ablative

From Middle English ablative, ablatife, ablatyf, ablatif, from Old French ablatif (“the ablative case”), from Latin ablātīvus (“expressing removal”), from ablātus (“taken away”), from auferō (“I take away”). The engineering/nautical sense originates from ablate + -ive.

der

(geology) Relating to the erosion of a land mass; relating to the melting or evaporation of a glacier.


ablation

en-noun

ablation (countable and uncountable, plural ablations)

From Late Middle English ablacioun (“removal”), from Late Latin ablātiō (“a taking away”), from auferō (“to take away, carry off, withdraw, remove”) + -tiō (“-tion”, nominal suffix); equivalent to ablate + -ion. Doublet of ablatio. Compare French ablation.

af

(sciences) The progressive removal of material by any of a variety of processes such as melting or vaporization under heat or chipping.

(geology) The removal of a glacier by melting and evaporation; the lowering of a land surface by any of several means, as in wind erosion or mass wasting.


ablation

head

ablation c (singular definite ablationen, plural indefinite ablationer)

ablationen (definite singular)
ablationer (indefinite plural)
ablation (indefinite nominative singular)
ablationen (definite nominative singular)
ablationer (indefinite nominative plural)
ablationerne (definite nominative plural)
ablations (genitive indefinite singular)
ablationens (definite genitive singular)
ablationers (genitive indefinite plural)
ablationernes (definite genitive plural)


abrasive

(geology) Rock fragments, sand grains, mineral particles, used by water, wind, and ice to abrade a land surface.


abandoned

en-adj

abandoned (comparative more abandoned, superlative most abandoned)

more abandoned (comparative)
most abandoned (superlative)

From Middle English abandoned, equivalent to abandon + -ed.

(geology) No longer being acted upon by the geologic forces that formed it.

geologisch stabiel

geology: no longer being acted upon by the geologic forces that formed it


abrasion

en-noun

abrasion (countable and uncountable, plural abrasions)

/əˈbɹeɪ.ʒn̩/

First attested in 1656. From French abrasion (attested since 1611), from Medieval Latin abrasio (“a scraping”), from Latin abrādō (“scrape off”). See also abrade.

(geology) The effect of mechanical erosion of rock, especially a river bed, by rock fragments scratching and scraping it.

абра́зия

geology: effect of mechanical erosion of rock


abyssal

First attested in the 1690s. From Medieval Latin abyssalis, from Latin abyssus (“abyss”) + -alis (“-al”). Equivalent to abyss + -al.

(geology) Pertaining to or occurring at excessive depths in the earth's crust; plutonic.


Acadian

en-adj

Acadian (comparative more Acadian, superlative most Acadian)

more Acadian (comparative)
most Acadian (superlative)

First attested in 1705. From Acadia + -n (“one that is”).

(geology) Of or pertaining to the Acadian epoch.


Acadian

The Burgess Shale contains fossils of very odd organisms that lived during the Acadian.

(geology) The Middle Cambrian epoch, lasting from 497 million years ago to 509 million years ago.


acclivity

First attested in 1614. From Latin acclīvitās, from acclīvis (“ascending”), from ad + clīvus (“slope”).

how gaily vineyards and olives alternately chequer the acclivities

she would walk […] as far as to the point where the acclivity from the valley began its first steep ascent to the outer world.

1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles:

Just below it leaned a tottering crag that would have toppled, starting an avalanche on an acclivity where no sliding mass could stop.

1912 January, Zane Grey, chapter 8, in Riders of the Purple Sage […], New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, →OCLC:

(geomorphology) A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending; an upward slope; ascent.

ylämäki

slope or inclination considered as "ascending"


lente

Borrowed from Latin lentem (“lentil”), in Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of "lens".

(geology) a fossil or deposit between two strata


epizootic

epizootic (comparative more epizootic, superlative most epizootic)

more epizootic (comparative)
most epizootic (superlative)

From French épizootique, animal equivalent of epidemic, from épizootie, irregularly formed from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí) + ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).
By surface analysis, epi- + zo- + -otic. Use of the word in the second sense, "an ailment", was likely originally a reference to a particular epizootic ailment. Both senses are attested since at least the 1800s, and the pronunciation with five syllables is explicitly attested since then as well. Dialectal pronunciation of the second sense with four syllables is attested since at least the 1910s in spellings like "epizudic" and is suggested by 1870s references to a shortened form of the word, "zooty".

Hence their primary division is into primeval and secondary or Epizootic. And the epizootic mountains are still farther distinguishable into original and derivative.

1799, Richard Kirwan, Geological Essays, pages 160–161:


scarp

Aphetic form of escarp. Doublet of sharp.

2014, Paul Salopek, Blessed. Cursed. Claimed., National Geographic (December 2014)https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214621/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/pilgrim-roads/salopek-text
Sweating under the sun, we scale the barren eastern scarp of the Great Rift Valley (Area B), edging carefully around controversial, razor-wired Israeli settlements (Area C).

(geology) A cliff at the edge of a plateau or ridge caused by erosion or faulting; the steeper side of an escarpment.


lens

en-verb

lens (third-person singular simple present lenses, present participle lensing, simple past and past participle lensed)

lenses (present singular third-person)
lensing (participle present)
lensed (participle past)
lensed (past)

Borrowed from Latin lēns (“lentil”), with Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of “lens”, a semantic loan from Arabic عَدْسَة (ʕadsa, “lentil; optic lens”).

semantic loan

(geology) To become thinner towards the edges.


accommodation

en-noun

accommodation (countable and uncountable, plural accommodations)

/əˌkɔm.əˈdæɪ.ʃən/

From French accommodation, from Latin accommodātiō (“adjustment, accommodation, compliance”), from accommodō (“adapt, put in order”). Superficially accommodate + -ion. The sense of "lodging" was first attested in 1600.

der

(countable, geology) The place where sediments can make, or have made, a sedimentation.


abstraction

en-noun

abstraction (countable and uncountable, plural abstractions)

From Middle English abstraccyone; either from Middle French abstraction or from Medieval Latin abstrāctiō (“separation”), from Latin abstrahō (“draw away”). Equivalent to abstract + -ion.

der

(geology) The merging of two river valleys by the larger of the two deepening and widening so much so, as to assimilate the smaller.


stock

en-noun

stock (countable and uncountable, plural stocks or (obsolete) stocken)

stocks (plural)
stocken (obsolete plural)

→ Dutch: stock

desctree

→ French: stock
→ Romanian: stoc
→ Turkish: stok

→ Italian: stock

→ Portuguese: estoque

→ Spanish: stock

From Middle English stok, from Old English stocc, from Proto-West Germanic *stokk, from Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“tree-trunk”), with modern senses mostly referring either to the trunk from which the tree grows (figuratively, its origin and/or support/foundation), or to a piece of wood, stick, or rod. The senses of "supply" and "raw material" arose from a probable conflation with steck (“an item of goods, merchandise”) or the use of split tally sticks consisting of foil or counterfoil and stock to capture paid taxes, debts or exchanges. Doublet of chock.

stark (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

(geology) A pipe (vertical cylinder of ore)

A bar, stick or rod.
A pipe (vertical cylinder of ore)


acidic

en-adj

acidic (comparative more acidic, superlative most acidic)

more acidic (comparative)
most acidic (superlative)

(petrology) Containing a high percentage of silica-bearing minerals; opposed to basic.

àcid

petrology: containing a high percentage of silica-bearing minerals


accretion

en-noun

accretion (countable and uncountable, plural accretions)

PIE word
 *h₂éd
Learned borrowing from Latin accrētiō (“increase, increment”) + English -ion (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results). Accrētiō is derived from accrēscō (“to grow, increase”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results); and accrēscō is from ac- (a variant of ad-, prefix meaning ‘to’, or having an intensifying effect) + crēscō (“to grow; to increase”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer- (“to cause to grow; to grow; to nourish”)).
Doublet of accrue, crescent, and increase.

af

-tiō<pos:suffix forming nouns denoting actions or processes, or their results>

ac-<pos:a variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ad-</i>, prefix meaning ‘to’, or having an intensifying effect>

прираст

(gradual) increase by an external addition of matter; an instance of this

срастване

process of separate particles aggregating or coalescing together; thing formed in this manner — see also concretion

на́леп

something gradually added to or growing on a thing externally

(uncountable) (Gradual) increase by an external addition of matter; (countable) an instance of this.

(geology) The process by which material is added to a geological feature; specifically, to a tectonic plate at a subduction zone.


Australia

→ Japanese: オーストラリア (Ōsutoraria)

→ Maori: Ahitereiria

→ Tokelauan: Auhitalia

General Australian, Macquarie Dictionary

/əˈstɹæɪ.jə/

First attested 16th century, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”). Used also in 1693 (quotation below). Popularised by Matthew Flinders in 1814 (quotation below).
Distantly cognate to Austria, containing the same Proto-Indo-European root, but through German where it retained the earlier sense of “east” rather than “south”.
See also Terra Australis.

uder

(geology) A continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands. New Guinea and the intervening islands are also on the Australian tectonic plate and are thus geologically considered part of the continent.


Australia

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Australia

Australia (absolutive indefinite)
Australiak (ergative indefinite)
Australiari (dative indefinite)
Australiaren (genitive indefinite)
Australiarekin (comitative indefinite)
Australiarengatik (causative indefinite)
Australiarentzat (benefactive indefinite)
Australiaz (indefinite instrumental)
Australian (indefinite inessive)
Australiako (indefinite locative)
Australiara (allative indefinite)
Australiaraino (indefinite terminative)
Australiarantz (directive indefinite)
Australiarako (destinative indefinite)
Australiatik (ablative indefinite)
Australiarik (indefinite partitive)
Australiatzat (indefinite prolative)


Australia

Australia (nominative singular)
Australia (accusative nominative singular)
Australian (accusative genitive singular)
Australian (genitive singular)
Australiaa (partitive singular)
Australiassa (inessive singular)
Australiasta (elative singular)
Australiaan (illative singular)
Australialla (adessive singular)
Australialta (ablative singular)
Australialle (allative singular)
Australiana (essive singular)
Australiaksi (singular translative)
Australiatta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Australiani (nominative singular)
Australiani (accusative nominative singular)
Australiani (accusative genitive singular)
Australiani (genitive singular)
Australiaani (partitive singular)
Australiassani (inessive singular)
Australiastani (elative singular)
Australiaani (illative singular)
Australiallani (adessive singular)
Australialtani (ablative singular)
Australialleni (allative singular)
Australianani (essive singular)
Australiakseni (singular translative)
Australiattani (abessive singular)
Australiasi (nominative singular)
Australiasi (accusative nominative singular)
Australiasi (accusative genitive singular)
Australiasi (genitive singular)
Australiaasi (partitive singular)
Australiassasi (inessive singular)
Australiastasi (elative singular)
Australiaasi (illative singular)
Australiallasi (adessive singular)
Australialtasi (ablative singular)
Australiallesi (allative singular)
Australianasi (essive singular)
Australiaksesi (singular translative)
Australiattasi (abessive singular)
Australiamme (nominative singular)
Australiamme (accusative nominative singular)
Australiamme (accusative genitive singular)
Australiamme (genitive singular)
Australiaamme (partitive singular)
Australiassamme (inessive singular)
Australiastamme (elative singular)
Australiaamme (illative singular)
Australiallamme (adessive singular)
Australialtamme (ablative singular)
Australiallemme (allative singular)
Australianamme (essive singular)
Australiaksemme (singular translative)
Australiattamme (abessive singular)
Australianne (nominative singular)
Australianne (accusative nominative singular)
Australianne (accusative genitive singular)
Australianne (genitive singular)
Australiaanne (partitive singular)
Australiassanne (inessive singular)
Australiastanne (elative singular)
Australiaanne (illative singular)
Australiallanne (adessive singular)
Australialtanne (ablative singular)
Australiallenne (allative singular)
Australiananne (essive singular)
Australiaksenne (singular translative)
Australiattanne (abessive singular)
Australiansa (nominative singular)
Australiansa (accusative nominative singular)
Australiansa (accusative genitive singular)
Australiansa (genitive singular)
Australiaansa (partitive singular)
Australiassaan (inessive singular)
Australiassansa (inessive singular)
Australiastaan (elative singular)
Australiastansa (elative singular)
Australiaansa (illative singular)
Australiallaan (adessive singular)
Australiallansa (adessive singular)
Australialtaan (ablative singular)
Australialtansa (ablative singular)
Australialleen (allative singular)
Australiallensa (allative singular)
Australianaan (essive singular)
Australianansa (essive singular)
Australiakseen (singular translative)
Australiaksensa (singular translative)
Australiattaan (abessive singular)
Australiattansa (abessive singular)

[ˈɑ̝u̯s̠.trɑ̝(ː)ˌliɑ̝]


Australia

From English Australia (cognate with Danish Australien).


