waste

en-noun

waste (countable and uncountable, plural wastes)

→ Japanese: ウエス (uesu)

→ Wu: 違司／违司 (we⁶-sy¹)

From Middle English wast, waste (“a waste”, noun), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wast, waste (“a waste”), from Frankish *wōstī (“a waste”), from Proto-Germanic *wōstaz, *wōstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty, wasted”).
Displaced native Old English essian and strȳndan. Largely overtook Old English forspillan and weste.

der

(geology) Material derived by mechanical and chemical erosion from the land, carried by streams to the sea.

mereen päätyvä eroosioaines

geology: material derived by erosion and carried to the sea


parrot

First attested in 1525. From Middle French perrot, either a diminutive of Pierre or a shortened form of perroquet (whence also parakeet). Compare French pierrot and Occitan parrat. A number of origins have been suggested for perroquet, such as Spanish periquito and Italian parrocchetto. The relationship between these various words is disputed. Replaced earlier popinjay.


system

pl-noun

system m inan (diminutive systemik, related adjective systemowy)

systemik (diminutive)
systemowy (adjective)
system (nominative singular)
systemy (nominative plural)
systemu (genitive singular)
systemów (genitive plural)
systemowi (dative singular)
systemom (dative plural)
system (accusative singular)
systemy (accusative plural)
systemem (instrumental singular)
systemami (instrumental plural)
systemie (locative singular)
systemach (locative plural)
systemie (singular vocative)
systemy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French système. First attested in 1628.

ref

Maksym (Melecjusz) Smotrycki (1628) APOLOGIA PEREGRYNATIEY do Kráiow Wschodnich, Przez mię MELETIVSZA SMOTRZYSKIE[G]O … Roku P. 1623 y 24. obchodzonej, przez fałszywą Bracią słownie y na pismie spotwarzoney, do przezacnego Narodu Ruskieo … sporządzona y podana. A. 1628. Augusti, Die 25. w Monasteru Dermaniu (in Polish), page 4: “O rzecz drugą, iż Haeretyckie swe bluźnierstwá poddał pod obronę systemu Kátholikowi, mężowi wysokich cnot, y okazáłey pobożnośći.”

(geology) formation (layer of rock of common origin)


trait

Inherited from Old French trait, from Latin tractus.

(geology) color of the dust produced by a mineral


focus

en-noun

focus (countable and uncountable, plural foci or focuses or focusses)

foci (plural)
focuses (plural)
focusses (plural)

Borrowed from Latin focus (“hearth, fireplace”); see there for more. Doublet of fuel.
Kepler introduced the term into mathematics and the sciences in describing elliptical orbits of planets (quote from Nicholas Mee) :
"One of the interesting properties of an ellipse is that if there were a light bulb at one focus, then all the light that it emits would reflect off the ellipse and converge at the other focus. This is why Kepler originally used the name focus for these points."

bor+

The earthquake's focus was at exactly 37 degrees north, 18 degrees south, seventy five meters below the ground.

(countable, seismology) The exact point of where an earthquake occurs, in three dimensions (underneath the epicentre).


crust

en-noun

crust (countable and uncountable, plural crusts)

From Middle English cruste, from Anglo-Norman and Old French cruste, from Latin crusta (“hard outer covering”), from Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”).

cog

The crust (a mere 1% of the Earth's volume) is made of lighter melt products from the mantle.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(geology) The outermost layer of the lithosphere of the Earth.


less

less (nominative singular)
lessy (nominative plural)
lessu (genitive singular)
lessów (genitive plural)
lessowi (dative singular)
lessom (dative plural)
less (accusative singular)
lessy (accusative plural)
lessem (instrumental singular)
lessami (instrumental plural)
lessie (locative singular)
lessach (locative plural)
lessie (singular vocative)
lessy (plural vocative)


flag

From Middle English flag, flagge, probably of Scandinavian/North Germanic origin; compare Icelandic flag.

(geology) Any hard, evenly stratified sandstone, which splits into layers suitable for flagstones.


sheet

From Middle English schete; partly from Old English sċīete (“a sheet, a piece of linen cloth”); partly from Old English sċēata (“a corner, angle; the lower corner of a sail, sheet”); and Old English sċēat (“a corner, angle”); all from Proto-Germanic *skautijǭ, *skautaz (“corner, wedge, lap”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to throw, shoot, pursue, rush”).
Cognate with North Frisian skut (“the fold of a garment, lap, coattail”), West Frisian skoat (“sheet; sail; lap”), Dutch schoot (“the fold of a garment, lap, sheet”), German Low German Schote (“a line from the foot of a sail”), German Schoß (“the fold of a garment, lap”), Swedish sköt (“sheet”), Icelandic skaut (“the corner of a cloth, a line from the foot of a sail, the skirt or sleeve of a garment, a hood”).

cog

(geology) An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata.

пласт

geology: extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata


pluma

Borrowed from Latin plūma (“feather”) (Latin pl- normally becomes ch- in inherited Portuguese); compare the semi-learned Old Galician-Portuguese pruma. See also chumaço, which was popularly inherited and underwent the usual sound changes.

(geology) upwelling of molten material from the Earth's mantle (mantle plume)


montagna

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin montānia, a collective based on Latin montem.


gos

is-noun

gos n (genitive singular goss, nominative plural gos)

goss (genitive singular)
gos (nominative plural)
gos (indefinite nominative singular)
gosið (definite nominative singular)
gos (indefinite nominative plural)
gosin (definite nominative plural)
gos (accusative indefinite singular)
gosið (accusative definite singular)
gos (accusative indefinite plural)
gosin (accusative definite plural)
gosi (dative indefinite singular)
gosinu (dative definite singular)
gosum (dative indefinite plural)
gosunum (dative definite plural)
goss (genitive indefinite singular)
gossins (definite genitive singular)
gosa (genitive indefinite plural)
gosanna (definite genitive plural)

(geology) eruption (of a geyser, volcano, etc.)


discordant

en-adj

discordant (comparative more discordant, superlative most discordant)

more discordant (comparative)
most discordant (superlative)

From Old French descordant, from descorder.

Dikes may be discordant to country rock if they intrude at a high angle to the bedding.

(geology) Of a differing type of rock cutting across a formation.


tor

From Middle English tor, torr-, from Old English torr, tor (“a high rock, lofty hill, tower”), possibly from Proto-Celtic, compare Old Welsh *tor (“hill”); ultimately from Latin turris (“tower”), from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis), τύρσις (túrsis, “tower”), of non-Indo-European origin.
Cognate with Cornish tor, Scottish Gaelic tòrr, Welsh tŵr, Irish tor, French tor, and Romansch tor/tur/tuor; the first four are Celtic (from Latin turris), the last two directly from Latin turris (from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis) and τύρσις (túrsis)). It is not clear whether the Celtic forms were borrowed from Old English or vice versa. Doublet of tourelle, tower, and turret.

Bursdon and Welsford were then, as now, a rolling range of dreary moors, unbroken by tor or tree, […]

1855, Charles Kingsley, Westward Ho!: Or, The Voyages and Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh, Knight, […], volume I, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, page 183:

The moon was low upon the right, and the jagged pinnacle of a granite tor stood up against the lower curve of its silver disc.

1901 August – 1902 April, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, chapter 9, in The Hound of the Baskervilles: Another Adventure of Sherlock Holmes, London: George Newnes, […], published 1902, →OCLC:

(geology) A craggy outcrop of rock on the summit of a hill, created by the erosion and weathering of rock.


agate

en-noun

agate (countable and uncountable, plural agates)

From Middle French agathe, from Latin achatēs, from Ancient Greek ἀχάτης (akhátēs, “agate”).

The ends of the veil, drawn over her head, were embroidered with silver; she had long gold ear-rings; to a rich and large gold chain was suspended a cross set with precious stones; and over the arm of her chair hung a rosary of agate beads.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter I, in Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 9:

Yes: living among the cohabations^([sic]) of Faust himself, among the litharge and agate and hyacinth and pearls.

1947, Malcolm Lowry, Under the Volcano, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, page 86:

(countable, uncountable, mineralogy) A semitransparent, uncrystallized silicate mineral and semiprecious stone, presenting various tints in the same specimen, with colors delicately arranged and often curved in parallel alternating dark and light stripes or bands, or blended in clouds; various authorities call it a variety of chalcedony, a variety of quartz, or a combination of the two.


dune

Partly from a dialectal form of down; and partly from French dune (from Old French dune), or from Middle Dutch dūne (modern Dutch duin), or from Middle Low German dûne; all ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *dūn, *dūnā, probably from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuHnom (“enclosure”), from *dʰewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”). Doublet of down (which see).

der

Heavy line segments (lengthened for clarity) indicate locations of deep-sea dunes.

1975, Texas A & M University. College of Geosciences, Contributions in Oceanography:

In the early 2000s, space probes [confirmed Mars as] having dunes […] Their shapes are identical to their Saharan cousins', but they are ten times bigger. In contrast, underwater dunes are a hundred times smaller than their counterparts on solid ground. This universality of dunes is a blessing for physicists: their comparative study confirmed the models that describe the formation of dunes on Earth.

2021 February 23, Etienne Guyon, Jose Bico, Etienne Reyssat, Benoit Roman, Hidden Wonders: The Subtle Dialogue Between Physics and Elegance, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 257:

(geomorphology) A ridge or hill of sand piled up by currents of wind or water.

dunë

a ridge or hill of sand piled up by the wind

བྱེ་མའི་རི (bye ma'i ri, literally “mountain of sand”)

བྱེ་རི

abbr. of བྱེ་མའི་རི

བྱེ་ཕུང (bye phung, literally “sand pile”)


trap

en-noun

trap (countable and uncountable, plural traps)

From Middle English trappe, from Old English træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”) (also in betræppan (“to trap”)) from Proto-West Germanic *trappjā (“trap, snare”), from Proto-West Germanic *trappjan (“to step”), from Proto-Germanic *trapjaną (“to tread, stamp”), from Proto-Indo-European *drebʰ- (“to step, trip, trample”).
Cognate with Dutch trap (“trap, snare”), German Low German Trapp (“trap”). Akin also to West Frisian traap (“stepping, treading, stairway”), German Treppe (“step, stair”), Old English træppan (“to step, tread”). Connection to "step" is "that upon which one steps". French trappe and Spanish trampa are ultimately borrowings from Germanic.

vēuháutsīe

a type of trap to catch birds using bait with adjustable loop

(geology) A geological structure that creates a petroleum reservoir.


graphic

en-adj

graphic (comparative more graphic, superlative most graphic)

more graphic (comparative)
most graphic (superlative)

From Latin graphicus (“belonging to painting or drawing”), from Ancient Greek γραφικός (graphikós, “belonging to painting or drawing, picturesque, of or for writing; of style, lively”), from γραφή (graphḗ, “drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, etc.”), from γράφω (gráphō, “scratch, carve”) (cognate with English carve).

der

graphic granite

(geology) Having a texture that resembles writing, commonly created by exsolution, devitrification and immiscibility processes in igneous rocks.


