolites)

Coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen as German Rhyolith, from Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō, “flow”) + λίθος (líthos, “stone”) (modified to + -lite).

(geology) An igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.


Richter scale

From American seismologist Charles Richter, whose name derives from German Richter (“judge”).

(seismology) a logarithmic scale used to express the energy released by an earthquake, each increase of 1 representing a 32-fold increase in energy.


intrusive

en-adj

intrusive (comparative more intrusive, superlative most intrusive)

more intrusive (comparative)
most intrusive (superlative)

(geology) Of rocks: forced, while in a plastic or molten state, into the cavities or between the cracks or layers of other rocks.


intrusive

(geology) An igneous rock that is forced, while molten, into cracks or between other layers of rock


relict

Inherited from Middle English relicte (“widow”), from Middle French relicte (“widow”), from Late Latin relicta (“widow”), from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquō (“I abandon, I relinquish, I leave (behind)”), from re- + linquō (“I leave, quit, forsake, depart from”).

inh+

Dark rims around the pillows are caused by glaucophane enrichment, possibly a relict of a primary interaction between basalt and seawater, causing Na- enrichment in the original glass crust of the pillows.

2011, Mark Keiter, Chris Ballhaus, Frank Tomaschek, A New Geological Map of the Island of Syros (Aegean Sea, Greece), page 16:

(formal) Something that, or someone who, survives or remains or is left over after the loss of others; a relic.

(geology) A structure or other feature that has survived from a previous age.


supercontinent

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supercontinent.wav

For a supercontinent to form requires a significant volume of continental crustal fragments that survive recycling into the mantle.

2001, Kent C. Condie, Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 237:

(geology) A very large continent that split into smaller ones in the Earth’s geologic past.

supercontinent

very large continent in the Earth's past


Richter

Moment-Magnitude Scale
Moment-Magnitude Scale#English

(seismology) (Followed by a decimal number): A Richter scale magnitude to indicate the severity of an earthquake. "Richter" is prefixed to the magnitude value. This has generally been superseded by the Moment-Magnitude Scale


breg

Perhaps borrowed either from Middle English breck (“breach; failing”) or from Old Irish bréc (“lie, deception”).


hade

en-verb

hade (third-person singular simple present hades, present participle hading, simple past and past participle haded)

hades (present singular third-person)
hading (participle present)
haded (participle past)
haded (past)

Uncertain. Perhaps from a dialectal form of head.

It was found, however, that where the coal haded away from the floor towards the face, as in Fig. 2(6), [...]

1935, Institution of Mining Engineers (Great Britain), Transactions, page 60:

The author details the benefits arising from arranging the quarry faces to be haded backwards at say 20-25° off vertical and to be of reasonable height, say 50-60ft. These include the reduction of danger ...

Plot's observation that the veins haded to the north-east is consistent with the workings around Stone Quarry Mine but not the main Ecton Pipe at depth nor the mines from Clayton Pipe southwards.

2000, Lindsey Porter, John Albert Robey, The Copper & Lead Mines Around the Manifold Valley, North Staffordshire:

(geology, mining) To slope or incline from the vertical.


hade

The thick and well-growne fogge doth matt my smoother shades,
And on the lower Leas, as on the higher Hades
The daintie Clover growes (of grass the onely silke)

1612, Michael Drayton, Poly-Olbion, quoted in 1914, William Holden Hutton, Highways and Byways in Shakespeare's Country, page 34

That makes each Udder strout abundantly with milke.

[...] as he must have done who had proudly passed by Lazarus on earth when he looked up and beheld how he was honoured in the higher hades.

1885, The Rainbow, a magazine of Christian literature, volume 22, page 449:

[...] due to the breaks at different hades, the projection might occur at any point from the floor to halfway up the seam.

The face was developed to a good hade and appeared to be satisfactory ;

1957, Great Britain. Mines and Quarries Inspectorate, Report of H.M. Chief Inspector of Mines and Quarries, page 34:

Laterally continuous normal faulting with differing fault plane dip directions sometimes appears as scissor faulting on plans, but detailed study can show separate throw maxima not coincident with the 'cross-over'; these are better considered as indivicual faults. No good hade information is yet available for faults in this situation.

1984, Yorkshire Geological Society, Proceedings - Volume 45, page 161:

(geology) A slope; (in mining) the slope of a vein, fault or dike from the vertical; the complement of the dip.


pillar

From Middle English piler, from Old French pilier, from Medieval Latin or Vulgar Latin *pilāre (“a pillar”), from Latin pila (“a pillar, pier, mole”).

(geology) A vertical, often spire-shaped, natural rock formation.


gler

is-noun

gler n (genitive singular glers, nominative plural gler)

glers (genitive singular)
gler (nominative plural)
gler (indefinite nominative singular)
glerið (definite nominative singular)
gler (indefinite nominative plural)
glerin (definite nominative plural)
gler (accusative indefinite singular)
glerið (accusative definite singular)
gler (accusative indefinite plural)
glerin (accusative definite plural)
gleri (dative indefinite singular)
glerinu (dative definite singular)
glerjum (dative indefinite plural)
glerjunum (dative definite plural)
glers (genitive indefinite singular)
glersins (definite genitive singular)
glerja (genitive indefinite plural)
glerjanna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse gler, from Proto-Germanic *glasą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine, glimmer, glow”).

der

(geology, physics) glass (amorphous solid material)


saddle

→ Japanese: サドル (sadoru)

Homer Tunnel
Milford Sound
Oxford English Dictionary

From Middle English sadel, from Old English sadol, from Proto-West Germanic *sadul, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz (“saddle”). Further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sod-dʰlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-dʰlom (a variant of *-trom (suffix forming nouns denoting instruments or tools)), though the Oxford English Dictionary says this “presents formal difficulties”.
cognates
* Danish sadel
* Dutch zadel
* German Sattel
* Icelandic söðull
* Low German Sadel
* Russian седло́ (sedló)
* Saterland Frisian Soadel
* Scots sadil
* Swedish sadel
* West Frisian seal

saal

seat for a rider placed on the back of a horse or other animal

satula

something resembling a saddle in appearance or shape

satula

depression located along the axial trend of an anticline

Something resembling a saddle (sense 1) in appearance or shape.

(geology) An anticline (“fold with strata sloping downwards on each side”); specifically, a depression located along the axial trend of such a fold.

(chiefly Australia, mining) Synonym of saddle reef (“a saddle-shaped bedded mineral (usually gold-bearing quartz) vein occurring along the crest of an anticline or (less common) a syncline (an inverted saddle)”)


Laurasia

A diverse collection of ankylosaurs once roamed in great numbers across Laurasia — the northern supercontinent that once contained North America and Asia.

2021 December 1, Asher Elbein, “This Dinosaur Found in Chile Had a Battle Ax for a Tail”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(geology) A supercontinent which included most of the landmasses making up today's continents of the Northern Hemisphere.


conglomerate

Berkshire Hathaway
Kiewit Plaza
Trellech

From Latin conglomerātus, past participle of conglomerāre (“to pile into a heap, to roll together”), from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several objects) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, near, with”)) + glomerāre (from glomerō (“to pile into a heap, to make into a ball, glomerate”), from glomus (“ball of thread; ball-shaped mass”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball; ball”)).

When sandstone is coarse-grained, it is usually called grit. If the grains are rounded, and large enough to be called pebbles, it becomes a conglomerate, or pudding-stone, which may consist of pieces of one or of many different kinds of rock. A conglomerate, therefore, is simply gravel bound together by a cement.

1838, Charles Lyell, “Aqueous Rocks—Their Composition and Forms of Stratification”, in Elements of Geology, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 27:

Calcareous lias, slate, and trap are still to be found there, rising from layers of conglomerate like teeth out of a gum. But the pickaxe has broken up and levelled those bristling, rugged peaks which were once the homes of the eagles.

1869, Victor Hugo, [anonymous translator], “Chesil”, in The Man Who Laughs: In Two Volumes, international limited edition, volume I, Boston, Mass.: Estes and Lauriat Publishers, →OCLC, part I (The Sea and the Night), book III (The Child in the Shadow), page 156:

Everywhere in the river appeared a very remarkable conglomerate, and like the slate in exhibiting all the stages of formation. The matrix was the blue clay of the bank, the rubble was the gravel of the bottom.