Australia

→⇒ Slavomolisano: Lauštralija


Australia

la-proper noun

Austrālia f sg (genitive Austrāliae); first declension

Austrālia (canonical feminine singular)
Austrāliae (genitive)
Austrālia (nominative singular)
Austrāliae (genitive singular)
Austrāliae (dative singular)
Austrāliam (accusative singular)
Austrāliā (ablative singular)
Austrālia (singular vocative)

[äu̯s̠ˈt̪räːlʲiä]

From austrālis (“southern”) + a latinization of Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).


Australia

From English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”).


Australia

/æʉstɾɑːljɑ/

[æʉstɾɑːlɪɑ]

[æʉstʁɑːlɪɑ]

[æʉstrɑːlɪɑ]


Australia

pl-prop

Australia f (related adjective australijski)

australijski (adjective)
Australia (nominative singular)
Australii (genitive singular)
Australii (dative singular)
Australię (accusative singular)
Australią (instrumental singular)
Australii (locative singular)
Australio (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita.


Australia

Australie (accusative indefinite nominative)
Australia (accusative definite nominative)
Australii (indefinite)
Australiei (definite)
Australie (vocative)
Australio (vocative)


bench

→ Hindi: बेंच (beñc)

→ Japanese: ベンチ (benchi)

→ Korean: 벤치 (benchi)

→ Swahili: benchi

→ Urdu: بِنْچ (binc)

From Middle English bench, benk, bynk, from Old English benċ (“bench”), from Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz (“bench”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-.
Cognate with Scots benk, bink (“bench”), West Frisian bank (“bench”), Dutch bank (“bench”), German Bank (“bench”), Danish bænk (“bench”), Swedish bänk (“bench”), Icelandic bekkur (“bench”). Doublet of banc, banco, and bank.

эскәмйә

sports: where players sit when not playing

(geology) A thin strip of relatively flat land bounded by steeper slopes above and below.

replà

geology: flat strip of land bounded by steeper slopes above and below


young

en-verb

young (third-person singular simple present youngs, present participle younging, simple past and past participle younged)

youngs (present singular third-person)
younging (participle present)
younged (participle past)
younged (past)

Inherited from Middle English yong, yonge, from Old English ġeong, from Proto-West Germanic *jung, from Proto-Germanic *jungaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós, from *h₂yuh₁en- (“young”).

Shoshonitic magmatism younged southwards in the Superior Province, commensurate with the southwardly diachronous accretion of allochthonous subprovinces.

1994, R. Kerrich, D.A. Wyman, “The mesothermal gold-lamprophyre association”, in Mineralogy and Petrology, →DOI:

The existence of magmatic belts younging northward implies that slabs of Asian mantle subducted one after another under ranges north of the Himalayas.

2001 November 23, Paul Tapponnier et al., “Oblique Stepwise Rise and Growth of the Tibet Plateau”, in Science, volume 294, number 5547, →DOI, pages 1671–1677:


head

en-noun

head (countable and uncountable, plural heads or head)

→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)

Sranan Tongo: ede

Aukan: ede

Saramaccan: hédi

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kap-
Proto-Indo-European *káput-
Proto-Germanic *haubudą
Old English hēafod
Middle English heed
English head
From Middle English hed, heed, heved, heaved, from Old English hēafd-, hēafod (“head; top; source, origin; chief, leader; capital”), from Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”), from Proto-Indo-European *káput. The modern word comes from Old English oblique stem hēafd-, the expected Modern English outcome for hēafod would be *heaved (similar to the Middle English word). Doublet of cape, capo, caput, chef, chief, and Howth.
Cognate with Scots heid, hede, hevid, heved (“head”), Old English hafola (“head”), North Frisian hood (“head”), Dutch hoofd (“head”), German Haupt (“head”), Swedish huvud (“head”), Danish hoved (“head”), Icelandic höfuð (“head”), Latin caput (“head”), Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “skull”), Hindi कपाल (kapāl, “skull”).

頭

つぶり, tsuburi, つぃぶる, tsiburu, つぃぶるぃ, tsiburi

pää

principal operative part of a machine or tool

have one's head screwed on the right way

know one's head from a hole in the ground

run around like a chicken with its head cut off

would lose one's head if it wasn't attached

would lose one's head if it wasn't bolted on

would lose one's head if it wasn't glued on

would lose one's head if it wasn't screwed on

would lose one's head if it wasn't stuck on

would lose one's head if it wasn't tied on

would lose one's head if it weren't attached

you can't put an old head on young shoulders

you can't put a wise head on young shoulders

(countable) The topmost, foremost, or leading part.

(geology) The uppermost part of a valley.

The topmost, foremost, or leading part.
The uppermost part of a valley.

(British, geology) Deposits near the top of a geological succession.


adamant

adamant (nominative singular)
adamanty (nominative plural)
adamantu (genitive singular)
adament (accusative singular)

Learned borrowing from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas, “invincible”). First attested in 1525. Doublet of diament.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “adamas”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


age

en-noun

age (countable and uncountable, plural ages)

From Middle English age, Old French aage, eage, edage, from an assumed Vulgar Latin *aetāticum, derived from Latin aetātem, itself derived from aevum (“lifetime”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital force”). Compare French âge.
Displaced native Old English ieldu.

вре́мя

used in its plural form времена (vremena)

век

especially to indicate particular century

The Tithonian Age was the last in the Late Jurassic Epoch.

(countable) A particular period of time in history, as distinguished from others.

(countable, geology) The shortest geochronologic unit, being a period of thousands to millions of years; a subdivision of an epoch (or sometimes a subepoch).


spring

en-noun

spring (countable and uncountable, plural springs)

Arlington Springs Man
Beijing Spring
Berber Spring
ColdSpring
Croatian Spring
Damascus Spring
Operation Spring Awakening
Operation Spring Cleanup
Operation Spring of Youth
Prague Spring
Spring Palace
Spring of Nations
Springbal
Springfest
The Spring Offensive
spring

From Middle English spryng (“a wellspring, tide, branch, sunrise, kind of dance or blow, ulcer, snare, flock”); partly from Old English spring (“wellspring, ulcer”), from Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz (“a wellspring, fount”); and partly from Old English spryng (“a jump”), from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz (“a jump”). Further senses derived from the verb and from clippings of day-spring, springtime, spring tide, etc. Its sense as the season, first attested in a work predating 1325, gradually replaced Middle English lente, lentin, from Old English lencten (“spring, Lent”) as that word became more specifically liturgical. Compare fall.

ааԥын

season between winter and summer in temperate climates

This beer was brewed with pure spring water.

(countable) Something which springs, springs forth, springs up, or springs back, particularly

(geology) A spray or body of water springing from the ground.


species

en-noun

species (countable and uncountable, plural species or (rare, nonstandard) specieses)

species (plural)
specieses (nonstandard plural rare)

From Latin speciēs (“appearance; quality”), from speciō (“see”) + -iēs suffix signifying abstract noun. Doublet of spice.

(mineralogy) A mineral with a unique chemical formula whose crystals belong to a unique crystallographic system.

espècie

mineralogy: mineral with a unique chemical formula


sill

From Middle English sille, selle, sülle, from Old English syll, syl (“sill, threshold, foundation, base, basis”), from Proto-Germanic *sulī (“bar, sill”), from Proto-Indo-European *sel-, *swel- (“beam, board, frame, threshold”).
Cognate with Scots sil, sill (“balk, beam, floor, sill”), Dutch zulle (“sill”), Low German Sull, Sülle (“threshold, ramp, sill”), German Süll, Sülle (“threshold, sill”), Danish syld (“base of a framework building”), Swedish syll (“joist, cross-tie”), Norwegian syll, Icelandic syll, sylla (“sill”). Related also to German Schwelle ( > Danish svelle), Old Norse svill, Latin silva (“wood, forest”), Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē).

cog

Minor palingenetic magmas probably were generated at this time and intruded the mantling rocks in the form of small sills and apophyses […].

1980, Geological Survey Professional Paper, Volume 1119, U.S. Government Printing Office:

The molten rock in the sills may have ignited vast reserves of shallowly buried natural gas, much like a match applied to a gas barbecue.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 55::

(geology) A stratum of rock, especially an intrusive layer of igneous rock lying parallel to surrounding strata.


sill

sill (accusative indefinite nominative)
sillul (accusative definite nominative)
sill (indefinite)
sillului (definite)
sillule (vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from French sill, from English sill.


accident

en-noun

accident (countable and uncountable, plural accidents)

First attested in the late 14th century. From Middle English accident, from Old French accident, from Latin accidēns, present active participle of accidō (“happen”); from ad (“to”) + cadō (“fall”). See cadence, case. In the sense “unintended pregnancy”, first attested in 1932.

qawwalayla

unexpected event with negative consequences

accident

logic: quality or attribute in distinction from substance

befalling

unexpected event that takes place without foresight or expectation

(geology) An irregular surface feature with no apparent cause.

(geology) A sudden discontinuity of ground such as fault of great thickness, bed or lentil of unstable ground.


pyrope

pyrope (countable and uncountable, plural pyropes)

From Latin pyrōpus, from Ancient Greek πυρωπός (purōpós, “fiery-eyed, fire-colored”), from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”); compare French pyrope.

der

(mineralogy) A variety of garnet, of a poppy or blood-red color, frequently with a tinge of orange. It is used as a gemstone.


slate

en-noun

slate (countable and uncountable, plural slates)

From Middle English slate, slat, slatte, sclate, sclatte, from Old French esclate, from esclat (French éclat), from Frankish *slaitan (“to split, break”), from Proto-Germanic *slaitijaną, causative of *slītaną (“to cut up, split”). Doublet of éclat.

Some of the minor Welsh 2 ft. gauge railways, we hear from Mr. N. F. G. Dalston, are enjoying a miniature boom owing to the demand for slate for the repair of damaged roofs.