YBP

Baked clay ornaments and other objects dating from 28,000 YBP have been discovered in Eastern Europe, […]

2022, Cherl-Ho Lee, Korean Food and Foodways: The Root of Health Functional Food, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 23:

(archaeology, geology, paleontology) Initialism of years before present.


crag

en-noun

crag (countable and uncountable, plural crags)

From 13th century Middle English crag, from Middle Irish crec, a contracted form of Old Irish carrac (compare Irish creig, Scottish Gaelic creag), possibly ultimately from the late Proto-Indo-European/substrate *kar (“stone, hard”); see also Old Armenian քար (kʻar, “stone”), Sanskrit खर (khara, “hard, solid”), Welsh carreg (“stone”).

(geology) A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Pliocene to Pleistocene epochs.


shergottite

shergottite (usually uncountable, plural shergottites)

/ˌʃɚ.ɡəˈtaɪt/

From Shergotty + -ite, after the Indian city where the first specimen was found in 1865.

(geology) A type of meteorite composed of lava from a planet other than Earth.


LSD

LSD (countable and uncountable, plural LSDs)

(geology) Initialism of longshore drift (geological process by which sediments move along a beach shore).


coda

Borrowed from Italian coda (literally “tail”), from Latin cauda. Doublet of queue.

(geology) In seismograms, the gradual return to baseline after a seismic event. The length of the coda can be used to estimate event magnitude, and the shape sometimes reveals details of subsurface structures.


palimpsest

From Latin palimpsēstus, from Ancient Greek παλίμψηστος (palímpsēstos, “scraped again”).

uder

(geology) Geological features thought to be related to features or effects below the surface.


impact crater

(geology, astronomy) A crater formed from a hypervelocity impact, typically of a meteorite, as opposed to one formed by other means such as vulcanism.


debris

Borrowed from French débris, itself from dé- (“de-”) + bris (“broken, crumbled”), or from Middle French debriser (“to break apart”), from Old French debrisier, itself from de- + brisier (“to break apart, shatter, bust”), from Frankish *bristijan, *bristan, *brestan (“to break violently, shatter, bust”), from Proto-Germanic *brestaną (“to break, burst”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrest- (“to separate, burst”). Cognate with Old High German bristan (“to break asunder, burst”), Old English berstan (“to break, shatter, burst”), German bersten (“to burst”). More at burst.

cog

(geology) Large rock fragments left by a melting glacier etc.

gletjserpuin n etc.

large rock fragments left by a melting glacier etc.


Jura

(geology) Jurassic, the time period from 200 to 145 million years ago


dan

dan (nominative singular)
dany (nominative plural)
danu (genitive singular)
danů (genitive plural)
danu (dative singular)
danům (dative plural)
dan (accusative singular)
dany (accusative plural)
dane (singular vocative)
dany (plural vocative)
danu (locative singular)
danech (locative plural)
danem (instrumental singular)
dany (instrumental plural)


alcohol

→ Basque: alkohol

→ Quechua: alkul

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥū́l), from Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”).


濠太剌利

ja-pos

濠太剌利(オーストラリア) • (Ōsutoraria)

濠太剌利 (canonical)
Ōsutoraria (romanization)

オーストラリア オーストラリア#Japanese

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


オーストラリア

[o̞ːsɨ̥to̞ɾa̠ɾʲia̠]

濠太剌利

濠太剌利 オーストラリア

アメリカ

北アメリカ (Kita Amerika; ), 南アメリカ (Minami Amerika, )


澳洲

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ou̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/ɔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From 澳 (Ào, abbreviation of 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà), from English Australia) + 洲 (zhōu, “continent”).

zh-l

澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà)


澳大利亞

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˋ

ㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧˋ ㄧㄚˇ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a²⁴/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a³¹/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ tua³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tua³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ da⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ou̯³³ taːi̯²² lei̯²² aː³³/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a²⁴/

/o⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ a³¹/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/o²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lai²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²¹³⁻⁵³ a³³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁴¹⁻²² a³³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ tai²²⁻²¹ li²²⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ tua³³⁻²¹ li³³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ tua³³⁻¹¹ li³³⁻¹¹ a⁴⁴/

/ɔ³³ da⁵⁵ li³³ ia²¹/

From English Australia or Dutch Australië.


period

frequency

antonym(s) of “length of time of recurrence of a periodic phenomenon”

/ˈpɪə.ɹɪ.əd/

From Middle English periode, from Middle French periode, from Medieval Latin periodus, from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “circuit, an interval of time, path around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”). Displaced native Middle English tide (“interval, period, season”), from Old English tīd (“time, period, season”), as well as Middle English elde (“age, period”), from Old English ieldu (“age, period of time”).

periudhë

history: period of time seen as coherent entity

periodike

length of time during which something repeats

These fossils are from the Jurassic period.

(geology) A geochronologic unit of millions to tens of millions of years; a subdivision of an era, and subdivided into epochs.


stage

→ Japanese: ステージ (sutēji)

From Middle English stage, from Old French estage (“dwelling, residence; position, situation, condition”), from Old French ester (“to be standing, be located”). Cognate with Old English stæþþan (“to make staid, stay”), Old Norse steðja (“to place, provide, confirm, allow”), Old English stæde, stede (“state, status, standing, place, station, site”). More at stead. Doublet of étage.

cog

(geology) The succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic time scale.


kala

id-noun

kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)

kalaku (first-person possessive)
kalamu (possessive second-person)
kalanya (possessive third-person)

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”) or Sanskrit कला (kalā, “a division of time”). Doublet of kali.

der

(geology) epoch: a geochronologic unit of hundreds of thousands to millions of years; a subdivision of a period, and subdivided into ages (or sometimes subepochs).


seismicity

en-noun

seismicity (countable and uncountable, plural seismicities)

(geology) A measure or a degree of how seismic a region is or how prone it is to earthquakes.


agglomeration

agglomeration (countable and uncountable, plural agglomerations)

(geology) A mass of large volcanic fragments bonded under heat.


tierra

Inherited from Latin terra, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).

(geology) earth, soil (the unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the earth)


duplex

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
Borrowed from Latin duplex (“double, two-fold”), from duo (“two”) + plico (“fold together”); compare the roots of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”); compare also πλέκω (plékō, “twist, braid”). By surface analysis, duo- + -plex.

In contrast, the folds in the overlying lithotectonic unit 4 are larger and are cut by a series of faults in a duplex.

1993, David J. Lidke, Jack Burton Epstein, Chester A. Wallace, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, page 16:

It has been noted, using a combination of surface geologic and seismic reflection data, that a duplex, although formed in response to movement of a thrust sheet, frequently arches the thrust sheet as the duplex is built by duplication of rocks beneath it […]

1995, Robert D. Hatcher, Structural Geology: Principles, Concepts, and Problems, page 211:

(geology) A system of multiple thrust faults bounded above and below by a roof thrust and floor thrust.


cataclysm

From French cataclysme, from Latin cataclysmus, from Ancient Greek κατακλυσμός (kataklusmós, “deluge, flood”), from κατακλύζω (kataklúzō, “to dash over, flood, deluge, inundate”), from κατά (katá, “downwards, towards”) + κλύζω (klúzō, “to wash off, to wash away, to dash over”).

der

(geology) A sudden and violent change in the earth's crust.


epoch

From Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “I hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, hold”). Doublet of epoche.

Now during the time of the glacial epoch the greatest distance of the sun in winter was 98¼ millions of miles, whereas it is now, in winter, only 91½ millions of miles, the mean distance being taken as 93 million miles.

1881, Alfred Russel Wallace, chapter VIII, in Island Life:

Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such [dust] storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.

2012 January, Donald Worster, “A Drier and Hotter Future”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-01-26, page 70:

(geology) A geochronologic unit of hundreds of thousands to millions of years; a subdivision of a period, and subdivided into ages (or sometimes subepochs).


uranology

en-noun

uranology (usually uncountable, plural uranologies)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-uranology.wav

(astronomy, geology) The scientific observation and study of the planet Uranus.


rubble

rubble (countable and uncountable, plural rubbles)

From Middle English rouble, rubel, robel, robeil, from Anglo-Norman *robel (“bits of broken stone”). Presumably related to rubbish, originally of same meaning (waste material, bits of stone, rubble). Ultimately presumably from Old Norse rubba (“to huddle, crowd together, heap up", possibly also "to rub, scrape”), from Proto-Germanic *rubbōną (“to rub, scrape”), related to Proto-Germanic *reufaną (“to tear”), *raubōną (“to rob, steal, plunder”), perhaps via Old French robe (English rob (“steal”)) in sense of “plunder, destroy”; see also Middle English, Middle French -el.

der

The overlying beds are composed of such calcareous rubble and flints, rudely stratified

1855, Sir Charles Lyell, A Manual of Elementary Geology:

(geology) A mass or stratum of fragments of rock lying under the alluvium and derived from the neighbouring rock.


jade

head

jade c (singular definite jaden, uncountable)


