molarize

en-verb

molarize (third-person singular simple present molarizes, present participle molarizing, simple past and past participle molarized)

molarizes (present singular third-person)
molarizing (participle present)
molarized (participle past)
molarized (past)

Macrodontia and microdontia are relatively common human craniofacial abnormalities, and macrodontia of premolars has frequently been described as molarized premolars.

1998 November 6, Abigail S. Tucker et al., “Transformation of Tooth Type Induced by Inhibition of BMP Signaling”, in Science, volume 282, number 5391, →DOI, pages 1136–1138:

All are characterized by extreme postcanine megadontia, premolars with molarized roots, lower molars with accessory cuspules, and thick molar enamel.

1999 April 9, Melanie A. McCollum, “The Robust Australopithecine Face: A Morphogenetic Perspective”, in Science, volume 284, number 5412, →DOI, pages 301–305:

In the Eocene, slender chocropotamids (e.g. younger species of Amphirhagatherium) belong to this group, which display a tendency to elongate the skull and molarize the premolars.

2007, Donald R. Prothero, Scott E Foss, The Evolution of Artiodactyls, →ISBN, page 81:

(paleontology) To evolve or develop into molar teeth.


dinoturbation

(paleontology, geology) Bioturbation caused by the movements of dinosaurs.


甲骨文

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kʷɐt̚⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kut̚³²⁻⁴ bun²⁴/

/kaʔ²⁻⁴ kuk̚²⁻⁴ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kaːp̚³ kʷɐt̚⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kut̚³²⁻⁴ bun²⁴/

/kaʔ²⁻⁴ kuk̚²⁻⁴ buŋ⁵⁵/

(palaeography, historiography) oracle bone script


egression

The reason for this lies in the fact that a wide-shell-band, running along the margin of the egression, is superposed directly upon the shell of the preceding whorl.

1899, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, page 11:

According to Klinger and Kennedy (1989), the hoplitoidean Placenticeras kaffarium displays a rather strong umbilical egression, which gives it a scaphitoid adult morphology.

2015, Christian Klug, Dieter Korn, Kenneth De Baets, Ammonoid Paleobiology: From anatomy to ecology, page 288:

Egression of the umbilical suture line on the last whorl of an adult and complete speciment is one morphologic feature which is unambiguous evidence of maturity in ammonites.

2012, Reinhart A. Gygi, Quantitative Geology of Late Jurassic Epicontinental Sediments in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, page 66:

(paleobiology) The location of a feature on an ammonite fossil outward from the line of the shell's spiral.


sencis

lv-noun

sencis m (2nd declension, feminine form: sence)

sence (feminine)
sencis (nominative singular)
senči (nominative plural)
senča (genitive singular)
senču (genitive plural)
sencim (dative singular)
senčiem (dative plural)
senci (accusative singular)
senčus (accusative plural)
senci (instrumental singular)
senčiem (instrumental plural)
sencī (locative singular)
senčos (locative plural)
senci (singular vocative)
senči (plural vocative)

From sens (“ancient”), made into a 2nd-declension noun. The c suggests a dialectal origin, from those dialects where ns > nc. Alternatively, it may have come from an earlier *sentis, via genitive *senša > senča. There may have been influence from the c in vecis (“old man”).

zirga sencis

putnu senči

(paleontology) ancestor (species of plants or animals from an earlier time period, from which modern species have evolved)


albanerpetontid

The bones of strange amphibians known as albanerpetonids (sic), and the ancestors of the midwife toads, which are among the most ancient of European creatures, have been recovered, as have the bones of python-like snakes known as matsoiids, terrestrial crocodiles with serrated teeth, legless lizards, ancestral skink-like creatures, and whiptail lizards.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 25:

(paleontology) Any member of the family Albanerpetontidae.


xenacanthid

(paleontology) Any prehistoric shark of the family Xenacanthidae.


younginid

(paleontology) Any member of the Younginidae.


asaphid

(paleontology) Any trilobite of the order Asaphida.


bothremydid

But the European fossils are from a most unusual branch of the family known as bothremydids.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: A Natural History, page 29:

(paleontology) Any extinct turtle of the family Bothremydidae.


hesperornithid

From translingual Hesperornithidae, from Hesperornis (“genus name”).

Finally, the Volgorod locality, Maastrichtian in age, has yielded two dinosaurs (an indeterminate hesperornithid and a basal theropod) and a few turtles.

2011, David B. Weishampel, Coralia-Maria Jianu, Transylvanian Dinosaurs, Johns Hopkins University Press, page 109:

The arrival of these hesperornithids in more southern waters during the early Campanian may indicate a cooler climate, closer shores, adaptations to changes in prey, or other factors.

2017, Michael J. Everhart, Oceans of Kansas, Indiana University Press, page 365:

2020, Alan Feduccia, Romancing the Birds and Dinosaurs, Universal Publishers (BrownWalker Press), page 83,
9. Cretaceous foot-propelled divers, the hesperornithids, were grouped cladistically with loons (Eocene) and grebes (Miocene) as a clade, which would require re-evolution of teeth from an edentulous ancestor.

(paleontology) Any extinct avialan in the family Hesperornithidae.


lytoceratid

(paleontology) Any member of the family Lytoceratidae of ammonites.

(paleontology, dated) Any member of the order Lytoceratida (now the suborder Lytoceratina).


miacid

From scientific Latin Miacidae (family name), from Miacis (genus name), of uncertain origin.

The trenchant talonid is a character of some miacids and distinguishes these teeth from the hyaenodontids and oxyaenids.

1971, Thomas H. V. Rich, Deltatheridia, Carnivora, and Condylarthra (Mammalia) of the Early Eocene, Paris Basin, France:

Miacids were long-bodied, had long tails, were pine marten sized or smaller, and some lived in trees while others spent their time on the ground.

2016 November 26, Elsa Panciroli, “Rifling through the 'wastebaskets' of palaeontology reveals surprises”, in The Guardian:

(paleontology) Any member of the Miacidae family of extinct mammals.


odontopleurid

(paleontology) Any trilobite of the order Odontopleurida.


phacopid

(paleontology) Any trilobite of the order Phacopida.


redlichiid

(paleontology) Any member of the Redlichiida.


spirulid

There are a lot of fossil spirulids, though, enough to show us the probably evolution of the ram's horn coil.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 113:

(chiefly paleontology) A cephalopod of the order Spirulida, including the ram's horn squid.


stagonolepidid

Clipping of translingual Stagonolepididae

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Stagonolepididae</i>

(paleontology) Any archosaur in the family Stagonolepididae.


Moscovian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Carboniferous period.


Moscovian

(geology, paleontology) Relating to the Moscovian stage.


cornu ammonis

From Latin cornū Ammōnis (“Ammon's horn”). See ammonite.

(paleontology, obsolete) A fossil shell, curved like a ram's horn; an ammonite.


archaeomalacological

(paleontology) relating to archaeomalacology


archaeomalacology

(paleontology) The study of the remains of molluscs from archaeological sites


diprionidian

Two leading types may be distinguished amongst the Graptolites, which are termed respectively "monoprionidian" and "diprionidian." The monoprionidian Graptolites, such as Monograptiis priodon (fig. 54), are distinguished by the fact that the polypary, whether simple or branched, possesses but a single row of cellules or "hydrothecæ." In the diprionidian forms, on the other hand, as in Diplograptus (fig. 63), the polypary possesses a row of cellules on each side.

1879, Henry Alleyne Nicholson, A manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology:

(paleontology, of a graptolite) Having a polyparium with a row of cells on each side.


monoprionidian

(paleontology, of a graptolite) Having a polyparium with a single row of cells.


erathem

(geology, paleontology) The total stratigraphic unit deposited during a certain corresponding span of time during an era in the geologic timescale.


paleotherian

(paleontology, archaic) Of or relating to Palaeotherium.


encrinital

encrinital limestone

(paleontology, dated) Relating to, or containing, encrinites.


belemnite battlefield

en-noun

belemnite battlefield (plural belemnite battlefields)

After the visual similarity of belemnite fossils to bullet shells.

(idiomatic, informal, paleontology) A fossil site with an unusually high concentration of belemnite rostra.


trilobulo

eo-head

trilobulo (accusative singular trilobulon, plural trilobuloj, accusative plural trilobulojn)

trilobulon (accusative singular)
trilobuloj (plural)
trilobulojn (accusative plural)

Pri la ŝajne subita ekstermiĝo de tutaj familioj aŭ ordoj, kiel la Trilobuloj ĉe la fino de la Paleozoika periodo kaj la Amonitoj ĉe la fino de la sekundara periodo, oni devas memori kio jam estis dirita pri la probablaj vastaj intervaloj de tempo inter sinsekvaj stratumaroj; kaj en ĉi tiuj intervaloj eble okazis multe da malrapida ekstermiĝo.

2009, Klivo Lendon, transl., La Origino de Specioj, Antverpeno: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, translation of The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, →ISBN, →OL, ĉ. 10:

With respect to the apparently sudden extermination of whole families or orders, as of Trilobites at the close of the palaeozoic period and of Ammonites at the close of the secondary period, we must remember what has been already said on the probable wide intervals of time between our consecutive formations; and in these intervals there may have been much slow extermination.


acanthopore

/əˈkæn.θəˌpɔɹ/

(paleontology) A tubular spine in some bryozoans.


proostracum

From Ancient Greek προ- (pro-, “before”) + ὄστρᾰκον (óstrăkon, “shell”).

(paleontology) The anterior prolongation of the guard of the phragmocone of belemnites and allied fossil cephalopods, whether horny or calcareous.


Boreal

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


Tarantian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Pleistocene epoch.


Gelasian

From Italian Gelasiano, the adjectival form of Gela, a town in Sicily near the reference stratotype.


Piacenzian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Pliocene epoch.


Zanclean

From Ancient Greek Ζάγκλη (Zánklē), the name originally given to the city of Messina, Sicily, by its ancient Greek founders. (Compare Messinian, the preceding age.)

1881, "A. W. W.", Notices of Memoirs: I.—Tertiary Geology of the Reggiano (Calabria), in Henry Woodward (editor), Geological Magazine, New Series, Decade 2, Volume 8, Trübner & Co., page 324,
The Pliocene is found at a much greater elevation than any of the other Tertiary series, reaching in the Zanclean to 1200 mètres above the sea, and as the conditions of deposition were quite different here from those which obtained in north Italy, the series in one part of the peninsula forms a complement to those in the other.

In the first case the Early Pliocene coincides with the Zanclean and its upper boundary with the last occurrence of Globorotalia margaritae (Mazzei et al., 1978).