1941 March, “Notes and News: The Demand for Slate”, in Railway Magazine, page 141:

The Penrhyn slate quarry possibly dates back to the sixteenth century, as it appears that in 1580 Sion Tudor asked the Bishop of Bangor for a shipload of slate.

1945 May and June, Charles E. Lee, “The Penrhyn Railway and its Locomotives—1”, in Railway Magazine, page 138:

(uncountable, geology) A fine-grained homogeneous sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash which has been metamorphosed so that it cleaves easily into thin layers.


CO

(geology) Initialism of common-offset [method].


boss

From Middle English bos, bose, boce, from Old French boce (“lump, bulge, protuberance, knot”), from Frankish *bottja, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to hit, strike, beat”). Doublet of beat; see there for more.

der

A swelling, lump or protuberance in an animal, person or object.

(geology) A lump-like mass of rock, especially one projecting through a stratum of different rock.


pyrargyrite

en-noun

pyrargyrite (countable and uncountable, plural pyrargyrites)

From Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ἄργῠρος (árguros, “silver”).

(mineralogy) A sulfosalt mineral used as a silver ore; it is dark red or black in color with a metallic adamantine luster, a sulfide of antimony and silver, Ag₃SbS₃, and occurs in rhombohedral crystals.


millstone

Dalgarven Mill – Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume

From Middle English mylneston, milneston, from Old English mylenstān (“millstone”), from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu + *stain; equivalent to mill + stone; cognate with Danish møllesten, Middle Dutch molensteen (modern Dutch molensteen), West Frisian molestien, Norwegian Bokmål møllestein, Old Saxon mulinstēn (Middle Low German mȫlenstēn), Old High German mulinstein, mülstein (Middle High German mülstein, modern German Mühlstein).

In North America the millstone grit, and a grey sandy and slaty rock beneath it, occur three times; and it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish these rocks in hand specimens, without the aid of organized remains. And remains are almost exclusively confined to the grey rocks. Common quarrymen, farmers, and foreign geologists, apply the names, greywracke and millstone, to all these rocks promiscuously; neither having observed their different relative positions.

1832, Amos Eaton, Geological Text-book, for Aiding the Study of North American Geology: Being a Systematic Arrangement of Facts, Collected by the Author and His Pupils, under the Patronage of the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, 2nd edition, Albany, N.Y.: Published by Websters and Skinners, New York, N.Y.: G. and C. and H. Carvill, Troy, N.Y.: William S. Parker, N. Tuttle, printer, →OCLC, pages 92–93:

From the above account it will be seen how closely the Millstone Grit and the Lower Coal Measures are like one another in their lithological character. Each is a group of thick sandstones parted by shales, and in each beds of coal are very generally found on the top of the sandstones. The differences are these. Among the Millstones the sandstones are thicker, fewer, further apart, more constant both in size and character, and as a rule coarse grits or conglomerates.

1869, A. H. Green, C[lement] le Neve Foster, J. R. Dakyns, “Lower Coal-measures or Ganister-beds”, in The Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, and Millstone Grit of North Derbyshire and the Adjoining Parts of Yorkshire. (Sheets 81 N.E., 81 S.E., 72 N.E., and Adjoining Parts of 88 S.E., 82 N.W., 82 S.W., and 71 N.W. of the Map of the Geological Survey.) (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England and Wales), London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office; published by Longmans, Green and Co., →OCLC, page 11:

(geology) A coarse-grained sandstone used for making such stones; millstone grit.


moro

moro (nominative singular)
morot (nominative plural)
moro (accusative nominative singular)
morot (accusative nominative plural)
moron (accusative genitive singular)
morot (accusative genitive plural)
moron (genitive singular)
morojen (genitive plural)
moroa (partitive singular)
moroja (partitive plural)
morossa (inessive singular)
moroissa (inessive plural)
morosta (elative singular)
moroista (elative plural)
moroon (illative singular)
moroihin (illative plural)
morolla (adessive singular)
moroilla (adessive plural)
morolta (ablative singular)
moroilta (ablative plural)
morolle (allative singular)
moroille (allative plural)
morona (essive singular)
moroina (essive plural)
moroksi (singular translative)
moroiksi (plural translative)
morotta (abessive singular)
moroitta (abessive plural)
moroin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
moroni (nominative singular)
moroni (nominative plural)
moroni (accusative nominative singular)
moroni (accusative nominative plural)
moroni (accusative genitive singular)
moroni (accusative genitive plural)
moroni (genitive singular)
morojeni (genitive plural)
moroani (partitive singular)
morojani (partitive plural)
morossani (inessive singular)
moroissani (inessive plural)
morostani (elative singular)
moroistani (elative plural)
morooni (illative singular)
moroihini (illative plural)
morollani (adessive singular)
moroillani (adessive plural)
moroltani (ablative singular)
moroiltani (ablative plural)
morolleni (allative singular)
moroilleni (allative plural)
moronani (essive singular)
moroinani (essive plural)
morokseni (singular translative)
moroikseni (plural translative)
morottani (abessive singular)
moroittani (abessive plural)
moroineni (comitative plural)
morosi (nominative singular)
morosi (nominative plural)
morosi (accusative nominative singular)
morosi (accusative nominative plural)
morosi (accusative genitive singular)
morosi (accusative genitive plural)
morosi (genitive singular)
morojesi (genitive plural)
moroasi (partitive singular)
morojasi (partitive plural)
morossasi (inessive singular)
moroissasi (inessive plural)
morostasi (elative singular)
moroistasi (elative plural)
moroosi (illative singular)
moroihisi (illative plural)
morollasi (adessive singular)
moroillasi (adessive plural)
moroltasi (ablative singular)
moroiltasi (ablative plural)
morollesi (allative singular)
moroillesi (allative plural)
moronasi (essive singular)
moroinasi (essive plural)
moroksesi (singular translative)
moroiksesi (plural translative)
morottasi (abessive singular)
moroittasi (abessive plural)
moroinesi (comitative plural)
moromme (nominative singular)
moromme (nominative plural)
moromme (accusative nominative singular)
moromme (accusative nominative plural)
moromme (accusative genitive singular)
moromme (accusative genitive plural)
moromme (genitive singular)
morojemme (genitive plural)
moroamme (partitive singular)
morojamme (partitive plural)
morossamme (inessive singular)
moroissamme (inessive plural)
morostamme (elative singular)
moroistamme (elative plural)
moroomme (illative singular)
moroihimme (illative plural)
morollamme (adessive singular)
moroillamme (adessive plural)
moroltamme (ablative singular)
moroiltamme (ablative plural)
morollemme (allative singular)
moroillemme (allative plural)
moronamme (essive singular)
moroinamme (essive plural)
moroksemme (singular translative)
moroiksemme (plural translative)
morottamme (abessive singular)
moroittamme (abessive plural)
moroinemme (comitative plural)
moronne (nominative singular)
moronne (nominative plural)
moronne (accusative nominative singular)
moronne (accusative nominative plural)
moronne (accusative genitive singular)
moronne (accusative genitive plural)
moronne (genitive singular)
morojenne (genitive plural)
moroanne (partitive singular)
morojanne (partitive plural)
morossanne (inessive singular)
moroissanne (inessive plural)
morostanne (elative singular)
moroistanne (elative plural)
moroonne (illative singular)
moroihinne (illative plural)
morollanne (adessive singular)
moroillanne (adessive plural)
moroltanne (ablative singular)
moroiltanne (ablative plural)
morollenne (allative singular)
moroillenne (allative plural)
moronanne (essive singular)
moroinanne (essive plural)
moroksenne (singular translative)
moroiksenne (plural translative)
morottanne (abessive singular)
moroittanne (abessive plural)
moroinenne (comitative plural)
moronsa (nominative singular)
moronsa (nominative plural)
moronsa (accusative nominative singular)
moronsa (accusative nominative plural)
moronsa (accusative genitive singular)
moronsa (accusative genitive plural)
moronsa (genitive singular)
morojensa (genitive plural)
moroaan (partitive singular)
moroansa (partitive singular)
morojaan (partitive plural)
morojansa (partitive plural)
morossaan (inessive singular)
morossansa (inessive singular)
moroissaan (inessive plural)
moroissansa (inessive plural)
morostaan (elative singular)
morostansa (elative singular)
moroistaan (elative plural)
moroistansa (elative plural)
moroonsa (illative singular)
moroihinsa (illative plural)
morollaan (adessive singular)
morollansa (adessive singular)
moroillaan (adessive plural)
moroillansa (adessive plural)
moroltaan (ablative singular)
moroltansa (ablative singular)
moroiltaan (ablative plural)
moroiltansa (ablative plural)
morolleen (allative singular)
morollensa (allative singular)
moroilleen (allative plural)
moroillensa (allative plural)
moronaan (essive singular)
moronansa (essive singular)
moroinaan (essive plural)
moroinansa (essive plural)
morokseen (singular translative)
moroksensa (singular translative)
moroikseen (plural translative)
moroiksensa (plural translative)
morottaan (abessive singular)
morottansa (abessive singular)
moroittaan (abessive plural)
moroittansa (abessive plural)
moroineen (comitative plural)
moroinensa (comitative plural)

(geology) gravel made of a coarse-grained rock, such as rapakivi


talk

talk (nominative singular)
talku (genitive singular)
talkowi (dative singular)
talk (accusative singular)
talkiem (instrumental singular)
talku (locative singular)
talku (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin talcum.


unit

Formerly unite, a later form of unity; see unity.

For example, the Moenkopi Formation was named for the small settlement of Moenkopi, Arizona where the formation was first defined as being a separate unit from the rocks above and beneath it.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

(geology) A volume of rock or ice of identifiable origin and age range that is defined by the distinctive and dominant, easily mapped and recognizable petrographic, lithologic or paleontologic features (facies) that characterize it.


creep

en-noun

creep (countable and uncountable, plural creeps)

function creep
instruction creep
mission creep
requirement creep

From Middle English crepen, from Old English crēopan (“to creep, crawl”), from Proto-West Germanic *kreupan, from Proto-Germanic *kreupaną (“to twist, creep”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to turn, wind”). Cognate with West Frisian krippe, krûpe, West Frisian crjippa (“to creep”), Low German krepen and krupen, Dutch kruipen (“to creep, crawl”), Middle High German kriefen (“to creep”), Danish krybe (“to creep”), Norwegian krype (“to creep”), Swedish krypa (“to creep, crawl”), Icelandic krjúpa (“to stoop”).
The noun is derived from the verb.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *kreupaną
Proto-West Germanic *kreupan
Old English crēopan
Middle English crepen
English creep

etymon

(geology) The imperceptible downslope movement of surface rock.

свличане

geology: imperceptible downslope movement of surface


egg

eggen (definite singular)
egga (definite singular)
eggar (indefinite plural)
egger (indefinite plural)
eggane (definite plural)
eggene (definite plural)
Historical inflection of egg

nn-noun-infl

Egg <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>

From Old Norse egg f, from Proto-Germanic *agjō f (“edge, corner”), and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eḱ-. Cognates include English edge and German Ecke.


neck

From Middle English nekke, nakke, from Old English hnecca, *hnæcca (“neck, nape”), from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô (“nape, neck”), from Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (“back of the head, nape, neck”). Cognate with Scots nek (“neck”), North Frisian neek, neeke, Nak (“neck”), Saterland Frisian Näkke (“neck”), West Frisian nekke (“neck”), Dutch nek (“neck”), German Low German Nack (“neck”), German Nacken (“nape of the neck”), Danish nakke (“neck”), Swedish nacke (“nape of the neck”), Icelandic hnakki (“neck”), Tocharian A kñuk (“neck, nape”). Possibly a mutated variant of *kneug/k (compare Old English hnocc (“hook, penis”), Welsh cnwch (“joint, knob”), Latvian knaūķis (“dwarf”). Doublet of nek. More at nook. Displaced halse (“neck, throat”) and swire (“neck”).

