in

PIE word
 *h₁en
Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.
Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.
Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.

Many English nouns in -is form their plurals in -es, while those in kn- are pronounced just /n/-.

Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or abstract limits.


open

en-adj

open (comparative more open or (phonetics) opener, superlative most open or (phonetics) openest)

more open (comparative)
opener (comparative)
most open (superlative)
openest (superlative)

closed-source

antonym(s) of “with a free license and no proprietary components”

Adjective from Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).
Cognates
* Scots apen (“open”)
* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)
* West Frisian iepen (“open”)
* Dutch open (“open”)
* Low German open, apen (“open”)
* German offen (“open”)
* Danish åben (“open”)
* Swedish öppen (“open”)
* Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)
* Icelandic opinn (“open”)
 Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.
Verb from Middle English openen, from Old English openian (“to open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opanōn, from Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to raise; lift; open”), from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”, adjective). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eepenje (“to open”), West Frisian iepenje (“to open”), Dutch openen (“to open”), German öffnen (“to open”), Danish åbne (“to open”), Swedish öppna (“to open”), Norwegian Bokmål åpne (“to open”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic opna (“to open”). Related to English up.
Noun from Middle English open (“an aperture or opening”), from the verb. In the sports sense, however, a shortening of “open competition”.

inh

at church every time the doors swing open

(phonetics, of a syllable) Ending in a vowel; not having a coda.

Not completed or finalised.
Ending in a vowel; not having a coda.

"Supposing somebody sees you, with all those flowers too? Supposing somebody writes him a letter? Ooooh!" (a pure round open Tamil O.)

1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 421:

(phonetics, sometimes with comparative opener) Uttered with a relatively wide opening of the articulating organs; said of vowels.

(phonetics) Uttered, as a consonant, with the oral passage simply narrowed without closure.


close

en-adj

close (comparative closer, superlative closest)

closer (comparative)
closest (superlative)

open

antonym(s) of “articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate”

Borrowed from French clos, from Latin clausum, participle of claudō.

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

(linguistics, phonetics, of a vowel) Articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate.


vowel

→ Yoruba: fáwẹ̀lì

From Middle English vouel, from Old French vouel, a variant of voyeul (whence French voyelle), from Latin vōcālis (“voiced”), itself a semantic loan of Koine Greek φωνῆεν (phōnêen). Doublet of vocal and vocalis.

In Welsh, the w usually represents a vowel.

(phonetics) A sound produced by the vocal cords with relatively little restriction of the oral cavity, forming the prominent sound of a syllable.


consonant

→ Swahili: konsonanti

From Middle English consonant or consonaunt, from Old French consonant, from Latin cōnsonāns (“sounding with”), from the prefix con- (“with”) + the present participle sonāns (“sounding”), from sonāre (“to sound”). The Latin is a calque of Ancient Greek σύμφωνον (súmphōnon).

(phonetics) A sound that results from the passage of air through restrictions of the oral cavity; any sound that is not the dominant sound of a syllable, the dominant sound generally being a vowel.

ព្យញ្ជនៈ

pyŭəñcĕəʼnĕəʼ


stem

nl-noun

stem f (plural stemmen, diminutive stemmetje n)

stemmen (plural)
stemmetje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: stem

Negerhollands: stem

→ Aukan: sitemu

desc

→ Caribbean Javanese: setèm, nyetèm, nyetèmi

→ Indonesian: sêtèm

→ Indonesian: suara (semantic loan)

→ Papiamentu: stèm

→ Sranan Tongo: sten, stèm

→ Trió: sten

From Middle Dutch stemme, from Old Dutch *stemma, from Proto-West Germanic *stebnu, from Proto-Germanic *stebnō, *stamnijō. Under influence of Latin vox (“voice, word”), it acquired the now obsolete sense of “word”.

(phonetics) voice, property formed by vibration of the vocal cords


tense

en-adj

tense (comparative tenser, superlative tensest)

tenser (comparative)
tensest (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin tēnsus, one form of the past participle of tendō (“stretch”).

(phonetics, of a vowel) Produced with relative constriction of the vocal tract.

напряжённый

produced with relative constriction of the vocal tract


anterior

Borrowed from Latin anterior (“that is before, foremost”).

bor+

(anatomy) Nearer the forward end, especially in the front of the body; nearer the head or forepart of an animal.

(phonetics) Pronounced with an obstruction located in front of the palato-alveolar region of the mouth, e.g. b, p, d, t.


anterior

ca-adj

anterior m or f (masculine and feminine plural anteriors)


breath

Breath (disambiguation)
Brill Publishers

From Middle English breeth, breth, from Old English brǣþ (“odor, scent, stink, exhalation, vapor”), from Proto-West Germanic *brāþi (“vapour, waft, exhalation, breath”) (compare German Brodem (“haze, vapor; breath”), of a different but related formation), of unknown origin; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰwer- (“smell”) or alternatively from *bʰreh₁- (“to blow; breath, vapor, steam”), but without certain Indo-European cognates outside Germanic.

inh

(phonetics, of a consonant or vowel) voiceless, surd; contrasting with voice (breath sounds, voice sounds)


sound

en-noun

sound (countable and uncountable, plural sounds)

sounds (plural)
soune (alternative obsolete)
sownd (alternative obsolete)
sowne (alternative obsolete)

