horst

graben

antonym(s) of “area of earth's surface raised relative to surrounding land”

The classic example has been the Rhine Valley graben with the Vosges Mountains and the Schwarzwald as adjacent horsts.

1927, George Rogers Mansfield, Geography, Geology, and Mineral Resources of Part of Southeastern Idaho, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 152, page 390:

1963, F. Geukens, S. D. Bowers (translator), Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-B, page B19,
Innumerable faults, in fact, cut through the country, many bounding secondary grabens and horsts.

Your body is a horst and mine a graben, because horst is the opposite of graben.

1968, Anthony Burgess, Enderby Outside, page 83:

Horsts and grabens are rock structural features that are identified by the nature of the offset of rock units along normal faults; topographically, horsts form mountain ranges and grabens form basins.

2011, James Petersen, Dorothy Sack, Robert Gabler, Physical Geography, 10th edition, page 393:

(geology) An area of the earth's surface which is raised relative to surrounding land.


horst

nl-noun

horst f (plural horsten, diminutive horstje n)

horsten (plural)
horstje (diminutive neuter)

Cognate with English horst and German Horst (“horst; eyrie”).

(geology) an area of the earth's surface which is raised relative to surrounding land; a horst


mangano-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-mangano-.wav


naphtha

en-noun

naphtha (countable and uncountable, plural naphthas)

→ Japanese: ナフサ (nafusa)

→ Korean: 나프타 (napeuta)

From Latin naphtha, from Ancient Greek νάφθα (náphtha, “naphtha”), from Old Persian *naftah, probably borrowed or assimilated from Akkadian 𒉌𒆳𒊏 (/napṭu/, “petroleum”) , from the verb 𒈾𒁀𒂅 (na-ba-ṭu /napâṭu, nabâṭu/, “to be(come) bright, to shine; to flare up, to blaze”). The Greek mediation is reflected in the spelling – ‘ph’ and ‘th’ (from ‘φ’ and ‘θ’).

der

The turmoil went on—no rest, no peace. […] It was nearly eleven o'clock now, and he strolled out again. In the little fair created by the costers' barrows the evening only seemed beginning; and the naphtha flares made one's eyes ache, the men's voices grated harshly, and the girls' faces saddened one.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

No, this is not a disentanglement from, but a progressive knotting into — they go in under archways, secret entrances of rotted concrete that only looked like loops of an underpass... certain trestles of blackened wood have moved slowly by overhead, and the smells begun of coal from days far to the past, smells of naphtha winters, of Sundays when no traffic came through...

1973, Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow:

The Common Room and the Library were lit by anbaric light, but the Scholars preferred the older, softer naphtha lamps in the Retiring Room.

(petrochemistry) Any of a wide variety of aliphatic or aromatic liquid hydrocarbon mixtures distilled from petroleum or coal tar, especially as used in solvents or petrol.


blind spot

زاوِية مَيِّتة

part of the road/railway track/tramway track that cannot be seen

(seismology) A location around an earthquake epicentre that is prone to earthquake.


spricka

spricka (indefinite nominative singular)
sprickas (genitive indefinite singular)
sprickan (definite nominative singular)
sprickans (definite genitive singular)
sprickor (indefinite nominative plural)
sprickors (genitive indefinite plural)
sprickorna (definite nominative plural)
sprickornas (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish springa, from Old Norse springa, from Proto-Germanic *springaną.


sete

setet (definite singular)
seter (indefinite plural)
seta (definite plural)
setene (definite plural)


sete

setet (definite singular)
sete (indefinite plural)
seta (definite plural)
seten (definite singular)
setar (indefinite plural)
setane (definite plural)
seta (definite singular)
seter (indefinite plural)
setene (definite plural)

From different Old Norse terms. All of them are related to sitja (“to sit”), which is ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *sed- (“to sit”).
* (neuter): From Old Norse sæti, whence partly also English seat. From Proto-Germanic *sētiją.
* (masculine): From the Old Norse suffix -seti, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *setô.
* (feminine): From Old Norse seta.


-ite

Borrowed from Latin -ītēs, from Ancient Greek -ίτης (-ítēs).

pyro- (“pyro-”) + -ite → pyrite (“pyrite”)


-ite

pt-noun

-ite f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ites)

(geology, Portugal) -ite (forms the names of rocks and minerals)


tjaele

Borrowed from Swedish tjäle, which is descended from Old Swedish *þiæli, from Old Norse þeli (“frozen ground”), which is related to þel (“nap on wool; underwool”), and ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þelą.


ader

nl-noun

ader f or m (plural aders or aderen, diminutive adertje n)

aders (plural)
aderen (plural)
adertje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: aar

Negerhollands: ader, aar

→ Papiamentu: ader, ardu

From Middle Dutch ādere, from Old Dutch *āthera, from Proto-West Germanic *ādrā.


tourmaline

en-noun

tourmaline (countable and uncountable, plural tourmalines)

From French tourmaline, ultimately from Sinhalese තෝරමල්ලී (tōramallī, “carnelian”)

der

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are […] . (Common gem materials not addressed in this article include amber, amethyst, chalcedony, garnet, lazurite, malachite, opals, peridot, rhodonite, spinel, tourmaline, turquoise and zircon.)

2012 March 14, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, page 128:

(mineralogy) A complex black or dark-coloured borosilicate mineral, compounded with various chemical elements and considered a semi-precious stone.


exfoliate

en-verb

exfoliate (third-person singular simple present exfoliates, present participle exfoliating, simple past and past participle exfoliated)

exfoliates (present singular third-person)
exfoliating (participle present)
exfoliated (participle past)
exfoliated (past)

From Late Latin exfoliō (“I strip of leaves”), from ex- (“out of”) + folium (“leaf”); compare effoliate and French exfolier.

bor

(mineralogy) To split into scales, especially to become converted into scales as the result of heat or decomposition.


trachyte

en-noun

trachyte (countable and uncountable, plural trachytes)

From French trachyte, from Ancient Greek τρᾱχύς (trākhús, “rough”).

The type of rock that results is often described as trachyte and contains abundant crystals of a different kind of alkali-rich feldspar, such as sanidine, rather than plagioclase.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 52:

(geology) A pale igneous rock consisting mostly of potassium feldspar and plagioclase.


Varangian

Ultimately from Byzantine Greek Βάραγγος (Bárangos), from Medieval Latin Varingus, from Old Norse væringi, from várr (“pledge”) or værr (“pledge”), which is cognate with Old English wǣr (“fidelity, loyalty”), + Old Norse gangi (“companion”). Cognate with Old English wærgenga.

(geology) Pertaining to a period of intense glaciation during the late Proterozoic eon.


cryptodepression

/ˌkɹɪptəʊdɪˈpɹɛʃən/

From crypto- (“hidden”) + depression (“area lower in topography than its surroundings”).

prefix

When the bottom of the lake lies below mean sea level, it is said to occupy a cryptodepression, the depth of which is the depth below sea level of the deepest point of the basin.

1957, G[eorge] Evelyn Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnology, volumes I (Geography, Physics, and Chemistry), New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →OCLC, page 165:

The lake's elevation above sea level is 74.01 meters (242.8 feet) which makes its depth of cryptodepression to be 170 meters (558 feet).

1975 March, Robert V. Thomann, Dominick M. DeToro, Richard P. Winfield, Donald J. O’Connor, “Section IV: Lake Ontario – Background”, in Mathematical Modeling of Phytoplankton in Lake Ontario: 1. Model Development and Verification (Ecological Research Series; EPA-660/3-75-005), Corvallis, Or.: National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, →OCLC, page 8:

The greater volume of the lake [Lake Susupe] occupies a cryptodepression (that portion which lies below sea level). Based upon a surface elevation of +2.5 ft determined on 20 December 1978 by Juan C. Tenorio and Associates' surveyors, the depth of the cryptodepression is -1.4m (4.7 ft) below sea level.

1979 June, “Appendix A: Problem Identification”, in A Study to Determine the Feasibility of Providing Flood Control Improvements to the Susupe Chalan Kanoa Area, Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Draft Detailed Report and Environmental Statement, Fort Shafter [Honolulu], Hi.: U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, →OCLC, page A-10:

At present there are three major closed systems (Awash R. – Afar drainage, northern rift lakes, southern rift lakes), numerous crater lakes with seepage-in and -out, and two cryptodepressions with marine inputs.

1988, R. B. Wood, J. F. Talling, “Chemical and Algal Relationships in a Salinity Series of Ethiopian Inland Waters”, in Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences, volume 158, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29; reprinted in J. M. Melack, editor, Saline Lakes: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes, Held at Nairobi, Kenya, August 1985 (Developments in Hydrobiology; 44), Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1988, →DOI, →ISBN, abstract, page 29:

The maximum depth of some lakes is below current sea level. Such lakes are called cryptodepressions. Well-known cases of tectonic lakes include Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea. Some glacial lakes in Norway, Scotland and England are also cryptodepressions.

[2012, José Galizia Tundisi, Takako Matsumura-Tundisi, “The Origin of Lakes”, in Limnology, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN, section 3.3.10 (Average Slope (α)), page 49:

(geography, limnology) The portion of a lake which lies below sea level.


fragmentary

en-adj

fragmentary (comparative more fragmentary, superlative most fragmentary)

more fragmentary (comparative)
most fragmentary (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fragmentary.wav

(geology) Composed of the fragments of other rocks.


hypabyssal

(geology, of rock) that solidifies, as a minor intrusion, before reaching the Earth's surface


Archaeozoic

(geology) Period of time determined to exist prior to 2.5 thousand million years ago.

archeozoik

period of time determined to exist prior to 2.5 thousand million years ago


Archaeozoic

(geology) Of or pertaining to the Archaeozoic.


pyroxene

From French pyroxène, from pyro- + Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “stranger”).

By the pathside, there are occasional large boulders that shown black crystals the size of a fingernail; these are pyroxene minerals that had time to crystallise out deep within the chamber of liquid rock – or magma – beneath the volcano.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 10:

(mineralogy) Any of a group of crystalline minerals containing silicates of iron, magnesium and calcium.


pollucite

From Pollux + ite, named after Pollux, the twin of Castor, as it is often found associated with castorite (now petalite).

(mineralogy) A colorless transparent mineral of the zeolite family consisting of hydrous cesium aluminum silicate and occurring massive or crystallizing in cubes.


zaratite

Spanish zaratita, from Señor Zarate, 19th century Spaniard + Spanish -ita -ite

(mineralogy) a hydrous basic nickel carbonate occurring in emerald-green incrustations or compact masses


hot spot

пизэке

place notable for a high level of activity or danger

While researchers can see the path that Yellowstone burned as the hot spot migrated from Oregon across Idaho and into Wyoming, discerning one eruption from another has been a chore as most volcanic deposits are scattered across vast landscapes in a chaotic jumble.

2020 June 18, Matt Kaplan, “Yellowstone’s supervolcano is a hot spot, but it may be calming down”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-04-21:

A location which has a higher temperature or amount of radiation than surrounding areas.

(geology, planetology) The surface manifestation of a plume of molten material that rises from deep in a celestial body's mantle.