jade

jade (nominative singular)
jadet (nominative plural)
jade (accusative nominative singular)
jadet (accusative nominative plural)
jaden (accusative genitive singular)
jadet (accusative genitive plural)
jaden (genitive singular)
jadejen (genitive plural)
jadein (genitive plural rare)
jadea (partitive singular)
jadeja (partitive plural)
jadessa (inessive singular)
jadeissa (inessive plural)
jadesta (elative singular)
jadeista (elative plural)
jadeen (illative singular)
jadeihin (illative plural)
jadella (adessive singular)
jadeilla (adessive plural)
jadelta (ablative singular)
jadeilta (ablative plural)
jadelle (allative singular)
jadeille (allative plural)
jadena (essive singular)
jadeina (essive plural)
jadeksi (singular translative)
jadeiksi (plural translative)
jadetta (abessive singular)
jadeitta (abessive plural)
jadein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
jadeni (nominative singular)
jadeni (nominative plural)
jadeni (accusative nominative singular)
jadeni (accusative nominative plural)
jadeni (accusative genitive singular)
jadeni (accusative genitive plural)
jadeni (genitive singular)
jadejeni (genitive plural)
jadeini (genitive plural rare)
jadeani (partitive singular)
jadejani (partitive plural)
jadessani (inessive singular)
jadeissani (inessive plural)
jadestani (elative singular)
jadeistani (elative plural)
jadeeni (illative singular)
jadeihini (illative plural)
jadellani (adessive singular)
jadeillani (adessive plural)
jadeltani (ablative singular)
jadeiltani (ablative plural)
jadelleni (allative singular)
jadeilleni (allative plural)
jadenani (essive singular)
jadeinani (essive plural)
jadekseni (singular translative)
jadeikseni (plural translative)
jadettani (abessive singular)
jadeittani (abessive plural)
jadeineni (comitative plural)
jadesi (nominative singular)
jadesi (nominative plural)
jadesi (accusative nominative singular)
jadesi (accusative nominative plural)
jadesi (accusative genitive singular)
jadesi (accusative genitive plural)
jadesi (genitive singular)
jadejesi (genitive plural)
jadeisi (genitive plural rare)
jadeasi (partitive singular)
jadejasi (partitive plural)
jadessasi (inessive singular)
jadeissasi (inessive plural)
jadestasi (elative singular)
jadeistasi (elative plural)
jadeesi (illative singular)
jadeihisi (illative plural)
jadellasi (adessive singular)
jadeillasi (adessive plural)
jadeltasi (ablative singular)
jadeiltasi (ablative plural)
jadellesi (allative singular)
jadeillesi (allative plural)
jadenasi (essive singular)
jadeinasi (essive plural)
jadeksesi (singular translative)
jadeiksesi (plural translative)
jadettasi (abessive singular)
jadeittasi (abessive plural)
jadeinesi (comitative plural)
jademme (nominative singular)
jademme (nominative plural)
jademme (accusative nominative singular)
jademme (accusative nominative plural)
jademme (accusative genitive singular)
jademme (accusative genitive plural)
jademme (genitive singular)
jadejemme (genitive plural)
jadeimme (genitive plural rare)
jadeamme (partitive singular)
jadejamme (partitive plural)
jadessamme (inessive singular)
jadeissamme (inessive plural)
jadestamme (elative singular)
jadeistamme (elative plural)
jadeemme (illative singular)
jadeihimme (illative plural)
jadellamme (adessive singular)
jadeillamme (adessive plural)
jadeltamme (ablative singular)
jadeiltamme (ablative plural)
jadellemme (allative singular)
jadeillemme (allative plural)
jadenamme (essive singular)
jadeinamme (essive plural)
jadeksemme (singular translative)
jadeiksemme (plural translative)
jadettamme (abessive singular)
jadeittamme (abessive plural)
jadeinemme (comitative plural)
jadenne (nominative singular)
jadenne (nominative plural)
jadenne (accusative nominative singular)
jadenne (accusative nominative plural)
jadenne (accusative genitive singular)
jadenne (accusative genitive plural)
jadenne (genitive singular)
jadejenne (genitive plural)
jadeinne (genitive plural rare)
jadeanne (partitive singular)
jadejanne (partitive plural)
jadessanne (inessive singular)
jadeissanne (inessive plural)
jadestanne (elative singular)
jadeistanne (elative plural)
jadeenne (illative singular)
jadeihinne (illative plural)
jadellanne (adessive singular)
jadeillanne (adessive plural)
jadeltanne (ablative singular)
jadeiltanne (ablative plural)
jadellenne (allative singular)
jadeillenne (allative plural)
jadenanne (essive singular)
jadeinanne (essive plural)
jadeksenne (singular translative)
jadeiksenne (plural translative)
jadettanne (abessive singular)
jadeittanne (abessive plural)
jadeinenne (comitative plural)
jadensa (nominative singular)
jadensa (nominative plural)
jadensa (accusative nominative singular)
jadensa (accusative nominative plural)
jadensa (accusative genitive singular)
jadensa (accusative genitive plural)
jadensa (genitive singular)
jadejensa (genitive plural)
jadeinsa (genitive plural rare)
jadeaan (partitive singular)
jadeansa (partitive singular)
jadejaan (partitive plural)
jadejansa (partitive plural)
jadessaan (inessive singular)
jadessansa (inessive singular)
jadeissaan (inessive plural)
jadeissansa (inessive plural)
jadestaan (elative singular)
jadestansa (elative singular)
jadeistaan (elative plural)
jadeistansa (elative plural)
jadeensa (illative singular)
jadeihinsa (illative plural)
jadellaan (adessive singular)
jadellansa (adessive singular)
jadeillaan (adessive plural)
jadeillansa (adessive plural)
jadeltaan (ablative singular)
jadeltansa (ablative singular)
jadeiltaan (ablative plural)
jadeiltansa (ablative plural)
jadelleen (allative singular)
jadellensa (allative singular)
jadeilleen (allative plural)
jadeillensa (allative plural)
jadenaan (essive singular)
jadenansa (essive singular)
jadeinaan (essive plural)
jadeinansa (essive plural)
jadekseen (singular translative)
jadeksensa (singular translative)
jadeikseen (plural translative)
jadeiksensa (plural translative)
jadettaan (abessive singular)
jadettansa (abessive singular)
jadeittaan (abessive plural)
jadeittansa (abessive plural)
jadeineen (comitative plural)
jadeinensa (comitative plural)


jade

Borrowed from French jade, back formation from le jade, rebracketing of earlier l’éjade (“jade”), from Spanish piedra de ijada (literally “flank stone”), via Vulgar Latin *iliata from Latin ilia (“flank”) (jade was thought to cure pains in the side).


trias

trias (nominative singular)
trias (accusative nominative singular)
triaksen (accusative genitive singular)
triaksen (genitive singular)
triasta (partitive singular)
triaksessa (inessive singular)
triaksesta (elative singular)
triakseen (illative singular)
triaksella (adessive singular)
triakselta (ablative singular)
triakselle (allative singular)
triaksena (essive singular)
triakseksi (singular translative)
triaksetta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
triakseni (nominative singular)
triakseni (accusative nominative singular)
triakseni (accusative genitive singular)
triakseni (genitive singular)
triastani (partitive singular)
triaksessani (inessive singular)
triaksestani (elative singular)
triakseeni (illative singular)
triaksellani (adessive singular)
triakseltani (ablative singular)
triakselleni (allative singular)
triaksenani (essive singular)
triaksekseni (singular translative)
triaksettani (abessive singular)
triaksesi (nominative singular)
triaksesi (accusative nominative singular)
triaksesi (accusative genitive singular)
triaksesi (genitive singular)
triastasi (partitive singular)
triaksessasi (inessive singular)
triaksestasi (elative singular)
triakseesi (illative singular)
triaksellasi (adessive singular)
triakseltasi (ablative singular)
triaksellesi (allative singular)
triaksenasi (essive singular)
triakseksesi (singular translative)
triaksettasi (abessive singular)
triaksemme (nominative singular)
triaksemme (accusative nominative singular)
triaksemme (accusative genitive singular)
triaksemme (genitive singular)
triastamme (partitive singular)
triaksessamme (inessive singular)
triaksestamme (elative singular)
triakseemme (illative singular)
triaksellamme (adessive singular)
triakseltamme (ablative singular)
triaksellemme (allative singular)
triaksenamme (essive singular)
triakseksemme (singular translative)
triaksettamme (abessive singular)
triaksenne (nominative singular)
triaksenne (accusative nominative singular)
triaksenne (accusative genitive singular)
triaksenne (genitive singular)
triastanne (partitive singular)
triaksessanne (inessive singular)
triaksestanne (elative singular)
triakseenne (illative singular)
triaksellanne (adessive singular)
triakseltanne (ablative singular)
triaksellenne (allative singular)
triaksenanne (essive singular)
triakseksenne (singular translative)
triaksettanne (abessive singular)
triaksensa (nominative singular)
triaksensa (accusative nominative singular)
triaksensa (accusative genitive singular)
triaksensa (genitive singular)
triastaan (partitive singular)
triastansa (partitive singular)
triaksessaan (inessive singular)
triaksessansa (inessive singular)
triaksestaan (elative singular)
triaksestansa (elative singular)
triakseensa (illative singular)
triaksellaan (adessive singular)
triaksellansa (adessive singular)
triakseltaan (ablative singular)
triakseltansa (ablative singular)
triakselleen (allative singular)
triaksellensa (allative singular)
triaksenaan (essive singular)
triaksenansa (essive singular)
triaksekseen (singular translative)
triakseksensa (singular translative)
triaksettaan (abessive singular)
triaksettansa (abessive singular)


fold

The verb is from Middle English folden, from Old English fealdan, from Proto-Germanic *falþaną (“to fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”). The noun is from Middle English folde,falde, itself derived from the verb.

The folds are most abrupt to the eastward; to the west, they diminish in boldness, and become gentle undulations

1863, James Dwight Dana, Manual of Geology:

(geology) The bending or curving of one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, as a result of plastic (i.e. permanent) deformation.

vrása

(geology) bending of originally flat planar surfaces


retrograde

en-adj

retrograde (comparative more retrograde, superlative most retrograde)

more retrograde (comparative)
most retrograde (superlative)

The adjective is derived from Middle English retrograd, retrograde (“of a planet: appearing to move in a direction opposite to the order of the zodiac signs, retrograde; unfortunate”), from Middle French retrograde and Old French retrograde (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards; moving backwards; reverse; palindromic; opposed to change”) (modern French rétrograde), and from their etymon Latin retrōgradus (“of a celestial object: appearing to move backwards”) (compare Late Latin retrōgradus (“reverse; palindromic”)), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradus (“pace, step”). By surface analysis, retro- + -grade.
The adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.

cog

/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/

/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/

retrògrad

reverting to an inferior or less developed state — see also declining, regressing

(geology) Of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature.

retrográdní

of a metamorphic change: resulting from a decrease in pressure or temperature


retrograde

en-verb

retrograde (third-person singular simple present retrogrades, present participle retrograding, simple past and past participle retrograded)

retrogrades (present singular third-person)
retrograding (participle present)
retrograded (participle past)
retrograded (past)

From Middle French retrograder (“to (cause to) go back, return; to (cause to) move backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion; to date to an earlier period”) (modern French rétrograder), and from its etymon Latin retrōgradī, the present active infinitive of retrōgradior (“to go or step back or backwards; of a celestial object: to show retrograde motion”) (compare Late Latin retrogradare, retrogradari, retrogredere), from retrō (“back, backwards; behind; before, formerly”) + gradior (“to step, walk; to advance, go”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰredʰ- (“to go; to walk”)).

der

/ˈɹɛtɹə(ʊ)ɡɹeɪd/

/ˈɹɛtɹəˌɡɹeɪd/

(geology) To change (minerals, rocks, etc.) metamorphically through a decrease in pressure or temperature.


pebble

en-noun

pebble (countable and uncountable, plural pebbles)

From Middle English pibel (also in pibleston), from Old English papolstān (“pebble-stone”), from Old English *papol, *pyppel, *pæbbel of unknown origin + Old English stān. Compare Albanian popël.

unk

unknown

(geology) A particle from 4 to 64 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.

gravillon

rock fragment between 4 and 64 millimetres in diameter


transform

From Middle English transformen, from Old French transformer, from Latin transformo, transformare, from trans (“across”, preposition) + forma (“form”).

(geology, seismology) A transform fault.


cacoxenite

From Ancient Greek κακός (kakós, “bad”) + ξένος (xénos, “guest”) because the phosphorous content of cacoxenite lessens the quality of iron smelted from ore containing it.

