magma

head

magma (definite accusative magmayı, plural magmalar)

magmayı (accusative definite)
magmalar (plural)
magma (nominative singular)
magmalar (nominative plural)
magmayı (accusative definite singular)
magmaları (accusative definite plural)
magmaya (dative singular)
magmalara (dative plural)
magmada (locative singular)
magmalarda (locative plural)
magmadan (ablative singular)
magmalardan (ablative plural)
magmanın (genitive singular)
magmaların (genitive plural)
magmam (first-person nominative singular)
magmalarım (first-person nominative singular)
magman (nominative second-person singular)
magmaların (nominative second-person singular)
magması (nominative singular third-person)
magmaları (nominative singular third-person)
magmamız (first-person nominative plural)
magmalarımız (first-person nominative plural)
magmanız (nominative plural second-person)
magmalarınız (nominative plural second-person)
magmaları (nominative plural third-person)
magmamı (accusative definite first-person singular)
magmalarımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
magmanı (accusative definite second-person singular)
magmalarını (accusative definite second-person singular)
magmasını (accusative definite singular third-person)
magmalarını (accusative definite singular third-person)
magmamızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
magmalarımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
magmanızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
magmalarınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
magmalarını (accusative definite plural third-person)
magmama (dative first-person singular)
magmalarıma (dative first-person singular)
magmana (dative second-person singular)
magmalarına (dative second-person singular)
magmasına (dative singular third-person)
magmalarına (dative singular third-person)
magmamıza (dative first-person plural)
magmalarımıza (dative first-person plural)
magmanıza (dative plural second-person)
magmalarınıza (dative plural second-person)
magmalarına (dative plural third-person)
magmamda (first-person locative singular)
magmalarımda (first-person locative singular)
magmanda (locative second-person singular)
magmalarında (locative second-person singular)
magmasında (locative singular third-person)
magmalarında (locative singular third-person)
magmamızda (first-person locative plural)
magmalarımızda (first-person locative plural)
magmanızda (locative plural second-person)
magmalarınızda (locative plural second-person)
magmalarında (locative plural third-person)
magmamdan (ablative first-person singular)
magmalarımdan (ablative first-person singular)
magmandan (ablative second-person singular)
magmalarından (ablative second-person singular)
magmasından (ablative singular third-person)
magmalarından (ablative singular third-person)
magmamızdan (ablative first-person plural)
magmalarımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
magmanızdan (ablative plural second-person)
magmalarınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
magmalarından (ablative plural third-person)
magmamın (first-person genitive singular)
magmalarımın (first-person genitive singular)
magmanın (genitive second-person singular)
magmalarının (genitive second-person singular)
magmasının (genitive singular third-person)
magmalarının (genitive singular third-person)
magmamızın (first-person genitive plural)
magmalarımızın (first-person genitive plural)
magmanızın (genitive plural second-person)
magmalarınızın (genitive plural second-person)
magmalarının (genitive plural third-person)

(planetology, geology, volcanology) magma


ret

ret (nominative singular)
rety (nominative plural)
retu (genitive singular)
retów (genitive plural)
retowi (dative singular)
retom (dative plural)
ret (accusative singular)
rety (accusative plural)
retem (instrumental singular)
retami (instrumental plural)
recie (locative singular)
retach (locative plural)
recie (singular vocative)
rety (plural vocative)


tuff

en-noun

tuff (countable and uncountable, plural tuffs)

From French tuffe, tuf, from Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus. Doublet of tufa.

This is what makes an ignimbrite; the general term for this kind of volcaniclastic rock is ‘tuff’.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 9n:

(petrology) A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel.


tuff

tuff (indefinite nominative singular)
tuffs (genitive indefinite singular)
tuffen (definite nominative singular)
tuffens (definite genitive singular)
tuffer (indefinite nominative plural)
tuffers (genitive indefinite plural)
tufferna (definite nominative plural)
tuffernas (definite genitive plural)


talus

By the time he reached the first talus slides under the tall escarpments of the Pilares the dawn was not far to come.

Above here is what is known as a talus slope - sandstone that has gradually disintegrated and tumbled down to create a menacing sloping pile of loose rock.

2024 May 29, Nick Brodrick, “Between a rock and a wet place...”, in RAIL, number 1010, page 39:

(geology) A sloping heap of fragments of rock lying at the foot of a precipice.


wadi

From Arabic وَادٍ (wādin, “valley, riverbed, ravine”).


bleb

Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.

1974, George E. Stoertz, George E. Ericksen, Geology of Salars in Northern Chile, Geological Survey Professional Paper 811, page 32,
Figure 23. […] The crust is underlain by silty sand, which is loosely cemented by a meshwork of gypsum crystals and contains blebs and small nodules of white ulexite (U).

(geology) A bubble-like inclusion of one mineral within another.


silt

en-noun

silt (countable and uncountable, plural silts)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-silt.wav

From Middle English silte, cilte, cylte, perhaps from Middle English silen ("to filter; strain"; equivalent to sile + -t), or cognate with Norwegian and Danish sylt (“salt marsh”), Middle Low German sulte (“salt-marsh”), German Sülze (“meat in aspic”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *sultijō (“salty water; brine”). Related to Old English sealt (“salt”).

der

Above the lower headcut, phreatophytic mesquite and little leaf sumac hug the banks, drawing pendulate water from the silts remaining from former marsh deposits and sending long taproots into channel stores.

2007, Susan L. Woodward, “Modern Vegetation of the Murray Springs Area and the Upper San Pedro Valley”, in Caleb Vance Haynes, Bruce B. Huckell, editor, Murray Springs, page 58:

The gravels, initially deposited by surf-zone processes during the Pleistocene low stands in this area were drowned by quartzose sands, and then the prodeltaic silts and clays deposited by the seaward prograding-feather edge of the Holocene Orange Delta were subsequently integrated into the delta-front by bioturbation.

2015 December 1, “Infaunal Benthic Communities from the Inner Shelf off Southwestern Africa Are Characterised by Generalist Species”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(countable, geology) A particle from 3.9 to 62.5 microns in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.


silt

head

silt (singular definite -en, not used in plural form)


silt

id-noun

silt (first-person possessive siltku, second-person possessive siltmu, third-person possessive siltnya)

siltku (first-person possessive)
siltmu (possessive second-person)
siltnya (possessive third-person)


strop

strop (nominative singular)
stropy (nominative plural)
stropu (genitive singular)
stropów (genitive plural)
stropowi (dative singular)
stropom (dative plural)
strop (accusative singular)
stropy (accusative plural)
stropem (instrumental singular)
stropami (instrumental plural)
stropie (locative singular)
stropach (locative plural)
stropie (singular vocative)
stropy (plural vocative)


sima

Coined by Eduard Suess in 1909, in Das Antlitz der Erde, as a blend of silicon + magnesium.

ref

Eduard Suess (1909) “Vierter Theil, Vierundzwanzigster Abschnitt: Die Tiefen”, in Das Antlitz der Erde (in German), volume 3.2, Wien: F. Tempsky, →OCLC, page 626:
Wir nehmen ferner drei Zonen oder Hüllen als maassgebend für die Beschaffenheit der Erde an, u. zw. die Barysphäre oder das Nife (Ni-Fe), ferner Sima (Si-Mg) und Sial (Si-Al). Diese Theilung unterscheidet sich von der Classification, die von hervorragenden americanischen Petrographen vorgeschlagen wurde, durch die Abtrennung der metallischen Barysphäre (Nife).
We further assume the existence of three zones or envelopes as determining the structure of the earth, namely, the barysphere or the Nife (Ni-Fe), Sima (Si-Mg), and Sial (Si-Al). This division differs from the classification which has been proposed by distinguished American petrographers, in the separation of the metallic barysphere (Nife).

(geology) The lower layer of the earth's outer crust that underlies the sial and is rich in silica, iron, and magnesium.


sima

id-noun

sima (first-person possessive simaku, second-person possessive simamu, third-person possessive simanya)

simaku (first-person possessive)
simamu (possessive second-person)
simanya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from English sima (“lower layer of Earth's outer crust”), blend of silicon + magnesium.

bor+

(geology) sima: The lower layer of the earth's outer crust that underlies the sial and is rich in silica, iron, and magnesium.


sima

Either from English sima or a blend of silikon (“silicon”) + magnesium.


mica

en-noun

mica (countable and uncountable, plural micas)

Borrowed from Latin mīca (“grain, crumb”).

His little eyes glittered like mica discs with curiosity, though he tried to keep up a bit of superciliousness.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 214:

(mineralogy) Any of a group of hydrous aluminosilicate minerals characterized by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate into very thin leaves, more or less elastic.

雲母

うんも, unmo, うんぼ, unbo, きらら, kirara, きら, kira


mica

Borrowed from Latin mīca. Doublet of mie and miche.


mica

Borrowed from Latin mīca, the same source as the above.


mica

la-noun

mīca f (genitive mīcae); first declension

mīca (canonical feminine)
mīcae (genitive)
mīca (nominative singular)
mīcae (nominative plural)
mīcae (genitive singular)
mīcārum (genitive plural)
mīcae (dative singular)
mīcīs (dative plural)
mīcam (accusative singular)
mīcās (accusative plural)
mīcā (ablative singular)
mīcīs (ablative plural)
mīca (singular vocative)
mīcae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: mică

Italian: mica

Old French: mie
French: mie

Old Galician-Portuguese: miga

Galician: miga

Portuguese: miga

Old Spanish: miga

Spanish: miga

→ English: mica

→ French: mica

→ Galician: mica

→ Portuguese: mica

→ Spanish: mica

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *mīcca

Aragonese: mica (in no mica "not")

Old French: miche

French: miche

→ Basque: mitsika

→ Breton: méchen

→ Portuguese: micha

Italian: frammica (“crumb”) (Marche)

Ligurian: micca (“a small loaf”) (Genoa)

Piedmontese: mica

Old Occitan:

Catalan: mica

Occitan: mica

→ Alemannic German: Miigge

→ Dutch: mik

→ West Frisian: mik

Calabrian dialect
Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

Uncertain:
* traditionally derived from Proto-Italic *(s)mīkā, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meyk- (“small, thin, delicate”), related to Ancient Greek (σ)μῑκρός ((s)mīkrós) – details there.
* in view of meaning (1), De Vaan (2008) with Nyman (1987) prefer Proto-Italic *meikā (“a glittering particle”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyk- (“to blink”), whence also micō.
Attested from Cato onwards.
A number of Romance forms, e.g. Romanian mic, Neapolitan miccu, Calabrian/Sicilian miccu, reflect an unattested adjective *mīccus. This is probably unrelated, being a borrowing from Ancient Greek μῑκκός (mīkkós), variant of μῑκρός (mīkrós, “small”); the form *mīcca is associated with the meaning “loaf of bread” particularly in Gallo-Romance and Gallo-Italic.


mica

Borrowed from Latin mīca. Doublet of miga.