(geology) A volcanic plug, solidified lava filling the vent of an extinct volcano.


neck

(geology) neck (solidified lava filling the vent of an extinct volcano)


bed

→ Chichewa: bedi

→ Chuukese: pet

→ Esperanto: bedo

→ Japanese: ベッド (beddo)

African-American Vernacular, some speakers

From Middle English bed, bedde, from Old English bedd, from Proto-West Germanic *badi, from Proto-Germanic *badją (“resting-place, plot of ground”).
cognates
Cognate with North Frisian baad, beed, Saterland Frisian Bääd, West Frisian bêd, Low German Bedd, Dutch bed, German Bett, Swedish bädd, Icelandic beður, all meaning “bed”.
further possible etymology and cognates
The Proto-Germanic term may in turn be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig”) with various theories explaining the development in meaning. If it is, the term is also cognate with Ancient Greek βοθυρος (bothuros, “pit”), Latin fossa (“ditch”), Latvian bedre (“hole”), Welsh bedd (“grave”), Breton bez (“grave”); and probably also Russian бодать (bodatʹ, “to butt, gore”).

bed

flat surface or layer on which something else is to be placed

(heading) A horizontal layer or surface.

(geology) The smallest division of a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (bedding planes) separating it from layers above and below.

བྲག་གི་ཆགས་རིམ

geology: the smallest division of a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series


morphology

en-noun

morphology (countable and uncountable, plural morphologies)

morfologie

a scientific study of form and structure

марфало́гія

geological study of the form and structure

morfologji

linguistic study of the form and structure

(uncountable) A scientific study of form and structure, usually without regard to function. Especially:

(geology) The study of the structure of rocks and landforms.


deflation

deflation (countable and uncountable, plural deflations)

(geology) The removal of soil and other loose material from the ground (or another surface) by wind, leaving it exposed to erosion.

吹蝕

removal of soil and other loose material from a surface by wind


deflation

deflation (indefinite nominative singular)


кошка

ru-noun+

ко́шка • (kóška) f anim or f inan (genitive ко́шки, nominative plural ко́шки, genitive plural ко́шек, relational adjective коша́чий, diminutive ко́шечка)

ко́шка (canonical)
kóška (romanization)
ко́шки (genitive)
ко́шки (nominative plural)
ко́шек (genitive plural)
коша́чий (adjective relational)
ко́шечка (diminutive)
ко́шка (nominative singular)
ко́шки (nominative plural)
ко́шки (genitive singular)
ко́шек (genitive plural)
ко́шке (dative singular)
ко́шкам (dative plural)
ко́шку (accusative animate singular)
ко́шек (accusative animate plural)
ко́шку (accusative inanimate singular)
ко́шки (accusative inanimate plural)
ко́шкой (instrumental singular)
ко́шкою (instrumental singular)
ко́шками (instrumental plural)
ко́шке (prepositional singular)
ко́шках (plural prepositional)
ко́шка (dated nominative singular)
ко́шки (dated nominative plural)
ко́шки (dated genitive singular)
ко́шекъ (dated genitive plural)
ко́шкѣ (dated dative singular)
ко́шкамъ (dated dative plural)
ко́шку (accusative animate dated singular)
ко́шекъ (accusative animate dated plural)
ко́шку (accusative dated inanimate singular)
ко́шки (accusative dated inanimate plural)
ко́шкой (dated instrumental singular)
ко́шкою (dated instrumental singular)
ко́шками (dated instrumental plural)
ко́шкѣ (dated prepositional singular)
ко́шкахъ (dated plural prepositional)

→ Buryat: хөөшхэ (xööšxe)

desc

→ Ket: коска

→ Ket: коска

→ Khamnigan Mongol: киискэ (kiiske)

→ Kildin Sami: куэшшьк (kuešš’k) (Ārʹsjogk)

→ Ter Sami: кыэшшькэ (kïeššʼke)

→ Yakut: куоска (kuoska)

Inherited from Middle Russian ко́шка (kóška), from Old East Slavic ко́шька (kóšĭka), from unattested *ко́чька (*kóčĭka), from Proto-Slavic *kòťьka, from *kòťь, from *kòtъ. Cognate with Old Ruthenian ко́шка (kóška), Ukrainian кі́шка (kíška).


grind

Afrikaans: grint

From Middle Dutch grint, grinde, from Old Dutch *grinda, from Proto-Germanic *grindō (“sand, pebbles”).


sweet

en-adj

sweet (comparative sweeter, superlative sweetest)

sweeter (comparative)
sweetest (superlative)

nonsweet

antonym(s) of “containing a sweetening ingredient”

dry

of wines: retaining a portion of natural sugar

decaying

antonym(s) of “not decaying, fermented, rancid, sour, spoiled, or stale”

sour

antonym(s) of “free from excessive unwanted substances”

lame

antonym(s) of “(informal) very pleasing”

From Middle English swete, from Old English swēte (“sweet”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōtī, from Proto-Germanic *swōtuz (“sweet”), from Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus (“sweet”).
Cognate and synonymous with Scots sweit (“sweet”), North Frisian sweete (“sweet”), Saterland Frisian swäit (“sweet”), West Frisian swiet (“sweet”), Dutch zoet (“sweet”), German Low German sööt (“sweet”), German süß (“sweet”), Danish sød (“sweet”), Swedish söt (“sweet”), Norwegian søt (“sweet”), Icelandic sætur (“sweet”), Latin suāvis, Sanskrit स्वादु (svādú), Ancient Greek ἡδύς (hēdús). Doublet of suave.

money won is twice as sweet as money earned

sweet gas

sweet soil

sweet crude oil

(mineralogy) Free from excessive unwanted substances like acid or sulphur.


weather

From Middle English weder, wedir, from Old English weder, from Proto-West Germanic *wedr, from Proto-Germanic *wedrą, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰrom (=*we-dʰrom), from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Weeder, West Frisian waar, Dutch weer, Low German Weder, German Wetter, Danish vejr, Swedish väder, Norwegian Bokmål vær, Norwegian Nynorsk vêr, Icelandic veður; also more distantly related to Russian вёдро (vjódro, “fair weather”) and perhaps Albanian vrëndë (“light rain”).
Other cognates include Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”).

cog

weather side, weather helm

Let me make a clean breast of it here, and frankly admit that I kept but sorry guard. With the problem of the universe revolving in me, how could I—being left completely to myself at such a thought-engendering altitude—how could I but lightly hold my obligations to observe all whale-ships’ standing orders, “Keep your weather eye open, and sing out every time.”

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 35, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 174:

(sailing, geology) Facing towards the flow of a fluid, usually air.


ephemeral

en-adj

ephemeral (comparative more ephemeral, superlative most ephemeral)

more ephemeral (comparative)
most ephemeral (superlative)

From New Latin ephemerus, from Ancient Greek ἐφήμερος (ephḗmeros), the more common form of ἐφημέριος (ephēmérios, “of, for, or during the day, living or lasting but for a day, short-lived, temporary”), from ἐπί (epí, “on”) + ἡμέρα (hēméra, “day”).

The graben constitutes a depositional basin and a topographic low, underlain by Cretaceous shales, in which volcanic debris accumulated in ephemeral lakes and streams in Oligocene and early Miocene time.

1986, W.H. Raymond, "Clinoptilolite Deposit in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, U.S.A.", in Yūichi Murakami et al. (editors), New Developments in Zeolite Science and Technology (conference proceedings), Elsevier, page 80

(geology, of a body of water) Usually dry, but filling with water for brief periods during and after precipitation.