(inorganic chemistry, mineralogy) A soft phosphate of iron occurring in yellowish clumps: hydrated iron aluminum phosphate oxide: (Fe,Al)₂₅(PO₄)₁₇O₆(OH)₁₂·17H₂O.


native

en-adj

native (comparative more native, superlative most native)

more native (comparative)
most native (superlative)

foreign

born or grown in the region in which it is found

Inherited from Middle English natif, from Old French natif, from Latin nātīvus, from nātus (“birth”). Doublet of naive and neif.

native aluminium

native salt

(mineralogy) Occurring naturally in its pure or uncombined form.

luonnollinen

mineralogy: occurring naturally in its pure or uncombined form


azurite

/ˈæʒ.əˌɹaɪt/

/ˈæʒ.(j)ʊəɹˌaɪt/

/ˈæʒ(j)ʊˌɹaɪt/

From Persian لاژورد (lâžvard, “blue color”).

(mineralogy) A blue vitreous mineral; a basic hydrated copper carbonate, with the chemical formula Cu²⁺₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂, used since antiquity as a blue pigment or ores to extract metallic copper.


axinite

en-noun

axinite (countable and uncountable, plural axinites)

(mineralogy) A borosilicate of aluminum, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges.


agglomerate

From Latin agglomerare (“to wind into a ball”), from ad (“to”) + glomerare (“to wind into a ball”), from glomus (“a ball”), akin to globus (“a ball”).

uder

(geology, volcanology) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; distinguished from conglomerate.


adamite

Named after French mineralogist Gilbert Joseph Adam (1795-1881) in 1866.

(mineralogy) A zinc arsenate hydroxide mineral, Zn₂AsO₄OH.


odor

odorok (plural)
odrok (plural)
odor (nominative singular)
odrok (nominative plural)
odrot (accusative singular)
odrokat (accusative plural)
odornak (dative singular)
odroknak (dative plural)
odorral (instrumental singular)
odrokkal (instrumental plural)
odorért (causal-final singular)
odrokért (causal-final plural)
odorrá (singular translative)
odrokká (plural translative)
odorig (singular terminative)
odrokig (plural terminative)
odorként (essive-formal singular)
odrokként (essive-formal plural)
odorban (inessive singular)
odrokban (inessive plural)
odron (singular superessive)
odrokon (plural superessive)
odornál (adessive singular)
odroknál (adessive plural)
odorba (illative singular)
odrokba (illative plural)
odorra (singular sublative)
odrokra (plural sublative)
odorhoz (allative singular)
odrokhoz (allative plural)
odorból (elative singular)
odrokból (elative plural)
odorról (delative singular)
odrokról (delative plural)
odortól (ablative singular)
odroktól (ablative plural)
odoré (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
odroké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
odoréi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
odrokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
odrom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
odraim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
odrod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odraid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odra (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odrai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odrunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
odraink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
odrotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odraitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odruk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odraik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
odor (nominative singular)
odorok (nominative plural)
odort (accusative singular)
odorokat (accusative plural)
odornak (dative singular)
odoroknak (dative plural)
odorral (instrumental singular)
odorokkal (instrumental plural)
odorért (causal-final singular)
odorokért (causal-final plural)
odorrá (singular translative)
odorokká (plural translative)
odorig (singular terminative)
odorokig (plural terminative)
odorként (essive-formal singular)
odorokként (essive-formal plural)
odorban (inessive singular)
odorokban (inessive plural)
odoron (singular superessive)
odorokon (plural superessive)
odornál (adessive singular)
odoroknál (adessive plural)
odorba (illative singular)
odorokba (illative plural)
odorra (singular sublative)
odorokra (plural sublative)
odorhoz (allative singular)
odorokhoz (allative plural)
odorból (elative singular)
odorokból (elative plural)
odorról (delative singular)
odorokról (delative plural)
odortól (ablative singular)
odoroktól (ablative plural)
odoré (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
odoroké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
odoréi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
odorokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
odorom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
odoraim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
odorod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odoraid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odora (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odorai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odorunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
odoraink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
odorotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odoraitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odoruk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odoraik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(geology) geode (a nodule of stone having a cavity)


aventurine

en-noun

aventurine (countable and uncountable, plural aventurines)

/əˈvɛn.t͡ʃə.ɹɪn/

/əˈvɛn.t͡ʃə.ɹɪn/

/əˈvɛn.t͡ʃəˌɹin/

Borrowed from French aventurine, from Italian avventurino, from avventurare (“to venture; to make lucky or prosperous”), from avventura (“chance; adventure, venture”) + -are (suffix forming the infinitive of most regular verbs), apparently so named because it was discovered by accident in Murano, Italy, when brass or copper filings were dropped into melted glass (see, however, the 1843 quotation).

The Sandaresus, an Arabian stone, classed by Pliny [the Elder] among the Carbunculi, seems to have been our Aventurine, for he describes it as full of golden stars shining through a transparent substance, not from the surface, but from within the body of the stone. The true Aventurine, or Goldie-stone, is a brownish semi-transparent quartz, full of specks of yellow mica.

1860, C[harles] W[illiam] King, “Aventurine”, in Antique Gems: Their Origin, Uses, and Value as Interpreters of Ancient History; and as Illustrative of Ancient Art: With Hints to Gem Collectors, London: John Murray, […], section I (Materials), page 63:

Aventurine is a variety of grainy quartz,—not quarts of rye whiskey, which there is too much of a venture in,—but quartz of silica, gold-spangled throughout with flakes of yellow mica. [...] There are two kinds of natural aventurine; the one with its spangles of yellow mica is well known as Muscovite talc. It was found on the shores of the White Sea in old times, and is now met with often in the mines of Silesia, in Bohemia, in France, and in Siberia. The other variety, more highly esteemed, is found in Spain and in Scotland. [...] Dealers have given the name of aventurine to a species of feldspar having the same external characteristics, and sold for the genuine, though a much softer stone. Such dealers are not honest.

1872 July, George S. Burleigh, “Precious Stones. IX. Aventurine and Lapis-lazuli.”, in Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams], editor, Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls, volume XII, number 228, Boston, Mass.: Lee and Shepard, publishers; New York, N.Y.: Lee, Shepard and Dillingham, →OCLC, page 477, column 2:

[F]rom out the silken curtain-folds / Bare-footed and bare-headed three fair girls / In gilt and rosy raiment came: their feet / In dewy grasses glisten'd; and the hair / All over glanced with dewdrop or with gem / Like sparkles in the stone Avanturine.

1874, Alfred Tennyson, “Gareth and Lynette”, in Idylls of the King (The Works of Alfred Tennyson; V), cabinet edition, London: Henry S. King & Co., […], →OCLC, page 73:

During this period of two centuries little colour was employed in the lacquer-work, but much gold was used; and those particular kinds of work in which "clouded" gold effects, avanturines, and tesselated gold are introduced, as well as low-relief modelling of a most perfect kind, were invented and brought to a high state of perfection.

1882, Christopher Dresser, “The Lacquer Manufactures”, in Japan: Its Architecture, Art, and Art Manufactures, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, pages 346–347:

Quartz with spangled inclusions is known as aventurine. The included minerals are scales of shiny mica or hematite. The most familiar aventurine is of a reddish-yellow color and has a coppery sheen. Only small quantities of aventurine have been found in the United States.

1957, Dorothy M[cKenney] Schlegel, “Semiprecious Gems”, in Gem Stones of the United States (Contributions to Economic Geology; Geological Survey Bulletin; 1042-G), Washington, D.C.: Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior; United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 222:

He stood up and gloomily opened a little silver-gilt box, its lid studded with aventurines. It was full of violet sweetmeats; he took one, feeling it with his fingers as he reflected upon the strange properties of this bonbon whose sugar-coating looked like hoar-frost; [...]

1998, Joris-Karl Huysmans, chapter 9, in Margaret Mauldon, transl., edited by Nicholas White, Against Nature (A rebours) (Oxford World’s Classics), Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 84:

Aventurin is also the name of a variety of quartz spangled with mica or other shiny mineral. A variety of spangled feldspar, found especially in Russia, and when polished used as a gem and highly prized, is also called Aventurin or popularly "sunstone".

2003, “The Mineral Kingdom. Dictionary of Gems, Jewels, Precious Metals and Minerals, with Their Significance and Use in the Superstition and Folklore of All Countries”, in Cora Linn Daniels, C[harles] M[acClellan] Stevans, editors, Encyclopædia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World: […], volume II, Honolulu, Hi.: University Press of the Pacific, →ISBN, page 724, column 1:

When I pulled off the lid, I found a leather bracelet inside. Its center held a pretty brass flower, painted white with soft pink tips on the petals, just like clover. On either side of the brass clover flower, one of the bracelet's leather strands had been strung with shimmering green rocks. "Those are aventurines," Peavine said when I touched one smooth stone. "They're for courage and luck. You got a lot of the first, but I figured you could use some of the second."

2015, Susan Vaught, “Three Weeks Later”, in Footer Davis Might be Probably is Crazy (A Paula Wiseman Book), New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, →ISBN, pages 226–227:

(mineralogy, by extension) A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica.


ออสเตรเลีย

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


les

lȇs (canonical masculine)
ле̑с (Cyrillic)


glacier

→ Hindi: ग्लेशियर (gleśiyar)

Borrowed from French glacier, from Franco-Provençal gllaciér, from Vulgar Latin *glaciārium, a derivative of Latin glaciēs (“ice”), of uncertain origin. First attested in English in 1744 per the OED.

They warned that the effects of glacier melting on water resources are becoming “increasingly serious” for China.

(geology) A large body of ice which flows under its own mass, usually downhill.

gletser

a large body of ice which flows under its own mass, usually downhill


glacier

→? Catalan: glacera (calque)

desctree

→ English: glacier
→ Hindi: ग्लेशियर (gleśiyar)

→ Italian: ghiacciaio (calque)

→ New Latin: glaciārium (calque)

→ Romanian: ghețar (calque)

→ Spanish: glaciar
→ Galician: glaciar
→ Portuguese: glaciar

Borrowed from Franco-Provençal gllaciér. First attested in 1757. Cognate with German Gletscher.


paste

en-noun

paste (countable and uncountable, plural pastes)

→ Cebuano: pasta

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₁t-der.
Ancient Greek πάσσω (pássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τός (-tós)
Ancient Greek παστός (pastós)
Ancient Greek παστά (pastá)bor.
Late Latin pasta
Old French pastebor.
Middle English paste
English paste
From Middle English paste, from Old French paste (modern pâte), from Late Latin pasta, from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá). Doublet of pasta. The verb is from the noun. Middle English had pasten (“to make a paste of; bake in a pastry”), also from the noun; compare Latin pistō and Medieval Latin pastillātus.

etymon

(mineralogy) The mineral substance in which other minerals are embedded.


grus

(geology) An accumulation of angular, coarse-grained fragments (particles of sand and gravel) resulting from the chemical and mechanical weathering of crystalline rocks.


immure

en-verb

immure (third-person singular simple present immures, present participle immuring, simple past and past participle immured)

immures (present singular third-person)
immuring (participle present)
immured (participle past)
immured (past)

From Middle English enmuren and Middle French emmurer, both from Old French enmurer, from Latin immūrō, from in- + mūrus (“wall”). Modern spelling is modelled after the Latin.