Tok Pisin: saun

→ Basque: sound

→ Cebuano: sawon

→ Finnish: soundi, saundi

→ German: Sound

→ Indonesian: sound

→ Italian: sound

→ Japanese: サウンド (saundo)

→ Korean: 사운드 (saundeu)

→ Malayalam: സൗണ്ട് (sauṇṭŭ)

→ Swedish: sound

* Noun: from Middle English sownde, alteration of soun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman sun, soun, Old French son, from accusative of Latin sonus, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”).
* Verb: from Middle English sownden, sounen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suner, sounder, Old French soner (modern sonner), from Latin sonō.
* The hypercorrect -d appears in the fifteenth century. (Compare dialectal drownd, gownd for the same development.)
Displaced native Middle English swei, from Old English swēġ, from Proto-Germanic *swōgiz.

der

(phonetics) A segment as a part of spoken language, the smallest unit of spoken language, a speech sound.


sound

en-verb

sound (third-person singular simple present sounds, present participle sounding, simple past and past participle sounded)

sounds (present singular third-person)
sounding (participle present)
sounded (participle past)
sounded (past)
soune (alternative obsolete)
sownd (alternative obsolete)
sowne (alternative obsolete)

The "e" in "house" isn't sounded.

(transitive, phonetics, of a vowel or consonant) To pronounce.


voice

voices (plural)
voyce (alternative obsolete)

→ Russian: войс (vojs) (slang, from "voice message")

From Middle English voice, voys, vois, borrowed from Anglo-Norman voiz, voys, voice, Old French vois, voiz (Modern French voix), from Latin vōcem, accusative form of vōx (“voice”), from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs, root noun from *wekʷ- (“to utter, speak”). Cognate with Sanskrit वाच् (vāc), Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps), Persian آواز (âvâz). Displaced native Middle English steven (“voice”) (from Old English stefn (see steven)), Old English hlēoþor, Old English woþ, and Old English reord. Compare advocate, advowson, avouch, convoke, epic, vocal, vouch, vowel. Doublet of vox.

the voice of the people, the voice of God

(phonetics) Sound made through vibration of the vocal cords; sonant, or intonated, utterance; tone; — distinguished from mere breath sound as heard in whispering and voiceless consonants.

zëri

sound made through vibration of the vocal cords


oral

PIE word
 *h₁óh₃s
Early 17th century borrowing from Late Latin ōrālis, from ōs (“the mouth”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(phonetics, of a speech sound) Pronounced by the voice resonating in the mouth, as the vowels in English.


milik

milingit (plural)
milit (plural)
milik (absolutive singular)
milingit (absolutive plural)
miliup (ergative singular)
milingit (ergative plural)
milimmut (allative singular)
milinnut (allative plural)
milimmit (ablative singular)
milinnit (ablative plural)
milikkut (prolative singular)
militsigut (plural prolative)
milimmi (locative singular)
milinni (locative plural)
milimmik (instrumental singular)
milinnik (instrumental plural)
milittut (equative)

From Proto-Inuit *mǝl-ǝɣ- (“plug, stopper, close up, cover”), from Proto-Eskimo *mǝɫǝ- (“plug”). Compare milippoq (“stop, close up”).

inh

Oqaatsinut Tapiliussaq
Qallunaat oqaasini "milik" (stød) […] "Milik" pilersarpoq torlummi immikkut sukatsinikkut; ...
Stød in the Danish language […] "Stød" begins in the throat as a particular tenseness; ...


hard

en-adj

hard (comparative harder or more hard, superlative hardest or most hard)

harder (comparative)
more hard (comparative)
hardest (superlative)
most hard (superlative)

→ Finnish: haarti

→ Spanish: hard

From Middle English hard, from Old English heard, from Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz, from Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from *kret- (“strong, powerful”). Cognate with German hart, Swedish hård, Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús), Sanskrit क्रतु (krátu), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (xratu).

صَعْب

requiring a lot of effort to do or understand

There is a hard c in "clock" and a soft c in "centre".

(phonetics, not comparable) Fortis.
Plosive.

Hard k, t, s, ch, as distinguished from soft, g, d, z, j.

(phonetics, not comparable) Fortis.
Unvoiced.


vocal

vocal (comparative more vocal, superlative most vocal)

more vocal (comparative)
most vocal (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-vocal.wav

Late Middle English vocal, borrowed from Latin vōcālis (“uttering a voice, sounding, speaking”), from vōx (“a voice, sound, tone”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of vowel and vocalis. Compare Old French vocal.

af

Of, pertaining to, or resembling the human voice or speech.

(phonetics) Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng.

vokaali

characterized by voice or tone produced in the larynx


vocal

(phonetics) A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic.


catch

en-noun

catch (countable and uncountable, plural catches)

From Middle English cacchen, from Anglo-Norman cachier, variant of Old French chacier, from Late Latin captiāre, from Latin captāre, frequentative of capere. Akin to Modern French chasser (from Old French chacier) and Spanish cazar, and thus a doublet of chase. Compare ketch. Displaced Middle English fangen ("to catch"; > Modern English fang (verb)), from Old English fōn (“to seize, take”); Middle English lacchen ("to catch" and heavily displaced Modern English latch), from Old English læċċan.
The verb became irregular, possibly under the influence of the semantically similar latch (from Old English læċċan), whose past tense was lahte, lauhte, laught (Old English læhte), until becoming regularised in Modern English.

gloss

When a Scot pronounces water, better, or bottle—wa’er, be’er, or bo’le—the sound is precisely that of the catch; […].