熱點

surface manifestation of a plume that rises from deep in a celestial body’s mantle


大陸

大陸斜面

大陸斜面 たいりくしゃめん

大陸移動

大陸移動 たいりくいどう

大陸国家

大陸国家 たいりくこっか

大陸横断鉄道

大陸横断鉄道 たいりくおうだんてつどう

アフリカ大陸


glimmer

is-noun

glimmer n (genitive singular glimmers, no plural)

glimmers (genitive singular)
glimmer (indefinite nominative singular)
glimmerið (definite nominative singular)
glimmer (accusative indefinite singular)
glimmerið (accusative definite singular)
glimmer (dative indefinite singular)
glimmeri (dative indefinite singular)
glimmerinu (dative definite singular)
glimmers (genitive indefinite singular)
glimmersins (definite genitive singular)

From Danish glimmer, from glimre (“to glimmer”). Cognate with glimrandi (“splendid”), which is also from Danish. False friend with English glimmer.


glimmer

glimmer (indefinite nominative singular)


consequent

Borrowed from Middle French conséquent, from Latin consequens, consequentem, present participle of consequi (“to follow”), from con- + sequi (“to follow”). Compare French conséquent.

(geology) Of a stream, having a course determined by the slope it formed on.


consequent

Consequents cannot get any better off than at first: they get all the drainage and cannot get more.

1899, Sydney Savory Buckman, “The Development of Rivers”, in Natural Science, page 275:


estrato

Learned borrowing from Latin strātus. Compare the inherited estrado.

(geology) stratum (layer of sedimentary rock)


siliceous

en-adj

siliceous (comparative more siliceous, superlative most siliceous)

more siliceous (comparative)
most siliceous (superlative)

(geology) Comprised of biogenic silicate minerals. Contrasted with the inorganic term siliciclastic.


hydrothermal

(geology) Of or relating to emanations of hot water that are rich in minerals, or to the rocks formed from them.


blowhole

(geology) A top-facing opening to a cavity in the ground very near an ocean's shore, leading to a marine cave from which wave water or bursts of air are expelled.

吹蝕穴

A top-facing opening to a cavity in the ground very near an ocean's shore, that leads to a marine cave from which wave water and/or bursts of air are expelled.

(geology) A vent for the escape of steam or other gas.


polje

From a Slavic language, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *poľe (“field”).

(geology) An extensive depression having a flat floor and steep walls but no outflowing surface stream and found in a region having karst topography (as in parts of Yugoslavia).


polje

polje (absolutive indefinite)
poljea (absolutive indefinite singular)
poljeak (absolutive indefinite plural)
poljek (ergative indefinite)
poljeak (ergative indefinite singular)
poljeek (ergative indefinite plural)
poljeri (dative indefinite)
poljeari (dative indefinite singular)
poljeei (dative indefinite plural)
poljeren (genitive indefinite)
poljearen (genitive indefinite singular)
poljeen (genitive indefinite plural)
poljerekin (comitative indefinite)
poljearekin (comitative indefinite singular)
poljeekin (comitative indefinite plural)
poljerengatik (causative indefinite)
poljearengatik (causative indefinite singular)
poljeengatik (causative indefinite plural)
poljerentzat (benefactive indefinite)
poljearentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
poljeentzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
poljez (indefinite instrumental)
poljeaz (indefinite instrumental singular)
poljeez (indefinite instrumental plural)
poljetan (indefinite inessive)
poljean (indefinite inessive singular)
poljeetan (indefinite inessive plural)
poljetako (indefinite locative)
poljeko (indefinite locative singular)
poljeetako (indefinite locative plural)
poljetara (allative indefinite)
poljera (allative indefinite singular)
poljeetara (allative indefinite plural)
poljetaraino (indefinite terminative)
poljeraino (indefinite singular terminative)
poljeetaraino (indefinite plural terminative)
poljetarantz (directive indefinite)
poljerantz (directive indefinite singular)
poljeetarantz (directive indefinite plural)
poljetarako (destinative indefinite)
poljerako (destinative indefinite singular)
poljeetarako (destinative indefinite plural)
poljetatik (ablative indefinite)
poljetik (ablative indefinite singular)
poljeetatik (ablative indefinite plural)
poljerik (indefinite partitive)
poljetzat (indefinite prolative)

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian pȍlje (“field”).

bor+

Olatzeko poljea eliptikoa da, biribila ia, baina Lasturkoa luzeagoa da, ohikoagoa.

2015 March 15, Nagore Irazustabarrena, “Altxor karstikoa flyscharen itzalean”, in Argia, number 2453:


ice scour

(geology) A narrow ditch on a seabed, formed by the movement of pack ice.


bergshrund

The snow was extremely hard and there was a well defined path all the way up to the bergshrund.

By this time the cloud had rolled in once more and we stopped on the lip of a bergschrund and around 6730 m.

1999, Harish Kapadia, “Ascents in the Panch Chuli Group”, in Across Peaks & Passes in Kumaun Himalaya, New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 135:

None of the other climbers says a word, and one by one we climb over a field of shaggy rocks and cross a ladder over the bergschrund.

2022, Silvia Vasquez-Lavado, “Chomolungma”, in In the Shadow of the Mountain, Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, page 1:

(geology) A large crack or crevasse in a glacier where the glacier is pulling away from the mountain.


radiolitic

(geology, of igneous rock) Having fanlike groupings of acicular crystals.

(geology, of limestone) Whose components radiate from a central point.


obsidian

en-noun

obsidian (usually uncountable, plural obsidians)

From Latin obsidianus; named after Obsidius, who was, according to Pliny, the Roman who discovered the stone in Aethiopia.

The Neolithic culture from 8000 to 6000 B.C., however, was a brilliant period of the revival of crafts, the transformation of gathering into gardening, the growth of a cross-cultural obsidian trade, and the rise of towns.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 130:

(mineralogy) A type of naturally occurring black glass produced by volcanoes.

lawaglas

a type of black glass produced by volcanoes


obsidian

id-noun

obsidian (plural obsidian-obsidian, first-person possessive obsidianku, second-person possessive obsidianmu, third-person possessive obsidiannya)

obsidian-obsidian (plural)
obsidianku (first-person possessive)
obsidianmu (possessive second-person)
obsidiannya (possessive third-person)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch obsidiaan, from Latin obsidianus.


слап

сла̑п (canonical masculine)
slȃp (romanization)
сла̑п (nominative singular)
сла́пови (nominative plural)
слапа (genitive singular)
слапова (genitive plural)
слапу (dative singular)
слаповима (dative plural)
слап (accusative singular)
слапове (accusative plural)
слапе (singular vocative)
слапови (plural vocative)
слапу (locative singular)
слаповима (locative plural)
слапом (instrumental singular)
слаповима (instrumental plural)


NEA

(planetology, geology) Abbreviation of northeast Africa.


emery

en-noun

emery (usually uncountable, plural emeries)

From French émeri, from Old French esmeril, from Italian smeriglio.

It took me from nine to ten days to grind and polish it ready for parabolising and silvering. I did this by hand labour with the aid of emery, but without a lathe. I finally used rouge instead of emery in grinding down the glass, until I could see my face in the mirror quite plain.

1884, Samuel Smiles, Men of Invention and Industry:

(petrology) An impure type of corundum, often used for sanding or polishing.


Karst

de-noun

Karst m (strong, genitive Karstes or Karsts, plural Karste)

Karstes (genitive)
Karsts (genitive)
Karste (plural)
Karst (nominative singular)
Karste (definite nominative plural)
Karstes (genitive singular)
Karsts (genitive singular)
Karste (definite genitive plural)
Karst (dative singular)
Karste (dative singular)
Karsten (dative definite plural)
Karst (accusative singular)
Karste (accusative definite plural)

(geology) karst (type of land formation)


magnesian

en-adj

magnesian (comparative more magnesian, superlative most magnesian)

more magnesian (comparative)
most magnesian (superlative)


depósito

(geology) sediment or rock different from the surrounding material


xenocryst

(geology) An isolated crystal having a different origin than the igneous rock in which it is found; the mineralogical equivalent of a xenolith.


quartz schist

en-noun

quartz schist (countable and uncountable, plural quartz schists)

(geology) A metamorphosed schist composed mostly of quartz with some mica and/or tourmaline.


quartz-diorite

(mineralogy) Any form of diorite containing appreciable amounts of quartz.


glis

la-noun

glis f (genitive glitis); third declension

glitis (genitive)
glis (nominative singular)
glitēs (nominative plural)
glitis (genitive singular)
glitum (genitive plural)
glitī (dative singular)
glitibus (dative plural)
glitem (accusative singular)
glitēs (accusative plural)
glite (ablative singular)
glitibus (ablative plural)
glis (singular vocative)
glitēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to stick; to spread, to smear”). See also Latin glūten and glutus.


planum

(astronomy, planetology, planetography, astrogeography, astrogeology) an elevated plain or plateau on a moon or planet


sabkha

Borrowed from Arabic سَبْخَة (sabḵa, “salt flat”).

(geology) An area of coastal salt flats, especially in North Africa and Arabia.


sebkha

bor+

Borrowed from Arabic سَبْخَة (sabḵa, “salt flat”)

Les chotts ou sebkhas sont autant de lacs et d’étangs salés où l’évaporation de l’été dépose une couche de sel brut.


sinkhole

From Middle English sinkehole, sinkeholl, equivalent to sink + hole.

A sinkhole suddenly opened up beneath the track of a heavy freight route in the eastern United States. Golfers playing the 13th hole at Hartford, Connecticut, had a new obstacle to tackle: a section of track suspended in mid-air after heavy rainfall in the aftermath of Storm Ida.

2021 September 22, “Network News: Sinking feeling on unlucky 13th”, in RAIL, number 940, page 18:

(geology) A hole formed in soluble rock by the action of water, serving to conduct surface water to an underground passage.


isostasy

en-noun

isostasy (usually uncountable, plural isostasies)

From iso- + Ancient Greek στάσις (stásis, “a standing”).

uder

The process of vertical movement, known as isostasy, was a foundation of geological belief for generations, though no-one had any really good theories as to how or why it happened.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, page 155:

A great thickness of comparatively light sedimentary rocks accumulating in a geosyncline would ultimately ‘rebound’ because of isostasy – like a depressed rubber duck bouncing back upwards in a bath.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 173:

When a continent carries an ice sheet, the weight of that sheet distorts the equilibrium, the isostasy that causes the crust to float as it does.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 247:

(geology) The state of balance or pressure equilibrium thought to exist within the Earth's crust, whereby the upper lithosphere floats on denser magma beneath.

isostasia

the state of balance of the Earth's lithosphere floating on the magma


anatase

en-noun

anatase (countable and uncountable, plural anatases)

From French anatase, from Ancient Greek ἀνάτασις (anátasis, “extending, extension”), named for the length of its crystals.

der

(mineralogy) A blue or brown mineral, a form of titanium dioxide, used as a pigment.


anatase

(mineralogy) anatase (form of titanium dioxide used as a pigment)


rann

fo-noun

rann f (genitive singular rannar, plural rannir)

rannar (genitive singular)
rannir (plural)
rann (indefinite nominative singular)
rannin (definite nominative singular)
rannir (indefinite nominative plural)
rannirnar (definite nominative plural)
rann (accusative indefinite singular)
rannina (accusative definite singular)
rannir (accusative indefinite plural)
rannirnar (accusative definite plural)
rann (dative indefinite singular)
rannini (dative definite singular)
rannum (dative indefinite plural)
rannunum (dative definite plural)
rannar (genitive indefinite singular)
rannarinnar (definite genitive singular)
ranna (genitive indefinite plural)
rannanna (definite genitive plural)


kreda

kreda (nominative singular)
kredy (nominative plural)
kredy (genitive singular)
kred (genitive plural)
kredzie (dative singular)
kredom (dative plural)
kredę (accusative singular)
kredy (accusative plural)
kredą (instrumental singular)
kredami (instrumental plural)
kredzie (locative singular)
kredach (locative plural)
kredo (singular vocative)
kredy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kreide, from Middle High German krīde, from Old High German krīda, from Vulgar Latin *crēda, from Latin crēta. Doublet of Kreta.


clastic

From Ancient Greek κλαστός (klastós, “broken in pieces”), from κλάω (kláō, “to break”) + -ic.

uder

(geology, of rock) Made from fragments of pre-existing rocks.

clàstic

made from fragments of pre-existing rocks


clastic

(geology) A rock made from fragments of pre-existing rocks.