(mineralogy) mica (hydrous aluminosilicate mineral)


mica

Borrowed from Latin mīca. Compare the inherited doublet miga.


denudation

en-noun

denudation (countable and uncountable, plural denudations)

From Middle French dénudation, from Latin denudatio.

(geology) The laying bare of rocks by the washing away of the overlying earth, etc.; or the excavation and removal of them by the action of running water.


cuvette

→ English: cuvette

→ German: Küvette

→ Portuguese: cuvete

→ Romanian: chiuvetă

→ Turkish: küvet


degradation

degradation (countable and uncountable, plural degradations)

/ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-degradation.wav

From French dégradation. Morphologically degrade + -ation.

Overexploitation of land for fuelwood is a further cause of soil degradation in Africa, Asia and South America

2017, Nigel Woodcock, Geology and Environment In Britain and Ireland:

(geology) A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, frost etc.


disintegration

disintegration (countable and uncountable, plural disintegrations)

/dɪsˌɪd.əˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/

[dɪsˌɪn.əˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən]

From disintegrate + -ion or dis- + integration.

(geology) The wearing away or falling to pieces of rocks or strata, produced by atmospheric action, frost, ice, etc.

dezintegracja

geology: a wearing away or falling to pieces of rocks or strata, produced by atmospheric action, frost, ice, etc.


dislocation

dislocation (countable and uncountable, plural dislocations)

From Middle English, from Old French, a borrowing from Medieval Latin dislocātiō, delocatio.

(geology) The displacement of parts of rocks or portions of strata from the situation which they originally occupied.


differentiation

differentiation (countable and uncountable, plural differentiations)

/ˌdɪf.əˌɹɛn.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/

From differentiate + -ion, from different + -iate, from differ + -ent, from Middle English differen, from Old French differer, from Latin differō (“carry apart, put off, defer; differ”), from dis- (“apart”) + ferō (“carry, bear”); cognate with Ancient Greek διαφέρω (diaphérō, “to differ”).

видоизменение

gradual formation or production of organs or parts by a process of evolution or development

(geology) The process of separation of cooling magma into various rock types.


spar

en-noun

spar (countable and uncountable, plural spars)

→ Irish: sparra

→ Welsh: sbar

From Middle Low German spar, sper (“spar”); or from a backformation of sparstone (“spar”), from Middle English sparston (“gypsum, chalk”), from Old English spærstān (“gypsum”). Related to German Sparkalk (“plaster”), Old English spæren (“of plaster, of mortar”).

cog

(mineralogy) Any of various microcrystalline minerals, of light, translucent, or transparent appearance, which are easily cleft.

(mineralogy) Any crystal with readily discernible faces.

espat

any crystal with readily discernible faces


distillation

en-noun

distillation (countable and uncountable, plural distillations)

/dɪstɪˈlæɪʃən/

From Middle English distillacioun, from Anglo-Norman distillacioun, from Latin distīllātiōnem, accusative of distīllātiō.

chemical engineering
chemical engineering

(chemistry, chemical engineering) The separation of more volatile parts of a substance from less volatile ones by evaporation and condensation.

(petrochemistry) Separation of petroleum into specific hydrocarbon groups; fractionation.


corona

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

laki

upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body

kruunu

appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona

The area density of impact craters on the surfaces of the coronas suggests that the episode of tidal heating occurred approximately one billion years ago[…].

2007, Gunter Faure, Teresa M. Mensing, “Uranus: What Happened Here?”, in Introduction to Planetary Science: The Geological Perspective, Dordrecht: Springer, →ISBN, page 379, column 1:

(also geology) An oval-shaped astrogeological feature, present on both the planet Venus and Uranus's moon Miranda, probably formed by upwellings of warm material below the surface.

Green hornblende is abundant at the rims of chlorite coronas in contact with amphibole-filled cracks, whereas it is minor (but not absent) in coronas in contact with chlorite-filled cracks.

2017, J. Theo Kloprogge, Robert Lavinsky, “Introduction: Geological Examples”, in Photo Atlas of Mineral Pseudomorphism, Amsterdam, Kidlington, Oxfordshire: Elsevier, →ISBN, figure 1.45 caption, page 67:

(mineralogy) A mineral zone, consisting of one or more minerals, which surrounds another mineral or lies at the interface of two minerals, typically in a radial arrangement; a reaction rim.

sauma

mineral zone which surrounds another mineral or lies at the interface of two minerals


foliation

en-noun

foliation (countable and uncountable, plural foliations)

/fəʊlɪˈeɪʃn/

From French foliation, from Latin folium (“leaf”).

Formation of alteration minerals in the host rock during deformation within the shear zone is indicated by the parallel foliation within the secondary micaceous minerals and the unmineralized host schist.

1983, Warren C. Day, Richard M. Tosdal, E.L. Acosta, J.C. Aruspon, L. Carvajal, E. Cedeño, Glenda Lowry, L.F. Martinez, J.A. Noriega, Fernanco J. Niñez, J. Rojas, F. Prieto, “Geology of the Lo Indreíble Mining District and U-Pb Age of the Early Proterozoic Yuruari Formation of the Pastora Supergroup, Guayana Shield, Venezuela”, in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, numbers 2122-2127, page E-12:

The dominant strike orientation of both bedding and foliation of Vermont bedrock is north or northeasterly.

1993, Charles A. Baskerville, Fitzhugh T. Lee, Charles A. Ratté, “Landslide Hazards in Vermont”, in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, published 2043, page 18:

They show that curved inclusion trails may form even with no coupling, as the porphyroblast overgrows foliation that is deflected around it.

1996, Eric C. Beam, Modeling Growth and Rotation of Porphyroblasts and Inclusion Trails, D.G. De Paor, Structural Geology and Personal Computers, p.249

In sedimentary rocks, the magnetic foliation results from a combination of depositional processes and diagenetic compaction.

2004, F. Martín-Hernández, C. M. Lüneburg, C. Aubourg, M. Jackson, “Magnetic fabric: methods and applications - an introduction”, in Magnetic Fabric: Methods and Applications, Geological Society of London, page 3:

(geology) The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of being divided into plates or layers, due to the cleavage structure of one of the constituents, as mica or hornblende. It may sometimes include slaty structure or cleavage, though the latter is usually independent of any mineral constituent, and transverse to the bedding, it having been produced by pressure.


crater

First coined 1613, from Latin crātēr (“basin”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr, “mixing-bowl, wassail-bowl”).

der

(geology) The basin-like opening or mouth of a volcano, through which the chief eruption comes; similarly, the mouth of a geyser, about which a cone of silica is often built up.


hircine

First attested in its present form in 1650–1660: From Middle English hircyne, from Latin hircīnus (“of a goat”, “goat-scented”); equivalent to hircus (“a male goat”) + -īnus (“-ine”). Cognate with French hircin. Compare caprine, haedine.

(mineralogy) A fossil amorphous resin which, when burnt, gives off a pungent, hircinous aroma.


impregnation

en-noun

impregnation (countable and uncountable, plural impregnations)

/ɪmpɹɛɡˈneɪʃən/

From Middle English impregnacioun, from Old French impregnacion, in turn from Late Latin impregnatio.

Oil-shales are often the last relics of a former impregnation with petroleum; they are associated with phenomena—such as the intrusive asphaltites or manjacks—common to petroliferous regions, but in many cases the parent oilfields, the sources of the former impregnation, are things of the past.

1922, Intermountain Industry and Engineering: Official Publication: Utah Motor Transport Ass'n, volume 24:

(geology) An ore deposit, with indefinite boundaries, consisting of rock impregnated with ore.


heave

en-verb

heave (third-person singular simple present heaves, present participle heaving, simple past heaved or hove, past participle heaved or hove or hoven or heft)

heaves (present singular third-person)
heaving (participle present)
heaved (past)
hove (past)
heaved (participle past)
hove (participle past)
hoven (participle past)
heft (participle past)

→ Danish: hive

→ Faroese: hiva

desc

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hiva, hive (e and split infinitives)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hive

→ Scanian: hyva

Hallandian: hiva

→ Swedish: hiva

Sudermannian: hyva

From Middle English heven, hebben, from Old English hebban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to take up, lift”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *keh₂p-. See also have.
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian heffe, Dutch heffen ("to raise", "to lift"), German heben ("to raise", "to lift"), Danish hæve ("to raise", "to lift"), Albanian kap (“I grasp, seize”), Old Irish cáin (“law, tribute”), cacht (“prisoner”), Latin capiō (“to take”), Latvian kàmpt (“to seize”), Ancient Greek κάπτω (káptō, “to gulp down”), κώπη (kṓpē, “handle”)).

cog

(transitive, mining, geology) To displace (a vein, stratum).


ledge

From Middle English legge; usually considered to be from Middle English leggen, a variant of leyen (“to put, lay (down, waste to)”).

(geology) A shelf, ridge, or reef, of rocks.