1891 February–December, Robert Louis Stevenson, In the South Seas […], New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1896, →OCLC:

The glottal stop or glottal catch is the sound used in English in the informal words uh-huh 'yes' and uh-uh 'no'.

2006, Mitsugu Sakihara et al., Okinawan-English Wordbook, →ISBN:

(countable, phonetics) A stoppage of breath, resembling a slight cough.


back

en-adj

back (not generally comparable, comparative more back, superlative most back)

more back (comparative)
most back (superlative)

front

antonym(s) of “near the rear, phonetics”

From Middle English bak, from Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend”). The adverb represents an aphetic form of aback.
Compare Middle Low German bak (“back”), from Old Saxon bak, and West Frisian bekling (“chair back”), Old High German bah, Swedish and Norwegian bak. Cognate with German Bache (“sow [adult female hog]”).

The vowel of lot has a back vowel in most dialects of England.

(comparable, phonetics) Pronounced with the highest part of the body of the tongue toward the back of the mouth, near the soft palate (most often describing a vowel).

zadní

phonetics: produced in the back of the mouth


shut

From Middle English shutten, shetten, from Old English scyttan (“to cause rapid movement, shoot a bolt, shut, bolt”), from Proto-Germanic *skutjaną, *skuttijaną (“to bar, bolt”), from Proto-Germanic *skuttą, *skuttjō (“bar, bolt, shed”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to drive, fall upon, rush”).
Cognate with Dutch schutten (“to shut in, lock up”), Low German schütten (“to shut, lock in”), German schützen (“to shut out, dam, protect, guard”).

cog

Whenever a syllable is formed with a long, that is an open vowel, they account the syllable long; and whenever formed with a short, that is a shut vowel, they reckon it short.

1810, Benjamin Humphrey Smart, A practical grammar of English pronunciation, page 344:

(linguistics, phonetics, archaic) Synonym of close.


slide

→ Czech: slajd

→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)

→ Persian: اسلاید (eslâyd)

→ Polish: slajd

→ Portuguese: slide

From Middle English sliden, from Old English slīdan (“to slide”), from Proto-West Germanic *slīdan, from Proto-Germanic *slīdaną (“to slide, glide”), from Proto-Indo-European *sléydʰ-e-ti, from *sleydʰ- (“slippery”). Cognate with Old High German slītan (“to slide”) (whence German schlittern), Middle Low German slīden (“to slide”), Middle Dutch slīden (“to slide”) (whence Dutch slijderen, frequentative of now obsolete slijden), Vedic Sanskrit स्रेधति (srédhati, “to err, blunder”).

cog

(phonetics) A sound which, by a gradual change in the position of the vocal organs, passes imperceptibly into another sound.


round

en-adj

round (comparative rounder or more round, superlative roundest or most round)

rounder (comparative)
more round (comparative)
roundest (superlative)
most round (superlative)
around (alternative)
ron (alternative)

From Middle English round, rounde, from Old Northern French roünt, rund, Old French ront, runt, reont ( > French rond), from both Late Latin retundus and the original Latin rotundus. The noun developed partly from the adjective and partly from the corresponding French noun rond. Doublet of rotund.

pyöreä

pronounced with the mouth in the shape of an "O"

(phonetics) Pronounced with the lips drawn together; rounded.

kerekített

Formal, used when number was derived from a more accurate value on some purpose. Contrary, "kerek" refers to any round(ed) number. Eg. "1000 is a round number." vs. "For cash payments in Hungary, final sum is rounded to the nearest 5-HUF value since 2008, in which year coins with smaller denominations (1HUF, 2HUF) have been withdrawn from circulation."


diphthong

diphthongs (plural)
dipthong (alternative obsolete)

/ˈdɪfˌθɒŋ(ɡ)/

/ˈdɪpˌθɒŋ(ɡ)/

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From French diphtongue, from Late Latin diphthongus, from Ancient Greek δίφθογγος (díphthongos, “two sounds”), from δίς (dís, “twice”) + φθόγγος (phthóngos, “sound”).

der

(phonetics) A complex vowel sound that begins with the sound of one vowel and ends with the sound of another vowel, in the same syllable.

(phonetics) A diaphoneme realized as a two-target vowel in some but not necessarily all dialects.


International Phonetic Alphabet

the International Phonetic Alphabet (canonical)

/ˌɪntəˈnæʃ(ə)nəl fəˈnɛtɪk ˈælfəˌbɛt/

[ˌɪntəˈnæʃ(ə)nəɫ fəˈnɛtɪk ˈæɫfəˌbɛt]

[ˌɪntɚˈnæʃ(ə)n(ə)ɫ fəˈnɛtɪk ˈæɫfəˌbɛt]

The International Phonetic Alphabet is commonly used in books about Shanghainese because none of the existing romanizations are very popular.

(phonetics, phonology) A standardized set of symbols for representing the sounds of human speech.