1870, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, “Comstock’s.—A Buffalo Hunt.”, in The Heart of the Continent: A Record of Travel across the Plains and in Oregon, […], New York, N.Y.: Published by Hurd and Houghton; […], →OCLC, page 97:

The Middle Voltaian lies unconformably on the Lower Voltaian with a basal conglomerate that can be correlated with conglomerates of the Buem Formation. Both sets of conglomerates have been interpreted as tillites, possibly equivalent to the Infracambrian tillites of the Rokelide–Mauritanide belt west of the craton […] and in the Taoudeni Basin[…].

1985, J. B. Wright, D. A. Hastings, W. B Jones, H. R. Williams, “The Pan African of West Africa – the Eastern Domain”, in Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa, London: George Allen & Unwin (Publishers), →DOI, →ISBN, part I (The Precambrian of West Africa), page 59, column 1:

(geology) A rock consisting of gravel or pebbles embedded in a matrix.


conglomerate

en-adj

conglomerate (comparative more conglomerate, superlative most conglomerate)

more conglomerate (comparative)
most conglomerate (superlative)

The Santa Margarita Formation in the southern Temblor Range, composed of conglomerate and subordinate sandstone, evolved as a large complex of fan deltas and submarine fans in late Miocene time.

1989, Robert T. Ryder, Alan Thomson, “Abstract”, in Tectonically Controlled Fan Delta and Submarine Fan Sedimentation of Late Miocene Age, Southern Temblor Range, California (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper; 1442), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 1:

He also documented some intercalated mottled reddish clays and marls, and the upper horizons containing bluish clays with conglomerate beds.

2015, Megh Raj Dhital, “Siwaliks of Arun–Tamar Region”, in Geology of the Nepal Himalaya: Regional Perspective of the Classic Collided Orogen (Regional Geology Reviews), Cham, Switzerland, Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, →DOI, →ISBN, section 33.2 (Siwaliks), page 433, column 2:

(geology) Composed of fragments of rock, pebbles, or stones cemented together.


Gondwana

/ɡɒndˈwɑːnə/

From Sanskrit गोण्डवन (goṇḍavana, “Forest of Gondi”). The continent was named after the region in India by Austrian scientist Eduard Suess in 1861.

bor

At that time, the Gondwana supercontinent was located at the southern part of the Southern Hemisphere, developed amphibolite metamorphism and formed the united crystalline basement at about 510 Ma.

2020, Tianfeng Wan, The Tectonics and Metallogenesis of Asia, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 113:

(geology) A southern supercontinent, formed before Pangaea between 600 and 530 million years ago, that included most of the landmasses which make up today's continents of the Southern Hemisphere.


sandur

Borrowed from Icelandic sandur (“sand”). Doublet of sand.

(geology) A plain created by the outwash of glacial meltwater.


mesosphere

(geology) The part of the Earth's mantle below the asthenosphere and above the outer core.


stratosphere

From French stratosphère, a word coined by its discoverer, meteorologist Léon Teisserenc de Bort. See strato- + -sphere.

So great is the part played by stratified deposits in the structure of the earth’s crust that we might be tempted to speak of the stratosphere of the earth in contradistinction to the scoriosphere of the moon.

1908, Eduard Suess [aut.], Hertha Beatrice Coryn Sollas and William Johnson Sollas [trs.], The Face of the Earth (Oxford, at the Clarendon Press), volume 3, chapter 1, page 2

The stratosphere, or younger sedimentary envelope has been formed almost entirely at the expense of the Sal envelope.

1909, Eduard Suess [aut.], Hertha Beatrice Coryn Sollas and William Johnson Sollas [trs.], The Face of the Earth (Oxford, at the Clarendon Press), volume 4, chapter 15, page 546

(geology, obsolete) Collectively, those layers of the Earth’s crust which primarily comprise stratified deposits.


griceite

Named after Joel D. Grice, a Canadian mineralogist.

(mineralogy) A mineral, lithium fluoride, that occurs as white aggregates in other minerals, such as fluorite.


parting

en-noun

parting (countable and uncountable, plural partings)

(geology) A joint or fissure, as in a coal seam.

(mineralogy) Lamellar separation in a crystallized mineral, due to some other cause than cleavage, as to the presence of twinning lamellae.


fluorite

fluorite (countable and uncountable, plural fluorites)

Fluorite is the main natural resource of Thailand.

(mineralogy) A widely occurring mineral (calcium fluoride), of various colours, used as a flux in steelmaking, and in the manufacture of glass, enamels and hydrofluoric acid.


CDU

(petrochemistry) Initialism of crude distillation unit.


rug

nl-noun

rug m (plural ruggen, diminutive ruggetje n or rugje n)

ruggen (plural)
ruggetje (diminutive neuter)
rugje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: rug

Jersey Dutch: rœx

Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege

From Middle Dutch rugge, from Old Dutch ruggi, from Proto-West Germanic *hrugi, from Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz.


line of dip

(geology) A line in the plane of a stratum, or part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a stratum to the horizon


orogeny

en-noun

orogeny (countable and uncountable, plural orogenies)

From French orogénie, from Ancient Greek ὄρος (óros, “mountain, high ground”) + γενεια (geneia, “creation, birth, making”). By surface analysis, oro- + -geny.

uder

The effects of Acadian orogeny are concentrated in central Newfoundland, decreasing in intensity to the east and west (Williams, this volume).

1993, P. A. Cawood, “Acadian orogeny in west Newfoundland: Definition, character, and significance”, in David C. Roy, James William Skehan, editors, The Acadian Orogeny: Recent Studies in New England, Geological Society of America, page 138:

When I asked Geoff Milnes what age the rocks were before they were turned into uncompromising gneisses by the Alpine orogeny he made a rueful face.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 102:

In Canada the fold-thrust belt formed during what is termed the Columbian orogeny (Monger and Price, 2002). Because the Sevier and Columbian orogenies were contemporaneous and constitute a single continuous and linear belt of rocks and structures, I use the term Cordillera orogeny to refer to the Cretaceous deformation that created the entire belt, whereas the term Laramide is used only to refer to a series of Late Cretaceous—Tertiary basement-involved uplifts, for the most part located in the Rocky Mountain foreland east of the fold-thrust belt and mainly south of the Lewis and Clark lineament (Fig. 1) in keeping with the original definition by Armstrong (1968).

2009, Robert S. Hildebrand, Did Westward Subduction Cause Cretaceous-Tertiary Orogeny in the North American Cordillera?, Geological Society of America, page 5:

(geology) The process of mountain building by the upward folding of the Earth's crust.

تَكَوُّنُ الجِبَالِ

the process of mountain building by the upward folding of the Earth's crust


competent

en-adj

competent (comparative more competent, superlative most competent)

more competent (comparative)
most competent (superlative)

From Middle English competent, conpetent, from Old French competent (modern French compétent), from Latin competens, competentem, present participle of competō (“coincide, be equal to, be capable of”). Compare Dutch competent (“competent”), German kompetent (“competent”), Danish kompetent (“competent”).

(geology) Resistant to deformation or flow.


haidingerite

From Haidinger + -ite, named in honor of Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger.

(mineralogy) A mineral consisting of the arseniate of lime, its formula is Ca(AsO₃OH)·H₂O

Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger
haidingerite


falla

From Old Galician-Portuguese falla (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from a Vulgar Latin *fallia, possibly through the intermediate or influence of Old French faille or Old Occitan falha. The geological sense is a more modern one from French.


falla

Likely from Catalan falla, with the geological sense from French faille.

rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains, Paraguay, Philippines


saccharine

saccharine (comparative more saccharine, superlative most saccharine)

more saccharine (comparative)
most saccharine (superlative)

From New Latin saccharum (“sugar”) + English -ine (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Saccharum is derived from saccharon (“syrupy liquid from bamboo or reeds”), from Ancient Greek σάκχαρον (sákkharon), from Pali sakkharā (“sugar; gravel; granule, grain; crystal; potsherd”), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar; cotton sugar, sugarmaple; gravel, grit, pebbles; potsherd”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“boulder; gravel”).

der

(chiefly botany, geology) Resembling granulated sugar; saccharoid.