שוהם

he-noun

שוהם / שֹׁהַם • (shóham) m [pattern: קֹטֶל]

שֹׁהַם (canonical)
shóham (romanization)

Probably borrowed from a form like *šuwahbu(m) meaning ‘the thing forced to be given’ = tribute from an Old South Arabian language spoken in Havilah. This would be an š-causative noun from the common Semitic root w-h-b ‘to give’ (see Sabaic 𐩥𐩠𐩨 whb "to give", Qatabanic 𐩥𐩠𐩨 whb "to give, grant").

(mineralogy) onyx (a banded variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz)


concussion

en-noun

concussion (countable and uncountable, plural concussions)

It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion of the air.

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

[Water vapour bubbles] hit againſt the ſides of the more eminent and Mountainous Places, of the Globe, and by this Concuſſion are condenſed, and thus become heavier than the Air they ſvvom in, and ſo gleet dovvn the rocky Caverns of theſe Mountains, […]

1705, George Cheyne, “Of the Existence of a Deity”, in Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion: […], London: […] George Strahan […], →OCLC, § XXIX, page 184:

(seismology) A violent collision or shock.


kaolinite

kaolinite (countable and uncountable, plural kaolinites)

From kaolin + -ite (see kaolin for more).

(mineralogy) A common hydrous aluminosilicate mineral found in sediments, soils and sedimentary rocks, Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄; one of the kaolin group of minerals.


peg-leg

en-verb

peg-leg (third-person singular simple present peg-legs, present participle peg-legging, simple past and past participle peg-legged)

peg-legs (present singular third-person)
peg-legging (participle present)
peg-legged (participle past)
peg-legged (past)

With the wire line, except at great depths, the nearest parallel to the lift of a manila cable in a dry hole is "peg-legging" (alternate hitting and missing of the tools). Tools will peg-leg with the wire line, but should not be permitted to do so in a dry hole under ordinary conditions.

1919, Bulletin - Volumes 179-183, page 185:

Typically high velocity lithological units like salt, anhydrites or basalts are the dominating monolithic units where they occur. The chances of energy bouncing peg legging within them is a long shot.

2017, Enwenode Onajite, Practical Solutions to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Analysis, →ISBN:

(geology) To appear or detect in a discontinuous fashion.


kimberlite

en-noun

kimberlite (countable and uncountable, plural kimberlites)

From Kimberley + -ite, from the name of the South African town of Kimberley where the mineral was first found.

Some researchers think that the warming was caused as kimberlite pipes (volcanic vents originating deep in the Earth’s mantle) reached the surface near Lac de Gras in northern Canada and released huge amounts of carbon.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 54:

(geology) A variety of peridotite containing a high proportion of carbon dioxide; often contains diamonds.


Plutonian

en-adj

Plutonian (comparative more Plutonian, superlative most Plutonian)

more Plutonian (comparative)
most Plutonian (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Latin Plūtōnius (“of or relating to Pluto, Greek and Roman god of the underworld”) + -an (suffix forming adjectives). Plūtōnius is from Ancient Greek Πλουτώνιος (Ploutṓnios, “of or relating to Pluto”), from Πλούτων (Ploútōn, “Pluto”) (from πλοῦτος (ploûtos, “riches, wealth”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to fly; to flow; to run”)) + -ων (-ōn)) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives). The English word is cognate with Middle French plutonien (modern French plutonien). The noun is derived from the adjective.

plutonien

of, pertaining to, or supporting plutonism — see also Plutonic

plutonic

(by extension, geology) Synonym of plutonic (“of or pertaining to rocks formed deep in the Earth's crust, rather than by volcanoes at the surface of the Earth”)

One system, now called the Plutonian, regards, the earth's crust on which we now live, as the debris of two former worlds, and our present continents as the elevations of the bottom of the sea by subterranean heat. If this theory be founded on fact, why do not our rocks present us with beds of shell-fish in families as are now living at the bottom of the sea?

1822, Joseph Sutcliffe, The Geology of the Avon, being an Enquiry into the Order of the Strata and Mineral Productions of the District Washed by Its Streams, Bristol: Printed by Philip Rose, […]; for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, […]; and Thomas Blanchard, […], →OCLC, pages 3–4:

The country around Aberdeen is almost entirely composed of primitive rocks. Of these there are two sets, Neptunian and Plutonian. […] the Plutonian rocks are granite, with feldspar, or granitic porphyry. […] the great bodies of Plutonian granite, as those exposed in the celebrated granite quarries, render it probable that the stratified Neptunian rocks owe much of their contorted and broken aspect, and also, in some degree, their position, to the action of this igneous rock.

1830 July–September, “Notes. … 2. Walk from Aberdeen to Castleton of Braemar—Country around Castleton—From Castleton to Spittal of Glen Shee and Blair Gowrie. …”, in Robert Jameson, editor, The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Exhibiting a View of the Progressive Discoveries and Improvements in the Sciences and the Arts, Edinburgh: Printed for Adam Black, […]; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, →OCLC, pages 269–270:

(by extension, geology, historical) Synonym of plutonic (“of, pertaining to, or supporting plutonism, the theory that the rocks of the Earth were formed in fire by volcanic activity, with a continuing gradual process of weathering and erosion, then deposited on the sea bed, re-formed into layers of sedimentary rock by heat and pressure, and raised again”)


Plutonian

(geology, historical) A proponent of plutonism; a plutonist.

plutonique

proponent of plutonism — see also plutonist


ultramafic

en-adj

ultramafic (comparative more ultramafic, superlative most ultramafic)

more ultramafic (comparative)
most ultramafic (superlative)

(geology) Describing igneous rocks that contain magnesium and iron and only a very small amount of silica, such as are found in the Earth’s mantle.


-cene

From Cenozoic. From Ancient Greek καινός (kainós, “new”).

(geology) Related to the geologic era called the Cenozoic, the current one.


layered intrusion

en-noun

layered intrusion (plural layered intrusions)

(geology) a large body of igneous rock within which distinct stratification continues over many miles


sorosilicate

From Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”) + silicate.

(mineralogy) Any silicate based on the dimeric anion Si₂O₇⁶⁻.


epidote

epidote (countable and uncountable, plural epidotes)

A little higher is an outcrop of epidote schist with quartz, carbonate, and magnetite.

1915, George Curtis Martin, Bertrand Leroy Johnson, Ulysses Sherman Grant, “Bulletin 587: Geology and Mineral Resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska”, in United States Geological Survey, page 23:

1990, Andrew P. Barth, Chapter 3: Mid-crustal emplacement of Mesozoic plutons, San Gabriel Mountains, California, and implications for the geologic history of the San Gabriel terrane, J. Lawford Anderson (editor), The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism, Memoir 174: The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism, The Geological Society of America, page 36,
Available compositional data for magmatic epidotes (Naney, 1983; Zen and Hammarstrom, 1984; Barth, unpublished data) suggest no significant solid solution beyond the epidote-clinozoisite binary.

Epidote is found in greenstone belts and many metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and schist, and is hence fairly widespread.

2004, Bruce Cairncross, Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals of Southern Africa, page 96:

(mineralogy) Any of a class of mixed calcium iron aluminium sorosilicates found in metamorphic rocks.


polymorph

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-polymorph.wav

(chemistry, geology) Any substance or mineral that forms different types of crystal.


gips

Afrikaans: gips

→ West Frisian: gips

→ Indonesian: gips

→ Japanese: ギプス

→ Korean: 깁스 (gipseu)

Ultimately from Latin gypsum, from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos), probably from a Semitic language.


laminated

Shale is laminated.

(geology, of rocks) Splitting into thin layers parallel to bedding.


limonite

limonite (countable and uncountable, plural limonites)

(mineralogy) Any of several natural hydrous iron oxides; often a mixture of goethite and hemite with clays and manganese oxide.

limoniet

mineral consisting of hydrous iron oxides


AWG

The AWG is working backwards, Finney says: normally, geologists identify strata that should enter the geological timescale before considering a golden spike; in this case, they’re seeking out the lower boundary of an undefined set of geological layers.

2022 December 13, McKenzie Prillaman, “Are we in the Anthropocene? Geologists could define new epoch for Earth”, in Nature, →DOI:

Anthropocene Working Group
w:Anthropocene Working Group

(geology) Initialism of Anthropocene Working Group.


seismic lithosphere

seismic lithosphere (plural seismic lithospheres)

(geology) the region between the surface of the Earth and the asthenosphere characterized by the efficient propagation of seismic waves


mechanical lithosphere

mechanical lithosphere (plural mechanical lithospheres)

(geology) a mechanical analogue of the seismic lithosphere, used to simulate the flexural deformations of the Earth


thermal lithosphere

thermal lithosphere (plural thermal lithospheres)

(geology) The thermal boundary layer between the surface of the Earth (cooled by conduction) and the asthenosphere (cooled by convection).


chemical lithosphere

chemical lithosphere (plural chemical lithospheres)

(geology) the chemical boundary layer between the surface of the Earth and the asthenosphere that contains the material differentiated or extracted from the mantle


rheological lithosphere

rheological lithosphere (plural rheological lithospheres)

(geology) The region of the Earth's crust and mantle over which the flow properties of rock are insufficient to relieve stress.


asthenosphere

From Ancient Greek ἀσθενής (asthenḗs, “weak”) + -sphere.

uder

To say that the lithosphere floats on top of the asthenosphere suggests a degree of easy buoyancy that isn't quite right.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, page 192:

The asthenosphere that underlies the surface plates is not liquid in any vernacular sense, although it is relatively plastic.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 79:

(geology) The zone of the Earth's upper mantle, below the lithosphere.

astenosfera

the zone of the Earth's upper mantle, below the lithosphere


eolith

From Ancient Greek Ἠώς (Ēṓs, “dawn”) + λίθος (líthos, “stone”).

(petrology) Crudely chopped flints, believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation.


calcite

en-noun

calcite (countable and uncountable, plural calcites)

(mineralogy) A very widely distributed crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, found as limestone, chalk and marble.


reniform

/ˈɹɛnəˌfɔɹm/

Learned borrowing from Latin rēnis (the genitive singular of rēn (“kidney”); see further at that entry) + English -form (suffix meaning ‘having the form or shape of’), modelled after New Latin rēnifōrmis (“of seeds: kidney-shaped”).

reniforme

synonym of kidney-shaped — see also kidney-shaped

intussusception with a reniform appearance

multiple reniform circumscribed fat-containing masses

The Bean […] is oval, and not at all reniform'd like the Kidney-Beans.