اَلْأَبْجَدِيَّة الصَّوْتِيَّة الدُّوَلِيَّة

الْأَلِفْبَائِيَّة الصَّوْتِيَّة الدُّوَلِيَّة

халкьуннал дянивсса фонетикалул алфавит

xalqʼunnal daˤniws:a fonetikalul alfawit

אינטערנאַציאָנאַלער פֿאָנעטישער אַלפֿאַבעט


fricative

From New Latin fricatīvus, from Latin fricāre (“to rub”).

Watt listened for a time, for the voice was far from unmelodious. The fricatives in particular were pleasing.

1953, Samuel Beckett, Watt, [Paris]: Olympia Press, →OCLC:

(phonetics) Any of several speech sounds produced by air flowing through a constriction in the oral cavity and typically producing a sibilant, hissing, or buzzing quality; a fricative consonant.


fricative

en-adj

fricative (comparative more fricative, superlative most fricative)

more fricative (comparative)
most fricative (superlative)

(phonetics) produced by air flowing through a restriction in the oral cavity.


twang

Onomatopoeic. Compare Middle English twengen (“to pinch, tweak”), from Old English twenġan (“to pinch, twinge”); Middle English twingen (“to afflict, torment, oppress”), from Old Norse þvinga (“to weigh down, oppress”); Old English twingan (“to force, press”).

cog

Near-synonym: nasality

nasal twang

(phonetics) The sound quality that appears in the human voice when the epilaryngeal tube is narrowed.


flat

en-adj

flat (comparative flatter, superlative flattest)

flatter (comparative)
flattest (superlative)
flatt (alternative obsolete)
flatte (alternative obsolete)

bumpy

antonym(s) of “having no variations in altitude”

→ Portuguese: flat

From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”). Doublet of plat and pleyt.
The noun is from Middle English flat (“level piece of ground, flat edge of a weapon”), from the adjective.
The algebraic sense was coined by Serre in a 1956 paper, originally as French plat.

inh

Without variation in level, quantity, value, tone etc.

(phonetics, of a vowel) Not diphthongal; without variation in height or backness.

(phonetics, dated, of a consonant) Sonant; vocal, as distinguished from a sharp (non-sonant) consonant.


入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

陽入

阳入

(Chinese phonetics) short for 入聲／入声 (rùshēng, “the checked tone”)


low

en-adj

low (comparative lower, superlative lowest)

lower (comparative)
lowest (superlative)

From Middle English lowe, lohe, lāh, from Old Norse lágr (“low”), from Proto-Germanic *lēgaz (“lying, flat, situated near the ground, low”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).
Cognate with Scots laich (“low”), Low German leeg (“low, feeble, bad”), Danish lav (“low”), Icelandic lágur (“low”), West Frisian leech (“low”), North Frisian leeg, liig (“low”), Dutch laag (“low”), obsolete German läg (“low”). More at lie.

laag

in a position comparatively close to the ground

слаб

lacking health or vitality; feeble; weak

could eat the arse out of a low flying duck

could eat the crotch out of a low flying duck

could eat the crutch from a low flying duck

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

(phonetics) Made with a relatively large opening between the tongue and the palate; made with (part of) the tongue positioned low in the mouth, relative to the palate.

ala-

phonetics: articulated with a low position of part of the tongue in relation to the palate


short

→ Cantonese: short

→ Italian: short

→ Japanese: ショート (shōto)

→ Mandarin: 秀逗 (xiùdou)

→ Hakka: 秀逗 (sió-tò)

→ Maltese: xort

From Middle English schort, short, from Old English sċeort, sċort (“short”), from Proto-West Germanic *skurt, from Proto-Germanic *skurtaz (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-. Doublet of curt.
Cognates
Cognate with shirt, skirt, curt, Scots short, schort (“short”), French court, Dutch kort, German kurz, Old High German scurz (“short”) (whence Middle High German schurz), Old Norse skorta (“to lack”) (whence Danish skorte), Albanian shkurt (“short, brief”), Latin curtus (“shortened, incomplete”) and Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ. Doublet of curt. More at shirt.

If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in ‘bit’ and ‘beat’, ‘not’ and ‘naught’, we find that the short vowels are generally wide (i, ɔ), the long narrow (i, ɔ), besides being generally diphthongic as well.

1877, Henry Sweet, A Handbook of Phonetics, page 18:

(phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel.

lyhyt äänne

phonetics: short sound, syllable, or vowel


narrow

en-adj

narrow (comparative narrower, superlative narrowest)

narrower (comparative)
narrowest (superlative)
narrowe (alternative)

From Middle English narow, narowe, narewe, narwe, naru, from Old English nearu (“narrow, strait, confined, constricted, not spacious, limited, petty; limited, poor, restricted; oppressive, causing anxiety (of that which restricts free action of body or mind), causing or accompanied by difficulty, hardship, oppressive; oppressed, not having free action; strict, severe”), from Proto-West Germanic *naru, from Proto-Germanic *narwaz (“constricted, narrow”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner- (“to turn, bend, twist, constrict”).
Cognate with Scots naro, narow, narrow (“narrow”), North Frisian naar, noar, noor (“narrow”), Saterland Frisian noar (“bleak, dismal, meager, ghastly, unwell”), Saterland Frisian Naarwe (“scar”), West Frisian near (“narrow”), Dutch naar (“dismal, bleak, ill, sick”), Low German naar (“dismal, ghastly”), German Nehrung (“spit, narrow peninsula”), Norwegian norve (“a clip, staple”), Icelandic njörva- (“narrow-”, in compounds).