(protruding part of a façade or structure) otsa


manner

manner (nominative singular)
mantere (nominative singular)
manteret (nominative plural)
mantereet (nominative plural)
manner (accusative nominative singular)
mantere (accusative nominative singular)
manteret (accusative nominative plural)
mantereet (accusative nominative plural)
manteren (accusative genitive singular)
mantereen (accusative genitive singular)
manteret (accusative genitive plural)
mantereet (accusative genitive plural)
manteren (genitive singular)
mantereen (genitive singular)
manterien (genitive plural)
mannerten (genitive plural)
mantereiden (genitive plural)
mantereitten (genitive plural)
mannerta (partitive singular)
manteretta (partitive singular)
manteria (partitive plural)
mantereita (partitive plural)
manteressa (inessive singular)
mantereessa (inessive singular)
manterissa (inessive plural)
mantereissa (inessive plural)
manteresta (elative singular)
mantereesta (elative singular)
manterista (elative plural)
mantereista (elative plural)
mantereen (illative singular)
mantereeseen (illative singular)
manteriin (illative plural)
mantereisiin (illative plural)
mantereihin (illative plural)
manterella (adessive singular)
mantereella (adessive singular)
manterilla (adessive plural)
mantereilla (adessive plural)
manterelta (ablative singular)
mantereelta (ablative singular)
manterilta (ablative plural)
mantereilta (ablative plural)
manterelle (allative singular)
mantereelle (allative singular)
manterille (allative plural)
mantereille (allative plural)
manterena (essive singular)
mantereena (essive singular)
manterina (essive plural)
mantereina (essive plural)
mantereksi (singular translative)
mantereeksi (singular translative)
manteriksi (plural translative)
mantereiksi (plural translative)
manteretta (abessive singular)
mantereetta (abessive singular)
manteritta (abessive plural)
mantereitta (abessive plural)
manterin (instructive plural)
manterein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
mantereni (nominative singular)
mantereeni (nominative singular)
mantereni (nominative plural)
mantereeni (nominative plural)
mantereni (accusative nominative singular)
mantereeni (accusative nominative singular)
mantereni (accusative nominative plural)
mantereeni (accusative nominative plural)
mantereni (accusative genitive singular)
mantereeni (accusative genitive singular)
mantereni (accusative genitive plural)
mantereeni (accusative genitive plural)
mantereni (genitive singular)
mantereeni (genitive singular)
manterieni (genitive plural)
mannerteni (genitive plural)
mantereideni (genitive plural)
mantereitteni (genitive plural)
mannertani (partitive singular)
manterettani (partitive singular)
manteriani (partitive plural)
mantereitani (partitive plural)
manteressani (inessive singular)
mantereessani (inessive singular)
manterissani (inessive plural)
mantereissani (inessive plural)
manterestani (elative singular)
mantereestani (elative singular)
manteristani (elative plural)
mantereistani (elative plural)
mantereeni (illative singular)
mantereeseeni (illative singular)
manteriini (illative plural)
mantereisiini (illative plural)
mantereihini (illative plural)
manterellani (adessive singular)
mantereellani (adessive singular)
manterillani (adessive plural)
mantereillani (adessive plural)
mantereltani (ablative singular)
mantereeltani (ablative singular)
manteriltani (ablative plural)
mantereiltani (ablative plural)
manterelleni (allative singular)
mantereelleni (allative singular)
manterilleni (allative plural)
mantereilleni (allative plural)
manterenani (essive singular)
mantereenani (essive singular)
manterinani (essive plural)
mantereinani (essive plural)
manterekseni (singular translative)
mantereekseni (singular translative)
manterikseni (plural translative)
mantereikseni (plural translative)
manterettani (abessive singular)
mantereettani (abessive singular)
manterittani (abessive plural)
mantereittani (abessive plural)
manterineni (comitative plural)
mantereineni (comitative plural)
manteresi (nominative singular)
mantereesi (nominative singular)
manteresi (nominative plural)
mantereesi (nominative plural)
manteresi (accusative nominative singular)
mantereesi (accusative nominative singular)
manteresi (accusative nominative plural)
mantereesi (accusative nominative plural)
manteresi (accusative genitive singular)
mantereesi (accusative genitive singular)
manteresi (accusative genitive plural)
mantereesi (accusative genitive plural)
manteresi (genitive singular)
mantereesi (genitive singular)
manteriesi (genitive plural)
mannertesi (genitive plural)
mantereidesi (genitive plural)
mantereittesi (genitive plural)
mannertasi (partitive singular)
manterettasi (partitive singular)
manteriasi (partitive plural)
mantereitasi (partitive plural)
manteressasi (inessive singular)
mantereessasi (inessive singular)
manterissasi (inessive plural)
mantereissasi (inessive plural)
manterestasi (elative singular)
mantereestasi (elative singular)
manteristasi (elative plural)
mantereistasi (elative plural)
mantereesi (illative singular)
mantereeseesi (illative singular)
manteriisi (illative plural)
mantereisiisi (illative plural)
mantereihisi (illative plural)
manterellasi (adessive singular)
mantereellasi (adessive singular)
manterillasi (adessive plural)
mantereillasi (adessive plural)
mantereltasi (ablative singular)
mantereeltasi (ablative singular)
manteriltasi (ablative plural)
mantereiltasi (ablative plural)
manterellesi (allative singular)
mantereellesi (allative singular)
manterillesi (allative plural)
mantereillesi (allative plural)
manterenasi (essive singular)
mantereenasi (essive singular)
manterinasi (essive plural)
mantereinasi (essive plural)
mantereksesi (singular translative)
mantereeksesi (singular translative)
manteriksesi (plural translative)
mantereiksesi (plural translative)
manterettasi (abessive singular)
mantereettasi (abessive singular)
manterittasi (abessive plural)
mantereittasi (abessive plural)
manterinesi (comitative plural)
mantereinesi (comitative plural)
manteremme (nominative singular)
mantereemme (nominative singular)
manteremme (nominative plural)
mantereemme (nominative plural)
manteremme (accusative nominative singular)
mantereemme (accusative nominative singular)
manteremme (accusative nominative plural)
mantereemme (accusative nominative plural)
manteremme (accusative genitive singular)
mantereemme (accusative genitive singular)
manteremme (accusative genitive plural)
mantereemme (accusative genitive plural)
manteremme (genitive singular)
mantereemme (genitive singular)
manteriemme (genitive plural)
mannertemme (genitive plural)
mantereidemme (genitive plural)
mantereittemme (genitive plural)
mannertamme (partitive singular)
manterettamme (partitive singular)
manteriamme (partitive plural)
mantereitamme (partitive plural)
manteressamme (inessive singular)
mantereessamme (inessive singular)
manterissamme (inessive plural)
mantereissamme (inessive plural)
manterestamme (elative singular)
mantereestamme (elative singular)
manteristamme (elative plural)
mantereistamme (elative plural)
mantereemme (illative singular)
mantereeseemme (illative singular)
manteriimme (illative plural)
mantereisiimme (illative plural)
mantereihimme (illative plural)
manterellamme (adessive singular)
mantereellamme (adessive singular)
manterillamme (adessive plural)
mantereillamme (adessive plural)
mantereltamme (ablative singular)
mantereeltamme (ablative singular)
manteriltamme (ablative plural)
mantereiltamme (ablative plural)
manterellemme (allative singular)
mantereellemme (allative singular)
manterillemme (allative plural)
mantereillemme (allative plural)
manterenamme (essive singular)
mantereenamme (essive singular)
manterinamme (essive plural)
mantereinamme (essive plural)
mantereksemme (singular translative)
mantereeksemme (singular translative)
manteriksemme (plural translative)
mantereiksemme (plural translative)
manterettamme (abessive singular)
mantereettamme (abessive singular)
manterittamme (abessive plural)
mantereittamme (abessive plural)
manterinemme (comitative plural)
mantereinemme (comitative plural)
manterenne (nominative singular)
mantereenne (nominative singular)
manterenne (nominative plural)
mantereenne (nominative plural)
manterenne (accusative nominative singular)
mantereenne (accusative nominative singular)
manterenne (accusative nominative plural)
mantereenne (accusative nominative plural)
manterenne (accusative genitive singular)
mantereenne (accusative genitive singular)
manterenne (accusative genitive plural)
mantereenne (accusative genitive plural)
manterenne (genitive singular)
mantereenne (genitive singular)
manterienne (genitive plural)
mannertenne (genitive plural)
mantereidenne (genitive plural)
mantereittenne (genitive plural)
mannertanne (partitive singular)
manterettanne (partitive singular)
manterianne (partitive plural)
mantereitanne (partitive plural)
manteressanne (inessive singular)
mantereessanne (inessive singular)
manterissanne (inessive plural)
mantereissanne (inessive plural)
manterestanne (elative singular)
mantereestanne (elative singular)
manteristanne (elative plural)
mantereistanne (elative plural)
mantereenne (illative singular)
mantereeseenne (illative singular)
manteriinne (illative plural)
mantereisiinne (illative plural)
mantereihinne (illative plural)
manterellanne (adessive singular)
mantereellanne (adessive singular)
manterillanne (adessive plural)
mantereillanne (adessive plural)
mantereltanne (ablative singular)
mantereeltanne (ablative singular)
manteriltanne (ablative plural)
mantereiltanne (ablative plural)
manterellenne (allative singular)
mantereellenne (allative singular)
manterillenne (allative plural)
mantereillenne (allative plural)
manterenanne (essive singular)
mantereenanne (essive singular)
manterinanne (essive plural)
mantereinanne (essive plural)
mantereksenne (singular translative)
mantereeksenne (singular translative)
manteriksenne (plural translative)
mantereiksenne (plural translative)
manterettanne (abessive singular)
mantereettanne (abessive singular)
manterittanne (abessive plural)
mantereittanne (abessive plural)
manterinenne (comitative plural)
mantereinenne (comitative plural)
manterensa (nominative singular)
mantereensa (nominative singular)
manterensa (nominative plural)
mantereensa (nominative plural)
manterensa (accusative nominative singular)
mantereensa (accusative nominative singular)
manterensa (accusative nominative plural)
mantereensa (accusative nominative plural)
manterensa (accusative genitive singular)
mantereensa (accusative genitive singular)
manterensa (accusative genitive plural)
mantereensa (accusative genitive plural)
manterensa (genitive singular)
mantereensa (genitive singular)
manteriensa (genitive plural)
mannertensa (genitive plural)
mantereidensa (genitive plural)
mantereittensa (genitive plural)
mannertaan (partitive singular)
manterettaan (partitive singular)
mannertansa (partitive singular)
manterettansa (partitive singular)
manteriaan (partitive plural)
mantereitaan (partitive plural)
manteriansa (partitive plural)
mantereitansa (partitive plural)
manteressaan (inessive singular)
mantereessaan (inessive singular)
manteressansa (inessive singular)
mantereessansa (inessive singular)
manterissaan (inessive plural)
mantereissaan (inessive plural)
manterissansa (inessive plural)
mantereissansa (inessive plural)
manterestaan (elative singular)
mantereestaan (elative singular)
manterestansa (elative singular)
mantereestansa (elative singular)
manteristaan (elative plural)
mantereistaan (elative plural)
manteristansa (elative plural)
mantereistansa (elative plural)
mantereensa (illative singular)
mantereeseensa (illative singular)
manteriinsa (illative plural)
mantereisiinsa (illative plural)
mantereihinsa (illative plural)
manterellaan (adessive singular)
mantereellaan (adessive singular)
manterellansa (adessive singular)
mantereellansa (adessive singular)
manterillaan (adessive plural)
mantereillaan (adessive plural)
manterillansa (adessive plural)
mantereillansa (adessive plural)
mantereltaan (ablative singular)
mantereeltaan (ablative singular)
mantereltansa (ablative singular)
mantereeltansa (ablative singular)
manteriltaan (ablative plural)
mantereiltaan (ablative plural)
manteriltansa (ablative plural)
mantereiltansa (ablative plural)
manterelleen (allative singular)
mantereelleen (allative singular)
manterellensa (allative singular)
mantereellensa (allative singular)
manterilleen (allative plural)
mantereilleen (allative plural)
manterillensa (allative plural)
mantereillensa (allative plural)
manterenaan (essive singular)
mantereenaan (essive singular)
manterenansa (essive singular)
mantereenansa (essive singular)
manterinaan (essive plural)
mantereinaan (essive plural)
manterinansa (essive plural)
mantereinansa (essive plural)
manterekseen (singular translative)
mantereekseen (singular translative)
mantereksensa (singular translative)
mantereeksensa (singular translative)
manterikseen (plural translative)
mantereikseen (plural translative)
manteriksensa (plural translative)
mantereiksensa (plural translative)
manterettaan (abessive singular)
mantereettaan (abessive singular)
manterettansa (abessive singular)
mantereettansa (abessive singular)
manterittaan (abessive plural)
mantereittaan (abessive plural)
manterittansa (abessive plural)
mantereittansa (abessive plural)
manterineen (comitative plural)
mantereineen (comitative plural)
manterinensa (comitative plural)
mantereinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *mandër, from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?] or possibly from Proto-Finnic *maa. Equivalent to *mante- + -re. Cognate to Estonian mander and Veps mandreh.

mannerjalusta

Määritelmästä riippuen mantereita on neljä, viisi, kuusi tai seitsemän.