1989, Silvia Iaccarino, “8: Mediterranean Miocene and Pliocene planktic foraminifera”, in Hans M. Bolli, John B. Saunders, Katharina Perch-Nielsen, editors, Plankton Stratigraphy, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, page 288:

Warmer climates and sea level rises did not occur until the early Zanclean Pliocene (4.5 million years).

2003, Edward J. Petuch, Cenozoic Seas: The View From Eastern North America, page 135:

(geology, paleontology) A geological subdivision, the earliest age of the Pliocene epoch.


Messinian

From Messina (“Sicilian city near to where evaporite rocks of this period outcrop”) + -ian; coined by Swiss stratigrapher Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1867.

suffix

(geology, paleontology) The final subdivision of the Miocene epoch.


Tortonian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Miocene epoch.


Chattian

From Chatti + -an. The original type locality is in Hesse, whose name derives from "Chatti".

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Oligocene epoch.


Priabonian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Eocene epoch.


Lutetian

Albert de Lapparent
Lutetian
Paris Basin

From Lutetia + -an; geological sense coined by French geologist Albert de Lapparent in reference to the Paris Basin.

There are good reasons for believing that the “Paniselian” is a local shallow-water representative of the lower part of the Lutetian.

1921, Henry Woodward, Geological Magazine, volume 58, page 198:


Thanetian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Paleocene epoch.


Santonian

Late (Upper) Cretaceous
Upper Cretaceous

(geology, paleontology) A stage or age, a subdivision of the Late (Upper) Cretaceous epoch.

Santonià

subdivision of the Late Cretaceous epoch


Coniacian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Late (Upper) Cretaceous epoch.

Coniacià

a subdivision of the Late (Upper) Cretaceous epoch


Aptian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Early (Lower) Cretaceous epoch.

Aptià

subdivision of the Early Cretaceous epoch


Tithonian

From Tithonus + -ian. Named by German paleontologist Albert Oppel in 1865. In Greek mythology, Tithonus was the lover of Eos, goddess of the dawn. The Tithonian is the last age of the Jurassic, coming immediately before the dawn of the Cretaceous.

(geology, paleontology) A geological age or stage, from 152.1 ±0.9 to ~145.0 mya.


Kimmeridgian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Jurassic period.


Callovian

From French callovien, coined by Alcide d’Orbigny from Latin Calloviensis, from the Latinized name of the Kellaways area near Chippenham in Wiltshire, England.


Hettangian

From French Hettange, now Hettange-Grande, a commune in northeastern France, (German Hettingen, Luxembourgish (Lorraine Franconian) Hetténgen).

(geology, paleontology) The earliest age of the Jurassic period, from 199.3–201.3Ma


Ladinian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Triassic period.


Changhsingian

From Mandarin 長興 /长兴 (Chángxīng), Wade-Giles romanization: Chʻang²-hsing¹; named after Changxing County in China.

There is no evidence for a large drop in PCO2, and independent proxy data indicate only a minor temperature decrease of a few degrees Celsius during the Changhsingian (22), suggesting that these mechanisms alone cannot explain the pH increase (fig. S5).

2015 April 10, M. O. Clarkson, S. A. Kasemann, R. A. Wood, T. M. Lenton, S. J. Daines, S. Richoz, F. Ohnemueller, A. Meixner, S. W. Poulton, E. T. Tipper, “Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction”, in Science, volume 348, number 6231, →ISSN, pages 229–230:

Anoxic/euxinic benthic marine conditions prevailed throughout the middle Wuchiapingian to the early Changhsingian at Shangsi, which persisted for 3.9 Myr (256.974–253.073 Ma). This long-term middle Wuchiapingian-early Changhsingian anoxia event could be correlated both regionally and globally, and was caused by paleogeographic restrictions, relative high sea levels, high marine productivities, and possible global climate changes.

2022 January 11, Li Yuan, “Investigating benthic marine redox conditions from late Permian to earliest Triassic”, in Phys.org, archived from the original on 2022-01-11, Earth Sciences:

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Permian period.


Wuchiapingian

From the Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 吳家坪 /吴家坪 (Wújiāpíng, literally “Wu Family Flatland”) in Shaanxi Province in China: Wu²-chia¹-pʻing².


Gzhelian

Named after the Russian village Gzhel, + -ian.

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Carboniferous period.


Visean

Named in 1832 by Belgian geologist André Dumont, after the city of Visé in the Belgian province of Liège.

Viseà

A subdivision of the Carboniferous period


Famennian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Devonian period.


Ludfordian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Silurian period.


Hirnantian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Ordovician period.


Jiangshanian

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Cambrian period.


Guzhangian

From Mandarin 古丈 (Gǔzhàng, “Guzhang County”) + -ian.


Fortunian

From Fortune (town in Newfoundland) + -ian.


始祖鳥

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵ niːu̯¹³/

/ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵ niːu̯¹³/


dat'tie au tchèrbon

head

dat'tie au tchèrbon f (plural dat'ties au tchèrbon)

(Jersey, physics, archaeology, paleontology) carbon dating


neosuchian

(paleontology) A member of the clade Neosuchia of crocodilian and related reptiles.


microtephra

This microtephra may be ejected into the upper atmosphere and travel for many thousands of miles […].

2011, Chris Stringer, The Origin of Our Species, Penguin, published 2012, page 45:

(geology, paleontology) Microscopic deposits of tephra.


nonfossiliferous

(paleontology) Not fossiliferous; not containing fossils.

fossilleer

not fossiliferous, not containing fossils


jurajski

pl-adj

jurajski (not comparable, no derived adverb)

jurajski (masculine nominative singular)
jurajska (feminine nominative singular)
jurajskie (neuter nominative singular)
jurajscy (nominative plural virile)
jurajskie (nominative plural)
jurajskiego (genitive masculine singular)
jurajskiej (feminine genitive singular)
jurajskiego (genitive neuter singular)
jurajskich (genitive plural)
jurajskich (genitive plural virile)
jurajskiemu (dative masculine singular)
jurajskiej (dative feminine singular)
jurajskiemu (dative neuter singular)
jurajskim (dative plural)
jurajskim (dative plural virile)
jurajskiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
jurajski (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
jurajską (accusative feminine singular)
jurajskie (accusative neuter singular)
jurajskich (accusative plural virile)
jurajskie (accusative plural)
jurajskim (instrumental masculine singular)
jurajską (feminine instrumental singular)
jurajskim (instrumental neuter singular)
jurajskimi (instrumental plural)
jurajskimi (instrumental plural virile)
jurajskim (locative masculine singular)
jurajskiej (feminine locative singular)
jurajskim (locative neuter singular)
jurajskich (locative plural)
jurajskich (locative plural virile)

(geology, paleontology, relational) Jurassic (of period from 200 to 145 million years ago)


古文

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bun²³/

/kou⁵²⁻³⁵ buŋ⁵⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ bun²³/

/kou⁵²⁻³⁵ buŋ⁵⁵/


cauda galli

Borrowed from Latin cauda gallī (“tail of a cock”).

bor+

(archaic, paleontology) A feathery-shaped fossil, apparently a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks.


ichnofamily

(paleontology) Any family known only from trace fossils, such as footprints, coprolites or nests.


ichnospecies

From ichno- (“trace”) + species, suggesting an analogy with the species level of the taxonomy of organisms.

There is certainly little discussion of distinctive features that warrant the establishment of new ichnospecies. In short, the ichnospecies labels are something of a compromise. By this we mean that the use of familiar ichnogenera (Grallator, Eubrontes, and Batrachopus) acknowledges similarity, whereas the use of new ichnospecies names conveys the suggestion that the track assemblages are distinct in some way.

2000, Martin Lockley, Christian Meyer, Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of Europe, Columbia University Press, page 112:

Oldhamia encompasses six ichnospecies, O. alata, O. antiqua, O. curvata, O. flabellata, O. geniculata, and O. radiata, all of them present in lower Cambrian rocks, with a few ichnospecies persisting into the middle Cambrian (Fig. 3.5) (Seilacher et al. 2005; Herbosch and Verniers 2011; Jensen et al. 2013).

2016, M. Gabriela Mángano, Luis A. Buatois, “3: The Cambrian Explosion”, in M. Gabriela Mángano, Luis A. Buatois, editors, The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events: Volume 1, Springer, page 85:

A recent paper by a team from Brazil described a new ichnospecies of these tracks: Brasilichnium saltatorium.

2017 March 22, Elsa Panciroli, The Guardian, Walking in the footsteps of giants and gerbils: what fossil prints can tell us

(paleontology) A level of taxonomical classification of trace fossils.

Ichnospezies

level of classification of trace fossils


ichnotaxonomy

(paleontology) The branch of taxonomy that attempts to classify an animal based on its footprints, burrows, or other traces


Tyrrhenia

Via Latin Tyrrhēnia from Ancient Greek Τυρρηνῐ́ᾱ (Turrhēnĭ́ā).

(geology, paleogeography) A large landmass in the western Mediterranean basin.


antropólito

(paleontology) anthropolite (petrification of the human body)


rosewoodensis

la-adj

rosewoodēnsis (neuter rosewoodēnse); third-declension two-termination adjective

rosewoodēnsis (canonical)
rosewoodēnse (neuter)
rosewoodēnsis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
rosewoodēnse (neuter nominative singular)
rosewoodēnsēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
rosewoodēnsia (neuter nominative plural)
rosewoodēnsis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
rosewoodēnsium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
rosewoodēnsī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
rosewoodēnsibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
rosewoodēnsem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
rosewoodēnse (accusative neuter singular)
rosewoodēnsēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
rosewoodēnsīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
rosewoodēnsia (accusative neuter plural)
rosewoodēnsī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
rosewoodēnsibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
rosewoodēnsis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
rosewoodēnse (neuter singular vocative)
rosewoodēnsēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
rosewoodēnsia (neuter plural vocative)

Translingual: Lycopodium rosewoodensis, Lycopodiumsporites rosewoodensis, Pachydiscus rosewoodensis, Retitriletes rosewoodensis, Retriletes rosewoodensis

English Rosewood (“Rosewood, Queensland”) + Latin -ēnsis (“of or from [a place]”) = “from [the coalfield of] Rosewood, Queensland, Australia”

der

specific epithet
specific epithet#English

(New Latin, paleontology) Used as a specific epithet; found in a Rosewood formation.


Elvis taxon

Coined in a 1993 paper by D. H. Erwin and M. L. Droser, with reference to the prevalence of impersonators of the singer Elvis Presley.

convergent evolution
convergent evolution

(paleontology) A taxon that has been misidentified as having re-emerged in the fossil record after a period of presumed extinction, but is not actually a descendant of the original taxon, instead having developed a similar morphology through convergent evolution.