cog

(phonetics) Formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate; or (according to Bell) by a tense condition of the pharynx; distinguished from wide.

suppea

phonetics: formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate


wide

en-adj

wide (comparative wider or more wide, superlative widest or most wide)

wider (comparative)
more wide (comparative)
widest (superlative)
most wide (superlative)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English wid, wyd, from Old English wīd (“wide, vast, broad, long; distant, far”), from Proto-Germanic *wīdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (“to separate, divide”), a dissimilated univerbation from *dwi- (“apart, asunder, in two”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”).
Cognate with Scots wyd, wid (“of great extent; vast”), West Frisian wiid (“broad; wide”), Dutch wijd (“wide; large; broad”), German weit (“far; wide; broad”), Danish vid (“wide”), Swedish vid (“wide”), Icelandic víður (“wide”), Latin dīvidō (“separate, sunder”), Latin vītō (“avoid, shun”). Related to widow.

compound

(phonetics, dated) Made, as a vowel, with a less tense, and more open and relaxed, condition of the organs in the mouth.


high

en-adj

high (comparative higher, superlative highest)

higher (comparative)
highest (superlative)
hi (alternative informal)
heigh (alternative dialectal)

Sranan Tongo: hei

From Middle English high, heigh, heih, from Old English hēah (“high, tall, lofty, high-class, exalted, sublime, illustrious, important, proud, haughty, deep, right”), from Proto-West Germanic *hauh (“high”), from Proto-Germanic *hauhaz (“high”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewk- (“to elevate, height”). Cognate with Scots heich (“high”), Saterland Frisian hooch (“high”), West Frisian heech (“high”), Dutch hoog (“high”), Low German hoog (“high”), German hoch (“high”), Swedish hög (“high”), Norwegian høy (“high”), Icelandic hár (“high”), Lithuanian kaukas (“bump, boil, sore”).

der

(phonetics) Made with some part of the tongue positioned high in the mouth, relatively close to the palate.


liquid

en-noun

liquid (countable and uncountable, plural liquids)

From Middle English liquide, from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus (“fluid, liquid, moist”), from liqueō (“to be liquid, be fluid”). Doublet of liquidus. As a term for a consonant, it comes from Latin liquida (cōnsōnāns), a calque of Ancient Greek ὑγρὸν (σύμφωνον) (hugròn (súmphōnon), “liquid consonant”).

der

ὑγρὸν (σύμφωνον)

Many female forenames are regarded as euphonyms. What is and is not euphonious is necessarily subjective, but it could be suggested that names containing labials (b, m), sibilants (s, sh) and liquids (l, r) are more likely to be euphonyms than those that do not.

1996, Adrian Room, An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies, page 41:

[…]-able does not attach to verbs ending in a postconsonantal liquid […]

1999, Ingo Plag, Morphological Productivity, page 86:

(phonetics) Any of a class of consonant sounds that includes l and r.


blade

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

teh

typically sharp-edged working end of a knife or other cutting tool

(chiefly phonetics, phonology) The part of the tongue just behind the tip, used to make laminal consonants.


sharp

en-adj

sharp (comparative sharper, superlative sharpest)

sharper (comparative)
sharpest (superlative)

bland

antonym(s) of “having an intense and acrid flavour”

From Middle English scharp, from Old English sċearp, from Proto-West Germanic *skarp, from Proto-Germanic *skarpaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerb-, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
Cognate with West Frisian skerp, Low German scherp, scharp, schaarp, Dutch scherp, German scharf, Danish skarp. Compare Irish cearb (“keen; cutting”), Latin acerbus (“tart, bitter”), Tocharian B kärpye (“rough”), Latvian skârbs (“sharp, rough”), Russian щерба (ščerba, “notch”), Polish szczerba (“gap, dent, jag, chip, nick, notch”), Albanian harb (“rudeness”). More at shear.

better than a poke in the eye with a sharp stick

(phonetics, dated) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone; aspirated; unvoiced.


k

Pronunciation of IPA [kɑː, ɑkkɑː] with the sound [k]

(Cyrillic, phonetics) A voiceless uvular plosive, equivalent to IPA ⟨q⟩.


l

Pronunciation of IPA [lːɑː, ɑllɑː] with the sound [l]

(Cyrillic, phonetics) A dark l or a light/clear l, depending on the source; equivalent to IPA ⟨ɫ⟩ or ⟨l̪⟩.


m

Pronunciation of IPA [mːɑː, ɑmmɑː] with the sound [m]

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) used in the International Phonetic Alphabet and in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent the voiced bilabial nasal (/m/), including Cyrillic м, the beginning of various kana including ま (ma), and Korean jamo ㅁ (mieum).


u

Pronunciation of IPA [uː]

(IPA, phonetics) a close back rounded vowel.


w

uu (alternative obsolete)
vv (alternative obsolete)

Pronunciation of IPA [wːɑː, ɑwwɑː] with the sound [w]