Depending on definition there are four, five, six or seven continents.


plaque

→ Persian: پلاک (pelâk)

From Middle Dutch placken (“to patch, beat metal into a thin plate”), from placke (“disk, patch, stain”), from *Old Dutch plagga (“patch”), from Proto-Germanic *plaggą (“patch”).

der

(geology) plate (especially a tectonic plate)


segregation

en-noun

segregation (countable and uncountable, plural segregations)

/sɛɡɹəˈɡeɪ̯ʃən/

1555. From Latin segregatio.
Morphologically segregate + -ion

сегрегация

politics, public policy — see also apartheid

(mineralogy) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive or adhesive attraction or the crystallizing process.


sard

sard (countable and uncountable, plural sards)

From Middle English sarde, borrowed from Old French sarde, from Latin sarda, sardius. Doublet of sardius.

(mineralogy) A variety of carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red color.


segregate

en-adj

segregate (comparative more segregate, superlative most segregate)

more segregate (comparative)
most segregate (superlative)

/ˈsɛɡɹəˌɡeɪt/

From Latin sēgregātus, perfect passive participle of sēgregō (“I separate”), from sē- (“apart”) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious, aggregate.

(geology) Separate from a mass and collected together along lines of fraction.


secondary

secondary (not generally comparable, comparative more secondary, superlative most secondary)

more secondary (comparative)
most secondary (superlative)

From Middle English secundarie, from Latin secundārius (“of the second class or quality”), from secundus (whence the English second) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary), equivalent to second + -ary; compare the French secondaire, the Italian secondario, the Occitan secundari, the Portuguese secundario, and the Spanish secundario.

der

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
secondary

(geology) Produced by alteration or deposition subsequent to the formation of the original rock mass.

quaternary

secondary cleavage

(geology) Developed by pressure or other causes.


magnetit

magnètīt (canonical masculine)
магнѐтӣт (Cyrillic)
magnètīt (nominative singular)
magnetiti (nominative plural)
magnetíta (genitive singular)
magnetita (genitive plural)
magnetitu (dative singular)
magnetitima (dative plural)
magnetit (accusative singular)
magnetite (accusative plural)
magnetite (singular vocative)
magnetiti (plural vocative)
magnetitu (locative singular)
magnetitima (locative plural)
magnetitom (instrumental singular)
magnetitima (instrumental plural)


shale

en-noun

shale (countable and uncountable, plural shales)

From Middle English schale (“shell, husk; scale”), from Old English sċealu (“shell, husk, pod”), from Proto-Germanic *skalō (compare West Frisian skaal (“dish”), Dutch schaal (“shell”), schalie (“shale”), German Schale (“husk, pod”)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cut”) (compare Lithuanian skalà (“splinter”), Old Church Slavonic скала (skala, “rock, stone”), Polish skała (“rock”), Albanian halë (“fish bone, splinter”), Sanskrit कल (kalá, “small part”)), from *(s)kel- (“to split, cleave”) (compare Hittite [script needed] (iškalla, “to tear apart, slit open”), Lithuanian skélti (“to split”), Ancient Greek σκάλλω (skállō, “to hoe, harrow”)). Doublet of scale. See also shell.

cog

As on all large green roofs, the soil is not dirt exactly but a gravel-like growing medium of granulated pumice, shales, clays and other minerals.

2007 March 23, Patricia Leigh Brown, “The Window Box Gets Some Tough Competition”, in New York Times:

(geology) A fine-grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure.


intensity

en-noun

intensity (countable and uncountable, plural intensities)

From intense + -ity. Cf. also Medieval Latin intensitas.

(geology) The severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's surface, and buildings. The value depends on the distance from the epicentre, and is not to be confused with the magnitude.

kahapā

geology: the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's surface, and buildings


pedogenic

(geology) Pertaining to processes that add, transfer, transform, or remove soil constituents.


clinozoisite

clinozoisite (countable and uncountable, plural clinozoisites)

(mineralogy) A basic calcium aluminosilicate found in crystalline schists, a metamorphic product of calcium feldspar.


argentite

argentite (countable and uncountable, plural argentites)

(mineralogy) Silver sulfide, (Ag₂S), a primary ore of silver, in cubic or hexoctahedral crystals.


chalcocite

chalcocite (countable and uncountable, plural chalcocites)

Their croppings are either entirely barren or contain only a moderate amount of copper, but much richer ore is ordinarily found just above the chalcocite zone.

1905, Waldemar Lindgren, The Copper Deposits of the Clifton-Morenci District, Arizona, page 207:

(mineralogy) Cuprous sulfide, Cu₂S, an important ore of copper.


sanidine

sanidine (countable and uncountable, plural sanidines)

From Ancient Greek σανίς (sanís, “board”) + -ine.

(mineralogy) A variety of orthoclase feldspar found as tabular crystals embedded in volcanic rocks. Some forms (called moonstone) exhibit adularescence.


adularia

Named for the type locality at Adular, Switzerland.

(mineralogy) A variety of orthoclase feldspar found as colorless to white prismatic crystals in cavities in metamorphic rocks. Some specimens reflect a bluish sheen along crystal faces. This phenomenon is called adularescence, and adularia with this property is called moonstone. (See sanidine).


orthoclase

orthoclase (countable and uncountable, plural orthoclases)

(mineralogy) Potassium aluminum silicate, KAlSi₃O₈, a common feldspar of igneous, plutonic, and metamorphic rocks. Orthoclase is the main feldspar of pegmatite occurrences, where it is most commonly flesh-colored. Orthoclase is used in the ceramic and glass industries and as a decorative gravel.


andesine

andesine (countable and uncountable, plural andesines)

From Andes + -ine, after its type locality in the Andes of Colombia.

(mineralogy) Sodium calcium aluminum silicate, (Na_xCa_xAlSi_3O_8), a plagioclase feldspar, the third member of the albite-anorthite solid solution series. Found in fine-grained andesite lavas; crystals are rarely seen.


oligoclase

oligoclase (usually uncountable, plural oligoclases)

(mineralogy) A plagioclase feldspar, the second member of the Albite-Anorthite solid solution series. Primarily found as small crystals in impure marble. Oligoclase contains a small amount of calcium substituting for some of the sodium in its formula. Oligoclase with reddish-golden inclusions found in Norway and Canada is called sunstone.


plagioclase

plagioclase (usually uncountable, plural plagioclases)

From plagio- + -clase, after German Plagioklas.

These crystals are of one of the most abundant minerals in nature – feldspar; furthermore, they are of a particular kind of feldspar rich in the element calcium, termed plagioclase.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 51:

(mineralogy) Any of a group of aluminum silicate feldspathic minerals ranging in their ratio of calcium to sodium.


albite

From Latin albus (“white”), the common color of the mineral, + -ite.

(mineralogy) A plagioclase feldspar, the first member of the Albite-Anorthite solid solution series.


microcline

microcline (countable and uncountable, plural microclines)

(mineralogy) A common feldspar of igneous, plutonic, and metamorphic rocks, made of potassium aluminum silicate, with the chemical formula KAlSi₃O₈.


feldspar

feldspar (countable and uncountable, plural feldspars)

Partial calque of German Feldspat, formed from Feld (“field”) + Spat (“spar”), the second element replaced with the English cognate spar.

(mineralogy) Any of a large group of rock-forming minerals that, together, make up about 60% of the earth's outer crust.

veldspaat

any of a large group of rock-forming minerals


stack

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-stack.wav

From Middle English stack, stacke, stakke, stak, from Old Norse stakkr (“a barn; haystack; heap; pile”), from Proto-Germanic *stakkaz (“a barn; rick; haystack”), which per Kroonen (arguing for the controversial Kluge's law) is from *stogʰ-nós, cognate with Ancient Greek στόχος (stokhos), but unclear whether he derives *stogʰ-nós from a Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ- (“pole; rod; stick; stake”). Per Pokorny et al., from PIE *(s)teg- (“stake, pole, rod, stick, beam”) and cognate with Latin tignum ("tree trunk, beam, log"), but not cognate with Ancient Greek στόχος.
The data structure sense is a calque of Dutch stapel, introduced by Edsger W. Dijkstra.
Cognate with Icelandic stakkur (“stack”), Swedish stack (“stack”), Danish stak (“stack”), Norwegian stakk (“stack”). Related to stake and sauna.

der

(geology) A coastal landform, consisting of a large vertical column of rock in the sea.


labradorite

en-noun

labradorite (usually uncountable, plural labradorites)

/ˈlæb.ɹəˌdɔɹˌaɪt/

/ˌlæb.ɹəˈdɔɹˌaɪt/

(mineralogy) A plagioclase feldspar mineral, calcium sodium aluminum silicate, often very coarsely crystalline, used as a decorative stone for carvings and building façades.


bytownite

bytownite (usually uncountable, plural bytownites)

From Bytown + -ite, named for the type locality in Bytown (now Ottawa), Canada, but this locality was later discredited. The name, however, was kept.

(mineralogy) A plagioclase feldspar, the fifth member of the Albite-Anorthite solid solution series. Bytownite is rare, and normally occurs in small grains in lime-rich igneous rocks. Clear pale yellow crystals have come from Mexico and Oregon.


anorthite

anorthite (countable and uncountable, plural anorthites)

From Ancient Greek αν- (an-, “not”) + ὀρθός (orthós, “straight”) "not perpendicular; less than straight", in reference to its odd.

(mineralogy) A variety of plagioclase feldspar, the calcium endmember of that series.


nepheline

nepheline (countable and uncountable, plural nephelines)

From Ancient Greek νεφέλη (nephélē, “cloud”), because crystals become cloudy when exposed to acid, + -ine.

(mineralogy) A feldspathoid mineral of silica-poor igneous, plutonic and volcanic rocks. Chemically, nepheline is a plagioclase feldspar with insufficient silica to satisfy the chemical bonds. Because of the unfilled bonds, nepheline weathers rapidly and can only be seen as inclusions in freshly broken rock.


leucite

leucite (countable and uncountable, plural leucites)

From Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”) + -ite.