سُكَّرِيّ

of or relating to sugar — see also sugary


kontinent

kontinent (nominative)
kontinentniñ (genitive)
kontinentke (dative)
kontinentni (accusative)
kontinentte (locative)
kontinentten (ablative)


kontinent

kontinent (nominative singular)
kontinenty (nominative plural)
kontinentu (genitive singular)
kontinentů (genitive plural)
kontinentu (dative singular)
kontinentům (dative plural)
kontinent (accusative singular)
kontinenty (accusative plural)
kontinente (singular vocative)
kontinenty (plural vocative)
kontinentu (locative singular)
kontinentě (locative singular)
kontinentech (locative plural)
kontinentem (instrumental singular)
kontinenty (instrumental plural)


kontinent

head

kontinent n (singular definite kontinentet, plural indefinite kontinenter)

kontinentet (definite singular)
kontinenter (indefinite plural)
kontinent (indefinite nominative singular)
kontinentet (definite nominative singular)
kontinenter (indefinite nominative plural)
kontinenterne (definite nominative plural)
kontinents (genitive indefinite singular)
kontinentets (definite genitive singular)
kontinenters (genitive indefinite plural)
kontinenternes (definite genitive plural)


kontinent

kontinent (genitive kontinendi, partitive kontinenti)

kontinendi (genitive)
kontinenti (partitive)


kontinent

kontinentet (definite singular)
kontinent (indefinite plural)
kontinenter (indefinite plural)
kontinenta (definite plural)
kontinentene (definite plural)


kontinent

kontinentet (definite singular)
kontinent (indefinite plural)
kontinenta (definite plural)


kontinent

sh-noun

kontìnent m (Cyrillic spelling контѝнент)

kontìnent (canonical masculine)
контѝнент (Cyrillic)
kontìnent (nominative singular)
kontinenti (nominative plural)
kontinenta (genitive singular)
kontìnenātā (genitive plural)
kontinentu (dative singular)
kontinentima (dative plural)
kontinent (accusative singular)
kontinente (accusative plural)
kontinente (singular vocative)
kontinenti (plural vocative)
kontinentu (locative singular)
kontinentima (locative plural)
kontinentom (instrumental singular)
kontinentima (instrumental plural)

(geology) continent (large contiguous landmass)


kontinent

kontinȅnt (canonical inanimate masculine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
kontinènt (nominative singular)
kontinênta (dual nominative)
kontinênti (nominative plural)
kontinênta (genitive singular)
kontinêntov (dual genitive)
kontinêntov (genitive plural)
kontinêntu (dative singular)
kontinêntoma (dative dual)
kontinêntom (dative plural)
kontinènt (accusative singular)
kontinênta (accusative dual)
kontinênte (accusative plural)
kontinêntu (locative singular)
kontinêntih (dual locative)
kontinêntih (locative plural)
kontinêntom (instrumental singular)
kontinêntoma (dual instrumental)
kontinênti (instrumental plural)


kontinent

kontinent (indefinite nominative singular)
kontinents (genitive indefinite singular)
kontinenten (definite nominative singular)
kontinentens (definite genitive singular)
kontinenter (indefinite nominative plural)
kontinenters (genitive indefinite plural)
kontinenterna (definite nominative plural)
kontinenternas (definite genitive plural)

(geology) continent; a large contiguous landmass


fall line

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fall line.wav

(geomorphology) A geomorphologic unconformity marking a boundary between an upland region and a plane; sometimes marked by a series of waterfalls on rivers that cross it.

Fall Line

geomorphology: A line marking a boundary between an upland region and a plane


perm

perm (nominative singular)
permet (accusative singular)
permnek (dative singular)
permmel (instrumental singular)
permért (causal-final singular)
permmé (singular translative)
permig (singular terminative)
permként (essive-formal singular)
permben (inessive singular)
permen (singular superessive)
permnél (adessive singular)
permbe (illative singular)
permre (singular sublative)
permhez (allative singular)
permből (elative singular)
permről (delative singular)
permtől (ablative singular)
permé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
perméi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
permem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
permed (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
permje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
permünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
permetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
permjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)


perm

From the name of the Russian town of Perm.


differentiate

From New Latin differentiātus, past participle of differentiō, from Latin differentia (“difference”); see difference.

There is no discernable tendency, however, for the differentiates to fall into two extremities, as would be expected if they were trending toward distinct eutectics in a residua system.

1969, Alexander R. McBirney, Geology and Petrology of the Galápagos Islands, page 185:

This latter terminology is particularly favored by Soviet petrologists, e.g.. Bogatikov et al. (1985), who believe that any magma typically exhibits both agpaitic and miascitic differentiates.

1991, Roger H. Mitchell, Petrology of Lamproites, page 10:

(geology) Something that has been differentiated or stratified.


материк

ru-noun+

материко́вый

матери́к • (materík) m inan (genitive материка́, nominative plural материки́, genitive plural материко́в, relational adjective материко́вый)

матери́к (canonical)
materík (romanization)
материка́ (genitive)
материки́ (nominative plural)
материко́в (genitive plural)
материко́вый (adjective relational)
матери́к (nominative singular)
материки́ (nominative plural)
материка́ (genitive singular)
материко́в (genitive plural)
материку́ (dative singular)
материка́м (dative plural)
матери́к (accusative singular)
материки́ (accusative plural)
материко́м (instrumental singular)
материка́ми (instrumental plural)
материке́ (prepositional singular)
материка́х (plural prepositional)

Ru-материк.ogg

Andrey Zaliznyak
Erich Berneker
Max Vasmer
ru:материк

* According to Erich Berneker and Max Vasmer, from ма́терь (máterʹ) + -и́к (-ík).
* Accentologically, according to Andrey Zaliznyak, from матеро́й (materój) + -и́к (-ík) with a right-stressed substitutive subjective suffix. As well as временно́й (vremennój) → временни́к (vremenník), мелочно́й (meločnój) → мелочни́к (meločník), but варёный (varjónyj) → варе́ник (varénik), ры́жий (rýžij) → ры́жик (rýžik).

af

ма́терь (máterʹ) + -и́к (-ík)


socle

→ Dutch: sokkel

→ English: socle

→ German: Sockel (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: soclo

Borrowed from Italian zoccolo (“wooden shoe”), from Latin socculus, diminutive of soccus (“sock”).

bor+

(geology) basement (mass of rock underlying sedimentary cover)


åre

head

åre c (singular definite åren, plural indefinite årer)

åren (definite singular)
årer (indefinite plural)
åre (indefinite nominative singular)
åren (definite nominative singular)
årer (indefinite nominative plural)
årerne (definite nominative plural)
åres (genitive indefinite singular)
årens (definite genitive singular)
årers (genitive indefinite plural)
årernes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Danish athræ, Old Norse ædr, from Proto-Germanic *ēþrǭ (“vein”). Related to German Ader.


lithosphere

Then we indicate some of the more pertinent characteristics of oceanic and continental lithospheres.

2001, Neville Price, Major Impacts and Plate Tectonics: A Model for the Phanerozoic Evolution of the Earth's Lithosphere, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), page 28:

When applying Equation (3-74) to determine the downward deflection of the earth's lithosphere due to an applied load, we must be careful to include in q(x) the hydrostatic restoring force caused by the effective replacement of mantle rocks in a vertical column by material of smaller density.

2002, Donald L. Turcotte, Gerald Schubert, Geodynamics, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 121:

Active serpentine mud volcanoes observed in the Mariana fore-arc provide dramatic evidence for hydration of the shallow mantle wedge by H₂O fluids derived from the subducting lithosphere (Fryer. 1996: Fryer et al., 1999).

2004, Simon M. Peacock, “20: Insight into the hydrogeology and alteration of oceanic lithosphere based on subduction zones and arc vulcanism”, in Earl E. Davis, Harry Elderfield, editors, Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere, Cambridge University Press, page 665:

(geology) The rigid, mechanically strong, outer layer of the Earth; divided into twelve major plates.


varve

A comparable method uses varves […] where spans of time can be measured through counting varves, and also by radiocarbon dating plant or animal residues within the varves.