[1745, James Parsons, “Tab. V. Fig. 12. a. Cow-itch, Coughage, or Stinging-Beans.”, in The Microscopical Theatre of Seeds: […], volume I, London: […] F. Needham, […]; and sold by M. Cooper, […], →OCLC, page 201:

[T]he antheræ are reniform: the germen is oval, and obtuſely trigonal; […]

1751, John Hill, “Class the Sixth. Order the First. Division the First. Hexandria Monogynia, Having Corollæ Divided into Three Segments, and Cups to Them. [TRADESCANTIA.]”, in A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals of the Different Parts of the World; […], volume II (A History of Plants), London: […] Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, part III (Plants Called the More Perfect Ones), page 364:

In one of the ſegments of the lovver portion of the kidney, there vvas a large reniform Papillæ, in the outer circumference of vvhich a ſmall part of the papillary fleſh vvas vvanting. […] In the oppoſite ſegment, there vvas a fourth reniform Papilla, reſembling the firſt; […]

1756, Albert Haller [i.e., Albrecht von Haller], “Observation LIX. A Coalition of the Kidnies.”, in Pathological Observations, Chiefly from Dissections of Morbid Bodies, London: […] D. Wilson and T. Durnam, […], →OCLC, page 178:

The oxyde of cobalt, […] is found either ſuperficial, interſperſed, or in lumps; ſometimes botryoidal or reniform or bearing particular impreſſions.

1799, William Babington, “[Class III. Metals. Order II. Fragile. Genus IV. Cobalt.] Species II. Native Oxyde of Cobalt.”, in A New System of Mineralogy, in the Form of a Catalogue, after the Manner of Baron Born’s Systematic Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils of Mlle. Élénore de Raab, London: […] T[homas] Bensley, […]; and sold by W. Phillips, […]; G. G. and J. Robinsons, […]; and T[homas] Cox, […], →OCLC, page 232:

Nothing could be more simple than the furniture. The chairs were either posts mounted on four legs spread out for a base, or three-legged stools with reniform seats.

1861, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “To Ruby Valley”, in The City of the Saints and across the Rocky Mountains to California, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC, page 570:

(chiefly biology, mineralogy) Synonym of kidney-shaped (“having an approximately circular or elongated ovoid shape with an inward curve or indentation on one side”)

kidney-shaped

(botany) Of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch.

munuaismainen

of a leaf: kidney-shaped, with the petiole attached at the notch


astrobleme

1963, from astro- + Ancient Greek βλῆμα (blêma, “wound from a missile”)

(geology) A pit-like structure created by an impacting meteoroid, asteroid or comet.


kis

kisen (definite singular)
kiser (indefinite plural)
kisene (definite plural)

From Swedish kis (sense 1), and German Kies (sense 2).


kis

kisen (definite singular)
kisar (indefinite plural)
kisane (definite plural)


manganese nodule

en-noun

manganese nodule (plural manganese nodules)

1977 The most likely locations for early commercial mining of these seabed resources will be the Pacific Basin where there is a heavy concentration of manganese nodule sites at depths of between 12,500 feet and 17,500 feet. The Times - May 26, 1977 pg 27 col D

(geology) a concretion of oxides of manganese and iron found on the floor of many oceans


manganite

(geology) a dark gray mineral of manganese, MnO(OH), found throughout North America and Europe


kor

korok (plural)
kor (nominative singular)
korok (nominative plural)
kort (accusative singular)
korokat (accusative plural)
kornak (dative singular)
koroknak (dative plural)
korral (instrumental singular)
korokkal (instrumental plural)
korért (causal-final singular)
korokért (causal-final plural)
korrá (singular translative)
korokká (plural translative)
korig (singular terminative)
korokig (plural terminative)
korként (essive-formal singular)
korokként (essive-formal plural)
korban (inessive singular)
korokban (inessive plural)
koron (singular superessive)
korokon (plural superessive)
kornál (adessive singular)
koroknál (adessive plural)
korba (illative singular)
korokba (illative plural)
korra (singular sublative)
korokra (plural sublative)
korhoz (allative singular)
korokhoz (allative plural)
korból (elative singular)
korokból (elative plural)
korról (delative singular)
korokról (delative plural)
kortól (ablative singular)
koroktól (ablative plural)
koré (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
koroké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
koréi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
korokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
korom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
koraim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
korod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
koraid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
kora (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
korai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
korunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
koraink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
korotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
koraitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
koruk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
koraik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Borrowed from a Turkic language before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries).

eocén kor


kausi

kausi (nominative singular)
kaudet (nominative plural)
kausi (accusative nominative singular)
kaudet (accusative nominative plural)
kauden (accusative genitive singular)
kaudet (accusative genitive plural)
kauden (genitive singular)
kausien (genitive plural)
kautten (genitive plural rare)
kautta (partitive singular)
kausia (partitive plural)
kaudessa (inessive singular)
kausissa (inessive plural)
kaudesta (elative singular)
kausista (elative plural)
kauteen (illative singular)
kausiin (illative plural)
kaudella (adessive singular)
kausilla (adessive plural)
kaudelta (ablative singular)
kausilta (ablative plural)
kaudelle (allative singular)
kausille (allative plural)
kautena (essive singular)
kausina (essive plural)
kaudeksi (singular translative)
kausiksi (plural translative)
kaudetta (abessive singular)
kausitta (abessive plural)
kausin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kauteni (nominative singular)
kauteni (nominative plural)
kauteni (accusative nominative singular)
kauteni (accusative nominative plural)
kauteni (accusative genitive singular)
kauteni (accusative genitive plural)
kauteni (genitive singular)
kausieni (genitive plural)
kautteni (genitive plural rare)
kauttani (partitive singular)
kausiani (partitive plural)
kaudessani (inessive singular)
kausissani (inessive plural)
kaudestani (elative singular)
kausistani (elative plural)
kauteeni (illative singular)
kausiini (illative plural)
kaudellani (adessive singular)
kausillani (adessive plural)
kaudeltani (ablative singular)
kausiltani (ablative plural)
kaudelleni (allative singular)
kausilleni (allative plural)
kautenani (essive singular)
kausinani (essive plural)
kaudekseni (singular translative)
kausikseni (plural translative)
kaudettani (abessive singular)
kausittani (abessive plural)
kausineni (comitative plural)
kautesi (nominative singular)
kautesi (nominative plural)
kautesi (accusative nominative singular)
kautesi (accusative nominative plural)
kautesi (accusative genitive singular)
kautesi (accusative genitive plural)
kautesi (genitive singular)
kausiesi (genitive plural)
kauttesi (genitive plural rare)
kauttasi (partitive singular)
kausiasi (partitive plural)
kaudessasi (inessive singular)
kausissasi (inessive plural)
kaudestasi (elative singular)
kausistasi (elative plural)
kauteesi (illative singular)
kausiisi (illative plural)
kaudellasi (adessive singular)
kausillasi (adessive plural)
kaudeltasi (ablative singular)
kausiltasi (ablative plural)
kaudellesi (allative singular)
kausillesi (allative plural)
kautenasi (essive singular)
kausinasi (essive plural)
kaudeksesi (singular translative)
kausiksesi (plural translative)
kaudettasi (abessive singular)
kausittasi (abessive plural)
kausinesi (comitative plural)
kautemme (nominative singular)
kautemme (nominative plural)
kautemme (accusative nominative singular)
kautemme (accusative nominative plural)
kautemme (accusative genitive singular)
kautemme (accusative genitive plural)
kautemme (genitive singular)
kausiemme (genitive plural)
kauttemme (genitive plural rare)
kauttamme (partitive singular)
kausiamme (partitive plural)
kaudessamme (inessive singular)
kausissamme (inessive plural)
kaudestamme (elative singular)
kausistamme (elative plural)
kauteemme (illative singular)
kausiimme (illative plural)
kaudellamme (adessive singular)
kausillamme (adessive plural)
kaudeltamme (ablative singular)
kausiltamme (ablative plural)
kaudellemme (allative singular)
kausillemme (allative plural)
kautenamme (essive singular)
kausinamme (essive plural)
kaudeksemme (singular translative)
kausiksemme (plural translative)
kaudettamme (abessive singular)
kausittamme (abessive plural)
kausinemme (comitative plural)
kautenne (nominative singular)
kautenne (nominative plural)
kautenne (accusative nominative singular)
kautenne (accusative nominative plural)
kautenne (accusative genitive singular)
kautenne (accusative genitive plural)
kautenne (genitive singular)
kausienne (genitive plural)
kauttenne (genitive plural rare)
kauttanne (partitive singular)
kausianne (partitive plural)
kaudessanne (inessive singular)
kausissanne (inessive plural)
kaudestanne (elative singular)
kausistanne (elative plural)
kauteenne (illative singular)
kausiinne (illative plural)
kaudellanne (adessive singular)
kausillanne (adessive plural)
kaudeltanne (ablative singular)
kausiltanne (ablative plural)
kaudellenne (allative singular)
kausillenne (allative plural)
kautenanne (essive singular)
kausinanne (essive plural)
kaudeksenne (singular translative)
kausiksenne (plural translative)
kaudettanne (abessive singular)
kausittanne (abessive plural)
kausinenne (comitative plural)
kautensa (nominative singular)
kautensa (nominative plural)
kautensa (accusative nominative singular)
kautensa (accusative nominative plural)
kautensa (accusative genitive singular)
kautensa (accusative genitive plural)
kautensa (genitive singular)
kausiensa (genitive plural)
kauttensa (genitive plural rare)
kauttaan (partitive singular)
kauttansa (partitive singular)
kausiaan (partitive plural)
kausiansa (partitive plural)
kaudessaan (inessive singular)
kaudessansa (inessive singular)
kausissaan (inessive plural)
kausissansa (inessive plural)
kaudestaan (elative singular)
kaudestansa (elative singular)
kausistaan (elative plural)
kausistansa (elative plural)
kauteensa (illative singular)
kausiinsa (illative plural)
kaudellaan (adessive singular)
kaudellansa (adessive singular)
kausillaan (adessive plural)
kausillansa (adessive plural)
kaudeltaan (ablative singular)
kaudeltansa (ablative singular)
kausiltaan (ablative plural)
kausiltansa (ablative plural)
kaudelleen (allative singular)
kaudellensa (allative singular)
kausilleen (allative plural)
kausillensa (allative plural)
kautenaan (essive singular)
kautenansa (essive singular)
kausinaan (essive plural)
kausinansa (essive plural)
kaudekseen (singular translative)
kaudeksensa (singular translative)
kausikseen (plural translative)
kausiksensa (plural translative)
kaudettaan (abessive singular)
kaudettansa (abessive singular)
kausittaan (abessive plural)
kausittansa (abessive plural)
kausineen (comitative plural)
kausinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *kauci, from Proto-Finno-Permic *kawte (“road? way? passage (of a journey)?”). Related to Proto-Samic *kuovtë (“central?”) (Northern Sami guovda). The word may have originally referred to a section of a riverbed, in which case it could be a Pre-Germanic borrowing, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd-. The modern meaning is a re-extraction from compounds such as kuukausi and vuorokausi.

inh

(geology) period (subdivision of an era)


marcasite

en-noun

marcasite (countable and uncountable, plural marcasites)

/ˈmɑːkəsʌɪt/

From Medieval Latin marchasita et al., from Arabic مَرْقَشِيتَا (marqašītā).

der

مَرْقَشِيتَا

Arabic مَرْقَشِيتَا (marqašītā)

(mineralogy) The orthorhombic form of iron disulfide, FeS₂, occurring as yellow crystals.


concretion

en-noun

concretion (countable and uncountable, plural concretions)

Borrowed from French concrétion, or Latin concretio.