1975, American Institute of Physics, American Crystallographic Association, Soviet Physics, Crystallography, Volume 19, Issues 1-3, page 296,
On increasing the supercooling, the step starts completely immuring the impurity and v rises sharply.

(transitive, crystallography and geology, of a growing crystal) To trap or capture (an impurity); chiefly in the participial adjective immured and gerund or gerundial noun immuring.


interplate

(of seismic activity, geology) between tectonic plates


affinity

en-noun

affinity (countable and uncountable, plural affinities)

From Middle English affinite, from Old French affinité. Ostensibly equivalent to affine + -ity.

(geology) Structural resemblances between minerals; resemblances that suggest that they are of a common origin or type.


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision


catena

Borrowed from Latin catēna (“chain”). Doublet of cadeia.

(geology) catena (series of distinct soils along a slope)


outlier

(geology) A part of a formation separated from the rest of the formation by erosion.

qalıq

part of formation separate from the rest


aciculite

From Latin acicula, diminutive of acus (“needle”).

(mineralogy) A sulfide of bismuth, lead, and copper.


hiatus

en-noun

hiatus (countable and uncountable, plural hiatus or hiatuses)

Learned borrowing from Latin hiātus (“opening”) (mid-16th century), from hiō (“stand open, yawn”).

lbor

The beginning of the Mesozoic Era on the Colorado Plateau is marked by a regional hiatus or break of sedimentary deposition that lasted about 25 to 30 Ma.

2012, Chinle Miller, “The Tectonic Forces of the Mesozoic”, in In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition, page 33:


-ium

From Latin -ium (forms names of chemical elements), from -ius (forms adjectives), from Old Latin -iōs, from Proto-Italic *-jos (forms comparative adverbs), from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs ~ *-is- (forms adjectives).

der

alluvium, kambrium, ordovicium

(geology) Used to form nouns denoting geological designations; -ium


formation

en-noun

formation (countable and uncountable, plural formations)

/fɔːˈmeɪʃən/

/fɔɹˈmeɪʃən/

/foːˈmæɪʃən/

From Middle English formacioun, formation, borrowed from Old French formacion, from Latin fōrmātiō, from fōrmō (“form”, verb); see form as verb.
Morphologically form + -ation

Over a broad region, the color of a formation may change.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(geology) A layer of rock of common origin. [from 19th c.]


coulee

From French coulée (“flow”), from couler (“to flow”).

The edge of a coulee, or stream of solidified lava, though ordinarily a very low escarpment, is exceptionally of such size as to deserve attention in the present connection.

1928, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, page 43:

(geology) A lava flow (whether molten or solidified).


olho

Guinea-Bissau Creole: udju

Kabuverdianu: odju

Papiamentu: wowo

Saramaccan: wójo

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese olho (“eye”), from Vulgar Latin oclus (“eye”), from Latin oculus (“eye”), from Proto-Italic *okelos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃okʷ-, *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”). Doublet of óculo, a borrowing. Compare Galician ollo, Spanish ojo, French œil and Italian occhio.

inh+

(geology) short for olho-d'água (“spring, source”)


madre

Borrowed from Spanish madre, from Latin mātrem, singular accusative of māter (“mother, matron”).


lath

From Middle English laththe, laþþe, earlier lathe, laþe, altered from Old English lætt (“lath”), from Proto-West Germanic *lattu, from Proto-Germanic *lattō, *laþþō (compare Dutch lat, German Latte) from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lat- (compare Welsh llath (“rod, wand, yard”)).

(geology, petrology) Microscopic, needle-like crystals, usually of plagioclase feldspar, in a glassy groundmass


sandarac

en-noun

sandarac (countable and uncountable, plural sandaracs)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sandarac.wav

From Latin sandaraca, from Ancient Greek σανδαράκη (sandarákē, “realgar”).

der

(mineralogy, archaic) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic.


sandarac

sandarac (accusative indefinite nominative)
sandaracul (accusative definite nominative)
sandarac (indefinite)
sandaracului (definite)
sandaracule (vocative)

Borrowed from French sandaraque or Latin sandaraca.


fabric

en-noun

fabric (countable and uncountable, plural fabrics)

→ Irish: fabraic

Borrowed from French fabrique, from Latin fabrica (“a workshop, art, trade, product of art, structure, fabric”), from faber (“artisan, workman”). Doublet of forge, borrowed from Old French.

der

(petrology) The appearance of crystalline grains in a rock.

rakeisuus

petrology: appearance of crystalline grains in a rock


nest

From Middle English nest, nist, nyst, from Old English nest, from Proto-West Germanic *nest, from Proto-Germanic *nestą, from Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“nest”), literally "where [the bird] sits down", a compound of *ni (“down”) (whence also English nether) + the zero-grade of the root *sed- (“to sit”) (whence also English sit).

it's an ill bird that fouls its own nest

(geology) An aggregated mass of any ore or mineral, in an isolated state, within a rock.


spur

From Middle English spure, spore, from Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).

(geology) A mountain that shoots from another mountain or range and extends some distance in a lateral direction, or at right angles.

contrafort

projection from a mountain or mountain range


cleavage

en-noun

cleavage (countable and uncountable, plural cleavages)

Notice that cleavage has nothing to do with imperfections in the crystal. Indeed, if you try cleaving an imperfect crystal, you may find that it cannot be cleaved as well as a perfect one. The cleavage is the result of the orderliness of the atomic arrangement. No wonder imperfections, which disturb the orderliness, disturb the cleavage as well. You will also note that the cleavage directions are obedient to the symmetry of the crystal.

1982, Alan Holden, Phylis Morrison, “Cleaving and Gliding Crystals”, in Crystals and Crystal Growing, Cambridge, Mass., London: MIT Press, →ISBN, page 202:

(mineralogy) The tendency of a crystal to split along specific planes.

цепимост

mineralogy: tendency of a crystal to split


gangue

A borrowing from German Gang (“way, path, trail, track, course, line, duct”).


bloom

en-noun

bloom (countable and uncountable, plural blooms)

From Middle English blome, from Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô (“flower”). Doublet of bloom (“spongy mass of metal”); see there for more.

the rose-red cobalt bloom

(mineralogy) A bright-hued variety of some minerals.

kukka

mineralogy: a popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals


morion

From French morion, from Late Latin mōrion, a misreading in some manuscripts for Latin mormoriōn.

(mineralogy) A brown or black variety of quartz.


placer

Related to placel (“sandbank”), from plaza (“place”).

(geology, mining) placer (place where the superficial detritus is washed for gold)


stellerite

stellerite (countable and uncountable, plural stellerites)

From Steller + -ite, named after its discoverer Georg Wilhelm Steller.

(geology) A hydrated calcium aluminosilicate zeolite, similar to stilbite.


soap

soap (countable and uncountable, plural soaps)

Sranan Tongo: sopo

→ Kari'na: sopo

→ Trió: sopo

→ Wayana: sopu

Tok Pisin: sop

→ Ajië: yööpö

→ Bemba: isopo

desctree

→ Burmese: ဆပ်ပြာ (hcappra)
→ Shan: သပ်ႉပျႃႇ (sâ̰p pjàa)

→ Chichewa: sopo

→ Dutch: soap

→ French: soap

→ German: Soap

→ Irish: sópa

→ Malayalam: സോപ്പ് (sōppŭ)

→ Maori: hopi

→ Marshallese: joob

→ Palauan: sob

→ Pohnpeian: sohpw

→ Tamil: சோப்பு (cōppu)

→ Teribe: söp

→ West Uvean: sop

desc

→ Xârâcùù: söpö

→ Xârâcùù: söpö

From Middle English sope, sape, from Old English sāpe (“soap, salve”), from Proto-West Germanic *saipā, from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *seyb-, *seyp- (“to pour out, drip, trickle, strain”).
Cognate with Scots saip, sape (“soap”), Saterland Frisian Seepe (“soap”), West Frisian sjippe (“soap”), Dutch zeep (“soap”), German Low German Seep (“soap”), German Seife (“soap”), Danish sæbe (“soap”), Swedish såpa (“soap”), Norwegian Bokmål såpe (“soap”), Norwegian Nynorsk såpe (“soap”), Faroese sápa (“soap”), Icelandic sápa (“soap”), Finnish saippua (“soap”), Finnish suopa (“soft soap”). Related also to Old English sāp (“amber, resin, pomade, unguent”), Latin sēbum (“tallow, fat, grease”). See seep. Latin sāpō (“soap”) is a borrowing from the Germanic.

cog

I tried washing my hands with soap, but the stain wouldn't go away.

(countable, uncountable, informal, by extension, mineralogy) Some other substance, often a detergent or another surfactant, able to mix with both oil and water, used for cleaning.


epigenetic

/ˌɛpɪd͡ʒəˈnɛtɪk/

(genetics, mineralogy) Of or relating to epigenesis.


kettle

→ Brunei Malay: kitil

→ Persian: کتری (ketri)

→ Bengali: কেটলি (keṭli)

→ Hindi: केतली (ketlī)

→ Gujarati: કીટલી (kīṭlī)

→ Irish: citeal

→ Maltese: kitla

→ Zulu: igedlela

From Middle English ketel, also chetel, from Old English ċietel (“kettle, cauldron”) and in Middle English possibly influenced by Old Norse ketill and both from Proto-Germanic *katilaz (“kettle, bucket, vessel”), of uncertain origin and formation. Usually regarded as a borrowing of Late Latin catīllus (“small bowl”), diminutive of Latin catinus (“deep bowl, vessel for cooking up or serving food”), however, the word may be Germanic confused with the Latin: compare Old English cete (“cooking pot”), Old High German chezzi (“a kettle, dish, bowl”), Icelandic kati, ketla (“a small boat”). Cognate with West Frisian tsjettel (“kettle”), Dutch ketel (“kettle”), German Kessel (“kettle”), Swedish kittel (“cauldron”), Swedish kittel (“kettle”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (katils, “kettle”), Finnish kattila, Polish kocioł (“cauldron”), Czech kotel (“boiler”), Russian котёл (kotjól, “boiler, cauldron”).

cog

(geology) A kettle hole, sometimes any pothole.


salient

The heraldic sense “leaping” and the sense “projecting outward” are borrowed from Latin salientem, the accusative form of saliēns (“springing, leaping”), present participle of saliō (“leap, spring”, verb). The senses “prominent” and “pertinent” are relatively recent, and derive from the phrase salient point, which is a calque of the Latin punctum saliēns, a translation of Aristotle's term for the embryonal heart visible in (opened) eggs, which he thought seemed to move already. Compare also the German calque der springende Punkt.

sally

to leap forth; cognate; both of these military terms come from a verb meaning but in different ways

Orogenic arcs are made up by more advanced segments (salients) separated by less advanced zones (recesses) (Miser, 1932). Within salients, the critical taper is lower, the distance among thrust ramps is larger, and there may be more ramps departing from the basal décollement layer with respect to the recess areas.