2011, Chris Stringer, The Origin of Our Species, Penguin, published 2012, page 37:

(geology) An annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

varva

an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock


declivity

1610s, from French déclivité, from Latin declivitatem, dēclīvitās,
from dēclivis (“a sloping downward”), from de (“down”) + clīvus (“a slope”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleywo-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”) (English lean).

The Declivity was ſo ſmall, that I walked near a mile before I got to the Shore, which I conjectur'd was about eight a-clock in the Evening.

1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Author Gives Some Account of Himself and Family, His First Inducements to Travel. […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), page 6:

1780, Theodore Augustine Mann, A Treatise on Rivers and Canals, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Volume 69: For the Year 1779, Part II, 582,
The velocity of flowing waters is very far from being in proportion to the quantity of declivity in their bed: […] .

[…]whoever takes the trouble of observing how the water runs longitudinally in the ruts on a convex road, although the declivity down the sides be incomparably greater than in the direction which it is compelled to take in the ruts, will soon see the propriety of constructing roads so as to have the water rim length-ways upon them, instead of attempting to gain a declivity, by making it run from the middle to the sides.

1809, Alexander Cumming, Observations on the Very Important and Contrary Effects which Carriage Wheels, with Rims of Cylindrical, and of Conical Shape, Have on the Roads, page 30:

[…]a line was measured down the hill on the right of 420, and the angle of declivity is 23°, which shortens the line 33 links;[…].

1812, John Ainslie, Comprehensive Treatise on Land Surveying, page 117:

A rocky cliff appeared, mounds of turned–up earth by the shore, houses on a hill, others with iron roofs, amongst a waste of excavations, or hanging to the declivity.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I:

1908 [Charles Griffin & Company], John Harvard Biles, The Design and Construction of Ships, Volume I: Calculations and Strength, 2009, Europāischer Hochschulverlag (Salzwasser-Verlag), page 216,
The declivity of the keel blocks varies slightly with the size of the vessel. The larger the vessel, the less the declivity.

Companion woodcut of "inclined plane on the railway from South Hetton to Seaham Harbour, showing the manner in which a loaded train of waggons pulls an empty one up the declivity"

1948 May and June, “The South Hetton Railway in 1835”, in Railway Magazine, page 184, image caption:

(geomorphology) The downward slope of a curve.


cupola

Borrowed from Italian cupola, from Latin cūpula (“little tub”); from Latin cūpa, cuppa (“cup”); named for its resemblance to a cup turned over.

(geology) An upward-projecting mass of plutonic rock extending from a larger batholith.


montmorillonite

en-noun

montmorillonite (countable and uncountable, plural montmorillonites)

(mineralogy) Any of a group of soft, clay-like silicate minerals having many industrial and technical uses.


montmorillonite

fr-noun

montmorillonite f (plural montmorillonites)


montmorillonite

it-noun

montmorillonite f (plural montmorilloniti)


zeolite

en-noun

zeolite (countable and uncountable, plural zeolites)

From Swedish zeolit, and its source, New Latin zeolites, from Ancient Greek ζέω (zéō, “to boil, bubble”) + -lite.

der

What I liked best were the zeolites from the stacks which rise out of the sea off the coast near Jaci.

1962, WH Auden, Elizabeth Mayer, translating JW Goethe, Italian Journey, Penguin, published 1970, page 284:

ion exchange chromatography
ion exchange chromatography

(mineralogy) Any of several minerals, aluminosilicates of sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium, that have a porous structure (originally, those which swelled and gave off water when heated); they are used in water softeners and in ion exchange chromatography.


meteoric

en-adj

meteoric (comparative more meteoric, superlative most meteoric)

more meteoric (comparative)
most meteoric (superlative)

(geology, of water) Originating in the atmosphere.


hraun

is-noun

hraun n (genitive singular hrauns, nominative plural hraun)

hrauns (genitive singular)
hraun (nominative plural)
hraun (indefinite nominative singular)
hraunið (definite nominative singular)
hraun (indefinite nominative plural)
hraunin (definite nominative plural)
hraun (accusative indefinite singular)
hraunið (accusative definite singular)
hraun (accusative indefinite plural)
hraunin (accusative definite plural)
hrauni (dative indefinite singular)
hrauninu (dative definite singular)
hraunum (dative indefinite plural)
hraununum (dative definite plural)
hrauns (genitive indefinite singular)
hraunsins (definite genitive singular)
hrauna (genitive indefinite plural)
hraunanna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse hraun, according to Pokorny, from the same source as Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“haystack, pile”).


petrochemistry

(petrochemistry) The branch of chemistry that deals with petroleum, natural gas and their derivatives.

нефтохимия

the branch of chemistry that deals with petroleum


ogive

From late Middle English ogif, egeve, egeove, from Old French ogive, œgive, augive. Doublet of ogee.

(geology) A three-dimensional wave-bulge, characteristic of glaciers that have experienced extreme underlying topographic change.


alabaster

alabaster (nominative singular)
alabastry (nominative plural)
alabastru (genitive singular)
alabastrów (genitive plural)
alabastrowi (dative singular)
alabastrom (dative plural)
alabaster (accusative singular)
alabastry (accusative plural)
alabastrem (instrumental singular)
alabastrami (instrumental plural)
alabastrze (locative singular)
alabastrach (locative plural)
alabastrze (singular vocative)
alabastry (plural vocative)

kopalnia alabastru

(zrobiony, wykonany) z alabastru

(mineralogy) alabaster (fine-grained white or lightly-tinted variety of gypsum)


petrochemical

Another is a Bloomberg project we're participating in that looks beyond petrochemicals.

2023 September 19, Yessenia Funes, “The Father of Environmental Justice Exposes the Geography of Inequity”, in Scientific American:

(petrochemistry) Any compound derived from petroleum or natural gas.

peitriceimiceán

any compound derived from petroleum or natural gas


fissile

en-adj

fissile (comparative more fissile, superlative most fissile)

more fissile (comparative)
most fissile (superlative)

This Cryſtal is a pellucid fiſſile Stone, clear as Water or Cryſtal of the Rock, and without Colour; enduring a red Heat without loſing its tranſparency, and in a very ſtrong Heat calcining without Fuſion.

a. 1728 (date written), Isaac Newton, “[The Third Book of Opticks.] [Qu[estion] 25. Are there not other original Properties of the Rays of Light, besides those already described?]”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light. […], 4th edition, London: […] William Innys […], published 1730, →OCLC, page 329:


mantel

mantelen (definite singular)
mantler (indefinite plural)
mantlene (definite plural)

(geology) a mantle, the layer between Earth's core and crust


mantel

mantelen (definite singular)
mantlar (indefinite plural)
mantlane (definite plural)


mantel

mantel (indefinite nominative singular)
mantels (genitive indefinite singular)
manteln (definite nominative singular)
mantelns (definite genitive singular)
mantlar (indefinite nominative plural)
mantlars (genitive indefinite plural)
mantlarna (definite nominative plural)
mantlarnas (definite genitive plural)


ichor

en-noun

ichor (countable and uncountable, plural ichors)

Sense 1 (“liquid said to flow in place of blood in the veins of the gods”) is borrowed from Medieval Latin ichor, from Ancient Greek ῑ̓χώρ (īkhṓr, “fluid running through the veins of gods, ichor; watery part of blood, lymph, serum; watery part of milk, whey; gravy; pus; naphtha”); further etymology unknown, probably from Pre-Greek.
Sense 2.4 (“fetid, watery discharge from a sore”) is from Middle English icor, icore [and other forms], from Medieval Latin ichor; see further above.

der

(geology, archaic) A fluid believed to seep out from magma and cause rock to turn into granite.


Mohorovičić discontinuity

/məʊhəʊˈɹə(ʊ)vɪtʃɪtʃ ˌdɪskɒntɪˈnjuːɪti/

Andrija Mohorovičić
Mohorovicic discontinuity

Named for Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić (1857-1936).