(mineralogy) A mineral of silica-poor igneous, plutonic and volcanic rocks. Chemically, leucite is a potassium feldspar with insufficient silica to satisfy the chemical bonds. Because of the unfilled bonds, leucite weathers rapidly and can only be seen as inclusions in freshly broken rock.


morganite

morganite (countable and uncountable, plural morganites)

(mineralogy) A gemstone of pegmatite deposits. Morganite is a transparent pink variety of beryl.


silica group

(mineralogy) A large group of silicate minerals having a silicon to oxygen ratio of 1:2. This group includes many silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminum in an open network structure.


feldspathoid

feldspathoid (countable and uncountable, plural feldspathoids)

From German Feldspath (“feldspar”) + -oid.

(mineralogy) Any of a small group of igneous, plutonic, and volcanic minerals formed in magma that did not contain enough silica to satisfy all the chemical bonds. Feldspathoids are silica-poor variants of the feldspar group.


맥

the hanja entry at 脈 for Sino-Korean compounds of 맥

something resembling a blood vessel-like network:


tridymite

tridymite (countable and uncountable, plural tridymites)

The name refers to the peculiar habit of crystallizing in groups of three individuals.

(mineralogy) A rare mineral of volcanic rocks that solidified at a high temperature, with the chemical composition silicon dioxide, SiO₂. Tridymite is chemically identical to quartz, but has a different crystal structure. Sometimes contains sodium aluminum silicate, which seems to be expelled when quartz solidifies at lower temperatures.


cristobalite

cristobalite (countable and uncountable, plural cristobalites)

Named for the type locality at Cerro San Cristóbal, Mexico, + -ite.

(mineralogy) A mineral of volcanic rocks that solidified at a high temperature. Cristobalite is chemically identical to quartz, with the chemical formula SiO₂, but has a different crystal structure. Crystals are always microscopic, and usually form small rounded masses.


sodalite

sodalite (countable and uncountable, plural sodalites)

Named for the alkaline silicate composition.

(mineralogy) A mineral of alkaline igneous and plutonic rocks that are low in silica, of the chemical composition of sodium aluminum silicate with chlorine, Na₄Al₃Si₃O₁₂Cl. Pink sodalite is sometimes called hackmanite. Sodalite and lazurite form the sodalite Group of silicate minerals.


lazurite

lazurite (usually uncountable, plural lazurites)

From Medieval Latin lazur (“lapis lazuli”) (from Arabic لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward), from Persian لاژورد (lâžvard)) + -ite.

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are […] . (Common gem materials not addressed in this article include amber, amethyst, chalcedony, garnet, lazurite, malachite, opals, peridot, rhodonite, spinel, tourmaline, turquoise and zircon.)

2012 March 14, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, page 128:

(mineralogy) A mineral of metamorphosed limestones. Lazurite forms the gemstone lapis lazuli, and crushed lazurite provided the ultramarine color in artists' paint of the Old Masters. Sodalite and lazurite form the sodalite group of silicate minerals. Chemical composition: Sodium aluminum silicate with sulphur, Na₄₋₅Al₃Si₃O₁₂S.


bedrock

bedrock (countable and uncountable, plural bedrocks)

From bed (“a layer on top of which something else rests.”) + rock.

compound

bed<t:a layer on top of which something else rests.>

The denudation of the land was upon a grand scale. All superficial accumulations were swept away, and the bedrock was exposed.

1880, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter XL, in A Tramp Abroad; […], Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company; London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Listen! It's big. Only eight to twenty feet to bedrock. There won't be a claim that don't run to half a million.

1912 October, Jack London, “The Stampede to Squaw Creek”, in Smoke Bellew, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co, →OCLC:

(uncountable, geology, mining, engineering, construction) The solid rock found at some depth below the ground surface.


metamorphic

(geology) Pertaining to metamorphism; having been structurally altered as a result of, or resulting from, exposure to intense heat and/or pressure (at the contact zone between colliding plates, for example).

metamòrfic

geology: resulting from intense heat and/or pressure


metamorphic

(mineralogy) A rock that has been changed from its original form by subjection to heat and/or pressure.


granite

en-noun

granite (countable and uncountable, plural granites)

From French granit (“granite”), from Italian granito (“granite”), from granire (“to granulate”), from grano (“grain”), from Latin grānum (“grain”). Compare granita.

(petrology) A group of igneous and plutonic rocks composed primarily of feldspar and quartz. Usually contains one or more dark minerals, which may be mica, pyroxene, or amphibole. Granite is quarried for building stone, road gravel, decorative stone, and tombstones. Common colors are gray, white, pink, and yellow-brown.


clast

(geology) a fragment of rock that was broken from a larger rock or rock unit.


quartz

quartz (countable and uncountable, plural quartzes)

→ Malay: kuarza

From German Quarz, from Middle High German (Central East German) quarz, twarc, from a West Slavic language [compare Polish twardy (“hard”), Czech tvrdý (“hard”)], from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ.

The telescope and collimator have each an object-glass consisting of a single lens of quartz 1½ inch diameter and a focal length of 18½ inches for the sodium yellow light, but not more than 16 inches for the highest rays measured.

1883, George Downing Liveing, James Dewar, “On the Ultra-Violet Spectra of the Elements”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, volume 174, Barrison and Sons, part I, page 188:

Subsequently, the old Malay brought him the present specimen in a state of torpidity, telling him he had found it in a cavity of the quartz reef.

1892 April 14, Armiger Barczinsky, “The Golden Snail”, in Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym of Edward Cave), editor, The Gentleman's Magazine, volume 272, page 331:

My meat eats me. Who waits at the gate? / Mother of quartz, your words writhe into my ear. / Renew the light, lewd whisper.

1948, Theodore Roethke, “The Shape of the Fire”, in The Lost Son and Other Poems; republished in The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke, 1975, →ISBN, page 62:

(mineralogy) The most abundant mineral on the earth's surface, of chemical composition silicon dioxide, SiO₂. It occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and amorphous. Found in every environment.


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Latin silex (“pebble, flint”), siliqua (“pod”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

(geology) The accreted mineral formed around a hollow geode.


eon

From Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age, era”).

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January 14, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

(astronomy, geology) A period of one billion (short scale, i.e. 1,000,000,000) years.

(geology) The longest geochronologic unit, being a period of hundreds of millions of years; subdivided into eras.


eon

nl-noun

eon m or n (plural eonen, diminutive eoontje n or eonnetje n)

eonen (plural)
eoontje (diminutive neuter)
eonnetje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age”).


eon

eonet (definite singular)
eon (indefinite plural)
eoner (indefinite plural)
eona (definite plural)
eonene (definite plural)

From Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age”).


eon

eonet (definite singular)
eon (indefinite plural)
eona (definite plural)


eon

eon (nominative singular)
eony (nominative plural)
eonu (genitive singular)
eonów (genitive plural)
eonowi (dative singular)
eonom (dative plural)
eon (accusative singular)
eony (accusative plural)
eonem (instrumental singular)
eonami (instrumental plural)
eonie (locative singular)
eonach (locative plural)
eonie (singular vocative)
eony (plural vocative)

(geology) eon (longest geochronologic unit, being a period of hundreds of millions of years; subdivided into eras)


eon

eon (indefinite nominative singular)
eons (genitive indefinite singular)
eonen (definite nominative singular)
eonens (definite genitive singular)
eoner (indefinite nominative plural)
eoners (genitive indefinite plural)
eonerna (definite nominative plural)
eonernas (definite genitive plural)


pyroclastic flow

en-noun

pyroclastic flow (countable and uncountable, plural pyroclastic flows)

In burning slabs like pyroclastic flow the top of the tower slewed off, militia pods falling out and tumbling.

2004, China Miéville, Iron Council, trade paperback, published 2005, page 465:

Most of the material was erupted in the most dangerous way as ‘pyroclastic flows’: incredibly hot volcanic fragments all buoyed up with gas that can travel fasted than a speeding car in pulse after pulse.

2011, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, page x:

(volcanology) A dense flow of volcanic ash, dust, rocks and debris that cascades at high speed down the slope of a volcano during an eruption.


concordant

en-adj

concordant (comparative more concordant, superlative most concordant)

more concordant (comparative)
most concordant (superlative)

French concordant, from Latin concordans, present participle of concordare. See concord.

Other forms of concordant intrusions, some of which will be commented upon in this chapter are shown in Fig. 3. 1(6).

1990, Neville J. Price, John W. Cosgrove, Analysis of Geological Structures, →ISBN, page 60:

(geology) Intruding parallel to the bedding.


slap

slȃp (canonical masculine)
сла̑п (Cyrillic)
slȃp (nominative singular)
slápovi (nominative plural)
slapa (genitive singular)
slapova (genitive plural)
slapu (dative singular)
slapovima (dative plural)
slap (accusative singular)
slapove (accusative plural)
slape (singular vocative)
slapovi (plural vocative)
slapu (locative singular)
slapovima (locative plural)
slapom (instrumental singular)
slapovima (instrumental plural)


slap

slȃp (canonical inanimate masculine)
slȃp (nominative singular)
slapȏva (dual nominative)
slapȏvi (nominative plural)
slapȗ (genitive singular)
slapóv (dual genitive)
slapóv (genitive plural)
slȃpu (dative singular)
slȃpi (dative singular)
slapȏvoma (dative dual)
slapȏvama (dative dual)
slapȏvom (dative plural)
slȃpȏvam (dative plural)
slȃp (accusative singular)
slapȏva (accusative dual)
slapȏve (accusative plural)
slȃpu (locative singular)
slȃpi (locative singular)
slapȏvih (dual locative)
slapȏvih (locative plural)
slȃpom (instrumental singular)
slapȏvoma (dual instrumental)
slapȏvama (dual instrumental)
slapȏvi (instrumental plural)
slȃp (singular vocative)
slapȏva (dual vocative)
slapȏvi (plural vocative)
slȃp (nominative singular)
slȃpa (dual nominative)
slȃpi (nominative plural)
slȃpa (genitive singular)
slȃpov (dual genitive)
slȃpov (genitive plural)
slȃpu (dative singular)
slȃpi (dative singular)
slȃpoma (dative dual)
slȃpama (dative dual)
slȃpom (dative plural)
slȃpam (dative plural)
slȃp (accusative singular)
slȃpa (accusative dual)
slȃpe (accusative plural)
slȃpu (locative singular)
slȃpi (locative singular)
slȃpih (dual locative)
slȃpah (dual locative)
slȃpih (locative plural)
slȃpah (locative plural)
slȃpom (instrumental singular)
slȃpoma (dual instrumental)
slȃpama (dual instrumental)
slȃpi (instrumental plural)
slȃp (singular vocative)
slȃpa (dual vocative)
slȃpi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Slavic *solpъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *salpás, probably from Proto-Indo-European *sel-.


cirque

Calvert Watkins
North Cascades National Park

Borrowed from French cirque (“circular arena; cirque”), from Latin circus (“circle, ring”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring; racecourse, circus”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend; to turn”). Doublet of circus.

der

Whose savage trample thus could pad the dank / Soil to a plash? toads in a poisoned tank, / Or wild cats in a red-hot iron cage— / The fight must so have seemed in that fell cirque.