Ꜳꜳ Ææ ᴁᴭ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ Ꜵꜵ Åå Ꜷꜷ Ꜹꜹ Ꜻꜻ Ꜽꜽ ct ȸ Ǳǲǳ Ǆǅǆ ᴂᵆ ᴔ & ﬀ ﬁ ﬃ ﬂ ﬄ ℔ Ĳĳ Ǉǈǉ Ỻỻ Ŋŋ Ǌǋǌ Œœ ɶ Ꝏꝏ Ȣȣᴕ ȹ ẞß ﬅﬆ ᵫ Ůů Ww Ꝡꝡ

(Cyrillic, phonetics) A voiced bilabial fricative, equivalent to IPA ⟨β⟩.


wedge

en-noun

wedge (countable and uncountable, plural wedges)

From Middle English wegge (“wedge”), from Old English weċġ (“wedge”), from Proto-West Germanic *wagi, from Proto-Germanic *wagjaz.

Turned V is referred to as “Wedge” by some phoneticians, but this seems inadvisable to us, because the haček accent (ˇ) is also called that in names like Wedge C for (č).

1996, Geoffrey Keith Pullum, William A. Ladusaw, Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd edition, page 19:

Any symbol shaped like a V in some given orientation.

(phonetics) The IPA character ʌ, which denotes an open-mid back unrounded vowel.


stop

en-verb

stop (third-person singular simple present stops, present participle stopping, simple past and past participle stopped)

stops (present singular third-person)
stopping (participle present)
stopped (participle past)
stopped (past)
stop (infinitive)
stop (first-person present singular)
stopped (first-person past singular)
stop (present second-person singular)
stoppest (archaic present second-person singular)
stopped (past second-person singular)
stoppedst (archaic past second-person singular)
stops (present singular third-person)
stoppeth (archaic present singular third-person)
stopped (past singular third-person)
stop (plural present)
stopped (past plural)
stop (present subjunctive)
stopped (past subjunctive)
stop (imperative present)
stopping (participle present)
stopped (participle past)

continue

antonym(s) of “to cause to cease moving”

continue

antonym(s) of “to cause to come to an end”

→ Finnish: stop

→ French: stop

→ Greek: στοπ (stop)

→ Hungarian: stop

→ Irish: stop

→ Italian: stop

→ Latvian: stop

→ Ottoman Turkish: استوپ (istop)

→ Polish: stop

→ Portuguese: stop

→ Russian: стоп (stop)

→ Spanish: stop

→ Welsh: stopio

→ Tok Pisin: stap

From Middle English stoppen, stoppien, from Old English stoppian (“to stop, close”), from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn, from Proto-Germanic *stuppōną (“to stop, close”), *stuppijaną (“to push, pierce, prick”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb- (“to push; stick”), from *(s)tew- (“to bump; impact; butt; push; beat; strike; hit”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian stopje (“to stop, block”), West Frisian stopje (“to stop”), Dutch stoppen (“to stop”), Low German stoppen (“to stop”), German stopfen (“to be filling, stuff”), German stoppen (“to stop”), Danish stoppe (“to stop”), Swedish stoppa (“to stop”), Icelandic stoppa (“to stop”), Middle High German stupfen, stüpfen (“to pierce”). More at stuff, stump.
Alternative etymology derives Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn from an assumed Vulgar Latin *stūpāre, *stuppāre (“to stop up with tow”), from stūpa, stīpa, stuppa (“tow, flax, oakum”), from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē, “tow, flax, oakum”). This derivation, however, is doubtful, as the earliest instances of the Germanic verb do not carry the meaning of "stuff, stop with tow". Rather, these senses developed later in response to influence from similar sounding words in Latin and Romance.

stilhou

not to continue — see also cease, desist

megakadályoz

to cause to cease progressing, to prevent

if you find yourself in a hole, the first thing to do is stop digging

th-stopping

(phonetics, transitive) To pronounce (a phoneme) as a stop.


(phonetics) An unidentifiable or indeterminate segment.


切

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

(phonetics) short for 反切 (fǎnqiè, “fanqie”)


反

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived.
Cognate with 販 (OC *pans, “to trade”), which is an exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. to make someone return”) (Schuessler, 2007).
番 (OC *pʰan, “a turn; a time”) is the iterative of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. See also 會.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”)


呼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰaː): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔaːw (“to shout, cry out”). Cognate with Burmese အော် (au, “to shout, berate”), as well as with the following Sinitic words (STEDT):
* 嚆 (“to make noise”)
* 嚎 (“to howl, bawl”)
* 呴 (OC *qʰoːʔ, *qʰos, “to breathe on, yawn, roar”)
* 呵 (OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls, “to shout, cry out”)

och-l

(Chinese phonetics) medial; in Middle Chinese: being open-mouthed (開口／开口) or closed-mouthed (合口), also called 開合／开合); or, for modern Chinese: one of four medials (四呼)


平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平):
* → Japanese: 平(へい) (hei)
* → Korean: 평(平) (pyeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (平)

→ Iu Mien: baengh (“level”)

desc

→ Proto-Palaungic: *-pre/iŋ (“equal, level”) (Sidwell, 2015)

→ Proto-Tai: *biangᴬ (“flat, even”)

Lao: ພຽງ (phīang, “flat, even, equal”)

Lü: ᦵᦗᧂ (peng, “flat, even, equal”)

Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨦ (“flat, even, equal”)

Shan: ပဵင်း (páeng, “flat, even, equal”)

Thai: เพียง (piiang, “equal, as, only, just”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပျဉ် (pyany, “flat board”) (STEDT).

cog

平上去入

the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked

陽平／阳平

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) rhyme group; rhyme class (one of 16 sets of 韻 in Middle Chinese)


清

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Ching, Cing, Qing

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”), Burmese စင် (cang, “clean, pure”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007).