(geology) The boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle.

discontinuità di Mohorovičić

the boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle

(astrogeology, planetology) A similar structure on other bodies, that separates crust from mantle.


TST

en-noun

TST (countable and uncountable, plural TSTs)

(geology) Initialism of tunnel seismic tomography: a tunnel geological prediction technique.


Moho

Mohorovičić discontinuity
Mohorovičić discontinuity#English

(geology) Short for Mohorovičić discontinuity.


dendrogeomorphology

(geology) the science that uses dendrochronology to study changes to the Earth's surface over time


recrystallization

recrystallization (countable and uncountable, plural recrystallizations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-recrystallization.wav

(geology) The process of existing grains in metamorphic rocks changing size.

uudelleenkiteytyminen

geology: process in the formation of metamorphic rocks


mantle

From Middle English mantel, from Old English mæntel, mentel (“sleeveless cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *mantil; later reinforced by Anglo-Norman mantel, both from Latin mantēllum (“covering, cloak”), diminutive of mantum (French manteau, Spanish manto), probably from Gaulish *mantos, *mantalos (“trodden road”), from Proto-Celtic *mantos, *mantlos, from Proto-Indo-European *menH- (“tread, press together; crumble”). Compare Icelandic möttull. Doublet of manteau.

der

The crust (a mere 1% of the Earth's volume) is made of lighter melt products from the mantle.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(geology) The layer between Earth's core and crust.


xenomorph

/ˈzɛnəʊˌmɔːf/


meager

en-adj

meager (comparative meagerer, superlative meagerest)

meagerer (comparative)
meagerest (superlative)

Jamaican Creole: mawga

From Middle English megre, from Anglo-Norman megre, Old French maigre, from Latin macer, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós. Akin, through the Indo-European root, to Old English mæġer (“meager, lean”), West Frisian meager (“meager”), Dutch mager (“meager”), German mager, Icelandic magr whence the Icelandic magur,
Norwegian Bokmål mager and Danish mager. Doublet of maigre.

(mineralogy) Dry and harsh to the touch (e.g., as chalk).


atmophile

Goldschmidt classification
Goldschmidt classification

(chemistry, geology) In the Goldschmidt classification, a gaseous element that concentrates in the atmosphere.


Goldschmidt classification

Developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888–1947).

(chemistry geology) a classification of the chemical elements into groups according to the part of the Earth where they tend to concentrate.

Goldschmidt classification
Victor Goldschmidt


chalcophile

(physical chemistry, geology) In the Goldschmidt classification, an element such as copper that forms sulfide minerals if enough sulfur is available.


lithophile

(chemistry, geology) in the Goldschmidt classification, an element that forms silicates or oxides and is concentrated in the minerals of the Earth's crust.


epigenesis

en-noun

epigenesis (countable and uncountable, plural epigeneses)

(geology) Changes in the mineral content of rock after its formation.


faille

→ Turkish: fay


siderophile

(chemistry, geology) In the Goldschmidt classification, an element that forms alloys easily with iron and is concentrated in the Earth's core.


siderophile

en-adj

siderophile (comparative more siderophile, superlative most siderophile)

more siderophile (comparative)
most siderophile (superlative)

(geology) Having an affinity for metallic iron.


zunyite

Named after the Zuni mine, in Colorado; see -ite.

(mineralogy) A fluorosilicate mineral of alumina occurring in tetrahedral crystals, chemical formula Al₁₃Si₅O₂₀(OH,F)₁₈Cl.


goblin

From Middle English gobelyn, from Old Northern French gobelin (compare Norman goubelin, Walloon gobelin), possibly a blend of Old Dutch *kobeholdo (“goblin”) (compare Dutch kabouter, German Kobold) and Late Latin cobalus (“mountain sprite”), from Ancient Greek κόβαλος (kóbalos, “rogue, knave; goblin”). Displaced native Old English pūca from Proto-Germanic *pūkô (“a goblin, spook”).

inh

Layers of sandstone serve as capstones of pillars and buttes; other layers of differing hardness yield erosional goblins of myriad form.

1975 June, United States Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System Draft Environmental Impact Statement part V: North Border, volume 1, page 209:


磁石

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/hui²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/hui¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/hui²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/hui²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ²⁴/

/hui¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/hui²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/


edad

→ Hiligaynon: edad

→ Tagalog: edad

Inherited from Old Spanish edat, from Latin aetātem, from syncope of earlier aevitās, from Proto-Italic *aiwotāts, from *aiwom + *-tāts, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital energy”), from *h₂ey-.


cracking

(organic chemistry, petrochemistry) The thermal decomposition of a substance, especially that of crude petroleum in order to produce petrol / gasoline.


malm

en-noun

malm (countable and uncountable, plural malms)

From Middle English malme (“sand”), from Old English mealm (as in mealmstān (“sandstone”)), from Proto-Germanic *malmaz (“sand, ore”); related to Old Norse malmr (“ore, metal”). From the same Proto-Indo-European root as meal.

(geology) A soft, crumbly, chalky, grayish limestone.


geode

From French géode, from Latin geōdēs, from Ancient Greek γεώδης (geṓdēs, “earthlike”), equivalent to γῆ (gê, “earth”) + -ώδης (-ṓdēs).

der

(geology) A nodule of stone having a cavity lined with mineral or crystal matter on the inside wall.

геод

hollow stone with crystals on the inside wall


geode

(geology) geode (hollow stone with crystals on the inside wall)


época

Borrowed from Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “to hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “to have, hold”).


EET

Elephant Moraine
Elephant Moraine#Translingual

(planetology, geology) Abbreviation of Elephant Moraine.


etapa

Borrowed from French étape (from the same etymological root as English staple).


ICS

The ICS will then determine which set of rock layers, called strata, best illustrates that change, and it will choose which layer marks its lower boundary.

2022 December 13, McKenzie Prillaman, “Are we in the Anthropocene? Geologists could define new epoch for Earth”, in Nature, →DOI:

w:International Commission on Stratigraphy

(geology) Initialism of International Commission on Stratigraphy.


período

Learned borrowing from New Latin periodus, from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “circuit, period of time, path around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”).

der

(geology) period (a geochronologic unit of millions to tens of millions of years)


concordia

en-noun

concordia (countable and uncountable, plural concordias or concordia)

Points above concordia indicate uranium loss and those below indicate uranium gain.

1979, Contributions to Geology, Volumes 17-19; Volume 3, University of Wyoming, page 174:

1994 [1988 Elsevier], H.-G. Attendorn, R. Bowen, Isotopes in the Earth Sciences, Chapman & Hall, page 131,
Such lower intersections of resultant discordias with U-Th-Pb concordias are not significant in terms of geological time, merely changes which took place in the Th/U ratios or lead isotope ratios through the factors alluded to above.

The addition of U to a carbonate sample on concordia causes the point to move off concordia in the direction of the origin.[…]The patterns that develop in the ^{₂₃₁}Pa-^{₂₃₀}Th concordia diagrams are similar to the responses of Pa-Th concordias presented in Section 10.5a.

2005, Gunter Faure, Teresa M. Mensing, Isotopes: Principles and Applications, 3rd edition, Wiley, page 521:

(geology, geochronology) A set of plotted points, appearing as a curve on a concordia diagram or isochron diagram, representing sample data from rock of the same age; the condition of being a member of said set (or on said curve).


kame

From Scots, from Middle English cambe (“comb”).

(geology) A round hill or short ridge of sand or gravel deposited by a melting glacier.


cinders

(geology, plural only) Fragments of lava; scoria.


geochronometry

geochronometry (usually uncountable, plural geochronometries)

(geology) the science of the measurement of the age of rocks etc. based on the radioactive decay of naturally occurring isotopes

Geochronometrie

the science of the measurement of the ages of rocks based on the radioactive decay of naturally occurring isotopes


masa

id-noun

masa (plural masa-masa, first-person possessive masaku, second-person possessive masamu, third-person possessive masanya)

masa-masa (plural)
masaku (first-person possessive)
masamu (possessive second-person)
masanya (possessive third-person)

From Malay masa, from Old Javanese masa, māsa (“time, time of day; season”, literally “month”), from Sanskrit मास (māsa, “month”).
* The sense of doubt or disbelief expression is a semantic loan from Javanese ꦩꦺꦴꦱꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (mosok), variant of ꦩꦱ (masa, “disbelief expression”, literally “certainly not”), from Old Javanese masa (“certainly not”) (cf. salah masa (“at the wrong time”)).


gnamma

Aboriginal Australian, an anglicization of a Nyunga language word from Western Australia describing a naturally-formed rock hole and its retained rain water.