1855, Robert Browning, “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came”, in Men and Women, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, published 1856, →OCLC, stanzas 22 and 23, page 102:

Of course it's going to be bad whenever the clouds let loose, but up here pussyfooting along the perimeter of toothy cirques and dead drops of anywhere from eighty to three hundred feet, it would be a disaster.

1981, T[homas] Coraghessan Boyle, Water Music, London: Granta Books, published 1998, →ISBN, page 344:

When the soldiers were not lost among tattered skeins of fog, they could see far out into the cirque, as if it were a bay of black water.

1991, Mark Helprin, A Soldier of the Great War, New York, N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, →ISBN, page 569:

Only a few lichens and mosses colonize the rocky walls of cirques and nunataks.

2008, Andrea M. J. Coronato, Fernando Coronato, Elizabeth Mazzoni, Miriam Vásquez, “The Physical Geography of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego”, in J. Rabassa, editor, The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 45:

(geology) A curved depression or natural amphitheatre, especially one in a mountainside at the end of a valley.


cirque

→ Arabic: سِيرْك (sīrk)

→ Persian: سیرک (sirk)

→ English: cirque

→ Turkish: sirk


melange

From French mélange, from Middle French mélange, meslange, from Old French meslance, meslinges (“set of diverse elements”), derived from mescler (“to mingle, mix up”) (modern French mêler), from Vulgar Latin *misculāre, from Latin misceō (“mix”) + -inges, a suffix from Frankish *-ingo (“-ing”). More at mix, -ing.

(geology) A large-scale breccia formed in the accretionary wedge over a subductional environment.


mineral

From Middle English mineral, borrowed from Old French mineral, (French minéral), from Medieval Latin minerale, from minera (“ore”), probably ultimately derived from Latin mina (“ore, mine”).

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

(geology) Any naturally occurring material that has a (more or less) definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties; especially, an inorganic one.


mineral

(geology) mineral (naturally occurring inorganic material with characteristic physical properties)


tellurian

[tʰəˈlɝː.iː.ɨ̃n]

From Latin tellūs (“earth, ground; the globe, planet Earth; country, land”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground, bottom”), + -ian (suffix meaning "from, related to, or like" when forming an adjective, or "one from, belonging to, relating to, or like" when forming a noun).

suffix

The tellurian mineral from Goldfield, Nevada, described originally as goldfieldite by Ransome (1909), was proven to be tellurian tennantite by X-ray powder diffraction (Thompson 1946).

1986, Katsuo Kase, “Tellurian Tennantite from the Besshi-type Deposits in the Sambagawa Metamorphic Belt, Japan”, in The Canadian Mineralogist, volume 24, number 2, page 400, column 1:

(mineralogy) Of a mineral: containing tellurium.


intrusion

en-noun

intrusion (countable and uncountable, plural intrusions)

/ɪnˈtɹuːʒən/

From Middle English intrusioun, from Old French intrusion, from Medieval Latin intrūsiō, from intrūdō, from Latin in- + trūdō.

(geology) Magma forced into other rock formations; the rock formed when such magma solidifies.


inclusion

inclusion (countable and uncountable, plural inclusions)

Borrowed from Latin inclusio, inclusionis, from the verb Latin inclūdō (“to shut in, enclose, insert”), from in- (“in”) + claudō (“to shut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, include + -sion. Doublet of enclosure.

der

The fewer inclusions a diamond has, the better is its clarity and value. Often the inclusions can be cut out of a diamond in the rough.

2009, Cindy Lasiter, Diamonds in the Rough, Xulon Press, →ISBN, page xi:

(countable, mineralogy) Any material that is trapped inside a mineral during its formation, as a defect in a precious stone.


rockslide

(geology) A type of landslide characterized by falling rocks.


marble

en-noun

marble (countable and uncountable, plural marbles)

From Middle English marble, marbre, from Anglo-Norman and Old French marbre, from Latin marmor, from Ancient Greek μάρμαρος (mármaros), perhaps related to μαρμάρεος (marmáreos, “gleaming”). Much of the early classical marble came from the 'Marmaris' sea above the Aegean. The forms from French replaced Old English marma, which had previously been borrowed from Latin.

Open thy marble jaws, O tomb / And hide me, earth, in thy dark womb.

1751, Thomas Morell (librettist), Jephtha

(uncountable, petrology) A metamorphic rock of crystalline limestone.


lahar

Borrowed from Javanese ꦭꦲꦂ (lahar). Introduced as geological term by Berend George Escher in 1922.

Such a highly destructive mud-flow (termed a lahar) eventually stops as a pile of debris of all shapes and sizes, as mixed up as a glacial moraine; the two deposits have often been confused.

1985, Jocelyn Thornton, Field Guide to New Zealand Geology, page 204:

Pyroclastic flows are often difficult to distinguish in outcrops from a similar type of fragmental debris flow known as lahars. Both are characteristically unstratified and unsorted. A deposit containing blocks of varied compositions with rounded shapes is more likely to have been formed by a lahar than by a glowing avalanche.

2000, Jacques-Marie Bardintzeff, Alexander R. McBirney, Volcanology, page 138:

A regime of persistent lahar activity results when eruptive activity continually supplies unconsolidated volcanic material for remobilization.

2006, Andrew J. L. Harris et al., “Downstream aggradation owing to lava dome extrusion and rainfall runoff at Volcán Santiaguito, Guatemala”, in William Ingersoll Rose, editor, Volcanic Hazards in Central America, page 86:


lahar

Borrowed from English lahar, from Javanese ꦭꦲꦂ (lahar).


lahar

id-noun

lahar (first-person possessive laharku, second-person possessive laharmu, third-person possessive laharnya)

laharku (first-person possessive)
laharmu (possessive second-person)
laharnya (possessive third-person)


лес

ле̑с (canonical masculine)
lȇs (romanization)


Australien

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Australien

de-proper noun

Australien n (proper noun, genitive Australiens or (optionally with an article) Australien)

Australiens (genitive)
Australien (genitive with-article)


lading

id-noun

lading (plural lading-lading, first-person possessive ladingku, second-person possessive ladingmu, third-person possessive ladingnya)

lading-lading (plural)
ladingku (first-person possessive)
ladingmu (possessive second-person)
ladingnya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Dutch lading (“cargo; charge, tension”).

bor+

(geology) pyroclastic flow, volcanic ash, tephra


effusive

en-adj

effusive (comparative more effusive, superlative most effusive)

more effusive (comparative)
most effusive (superlative)

From the stem of Latin effundēre + -ive, from ex- (“out of”) + fundō (“pour”), 1660s.

(geology, of igneous rock) Extrusive; having solidified after being poured out as molten lava.

ekstrusiivinen

extrusive; having solidified after being poured out as molten lava


aureole

/ˈɔː.ɹiː.əʊl/

From Middle English aureole, from Old French aureole, from Medieval Latin aureola (corona) ("golden (crown)").

Cleavage and folds are imprinted are overprinted by the contact metamorphic aureole, indicating that they belong to a pre-intrustive episode of rock deformation and accompanying regional deformation.

1990, Roger Mason, Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 3: "Metamorphism associated with igneous intrusions"

(geology) A ring around an igneous intrusion.


magnitude

en-noun

magnitude (countable and uncountable, plural magnitudes)

From Latin magnitūdō (“greatness, size”), magnus + -tūdō.

(seismology) A measure of the energy released by an earthquake (e.g. on the Richter scale).


magnitude

Learned borrowing from Latin magnitūdō (“greatness, size”). By surface analysis, magno + -itude.

lbor

(seismology) magnitude (energy of an earthquake)


mud

en-noun

mud (countable and uncountable, plural muds)

From Middle English mud, mudde, mode, probably a borrowing from Middle Dutch mod, modde or Middle Low German mudde, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *mud-, *mudra- (“mud”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mū-, *mew- (“moist”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Mudde (“mud”), Middle High German mot (“mud”), Swedish modd (“slush”). Compare also suffixed variants West Frisian modder (“mud”), Dutch modder (“mud”), German Low German Mudder (“mud”), German Moder (“moldiness, mildew, decay”), English mother (“vinegar-forming sediment in alcohol”), Danish mudder (“mud”).
Alternative etymology suggests the Proto-Germanic word is possibly borrowed from a Uralic language (compare e.g. Finnish muta (“mud”), Northern Sami mođđi (“mud”), from Proto-Uralic *muďa).

cog

throw enough mud at the wall and some of it will stick

(geology) A particle less than 62.5 microns in diameter, following the Wentworth scale


asbestos

en-noun

asbestos (countable and uncountable, plural asbestoses or (rare) asbesti)

asbestoses (plural)
asbesti (plural rare)

From Old French abestos, from Latin asbestos, itself from Ancient Greek ἄσβεστος (ásbestos, “unquenchable, inextinguishable”), from ᾰ̓- (a-, “not”) + σβέννῡμῐ (sbénnūmi, “I quench, quell”).

der

All types of asbestos are potentially carcinogenic when inhaled.

Asbestos insulation was once ubiquitous.

Consul Baker, of Antung, China, states that valuable deposits of asbestos have been found in the vicinity of Kuantien, a small town lying about 45 miles northeast of Antung.[…]There are three mines now in operation, each employing about 30 workers. These workers, however, are mostly farmers who devote only their spare time to mining and use simply hammers and chisels and gather only the asbestos which lies near the surface.

1913 February, “Asbestos Mines in China”, in Mines and Minerals, volume XXXIII, number 7, Scranton, PA, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 398, column 3:

Insulation against sound and changes in external temperature is given by a thickness of asbestos on the inside of the panels.

1946 November and December, “New L.M.S.R. Royal Coaches”, in Railway Magazine, page 371:

(mineralogy) Any of several fibrous mineral forms of magnesium silicate, used for fireproofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings, chemical filters, suits, fireman's gloves, etc.

asbes

any of several fibrous mineral forms of magnesium silicate

blue asbestos

(forms of magnesium silicate): serpentine: parachrysotile, amianthus, common asbestos, chrysotile; amphibole

(mineralogy) Any of asbestos-like forms of several minerals, asbestiforms


efflorescence

en-noun

efflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural efflorescences)

/ˌɛfləˈɹɛsəns/

Borrowed from French efflorescence, from Latin efflōrēscō, which was from ex- (“out”) + flōrēscō (“to blossom”).