2018 April 17, Michele Livani, Davide Scrocca, Paola Arecco, Carlo Doglioni, “Structural and Stratigraphic Control on Salient and Recess Development Along a Thrust Belt Front: The Northern Apennines (Po Plain, Italy)”, in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, volume 123, number 5, →DOI, pages 4360-4387:

fold and thrust belt
fold and thrust belt

(geology) An overall-convex, protruding section of a sinuous fold and thrust belt, thrust sheet, or a single thrust fault, caused by one or more of: deformation (folding and faulting) of strata and geologic structures during orogenesis, differences in the angle of critical taper during orogenesis, or differing erosional level of the present geomorphological surface.


garnet

en-noun

garnet (countable and uncountable, plural garnets)

From Middle English gernet, granate, from Old French grenate, from grenat (“pomegranate red”). Doublet of grenade.

How many needles Betty Flanders had lost there! and her garnet brooch.

1922, Virginia Woolf, Jacob's Room, Vintage Classics, page 127:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are […] . (Common gem materials not addressed in this article include amber, amethyst, chalcedony, garnet, lazurite, malachite, opals, peridot, rhodonite, spinel, tourmaline, turquoise and zircon.)

2012 March 14, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, page 128:

(mineralogy) A hard transparent mineral that is often used as gemstones and abrasives.


garnet

From English garnet, from Middle English granate, from Old French grenate, from grenat (“pomegranate red”).

(mineralogy) a hard transparent mineral that is often used as gemstones and abrasives


measure

→ Japanese: メジャー (mejā)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-measure.wav

From Middle English mesure, from Old French mesure, from Latin mēnsūra (“a measure”), from mēnsus, past participle of mētīrī (“to measure”). Displaced native Old English metan (“to measure”) and ġemet (“a measure”).

lainsäädäntötoimenpide

piece of legislation as course of action

coal measures; lead measures

For many years the coal measures on the shores of Lough Allen were worked only in the most primitive fashion, and the coal was transported laboriously in the inevitable ass carts of the Irish peasant.

1951 May, R. K. Kirkland, “The Cavan & Leitrim Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 339:

The act or result of measuring.
(geology) A bed or stratum.

The act or result of measuring.
A bed or stratum.


joint

The noun is from Middle English joynt (attested since the late 13th century), from Old French joint (“joint of the body”) (attested since the 12th century). The adjective (attested since the 15th century) is from Old French jointiz. Both Old French words are from Latin iūnctus, the past participle of iungō. See also join, jugular.
The meaning of "building, establishment", especially in connection with shady activities, appeared in Anglo-Irish by 1821 and entered general American English slang by 1877, especially in the sense of "opium den". The sense "marijuana cigarette" is attested since 1935. The development to meaning "any thing" also happened to the Scots and Memphian form junt and the Mid-Atlantic/Philadelphian form jawn.

verbinding

point of a rigid joint, means of joining in carpentry

(geology) A fracture in which the strata are not offset; a geologic joint.


beryl

beryl (countable and uncountable, plural beryls)

Inherited from Middle English beryl, from Old French beril, from Latin bērillus, bēryllus, from Ancient Greek βήρυλλος (bḗrullos, “beryl”).

der

The sunset had been magnificent, and the Thames was floating in dark radiance; the waves wearing that transparent clearness, which gives more the idea of melted beryl, than aught else: every little circle in the water had that trembling light which characterises precious stones.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Fête”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 57:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

(uncountable, mineralogy) A mineral of pegmatite deposits, often used as a gemstone (molecular formula Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈).


beryl

Polish: beryl

Borrowed from Middle French béryl. First attested in 1472.

*Berzyl erilla

1900 [1472], Józef Rostafiński, editor, Symbola ad historiam naturalem medii aevi = Średniowieczna historya naturalna w Polsce. Ps 2, number 1856:

(mineralogy) beryl (mineral of pegmatite deposits)


beryl

pl-noun

beryl m inan (related adjective berylowy)

berylowy (adjective)
beryl (nominative singular)
beryle (nominative plural)
berylu (genitive singular)
beryli (genitive plural)
berylowi (dative singular)
berylom (dative plural)
beryl (accusative singular)
beryle (accusative plural)
berylem (instrumental singular)
berylami (instrumental plural)
berylu (locative singular)
berylach (locative plural)
berylu (singular vocative)
beryle (plural vocative)

(mineralogy, countable) beryl (mineral of pegmatite deposits)


shield

From Middle English scheld, shelde, from Old English scield (“shield”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeldu, from Proto-Germanic *skelduz (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“cut, split”). Cognate with West Frisian skyld, Dutch schild (“shield”), German Schild (“shield”), Danish skjold (“shield”), Icelandic skjöldur (“shield”) and Faroese skjøldur (“shield”).
Compare Latin scūtum (“shield”), Irish sciath (“shield”), Latgalian škīda (“shield”), Lithuanian skydas (“shield”), Russian щит (ščit, “shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, protect”), *skey- (“to cut, split”).

noncog

(geology) A large expanse of exposed stable Precambrian rock.

(geology) A wide and relatively low-profiled volcano, usually composed entirely of lava flows.


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

(geology) A tall mass of viscous lava extruded from a volcano.


clay

en-noun

clay (usually uncountable, plural clays)

soul

antonym(s) of “material of the human body”

From Middle English cley, clay, from Old English clǣġ (“clay”), from Proto-West Germanic *klaij, from Proto-Germanic *klajjaz (“clay”), from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, paste, stick together”).
Cognate with Dutch klei (“clay”), Low German Klei (“clay”), German Klei, Danish klæg (“clay”); compare Ancient Greek γλία (glía), Latin glūten (“glue”) (whence ultimately English glue), Russian глина (glina, “clay”). Related also to clag, clog.

der

(geology) A particle less than 3.9 microns in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.


plug

→ Gulf Arabic: بلاك (blāk)

→ Burmese: ပလတ် (pa.lat)

→ Japanese: プラグ (puragu)

From Dutch plug, from Middle Dutch plugge (“peg, plug”), from Old Dutch *pluggi, from Proto-West Germanic *plugi. Further origin unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *plugjaz, but the word seems originally restricted to northern continental West Germanic. Perhaps ultimately from the same source as Dutch plag (“cut-out sod”), itself considered to be from a substrate.
Compare German Low German Plüg, Norwegian plug (“peg, wedge”, probably borrowed from Middle Low German), German Pflock (“peg”, restricted to Central German and phonetically divergent). Possibly akin to Lithuanian plúkti (“to strike, hew”).

unk

unknown

cog

Pressure built beneath the plug in the caldera, eventually resulting in a catastrophic explosion of pyroclastic shrapnel and ash.

(geology) A body of once molten rock that hardened in a volcanic vent. Usually round or oval in shape.


lag

head

lag n (singular definite laget, plural indefinite lag)

laget (definite singular)
lag (indefinite plural)
lag (indefinite nominative singular)
laget (definite nominative singular)
lag (indefinite nominative plural)
lagene (definite nominative plural)
lags (genitive indefinite singular)
lagets (definite genitive singular)
lags (genitive indefinite plural)
lagenes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse lag, from Proto-Germanic *lagą. Doublet of lav (“guild”) and lov (“law”).

doublet

(geology) stratum (layer of sedimentary rock)


lag

is-noun

lag n (genitive singular lags, nominative plural lög)

lags (genitive singular)
lög (nominative plural)
lag (indefinite nominative singular)
lagið (definite nominative singular)
lög (indefinite nominative plural)
lögin (definite nominative plural)
lag (accusative indefinite singular)
lagið (accusative definite singular)
lög (accusative indefinite plural)
lögin (accusative definite plural)
lagi (dative indefinite singular)
laginu (dative definite singular)
lögum (dative indefinite plural)
lögunum (dative definite plural)
lags (genitive indefinite singular)
lagsins (definite genitive singular)
laga (genitive indefinite plural)
laganna (definite genitive plural)


lag

laget (definite singular)
lag (indefinite plural)
laga (definite plural)
lagene (definite plural)

From Old Norse lag (“layer; companionship”), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (“situation; law”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

lagene i fjeldet staar paa ende, er brukket og bølet

1897, Fridtjof Nansen, Fram over Polhavet I, page 89:

the layers of the rock stand on end, are broken and bulging

a layer (a single thickness of some material covering a surface)

(chiefly geology) a horizontal widespread mass of soil or rock, formed by deposition


augite

en-noun

augite (countable and uncountable, plural augites)

(mineralogy) A variety of pyroxene, usually of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous rocks, such as basalt.


augite

→ Romanian: augit


chert

chert (countable and uncountable, plural cherts)

(geology, uncountable) Massive, usually dull-colored and opaque, quartzite, hornstone, impure chalcedony, or other flint-like mineral.


gabbro

gabbro (countable and uncountable, plural gabbros)

It is known as gabbro and is thought to form the lower layer of the oceanic crust at about four kilometres depth and to comprise a layer up to six kilometres thick, making it one of the most abundant, if least recognisable, materials on earth.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 59:

Against the dark Ordovician gabbro, the black volcanic base, Rhynie is a streak of technicolour.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 205:

(petrology) Originally, a kind of serpentine; now generally a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene and labradorite.


gabbro

Probably from Latin glaber (“smooth; hairless”), through an archaic meaning of "uncultivated, barren land".


distal

en-adj

distal (comparative more distal, superlative most distal)

more distal (comparative)
most distal (superlative)

the distal end of a bone or muscle

(anatomy, geology) Remote from the point of attachment or origin.

периферен

remote from the point of attachment or origin


distal

[d͡ʒiʃˈtaʊ̯]

(anatomy, geology) distal (remote from the point of attachment or origin)


halite

en-noun

halite (countable and uncountable, plural halites)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-halite.wav

From Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls, “salt”), + -ite.

(mineralogy) Native salt; sodium chloride NaCl as a mineral; rock salt.


basal

id-noun

basal (first-person possessive basalku, second-person possessive basalmu, third-person possessive basalnya)

basalku (first-person possessive)
basalmu (possessive second-person)
basalnya (possessive third-person)

From Dutch basalt, from French basalte, from Middle French basalte, from Late Latin basaltes, a misspelling of Latin basanites, from Ancient Greek βασανίτης (basanítēs), from βάσανος (básanos, “touchstone”), from Egyptian bḫn (“a hard stone”).

(geology) basalt: a hard mafic igneous rock of varied mineral content; volcanic in origin, which makes up much of the Earth's oceanic crust.


irised

From iris + -ed; as a synonym of iridescent and irisated, perhaps a calque of French irisé.

Heat decomposes this ammoniacal sulphure: in a certain space of time, a great many small irised needles, a line or two in length, are formed in it: they appear to be concrete ammoniacal sulphure in crystals.

1790, Antoine-François de Fourcroy, translated by William Nicholson, Elements of Natural History and Chemistry, London: C. Elliot and T. Kay, Part 2, Chapter 4, p. 143:

Yellow and irised quartz also occurs in mica slat in Fitchburg.