Aaleniano

(geology, paleontology) Aalenian (subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch)


aalênio

pt-adj

aalênio (feminine aalênia, masculine plural aalênios, feminine plural aalênias)

aalênia (feminine)
aalênios (masculine plural)
aalênias (feminine plural)

(geology, paleontology) Aalenian (of or relating to the Aalenian epoch)


acritarca

(paleontology, palynology) acritarch (small, unclassifiable organic fossil)


agathaumid

(obsolete, paleontology) Any of the Agathaumidae, an obsolete family of ceratopsian dinosaurs.


Jurássico

(geology, paleontology) Jurassic (the second period of the Mesozoic era)


anopisthograph

(palaeography) Written on one side only.


jurássico

jurássico (feminine jurássica, masculine plural jurássicos, feminine plural jurássicas)

jurássica (feminine)
jurássicos (masculine plural)
jurássicas (feminine plural)

(geology, paleontology) Jurassic (relating to the period from 200 to 145 million years ago)


金文

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金文):
* → Japanese: 金文(きんぶん) (kinbun)
* → Korean: 금문(金文) (geummun)
* → Vietnamese: kim văn (金文)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

(writing, palaeography) Chinese bronze inscriptions

鐘

Chinese bronze inscriptions; bronze script

Chinese bronze inscriptions, bronze script


古文字

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡siː²²/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡siː²²/

(writing, palaeography) pre-Qin script, such as jinwen or jiaguwen


tam giác long

[taːm˧˧ jaːk̚˦˧˥ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[taːm˧˧ jaːk̚˦˧˥ lɔŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tam giác long.wav


pycnofibre

From pycno- + fibre. Coined 2009 by Brazilian palaeontologist Alexander W. A. Kellner et al.

While the metal frames, styrofoam bulk and resin wings comprised the majority of the models, the details that would bring them to life – eyes, scars, pycnofibres, scales and colour – needed to be added before the models could really look vital.

2012, A. J. Veldmeijer, Mark Witton, Ilja Nieuwland, Pterosaurs: Flying Contemporaries of the Dinosaurs, Sidestone Press, page 119:

Many [pterosaurs] had furry coats made up of hair-like filaments known as pycnofibres, which covered their bodies and parts of their wings.

2014, Albert J. DeBenedictis, Evolution or Creation?: A Comparison of the Arguments, 3rd edition, Xlibris, page 254:

(paleontology) Any one of the hair-like filaments that comprised an integument of some pterosaurs.


actinofibril

(paleontology) One of the parallel actin filaments found in pterosaur wings.


flapling

The flaplings, with short faces and only very little teeth, must seek out their own food, and restrict themselves to land, agilely snapping at insects until they are old enough to venture out to the fishing waters with their relatives.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherlands, Penguin, published 2023, page 148:

(paleontology, informal) A juvenile pterosaur.


Liassic

(paleontology, dated) Of or relating to the Lias or its fossils.


triássico

pt-adj

triássico (feminine triássica, masculine plural triássicos, feminine plural triássicas)

triássica (feminine)
triássicos (masculine plural)
triássicas (feminine plural)

(geology, paleontology) Triassic (relating to the Triassic period)


articulated skeleton

en-noun

articulated skeleton (plural articulated skeletons)

(paleontology) A fossil skeleton found all in one piece with the bones still arranged in the proper order.

esquelete articulado

skeleton found with the bones arranged in the proper order


paleolongitude

(geology, paleontology) The former longitude of a particular geologic formation at a time in the geologic past, often specifically the time of formation


registro fósil

es-noun

registro fósil m (plural registros fósiles)


alfabetiforme

pt-adj

alfabetiforme m or f (plural alfabetiformes)

(palaeography) alphabetiform (having the form of a developed alphabet instead of crude pictographic symbols)


coalify

en-verb

coalify (third-person singular simple present coalifies, present participle coalifying, simple past and past participle coalified)

coalifies (present singular third-person)
coalifying (participle present)
coalified (participle past)
coalified (past)

The fossils are produced from an approximately 40 cm thick, organic-fragment-rich clayey, sandy mudstone that is rich in coalified root traces, both horizontal and vertical, suggesting a saturated or water-logged anoxic deposit.

2015 July 9, “Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology, of a fossil) To change into coal.


aljamia

(palaeography) aljamiado (Iberian Romance languages written in Arabic)


amonite

Borrowed from French ammonite, from Latin Ammōnis cornū (literally “horn of Ammon”), named by Pliny the Elder.

der

(paleontology) ammonite (any of an extinct group of cephalopods of the subfamily Ammonoidea)


amonite

(paleontology) ammonite (extinct cephalopod)


amonítico

pt-adj

amonítico (feminine amonítica, masculine plural amoníticos, feminine plural amoníticas)

amonítica (feminine)
amoníticos (masculine plural)
amoníticas (feminine plural)

(paleontology) ammonitic (relating to, or containing, ammonites)


(textual criticism, palaeography) Denotes conjectured or emendated characters because the text was transmitted wrongly or just broken away.


`lsqb` `rsqb`

used when omitting a section in quoted text

(textual criticism, palaeography) Denotes a text deemed interpolated.

Encloses alterations in quoted text.
Denotes a text deemed interpolated.


dromaeosaurine

Liaoning dromaeosaurids may simply be a grade on the line to velociraptorines and dromaeosaurines, and short arms may have evolved multiple times in this grade.

2015 July 16, Junchang Lü, Stephen L. Brusatte, “A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution”, in Scientific Reports, volume 5, →DOI:

(paleontology) A bird-like theropod dinosaur of the subfamily Dromaeosaurinae.


olenimorph

(paleontology) Having the morphology associated with olenid trilobites.


olenimorph

(paleontology) A trilobite with such morphology.


Lazarus taxon

Referring to the Biblical story of Lazarus, who was raised from the dead.

(paleontology) A taxon that disappears from the fossil record, suggesting extinction, only to reappear later.


anhanguerídeo

(paleontology) anhanguerid (any member of the Anhangueridae)


anopistógrafo

anopistógrafo (feminine anopistógrafa, masculine plural anopistógrafos, feminine plural anopistógrafas)

anopistógrafa (feminine)
anopistógrafos (masculine plural)
anopistógrafas (feminine plural)

(palaeography) anopisthograph (written on one side only)


uintathere

(paleontology) Any member of the family †Uintatheriidae of extinct ungulates, especially of genus Uintatherium.


Aptiano

(geology, paleontology) Aptian (subdivision of the Early Cretaceous epoch)


Romer's gap

(paleontology) An apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record in the lower Mississippian.


esqueleto articulado

pt-noun

esqueleto articulado m (plural esqueletos articulados)

articulated skeleton
articulated skeleton

(paleontology) articulated skeleton (skeleton found with the bones arranged in the proper order)


long i

(palaeography, epigraphy) a tall variant of the letter i, ⟨ꟾ⟩, used in all-capital Latin inscriptions and manuscripts in classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages for a long vowel /iː/. (Other long vowels were marked with apices.)


elongatoolithid

Unlike other elongatoolithid and prismatoolithid eggs, Elongatoolithus elongatus and Protoceratopsidovum minimum were classified into the covered nest type.

2015 November 26, “Eggshell Porosity Provides Insight on Evolution of Nesting in Dinosaurs”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) Any member of the oofamily Elongatoolithidae.


Zinj

(informal, paleoanthropology, dated) The original specimen of Paranthropus boisei, then known as Zinjanthropus.


fodinichnion

From Latin fodīna (“a mine”) + Ancient Greek ἴχνιον (íkhnion, “footprint”).

der

Distinctive behaviour patterns add to the specific character as they do in recent species. They may also be referred to more general functions such as crawling, feeding or hiding. Distinction of five major groups (dwelling burrows = Domichnia; feeding burrows = Fodinichnia; feeding trails = Pascichnia; crawling trails = Repichnia; resting tracks = Cubichnia) has proved to be satisfactory and useful in environmental interpretations (Seilacher, 1953, 1958).

1964 September 30, Adolf Seilacher, Sedimentology, volume 3, number 3, page 253:

Following this interpretation, Conichnus conosinus isp. n. can be ethologically classified as a fodinichnion (combination of feeding and dwelling).

1995, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark:

(paleontology) A trace fossil formed by deposit feeders as they excavate the sediment in search of food.


鐘鼎文

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄉㄧㄥˇ ㄨㄣˊ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tɪŋ³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tɪŋ³⁵ mɐn²¹/

(writing, palaeography) Chinese bronze inscriptions


pennibrachium

From Latin penna (“feather”) + brachium (“arm”). Coined by Sullivan et al. in 2010.

Some dromaeosaurid, troodontid, oviraptorosaur and therizinosaur specimens show the presence of what we term a ‘pennibrachium’, a forelimb bearing long feathers that form a planar, wing-like surface but are not necessarily used in aerial locomotion.

2010 July 7, Corwin Sullivan, “The asymmetry of the carpal joint and the evolution of wing folding in maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, volume 277, number 1690, page 2027:

(zoology, paleontology) A forelimb, found on various species of extinct and extant coelurosaur, that is not used in flight or gliding but still bears long, typically pennaceous feathers which form a winglike surface.


Petoskey stone

(paleontology) A smooth fossil of a rugosan coral found in Michigan.


rugosan

(paleontology) Synonym of rugose: describing an extinct coral of the order †Rugosa.


protorosaur

From scientific Latin Protorosaurus (genus name).

The large-sized protorosaur Tanystropheus had extremely elongated neck vertebrae and a neck more than two times the length of its trunk.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 76:

On the other side, there are about 28 chevrons in the long tail of the protorosaur Tanystropheus at least half of which are similar to element i (see [33 ]: Plate 1, Figure 37).

2015 November 12, “A Reappraisal of the Purported Gastric Pellet with Pterosaurian Bones from the Upper Triassic of Italy”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(paleontology) An extinct archosauromorph reptile of the order Protorosauria.


ecospace

(paleontology, biology) The graphical representation of the various ecological modes of life that an organism does or can occupy.


chronogeny

The probability is, that most of these orders have existed during all the organic periods of our planet; but, owing to various circumstances, especially to some being without any enduring remains, their chronogeny will long remain one of the most difficult problems in Malacology.

1850, William King, A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, Digitally Printed Edition, published 2015, page 201:

The chronogeny of the various elements is in full accord with the structural progress along both lines of derivation;[…].

1894, Palaeontology of New-York, Volume 8, Part 2, page 322:

Thus it is evident that we must use the very greatest care in the correlation of the chronogeny and the phylogeny of the echinoderms, and we must be continually on the watch for sudden and aberrant deviations and specializations in the older as well as in the most recent types.