(geology) An encrustation of soluble salts, deposited on rock or soil by evaporation; often found in arid or geothermal environments.


bunch

From Middle English bunche, bonche (“hump, swelling”), of uncertain origin.
Perhaps a variant of *bunge (compare dialectal bung (“heap, grape bunch”)), from Proto-Germanic *bunkō, *bunkô, *bungǭ (“heap, crowd”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ-, *bʰéng̑ʰus (“thick, dense, fat”). Cognates include Saterland Frisian Bunke (“bone”), West Frisian bonke (“bone, lump, bump”), Dutch bonk (“lump, bone”), Low German Bunk (“bone”), German Bunge (“tuber”), Danish bunke (“heap, pile”), Faroese bunki (“heap, pile”); Hittite [Term?] (/panku/, “total, entire”), Tocharian B pkante (“volume, fatness”), Lithuanian búožė (“knob”), Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús, “thick”), Sanskrit बहु (bahú, “thick; much”)).
Alternatively, perhaps from a variant or diminutive of bump (compare hump/hunch, lump/lunch, etc.); or from dialectal Old French bonge (“bundle”) (compare French bongeau, bonjeau, bonjot), from West Flemish bondje, diminutive of West Flemish bond (“bundle”).

cog

The ore may be disseminated throughout the matrix in minute particles, as gold in quartz; in parallel threads, strings, and plates, as with copper; in irregular pockets or bunches

1874, David Page, Economic Geology: Or, Geology in Its Relations to the Arts and Manufactures:

(geology, mining) An unusual concentration of ore in a lode or a small, discontinuous occurrence or patch of ore in the wallrock.


shiver

From a Germanic word, probably present in Old English though unattested, cognate with Old High German scivaro (German Schiefer (“slate”)).


mush

en-noun

mush (countable and uncountable, plural mushes)

Audio (UK)

Audio (US)

Probably a variant of mash, or from a dialectal variant of Middle English mos (“mush, pulp, porridge”); compare Middle English appelmos (“applesauce”), from Old English mōs (“food, victuals, porridge, mush”), from Proto-West Germanic *mōs, from Proto-Germanic *mōsą (“porridge, food”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet, fat, dripping”).
Cognate with Scots moosh (“mush”), Dutch moes (“pulp, mush, porridge”), German Mus (“jam, puree, mush”), Swedish mos (“pulp, mash, mush”).

der

(geology) A magmatic body containing a significant proportion of crystals suspended in the liquid phase or melt.


IBM

/ˈˌʌɪbiːˈɛm/

Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc
Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc#English

(geology) Initialism of Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.


dome

Borrowed from Middle French dome, domme (modern French dôme), from Italian duomo, from Latin domus (ecclesiae) (literally “house (of the church)”), a calque of Ancient Greek οἶκος τῆς ἐκκλησίας (oîkos tês ekklēsías). Doublet of domus and duomo.

cal

οἶκος τῆς ἐκκλησίας

(geology) A geological feature consisting of symmetrical anticlines that intersect where each one reaches its apex.


anticline

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-anticline.wav

Coordinate term: syncline

(geology) A fold with strata sloping downwards on each side.


depression

depression (indefinite nominative singular)
depressions (genitive indefinite singular)
depressionen (definite nominative singular)
depressionens (definite genitive singular)
depressioner (indefinite nominative plural)
depressioners (genitive indefinite plural)
depressionerna (definite nominative plural)
depressionernas (definite genitive plural)


sink

a bathroom sink sink (canonical)
sinks (plural)

From Middle English synken, from Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to fall, sink”).
Compare West Frisian sinke, Low German sinken, Dutch zinken, German sinken, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål synke, Swedish sjunka. In the causative sense, it replaced Old English senċan (“make sink”) from Proto-Germanic *sankwijaną.


rum

rum (nominative singular)
rumy (nominative plural)
rumu (genitive singular)
rumów (genitive plural)
rumowi (dative singular)
rumom (dative plural)
rum (accusative singular)
rumy (accusative plural)
rumem (instrumental singular)
rumami (instrumental plural)
rumie (locative singular)
rumach (locative plural)
rumie (singular vocative)
rumy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German rūm, roum, from Old High German rūm, from Proto-Germanic *rūmą.

bor+

(archaic, geology) broken debris, rock crumbs


swarm

From Middle English swarm, from Old English swearm (“swarm, multitude”), from Proto-West Germanic *swarm, from Proto-Germanic *swarmaz (“swarm, dizziness”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to buzz, hum”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Swoorm (“swarm”), Dutch zwerm, German Schwarm, Danish sværm, Swedish svärm, Icelandic svarmur (“tumult, swarm”), Latin susurrus (“whispering, humming”), Lithuanian surma (“a pipe”), Russian свире́ль (svirélʹ, “a pipe, reed”).
The verb is from Middle English swarmen, swermen, from Old English swierman (“to swarm”), from Proto-West Germanic *swarmijan, from Proto-Germanic *swarmijaną (“to swarm”), from the noun. Cognate with Scots swairm, swerm (“to swarm”), Dutch zwermen, German schwärmen, Danish sværme, Swedish svärma.

cog

Earthquakes were another concern, particularly after swarms were felt in Oklahoma.

2020, Daniel Yergin, The New Map, Penguin, published 2021, page 28:

(seismology) A number of small earthquakes (or other seismic events) occurring, with no clear cause, in a specific area within a relatively short space of time.


eminence

en-noun

eminence (countable and uncountable, plural eminences)

obscurity

antonym(s) of “someone of high rank, reputation or social status”

mediocrity

antonym(s) of “the quality or state of being eminent”

From Old French eminence, from Latin ēminēntia (“prominence”, “protuberance”; “eminence”, “excellence”).

uder

title of honor for a Roman Catholic cardinal

From the summit of an eminence I had already had a distant view of Osbaldistone Hall, a large and antiquated edifice, peeping out from a Druidical grove of huge oaks [...].

We stopped for a moment at the golf course to chat with members of the Consular staff, and then drove on to the Consulate, which was set upon an eminence, above evidences of landscape-gardening; a sweep of lawns, with coarse, whitened grass; flower-beds in which larkspur and nasturtiums fought against desperate odds.

(geology) An elevated land area or a hill.

mullach

(geology) an elevated land area or a hill.


grit

With early modern vowel shortening, from Middle English grete, griet, from Old English grēot, from Proto-West Germanic *greut, from Proto-Germanic *greutą. Compare grist.

(geology) A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone; gritstone. Also, a finer sharp-grained sandstone, e.g., grindstone grit.


amphitheatre

/ˈæmfɪˌθiːətə/

/ˈæmfɪˌθɪətə/

/ˈæmfiˌθiːətə/

From Latin amphitheatrum, from Ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphithéatron) from ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”) + θέᾱτρον (théātron, “theatre”).

compound

The difference between the approach to Baylen from the west and from the east, is that on the former side the traveller reaches the town through a semicircular amphitheatre of upland, while by the latter he comes up a V-shaped valley ...

1902, Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, page 188:

Brecon or Aberhonddu, a typical Welsh town of 5,350 inhabitants, stands in a grand amphitheatre of hills and mountains at the confluence of the rivers Usk, Honddu, and Tarell.

1939 September, A. F. N. Barnsdale, “The Neath & Brecon Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 188:

(geology) A natural formation of a similar shape, where a steep mountain or slope a particular rock formation forms a partial or compete bowl, especially one used as a performance space (and possibly modified by carving out seats, etc) because the slopes naturally amplify or echo sound.


tectonics

Ancient Greek τέκτων (téktōn, “builder”).

(geology) The study of crustal plates and other large-scale structural features of the Earth.


fault

From Middle English faute, faulte, from Anglo-Norman faute, Old French faute, from Vulgar Latin *fallita (“shortcoming”), feminine of *fallitus, in place of Latin falsus, perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive”). Displaced native Middle English schuld, schuild (“fault”) (from Old English scyld (“fault”)), Middle English lac (“fault, lack”) (from Middle Dutch lak (“lack, fault”)), Middle English last (“fault, vice”) (from Old Norse lǫstr (“fault, vice, crime”)). Compare French faute (“fault, foul”), Portuguese falta (“lack, shortage”) and Spanish falta (“lack, absence”). More at fail, false.

cog

A point at which something is divided, interrupted, or disconnected.

(geology) A fracture in a rock formation causing a discontinuity.


fault

en-verb

fault (third-person singular simple present faults, present participle faulting, simple past and past participle faulted)

faults (present singular third-person)
faulting (participle present)
faulted (participle past)
faulted (past)


subduction

en-noun

subduction (countable and uncountable, plural subductions)

From Latin subductio; see Latin sub, ductio.

Therefore, both a mantle plume and also the subductions of the oceanic plates may have mutually contributed to create the magmatic zone.

2000, Ki-Hong Chang, Sun-Ok Park, Soobum Chang, “Upper Mesozoic unconformity-bounded units of Korean Peninsula with Koguryo Magmatic Province”, in H. Okada, N. J. Mateer, editors, Cretaceous Environments of Asia, Elsevier, page 108:

Evidence for a subduction polarity flip is clear in the Irish Caledonides, where the S-dipping slab beneath the Lough Nafooey arc (Dewey & Ryan 1990; Clift & Ryan 1994) became a N-dipping subduction zone after the Grampian Orogeny.

2003, Peter D. Clift, Hans Schouten, Amy E. Draut, “A general model for arc-continent collision and subduction polarity reversal from Taiwan and the Irish Caledonides”, in Robert D. Larter, Philip T. Leat, editors, Intra-oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes, The Geological Society, page 91:

Earthquakes on the subduction interface itself are low-angle thrusts in the depth range 15–45 km, generally reaching a maximum depth of 20 km in the west and 45 km in the centre of the arc, near Crete.

2012, Beth Shaw, Active Tectonics of the Hellenic Subduction Zone, Springer, page 61:

(geology) The process of one tectonic plate moving beneath another and sinking into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.

subducció

process of one tectonic plate being pushed beneath another


pillow

pillow (countable and uncountable, plural pillows)

→ Maori: pera

From Middle English pilwe, from Old English pylwe, pylu, pyle (“pillow”), from Proto-West Germanic *pulwī (“pillow”), from Latin pulvīnus (“cushion”), derived from pulvis (“dust, powder”) + -īnus (“-ine”), for the filler of a pillow. Doublet of pulvinus.


dorsal

(geomorphology) ridge (on the ocean floor)


Jurassic

/d͡ʒʊˈɹæs.ɪk/

Borrowed from French Jurassique, named for the discovery and type location in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.

юрски

of period from 200 to 145 million years ago

His father squinted at the skeleton. “What is it, Jurassic?” “Jeez. No. Cretaceous.” “Cretaceous? What's the difference between Cretaceous and Jurassic?” “Only about a hundred million years,” Tim said. “Cretaceous is older?” “No, Dad, Jurassic is older.”

1990, Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park, Alfred A. Knopf, page 94:

(geology) Of or pertaining to the second period of the Mesozoic era, a time still dominated by dinosaurs.