Of the three beds, the central one is the most compact, and more like ordinary sandstone: it includes numerous flattened spherical concretions.

1844, Charles Darwin, chapter 5, in Geological Observations on South America:

(petrology) A rounded mass of a mineral, sometimes found in sedimentary rock or on the ocean floor.


hapan

fi-adj

hapan (comparative happamampi or happamempi, superlative happamin)

happamampi (comparative)
happamempi (comparative)
happamin (superlative)
hapan (nominative singular)
happamat (nominative plural)
hapan (accusative nominative singular)
happamat (accusative nominative plural)
happaman (accusative genitive singular)
happamat (accusative genitive plural)
happaman (genitive singular)
happamien (genitive plural)
happamain (genitive plural rare)
hapanta (partitive singular)
happamia (partitive plural)
happamassa (inessive singular)
happamissa (inessive plural)
happamasta (elative singular)
happamista (elative plural)
happamaan (illative singular)
happamiin (illative plural)
happamalla (adessive singular)
happamilla (adessive plural)
happamalta (ablative singular)
happamilta (ablative plural)
happamalle (allative singular)
happamille (allative plural)
happamana (essive singular)
happamina (essive plural)
happamaksi (singular translative)
happamiksi (plural translative)
happamatta (abessive singular)
happamitta (abessive plural)
happamin (instructive plural)
happamine (comitative plural)
happamani (nominative singular)
happamani (nominative plural)
happamani (accusative nominative singular)
happamani (accusative nominative plural)
happamani (accusative genitive singular)
happamani (accusative genitive plural)
happamani (genitive singular)
happamieni (genitive plural)
happamaini (genitive plural rare)
hapantani (partitive singular)
happamiani (partitive plural)
happamassani (inessive singular)
happamissani (inessive plural)
happamastani (elative singular)
happamistani (elative plural)
happamaani (illative singular)
happamiini (illative plural)
happamallani (adessive singular)
happamillani (adessive plural)
happamaltani (ablative singular)
happamiltani (ablative plural)
happamalleni (allative singular)
happamilleni (allative plural)
happamanani (essive singular)
happaminani (essive plural)
happamakseni (singular translative)
happamikseni (plural translative)
happamattani (abessive singular)
happamittani (abessive plural)
happamineni (comitative plural)
happamasi (nominative singular)
happamasi (nominative plural)
happamasi (accusative nominative singular)
happamasi (accusative nominative plural)
happamasi (accusative genitive singular)
happamasi (accusative genitive plural)
happamasi (genitive singular)
happamiesi (genitive plural)
happamaisi (genitive plural rare)
hapantasi (partitive singular)
happamiasi (partitive plural)
happamassasi (inessive singular)
happamissasi (inessive plural)
happamastasi (elative singular)
happamistasi (elative plural)
happamaasi (illative singular)
happamiisi (illative plural)
happamallasi (adessive singular)
happamillasi (adessive plural)
happamaltasi (ablative singular)
happamiltasi (ablative plural)
happamallesi (allative singular)
happamillesi (allative plural)
happamanasi (essive singular)
happaminasi (essive plural)
happamaksesi (singular translative)
happamiksesi (plural translative)
happamattasi (abessive singular)
happamittasi (abessive plural)
happaminesi (comitative plural)
happamamme (nominative singular)
happamamme (nominative plural)
happamamme (accusative nominative singular)
happamamme (accusative nominative plural)
happamamme (accusative genitive singular)
happamamme (accusative genitive plural)
happamamme (genitive singular)
happamiemme (genitive plural)
happamaimme (genitive plural rare)
hapantamme (partitive singular)
happamiamme (partitive plural)
happamassamme (inessive singular)
happamissamme (inessive plural)
happamastamme (elative singular)
happamistamme (elative plural)
happamaamme (illative singular)
happamiimme (illative plural)
happamallamme (adessive singular)
happamillamme (adessive plural)
happamaltamme (ablative singular)
happamiltamme (ablative plural)
happamallemme (allative singular)
happamillemme (allative plural)
happamanamme (essive singular)
happaminamme (essive plural)
happamaksemme (singular translative)
happamiksemme (plural translative)
happamattamme (abessive singular)
happamittamme (abessive plural)
happaminemme (comitative plural)
happamanne (nominative singular)
happamanne (nominative plural)
happamanne (accusative nominative singular)
happamanne (accusative nominative plural)
happamanne (accusative genitive singular)
happamanne (accusative genitive plural)
happamanne (genitive singular)
happamienne (genitive plural)
happamainne (genitive plural rare)
hapantanne (partitive singular)
happamianne (partitive plural)
happamassanne (inessive singular)
happamissanne (inessive plural)
happamastanne (elative singular)
happamistanne (elative plural)
happamaanne (illative singular)
happamiinne (illative plural)
happamallanne (adessive singular)
happamillanne (adessive plural)
happamaltanne (ablative singular)
happamiltanne (ablative plural)
happamallenne (allative singular)
happamillenne (allative plural)
happamananne (essive singular)
happaminanne (essive plural)
happamaksenne (singular translative)
happamiksenne (plural translative)
happamattanne (abessive singular)
happamittanne (abessive plural)
happaminenne (comitative plural)
happamansa (nominative singular)
happamansa (nominative plural)
happamansa (accusative nominative singular)
happamansa (accusative nominative plural)
happamansa (accusative genitive singular)
happamansa (accusative genitive plural)
happamansa (genitive singular)
happamiensa (genitive plural)
happamainsa (genitive plural rare)
hapantaan (partitive singular)
hapantansa (partitive singular)
happamiaan (partitive plural)
happamiansa (partitive plural)
happamassaan (inessive singular)
happamassansa (inessive singular)
happamissaan (inessive plural)
happamissansa (inessive plural)
happamastaan (elative singular)
happamastansa (elative singular)
happamistaan (elative plural)
happamistansa (elative plural)
happamaansa (illative singular)
happamiinsa (illative plural)
happamallaan (adessive singular)
happamallansa (adessive singular)
happamillaan (adessive plural)
happamillansa (adessive plural)
happamaltaan (ablative singular)
happamaltansa (ablative singular)
happamiltaan (ablative plural)
happamiltansa (ablative plural)
happamalleen (allative singular)
happamallensa (allative singular)
happamilleen (allative plural)
happamillensa (allative plural)
happamanaan (essive singular)
happamanansa (essive singular)
happaminaan (essive plural)
happaminansa (essive plural)
happamakseen (singular translative)
happamaksensa (singular translative)
happamikseen (plural translative)
happamiksensa (plural translative)
happamattaan (abessive singular)
happamattansa (abessive singular)
happamittaan (abessive plural)
happamittansa (abessive plural)
happamineen (comitative plural)
happaminensa (comitative plural)
hapan (nominative singular)
happamet (nominative plural)
hapan (accusative nominative singular)
happamet (accusative nominative plural)
happamen (accusative genitive singular)
happamet (accusative genitive plural)
happamen (genitive singular)
happamien (genitive plural)
hapanten (genitive plural)
hapanta (partitive singular)
happamia (partitive plural)
happamessa (inessive singular)
happamissa (inessive plural)
happamesta (elative singular)
happamista (elative plural)
happameen (illative singular)
happamiin (illative plural)
happamella (adessive singular)
happamilla (adessive plural)
happamelta (ablative singular)
happamilta (ablative plural)
happamelle (allative singular)
happamille (allative plural)
happamena (essive singular)
happamina (essive plural)
happameksi (singular translative)
happamiksi (plural translative)
happametta (abessive singular)
happamitta (abessive plural)
happamin (instructive plural)
happamine (comitative plural)
happameni (nominative singular)
happameni (nominative plural)
happameni (accusative nominative singular)
happameni (accusative nominative plural)
happameni (accusative genitive singular)
happameni (accusative genitive plural)
happameni (genitive singular)
happamieni (genitive plural)
hapanteni (genitive plural)
hapantani (partitive singular)
happamiani (partitive plural)
happamessani (inessive singular)
happamissani (inessive plural)
happamestani (elative singular)
happamistani (elative plural)
happameeni (illative singular)
happamiini (illative plural)
happamellani (adessive singular)
happamillani (adessive plural)
happameltani (ablative singular)
happamiltani (ablative plural)
happamelleni (allative singular)
happamilleni (allative plural)
happamenani (essive singular)
happaminani (essive plural)
happamekseni (singular translative)
happamikseni (plural translative)
happamettani (abessive singular)
happamittani (abessive plural)
happamineni (comitative plural)
happamesi (nominative singular)
happamesi (nominative plural)
happamesi (accusative nominative singular)
happamesi (accusative nominative plural)
happamesi (accusative genitive singular)
happamesi (accusative genitive plural)
happamesi (genitive singular)
happamiesi (genitive plural)
hapantesi (genitive plural)
hapantasi (partitive singular)
happamiasi (partitive plural)
happamessasi (inessive singular)
happamissasi (inessive plural)
happamestasi (elative singular)
happamistasi (elative plural)
happameesi (illative singular)
happamiisi (illative plural)
happamellasi (adessive singular)
happamillasi (adessive plural)
happameltasi (ablative singular)
happamiltasi (ablative plural)
happamellesi (allative singular)
happamillesi (allative plural)
happamenasi (essive singular)
happaminasi (essive plural)
happameksesi (singular translative)
happamiksesi (plural translative)
happamettasi (abessive singular)
happamittasi (abessive plural)
happaminesi (comitative plural)
happamemme (nominative singular)
happamemme (nominative plural)
happamemme (accusative nominative singular)
happamemme (accusative nominative plural)
happamemme (accusative genitive singular)
happamemme (accusative genitive plural)
happamemme (genitive singular)
happamiemme (genitive plural)
hapantemme (genitive plural)
hapantamme (partitive singular)
happamiamme (partitive plural)
happamessamme (inessive singular)
happamissamme (inessive plural)
happamestamme (elative singular)
happamistamme (elative plural)
happameemme (illative singular)
happamiimme (illative plural)
happamellamme (adessive singular)
happamillamme (adessive plural)
happameltamme (ablative singular)
happamiltamme (ablative plural)
happamellemme (allative singular)
happamillemme (allative plural)
happamenamme (essive singular)
happaminamme (essive plural)
happameksemme (singular translative)
happamiksemme (plural translative)
happamettamme (abessive singular)
happamittamme (abessive plural)
happaminemme (comitative plural)
happamenne (nominative singular)
happamenne (nominative plural)
happamenne (accusative nominative singular)
happamenne (accusative nominative plural)
happamenne (accusative genitive singular)
happamenne (accusative genitive plural)
happamenne (genitive singular)
happamienne (genitive plural)
hapantenne (genitive plural)
hapantanne (partitive singular)
happamianne (partitive plural)
happamessanne (inessive singular)
happamissanne (inessive plural)
happamestanne (elative singular)
happamistanne (elative plural)
happameenne (illative singular)
happamiinne (illative plural)
happamellanne (adessive singular)
happamillanne (adessive plural)
happameltanne (ablative singular)
happamiltanne (ablative plural)
happamellenne (allative singular)
happamillenne (allative plural)
happamenanne (essive singular)
happaminanne (essive plural)
happameksenne (singular translative)
happamiksenne (plural translative)
happamettanne (abessive singular)
happamittanne (abessive plural)
happaminenne (comitative plural)
happamensa (nominative singular)
happamensa (nominative plural)
happamensa (accusative nominative singular)
happamensa (accusative nominative plural)
happamensa (accusative genitive singular)
happamensa (accusative genitive plural)
happamensa (genitive singular)
happamiensa (genitive plural)
hapantensa (genitive plural)
hapantaan (partitive singular)
hapantansa (partitive singular)
happamiaan (partitive plural)
happamiansa (partitive plural)
happamessaan (inessive singular)
happamessansa (inessive singular)
happamissaan (inessive plural)
happamissansa (inessive plural)
happamestaan (elative singular)
happamestansa (elative singular)
happamistaan (elative plural)
happamistansa (elative plural)
happameensa (illative singular)
happamiinsa (illative plural)
happamellaan (adessive singular)
happamellansa (adessive singular)
happamillaan (adessive plural)
happamillansa (adessive plural)
happameltaan (ablative singular)
happameltansa (ablative singular)
happamiltaan (ablative plural)
happamiltansa (ablative plural)
happamelleen (allative singular)
happamellensa (allative singular)
happamilleen (allative plural)
happamillensa (allative plural)
happamenaan (essive singular)
happamenansa (essive singular)
happaminaan (essive plural)
happaminansa (essive plural)
happamekseen (singular translative)
happameksensa (singular translative)
happamikseen (plural translative)
happamiksensa (plural translative)
happamettaan (abessive singular)
happamettansa (abessive singular)
happamittaan (abessive plural)
happamittansa (abessive plural)
happamineen (comitative plural)
happaminensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin, from Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa. Cognates include Estonian hapu, Erzya чапамо (čapamo) and Moksha шапама (šapama). The declension has been levelled to a plain m-stem.