1915, Austin Hobart Clark, A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids, U.S. Government Printing Office, page 7:

(dated, geology, paleontology) The chronology of a thing's origin and development.


chrismon

From Medieval Latin crismon (New Latin chrismus, chrismum, chrismos), of uncertain origin.
In the 18th century adopted in German as Chrismon or Chrismum, plural Chrismen. English in the 19th century.
The word was revived for a type of Christmas decoration in the mid 20th century, now with a popular etymology of its being a portmanteau of Christus + monogram.

The document usually begins with a verbal invocation (such as In Dei nomine, amen) or a chrismon (often Christ's monogram formed from the letters XP)

1970, Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 7, page 478:

(palaeography) A stylised siglum or character interpreted as an invocation of Christ in Merovingian and Carolingian documents.


amainít

head

amainít f (genitive singular amainíte, nominative plural amainítí)

amainíte (genitive singular)
amainítí (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
amainít (indefinite singular)
amainítí (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a amainít (indefinite singular)
a amainítí (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
amainíte (indefinite singular)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an amainít (definite singular)
na hamainítí (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na hamainíte (definite singular)
na n-amainítí (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an amainít (definite singular)
don amainít (definite singular)
leis na hamainítí (definite plural)
amainít
n-amainít
hamainít


匠人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (匠人):
* → Japanese: 匠人(しょうじん) (shōjin)
* → Korean: 장인(匠人) (jang'in)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/ʑiã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² jɐn²¹/

/ʑiã²² n̠ʲin⁴⁴/

Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster#Translingual

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo ergaster


能人

/nɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/nɐŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/nŋ̍²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/nɤŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/nɐŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/nŋ̍²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo habilis


魚龍

/jyː²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/jyː²¹ lʊŋ²¹/


鴨嘴龍

ㄧㄚ ㄗㄨㄟˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ

/jä⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/aːp̚³ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/jä⁵⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/aːp̚³ t͡sɵy̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

duck-billed dinosaur
duck-billed dinosaur

(paleontology) hadrosaur; duck-billed dinosaur


robust australopithecine

en-noun

robust australopithecine (plural robust australopithecines)

(paleontology) Any member of the species sometimes considered to belong to the genus Paranthropus.


gracile australopithecine

gracile australopithecine (plural gracile australopithecines)

(paleontology) Any member of the species belonging to the genus Australopithecus, excluding those sometimes considered to belong to the genus Paranthropus.


lophid

en-adj

lophid (not generally comparable, comparative more lophid, superlative most lophid)

more lophid (comparative)
most lophid (superlative)

From lopho- (“ridge”) + -id (“pertaining to”).

confix

Similarities include minimal division of the paracristid and cristid obliqua, paucity of enamel crenulations on the lophid faces and, to a lesser degree, anterior turn of the lophid ends

2004, Gavin Prideaux, Systematics and Evolution of the Sthenurine Kangaroos, page 64:

(zoology, palentology, archaeology, usually of teeth) Featuring or characterized by a crest or ridge.


lophid

There is a very small wear facet on the tip of the first lophid.

1967, David Whistler, Oreodonts of the Tick Canyon Formation, Southern California, page s.n.:

In early Elephantoidia, the mesial root supports only the first lophid of the molar.

2009, Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Giday WoldeGabriel, Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, page 471:

(zoology, palentology, archaeology) A ridge on molars or other teeth formed by a modification of cusps.


noto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek νότος (nótos) "south".


䗴

Coined by Chinese geologist Li Siguang in 1934 based on the principle of ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 虫 (“animal; small organism”) + 筳 (“spindle”), a fossil organism shaped like a spindle (Latin fūsus). The pronunciation derives from the principle of phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) with 筳 (tíng) as the phonetic component.

Han compound

(paleontology) fusulinid (extinct single-celled organisms in the order Fusulinida)


moscoviano

it-adj

moscoviano (feminine moscoviana, masculine plural moscoviani, feminine plural moscoviane)

moscoviana (feminine)
moscoviani (masculine plural)
moscoviane (feminine plural)

From Moscovia (ancient name of Moscow) + -iano (“-ian”).

suffix

(geology, paleontology) of or pertaining to the Moscovian period


Moscoviano

(geology, paleontology) Moscovian (a subdivision of the Carboniferous period)


pareiasaur

(paleontology) Any member of the Pareiasauridae, a family of large parareptiles from the Permian period.


holochoanitic

Other Early Paleozoic cephalopods have holochoanitic siphuncles

1942, Ozarkian and Canadian Cephalopods: Part III: Longicones and Summary, →ISBN:

He accepted the Plectronoceratidae as primitive, and the Ellesmeroceratidae as the derived next step, one characterized by holochoanitic structure and diaphragms, and leading to a group of endoceroids;

1964, Memoir - New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, page 11:

However, over a short period of time (less than 10 Ma) during the late Devonian, the Clymeniida developed a dorsal (or internal) holochoanitic siphon.

2012, Raymond Enay, Palaeontology of Invertebrates, →ISBN:

(paleontology) Long, cylindrical, and reaching between adjacent septums.


sivathere

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Sivatherium</i>

The sivatheres became extinct about two million years ago, but other giraffes, including the ancestors of the living giraffe species and the okapi, thrived.

2018, Tim Flannery, Europe: The First 100 Million Years, Penguin, published 2019, page 103:

Shins coated in mud, the sivathere strides out onto more solid ground, towards the shade to browse.

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page 28:

(paleontology) An extinct giraffid of the genus Sivatherium.


Signor-Lipps effect

Named after American paleontologists Philip Signor and Jere Lipps, who formally proposed it in 1982.

(paleontology) The principle that due to the incompleteness of the fossil record, the earliest and latest known occurrences of a taxon will almost never represent the ages of the actual earliest and latest organisms belonging to it.


encrinitic

(paleontology) Relating to, or containing, encrinites.


placo-

From (combining form of) Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, “plate, tablet”).

uder

(chiefly paleontology) Provided with or relating to a flat plate or plates.


Iúrasach

An tIúrasach (canonical masculine)
an Iúrasaigh (genitive)
nominative (indefinite)
Iúrasach (indefinite singular)
vocative (indefinite)
a Iúrasaigh (indefinite singular)
genitive (indefinite)
Iúrasaigh (indefinite singular)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an tIúrasach (definite singular)
genitive (definite)
an Iúrasaigh (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an Iúrasach (definite singular)
don Iúrasach (definite singular)
Iúrasach
nIúrasach
hIúrasach
tIúrasach


Tréimhse Iúrasach

head

An Tréimhse Iúrasach f (genitive na Tréimhse Iúrasaí)

An Tréimhse Iúrasach (canonical feminine)
na Tréimhse Iúrasaí (genitive)
Tréimhse Iúrasach
Thréimhse Iúrasach
dTréimhse Iúrasach


achelense

(geology, paleontology) Acheulean (archeological industry of stone tools in the Paleolithic Age)


musteriense

es-adj

musteriense m or f (masculine and feminine plural musterienses)

musterienses (feminine masculine plural)

(geology, paleontology) Mousterian (archeological industry associated with Neanderthals)


magdaleniense

magdaleniense m or f (masculine and feminine plural magdalenienses)

magdalenienses (feminine masculine plural)

(geology, paleontology) Magdalenian (later cultures of the Upper Paleolithic)


solutrense

solutrense m or f (masculine and feminine plural solutrenses)

(geology, paleontology) Solutrean (archeological industry of flint tools in the Upper Paleolithic)


Meghalayan

(geology, paleontology) The Meghalayan Age, a subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


kasvipaleontologia

kasvipaleontologia (nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiat (nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologia (accusative nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiat (accusative nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologian (accusative genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologiat (accusative genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologian (genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioiden (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioitten (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiain (genitive plural rare)
kasvipaleontologiaa (partitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioita (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiassa (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioissa (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologiasta (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologioista (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologiaan (illative singular)
kasvipaleontologioihin (illative plural)
kasvipaleontologialla (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioilla (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologialta (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologioilta (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologialle (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologioille (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologiana (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologioina (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaksi (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologioiksi (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologiatta (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioitta (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kasvipaleontologiani (nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiani (nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiani (accusative nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiani (accusative nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiani (accusative genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologiani (accusative genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiani (genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioideni (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioitteni (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaini (genitive plural rare)
kasvipaleontologiaani (partitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioitani (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiassani (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioissani (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologiastani (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologioistani (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologiaani (illative singular)
kasvipaleontologioihini (illative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallani (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioillani (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologialtani (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologioiltani (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologialleni (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologioilleni (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologianani (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologioinani (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologiakseni (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologioikseni (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologiattani (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioittani (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioineni (comitative plural)
kasvipaleontologiasi (nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiasi (nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiasi (accusative nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiasi (accusative nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiasi (accusative genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologiasi (accusative genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiasi (genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioidesi (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioittesi (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaisi (genitive plural rare)
kasvipaleontologiaasi (partitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioitasi (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiassasi (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioissasi (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologiastasi (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologioistasi (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologiaasi (illative singular)
kasvipaleontologioihisi (illative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallasi (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioillasi (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologialtasi (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologioiltasi (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallesi (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologioillesi (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologianasi (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologioinasi (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaksesi (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologioiksesi (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologiattasi (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioittasi (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioinesi (comitative plural)
kasvipaleontologiamme (nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiamme (nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiamme (accusative nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiamme (accusative nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiamme (accusative genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologiamme (accusative genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiamme (genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioidemme (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioittemme (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaimme (genitive plural rare)
kasvipaleontologiaamme (partitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioitamme (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiassamme (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioissamme (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologiastamme (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologioistamme (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologiaamme (illative singular)
kasvipaleontologioihimme (illative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallamme (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioillamme (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologialtamme (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologioiltamme (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallemme (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologioillemme (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologianamme (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologioinamme (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaksemme (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologioiksemme (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologiattamme (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioittamme (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioinemme (comitative plural)
kasvipaleontologianne (nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologianne (nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologianne (accusative nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologianne (accusative nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologianne (accusative genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologianne (accusative genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologianne (genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioidenne (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioittenne (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiainne (genitive plural rare)
kasvipaleontologiaanne (partitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioitanne (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiassanne (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioissanne (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologiastanne (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologioistanne (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologiaanne (illative singular)
kasvipaleontologioihinne (illative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallanne (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioillanne (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologialtanne (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologioiltanne (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallenne (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologioillenne (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologiananne (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologioinanne (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologiaksenne (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologioiksenne (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologiattanne (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioittanne (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioinenne (comitative plural)
kasvipaleontologiansa (nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiansa (nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiansa (accusative nominative singular)
kasvipaleontologiansa (accusative nominative plural)
kasvipaleontologiansa (accusative genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologiansa (accusative genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiansa (genitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioidensa (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioittensa (genitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiainsa (genitive plural rare)
kasvipaleontologiaansa (partitive singular)
kasvipaleontologioitaan (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologioitansa (partitive plural)
kasvipaleontologiassaan (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologiassansa (inessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioissaan (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioissansa (inessive plural)
kasvipaleontologiastaan (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologiastansa (elative singular)
kasvipaleontologioistaan (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologioistansa (elative plural)
kasvipaleontologiaansa (illative singular)
kasvipaleontologioihinsa (illative plural)
kasvipaleontologiallaan (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologiallansa (adessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioillaan (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioillansa (adessive plural)
kasvipaleontologialtaan (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologialtansa (ablative singular)
kasvipaleontologioiltaan (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologioiltansa (ablative plural)
kasvipaleontologialleen (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologiallensa (allative singular)
kasvipaleontologioilleen (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologioillensa (allative plural)
kasvipaleontologianaan (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologianansa (essive singular)
kasvipaleontologioinaan (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologioinansa (essive plural)
kasvipaleontologiakseen (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologiaksensa (singular translative)
kasvipaleontologioikseen (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologioiksensa (plural translative)
kasvipaleontologiattaan (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologiattansa (abessive singular)
kasvipaleontologioittaan (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioittansa (abessive plural)
kasvipaleontologioineen (comitative plural)
kasvipaleontologioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈkɑ̝s̠ʋiˌpɑ̝le̞ˌo̞n̪t̪o̞ˌlo̞ɡiɑ̝]