mama

mama (nominative singular)
mamakuna (nominative plural)
mamata (accusative singular)
mamakunata (accusative plural)
mamaman (dative singular)
mamakunaman (dative plural)
mamap (genitive singular)
mamakunap (genitive plural)
mamapi (locative singular)
mamakunapi (locative plural)
mamakama (singular terminative)
mamakunakama (plural terminative)
mamamanta (ablative singular)
mamakunamanta (ablative plural)
mamawan (instrumental singular)
mamakunawan (instrumental plural)
mamantin (comitative singular)
mamakunantin (comitative plural)
mamannaq (abessive singular)
mamakunannaq (abessive plural)
mamahina (comparative singular)
mamakunahina (comparative plural)
mamarayku (causative singular)
mamakunarayku (causative plural)
mamapaq (benefactive singular)
mamakunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamapura (associative singular)
mamakunapura (associative plural)
mamanka (distributive)
mamakunanka (distributive)
mamalla (exclusive singular)
mamakunalla (exclusive plural)
mamay (nominative singular)
mamaykuna (nominative plural)
mamayta (accusative singular)
mamaykunata (accusative plural)
mamayman (dative singular)
mamaykunaman (dative plural)
mamaypa (genitive singular)
mamaykunap (genitive plural)
mamaypi (locative singular)
mamaykunapi (locative plural)
mamaykama (singular terminative)
mamaykunakama (plural terminative)
mamaymanta (ablative singular)
mamaykunamanta (ablative plural)
mamaywan (instrumental singular)
mamaykunawan (instrumental plural)
mamaynintin (comitative singular)
mamaykunantin (comitative plural)
mamayninnaq (abessive singular)
mamaykunannaq (abessive plural)
mamayhina (comparative singular)
mamaykunahina (comparative plural)
mamayrayku (causative singular)
mamaykunarayku (causative plural)
mamaypaq (benefactive singular)
mamaykunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamaypura (associative singular)
mamaykunapura (associative plural)
mamayninka (distributive)
mamaykunanka (distributive)
mamaylla (exclusive singular)
mamaykunalla (exclusive plural)
mamayki (nominative singular)
mamaykikuna (nominative plural)
mamaykita (accusative singular)
mamaykikunata (accusative plural)
mamaykiman (dative singular)
mamaykikunaman (dative plural)
mamaykipa (genitive singular)
mamaykikunap (genitive plural)
mamaykipi (locative singular)
mamaykikunapi (locative plural)
mamaykikama (singular terminative)
mamaykikunakama (plural terminative)
mamaykimanta (ablative singular)
mamaykikunamanta (ablative plural)
mamaykiwan (instrumental singular)
mamaykikunawan (instrumental plural)
mamaykintin (comitative singular)
mamaykikunantin (comitative plural)
mamaykinnaq (abessive singular)
mamaykikunannaq (abessive plural)
mamaykihina (comparative singular)
mamaykikunahina (comparative plural)
mamaykirayku (causative singular)
mamaykikunarayku (causative plural)
mamaykipaq (benefactive singular)
mamaykikunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamaykipura (associative singular)
mamaykikunapura (associative plural)
mamaykinka (distributive)
mamaykikunanka (distributive)
mamaykilla (exclusive singular)
mamaykikunalla (exclusive plural)
maman (nominative singular)
mamankuna (nominative plural)
mamanta (accusative singular)
mamankunata (accusative plural)
mamanman (dative singular)
mamankunaman (dative plural)
mamanpa (genitive singular)
mamankunap (genitive plural)
mamanpi (locative singular)
mamankunapi (locative plural)
mamankama (singular terminative)
mamankunakama (plural terminative)
mamanmanta (ablative singular)
mamankunamanta (ablative plural)
mamanwan (instrumental singular)
mamankunawan (instrumental plural)
mamanintin (comitative singular)
mamankunantin (comitative plural)
mamanninnaq (abessive singular)
mamankunannaq (abessive plural)
mamanhina (comparative singular)
mamankunahina (comparative plural)
mamanrayku (causative singular)
mamankunarayku (causative plural)
mamanpaq (benefactive singular)
mamankunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamanpura (associative singular)
mamankunapura (associative plural)
mamaninka (distributive)
mamankunanka (distributive)
mamanlla (exclusive singular)
mamankunalla (exclusive plural)
mamanchik (nominative singular)
mamanchikkuna (nominative plural)
mamanchikta (accusative singular)
mamanchikkunata (accusative plural)
mamanchikman (dative singular)
mamanchikkunaman (dative plural)
mamanchikpa (genitive singular)
mamanchikkunap (genitive plural)
mamanchikpi (locative singular)
mamanchikkunapi (locative plural)
mamanchikkama (singular terminative)
mamanchikkunakama (plural terminative)
mamanchikmanta (ablative singular)
mamanchikkunamanta (ablative plural)
mamanchikwan (instrumental singular)
mamanchikkunawan (instrumental plural)
mamanchiknintin (comitative singular)
mamanchikkunantin (comitative plural)
mamanchikninnaq (abessive singular)
mamanchikkunannaq (abessive plural)
mamanchikhina (comparative singular)
mamanchikkunahina (comparative plural)
mamanchikrayku (causative singular)
mamanchikkunarayku (causative plural)
mamanchikpaq (benefactive singular)
mamanchikkunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamanchikpura (associative singular)
mamanchikkunapura (associative plural)
mamanchikninka (distributive)
mamanchikkunanka (distributive)
mamanchiklla (exclusive singular)
mamanchikkunalla (exclusive plural)
mamayku (nominative singular)
mamaykukuna (nominative plural)
mamaykuta (accusative singular)
mamaykukunata (accusative plural)
mamaykuman (dative singular)
mamaykukunaman (dative plural)
mamaykupa (genitive singular)
mamaykukunap (genitive plural)
mamaykupi (locative singular)
mamaykukunapi (locative plural)
mamaykukama (singular terminative)
mamaykukunakama (plural terminative)
mamaykumanta (ablative singular)
mamaykukunamanta (ablative plural)
mamaykuwan (instrumental singular)
mamaykukunawan (instrumental plural)
mamaykuntin (comitative singular)
mamaykukunantin (comitative plural)
mamaykunnaq (abessive singular)
mamaykukunannaq (abessive plural)
mamaykuhina (comparative singular)
mamaykukunahina (comparative plural)
mamaykurayku (causative singular)
mamaykukunarayku (causative plural)
mamaykupaq (benefactive singular)
mamaykukunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamaykupura (associative singular)
mamaykukunapura (associative plural)
mamaykunka (distributive)
mamaykukunanka (distributive)
mamaykulla (exclusive singular)
mamaykukunalla (exclusive plural)
mamaykichik (nominative singular)
mamaykichikkuna (nominative plural)
mamaykichikta (accusative singular)
mamaykichikkunata (accusative plural)
mamaykichikman (dative singular)
mamaykichikkunaman (dative plural)
mamaykichikpa (genitive singular)
mamaykichikkunap (genitive plural)
mamaykichikpi (locative singular)
mamaykichikkunapi (locative plural)
mamaykichikkama (singular terminative)
mamaykichikkunakama (plural terminative)
mamaykichikmanta (ablative singular)
mamaykichikkunamanta (ablative plural)
mamaykichikwan (instrumental singular)
mamaykichikkunawan (instrumental plural)
mamaykichiknintin (comitative singular)
mamaykichikkunantin (comitative plural)
mamaykichikninnaq (abessive singular)
mamaykichikkunannaq (abessive plural)
mamaykichikhina (comparative singular)
mamaykichikkunahina (comparative plural)
mamaykichikrayku (causative singular)
mamaykichikkunarayku (causative plural)
mamaykichikpaq (benefactive singular)
mamaykichikkunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamaykichikpura (associative singular)
mamaykichikkunapura (associative plural)
mamaykichikninka (distributive)
mamaykichikkunanka (distributive)
mamaykichiklla (exclusive singular)
mamaykichikkunalla (exclusive plural)
mamanku (nominative singular)
mamankukuna (nominative plural)
mamankuta (accusative singular)
mamankukunata (accusative plural)
mamankuman (dative singular)
mamankukunaman (dative plural)
mamankupa (genitive singular)
mamankukunap (genitive plural)
mamankupi (locative singular)
mamankukunapi (locative plural)
mamankukama (singular terminative)
mamankukunakama (plural terminative)
mamankumanta (ablative singular)
mamankukunamanta (ablative plural)
mamankuwan (instrumental singular)
mamankukunawan (instrumental plural)
mamankuntin (comitative singular)
mamankukunantin (comitative plural)
mamankunnaq (abessive singular)
mamankukunannaq (abessive plural)
mamankuhina (comparative singular)
mamankukunahina (comparative plural)
mamankurayku (causative singular)
mamankukunarayku (causative plural)
mamankupaq (benefactive singular)
mamankukunapaq (benefactive plural)
mamankupura (associative singular)
mamankukunapura (associative plural)
mamankunka (distributive)
mamankukunanka (distributive)
mamankulla (exclusive singular)
mamankukunalla (exclusive plural)


rake

The origin of the verb is uncertain. The noun is probably derived from the verb.
possibly related terms
* German ragen (“to rise up out of; to jut or stick out”), from Middle High German ragen (compare Middle Dutch rāgen, Middle Low German rāgen), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erǵʰ- (“to go up, rise”); and
* Middle Dutch rāken (“to acquire; to hit (not miss); to reach; to touch”) (modern Dutch raken (“to hit (not miss); to touch; to become”)), Middle Low German rāken, rōken (“to hit (not miss); to reach; to touch”), from Proto-Germanic *rakōną (“to take a course or direction; to run”) (see further at etymology 4).

ref

From “Grinding and Setting Lathe and Planer Cutting Tools”, in Canadian Machinery and Manufacturing News, volume XVIII, number 1, Toronto, Ont.: MacLean Publishing Company, 1917 July 5, →OCLC, page 21.

der

(geology) The direction of slip during the movement of a fault, measured within the fault plane.


shear

en-noun

shear (countable and uncountable, plural shears)

From Middle English sheren, scheren, from Old English sċieran (“to shear; to shave”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
Cognate with West Frisian skarre, Low German scheren, Dutch scheren, German scheren, Danish skære, Norwegian Bokmål skjære, Norwegian Nynorsk skjera, Swedish skära, Finnish keritä; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), Latin caro (“flesh”), Albanian shqerr (“to tear, cut”), harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian skìrti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”). See also sharp.

inh

(geology) The response of a rock to deformation usually by compressive stress, resulting in particular textures.


tongue

en-noun

tongue (countable and uncountable, plural tongues)

Australian Kriol: tang

Bislama: tang

Sranan Tongo: tongo

Tok Pisin: tang

Torres Strait Creole: tang

From Middle English tonge, tunge, tung, from Old English tunge, from Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ (“tongue”) (compare West Frisian tonge, Dutch tong, Luxembourgish Zong, German Zunge, Yiddish צונג (tsung), Danish tunge, Norwegian Bokmål tunge, Swedish tunga, Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)), from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Cognate with Old Irish tengae, Latin lingua, Tocharian A käntu, Tocharian B kantwo, Lithuanian liežùvis, Russian язык (jazyk), Polish język, Old Armenian լեզու (lezu), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬎𐬎𐬁 (hizuuā), Persian زبان (zabân), Ashkun žū, Kamkata-viri dić, Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā́). Doublet of language and lingua.

puhe

uncountable: discourse, fluency of speech

(geology) A division of formation; A layer or member of a formation that pinches out in one direction.


swell

swell (countable and uncountable, plural swells)

From Middle English swelle, from the verb swellen (modern swell).

kivimbe

music: device for controlling the volume of a pipe organ

(geology) An upward protrusion of strata from whose central region the beds dip quaquaversally at a low angle.


slide

→ Czech: slajd

→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)

→ Persian: اسلاید (eslâyd)

→ Polish: slajd

→ Portuguese: slide

From Middle English sliden, from Old English slīdan (“to slide”), from Proto-West Germanic *slīdan, from Proto-Germanic *slīdaną (“to slide, glide”), from Proto-Indo-European *sléydʰ-e-ti, from *sleydʰ- (“slippery”). Cognate with Old High German slītan (“to slide”) (whence German schlittern), Middle Low German slīden (“to slide”), Middle Dutch slīden (“to slide”) (whence Dutch slijderen, frequentative of now obsolete slijden), Vedic Sanskrit स्रेधति (srédhati, “to err, blunder”).

cog

(geology) A small dislocation in beds of rock along a line of fissure.


simple

en-adj

simple (comparative simpler or more simple, superlative simplest or most simple)

simpler (comparative)
more simple (comparative)
simplest (superlative)
most simple (superlative)

Inherited from Middle English symple, simple, from Old French and French simple, from Latin simplex (“simple”, literally “onefold”) (as opposed to duplex (“double”, literally “twofold”)), from semel (“the same”) + plicō (“I fold”). See same and fold. Compare single, singular, simultaneous, etc.
Partially displaced native English onefold.

der

(heading, technical) Structurally uncomplicated.


cut

en-noun

cut (countable and uncountable, plural cuts)

From Middle English cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten (“to cut”) (compare Scots kut, kit (“to cut”)), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse *kytja, *kutta, from Proto-Germanic *kutjaną, *kuttaną (“to cut”), of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *kwetwą (“meat, flesh”) (compare Old Norse kvett (“meat”)). Akin to Middle Swedish kotta (“to cut or carve with a knife”) (compare dialectal Swedish kåta, kuta (“to cut or chip with a knife”), Swedish kuta, kytti (“a knife”)), Norwegian Bokmål kutte (“to cut”), Norwegian Nynorsk kutte (“to cut”), Icelandic kuta (“to cut with a knife”), Old Norse kuti (“small knife”), Norwegian kyttel, kytel, kjutul (“pointed slip of wood used to strip bark”). Displaced native Middle English snithen (from Old English snīþan; compare German schneiden), which still survives in some dialects as snithe or snead. See snide. Adjective sense of "drunk" (now rare and now usually used in the originally jocular derivative form of half-cut) dates from the 17th century, from cut in the leg, to have cut your leg, euphemism for being very drunk.

leikkaus

notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging

(petrochemistry) The range of temperatures used to distill a particular mixture of hydrocarbons from crude oil.


era

(geology) A geochronologic unit of tens to hundreds of millions of years; a subdivision of an eon, and subdivided into periods.


era

(geology) era (unit of time, smaller than aeons and greater than periods)


strike

→ Danish: strike

→ Dutch: strike

→ French: strike

→ German: Strike

→ Italian: strike

→ Japanese: ストライク (sutoraiku)

→ Korean: 스트라이크 (seuteuraikeu)

→ Portuguese: strike

→ Russian: страйк (strajk)

→ Spanish: strike

→ Swedish: strike

→ Danish: strejke

→ Esperanto: striko

→ Hungarian: sztrájk

→ Japanese: ストライキ (sutoraiki)

desctree

→ German: Streik
→ Kashubian: sztrajk
→ Macedonian: штрајк (štrajk)
→ Serbo-Croatian: štrȁjk／штра̏јк
→ Slovak: štrajk

→ Polish: strajk
→ Belarusian: страйк (strajk)
→ Ukrainian: страйк (strajk)

→ Swedish: strejk

→ Welsh: streic

From Middle English stryken, from Old English strīcan, from Proto-West Germanic *strīkan, from Proto-Germanic *strīkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”).
Cognate with Dutch strijken, German streichen, Danish stryge, Icelandic strýkja, strýkva.

der

(geology) The compass direction of the line of intersection between a rock layer and the surface of the Earth or another solid celestial body.


melt

en-noun

melt (countable and uncountable, plural melts)

From Middle English melten, from a merger of Old English meltan (intransitive) and mieltan (transitive), both meaning “to melt, digest,” from Proto-West Germanic *meltan and *maltijan, from Proto-Germanic *meltaną and *maltijaną, both from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“melt”). Cognate with Icelandic melta (“to digest”).