corrade

en-verb

corrade (third-person singular simple present corrades, present participle corrading, simple past and past participle corraded)

corrades (present singular third-person)
corrading (participle present)
corraded (participle past)
corraded (past)

From Latin corrādō (“to scrape off, abrade”).

(geology) To erode through physical or mechanical (rather than chemical) means, as the bed of a stream.


mass wasting

(geology) the movement downslope of soil and rock in response to gravity


gneiss

en-noun

gneiss (usually uncountable, plural gneisses)

From German Gneis, from Middle High German gneist (“spark”), from Old High German gneisto (“spark”). More at gnast.

The old towns along the route are as solidly built from the gneiss of the region as you might expect.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 98:

(geology) A common and widely-distributed metamorphic rock having bands or veins, but not schistose.


대

Sino-Korean word from 代 (“to replace; generation”), from the Middle Korean reading ᄃᆡ〯 (Yale: tǒy).


Seife

Seife (genitive)
Seifen (plural)
Seife (nominative singular)
Seifen (definite nominative plural)
Seife (genitive singular)
Seifen (definite genitive plural)
Seife (dative singular)
Seifen (dative definite plural)
Seife (accusative singular)
Seifen (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German seife, from Old High German seifa, seiffa, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle”). Cognate with Dutch zeep, Low German Seep, West Frisian sjippe, English soap.


wolframite

en-noun

wolframite (countable and uncountable, plural wolframites)

From German Wolframit, from Wolfram, tungsten.

Coordinate term: scheelite

(mineralogy) A mineral that consists of a tungstate of iron and manganese; (Fe,Mn)WO₄; it is one of the principal ores for tungsten.


feldspathic

From German Feldspath (“feldspar”) + -ic.


metamorphism

metamorphism (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphisms)

From metamorphosis + -ism, after French métamorphisme.

burial means that the ambient pressure on the rock increases – as does the temperature. This encourages metamorphism.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 100:

(geology) The process by which rocks are changed into other forms by the application of heat and/or pressure.


melilite

melilite (countable and uncountable, plural melilites)

Ancient Greek μέλι (méli, “honey”) + -lite.

(mineralogy) any mineral consisting of a solid solution of gehlenite (Ca₂Al₂SiO₇) and akermanite (Ca₂MgSi₂O₇)


melanterite

melanterite (countable and uncountable, plural melanterites)

(mineralogy) a widespread green, mostly fibrous mineral composed of hydrated ferrous sulphate


polybasite

polybasite (countable and uncountable, plural polybasites)

From poly- + base (as in "base metal") + -ite.

af

(mineralogy) A black ore consisting of silver, sulfur, and antimony, with some copper and arsenic.


plumbago

en-noun

plumbago (countable and uncountable, plural plumbagos or plumbagoes)

Borrowed from Latin plumbāgō (“type of lead ore”), from plumbum (“lead”).

(mineralogy, now chiefly historical) Graphite.


mineralogy

mineralogy (countable and uncountable, plural mineralogies)

/ˌmɪnəˈɹɑləd͡ʒi/

Meronym: gemmology

(petrology) The branch of petrology that studies minerals.


ooid

(geology) A small calcium carbonate or iron coated grain found on the seafloor.


metasomatism

metasomatism (countable and uncountable, plural metasomatisms)

(geology) The process by which the bulk chemical composition of a rock is changed by the introduction of components from an external source, especially by a hydrothermal fluid.


lamination

lamination (countable and uncountable, plural laminations)

(geology) A small scale sequence of fine layers that occurs in sedimentary rocks.


metamorphic rock

metamorphic rock (countable and uncountable, plural metamorphic rocks)

(geology) one of the major groups of rock that makes up the crust of the Earth; consists of pre-existing rock mass in which new minerals or textures are formed at higher temperatures and greater pressures than those present on the Earth's surface


igneous rock

igneous rock (countable and uncountable, plural igneous rocks)

(geology) One of the major groups of rock that makes up the crust of the Earth; formed by the cooling of molten rock, either below the surface (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive).


micrometeoroid

(astronomy, geology) an extraterrestrial particle less than a millimeter in size

Mikrometeorit

astronomy: extraterrestrial particle less than a millimeter in size


mid-oceanic ridge

mid-oceanic ridge (plural mid-oceanic ridges)


mid-ocean ridge

mid-ocean ridge (plural mid-ocean ridges)

(geology, oceanography) any of an interconnected system of broad submarine rises formed by plate tectonics


sedimentary rock

sedimentary rock (countable and uncountable, plural sedimentary rocks)

It's a geological wonderland, with great exposures of colorful and varied sedimentary rocks.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(geology) One of the major groups of rock that makes up the crust of the Earth; formed by the deposition of either the weathered remains of other rocks, the results of biological activity, or precipitation from solution.


polyhalite

Shafts are now being sunk at Sirius Minerals' Woodsmith mine to extract polyhalite for use as an agricultural fertiliser, with much of the output exported.

2019 October, James Abbott, “Esk Valley revival”, in Modern Railways, page 76:

(mineralogy) A mineral usually occurring in fibrous masses, of a brick-red color, being tinged with iron, and consisting chiefly of the sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda.


polygenetic

(geology) One which is composite, or consists of two or more monogenetic ranges, each having had its own history of development.


isograd

(geology) A line, either on a map or the surface of the Earth, joining points at which metamorphism reached similar pressures and temperatures; actually the intersection of a surface and that of the Earth.


pyritohedron

pyritohedron (plural pyritohedrons or pyritohedra)

pyritohedrons (plural)
pyritohedra (plural)

(mineralogy) The shape of one of the crystal habits of pyrite.


pyrochlore

pyrochlore (countable and uncountable, plural pyrochlores)

In general, the hydroxamates are used for flotation of oxidic minerals (pyrochlore, cassiterite and ilmenite), rare-earth oxides and oxide copper minerals.

2007, Srdjan M. Bulatovic, Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice, →ISBN, page 13:

(mineralogy) A mineral whose composition is that of a mixed niobate mostly of sodium, calcium and cerium, (Na,Ca)₂Nb₂O₆(OH,F).


USGS

United States Geological Survey
w:United States Geological Survey

(geology, US) Initialism of United States Geological Survey.


pyrolusite

pyrolusite (countable and uncountable, plural pyrolusites)

(mineralogy) A dark coloured mineral, consisting of manganese dioxide (MnO₂), that is an important ore of manganese.


Rodinia

From Russian ро́дина (ródina, “homeland”), coined by Mark McMenamin and Dianna McMenamin in 1990.

(geology) The world supercontinent that formed at the end of the Mesoproterozoic era, then broke into eight continents during the Neoproterozoic.


millerite

From Miller + -ite, from British mineralogist William Hallowes Miller.

(geology) A nickel sulfide mineral, NiS, that occurs as hairlike tufts.


pyromorphous

(geology, dated, of a mineral, etc.) changing form when heated, especially forming crystals


pyromorphite

pyromorphite (usually uncountable, plural pyromorphites)

(mineralogy) A yellowish-green mineral, a mixed phosphate and chloride of lead with the chemical formula Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl, that is sometimes mined as an ore.


monazite

From German Monazit, from Ancient Greek μονάζω (monázō, “be solitary”).

der

(mineralogy) any of a range of reddish-brown minerals that are mixed phosphates of the lighter rare earth elements lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium and yttrium


molybdenite

en-noun

molybdenite (countable and uncountable, plural molybdenites)

molybdenum disulfide
molybdenum disulfide

(mineralogy) A mineral, molybdenum disulfide MoS₂, that is the principal ore of molybdenum; it is structurally similar to graphite and has a similar look and feel.


migmatite

From Swedish migmatit, from Ancient Greek μίγμα (mígma, “mixture”) + Swedish -it (“-ite”).

More specifically, many of these rocks are described as migmatites, in which the pink veins seem to blend insensibly into a kind of swirling granite.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 163:

(geology) Any rock of mixed appearance, being an intimate mixture of granite and older rock, specifically from intense metamorphism which partially melts the rock, causing it to recrystallize in a state intermediate between igneous and metamorphic.

migmatito

Intimate mixture of granite and older rock


pyroxenite

pyroxenite (countable and uncountable, plural pyroxenites)

(geology) A heavy, dark igneous rock consisting mostly of pyroxene minerals with smaller amounts of olivine and hornblende.


pyrophyllite

(mineralogy) A soft, pale aluminosilicate mineral, somewhat resembling talc.


pyrrhotite

pyrrhotite (usually uncountable, plural pyrrhotites)

(mineralogy) A weakly magnetic ferrous sulfide mineral, FeS.


xenolith

(geology) Any piece of rock having a different origin to that of the igneous rock in which it is found.

ksenoliitti

geology: any piece of rock having a different origin to that of the igneous rock in which it is found


pozzo

From Latin puteus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *paw- (“to strike”).