(paleontology, botany) paleophytology, paleobotany


cooksonioid

From scientific Latin Cooksonia (genus name) + -oid.

Whether bryophytes actually arose from such a cooksonioid ancestor (see Miller 1982) needs to be addressed further.

2000, A. Jonathan Shaw, Bernard Goffinet, Bryophyte Biology, page 142:

A previous study had suggested a minimum size limit below which cooksonioid plants could not have functioned as photosynthetically independent plants.

2018 May 25, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian:

(paleobiology) A plant having features like those of the extinct genus Cooksonia.


Euramerican

en-adj

Euramerican (comparative more Euramerican, superlative most Euramerican)

more Euramerican (comparative)
most Euramerican (superlative)

Her sharp little teeth probably crunched up those Euramerican scorpions; indeed the copious invertebrates that conquered life on land 60 million earlier would have provided a tempting menu for tetrapods venturing from the water.

2017 January 11, Elsa Panciroli, The Guardian:

(paleontology) Pertaining to the supercontinent of Euramerica.


phragmoteuthid

From scientific Latin Phragmoteuthida (order name).

Multiple jaws and arm hooklets of squid-like phragmoteuthids are known from the stomach area of several ichthyosaurs.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 70:

(paleontology) An extinct cephalopod of the order Phragmoteuthida.


rauisuchian

In Triassic times, when rauisuchians lived, the continents were still united in a large, coherent landmass, the supercontinent Pangea.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 79:

(paleontology) An extinct reptile of the taxon Rauisuchia, which lived during the Triassic.


megatracksite

Although large megatracksites (or “dinosaur freeways”) have been identified at many locations, in many cases it is still unclear as to what types of sedimentary dynamic cause their formation and preservation.

2006, Jerry D. Harris, Spencer G. Lucas, Justin A. Speilmann, Martin G. Lockley, Andrew R.C. Milner, James I. Kirkland, editors, Bulletin 37: The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, page 280:

Near to the Transjura Highway the footprints are so abundant that it may represent a megatracksite.

2012, Winand Brinkmann, Kenneth De Baets, editors, Paleontological Museum of the University of Zürich: Exhibition Guide, Paleontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zürich, →ISBN, page 87:

(paleontology) A site showing geological evidence of very large numbers of fossil tracks or trace fossils.


oxycone

The quickest and nimblest were probably the oxycones, throwing themselves through the water like discuses.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, →ISBN, page 87:

(paleontology, malacology) A type of ammonoid with a slim, disk-shaped (oxyconic) shell.


evogram

An important systematic account with illustrations of Shaw's tephigram, the emagram, Refsdal's aerogram, Schinze's thetagram, Robizach's diagram, evogram, and Rossby's diagram.

1951, Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Volume 2, page 307:

Teachers can facilitate such learning by incorporating cladistics and tree-thinking into the curriculum and using evograms to focus on important evolutionary transitions.

2009 June 30, LS Mead, “Transforming our thinking about transitional forms”, in Evolution: Education and Outreach, volume 2, number 2, page 310:

Providing the basics for tree reading suggests that the use of evograms (evolutionary diagrams integrating different lines of evidence) reflects more accurately and integratively how scientists know what they know about the major changes in evolution.

2012, E Torrens, A Barahona, “Why are some evolutionary trees in natural history museums prone to being misinterpreted?”, in Evolution: Education and Outreach:

Remember, a cladogram or evogram is a branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific species of organisms.

2013, Stephen T. Blume, Evo-illusion, page 189:


Greenlandian

(geology, paleontology) The Greenlandian Age, a subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


Northgrippian

(geology, paleontology) The Northgrippian Age, a subdivision of the Holocene epoch.


small shellies

Following this is the earliest Cambrian, where large shelly invertebrates are rare (and no trilobites occur), but the commonest fossils are tiny forms nicknamed the “small shellies.”

2009, Joseph Seckbach, Divine Action and Natural Selection, page 486:

Although difficult to interpret, small shellies may hold the key to understanding the origins of shelled and biomineralised groups of animals.

2018, Mark Carnall, “Unidentifiable fossils: palaeontological problematica”, in The Guardian:


frogamander

This amphibian Abraham, aka the frogamander, lived during the early Permian but was only discovered in 2007, a fossil in Don's Dump Fish Quarry in Baylor County, Texas.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 14:

The “frogamander” is still full of mystery as scientists work to figure out how and where it fits in the amphibian family tree.

2016, Melissa Shofner, Mariel Bard, Amphibian Fossils, page 21:

(paleontology) The extinct amphibamid Gerobatrachus.


end-Cretaceous

Towards the end of the Cretaceous diversity declined sharply and only a few widespread genera are found in the uppermost beds, these finally disappearing in the end-Cretaceous extinctions.

1988, Rona M Black, The Elements of Palaeontology, page 93:

Although the end-Cretaceous bolide impact is contemporaneous with the abrupt end of the reign of dinosaurs, early mammals survived the catastrophic event […].

2007, Clarence A Hall Jr., Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and Its Native Plants, page 100:

The end Cretaceous catastrophe that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago did for these animals too and the oceans were quieter for a while, but within fifteen million years or so the ancestors of dolphins and whales were exploiting the rich seas of the Eocene.

2012, Caspar Henderson, The Book of Barely Imagined Beings, Granta Books, published 2013, page 187:

(geology, paleontology) Pertaining to the end of the Cretaceous period, marked by a major extinction event.


今文

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

(writing, palaeography) Alternative name for 隸書／隶书 (lìshū, “clerical script”).


cololite

(paleontology) Fossilised intestine contents.


australopitec

Borrowed from translingual Australopithecus.

bor+

(anthropology, paleontology) australopithecine, australopith


ichthyolith

From ichthyo- + -lith, coined in 1974 by Doyle, Kennedy and Riedel.

(paleontology) Any disarticulated fossil from a fish, especially a tooth or scale.


ammonitid

(paleontology) Any ammonite of the order Ammonitida.