(Australia, geology) A hollow or hole that is eroded or indented in bare rock, in which water collects.


kips

kipsi (genitive)
kipsi (partitive)
kips (nominative singular)
kipsid (nominative plural)
kips (accusative nominative singular)
kipsid (accusative nominative plural)
kipsi (accusative genitive singular)
kipsid (accusative genitive plural)
kipsi (genitive singular)
kipside (genitive plural)
kipsi (partitive singular)
kipse (partitive plural)
kipsisid (partitive plural)
kipsi (illative singular)
kipsisse (illative singular)
kipsidesse (illative plural)
kipsesse (illative plural)
kipsis (inessive singular)
kipsides (inessive plural)
kipses (inessive plural)
kipsist (elative singular)
kipsidest (elative plural)
kipsest (elative plural)
kipsile (allative singular)
kipsidele (allative plural)
kipsele (allative plural)
kipsil (adessive singular)
kipsidel (adessive plural)
kipsel (adessive plural)
kipsilt (ablative singular)
kipsidelt (ablative plural)
kipselt (ablative plural)
kipsiks (singular translative)
kipsideks (plural translative)
kipseks (plural translative)
kipsini (singular terminative)
kipsideni (plural terminative)
kipsina (essive singular)
kipsidena (essive plural)
kipsita (abessive singular)
kipsideta (abessive plural)
kipsiga (comitative singular)
kipsidega (comitative plural)


permeability

en-noun

permeability (usually uncountable, plural permeabilities)

Permeability (earth sciences)
permeability
permeability (electromagnetism)

From French perméabilité, equivalent to permeable + -ity.

(geology) A measure of the ability of a rock to transmit fluids (such as oil or water).

пропускливост

measure of the ability to transmit fluids


indite

(mineralogy) An extremely rare indium-iron sulfide mineral.


basement

(geology) A mass of igneous or metamorphic rock forming the foundation over which a platform of sedimentary rocks is laid.


triangulation

triangulation (countable and uncountable, plural triangulations)

/tɹʌɪaŋɡjʊˈleɪʃn̩/

/ˌtɹaɪˌæŋɡjəˈleɪʃən/

From Medieval Latin triangulātiōnem (“triangulation”), from triangulāre (“to triangulate”) + -tiōnem (suffix forming nouns relating to some actions or the results of actions). Triangulāre is derived from triangulāris (“triangular”), from triangulus (“triangular; triangle”), from trēs (“three”) + angulus (“angle; corner”). The English word is analysable as triangulate + -ion, and is cognate with French triangulation.

refn

An engraving from a 16th-century treatise by Levinus Hulsius (1546–1606).

A special advantage of radar is that it works during darkness and other periods of low visibility, which prevent visual triangulation and aircraft techniques for measuring nuclear clouds.

1958 November–December, “News Notes: Army Weather Radar Tracks Nuclear Clouds”, in William H. Zierdt Jr., editor, Armor: The Magazine of Mobile Warfare, volume LXVII, number 6, Washington, D.C.: United States Armor Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 58, column 2:

(uncountable, navigation, seismology) A process by which an unknown location is found using three known distances from known locations.


płaszcz

płaszczyk (diminutive)
płaszcz (nominative singular)
płaszcze (nominative plural)
płaszcza (genitive singular)
płaszczy (genitive plural)
płaszczów (genitive plural)
płaszczowi (dative singular)
płaszczom (dative plural)
płaszcz (accusative singular)
płaszcze (accusative plural)
płaszczem (instrumental singular)
płaszczami (instrumental plural)
płaszczu (locative singular)
płaszczach (locative plural)
płaszczu (singular vocative)
płaszcze (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *plaščь. Cognate with Czech plášť, Russian плащ (plašč), Serbo-Croatian plašt, and Slovene plašč.

płaszcz ziemski

płaszcz górny

płaszcz dolny


cobble

From Middle English cobill, kobill (used in various combinations with ston, stan (“stone”), note, nutt (“nut”), etc.), probably a diminutive of Middle English *cob, *cobb, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kubb- (“lump; round object”). Equivalent to cob + -le.

der

(geology) A particle from 64 to 256 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.


quartzite

en-noun

quartzite (countable and uncountable, plural quartzites)

Following the course of the river from New Ulm to Fort Ridgely, there are several exposures of reddish-brown “granite” or quartzites, which has been quarried in a few places, but I do not feel entirely sure of its connection with the rocks in the prairie or at the Ferry below.

1869, James Hall, “Notes upon the Geology of Some Portions of Minnesota, from St. Paul to the Western Part of the State”, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, volume XIII, page 331:

The stone experimented upon being of the hardest and toughest kind the effect is not seen for several strokes ; but within two minutes, during which the writer watched the experiment, a steel chisel was completely blunted and rendered useless, and there was a hole made about two inches deep in the mass of quartzite placed to operate upon.

1870 November 14, Professor Ansted, “The Passage of the Mont Cenis”, in Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym of Edward Cave), editor, The Gentleman's Magazine, volume 229, page 656:

Granites of the usual type, compact reddish or greyish quartz-felsite or rhyolite alternate one with another. A mica-trap is also found. Evidently this is an extension of the last group of rocks. A specimen of epidotic quartzite proves that there are, at any rate, some indications of the metamorphic series.

1883, T. G. Bonney, “On a Collection of Rock Specimens from the Island of Socotra”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, volume 174, page 273:

(mineralogy) A metamorphic rock from sandstone, consisting of interlocking grains of quartz.


graben

Borrowed from German Graben (“ditch”), from the verb graben (“to dig”).

Coordinate term: fault

1959, Robert G. Yates, George A. Thompson, Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the Terlingua District, Texas, U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 312, page 49,
The magnitude and shape of the large grabens strongly suggest that, when they formed, material much more mobile than ordinary rocks was present at a depth no greater than a few miles.

This system includes the Syrian and Lebanese grabens; the grabens of the Dead Sea, Wadi al Arabah, Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden; and the Ethiopian graben.

1969, V. V. Beloussov, “Contintal Rifts”, in Pembroke J. Hart, editor, The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, page 539:

1997, Jean-Marie Rouchy, 2: Paleogene Continental Rift System of Western Europe, Georges Busson, B. Charlotte Schreiber (editors), Sedimentary Deposition in Rift and Foreland Basins in France and Spain (Paleogene and Lower Neogene), page 83,
Migration of the subsidence axis has been revealed by the detailed sedimentological studies in most of these grabens, particularly in the Bresse basin (Curial 1986; Moretto 1986/1987) and in Manosque-Forcalquier.

2015, C. F. Burgess, et al., Chapter 35: The Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of Lake Tanganyika: A Case Study of Continental Rifting, W. Manspeizer (editor), Triassic-Jurassic Rifting: Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins, Part A, page 866,
These distinct zones of strike-slip or scissor faulting which separate adjacent half-grabens were termed interbasinal ridges and hinged highs by Rosendahl et al. (1986).

(geology) An elongated block of the Earth's crust, bounded by faults, that has dropped relative to the surrounding area.

地塹

elongated block of the Earth's crust that has dropped relative to the surrounding blocks


orogenesis

orogenesis (countable and uncountable, plural orogeneses)

(geology) The process of mountain formation by deformation of the Earth's crust.


lamina

lamina (plural laminae or (archaic) laminæ or laminas)

laminae (plural)
laminæ (archaic plural)
laminas (plural)

Borrowed from Latin lāmina (“a thin piece of metal, wood, marble; a plate, leaf, layer”). Doublet of lame.

bor

A thin layer, plate, or scale of material.

(geology) A fine layer that occurs in sedimentary rocks.


hydro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hydro-.wav

From Ancient Greek ὑδρο- (hudro-), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”).


discontinuity

From Late Latin discontinuitās, from discontinuus, equivalent to dis- + continuity.