(geology, mining) shaft, groove (usually followed by a grammatical modifier)


breuk

nl-noun

breuk f (plural breuken, diminutive breukje n)

breuken (plural)
breukje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: breuk

Negerhollands: breek

desc

→ Indonesian: patahan (“fault”) (semantic loan)

→ Indonesian: pecahan (“fraction”) (semantic loan)

→ Papiamentu: breuk

From Middle Dutch broke, brueke, from Old Dutch *bruki, from Proto-West Germanic *bruki, from Proto-Germanic *brukiz.

De aardbeving veroorzaakte een grote breuk in de aardkorst.

The earthquake caused a major fault in the earth's crust.


scudo

→ English: scudo

From earlier *scuto, from Latin scūtum, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skei- (“to cut, split”), an extension of *sek- (“to cut”).

der

it:Scudo (araldica)
it:Scudo (moneta)
it:scudo

(geology) a large expanse of exposed stable Precambrian rock


capa

→ Japanese: 合羽

→ Kadiwéu: caapa

→ Tetum: kapa

From Old Galician-Portuguese capa, from Late Latin cappa.


stibine

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-stibine.wav


plastic flow

(geology) Any deformation caused by a sustained force.


mylonite

en-noun

mylonite (countable and uncountable, plural mylonites)

/ˈmʌɪlənʌɪt/

From Ancient Greek μυλών (mulṓn, “mill”) + -ite.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century the crush rock known as mylonite had been recognised, a rocky paste that was ground when one mighty rock mass was pushed bodily – or thrust – over another.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society 2011, page 87:

(geology) Any rock that has undergone modifications due to dynamic recrystallization following plastic flow; a schist created by crushed or ground rock.


natrolite

natrolite (countable and uncountable, plural natrolites)

(mineralogy) A fibrous zeolite mineral, being a sodium aluminosilicate, of the chemical formula Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀·2H₂O.


pyrophane

pyrophane (countable and uncountable, plural pyrophanes)

From pyro- + Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “I show or shine”).

der

(mineralogy) A mineral which is opaque in its natural state, but is said to change its color and become transparent by heat.


Liesegang ring

Named after Raphael Eduard Liesegang (1869-1947), researcher.

(chemistry, geology) Any of the secondary rings or bands resulting from rhythmic precipitation in a gel, or within a fluid-saturated rock.


syncline

(geology) A concave-upward fold in rock strata


monocline

(geology) A unidirectional dip in strata that is not a part of an anticline or syncline

(geology) A single flexure in otherwise flat-lying strata


CHE

Carnian humid episode
Carnian humid episode#English

(paleontology, geology) Initialism of Carnian humid episode.


Stufe

Stufe (genitive)
Stufen (plural)
Stufe (nominative singular)
Stufen (definite nominative plural)
Stufe (genitive singular)
Stufen (definite genitive plural)
Stufe (dative singular)
Stufen (dative definite plural)
Stufe (accusative singular)
Stufen (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German stuofe, from Old High German stuofa, from Proto-West Germanic *stōpā, related to the verb *stappjan (“to tread, step”).
Akin to Old Saxon stōpo. Cognate with Dutch stoep. More at stoop.


thermokarst

/ˌθɜː(ɹ).mʊəˈkɑː(ɹ)st/

(geology) A region similar in appearance to karst topography, characterized by an irregular land surface, with bogs, pits, and other depressions, formed in areas of permafrost due to ice melting.


nephelinite

en-noun

nephelinite (countable and uncountable, plural nephelinites)

(geology) A darkish, finely crystalline rock of volcanic origin, being a mixture of nepheline and pyroxene


arête

Borrowed from French arête, from Latin arista. Doublet of arista.

In his old department in Zürich, they sit in glass cases: models to the life of the peaks he had studied, with the strata painted beautifully and accurately, passing over arête and valley alike.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 88:


nonconformity

nonconformity (countable and uncountable, plural nonconformities)

(geology) A type of unconformity in which a non-sedimentary rock intrudes in sedimentary layers.


kolk

(geology) An underwater vortex similar to a whirlwind, capable of dislodging, picking up, and moving boulders.


nickeline

nickeline (usually uncountable, plural nickelines)

(mineralogy) A mineral, a form of nickel arsenide, NiAs, having a metallic lustre and copper-red colour, that is a minor ore of nickel.


niccolite

niccolite (countable and uncountable, plural niccolites)


allo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-allo-.wav

From Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), from Proto-Hellenic *áľľos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (English else).

allochromatic is having a colour that is due to the presence of impurities, allochromatic is having properties that are due to the presence of impurities or to radiation damage, allostratigraphy is the study and classification of rock strata by features causing as unconformities and discontinuities in the rock record

(chemistry, mineralogy) Impure in composition.

Variety, heterogeneity.
Impure in composition.


barytes

From Ancient Greek βαρύτης (barútēs, “heaviness”), from βαρύς (barús, “heavy”).


ruda

ruda (nominative singular)
rudy (nominative plural)
rudy (genitive singular)
rud (genitive plural)
rudzie (dative singular)
rudom (dative plural)
rudę (accusative singular)
rudy (accusative plural)
rudą (instrumental singular)
rudami (instrumental plural)
rudzie (locative singular)
rudach (locative plural)
rudo (singular vocative)
rudy (plural vocative)


ruda

ruda (nominative singular)
rudźe (dual nominative)
rudy (nominative plural)
rudy (genitive singular)
rudow (dual genitive)
rudow (genitive plural)
rudźe (dative singular)
rudomaj (dative dual)
rudam (dative plural)
rudu (accusative singular)
rudźe (accusative dual)
rudy (accusative plural)
rudu (instrumental singular)
rudomaj (dual instrumental)
rudami (instrumental plural)
rudźe (locative singular)
rudomaj (dual locative)
rudach (locative plural)
ruda (singular vocative)
rudźe (dual vocative)
rudy (plural vocative)

(geology) ore (mineral used in the industrial production of a metal)


barite

en-noun

barite (countable and uncountable, plural barites)

From Ancient Greek βάρος (báros, “weight”), βαρύτης (barútēs, “weight”).

(mineralogy) A mineral, barium sulphate, with the chemical formula BaSO₄.


urat

id-noun

urat (first-person possessive uratku, second-person possessive uratmu, third-person possessive uratnya)

uratku (first-person possessive)
uratmu (possessive second-person)
uratnya (possessive third-person)

From Malay urat, from Proto-Malayic *urat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀat, from Proto-Austronesian *huʀaC. Doublet of otot. The sense in medicine was coined by Komisi Istilah to translate English tendon.

(geology) vein: a sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock.


mada

madowy (adjective)
mada (nominative singular)
mady (nominative plural)
mady (genitive singular)
mad (genitive plural)
madzie (dative singular)
madom (dative plural)
madę (accusative singular)
mady (accusative plural)
madą (instrumental singular)
madami (instrumental plural)
madzie (locative singular)
madach (locative plural)
mado (singular vocative)
mady (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from German Mud, from Middle Low German mudde. Per Trubachyov inherited from Proto-Slavic *mada, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d-.


形態學

ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄞˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːk̚²/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːk̚²/

(linguistics, biology, geology, mathematics) morphology


bituminous sand

en-noun

bituminous sand (plural bituminous sands)


omphacite

omphacite (usually uncountable, plural omphacites)

From Ancient Greek ὄμφαξ (ómphax, “unripe fruit, especially grapes”) + -ite.

der

(mineralogy) Any of a range of green, monoclinic pyroxene minerals found in eclogites and similar rocks; they are solid solutions of jadeite and diopside.


eclogite

en-noun

eclogite (countable and uncountable, plural eclogites)

/ˈɛklədʒʌɪt/

From Ancient Greek ἐκλογή (eklogḗ, “selection”), + -ite.

der

Assiduoud field-workers have discovered little pods of a rock called eclogite in the rocks around San Bernardino.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 101:

(petrology) A coarse-grained metamorphic rock, a mixture of pyroxene, quartz, and feldspar with inclusions of red garnet.


jadeite

en-noun

jadeite (countable and uncountable, plural jadeites)

(mineralogy) A pyroxene mineral, a sodium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Na(Al,Fe³⁺)Si₂O₆, found in metamorphic rocks.


diopside

diopside (countable and uncountable, plural diopsides)

From French diopside, from Ancient Greek δίοψις (díopsis, “transparency”) + -ide.

der

(mineralogy) A monoclinic pyroxene mineral, a magnesium calcium silicate with the chemical formula CaMgSi₂O₆, found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.


diopside

From Ancient Greek δίοψις (díopsis, “transparency”) + -ide.


diopside

Borrowed from French diopside, from Ancient Greek δίοψις (díopsis, “transparency”) + -ide.


marga

la-noun

marga f (genitive margae); first declension

margae (genitive)
marga (nominative singular)
margae (nominative plural)
margae (genitive singular)
margārum (genitive plural)
margae (dative singular)
margīs (dative plural)
margam (accusative singular)
margās (accusative plural)
margā (ablative singular)
margīs (ablative plural)
marga (singular vocative)
margae (plural vocative)

From Celtic, probably Gaulish (Pliny). The word has been compared to Breton marg as well as the placename Margidinum; compare Welsh marian (“rocks, pebbles, grit”) from Proto-Brythonic *marɣ-, but probably ultimately of Pre-Celtic substrate origin. Compare Aldo murgia.

Old French: marleFrench: marne→ Middle English: marle

merleEnglish: marlScots: marlYola: maarl→ Irish: marla


marga

Borrowed from Latin marga, from Celtic/Gaulish.


crater lake

“Take it up!” Saal shouted forward, and they accelerated away, the structure dwindling at the top of the falls, the crater lake falling into the distance.

2008, Tobias S. Buckell, Halo: The Cole Protocol, New York: Tor, →ISBN, page 217:

(geology) A lake that has formed in the caldera of a volcano.


olivine

en-noun

olivine (countable and uncountable, plural olivines)

From olive + -in, later remodelled after -ine.

The olivine crystals in most basalts are imperfect, lacking clear crystal faces.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 51:

(mineralogy, geology) Any of a group of olive green magnesium-iron silicate minerals that crystallize in the orthorhombic system.

оливин

family of minerals forming orthorhombic crystals


swelling soil

swelling soil (countable and uncountable, plural swelling soils)

The most common mineral that causes swelling soil is smectite (montmorillonite).

(geology) A soil containing clay minerals that absorb water and swell, causing bumps across terrain.


cataclastic

(petrology) describing a type of metamorphic rock that has undergone shearing and granulation by high mechanical stress


reformer

Deisohexanizer bottoms are routed to the continuous reformer, where the octane of the stream is upgraded chiefly by conversion of naphthenes and paraffins to high octane aromatic compounds.

1979 December 14, Alaska Petrochemical Company, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Draft[:] Environmental Impact Statement, page 29:

(petrochemistry) A device used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into high-octane liquid products called reformates.


oolite

oolite (countable and uncountable, plural oolites)

Here and there are beds of oolites, for example, made of little rounded grains – like millet seed – that form only in agitated warm waters, such as you might find off the Bahamas today.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 170:

(geology) A rock consisting of spherical grains within a mineral cortex accreted around a nucleus, often of quartz grains.


ophiolite

From Ancient Greek ὄφις (óphis, “serpent”) + -lite.