Numerous samples of breccia and impact melts were recovered by drilling into the floor of the crater.

(geology) Rock showing evidence of having been remelted after it originally solidified.


界

From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH, “boundary”).
In Buddhist contexts, derived from the Middle Chinese term used as a translation of Sanskrit धातु (dhātu, “layer, stratum”).

(geology) a stratum corresponding to a geologic age


plasma

plasma (countable and uncountable, plural plasmas or plasmata)

From Late Latin plasma (“mold”), from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma, “something formed”).

der

human seminal plasma protein hypersensitivity

(mineralogy) A variety of green quartz, used in ancient times for making engraved ornaments.


plasma

→ Indonesian: plasma

Borrowed from Latin plasma, from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma). Influenced by German Plasma (“blood plasma, cytoplasm”) and English plasma (“ionised gas”).

(mineralogy) plasma, dark green type of quartz


horizontal

/ˌhɒɹɪˈzɒntəl/


iron

en-noun

iron (countable and uncountable, plural irons)

From Middle English iren, from Old English īsern, īsærn, īren, īsen, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną (“iron”), from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom (“iron”), a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).

Irons and stony irons can be much larger than stony meteorites and are much more visually striking, but make up only a few percent of all meteorites.

(countable, astronomy, geology) A meteorite consisting primarily of metallic iron (mixed with a small amount of nickel), as opposed to one composed mainly of stony material.


sand

sand (usually uncountable, plural sands)

From Middle English sand, from Old English sand, from Proto-West Germanic *samd, from Proto-Germanic *samdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos, from *sem- (“to pour”).
See also West Frisian sân, Dutch zand, German Sand, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian sand, Latin sabulum, Ancient Greek ἄμαθος (ámathos), English dialectal samel (“sand bottom”), Old Irish do·essim (“to pour out”), Latin sentina (“bilge water”), Lithuanian sémti (“to scoop”), Ancient Greek ἀμάω (amáō, “to gather”), ἄμη (ámē, “water bucket”).

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

(uncountable, geology) A particle from 62.5 microns to 2 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.


shock

en-verb

shock (third-person singular simple present shocks, present participle shocking, simple past and past participle shocked)

shocks (present singular third-person)
shocking (participle present)
shocked (participle past)
shocked (past)

From Middle Dutch schokken (“to push, jolt, shake, jerk”) or Middle French choquer (“to collide with, clash”), from Old Dutch *skokkan (“to shake up and down, shog”), from Proto-Germanic *skukkaną (“to move, shake, tremble”). Of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *skakaną (“to shake, stir”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek-, *(s)keg- (“to shake, stir”); see shake.
Cognate with Middle Low German schocken (“collide with, deliver a blow to, move back and forth”), Old High German scoc (“a jolt, swing”), Middle High German schocken (“to swing”) (German schaukeln), Old Norse skykkr (“vibration, surging motion”), Icelandic skykkjun (“tremulously”), Middle English schiggen (“to shake”). Doublet of shog.

cog

shark (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

It takes more than two gigapascals (two billion pascals) of pressure to shock quartz in this manner (for comparison, the atmosphere at sea level exerts a little over 100,000 pascals of pressure).

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 44:

(geology, transitive) To deform the crystal structure of a stone by the application of extremely high pressure at moderate temperature, as produced only by hypervelocity impact events, lightning strikes, and nuclear explosions.


sal

Coined by Eduard Suess in 1909, in Das Antlitz der Erde, as a blend of translingual Si (silicon) + Al (aluminum).

ref

Eduard Suess (1909) “Vierter Theil, Vierundzwanzigster Abschnitt: Die Tiefen”, in Das Antlitz der Erde (in German), volume 3.2, Wien: F. Tempsky, →OCLC, page 626:
Wir nehmen ferner drei Zonen oder Hüllen als maassgebend für die Beschaffenheit der Erde an, u. zw. die Barysphäre oder das Nife (Ni-Fe), ferner Sima (Si-Mg) und Sal (Si-Al). Diese Theilung unterscheidet sich von der Classification, die von hervorragenden americanischen Petrographen vorgeschlagen wurde, durch die Abtrennung der metallischen Barysphäre (Nife).
We further assume the existence of three zones or envelopes as determining the structure of the earth, namely, the barysphere or the Nife (Ni-Fe), Sima (Si-Mg), and Sal (Si-Al). This division differs from the classification which has been proposed by distinguished American petrographers, in the separation of the metallic barysphere (Nife).

Wegener bases his theory of the drifting continents on the assumption that there are two distinct levels to be taken into account, the surface of the masses of "sal" which form the continents and the surface of the "sima" in which they float.

1923 March 14, G. Vibert Douglas, A.V. Douglas, “Note on the Interpretation of the Wegener Frequency Curve”, in Geological Magazine, volume 60, number 3, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, page 108:


seam

From Middle English seem, seme, from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz (“that which is sewn”).

inh

(geology) A thin stratum, especially of an economically viable material such as coal or mineral.


plate

→ Maori: pereti

→ Hindi: प्लेट (pleṭ)

From Middle English plate, from Old French plate, from Medieval Latin plata, from Vulgar Latin *plat(t)us, from Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús, “broad, flat, wide”). Compare Spanish plato.

der

Our planet's crust is split into eight major plates and many minor plates.


vein

From Middle English veyne, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna (“a blood-vessel; vein; artery”) of uncertain origin. See vēna for more. Doublet of vena. Displaced native edre, from ǣdre (whence edder).

жи́ла

stripe or streak in stone or other material

A stripe or streak of a different colour or composition in materials such as wood, cheese, marble or other rocks.

(geology) A sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock.


domain

range

antonym(s) of “domain of definition of a function”

From Middle English demayne, demain (“rule”), from Old French demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine (“power”), (French domaine), from Latin dominium (“property, right of ownership”), from dominus (“master, proprietor, owner”). See dame, and compare demain, danger, dungeon. Doublet of demesne, domino.

definisieversameling

(mathematics) the set on which a function is defined

(geology) An area of more or less uniform mineralization.


datolite

From Ancient Greek δατέομαι (datéomai, “to divide”) + -lite; in allusion to the granular structure of a massive variety.

uder

(mineralogy) A borosilicate of lime commonly occurring in glassy, greenish crystals, with the chemical formula CaBSiO₄(OH).


deposit

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Proto-Italic *pozinō
Latin pōnō
Latin dēpōnō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin deposituslbor.
English deposit
Learned borrowing from Latin depositus, past participle of depono (“put down”). Doublet of depot.

etymon

(geology) Sediment or rock that is not native to its present location or is different from the surrounding material. Sometimes refers to ore or gems.

радо́вішча

sediment or rock different from the surrounding material


k

(geology) The permeability of a material for fluids.


platform

From Middle French plateforme (“a flat form”), from plate (“flat”) (from Old French plat, from Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús, “flat”)) + forme (“form”) (from Latin fōrma (“shape; figure; form”)); compare flatscape.

der

Wave erosion causes a sea cliff to migrate landward, leaving a gently sloping surface, called a wave-cut platform. A wave-built platform originates by deposition at the seaward margin of the wave-cut platform.

2019, Reed Wicander, James S. Monroe, Geology: Earth in Perspective, Cengage Learning, →ISBN, page 319:

(geology) A flat expanse of rock, often the result of wave erosion.


field

→ Japanese: フィールド (fīrudo)

From Middle English feeld, feld, from Old English feld, from Proto-West Germanic *felþu, from Proto-Germanic *felþuz (“field”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“field, plain”) or *pleth₂- (“flat”) (with schwebeablaut).
Cognate with Scots feld, feild (“field”), North Frisian fjild (“field”), West Frisian fjild (“field”), Dutch veld (“field”), German Feld (“field”), Swedish fält (“field”). Related also to Old English folde (“earth, land, territory”), Old English folm (“palm of the hand”). More at fold.

veld

land area free of woodland, cities, and towns; open country

fushë

sports: area reserved for playing a game

Euclidean domain ⊂ principal ideal domain ⊂ unique factorization domain

Noetherian domain ⊂ integral domain ⊂ commutative ring

an oil field; a gold field

en:geology: region containing a particular mineral

(geology) A region containing a particular mineral.

fushë

physics: region affected by a particular force


floor

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

non-rhotic, dough–door merger, African-American Vernacular

From Middle English flor, flore, from Old English flōr (“floor, pavement, ground, bottom”), from Proto-West Germanic *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz (“flat surface, floor, plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).
Cognate with Scots flair, Scots flure, fluir (“floor”), Saterland Frisian Floor (“floor”), West Frisian flier (“floor”), Dutch vloer (“floor”), German Low German Floor (“entry hall”), German Flur (“field, floor, entrance hall”), Swedish flor (“floor of a cow stall”), Irish urlár (“floor”), Scottish Gaelic làr (“floor, ground, earth”), Welsh llawr (“floor, ground”), Latin plānus (“level, flat”).

cog

The leaves covering the forest floor provide many hiding-places for small animals.

Many sunken ships rest on the ocean floor.

The floor of a cave served the refugees as a home.

The pit floor showed where a ring of post holes had been.

(geology, biology, chiefly with a modifier) The bottom surface of a natural structure, entity, or space (e.g. cave, forest, ocean, desert, etc.); the ground (surface of the Earth).

земя́

surface of the Earth, as opposed to the sky or water or underground


jeffersonite

From Jefferson + -ite, after Thomas Jefferson.

(mineralogy) A zinc-containing variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown.


peach

Chlorite forms the characterizing ingredient in chlorite slate; it is common in Cornwall with the tin veins, constituting with quartz the rock commonly known there as killas; the ordinary name for chlorite is peach.