(geology) a subterranean interface at which seismic velocities change


лава

ла́ва (canonical feminine)
láva (romanization)
лава (nominative singular)
лаве (nominative plural)
лаве (genitive singular)
лава (genitive plural)
лави (dative singular)
лавама (dative plural)
лаву (accusative singular)
лаве (accusative plural)
лаво (singular vocative)
лаве (plural vocative)
лави (locative singular)
лавама (locative plural)
лавом (instrumental singular)
лавама (instrumental plural)


Ionian

* (Hellenic, Ionia, architecture): Ionia + -n
* (moon of Jupiter): Io + -n- + -ian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Pleistocene epoch.


gyttja

gyttja (indefinite nominative singular)
gyttjas (genitive indefinite singular)
gyttjan (definite nominative singular)
gyttjans (definite genitive singular)
gyttjor (indefinite nominative plural)
gyttjors (genitive indefinite plural)
gyttjorna (definite nominative plural)
gyttjornas (definite genitive plural)

Probably from Proto-Germanic *gutjōn, related to *geutaną (“to pour”).

(geology) a fine-grained, nutrient-rich organic mud, or peat, deposited in lakes and ponds


epeirogenesis

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἤπειρος (ḗpeiros, “land”) + -genesis.

(geomorphology) Formation of continents, ocean basins and plateaus via movements of earth's crust.

ηπειρογένεση

formation of continents, etc via movements of earth's crust


blowout

(geology) A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by wind.


moraine

→ Irish: moiréan

→ Korean: 모레인 (morein)

From French moraine, from Savoyard Italian morena, from Franco-Provençal mor, morre (“muzzle, snout”), from Vulgar Latin *murrum. Compare morion.

1896, James Edward Todd, The Moraines of the Missouri Coteau, and Their Attendant Deposits, US Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 144, page 47,
This fact is suggestive in connection with the question whether the moraines mark different epochs of the ice age or different stages in the recession of the ice of one epoch.
This moraine, like the previous ones, influenced the drainage of the country. Several streams have evidently been located or directed by the influence of this moraine.

Prof. Dainelli made a personal study of the lakes of the Upper Indus lying between its confluence with the Gilgit on the west and the plains of Kashmir on the east. From this district he cites fifty lakes and groups of lakes. Many of these are moraine-dammed, but some of the larger ones, as the Satpor Tso, the Tso Moriri, the Chiun Tso, and the group of lakes associated with the Pángong Tso, he considers to have originated by glacial excavation.

1924 March, E. J. Garwood, “Himalayan Glaciation”, in The Geographical Journal, volume LXIII, number 3, London: Royal Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 244:

1959, Robert David Miller, Ernest Dobrovolny, Surficial Geology of Anchorage and Vicinity, Alaska, US Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 1093, page 61,
Whether this advance beyond the Elmendorf Moraine is a pre-Naptowne Wisconsin or is merely a fluctuation of the Naptowne glacier that deposited the end moraine is unclear.

Moraines that originate along the lateral margins of an ice stream are naturally called lateral moraines. Many lateral moraines perch high on the walls of glaciated valleys.

1997, Robert Phillip Sharp, Allen F. Glazner, “Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley”, in Mountain, Press Publishing, page 241:

(geology) An accumulation of rocks and debris carried and deposited by a glacier.


pothole

From dialectal pot (“pit, hollow, cavity”) + hole. The "cave" senses, attested since at least 1809 (as pot-hole), may be from Middle English pot, potte (“a deep hole for a mine, or from peat-digging”), of uncertain origin; perhaps related to English pit, pote, or pot. Compare Scots pott, patt (“a pit dug in the ground; coalpit”).

(geology) A vertical cave system, often found in limestone.


sedimentary

It's a geological wonderland, with great exposures of colorful and varied sedimentary rocks.

(geology, of a rock) Made by the deposition and compression of small particles.


asbestiform

THESE MATERIALS INCLUDE A BROAD RANGE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SUCH AS HALOGENATED PESTICIDES AND POLYHALOGENATED BIPHENYLS, AND A VARIETY OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING ASBESTIFORMS AND HEAVY METALS, SUCH AS CADMIUM AND MERCURY.

1976, Great Lakes Water Quality Needs: A Report to the International Joint Commission, July 1976, page 50:

Vermont talc is of cosmetic grade which is low in free silica and asbestiforms.

1977, Scanning Electron Microscopy, page 616, column 2:

The amphibole asbestiforms present a more difficult problem.

1977, Ian M. Stewart, “Selected Thoughts on Asbestos Quantitation”, in I[rvin] M. Asher, P[hilip] P. McGrath, editors, Symposium on Electron Microscopy of Microfibers: Proceedings of the First FDA Office of Science Summer Symposium, section “SEM and TEM Analysis”, page 93, column 2:

(mineralogy) Any of asbestos-like forms of several minerals.


rognon

Likely from an extended sense of the French word.

(geology) A nunatak rounded by glacial erosion.


telluride

en-noun

telluride (countable and uncountable, plural tellurides)

(uncountable, mineralogy, in particular) Sylvanite, silver gold telluride.


incompetent

en-adj

incompetent (comparative more incompetent, superlative most incompetent)

more incompetent (comparative)
most incompetent (superlative)

Borrowed from French incompétent, from Late Latin incompetentem, from Latin incompetēns, equivalent to in- + competent.

անձեռնհաս

unskilled, lacking normally expected degree of ability

Lacking the degree of ability and responsibility necessary to do a task successfully.

(geology) Not resistant to deformation or flow.


cryolite

en-noun

cryolite (countable and uncountable, plural cryolites)

sodium aluminium fluoride
sodium aluminium fluoride

(mineralogy) The mineral sodium aluminium fluoride (Na₃AlF₆).


uran-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-uran-.wav


aphantic

en-adj

aphantic (comparative more aphantic, superlative most aphantic)

more aphantic (comparative)
most aphantic (superlative)

From a- + Ancient Greek φάς (phás, “speaking”) + -ic.

af

(geology) Of a rock sample: compact, crystalline and too fine-grained in texture for its constituents to be identifiable.


fracture

/ˈfɹæk.t͡ʃə/

/ˈfɹæk.t͡ʃɚ/

From Middle English fracture, from Old French fracture, from Latin fractūra (“a breach, fracture, cleft”), from frangere (“to break”), past participle fractus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg-, whence also English break. See fraction. Doublet of fraktur.


intercalation

en-noun

intercalation (countable and uncountable, plural intercalations)

From Latin intercalō, from inter (“among”) + calō (“call out, proclaim”).

Their exact relationship to the host-rock is obscure but from their texture and observed metamorphic relationship they are thought to be intrusive dykes rather than intercalations of more basic lava.

1968, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, page 148:

(geology) A layer introduced into a pre-existing sequence.


selvage

selvage (countable and uncountable, plural selvages)

From early modern Dutch selfegghe (Modern Dutch zelfkant (“selvage”)), equivalent to self + edge.

(geology) A distinct border of a mass of igneous rock. It is usually fine-grained or glassy due to rapid cooling.

hulpio

geology: distinct border of a mass of igneous rock

(geology) Clay-like material found along and around a geological fault.


skylight

(volcanology) A hole in the upper part of a lava tube, yielding a view of the lava within.


sirocco

(geology) sirocco: a hot and often strong southerly to southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean that originates in the Sahara and adjacent North African regions.


maculose

en-adj

maculose (comparative more maculose, superlative most maculose)

more maculose (comparative)
most maculose (superlative)

(geology, zoology) Having spots on the surface; spotted


magnesic

magnesic (comparative more magnesic, superlative most magnesic)

more magnesic (comparative)
most magnesic (superlative)


maar

Borrowed from German Maar; English usage from 1825, from Vulgar Latin *mara (“standing water”), from Latin mare (“sea”).

(geology, volcanology) A broad volcanic crater, usually filled with water to form a lake.


magnetiferous

magnetiferous (comparative more magnetiferous, superlative most magnetiferous)

more magnetiferous (comparative)
most magnetiferous (superlative)

From magneti- + -ferous, from magnet or magnetite.