tafonomia

tafonomia (nominative singular)
tafonomiat (nominative plural)
tafonomia (accusative nominative singular)
tafonomiat (accusative nominative plural)
tafonomian (accusative genitive singular)
tafonomiat (accusative genitive plural)
tafonomian (genitive singular)
tafonomioiden (genitive plural)
tafonomioitten (genitive plural)
tafonomiain (genitive plural rare)
tafonomiaa (partitive singular)
tafonomioita (partitive plural)
tafonomiassa (inessive singular)
tafonomioissa (inessive plural)
tafonomiasta (elative singular)
tafonomioista (elative plural)
tafonomiaan (illative singular)
tafonomioihin (illative plural)
tafonomialla (adessive singular)
tafonomioilla (adessive plural)
tafonomialta (ablative singular)
tafonomioilta (ablative plural)
tafonomialle (allative singular)
tafonomioille (allative plural)
tafonomiana (essive singular)
tafonomioina (essive plural)
tafonomiaksi (singular translative)
tafonomioiksi (plural translative)
tafonomiatta (abessive singular)
tafonomioitta (abessive plural)
tafonomioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
tafonomiani (nominative singular)
tafonomiani (nominative plural)
tafonomiani (accusative nominative singular)
tafonomiani (accusative nominative plural)
tafonomiani (accusative genitive singular)
tafonomiani (accusative genitive plural)
tafonomiani (genitive singular)
tafonomioideni (genitive plural)
tafonomioitteni (genitive plural)
tafonomiaini (genitive plural rare)
tafonomiaani (partitive singular)
tafonomioitani (partitive plural)
tafonomiassani (inessive singular)
tafonomioissani (inessive plural)
tafonomiastani (elative singular)
tafonomioistani (elative plural)
tafonomiaani (illative singular)
tafonomioihini (illative plural)
tafonomiallani (adessive singular)
tafonomioillani (adessive plural)
tafonomialtani (ablative singular)
tafonomioiltani (ablative plural)
tafonomialleni (allative singular)
tafonomioilleni (allative plural)
tafonomianani (essive singular)
tafonomioinani (essive plural)
tafonomiakseni (singular translative)
tafonomioikseni (plural translative)
tafonomiattani (abessive singular)
tafonomioittani (abessive plural)
tafonomioineni (comitative plural)
tafonomiasi (nominative singular)
tafonomiasi (nominative plural)
tafonomiasi (accusative nominative singular)
tafonomiasi (accusative nominative plural)
tafonomiasi (accusative genitive singular)
tafonomiasi (accusative genitive plural)
tafonomiasi (genitive singular)
tafonomioidesi (genitive plural)
tafonomioittesi (genitive plural)
tafonomiaisi (genitive plural rare)
tafonomiaasi (partitive singular)
tafonomioitasi (partitive plural)
tafonomiassasi (inessive singular)
tafonomioissasi (inessive plural)
tafonomiastasi (elative singular)
tafonomioistasi (elative plural)
tafonomiaasi (illative singular)
tafonomioihisi (illative plural)
tafonomiallasi (adessive singular)
tafonomioillasi (adessive plural)
tafonomialtasi (ablative singular)
tafonomioiltasi (ablative plural)
tafonomiallesi (allative singular)
tafonomioillesi (allative plural)
tafonomianasi (essive singular)
tafonomioinasi (essive plural)
tafonomiaksesi (singular translative)
tafonomioiksesi (plural translative)
tafonomiattasi (abessive singular)
tafonomioittasi (abessive plural)
tafonomioinesi (comitative plural)
tafonomiamme (nominative singular)
tafonomiamme (nominative plural)
tafonomiamme (accusative nominative singular)
tafonomiamme (accusative nominative plural)
tafonomiamme (accusative genitive singular)
tafonomiamme (accusative genitive plural)
tafonomiamme (genitive singular)
tafonomioidemme (genitive plural)
tafonomioittemme (genitive plural)
tafonomiaimme (genitive plural rare)
tafonomiaamme (partitive singular)
tafonomioitamme (partitive plural)
tafonomiassamme (inessive singular)
tafonomioissamme (inessive plural)
tafonomiastamme (elative singular)
tafonomioistamme (elative plural)
tafonomiaamme (illative singular)
tafonomioihimme (illative plural)
tafonomiallamme (adessive singular)
tafonomioillamme (adessive plural)
tafonomialtamme (ablative singular)
tafonomioiltamme (ablative plural)
tafonomiallemme (allative singular)
tafonomioillemme (allative plural)
tafonomianamme (essive singular)
tafonomioinamme (essive plural)
tafonomiaksemme (singular translative)
tafonomioiksemme (plural translative)
tafonomiattamme (abessive singular)
tafonomioittamme (abessive plural)
tafonomioinemme (comitative plural)
tafonomianne (nominative singular)
tafonomianne (nominative plural)
tafonomianne (accusative nominative singular)
tafonomianne (accusative nominative plural)
tafonomianne (accusative genitive singular)
tafonomianne (accusative genitive plural)
tafonomianne (genitive singular)
tafonomioidenne (genitive plural)
tafonomioittenne (genitive plural)
tafonomiainne (genitive plural rare)
tafonomiaanne (partitive singular)
tafonomioitanne (partitive plural)
tafonomiassanne (inessive singular)
tafonomioissanne (inessive plural)
tafonomiastanne (elative singular)
tafonomioistanne (elative plural)
tafonomiaanne (illative singular)
tafonomioihinne (illative plural)
tafonomiallanne (adessive singular)
tafonomioillanne (adessive plural)
tafonomialtanne (ablative singular)
tafonomioiltanne (ablative plural)
tafonomiallenne (allative singular)
tafonomioillenne (allative plural)
tafonomiananne (essive singular)
tafonomioinanne (essive plural)
tafonomiaksenne (singular translative)
tafonomioiksenne (plural translative)
tafonomiattanne (abessive singular)
tafonomioittanne (abessive plural)
tafonomioinenne (comitative plural)
tafonomiansa (nominative singular)
tafonomiansa (nominative plural)
tafonomiansa (accusative nominative singular)
tafonomiansa (accusative nominative plural)
tafonomiansa (accusative genitive singular)
tafonomiansa (accusative genitive plural)
tafonomiansa (genitive singular)
tafonomioidensa (genitive plural)
tafonomioittensa (genitive plural)
tafonomiainsa (genitive plural rare)
tafonomiaansa (partitive singular)
tafonomioitaan (partitive plural)
tafonomioitansa (partitive plural)
tafonomiassaan (inessive singular)
tafonomiassansa (inessive singular)
tafonomioissaan (inessive plural)
tafonomioissansa (inessive plural)
tafonomiastaan (elative singular)
tafonomiastansa (elative singular)
tafonomioistaan (elative plural)
tafonomioistansa (elative plural)
tafonomiaansa (illative singular)
tafonomioihinsa (illative plural)
tafonomiallaan (adessive singular)
tafonomiallansa (adessive singular)
tafonomioillaan (adessive plural)
tafonomioillansa (adessive plural)
tafonomialtaan (ablative singular)
tafonomialtansa (ablative singular)
tafonomioiltaan (ablative plural)
tafonomioiltansa (ablative plural)
tafonomialleen (allative singular)
tafonomiallensa (allative singular)
tafonomioilleen (allative plural)
tafonomioillensa (allative plural)
tafonomianaan (essive singular)
tafonomianansa (essive singular)
tafonomioinaan (essive plural)
tafonomioinansa (essive plural)
tafonomiakseen (singular translative)
tafonomiaksensa (singular translative)
tafonomioikseen (plural translative)
tafonomioiksensa (plural translative)
tafonomiattaan (abessive singular)
tafonomiattansa (abessive singular)
tafonomioittaan (abessive plural)
tafonomioittansa (abessive plural)
tafonomioineen (comitative plural)
tafonomioinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English taphonomy). Contains the suffix -nomia.

[ˈt̪ɑ̝fo̞ˌno̞miɑ̝]


corynexochid

(paleontology) Any trilobite of the order Corynexochida.


甲骨文字

ㄐㄧㄚˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ

цзягу вэньцзы

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

(palaeography, historiography) oracle bone script


格魯吉亞人

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˋ ㄖㄣˊ

ㄍㄜˊ ㄌㄨˇ ㄐㄧˊ ㄧㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

гэлуцзияжэнь

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³ jɐn²¹/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kɤ³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/kaːk̚³ lou̯¹³ kɐt̚⁵ aː³³ jɐn²¹/

(Mainland China, paleontology, anthropology, rare) Homo georgicus


丹尼索瓦人

ㄉㄢ ㄋㄧˊ ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄨㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

Даньнисоважэнь

/tän⁵⁵ ni³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ni³⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

(paleontology, anthropology) Denisovan (extinct species of human)


skiffer

It presents the obverve aspect, and this is well marked and characteristic. Range. D. gibberulus is a common species in the Upper Phyllograptus-skiffer of Scania, and in the Middle Arenig beds of Britain, underlying the zone of D. bifidus.

1905, Norges geologiske undersøkelse, NGU:

... and the Cyrtograptus - Skiffer of Scania. The Rastrites - Skiffer have been divided by Prof. Törnquist into six zones; and the assemblage of species of each of these agrees closely with that of the five zones of our Llandovery Series, and with ...

1906, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Geological Society of London, page 696:

Moberg reports finding in the Dictyonema shales the trilobites, Ceratopyge forficula and Shumardia pusilla which have also been found in the Ceratopyge skiffer of Norway, […] the only species of trilobite as yet found in the Dictyonema skiffer of Sweden proper;

1914, Vickers Oberholtzer, The Rocks of Oland, Geologically Considered, page 9:

The occurrence of this common Utica slate species so far north is interesting, and, taken with its appearance in the Trinuclid Skiffer of Sweden (Linnarsson, loc. cit, p. 70, fig. 27), where it is also of the same small size as here, gives it a wide […]

2014, Charles Francis Hall, Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition Made by Charles F. Hall, Cambridge University Press, page 582

(geology, paleontology, possibly obsolete) Slate.


berestology

/ˌbɛɹəsˈtɒləd͡ʒi/

/ˌbɛɹəsˈtɑləd͡ʒi/

Borrowed from Russian берестоло́гия (berestológija) from береста́ (berestá, “birchbark”) + -ло́гия (-lógija, suffix indicating the study of a particular subject).

bor

берестоло́гия

affix

Using certain inscriptions found in the area, the documents pertaining to the affairs of one of the hereditary ruling dynasties of Novgorod, he constructed an entire detective story, entertaining the reader and acquainting him with many questions of the new science of berestology.

1966, The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, volume XVIII, number 19, Columbus, Oh.: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 23:

A relatively new field of research in Old Russian linguistics is berestology, the study of the numerous birchbark documents from Novgorod and other medieval Russian towns. In the Netherlands, two scholars have recently published articles on berestology and related issues: [...]

1996 March, Jos Schaeken, “The Present State of Russian Studies in the Netherlands”, in R[oger] Comtet, A. G. F. van Holk, W[erner] Lehfeldt, editors, Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 20, number 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, section 3.2 (Old Russian), page 135:

This is an unusual book in several aspects. Firstly, it presents a synthesis of current knowledge about the written heritage of early Rus in many fields, palaeography (in its restricted meaning, concentrating on what the author calls "parchment literacy", p. 22), berestology (I may be forgiven for coining this term to designate the study of birch-bark documents), diplomatics, numismatics, and sphragistics, not to forget occasional forays into the history of art and archeology proper.

2004 October, Roland Marti, “Franklin, S[imon]: Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002, XVI + 325 pp., 14 pl. [book review]”, in R[oger] Comtet, W[erner] Lehfeldt, Jos Schaeken, editors, Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 28, number 3, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →DOI, →ISSN, →JSTOR, →OCLC, page 433:

A telling example of the fruitful interaction between berestology and epigraphy is N1000, which was already cited at the beginning of this paper. The name of one of the senders of the letter, Kyas, appears to be of Turkic rather than Slavic origin [...].

2017 August, Jos Schaeken, “Comments on Birchbark Documents Found in the Twenty-first Century”, in Russian Linguistics: International Journal for the Study of Russian and Other Slavic Languages, volume 41, Dordrecht: Springer, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-07-30, section 2.4 (Berestology Meets Epigraphy), page 132:

The abovementioned research marks the start of a new research area in berestology. The most tangible result is that more accurate interpretations of individual texts have been given, thanks to the discovery of (hidden) communicative heterogeneity.

2018, Simeon Dekker, “The Background: Communicatively Heterogeneous Letters”, in Old Russian Birchbark Letters: A Pragmatic Approach (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics; 42), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN, section 2.7 (Discussion), page 27:

In Russia, the study of birchbark letters is sometimes known informally as berestologija (‘berestology’), derived from the word beresta ‘birchbark’. For many years, ‘berestology’ has been an interdisciplinary research venture that engages archaeologists, philologists, linguists, and historians.

2018, Jos Schaeken, “Preface”, in Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics; 43), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page XII:

(palaeography) The scientific study of birchbark manuscripts.


paleolític

ca-adj

paleolític (feminine paleolítica, masculine plural paleolítics, feminine plural paleolítiques)

paleolítica (feminine)
paleolítics (masculine plural)
paleolítiques (feminine plural)


dubiofossil

1998, H. J. Hofmann, Chapter 4: Synopsis of Precambrian Fossil Occurrences in North America, S. B. Lucas, M. R. St-Onge (editors), Geology of the Precambrian Superior and Grenville Provinces and Precambrian Fossils in North America, Geology of Canada No. 7, Geological Society of America, Geological Survey of Canada, page 284,
Relevant data on dubiofossil and pseudofossil occurrences can be found in Mendelson and Schopf (1992, Table 22.2), and Hofmann (1992, Table 23.6).
Regarding microscopic dubiofossils, the biological versus abiological origins of the oldest possibly biogenic remains, spheroidal structures in the about 3.8 Ga old Isua sequence in southern West Greenland reported in the previous decade, were discussed by Bridgwater et al. (1981) and Roedder (1981), with an abiogenic interpretation considered more likely.