1858, Robert Philips Greg, Manual of the mineralogy of Great Britain & Ireland:

Peach, which is a word used by the Cornish miners, in a generic sense, to denote all minerals of the chloritic family—and is consequently a very convenient word—seems to be essentially the "mother" of tin; but the experience of Cornwall goes to show that peach alone does not produce a permanent tin mine: an intermixture of quartz is necessary to give what miners call "strength" to the lode.

1862, “Illustrated Notes on Prominent Mines”, in The Mining and Smelting Magazine, volume 2, page 17:

A quartz (sparry) vein, unless accompanied by other minerals such as peach, chlorite, &c., is considered valueless as an indication of the presence of ore.

1908, James Bastian Hill, The Geology of Falmouth and Truro and of the Mining District of Camborne and Redruth:

(mineralogy, obsolete, Cornwall) A particular rock found in tin mines, sometimes associated with chlorite.


世

* Pictogram (象形) – three leaves on a branch. The derivative 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb) refers to the original word.
* Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): Triplication of 十 (“ten”) - thirty, such as a variant form 丗. Thirty years make one generation (thirty times twelve months gives 360 months). Compare 廿 (OC *njɯb, “id-2”).
世 (OC *hljebs) is derived from iterative devoicing of 葉 (OC *leb, “leaf”) + *-s suffix, meaning successive foliages of a tree > generations. Compare Tibetan ལོ་མ (lo ma, “leaf”), Western Tibetan ལོབ་མ (lob ma, “leaf”) and Tibetan ལོ (lo, “year”).

全新世 ― quánxīnshì ― holocene


世

From Middle Chinese 世 (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.


信

Sino-Xenic (信):
* → Vietnamese: tín (信)

→ Vietnamese: tin

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and
phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljins): phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) + semantic 言 (“word”).
Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *sin and suggests possible derivation from 允 (OC *winʔ, “to trust; to be true”).
Alternatively, Sagart and Baxter (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s (*s-ni[ŋ]-s in Baxter and Sagart, 2014) and suggest a derivation from 仁 (OC *niŋ, “kind”) with the prefix *s-, probably used to increase its valency.

Han compound

(mineralogy) Short for 信石 (xìnshí, “arsenolite”).


代

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (代):
* → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
* → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
* → Vietnamese: đại (代)

→ Vietnamese: đời (𠁀)

Second round of simplified Chinese characters

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)
;state's name → toponym
Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.


magnesia

en-noun

magnesia (countable and uncountable, plural magnesias)

From Middle English magnesia, from Late Latin magnesia, from Ancient Greek μαγνησία (magnēsía), after Μαγνησία (Magnēsía), a name of several cities (in Thessaly, Lydia, and Asia Minor). Doublet of Magnesia, magnesium, and manganese, and related to magnet.

doublet

The apocrenates of iron and manganese are slightly soluble; those of lime, magnesia and alumina are insoluble.

1875, Journal of the Bath and West of England Society and Southern Counties Association for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, volumes 7-8, page 133:


magnesia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Μαγνησία (λίθος) (Magnēsía (líthos), “(stone of) Magnesia”), name of several minerals from the region in Asia Minor.

bor+

Μαγνησία (λίθος)


pipe

→ Bengali: পাইপ (paip)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: پيپ (pēp, bēb, “smoking pipe”), پايپ (pāyp, bāyb, “medium of transportation (sense 2.1)”)

→ Hindi: पाइप (pāip)

→ Japanese: パイプ (paipu)

→ Korean: 파이프 (paipeu)

→ Malay: paip

→ Maori: paipa

→ Russian: пайп (pajp)

→ Urak Lawoi': ปาเฮะ (pahëq)

From Middle English pīpe, pype (“hollow cylinder or tube used as a conduit or container; duct or vessel of the body; musical instrument; financial records maintained by the English Exchequer, pipe roll”), from Old English pīpe (“pipe (musical instrument); the channel of a small stream”), from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā. Reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa, from Latin pipire, pipiare, pipare, from pīpiō (“to chirp, peep”), of imitative origin. Doublet of fife.
The “storage container” and “liquid measure” senses are derived from Middle English pīpe (“large storage receptacle, particularly for wine; cask, vat; measure of volume”), from pīpe (above) and Old French pipe (“liquid measure”). In specific contexts, calques similar units of measure such as Portuguese pipa.
The verb is from Middle English pīpen, pypyn (“to play a pipe; to make a shrill sound; to speak with a high-pitched tone”), from Old English pīpian (“to pipe”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

inh

While the pipe of a conventional volcano may extend down 50 miles or so, the volcanic pipes that pick up diamonds along the way had to go much deeper, perhaps as deep as 300 miles.

1995 March, Jon Bowermaster, “Diamond Rush in the Arctic”, in Fred Abatemarco, editor, Popular Science, volume 246, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Times Mirror Magazines, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 83, columns 2–3:

Some researchers think that the warming was caused as kimberlite pipes (volcanic vents originating deep in the Earth’s mantle) reached the surface near Lac de Gras in northern Canada and released huge amounts of carbon.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 54:

Meanings relating to something resembling a tube.

(geology) A vertical conduit through the Earth's crust below a volcano through which magma has passed, often filled with volcanic breccia.

tilførselskanal

geology: vertical conduit through the Earth's crust


stone

en-noun

stone (countable and uncountable, plural stones or (UK colloquial, as unit of mass) stone)

stones (plural)
stone (UK colloquial plural)

Sranan Tongo: ston

→ Esperanto: ŝtono

From Middle English ston, stone, stan, from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).
See also West Frisian stien, Saterland Frisian Steen, Dutch steen, German Stein, Danish and Swedish sten, Norwegian stein; also Russian стена́ (stená, “wall”), Ancient Greek στία (stía, “pebble”), στέαρ (stéar, “tallow”), Albanian shtëng (“hardened or pressed matter”), Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “it hardens”)). Doublet of stein.

cog

Toad, that vnder cold ſtone, / Dayes and Nights ha’s thirty one: / Sweltred Venom ſleeping got, / Boyle thou firſt i’th’ charmed pot.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 143, column 2:

The first day of the weeke, commeth Mary Magdalene earely when it was yet darke, vnto the Sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the Sepulchre.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 20:1:

It is about 2,500 yards in circuit, is built of red stone, and, according to Von Orlich, is now " a bastioned quinquangle ; the ancient walls with semicircular bastions face the two streams ; the land side is quite regular, and consists of two bastions, and a half-bastion with three ravelins," and stands higher than any ground in face of it.

1858, Edward Thornton, A Gazetteer of the Territories Under the Government of the East India Company and of the Native States on the Continent of India, W. H. Allen & Co., page 22:

The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.

2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

(uncountable, geology) A hard earthen substance that can form large rocks.


pinnacle

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French pinacle, pinnacle, from Late Latin pinnaculum (“a peak, pinnacle”), from Latin pinna (“a pinnacle”); see pin. Doublet of panache.

der

Coordinate term: sea stack

Kings, who remain in many respects the representatives of a vanished world, solitary pinnacles that topple over the rising waste of waters under which the past lies buried.

1900, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 2, page 55:

(geology) A tall, sharp and craggy rock or mountain.


期

Characters in the same phonetic series (其) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ): phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ) + semantic 月 (“moon”) – changing moon marks the passage of time, hence a period of time. In the original version, there was a sun 日 instead of the moon, hence the original version is 㫷 (with variant 𣇳).
Cognate with 其 (OC *kɯ, “should; probably”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

朞
𣍡
𣍣
𣍠
㫷
𣇳
𣅆
稘
其
𠔸
𡢁
𥟝
𣔔
𦝁


aa

We...saw ‘pahoihoi’ or solid lava forming, and also ‘aa’ or clinkers.

1859, R. C. Haskell, American journal of science and arts, series XXVIII:

Cooling and solidification frequently takes a different course [...] in lava flows, producing the clinker-like ‘aa’ lava.

1944, Charles A. Cotton, Volcanoes as landscape forms:

Both pahoehoe and aa lava flows are common on the upper slopes of Mauna Loa with a preponderance of aa flows found at the lower elevations.

1981, Hilo Lava Flood Control: Environmental Impact Statement, page 194:

(volcanology) A form of lava flow associated with Hawaiian-type volcanoes, consisting of basaltic rock, usually dark-colored with a jagged and loose, clinkery surface. Compare pahoehoe.

aälawa

a form of lava flow associated with Hawaiian-type volcanoes


aa

(geology, often attributive) the surface of an aa lava flow


damourite

en-noun

damourite (countable and uncountable, plural damourites)

(mineralogy) A kind of muscovite, or potash mica, containing water.


濠

Han char

濠 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 水卜口人 (EYRO), four-corner 3013₂, composition ⿰氵豪)

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


group

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”). In the sense of group theory coined (in French, as groupe) by Évariste Galois.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.

der

(geology) A collection of formations or rock strata.


紀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯʔ): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ).

Han compound

寒武紀

寒武纪

侏羅紀

侏罗纪


紀

ジュラ紀


相

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɬiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.
An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007).
Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).


pitch

en-noun

pitch (countable and uncountable, plural pitches)

→ Galician: piche

→ Portuguese: piche

From Middle English picche, piche, pich, from Old English piċ, from Proto-West Germanic *pik, from Latin pix. Cognate with Ancient Greek πίσσα (píssa, “pitch, tar”), Latin pīnus (“pine”). More at pine. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Pik (“pitch, tar”), Dutch pek (“pitch, tar”), German Low German Pick (“pitch, tar”), German Pech (“pitch, tar”), Catalan pega (“pitch”), Spanish pegar (“to stick, glue”), Franco-Provençal pouatche (“sap from a pine”) and French poix (“sap”). The adjective is probably back-formed from pitch-black, reinterpreting "pitch" as meaning "intense(ly)".


stein

steinen (definite singular)
steiner (indefinite plural)
steinene (definite plural)

From Old Norse steinn, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

sten

in senses 1 and 2 Riksmål only; otherwise official

(geology, masonry) stone, rock (earthen substance)


tungsten

en-noun

tungsten (countable and uncountable, plural tungstens)

→ Japanese: タングステン (tangusuten)

→ Malay: tungsten

→ Spanish: tungsteno

From Swedish tungsten (“scheelite”), from tung (“heavy”) + sten (“stone”).

We apprehend that this is not the acid of a calx ponderoſa, but rather a diſtinct acid conjoined to common calcareous earth, ſince, in fact, in another place, § 97, the tungſten is mentioned as a calx ſaturated with a peculiar acid, perhaps of a metallic nature, for which the author himſelf refers us to the above § 33, and ſeems to think it the ſame as the acid there mentioned.

1783, “[Review of] Outlines of Mineralogy”, in Monthly Review, volume LXX, number VII, page 47:

(mineralogy, obsolete) scheelite, calcium tungstate


accelerograph

(geology) An instrument used to record the acceleration of the ground during an earthquake.


igneous

Granite and basalt are igneous rocks.

All formations, whether igneous or aqueous, which can be shown by any such proofs to be of a date posterior to the introduction of man, will be called Recent.

1835, Charles Lyell, chapter V, in Principles of Geology […] , 4th edition, volume III, London: John Murray, Book IV, page 385:

(geology) Resulting from, or produced by, great heat. With rocks, it could also mean formed from lava or magma.

igni

resulting from, or produced by, the action of great heat


escudo

Inherited from Old Spanish escudo, from Latin scūtum, from Proto-Indo-European *skei- (“to cut, split”), an extension of *sek- (“to cut”). Cognate with English écu, scudo and escudo.


laurite

After Laura R. Joy, wife of American chemist C. A. Joy. Named in 1866.