Jurassic

/d͡ʒʊˈɹæs.ɪk/

[p 108] Like the Forest Marble Beds in the Middle Jurassic, the Purbeck Beds of the Upper Jurassic are deltaic or estuarine in origin, so as well as mammals they contain small, presumably freshwater, crocodiles and the first indisputable lizards.
[p 109] This is less surprising if it is recalled that in the Upper Jurassic, Europe and North America were joined to form Laurasia and the Atlantic Ocean still had to be formed …

D. M. Kermack, K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters

(geology, paleontology) The period from 201.3±0.2 to 145 million years ago, after the Triassic and before the Cretaceous; the geologic systems of this period.


lower

(geology, of strata or geological time periods) Older.


regolith

en-noun

regolith (countable and uncountable, plural regoliths)

Irregular formation from Ancient Greek ῥῆγος (rhêgos, “rug, blanket”) + -lith (from λίθος (líthos, “stone”)).

uder

The soil sample, called LZS-1, is the latest in a list of lunar regolith simulants of varying quality that have been developed to help Nasa and other space agencies around the world prepare for missions to the Moon.

2023 April 25, Dhananjay Khadilkar, “Why scientists are making fake Moon dust”, in BBC:

(geology) The layer of loose rock, dust, sand, and soil, resting on the bedrock, that constitutes the surface layer of most dry land on Earth, the Moon, and other large solid aggregated celestial objects. Submarine regolith also exists.

表土

layer of loose rock that constitutes the surface of most land


dip

en-noun

dip (countable and uncountable, plural dips)

From Middle English dippen, from Old English dyppan, from Proto-West Germanic *duppjan, from Proto-Germanic *dupjaną; see *daupijaną (“to dip”). Related to deep.

(geology) The angle from horizontal of a planar geologic surface, such as a fault line.


proximal

en-adj

proximal (comparative more proximal, superlative most proximal)

more proximal (comparative)
most proximal (superlative)

antonym(s) of “closer to the point of attachment

From Latin proximus, superlative form of prope (“near, nigh”).

(anatomy, geology) Closer to the point of attachment or observation.


carbon black

(petrochemistry) A fine black powder of amorphous carbon manufactured by the incomplete combustion of natural gas or oil, and used as a pigment in the manufacture of ink and paint. Used as a filler in rubber and rubber-like polymers, it helps prevent deterioration by ultraviolet rays.


quaternary

Derived from Latin quaternārius (“containing or consisting of four”), from quaternī (“four each”, “four at a time”) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French quaternaire.

der+

(geology) The Quaternary period or the system of deposits laid down during it.


upper

en-adj

upper (comparative uppermore, superlative uppermost)

uppermore (comparative)
uppermost (superlative)

(geology, of strata or geological time periods) Younger, more recent.


arena

Inherited from Latin arēna, possibly of Etruscan origin. Compare English arena.

arena muerta

arenas movedizas

chorro de arena


tertiary

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
Lay Carmelites
Peterhouse, Cambridge
Saint-Étienne Cathedral
University of Cambridge

PIE word
 *tréyes
Borrowed from the Latin tertiārius (“of the third part or rank”), from tertius (“third”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós, whence English third) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French tertiaire.

bor

There is, within our area, a great gap between the Eocene group and the later tertiaries, indicated by the difference of their organic contents. Between the existing fauna of our seas and the oldest stage of the later tertiaries, there is a distinct and extensive relationship of identity of species.

1852, Edward Forbes, “Introductory Remarks”, in Monograph of the Echinodermata of the British Tertiaries, London: Printed [by C. and J. Adland] for the Palæontographical Society, →OCLC, page vi:

(geology) Something from the Tertiary Period (the former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago).


optimum

From New Latin, neuter of Latin optimus (“best, very good”), from the root or in ops (“work”), omnis (“all”).

(geology, paleontology, climatology) Any long period of time marked by a persistently warm climate; a climatic optimum.


magnetite

From magnet + -ite, after German Magnetit.

Coordinate term: hematite

Appropriately enough, the commonest of these, a simple iron oxide, is called magnetite.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 137:

(mineralogy) A magnetic mineral, Fe₃O₄, one of the primary ores of iron.


pitchblende

en-noun

pitchblende (countable and uncountable, plural pitchblendes)

From German Pechblende, from Pech (“pitch”) + Blende (“blende”).

Working in Paris in 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie processed thousands of pounds of pitchblende from the same glass-factory tailings in order to isolate two radioactive elements that had hitherto been unknown: radium and polonium.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 205:

(mineralogy) Naturally-occurring uranium oxide, a variety of the mineral uraninite.


horizon

Inherited from Middle English orisonte, orisoun, from Middle French horizon, horizonte, from Old French orisonte, orison, via Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

(geology) A specific layer of soil, or stratum


relief

→ Bulgarian: реле́ф (reléf)

→ Danish: relief

→ Polish: relief

→ Romanian: relief

→ Russian: рельеф (relʹjef)

→ Swedish: relief

→ Turkish: rölyef

Inherited from Old French, from relever.

(geography, mineralogy) relief, surface elevation


relief

pl-noun

relief m inan (related adjective reliefowy)

reliefowy (adjective)
relief (nominative singular)
reliefy (nominative plural)
reliefu (genitive singular)
reliefów (genitive plural)
reliefowi (dative singular)
reliefom (dative plural)
relief (accusative singular)
reliefy (accusative plural)
reliefem (instrumental singular)
reliefami (instrumental plural)
reliefie (locative singular)
reliefach (locative plural)
reliefie (singular vocative)
reliefy (plural vocative)

(geology) relief, landform, terrain (area of land or the particular features of it)


tagliare

it-verb

tagliàre (first-person singular present tàglio, first-person singular past historic tagliài, past participle tagliàto, auxiliary avére)

tagliàre (canonical)
tàglio (first-person present singular)
tagliài (first-person historic past singular)
tagliàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
tagliàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
tagliàndo (gerund)
tagliànte (participle present)
tagliàto (participle past)
tàglio (first-person indicative present singular)
tàgli (indicative present second-person singular)
tàglia (indicative present singular third-person)
tagliàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
tagliàte (indicative plural present second-person)
tàgliano (indicative plural present third-person)
tagliàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
tagliàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
tagliàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
tagliavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
tagliavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
tagliàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
tagliài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
tagliàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
tagliò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
tagliàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
tagliàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
tagliàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
taglierò (first-person future indicative singular)
taglierài (future indicative second-person singular)
taglierà (future indicative singular third-person)
taglierémo (first-person future indicative plural)
taglieréte (future indicative plural second-person)
taglierànno (future indicative plural third-person)
taglierèi (conditional first-person present singular)
taglierésti (conditional present second-person singular)
taglierèbbe (conditional present singular third-person)
taglierébbe (conditional present singular third-person)
taglierémmo (conditional first-person plural present)
taglieréste (conditional plural present second-person)
taglierèbbero (conditional plural present third-person)
taglierébbero (conditional plural present third-person)
tàgli (first-person present singular subjunctive)
tàgli (present second-person singular subjunctive)
tàgli (present singular subjunctive third-person)
tagliàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
tagliàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
tàglino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
tagliàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
tagliàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
tagliàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
tagliàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
tagliàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
tagliàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
tàglia (imperative second-person singular)
tàgli (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
tagliàmo (first-person imperative plural)
tagliàte (imperative plural second-person)
tàglino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
tagliàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
tàgli (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
tagliàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
tagliàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
tàglino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

→? Spanish: tallar

From Late Latin tāliāre, a verb based on Latin tālea (“cutting taken from a plant”).

der

(mineralogy) to cleave (to break a single crystal such as a gemstone)


solo

Learned borrowing from Latin solum (“soil, ground”).

lbor

O shogun, generalíssimo do imperador, com residência em Yedo, assinara por conta própria tratados de amizade e de comércio com a América e com a Europa, e os estrangeiros, em Yokohama, pisavam já afoitamente o solo japonês.

2014, Venceslau de Morais, Paisagens da China e do Japão, Projecto Adamastor, →ISBN, page 97:


pahoehoe

(volcanology) pahoehoe (a type of lava flow)


Pangaea

From Ancient Greek παν- (pan-, “all”) + γαῖα (gaîa, “earth, land”), after German Pangäa, which was coined by Alfred Wegener in 1915. Analyzable as pan- + Gaea.

compound

The supercontinent status of Pangaea and Rodinia is undisputed. In contrast, there is ongoing controversy on whether Pannotia existed at all.

2021, J. B. Murphy, R. A. Strachan, C. Quesada, editors, Pannotia to Pangaea […] , Geological Society of London, →ISBN, page 82:

(geology) A supercontinent that included all the landmasses of the earth before the Triassic period and that broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana.


ardezo

eo-head

ardezo (accusative singular ardezon, plural ardezoj, accusative plural ardezojn)

ardezon (accusative singular)
ardezoj (plural)
ardezojn (accusative plural)


downcast

The adjective is derived from Middle English doun-casten, *adoun-casten (“(adjective) cast down, dejected; (verb) to break down (something); to overcome (someone); to overturn (something)”), from down (“in a downward direction; (figurative) to destruction”), adoun (“downward”) + casten (“to throw (something), fling, hurl; to overcome (someone), defeat, overpower; [etc.]”) (from Old Norse kasta (“to cast, throw”), from Proto-Germanic *kastōną (“to throw”), from *kas- (“to throw, toss; to bring up”); further etymology uncertain), modelled similarly to other constructions in Middle English such as adoun-throwen (“to throw down”) and adoun-werpen (“to throw down”)). The English word is analysable as down- (prefix meaning ‘lower direction or position’) + cast (“that has been thrown”, adjective).
The noun is derived from the adjective.

prefix

a downcast dyke

(geology, obsolete) Synonym of downthrow (“a depression of the strata on one side of a fault; also, the degree of downward displacement in such a fault”)


caldera

/kælˈdɛə.ɹə/

Borrowed from Spanish caldera (“cauldron”), from Late Latin caldāria (“warm bath”), from Latin caldārium. Doublet of chowder.

bor+

The lakes of both Rotorua and Taupo occupy calderas left from enormous prehistoric eruptions, and magma lies at shallow depths beneath a number of centres.

2000, Tony Waltham, “Geyser watching”, in Geology Today, volume 16, Iss. 3, p. 99::

(volcanology) A large crater formed by collapse of the cone or edifice of a volcano.

caldera

geology: a large crater formed by a volcanic explosion


caldera

Inherited from Late Latin caldāria (“cooking-pot”), derived from Latin caldus (“hot”).


caldera

→ English: caldera

→ Italian: caldera

From Late Latin caldāria~caldārium (“cooking-pot”), derived from Latin caldus (“hot”). Doublet of caldero.


rapakivi

en-noun

rapakivi (countable and uncountable, plural rapakivis)

(geology) A form of granite found in southeastern Finland.