The ore is a richly magnetiferous Pochuck gneiss.

1910, William Shirley Bayley, Iron Mines and Mining in New Jersey, page 351:

Observations by Ball and myself in Colorado show that in the case of magnetiferous granites, the magnetite was a mineral of the pegmatite stage.

1923, Josiah Edward Spur, The Ore Magmas, page 36:


magnesite

en-noun

magnesite (countable and uncountable, plural magnesites)

(mineralogy) A form of magnesium carbonate, MgCO₃, occurring as dolomite (with calcite) but rarely found in the pure state.

մագնեզիտ

a form of magnesium carbonate, O3, occurring as dolomite (with calcite) but rarely found in the pure state


ядро

ru-noun+

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер, diminutive я́дрышко)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
я́дрышко (diminutive)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядре́ (prepositional singular)
я́драх (plural prepositional)

→ Bulgarian: ядро́ (jadró)

→ Kazakh: ядро (ädro)

→ Kyrgyz: ядро (yadro)

(astronomy, geology) core (of a planet, star, or galaxy)


ядро

uk-noun

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядрі́ (locative singular)
я́драх (locative plural)
ядро́ (singular vocative)
я́дра (plural vocative)


gahnite

en-noun

gahnite (countable and uncountable, plural gahnites)

Named after Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745-1818) in 1807.

(mineralogy) A rare mineral ZnAl₂O₄ in the spinel group.


cirkon

cirkonok (plural)
cirkon (nominative singular)
cirkonok (nominative plural)
cirkont (accusative singular)
cirkonokat (accusative plural)
cirkonnak (dative singular)
cirkonoknak (dative plural)
cirkonnal (instrumental singular)
cirkonokkal (instrumental plural)
cirkonért (causal-final singular)
cirkonokért (causal-final plural)
cirkonná (singular translative)
cirkonokká (plural translative)
cirkonig (singular terminative)
cirkonokig (plural terminative)
cirkonként (essive-formal singular)
cirkonokként (essive-formal plural)
cirkonban (inessive singular)
cirkonokban (inessive plural)
cirkonon (singular superessive)
cirkonokon (plural superessive)
cirkonnál (adessive singular)
cirkonoknál (adessive plural)
cirkonba (illative singular)
cirkonokba (illative plural)
cirkonra (singular sublative)
cirkonokra (plural sublative)
cirkonhoz (allative singular)
cirkonokhoz (allative plural)
cirkonból (elative singular)
cirkonokból (elative plural)
cirkonról (delative singular)
cirkonokról (delative plural)
cirkontól (ablative singular)
cirkonoktól (ablative plural)
cirkoné (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
cirkonoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
cirkonéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
cirkonokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
cirkonom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
cirkonjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
cirkonod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
cirkonjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
cirkonja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
cirkonjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
cirkonunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
cirkonjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
cirkonotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
cirkonjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
cirkonjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
cirkonjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From German Zirkon and from French zircon.


cirkon

cìrkōn (canonical masculine)
цѝрко̄н (Cyrillic)
cìrkōn (nominative singular)
cirkóna (genitive singular)
cirkónu (dative singular)
cìrkōn (accusative singular)
cȉrkōne (singular vocative)
cirkónu (locative singular)
cirkónom (instrumental singular)


aalenian

aalenian (accusative indefinite nominative)
aalenianul (accusative definite nominative)
aalenian (indefinite)
aalenianului (definite)
aalenianule (vocative)

(geology, paleontology) Aalenian (the latest layer of the lower Jurassic period or the earliest layer of the middle Jurassic period)


aalenian

ro-adj

aalenian m or n (feminine singular aaleniană, masculine plural aalenieni, feminine and neuter plural aaleniene)

aaleniană (feminine singular)
aalenieni (masculine plural)
aaleniene (feminine neuter plural)
aalenian (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
aaleniană (feminine indefinite singular)
aalenieni (indefinite masculine plural)
aaleniene (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
aalenianul (definite masculine neuter singular)
aaleniana (definite feminine singular)
aalenienii (definite masculine plural)
aalenienele (definite feminine neuter plural)
aaleniene (feminine indefinite singular)
aalenianului (definite masculine neuter singular)
aalenienei (definite feminine singular)
aalenienilor (definite masculine plural)
aalenienelor (definite feminine neuter plural)

(geology, paleontology) Aalenian (ertaining to or belonging to the latest layer of the lower Jurassic or earliest layer of the middle Jurassic)


Aalenian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch or series.


Aalenian

(geology, paleontology) Of or pertaining to the Aalenian epoch.


argillaceous

en-adj

argillaceous (comparative more argillaceous, superlative most argillaceous)

more argillaceous (comparative)
most argillaceous (superlative)

/ɑːd͡ʒɪlˈeɪʃəs/

From Latin argillaceus, from argilla (“clay”), from Ancient Greek ἄργιλλος (árgillos, “white clay, potter's earth”), from ἀργός (argós, “white”).

bor

[…] natural colossi from two to five hundred feet high, done in argillaceous sandstone or a singular species of conglomerate, all of which owe their existence almost entirely to the agency of wind.

The gleam of the land is in its rocks, the fine-grained argillaceous rocks, here, not purple or grey, but green of living stone.

1994, Jeanette Winterson, Art & Lies, page 104:

(chiefly geology) pertaining to clay; made of, containing, or resembling clay


chlorite

en-noun

chlorite (countable and uncountable, plural chlorites)

/ˈklɔːˌɹʌɪt/

/ˈklɔːˌɹaɪt/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chlorite.wav

From Ancient Greek χλωρῖτις (khlōrîtis).

They have been heated enough to impart a delicate blue-green hue, which is because of the abundance of the ‘low-grade’ metamorphic mineral, chlorite.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 177:

(mineralogy) A dark green mineral resembling serpentine, being a mixed silicate of magnesium, iron and aluminium.


autochthon

autochthon (plural autochthons or autochthones)

autochthons (plural)
autochthones (plural)

From Ancient Greek αὐτόχθων (autókhthōn, “indigenous”), from αὐτός (autós, “self”) + χθών (khthṓn, “earth, soil”).

com

These rocks are lithically identical with the Normanskill in the allochthon but differ from the correlative Hortonville or Walloomsac Slates […] of the autochthon. […] In the light of Warthin's findings and the absence of evidence to the contrary, the pelitic rocks that geometrically overlie the Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks in the Pine Plains (E10) area (Knopf, 1962) are included in the autochthon.

1967, E-An Zen, “Introduction”, in Time and Space Relationships of the Taconic Allochthon and Autochthon (Special GSA Papers; no. 97), New York, N.Y.: Geological Society of America, →OCLC, page 6:

The Mesozoic rock units in the Békés-Doboz trough appear to correlate to similar age rock units of the Bihor autochthon in the Apuseni Mountains of Romania rather than to rock units of the Codru nappe system. Rock units of the Bihor autochthon differ from rock units of the Codru nappe system in 3 main aspects: […]

1994, John A. Grow et al., “Structure of the Békés Basin Inferred from Seismic Reflection, Well and Gravity Data”, in Paul G. Teleki, Robert E. Mattick, János Kókai, editors, Basin Analysis in Petroleum Exploration: A Case Study from the Békés Basin, Hungary, Dordrecht, Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, page 27:

(geology) A large mass of rock in the place of its original formation, rooted to its basement (foundation rock) as opposed to an allochthon or nappe which has shifted from the place of formation; an autochthonous rock formation.


tras

(geology) trass (a white to grey volcanic tufa, formed of decomposed trachytic cinders, sometimes used as a cement)


meagre

en-adj

meagre (comparative meagrer, superlative meagrest)

meagrer (comparative)
meagrest (superlative)

Jamaican Creole: mawga

From Middle English megre, borrowed from Anglo-Norman megre, Old French maigre, from Latin macer, macrum, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱrós. Cognate with Old English mæġer (“meagre, lean”), Dutch mager (“lean”), German mager (“lean”), Icelandic magur (“lean”).

(mineralogy) Dry and harsh to the touch (e.g., as chalk).