1833, Edward Hitchcock, Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts, Amherst: J.S. and C. Adams, page 344:

(mineralogy, chemistry, obsolete) Exhibiting the prismatic colours.


kaolin

From French kaolin, from Chinese 高嶺／高岭 (Gāolǐng, “high hill”).


loess

en-noun

loess (countable and uncountable, plural loesses)

Borrowed from German Löss (“yellowish-gray soil”), from Alemannic German lösch (“loose”). Cognate with German los and English lease.

The Yellow River got its name from the massive amount of fertile loess (yellow earth) which it has deposited in the wheat-growing North China Plain.

1987, Amy Shui, Stuart Thompson, “China and its people”, in Chinese Food and Drink, Wayland Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

They blast their sand westwards across the steppe, coating the foothills of the Brooks Range in an icing-sugar dust of the loose, windblown sand-silt mixture known as loess.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 3:

(geology) Any sediment, dominated by silt, of eolian (wind-blown) origin.


loess

(geology) loess (accumulation of wind-blown sediment)


lithic

Silty fine sandstone: poorly sorted; 50% quartz, 30% fossils, 10% lithics, 10% feldspar

1983, Richard Squires, Mark Filewicz, Cenozoic Geology of the Simi Valley Area, Southern California:

(geology) A lithic fragment: a piece of another rock eroded down to sand size.


fay

head

fay (definite accusative fayı, plural faylar)

fayı (accusative definite)
faylar (plural)
fay (nominative singular)
faylar (nominative plural)
fayı (accusative definite singular)
fayları (accusative definite plural)
faya (dative singular)
faylara (dative plural)
fayda (locative singular)
faylarda (locative plural)
faydan (ablative singular)
faylardan (ablative plural)
fayın (genitive singular)
fayların (genitive plural)
fayım (first-person nominative singular)
faylarım (first-person nominative singular)
fayın (nominative second-person singular)
fayların (nominative second-person singular)
fayı (nominative singular third-person)
fayları (nominative singular third-person)
fayımız (first-person nominative plural)
faylarımız (first-person nominative plural)
fayınız (nominative plural second-person)
faylarınız (nominative plural second-person)
fayları (nominative plural third-person)
fayımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
faylarımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
fayını (accusative definite second-person singular)
faylarını (accusative definite second-person singular)
fayını (accusative definite singular third-person)
faylarını (accusative definite singular third-person)
fayımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
faylarımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
fayınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
faylarınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
faylarını (accusative definite plural third-person)
fayıma (dative first-person singular)
faylarıma (dative first-person singular)
fayına (dative second-person singular)
faylarına (dative second-person singular)
fayına (dative singular third-person)
faylarına (dative singular third-person)
fayımıza (dative first-person plural)
faylarımıza (dative first-person plural)
fayınıza (dative plural second-person)
faylarınıza (dative plural second-person)
faylarına (dative plural third-person)
fayımda (first-person locative singular)
faylarımda (first-person locative singular)
fayında (locative second-person singular)
faylarında (locative second-person singular)
fayında (locative singular third-person)
faylarında (locative singular third-person)
fayımızda (first-person locative plural)
faylarımızda (first-person locative plural)
fayınızda (locative plural second-person)
faylarınızda (locative plural second-person)
faylarında (locative plural third-person)
fayımdan (ablative first-person singular)
faylarımdan (ablative first-person singular)
fayından (ablative second-person singular)
faylarından (ablative second-person singular)
fayından (ablative singular third-person)
faylarından (ablative singular third-person)
fayımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
faylarımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
fayınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
faylarınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
faylarından (ablative plural third-person)
fayımın (first-person genitive singular)
faylarımın (first-person genitive singular)
fayının (genitive second-person singular)
faylarının (genitive second-person singular)
fayının (genitive singular third-person)
faylarının (genitive singular third-person)
fayımızın (first-person genitive plural)
faylarımızın (first-person genitive plural)
fayınızın (genitive plural second-person)
faylarınızın (genitive plural second-person)
faylarının (genitive plural third-person)
fayım (first-person singular)
faylarım (first-person singular)
faysın (second-person singular)
faylarsın (second-person singular)
fay (singular third-person)
faydır (singular third-person)
faylar (singular third-person)
faylardır (singular third-person)
fayız (first-person plural)
faylarız (first-person plural)
faysınız (plural second-person)
faylarsınız (plural second-person)
faylar (plural third-person)
faylardır (plural third-person)

Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattı dünyanın en tehlikeli faylarından biridir.

The North Anatolian Fault Line is one of the most dangerous faults in the world.


galena

en-noun

galena (usually uncountable, plural galenas or galenae)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-galena.wav

From Latin galēna (“dross from smelting lead”).

der

You can easily extract lead from galena, a natural mineral which has been used in crystal radio receivers.

1939 November, Raymond B. Wailes, “Chemical Engineering for Home Experimenters”, in Popular Science, page 207:

1942, G. F. Loughlin, A. H. Koschmann, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Magdalena Mining District, New Mexico, Geological Survey Professional Paper, Issue 200, page 98,
The galena of the ore contains microscopic inclusions of various forms that become visible upon polished surfaces etched with hydrochloric or nitric acid.

These samples had higher Pb²⁰⁶ and Pb²⁰⁸ abundances than any other galenas yet examined.

1953, “Report of the Committee on the Measurement of Geologic Time”, in U.S, National Research Council, page 132:

Very little galena has been reported (recovered mostly from burial mounds) in the Great Lakes region indicating that the mineral was not a major interregional exchange commodity during this period. However, numerous galenas have been recovered from the lower Mississippi Valley region and Florida indicating that galena was part of an important north-south exchange system (Walthall 1981).

2008, Sanghamitra Ghosh, Heavy Stable Isotope Investigations in Environmental Science and Archaeology, page 77:

(mineralogy) A mineral, lead sulphide (PbS), mined as an ore for lead.


galena

galena (nominative singular)
galeny (genitive singular)
galenie (dative singular)
galenę (accusative singular)
galeną (instrumental singular)
galenie (locative singular)
galeno (singular vocative)


galena

(mineralogy) galena (mineral mined as an ore of lead)


geyser

→ Hindi: गीज़र (gīzar, “water heater”)

From the name of a particular Icelandic geyser which is mentioned as early as the 1760s in The Annual Register, as “Geyser, a wonderful spring in the valley of Haukadal”. From Geysir (“Gusher”), the Icelandic name of the hot spring in Iceland (see Wikipedia), from the verb geysa (“to gush”), from Old Norse geysa (“to gush”). Doublet of gusher.

(planetology, geology, volcanology) A boiling natural spring which throws forth jets of water, mud, etc., at frequent intervals, driven upwards by the expansive power of steam.

fons calidae atque alte exsilientis aquae


geyser

Borrowed from Icelandic Geyser, related to the verb geysa (“to gush”).


geyser

id-noun

geyser (plural geyser-geyser, first-person possessive geyserku, second-person possessive geysermu, third-person possessive geysernya)

geyser-geyser (plural)
geyserku (first-person possessive)
geysermu (possessive second-person)
geysernya (possessive third-person)

(geology, nonstandard) Alternative spelling of geiser (“geyser”)


erg

From French erg, from Algerian Arabic, from Arabic عِرْق (ʕirq).

(geomorphology) A large desert region of sand dunes with little or no vegetation, especially in the Sahara.


erg

erg (nominative singular)
ergi (nominative plural)
ergu (genitive singular)
ergów (genitive plural)
ergowi (dative singular)
ergom (dative plural)
erg (accusative singular)
ergi (accusative plural)
ergiem (instrumental singular)
ergami (instrumental plural)
ergu (locative singular)
ergach (locative plural)
ergu (singular vocative)
ergi (plural vocative)


rutile

en-noun

rutile (countable and uncountable, plural rutiles)

From Latin rutilus (“red”) because of its common color, named in 1803.

(mineralogy) The most frequent of the three polymorphs of titanium dioxide, crystalizing in the tetragonal system, TiO₂.

рутил

the most frequent of the three polymorphs of titanium dioxide


playa

From Spanish playa (“beach”). Doublet of plage.

Beyond the valley below lay a playa, a vast dried-white lake bed, its ends reaching farther than they could see.

2020, Diane Cook, The New Wilderness, Oneworld Publications, page 66:

“We are also deploying buses to Gerlach to take people to Reno who might walk off the playa. See our recommendations on when walking is viable or not. This is not likely a 24-hour operation at this time.”

2023 September 3, Michael Sainato, “Officials investigate death at Burning Man as thousands stranded by floods”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(geology, US) A level area which habitually fills with water that evaporates entirely.


pluton

(mineralogy) A body of igneous rock formed beneath the surface of the earth by consolidation of magma


kern

nl-noun

kern f (plural kernen, diminutive kerntje n)

kernen (plural)
kerntje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch kerne, from Old Dutch *kerno, from Proto-Germanic *kernô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-n-on-, *ǵr̥h₂nóm, related to *kurną (“corn, grain”).

(geology, astronomy) core (of the Earth, or any other celestial body)


opal

In Florio’s A World of Words 1598 as opale, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”). Distantly related to over.

أُوبَال

a mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are […] . (Common gem materials not addressed in this article include amber, amethyst, chalcedony, garnet, lazurite, malachite, opals, peridot, rhodonite, spinel, tourmaline, turquoise and zircon.)

2012 March 14, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, page 128:

(mineralogy) A mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity, of the chemical formula SiO₂·nH₂O.

(gemology) A precious gem, an iridescent gemstone found in the opal-silica mineral substrate (potch)


opal

From English opal, from French opale, from Latin opalus, from Byzantine Greek ὀπάλλιος (opállios), from Sanskrit उपल (upala, “gem, stone”), from उपरि (upári, “the upper millstone”).


opal

opal (nominative singular)
opale (nominative plural)
opalu (genitive singular)
opali (genitive plural)
opalowi (dative singular)
opalom (dative plural)
opal (accusative singular)
opale (accusative plural)
opalem (instrumental singular)
opalami (instrumental plural)
opalu (locative singular)
opalach (locative plural)
opalu (singular vocative)
opale (plural vocative)


opal

opale (plural)
opal (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
opalul (accusative definite nominative singular)
opale (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
opalele (accusative definite nominative plural)
opal (indefinite singular)
opalului (definite singular)
opale (indefinite plural)
opalelor (definite plural)
opalule (singular vocative)
opalelor (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Opal or Latin opalus or French opale.


loam

en-noun

loam (countable and uncountable, plural loams)

From Middle English lome, lame, lam, from Old English lām (“clay, mud, mire, earth”), from Proto-West Germanic *laim, from Proto-Germanic *laimaz, *laimô (“clay”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Leem (“loam”), West Frisian liem (“loam”), Dutch leem (“loam”), German Lehm (“loam”). Related also to lime.

der

Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander
returneth to dust, the dust is earth, of earth we make
loam, and of why that loam whereto he was converted
might they not stop a beer-barrel?

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

(geology) A type of soil; an earthy mixture of sand, silt and clay, with organic matter to which its fertility is chiefly due.


scoria

en-noun

scoria (countable and uncountable, plural scorias or scoriae)

/ˈskɔː.ɹɪ.ə/

Borrowed from Latin scōria, from Ancient Greek σκωρία (skōría), from σκῶρ (skôr, “dung”).