(geology) An assemblage of mafic and ultramafic rock fragments of the ocean lithosphere that has been tectonically moved onto a continental margin or island.


breccia

breccia (usually uncountable, plural breccias)

Borrowed from Italian breccia, from French brèche, from Middle French breche, from Old French breche, from Vulgar Latin *breca, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *breka.

Courses of angular boulders line the rim of the volcano, the remains of its last explosive phase, resulting in a volcanic breccia.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 24:

(petrology) A rock composed of angular fragments in a matrix that may be of a similar or a different material.


breccia

→ English: breccia

Borrowed from Old French breche, ultimately of Germanic origin.


orthorhombic pyroxene

orthorhombic pyroxene (plural orthorhombic pyroxenes)

(mineralogy) Any of a group of minerals having the general formula XYSi₂O₆ in which X is iron or magnesium and Y is iron or manganese.


Ástralía

is-proper noun

Ástralía f (proper noun, genitive singular Ástralíu)

Ástralíu (genitive singular)
Ástralía (indefinite nominative singular)
Ástralíu (accusative indefinite singular)
Ástralíu (dative indefinite singular)
Ástralíu (genitive indefinite singular)

From Latin australis in terra australis incognita "unknown southern land".

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


tantalite

(mineralogy) A dark-brown mineral that is an ore of tantalum and niobium, of the chemical formula (Fe, Mn) Ta₂O₆.


pectolite

en-noun

pectolite (countable and uncountable, plural pectolites)

(mineralogy) a gray-white mineral inosilicate hydroxide of calcium and sodium that crystallizes in the triclinic system, with the chemical formula NaCa₂Si₃O₈(OH).


space group

Dorothy also learned to identify the space group of a molecule, an essential prerequisite for finding the structure, by looking for spots that were missing from the regular array in an X-ray photograph.

1998, Georgina Ferry, Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life:

(crystallography, mineralogy) The set of all symmetry operations that can be applied to a given crystal without changing it.


lithiophilite

lithiophilite (usually uncountable, plural lithiophilites)

(mineralogy) A variety of triphylite that is a mixed phosphate of lithium and manganese.


lithiophorite

(mineralogy) A basic oxide of lithium, manganese and aluminium found in hydrothermal ore deposits and sedimentary manganese deposits, with the chemical formula (Al,Li)Mn⁴⁺O₂(OH)₂.


stalagmite

From New Latin stalagmitēs, from Ancient Greek στάλαγμα (stálagma, “drop”) or σταλαγμός (stalagmós, “dripping”).

der

Coordinate term: stalactite

In one place, near at hand, a stalagmite had been slowly growing up from the ground for ages, builded by the water-drip from a stalactite overhead.

1876, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter XXXIII, in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Hartford, Conn.: The American Publishing Company, →OCLC:

Molten roofing north, lead dripping down south, stand like those immobilized columns of arctic water west, stalagmites, monked and housed or stamped and dudleyed east, in school texts.

1981, Kalu Uka, A Consummation of Fire: A Novel, page 9:

(geology) A secondary mineral deposit of calcium carbonate or other mineral, in shapes similar to icicles, that lies on the ground of a cave.


stalagmite

Borrowed from New Latin stalagmites, from Ancient Greek σταλαγμός (stalagmós).


beryllonite

(mineralogy) A rare mineral, sodium beryllium phosphate, with the chemical formula NaBePO₄; found especially in Maine.


cuprite

en-noun

cuprite (countable and uncountable, plural cuprites)

(mineralogy) A mineral composed of cuprous oxide and a minor ore of copper.


stalactite

From New Latin stalactites, from Ancient Greek σταλακτός (stalaktós, “dripping; dropping”) + Latin -ītēs (suffix with the sense ‘belonging to’ forming adjectives) (modelled after the names of stones ending in -ites). Σταλακτός (Stalaktós) is derived from σταλάσσειν (stalássein, “to drip; to let (something) drip”) + -τός (-tós, suffix forming adjectives denoting possibility from verbs).

der

Coordinate term: stalagmite

There is the Hang Ken cave with its waterfalls spilling into large lagoons, shimmering goldlike mineral deposits and soaring columns created over thousands of years when stalactites hanging from the cave roof met stalagmite formations building from the cave floor.

2014 October 31, David W. Lloyd, “Deep in Vietnam, Exploring a Colossal Cave”, in The New York Times:

(geology) A secondary mineral deposit of calcium carbonate or another mineral, in shapes similar to icicles, that hangs from the roof of a cave.

շթաքար

mineral deposit hanging from the roof of a cave


stalactite

Borrowed from New Latin stalactites, from Ancient Greek σταλακτός (stalaktós).


pentlandite

(mineralogy) A mixed iron and nickel sulfide mineral, with the chemical formula (Fe,Ni)₉S₈; the major ore of nickel.


peridotite

en-noun

peridotite (countable and uncountable, plural peridotites)

Varieties of peridotite are distinguished by their mineral composition; for example, dunite is a peridotite which is virtually all olivine, and a dense, dark green in colour.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 60:

(geology) A rock consisting of small crystals of olivine, pyroxene and hornblende; the major constituent of the Earth's mantle.


accessory mineral

accessory mineral (plural accessory minerals)

(mineralogy) any mineral that is present in small amounts in a rock, but is not considered to be characteristic of the rock


tufa

tufa (countable and uncountable, plural tufas)

From Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus or tōphus. Doublet of tuff.

1825, "Oliver Oldschool" (Joseph Dennie), John Elihu Hall (editors), The Port Folio, page 426,
This again is followed by a bed of stony tufa of a reddish colour, containing fragments of a spongy lava, amphigone, pyroxene, mica, and common lava; and, like the former, traversed by argillaceous veins.

(petrology) A variety of volcanic rock, tuff.


perovskite

From Perovski + -ite. Named for Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski (1792-1856) in 1839.

(mineralogy) A minor accessory mineral, CaTiO₃, occurring in basic rocks, as orthorhombic crystals.


tölcsér

tölcsérek (plural)
tölcsér (nominative singular)
tölcsérek (nominative plural)
tölcsért (accusative singular)
tölcséreket (accusative plural)
tölcsérnek (dative singular)
tölcséreknek (dative plural)
tölcsérrel (instrumental singular)
tölcsérekkel (instrumental plural)
tölcsérért (causal-final singular)
tölcsérekért (causal-final plural)
tölcsérré (singular translative)
tölcsérekké (plural translative)
tölcsérig (singular terminative)
tölcsérekig (plural terminative)
tölcsérként (essive-formal singular)
tölcsérekként (essive-formal plural)
tölcsérben (inessive singular)
tölcsérekben (inessive plural)
tölcséren (singular superessive)
tölcséreken (plural superessive)
tölcsérnél (adessive singular)
tölcséreknél (adessive plural)
tölcsérbe (illative singular)
tölcsérekbe (illative plural)
tölcsérre (singular sublative)
tölcsérekre (plural sublative)
tölcsérhez (allative singular)
tölcsérekhez (allative plural)
tölcsérből (elative singular)
tölcsérekből (elative plural)
tölcsérről (delative singular)
tölcsérekről (delative plural)
tölcsértől (ablative singular)
tölcsérektől (ablative plural)
tölcséré (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
tölcséreké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
tölcséréi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
tölcsérekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
tölcsérem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
tölcséreim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
tölcséred (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
tölcséreid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
tölcsére (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
tölcsérei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
tölcsérünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
tölcséreink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
tölcséretek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
tölcséreitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
tölcsérük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
tölcséreik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From tölt (“to pour”) + -ér (noun-forming suffix). The development and role of the cs sound is unclear, it appears to be a suffix-like element, compare hajcsár.

af

(geology, figuratively) crater (the basin-like opening or mouth of a volcano)


permafrost

(geology) permafrost (permanently frozen ground)


широта

ru-noun+

широта́ • (širotá) f inan (genitive широты́, nominative plural широ́ты, genitive plural широ́т, relational adjective широ́тный)

широта́ (canonical)
širotá (romanization)
широты́ (genitive)
широ́ты (nominative plural)
широ́т (genitive plural)
широ́тный (adjective relational)
широта́ (nominative singular)
широ́ты (nominative plural)
широты́ (genitive singular)
широ́т (genitive plural)
широте́ (dative singular)
широ́там (dative plural)
широту́ (accusative singular)
широ́ты (accusative plural)
широто́й (instrumental singular)
широто́ю (instrumental singular)
широ́тами (instrumental plural)
широте́ (prepositional singular)
широ́тах (plural prepositional)
широта́ (dated nominative singular)
широ́ты (dated nominative plural)
широты́ (dated genitive singular)
широ́тъ (dated genitive plural)
широтѣ́ (dated dative singular)
широ́тамъ (dated dative plural)
широту́ (accusative dated singular)
широ́ты (accusative dated plural)
широто́й (dated instrumental singular)
широто́ю (dated instrumental singular)
широ́тами (dated instrumental plural)
широтѣ́ (dated prepositional singular)
широ́тахъ (dated plural prepositional)

af

ширь (širʹ) + -ота́ (-otá)

Coordinate term: долгота́ (dolgotá)


overprint

/ˈəʊvə(ɹ)ˌpɹɪnt/

/ˌəʊvə(ɹ)ˈpɹɪnt/

Although we do not exclude that some of the observed Moodies laminae were originally microbial mats, the mineral assemblage of the studied anastomosing and wavy laminae (i.e., mainly sericite associated with Ti oxide and rare carbonaceous material) shows a substantial metamorphic overprint, implying that similar laminae cannot be unambiguously associated with the concept of a flourishing Paleoarchean microbial life at 3.22 Ga.

2021 August, Masafumi Saitoh, Nicolas Olivier, Marion Gar on, Maud Boyet, Christophe Thomazo, Julien Alleon, Jean-François Moyen, Vincent Motto-Ros, Johanna Marin-Carbonne, “Metamorphic origin of anastomosing and wavy laminas overprinting putative microbial deposits from the 3.22 Ga Moodies Group (Barberton Greenstone Belt)”, in Precambrian Research, volume 362, Elsevier BV, →DOI, archived from the original on 2024-06-04, page 106306:

This is the first report from the Alps of eclogite-facies rocks of supposed Alpine age showing a granulite-facies metamorphic overprint, which is, in contrast, well documented in the Variscan belt.

2018 January, Simone Tumiati, Stefano Zanchetta, Luca Pellegrino, Claudia Ferrario, Stefano Casartelli, Nadia Malaspina, “Granulite-facies Overprint in Garnet Peridotites and Kyanite Eclogites of Monte Duria (Central Alps, Italy): Clues from Srilankite- and Sapphirine-Bearing Symplectites”, in Journal of Petrology, volume 59, number 1, Oxford University Press (OUP), →DOI, archived from the original on 2023-11-14, pages 115–151:

The metasomatic overprint is represented mainly by enrichments in Na, K, Ba, Ti and LREE and the original source of this fluid remains unknown.

2017 April, Ekaterina S. Kiseeva, Vadim S. Kamenetsky, Gregory M. Yaxley, Simon R. Shee, “Mantle melting versus mantle metasomatism – "The chicken or the egg" dilemma”, in Chemical Geology, volume 455, Elsevier BV, →DOI, archived from the original on 2024-07-12, pages 120–130:

(geology) The set of petrological, structural, and/or mineralogical characteristics superimposed onto rock by the action of geological processes over deep time, by analogy with the original sense of the word.