In a review, Venkatachala et al. (1996) have considered 13 reports as authentic fossils and the rest were considered as non-fossils or dubiofossils.

2019, Mukund Sharma, Veeru Kant Singh, “Megascopic Carbonaceous Remains from Proterozoic Basins of India”, in M. E. A. Mondal, editor, Geological Evolution of the Precambrian Indian Shield, Springer, page 739:

Thus, Manchuriophycus and Rhysonetron had received the status of pseudofossil or dubiofossil in the published literature (Schopf and Klein 1992).

2019, Chirananda De, Mangrove Ichnology of the Bay of Bengal Coast, Eastern India, Springer, page 143:

(geology, paleontology) Any geological object that has characteristics of a fossil but whose identity is uncertain.

Dubiofossil

geological object of uncertain identity that has characteristics of a fossil


直立人

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ li⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sɪk̚² laːp̚² jɐn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ li⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/t͡sɪk̚² laːp̚² jɐn²¹/

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo erectus


acidaspide

(paleontology) any trilobite of the Acidaspis taxonomic genus


anaspide

Borrowed from translingual Anaspida, derived from Ancient Greek ἀν- (an-, “not", "without”) + ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”).

der

(paleontology) any member of the extinct Anaspida taxonomic genus


Greater Adria

From greater + Adria.
From being first discovered in researching the geologic region called Adria.

A northwestern ocean basin system was genetically related to the Atlantic Ocean, opened in Middle to Late Jurassic time, and is known as the Alpine Tethys Ocean, which include multiple branches, such as the Piemonte-Liguria Ocean between Greater Adria (i.e. modern Adria and the its restored portions now folded and thrusted in circum-Adriatic orogens), Iberia, and the Briançonnais continental fragment, and the Valais Ocean between the Briançonnais fragment and Europe

2019, Douwe J.J. van Hinsbergen, Trond H. Torsvik, Stefan M. Schmid, Liviu C. Maţenco, Marco Maffione, Reinoud L.M. Vissers, Derya Gürera, Wim Spakman, “Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic”, in Gondwana Research, →DOI, page 80:

In their reconstruction model, the Ios basement, along with other tectonic units in the Cycladic islands and Crete, are all part of a subducted Greater Adria continental ribbon.

2020 November 11, Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, Gordon Lister, “Evidence for the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes”, in Solid Earth, preprint, European Geosciences Union:

Along most of the Alpine subduction the European plate subducted below Greater Adria, however, towards the west, Greater Adria under-thrusted the European margin forming the proto-Apennine slab[…]

2021 July, Ágnes Király, Francesca Funiciello, Fabio A. Capitanio, Claudio Faccenna, “Dynamic interactions between subduction zones”, in Global and Planetary Change, →DOI:

(paleogeography, paleogeology) A Greenland-sized paleo-microcontinent in the Neo-Tethys Ocean that rifted from the north of Africa portion of the supercontinent of Gondwana and accreted to the south of Europe portion of the supercontinent of Laurasia, and thence subducted.


Anisian

Derived from German Anisisch, from Latin Anisus.

(geology, paleontology) A subdivision of the Triassic period.


phytomorph

Various features of the phytomorphs were illustrated, described, and discussed in some detail in the paper, and their similarity to various living algae were pointed out.

1946, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on a Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, Report

(obsolete, paleontology) A hypothetical alga-like organism once thought to have had a symbiosis with some extinct fenestrid bryozoans, in an attempt to explain their unusual morphologies.


proverse

en-adj

proverse (comparative more proverse, superlative most proverse)

more proverse (comparative)
most proverse (superlative)

From Latin prōversus (“turned forwards”), perfect passive participle of prōvertō (“to turn forwards”), from prō- (“before, in front of”) + vertō (“to turn”). By surface analysis, pro- + -verse. Doublet of prose.

The divide between proverse and obverse markings is obvious, particularly in resting burrows which form the most common type in this group.

1970, T. P. Crimes, J. C. Harper, Trace Fossils, page 457:

Proverse scratches are due to a headdown attitude of the body, whereby only the diggings of the anterior legs are preserved in the undertrace (Pl. 13).

2007, Adolf Seilacher, Trace Fossil Analysis, page 192:

The proverse direction of leg marks in the anterior and long, deep endopodal scratches make Form A strikingly similar to the Upper Cambrian or possibly lowermost Ordovician (Seilacher 2007) Australian Rusophycus latus Webby, a rusophyciform version of the Upper Cambrian Omani Cruziana omanica (Seilacher).

2008, Mary-Ruth Kotelnicki, Remnants of Cruising Trilobites, page 31:


szénizotópos kormeghatározás

head

szénizotópos kormeghatározás (plural szénizotópos kormeghatározások)

szénizotópos kormeghatározás ok (plural)

szén (“carbon”) + izotóp (“isotope”) + -os (adjective-forming suffix) + kormeghatározás (“dating”)

affix

(physics, archaeology, paleontology) radiocarbon dating, carbon dating (a method of estimating the age of an artifact or biological vestige based on the relative amounts of the different isotopes of carbon present in a sample)


romerogram

Named after American paleontologist Alfred Romer + -o- + -gram.

named-after

(paleontology, uncommon) A cladogram that doubles as a spindle diagram.


spindle diagram

en-noun

spindle diagram (plural spindle diagrams)

(paleontology) A diagram showing diversity of taxa through time by the thickness of lines, often as part of a cladogram.


北京猿人

ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄩㄢˊ ㄖㄣˊ

Бэйцзин юаньжэнь

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐn²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ jɐn²¹/

Homo erectus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis#Translingual

(paleontology, archaeology, anthropology) Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis)


fenestrid

(paleontology) Any extinct bryozoan in the order Fenestrida.


玉門甘肅鳥

ㄩˋ ㄇㄣˊ ㄍㄢ ㄙㄨˋ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

Юймэнь ганьсуняо

/y⁵¹ mən³⁵ kän⁵⁵ su⁵¹ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/y⁵¹ mən³⁵ kän⁵⁵ su⁵¹ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


聖賢孔子鳥

ㄕㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄗˇ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

шэнсянь кунцзыняо

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɪŋ³³ jiːn²¹ hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵ niːu̯¹³/

/sɪŋ³³ jiːn²¹ hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵ niːu̯¹³/


baszkir

baszkir (nominative singular)
baszkiru (genitive singular)
baszkirowi (dative singular)
baszkir (accusative singular)
baszkirem (instrumental singular)
baszkirze (locative singular)
baszkirze (singular vocative)

(geology, paleontology) Bashkirian (subdivision of the Carboniferous period)


長者智人

ㄓㄤˇ ㄓㄜˇ ㄓˋ ㄖㄣˊ

чжанчжэ чжижэнь

čžančžɛ čžižɛnʹ

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

Homo sapiens idaltu
Homo sapiens idaltu#Translingual

(paleontology, anthropology) Homo sapiens idaltu


尼安德特人

ㄋㄧˊ ㄢ ㄉㄜˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄖㄣˊ

нианьдэтэжэнь

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tɐk̚² jɐn²¹/

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tɐk̚² jɐn²¹/

Homo neanderthalensis
Homo neanderthalensis#Translingual

(Mainland China, paleontology, anthropology) Neanderthal; Homo neanderthalensis


尼安德塔人

ㄋㄧˊ ㄢ ㄉㄜˊ ㄊㄚˇ ㄖㄣˊ

нианьдэтажэнь

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tʰaːp̚³ jɐn²¹/

/ni³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/nei̯²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵ tʰaːp̚³ jɐn²¹/

(Hong Kong, Taiwan, paleontology, anthropology) Neanderthal; Homo neanderthalensis


尼人

/ni³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/ni³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

Short for 尼安德特人 (ní'āndétèrén) or 尼安德塔人 (ní'āndétǎrén).

zh-l

尼安德特人 (ní'āndétèrén)

尼安德塔人 (ní'āndétǎrén)

Presently, most paleontologists have abandoned the viewpoint that Neanderthals are one of the transitional stages of evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens.

2014, 吴相钰 (Wu Xiangyu); 陈守良 (Chen Shouliang); 葛明德 (Ge Mingde), chief editors, 《陈阅增普通生物学》 [Chen Yuezeng General Biology], 4th edition, Beijing: Higher Education Press, →ISBN , page 448

Xiànzài duōshù gǔshēngwùxuéjiā fàngqì le nírén shì zhílìrén xiàng zhìrén jìnhuà de yīge guòdù jiēduàn de guāndiǎn.

現在多數古生物學家放棄了尼人是直立人向智人進化的一個過渡階段的觀點。

现在多数古生物学家放弃了尼人是直立人向智人进化的一个过渡阶段的观点。

(paleontology, anthropology) Neanderthal; Homo neanderthalensis


attritional mortality

(archaeology, paleontology) The process by which individuals in a population die off one by one from a variety of causes (rather than in large numbers as part of a single event).


catastrophic mortality

(archaeology, paleontology) The process by which individuals in a population die off in large numbers as part of a single event (rather than one by one, from a variety of causes).


abrewiatura

abrewiatura (nominative singular)
abrewiatury (nominative plural)
abrewiatury (genitive singular)
abrewiatur (genitive plural)
abrewiaturze (dative singular)
abrewiaturom (dative plural)
abrewiaturę (accusative singular)
abrewiatury (accusative plural)
abrewiaturą (instrumental singular)
abrewiaturami (instrumental plural)
abrewiaturze (locative singular)
abrewiaturach (locative plural)
abrewiaturo (singular vocative)
abrewiatury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Abbreviatur, from Latin abbreviātūra. First attested in 1594.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “abrewiatura”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(palaeography) scribal abbreviation (abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English, and Old Norse)


abrewiacja

abrewiacja (nominative singular)
abrewiacje (nominative plural)
abrewiacji (genitive singular)
abrewiacji (genitive plural)
abrewiacyj (archaic genitive plural)
abrewiacji (dative singular)
abrewiacjom (dative plural)
abrewiację (accusative singular)
abrewiacje (accusative plural)
abrewiacją (instrumental singular)
abrewiacjami (instrumental plural)
abrewiacji (locative singular)
abrewiacjach (locative plural)
abrewiacjo (singular vocative)
abrewiacje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin abbreviātiō. First attested in 1621.