(mineralogy) A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon, with the chemical formula RuS₂.


Pennsylvanian

(geology) Any of the three Pennsylvanian epochs.


Pennsylvanian

(geology) Of any of the three geologic epochs (lower, middle and upper) within the Carboniferous period from 318 to 299 million years ago; marked by a high oxygen atmosphere and the rise of reptiles and winged insects.


argentine

en-noun

argentine (countable and uncountable, plural argentines)

From Middle English argentyne, borrowed from Old French argentin (“silvery”), from Latin argentum (“silver”), equivalent to argent + -ine.

(mineralogy) A siliceous variety of calcite, or lime carbonate, having a silvery-white, pearly lustre, and a waving or curved lamellar structure.


laumontite

laumontite (usually uncountable, plural laumontites)

Named after the discoverer François Pierre Nicholas Gillet de Laumont (1747–1834) as lomonite, renamed as laumonite in 1809 and as laumontite in 1821. + -ite

(mineralogy) A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster, with the chemical formula CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles.


Laurentian

Laurentian language
Saint Lawrence River

From Latin Laurentius (“Laurence”) + -ian, after the Saint Lawrence River. Piecewise doublet of Laurencian and Lawrentian; compare also lawrencium.


brash

en-noun

brash (countable and uncountable, plural brashes)

Compare American English bresk, brusk (“fragile, brittle”).

Alluvium differs from the rubble or brash , just described , as being composed of sand and gravel , more or less rolled

1839, Sir Charles Lyell, Elements of Geology:

(geology) Broken and angular rock fragments underlying alluvial deposits.


boulder

From late Middle English bulder, short for Middle English bulder ston (“a stone that's been worn into a round shape, boulder, cobblestone”), possibly from Old Swedish *buldersten, itself possibly from Old Swedish bulder (“rumble, noise”) + sten (“stone”); whence dialectal Swedish bullersten (“large stone in a stream, causing water to roar around it”). The first element may alternatively be allied to Old Swedish bulle, bolle (“round drinking vessel, tumbler”), from Old Norse bolli, related to Old English bolla (“round object, bowl”), see English bowl.

cog

(geology) A particle greater than 256 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale


secular

en-adj

secular (comparative more secular, superlative most secular)

more secular (comparative)
most secular (superlative)

monastic

antonym(s) of “not bound by monastic vows”

From Middle English seculer, from Old French seculer, from Latin saeculāris (“of the age”), from saeculum.

Laplace (1749–1827) "saved the world" by using probability theory to estimate the parameters accurately enough to show that the drift of Jupiter was not secular after all; the observations at hand had covered only a fraction of a cycle of an oscillation with a period of about 880 years.

2003, E. T. Jaynes, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, Cambridge University Press, pages 234–235:

(astrophysics, geology) Relating to long-term non-periodic irregularities, especially in planetary motion or magnetic field.

sekulaarinen

astrophysics: of or pertaining to long-term non-periodic irregularities


jet

en-noun

jet (countable and uncountable, plural jets)

→ German: Jett

From Middle English get, geet, gete, from a northern form of Old French jayet, jaiet, gaiet, from Latin gagātēs, from Ancient Greek Γαγάτης (Gagátēs), from Γάγας (Gágas, “a town and river in Lycia”). Doublet of gagate.

There is also a factitious jeat made of glaſs, in imitation of the mineral jeat.

1735, [John Barrow], “JEAT”, in Dictionarium Polygraphicum: Or, The Whole Body of Arts Regularly Digested. […], volume II (I–S), London: […] C[harles] Hitch and C[harles] Davis […], and S[amuel] Austen […], →OCLC:

(mineralogy) A hard, black form of coal, sometimes used in jewellery.


matrix

From Middle English matris, matrice, matrix, from Old French matrice (“pregnant animal”), or from Latin mātrīx (“dam, womb”), both ultimately from māter (“mother”). Doublet of mother from Indo-European ancestor.
Slang usage coined with the 1999 sci-fi action film The Matrix.

基質

analytical chemistry: sampling environment


lava

id-noun

lava (plural lava-lava, first-person possessive lavaku, second-person possessive lavamu, third-person possessive lavanya)

lava-lava (plural)
lavaku (first-person possessive)
lavamu (possessive second-person)
lavanya (possessive third-person)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch lava, from Neapolitan lava (“lava”, but also “downpour overflowing the streets”).

der

(geology) lava: the molten rock ejected by a volcano (hence on the surface) from its crater or fissured sides.


lava

lavaen (definite singular)
lavaer (indefinite plural)
lavaene (definite plural)


lava

head

lava m (definite singular lavaen, indefinite plural lavaer, definite plural lavaene)


lava

láva (canonical feminine)
ла́ва (Cyrillic)
lava (nominative singular)
lave (nominative plural)
lave (genitive singular)
lava (genitive plural)
lavi (dative singular)
lavama (dative plural)
lavu (accusative singular)
lave (accusative plural)
lavo (singular vocative)
lave (plural vocative)
lavi (locative singular)
lavama (locative plural)
lavom (instrumental singular)
lavama (instrumental plural)


province

Tok Pisin: provins

From Middle English provynce, from Anglo-Norman province, Old French province, from Latin prōvincia, seemingly corresponding to prō- and vinciō. Replaced Old English boldġetæl.

(geology) A major region defined by common geologic attributes and history.


belt

→ Afrikaans: belt

→ Assamese: বেল্ট (belto)

→ Bengali: বেল্ট (belṭo)

→ Dutch: belt

→ Hindi: बेल्ट (belṭ)

→ Irish: beilt

→ Japanese: ベルト (beruto)

→ Odia: ବେଲ୍ଟ୍ (belṭ)

→ Urdu: بیلٹ (belṭ)

→ Welsh: belt

From Middle English belt, from Old English belt (“belt, girdle”), from Proto-West Germanic *baltī̆, from Proto-Germanic *baltijaz (“girdle, belt”), from Latin balteus (“belt, sword-belt”), of Etruscan origin. Cognate with Scots belt (“belt”), Dutch belt, German Balz (“belt”), Danish bælte (“belt”), Swedish bälte (“belt, cincture, girdle, zone”) and Icelandic belti (“belt”).

cog

This belt of deformed platform sediments parallels the suture running east-to-west across the north of the region, which was left when the ocean basin that originally separated the two ancient continents on either side of it was consumed by subduction.

Most foreland fold and thrust belts are linear or arcuate belts of folds and thrust faults that form a marginal part of an orogenic belt between an undeformed craton and a more intensely deformed inner zone.

1980, B. C. Burchfiel, “Foreland Fold and Thrust Belts—Review”, in AAPG Bulletin, volume 64, number 5, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, →DOI, page 684:

fold and thrust belt
fold and thrust belt

(geography, geology) A mostly-continuous, often curvilinear structure expressed on the surface or in the subsurface of a terrestrial planet or other solid planemo, such as a mountain belt, a fold and thrust belt, or an ore belt.


primary

en-adj

primary (comparative more primary, superlative most primary)

more primary (comparative)
most primary (superlative)

/ˈpɹaɪˌmɛɹi/

Borrowed from Latin prīmārius (“of the first (rank); chief, principal; excellent”), from prīmus (first; whence the English adjective prime) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French primaire, primer, and premier. Doublet of premier.


asperity

en-noun

asperity (countable and uncountable, plural asperities)

From Middle English asprete, asperite, from Old French aspreté, from Latin asperitās, from asper (“rough”). Doublet of asperitas.

We inferred that the locking of asperities did cause higher stresses associated with earthquake cycle itself to occur in areas adjacent to asperities, both updip and downdip from them, and that such stressing has been much less pronounced […]

1990, Geological Survey (U.S.), National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, Summaries of Technical Reports Volume XXXI, page 333:

The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault […]

1995, Ren Wang, Keiiti Aki, Mechanics problems in geodynamics. 1 (1995), Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 537:

These asperities are distributed in a fractal manner and each fault contains small and large asperities.

2014, Victor Gioncu, Federico Mazzolani, Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 222:

(countable, geology) A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.

разлом

a part of a geological fault line that does not move


diagenesis

Coined in the 18th century from greek meaning "Across Generation", dia- + genesis from Ancient Greek δια- (dia-, “through”) + γένεσις (génesis, “origin, creation”).

(geology) All the chemical, physical, and biological changes sediment goes through during and after lithification, not including weathering or other surface changes.

diagènesi

all the chemical, physical, and biological changes sediment goes through during and after lithification


Calabrian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Pleistocene epoch.


rock

rock (countable and uncountable, plural rocks)

From Middle English rocke, rokke (“rock formation”), from Old English *rocc (“rock”), as in Old English stānrocc (“high stone rock, peak, obelisk”), and also later from Anglo-Norman roque, (compare Modern French roc, roche, rocher), from Medieval Latin rocca (attested 767), of uncertain origin, sometimes said to be of Celtic (in particular, perhaps Gaulish) origin (compare Breton roc'h). Related also to Middle Low German rocke (“rock ledge”). One suggestion is that it derives from Vulgar Latin *rupica, from rupes (compare rupico).

rockcress

Brassicaceae: Arabis, Arabidopsis, Boechera spp.

(geology) Any natural material with a distinctive composition of minerals.


transport

transport (nominative singular)
transporty (nominative plural)
transportu (genitive singular)
transportów (genitive plural)
transportowi (dative singular)
transportom (dative plural)
transport (accusative singular)
transporty (accusative plural)
transportem (instrumental singular)
transportami (instrumental plural)
transporcie (locative singular)
transportach (locative plural)
transporcie (singular vocative)
transporty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: transpòrt

Borrowed from French transport. First attested in 1661. Compare Silesian transport.

ref

Merkuriusz polski ordynaryjny, 1661, page 16

(uncountable, geology) transport (relocation of rock weathering products by water, wind and ice)


knocker

(geology) A large, boulder-shaped outcrop of bedrock in an otherwise low-lying landscape, chiefly associated with a mélange.


stratum

Borrowed from Latin strātum (“a spread for a bed, coverlet, quilt, blanket; a pillow, bolster; a bed”), neuter singular of strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”). Doublet of estrade.

bor

An illuminating article in a recent issue of the Eastern Region's Civil Engineering News points out that where coal is worked over a reasonably large area, it is not only the whole of the strata above the workings, but also an area beyond which is liable to subside at varying rates after the coal has been removed.

1961 November, “Talking of Trains: The subsidence problem”, in Trains Illustrated, page 651:

(geology) A layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout.


stratum

id-noun

stratum (first-person possessive stratumku, second-person possessive stratummu, third-person possessive stratumnya)

stratumku (first-person possessive)
stratummu (possessive second-person)
stratumnya (possessive third-person)

From Dutch stratum, from Latin stratum. Doublet of setrat and strata.

(geology) stratum, a layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout.


paar

By the end of early Eocene time a paar developed between Africa and Arabia which caused tensional forces in the southern Red Sea area (Swartz and Arden, 1960).

1976, AAPG Bulletin, volume 60, numbers 1-6, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, page 410:

(geology) A hypothesized shifting of four geologic blocks: northeast Africa west of Red Sea and north of the Ethiopian valley, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Horn of Africa east of the rift valleys, which is used to explain the structural features of the area.