An excellent guidebook by Drs Kilburn and McGuire of University College London reveals that these unpromising pieces of debris are scoria and lithic fragments of the March 1944 eruption.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 10:

(geology) Rough masses of rock formed by solidified lava, and which can be found around a volcano's crater.


pyrite

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyrite.wav

Recorded since 1555, from Old French pyrite (12th century), from Latin pȳritēs, from Ancient Greek πυρίτης λίθος (purítēs líthos, “stone of fire, flint”) (so called because it glitters), notably the first part: adjective πυρίτης (purítēs, “of or in fire”), from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”). Analyzable as pyr- + -ite

der

πυρίτης λίθος

(mineralogy) The common mineral iron disulfide (FeS₂), of a pale brass-yellow color and brilliant metallic luster, crystallizing in the isometric system.


wacke

en-noun

wacke (countable and uncountable, plural wackes)

From Middle High German wacke (“boulder”), from Old High German waggo or wacko, yielding German Wacke, probably cognate with Old High German wegan (“to move”).

(geology) A soft, earthy, dark-coloured rock or clay derived from the alteration of basalt.


sinter

That water at a high temperature can hold quartz in solution is well illustrated by the deposits of silicious sinter, thrown down by thermal springs, […]

1883 June, John Magens Mello, “Quartz: its Varieties and Formation”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 23:

It has steaming lakes, pools, and streams, healing baths and springs, acidulous basins of emerald, opal, and orange, and tinted terraces of sinter.

1913, David Paul Gooding, chapter V, in Picturesque New Zealand:

(geology) An alluvial sediment deposited by a mineral spring.


sial

Coined by Eduard Suess in 1909, in Das Antlitz der Erde, as a blend of translingual Si (silicon) + Al (aluminum).

ref

Eduard Suess (1909) “Vierter Theil, Vierundzwanzigster Abschnitt: Die Tiefen”, in Das Antlitz der Erde (in German), volume 3.2, Wien: F. Tempsky, →OCLC, page 626:
Wir nehmen ferner drei Zonen oder Hüllen als maassgebend für die Beschaffenheit der Erde an, u. zw. die Barysphäre oder das Nife (Ni-Fe), ferner Sima (Si-Mg) und Sial (Si-Al). Diese Theilung unterscheidet sich von der Classification, die von hervorragenden americanischen Petrographen vorgeschlagen wurde, durch die Abtrennung der metallischen Barysphäre (Nife).
We further assume the existence of three zones or envelopes as determining the structure of the earth, namely, the barysphere or the Nife (Ni-Fe), Sima (Si-Mg), and Sial (Si-Al). This division differs from the classification which has been proposed by distinguished American petrographers, in the separation of the metallic barysphere (Nife).

(geology) The rocks rich in silicon and aluminum that form the upper layer of the earth's crust, which lies beneath all continental landmasses.


sial

sial (nominative singular)
sialit (nominative plural)
sial (accusative nominative singular)
sialit (accusative nominative plural)
sialin (accusative genitive singular)
sialit (accusative genitive plural)
sialin (genitive singular)
sialien (genitive plural)
sialia (partitive singular)
sialeja (partitive plural)
sialissa (inessive singular)
sialeissa (inessive plural)
sialista (elative singular)
sialeista (elative plural)
sialiin (illative singular)
sialeihin (illative plural)
sialilla (adessive singular)
sialeilla (adessive plural)
sialilta (ablative singular)
sialeilta (ablative plural)
sialille (allative singular)
sialeille (allative plural)
sialina (essive singular)
sialeina (essive plural)
sialiksi (singular translative)
sialeiksi (plural translative)
sialitta (abessive singular)
sialeitta (abessive plural)
sialein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
sialini (nominative singular)
sialini (nominative plural)
sialini (accusative nominative singular)
sialini (accusative nominative plural)
sialini (accusative genitive singular)
sialini (accusative genitive plural)
sialini (genitive singular)
sialieni (genitive plural)
sialiani (partitive singular)
sialejani (partitive plural)
sialissani (inessive singular)
sialeissani (inessive plural)
sialistani (elative singular)
sialeistani (elative plural)
sialiini (illative singular)
sialeihini (illative plural)
sialillani (adessive singular)
sialeillani (adessive plural)
sialiltani (ablative singular)
sialeiltani (ablative plural)
sialilleni (allative singular)
sialeilleni (allative plural)
sialinani (essive singular)
sialeinani (essive plural)
sialikseni (singular translative)
sialeikseni (plural translative)
sialittani (abessive singular)
sialeittani (abessive plural)
sialeineni (comitative plural)
sialisi (nominative singular)
sialisi (nominative plural)
sialisi (accusative nominative singular)
sialisi (accusative nominative plural)
sialisi (accusative genitive singular)
sialisi (accusative genitive plural)
sialisi (genitive singular)
sialiesi (genitive plural)
sialiasi (partitive singular)
sialejasi (partitive plural)
sialissasi (inessive singular)
sialeissasi (inessive plural)
sialistasi (elative singular)
sialeistasi (elative plural)
sialiisi (illative singular)
sialeihisi (illative plural)
sialillasi (adessive singular)
sialeillasi (adessive plural)
sialiltasi (ablative singular)
sialeiltasi (ablative plural)
sialillesi (allative singular)
sialeillesi (allative plural)
sialinasi (essive singular)
sialeinasi (essive plural)
sialiksesi (singular translative)
sialeiksesi (plural translative)
sialittasi (abessive singular)
sialeittasi (abessive plural)
sialeinesi (comitative plural)
sialimme (nominative singular)
sialimme (nominative plural)
sialimme (accusative nominative singular)
sialimme (accusative nominative plural)
sialimme (accusative genitive singular)
sialimme (accusative genitive plural)
sialimme (genitive singular)
sialiemme (genitive plural)
sialiamme (partitive singular)
sialejamme (partitive plural)
sialissamme (inessive singular)
sialeissamme (inessive plural)
sialistamme (elative singular)
sialeistamme (elative plural)
sialiimme (illative singular)
sialeihimme (illative plural)
sialillamme (adessive singular)
sialeillamme (adessive plural)
sialiltamme (ablative singular)
sialeiltamme (ablative plural)
sialillemme (allative singular)
sialeillemme (allative plural)
sialinamme (essive singular)
sialeinamme (essive plural)
sialiksemme (singular translative)
sialeiksemme (plural translative)
sialittamme (abessive singular)
sialeittamme (abessive plural)
sialeinemme (comitative plural)
sialinne (nominative singular)
sialinne (nominative plural)
sialinne (accusative nominative singular)
sialinne (accusative nominative plural)
sialinne (accusative genitive singular)
sialinne (accusative genitive plural)
sialinne (genitive singular)
sialienne (genitive plural)
sialianne (partitive singular)
sialejanne (partitive plural)
sialissanne (inessive singular)
sialeissanne (inessive plural)
sialistanne (elative singular)
sialeistanne (elative plural)
sialiinne (illative singular)
sialeihinne (illative plural)
sialillanne (adessive singular)
sialeillanne (adessive plural)
sialiltanne (ablative singular)
sialeiltanne (ablative plural)
sialillenne (allative singular)
sialeillenne (allative plural)
sialinanne (essive singular)
sialeinanne (essive plural)
sialiksenne (singular translative)
sialeiksenne (plural translative)
sialittanne (abessive singular)
sialeittanne (abessive plural)
sialeinenne (comitative plural)
sialinsa (nominative singular)
sialinsa (nominative plural)
sialinsa (accusative nominative singular)
sialinsa (accusative nominative plural)
sialinsa (accusative genitive singular)
sialinsa (accusative genitive plural)
sialinsa (genitive singular)
sialiensa (genitive plural)
sialiaan (partitive singular)
sialiansa (partitive singular)
sialejaan (partitive plural)
sialejansa (partitive plural)
sialissaan (inessive singular)
sialissansa (inessive singular)
sialeissaan (inessive plural)
sialeissansa (inessive plural)
sialistaan (elative singular)
sialistansa (elative singular)
sialeistaan (elative plural)
sialeistansa (elative plural)
sialiinsa (illative singular)
sialeihinsa (illative plural)
sialillaan (adessive singular)
sialillansa (adessive singular)
sialeillaan (adessive plural)
sialeillansa (adessive plural)
sialiltaan (ablative singular)
sialiltansa (ablative singular)
sialeiltaan (ablative plural)
sialeiltansa (ablative plural)
sialilleen (allative singular)
sialillensa (allative singular)
sialeilleen (allative plural)
sialeillensa (allative plural)
sialinaan (essive singular)
sialinansa (essive singular)
sialeinaan (essive plural)
sialeinansa (essive plural)
sialikseen (singular translative)
sialiksensa (singular translative)
sialeikseen (plural translative)
sialeiksensa (plural translative)
sialittaan (abessive singular)
sialittansa (abessive singular)
sialeittaan (abessive plural)
sialeittansa (abessive plural)
sialeineen (comitative plural)
sialeinensa (comitative plural)


sial

Either from English sial or a blend of silikon (“silicon”) + aluminium (“aluminium”).


onyx

en-noun

onyx (countable and uncountable, plural onyxes)

From Middle English onix (c. 1300), earlier oniche (c. 1250), from Old French oniche or onix, from Latin onyx, from Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux, “onyx”). Doublet of unguis.

People talk about using marble in the bathrooms. Marble wasn't good enough for use—we have onyx!

2023 September 23, Tom Robbins, “Suite dreams”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts, page 1:

(mineralogy) A banded variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz.


magma

magma (countable and uncountable, plural magmas or magmata)

→ Vietnamese: mắc ma

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ǵyéti
Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Ancient Greek -μα (-ma)
Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma)der.
English magma
From Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).

etymon

(geology) The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc.


magma

From Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).


magma

Borrowed from Latin magma, from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma).


magma

magmaen (definite singular)
magmaer (indefinite plural)
magmaene (definite plural)
magmaet (definite singular)
magma (indefinite plural)
magmaa (definite plural)
magmaene (definite plural)


magma

magmaen (definite singular)
magmaer (indefinite plural)
magmaar (indefinite plural)
magmaene (definite plural)
magmaane (definite plural)
magmaet (definite singular)
magma (indefinite plural)
magmaa (definite plural)


magma

Borrowed from Latin magma, from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).

(geology, volcanology) magma (underground molten matter)


magma

màgma (canonical feminine)
ма̀гма (Cyrillic)
magma (nominative singular)
magme (nominative plural)
magme (genitive singular)
màgmī (genitive plural)
magmi (dative singular)
magmama (dative plural)
magmu (accusative singular)
magme (accusative plural)
magmo (singular vocative)
magme (plural vocative)
magmi (locative singular)
magmama (locative plural)
magmom (instrumental singular)
magmama (instrumental plural)


magma

Borrowed from English magma, from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma, “paste”).