ref

Wiesław Morawski (03.02.2020) “ABREWIACJA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]


amonit

pl-noun

amonit m animal (related adjective amonitowy)

amonitowy (adjective)
amonit (nominative singular)
amonity (nominative plural)
amonita (genitive singular)
amonitów (genitive plural)
amonitowi (dative singular)
amonitom (dative plural)
amonita (accusative singular)
amonity (accusative plural)
amonitem (instrumental singular)
amonitami (instrumental plural)
amonicie (locative singular)
amonitach (locative plural)
amonicie (singular vocative)
amonity (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ammonite. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “amonit”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 32

jurajskie amonity

skamieniałe amonity

wymarły amonit

muszle amonitów

(paleontology) ammonite (any of an extinct group of cephalopods of the subclass Ammonoidea)


amonit

amonit (nominative singular)
amonity (nominative plural)
amonitu (genitive singular)
amonitów (genitive plural)
amonitowi (dative singular)
amonitom (dative plural)
amonit (accusative singular)
amonity (accusative plural)
amonitem (instrumental singular)
amonitami (instrumental plural)
amonicie (locative singular)
amonitach (locative plural)
amonicie (singular vocative)
amonity (plural vocative)

kolekcja amonitów

zbierać amonity

(paleontology) ammonite (fossil of such an animal)


belemnit

belemnit (nominative singular)
belemnity (nominative plural)
belemnita (genitive singular)
belemnitów (genitive plural)
belemnitowi (dative singular)
belemnitom (dative plural)
belemnita (accusative singular)
belemnity (accusative plural)
belemnitem (instrumental singular)
belemnitami (instrumental plural)
belemnicie (locative singular)
belemnitach (locative plural)
belemnicie (singular vocative)
belemnity (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English belemnite. Ultimately from Ancient Greek βέλεμνον (bélemnon) + -it.

af

grc:βέλεμνον


stegozaur

stegozaur (nominative singular)
stegozaury (nominative plural)
stegozaura (genitive singular)
stegozaurów (genitive plural)
stegozaurowi (dative singular)
stegozaurom (dative plural)
stegozaura (accusative singular)
stegozaury (accusative plural)
stegozaurem (instrumental singular)
stegozaurami (instrumental plural)
stegozaurze (locative singular)
stegozaurach (locative plural)
stegozaurze (singular vocative)
stegozaury (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek στέγος (stégos) + σαῦρος (saûros).


ornithocheiromorph

Clipping of translingual Ornithocheiromorpha

clipping

translingual <i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Ornithocheiromorpha</i>

(paleontology) a member of the clade Ornithocheiromorpha.


OoA

(genetics, paleontology) Initialism of Out of Africa (hypothesis).


modern human

(paleontology) Any hominin of the species Homo sapiens.


Wormworld

(paleontology, informal, neologism) An ecosystem characteristic of the later Ediacaran, when animal life was dominated by surface-dwelling worms.


punctus interrogativus

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɒɡəˈtiːvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɒɡəˈtaɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəˈɹɒɡətɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɑɡəˈtivəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəɹɑɡəˈtaɪvəs/

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɪntəˈɹɑɡətɪvəs/

From Medieval Latin pūnctus interrogātīvus (“question mark”).

bor

punctus percontativus A reversed, but not inverted punctus interrogativus […] used in the 16th and 17th centuries to indicate the end of a percontatio.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Glossary, pages 306–307:

[…]manuscript punctuation has a punctus elevatus after the interjections and a punctus interrogativus at the end of the sentence.

2000, Jane Roberts, Janet Laughland Nelson, editors, Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Related Themes in Memory of Lynne Grundy, King's College (University of London), →ISBN, page 537:

[…]although none of these happend to have occasion to use the punctus interrogativus.

2015 December 23, Mary P. Richards, editor, Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: Basic Readings, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, page 387:

(palaeography) A medieval question mark, ⟨⹔⟩, possibly the ancestor of the modern mark ⟨?⟩.


punctus elevatus

/ˌpʌŋktəs ɛləˈvɑːtəs/

From Medieval Latin pūnctus ēlevātus (literally “raised mark”).

The punctus elevatus after consecuto ('followed') not only distinguishes more sharply between the present state of revelation and the historical process by which it was achieved but emphasizes the relationship between them as one of cause and-effect.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Influences on The Application of Punctuation, page 71:

The point and punctus elevatus are used within the sentence.

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark indicating a medium-length pause (approximately ⸵).


punctus versus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus versus (literally “facing mark”).

[…]moreover by turning the punctus after fiant into a punctus versus, he has repointed the two verses as a single sententia.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Influences on The Application of Punctuation, page 74:

Thus the basic punctuation marks used in English manuscripts of the eleventh-thirteenth centuries are: the simple point, the punctus elevatus, the punctus versus, and the punctus interrogativus.

2011 July 22, Tadao Kudouchi, edited by Akio Oizumi and Jacek Fisiak, English Historical Linguistics and Philology in Japan, De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 172:

[…]the punctus versus is used at the close of the sentence and after words introducing direct speech[…]

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark marking the end of a sentence (approximately ;)


punctus circumflexus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus circumflexus (literally “bent-around mark”).

[…]MS. Bodley 340, going back to an early form of the text, has confused indications that such was intended: after 'þa' it has a punctus circumflexus[…]

1953, Occasional Papers, volume 3, University of Cambridge, page 10:

There was an entirely separate set of marks to coach the raising and lowering of the voice in oral delivery -- including the punctus elevatus, the punctus interrogotivus^([sic]), and the punctus circumflexus.

2004, George D. Gopen, The Sense of Structure: Writing from the Reader's Perspective, Pearson Longman, →ISBN, page 170:

The punctus circumflexus does not seem to have been used commonly in manuscripts of other than liturgical texts.

(palaeography) A medieval punctuation mark indicating a short pause (approximately '̣).


punctus flexus

From Medieval Latin pūnctus flexus (literally “bent mark”).

In the sacerdotal prayers in col. a the punctuation is by punctus flexus, punctus elevatus and punctus.

1993, Malcolm Beckwith Parkes, Pause and Effect, Plates and Commentaries, page 197:

Very few cases show the use of the punctus flexus for minor medium pauses.

2007, Manuscripta: A Journal for Manuscript Research, volume 51, St. Louis University Library, page 230:

After all, it was the revision of the Cistercian liturgy that helped facilitate the widespread use of positurae, particularly the punctus flexus and punctus elevatus.

2015, Benjamin Pohl, Dudo of Saint-Quentin's Historia Normannorum: Tradition, Innovation and Memory, York Medieval Press, →ISBN, Introduction, page 19:

punctus circumflexus
punctus circumflexus#English

(palaeography) Synonym of punctus circumflexus


mamut włochaty

mamut włochaty (nominative singular)
mamuty włochate (nominative plural)
mamuta włochatego (genitive singular)
mamutów włochatych (genitive plural)
mamutowi włochatemu (dative singular)
mamutom włochatym (dative plural)
mamuta włochatego (accusative singular)
mamuty włochate (accusative plural)
mamutem włochatym (instrumental singular)
mamutami włochatymi (instrumental plural)
mamucie włochatym (locative singular)
mamutach włochatych (locative plural)
mamucie włochaty (singular vocative)
mamuty włochate (plural vocative)

Mammuthus primigenius
Mammuthus primigenius#Translingual

(paleontology) woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius


skostniały

pl-adj

skostniały (comparative bardziej skostniały, superlative najbardziej skostniały, no derived adverb)

bardziej skostniały (comparative)
najbardziej skostniały (superlative)
skostniały (masculine nominative singular)
skostniała (feminine nominative singular)
skostniałe (neuter nominative singular)
skostniali (nominative plural virile)
skostniałe (nominative plural)
skostniałego (genitive masculine singular)
skostniałej (feminine genitive singular)
skostniałego (genitive neuter singular)
skostniałych (genitive plural)
skostniałych (genitive plural virile)
skostniałemu (dative masculine singular)
skostniałej (dative feminine singular)
skostniałemu (dative neuter singular)
skostniałym (dative plural)
skostniałym (dative plural virile)
skostniałego (accusative animate masculine singular)
skostniały (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
skostniałą (accusative feminine singular)
skostniałe (accusative neuter singular)
skostniałych (accusative plural virile)
skostniałe (accusative plural)
skostniałym (instrumental masculine singular)
skostniałą (feminine instrumental singular)
skostniałym (instrumental neuter singular)
skostniałymi (instrumental plural)
skostniałymi (instrumental plural virile)
skostniałym (locative masculine singular)
skostniałej (feminine locative singular)
skostniałym (locative neuter singular)
skostniałych (locative plural)
skostniałych (locative plural virile)


skostnieć

kostnieć (imperfective)
skostnieć (infinitive)
skostnieję (future singular)
skostniejemy (future plural)
skostniejesz (future singular)
skostniejecie (future plural)
skostnieje (future singular third-person)
skostnieją (future plural third-person)
skostnieje się (future impersonal)
skostniałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m skostniał (masculine past singular)
skostniałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m skostniała (feminine past singular)
skostniałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m skostniało (neuter past singular)
skostnieliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy skostnieli (past plural virile)
skostniałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy skostniały (nonvirile past plural)
skostniałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś skostniał (masculine past singular)
skostniałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś skostniała (feminine past singular)
skostniałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś skostniało (neuter past singular)
skostnieliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście skostnieli (past plural virile)
skostniałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście skostniały (nonvirile past plural)
skostniał (masculine past singular third-person)
skostniała (feminine past singular third-person)
skostniało (neuter past singular third-person)
skostnieli (past plural third-person virile)
skostniały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
skostniano (impersonal past)
skostniałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym skostniał (conditional masculine singular)
skostniałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym skostniała (conditional feminine singular)
skostniałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym skostniało (conditional neuter singular)
skostnielibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy skostnieli (conditional plural virile)
skostniałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy skostniały (conditional nonvirile plural)
skostniałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś skostniał (conditional masculine singular)
skostniałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś skostniała (conditional feminine singular)
skostniałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś skostniało (conditional neuter singular)
skostnielibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście skostnieli (conditional plural virile)
skostniałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście skostniały (conditional nonvirile plural)
skostniałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by skostniał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
skostniałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by skostniała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
skostniałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by skostniało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
skostnieliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by skostnieli (conditional plural third-person virile)
skostniałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by skostniały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
skostniano by (conditional impersonal)
niech skostnieję (imperative singular)
skostniejmy (imperative plural)
skostniej (imperative singular)
skostniejcie (imperative plural)
niech skostnieje (imperative singular third-person)
niech skostnieją (imperative plural third-person)
skostniawszy (adverbial anterior participle)
skostnienie (noun-from-verb)

(intransitive, paleontology) to fossilize