濁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rdoːɡ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).


等

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (等):
* → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
* → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

→ Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tVŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

liushu

OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ

inh

the third division member of a rime doublet

重紐三等

重纽三等

Middle Chinese finals
w:Middle Chinese finals

(Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


pitch

en-noun

pitch (countable and uncountable, plural pitches)

Unknown. Perhaps from the above sense of "inclination", "level", or "degree", or influenced by it.

the devil to pay and no pitch hot or ready

The pitch of middle "C" is familiar to many musicians.

Hertzian waves are not caused by vibrations of the ponderable matter of the brass balls, the form of which only determines the pitch.

1895 February 28, Ludwig Boltzmann, “On Certain Questions of the Theory of Gases" (Letters to the Editor)”, in Nature, volume 51, number 1322, page 414:

electromagnetic wave
electromagnetic wave

(music, phonetics) The perceived frequency of a sound, note or electromagnetic wave.


聲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聲):
* → Japanese: 声(しょう) (shō); 声(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 성(聲) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: thanh (聲)

→ Thai: เสียง (sǐiang)

desc

→ Vietnamese: tiếng (“voice; language; sound”)

→ Zhuang: sing

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰjeŋ): phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 耳 (“ear”).


epsilon

en-noun

epsilon (countable and uncountable, plural epsilons or epsila)

From Ancient Greek ἒ ψιλόν (è psilón, “simple Ε”).

uder

(phonetics) In IPA, the phonetic symbol ɛ that represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel.

epsilon

symbol for front half open unrounded vowel


epsilon

nl-noun

epsilon m or f (plural epsilons, diminutive epsilonnetje n)

epsilons (plural)
epsilonnetje (diminutive neuter)

From Ancient Greek ἒ ψιλόν (è psilón, “the letter Ε”).

der

(phonetics) the IPA symbol that represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel


digamma

Borrowed from Latin digamma, from Ancient Greek δίγαμμα (dígamma, literally “double gamma”).

nel medeſimo errore caderebbe, chi poneſſe, ò la quinta uocale per la quarta […], ò per contrario la quarta per la quinta, come faceuano i noﬅri antichi, maſſimamente precedendogli il digamma Eolico, cioè l’u conſonante, come ſeruos per ſeruus.

1596, Giovanni Battista Vangelista, “Della diffinitione, et divisione del barbarismo, et del solecismo, et della derivatione de i loro nomi”, in Discorsi grammaticali, page 106:

Anyone who were to substitute the fifth vowel [U] with the fourth [O], or, to the contrary, the fourth with the fifth, would make the same mistake, as our ancestors did, especially [when] preceded by the Aeolic digamma, that is, the consonantal u, like servos instead of servus.

nelle radici della lingua albanese rendesi manifesta l’analogia colla lingua eolica […] allorchè si applica ad esse il digamma, o la metatesi della lettera r o gli altri cangiamenti di lettere, ch’erano in uso fra gli Eoli.

1831, Giuseppe Crispi, Memoria sulla lingua albanese, Palermo, pages 27–28:

In the roots of the Albanian language, its analogy with the Aeolic language becomes evident, since they both employ the digamma, the metathesis of the letter R, or the other letter changes in use among the Aeolics.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(phonetics, phonology) The central part of a syllable, most commonly a vowel.


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch and/or wooden pole that shuts a door”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the Small Seal script; however, in the conservative variant 𨵑, the two hands and the latch are well visible.
Compare 闢. See also 關, in which the door is kept shut by two wooden poles.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨

(Chinese phonetics) short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”)


陰

→ Proto-Tai: *rɤmᴮ (“shade”)

desc

Thai: ร่ม (rôm, “shade, umbrella, parachute”)

According to Shuowen, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qrɯm): semantic 阜 + phonetic 侌 (yīn).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r(u/i)m (“dark; shade; dusk; twilight”); compare Tibetan རུམ (rum, “darkness”), Jingpho rim (“to be dusk”) (Benedict, 1972; Bodman, 1980; STEDT).
Schuessler (2007) compares it instead to Burmese အုံ့ (um., “to become overcast”), Adi mugyum (“shade; shadow”), Lepcha ᰠᰨᰌᰤᰪᰮ (so-dyŭm, “shade”).

cog

阴
侌
𠊺
𣍤
𤽎
阥
𨹉
隂
𨻔
𨼖
𨽙
𨽭
𨹩
𩃬
𣱙
𢉩
𠆭

(Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) open; not having a consonant coda


陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (陽):
* → Japanese: 陽(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(陽) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (陽)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 阜 (“hill”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”) – sun shining on a hill.
Either Sino-Tibetan or a Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) Wanderwort; compare Burmese လင်း (lang:, “bright”), Lepcha ᰣᰦᰜᰩᰵ (a-lóṅ, “reflective light”), Thai ปลั่ง (bplàng, “bright; shiny”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, klaan-II (“shine; light; bright”) and compares it to the following:
* 陽 (OC *laŋ, “sunshine”)
* 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; scenery”)
* 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”)
* 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”)
* 章 (OC *kjaŋ, “brilliant, splendid; rule; emblem; display (v.)”)

och-l

阳
𣆄
氜
阦
𨹈
𥌖
𨼗
𨼘
𨼡
𨽐
羊

(Chinese phonetics, of a syllable) closed with a nasal consonantal coda


音

Characters in the same phonetic series (音) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事): 言 (“word”) with something in 口 (“mouth”) written like 甘 – sound coming from the mouth. The vertical trait, that used to represent the body of the tongue, then disappeared as in 言, and 甘 was stylized as 曰.

Han etyl

京音

潮音

中古音

方音

陽江音

阳江音


音

(phonetics, colloquial) clipping of âm tố or ngữ âm (“phone”)

chữ Hán form of âm
clipping of âm tố or ngữ âm (“phone”)


韻

韻 (canonical)
in (romanization)
ゐん (hiragana historical)

(phonetics) a rhyme group in Chinese rhyme dictionaries, consisting of kanji sharing the same or similar finals


AI

en-noun

AI (countable and uncountable, plural AIs)

Audio (US)

(phonetics) Initialism of articulatory index.


pure

en-adj

pure (comparative purer or more pure, superlative purest or most pure)

purer (comparative)
more pure (comparative)
purest (superlative)
most pure (superlative)

contaminated

antonym(s) of “free of foreign material”

corrupt

antonym(s) of “free of immoral behavior”

→ Welsh: piwr

From Middle English pure, pur, from Old French pur, from Latin pūrus (“clean, free from dirt or filth, unmixed, plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to cleanse, purify”). Displaced native Middle English lutter (“pure, clear, sincere”) (from Old English hlūtor, hluttor), Middle English skere (“pure, sheer, clear”) (from Old English scǣre and Old Norse skǣr), Middle English schir (“clear, pure”) (from Old English scīr), Middle English smete, smeate (“pure, refined”) (from Old English smǣte; compare Old English mǣre (“pure”)).

noncog

(phonetics) Of a single, simple sound or tone; said of some vowels and the unaspirated consonants.

puhdas

phonetics: of a single, simple sound or tone


phone

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”).

(phonetics) A speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties, considered as a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language.


Tenth century “West Arabic” variation of the Nepali form of Hindu-Arabic numeral ٠ (compare Devanāgarī script ० (0)), adopted for use with the Latin script in Europe. See 0 § History for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) The pitch of a tone that is more extreme than 1 (higher or lower, depending on local convention; e.g. 0 is the highest tone in Chatino).

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) Lack of an inherent tone; the pitch depends on the tones of the surrounding syllables.


Tenth century “West Arabic” variation of the Nepali form of Hindu-Arabic numerals (compare Devanagari script १ (1, “éka”)), possibly influenced by Roman numeral Ⅰ, both ultimately from using a single stroke to represent the number one. See 1 § As a digit on WikipediaWikipedia for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, either high or low depending on local convention; '1' is most commonly the highest or lowest pitch (but see 0)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 1, typically identified with dark level yin ping (陰平). May simply be level ping tone (平) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ३ (3)), from a cursive form of three lines to represent the number three. See 3 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

, depending on other values

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, perhaps most commonly mid-pitch, but it may instead be high or low depending on local convention (e.g. the highest or lowest pitch if only the numbers 1–3 are used)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 3, typically identified with dark rising yin shang (陰上). May be identified with departing qu tone (去) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari २ (2)), from a cursive form of two lines to represent the number two. See 2 § Evolution for more.

, depending on other values

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, whose value depends on local convention (e.g. nearly as high or as low as 1, if four or more numbers are used; mid pitch if the numbers 1–3 are used; or contrasting with 1 if only '1' and '2' are used)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 2, typically identified with light level yang ping (陽平). May be identified with rising shang tone (上) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ४ (4)), a cursive form of four lines (to represent the number four) arranged in the shape of a cross (resembling +). See 4 § Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit for more.

, depending on other values

(phonetics, often superscript) The pitch of a tone, either high or low depending on local convention (though not as high or low as 5, if '5' is also used).

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) The tone number 4, typically identified with light rising yang shang (陽上). May be identified with entering ru tone (入) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ५ (5)). See 5 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, either high or low depending on local convention; '5' is most commonly the highest or lowest pitch (but see 6)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 5, typically identified with dark departing yin qu (陰去)


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ६ (6)). See 6 § Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone that is more extreme than 5; it will be higher or lower depending on local convention.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 6, typically identified with light departing yang qu (陽去).


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ७ (7)). See 7 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 7, typically identified with dark entering yin ru (陰入)

(phonetics, Mayan languages, dated) practical orthography for the glottal stop /ʔ/


8 (number)
8#Evolution of the Arabic digit

A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ८ (8)). See 8 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 8, typically identified with light entering yang ru (陽入)


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ९ (9)). See 9 § Evolution of the Hindu–Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 9, in some cases when the language does not have the usual 4 to 8 categories.


acute

en-verb

acute (third-person singular simple present acutes, present participle acuting, simple past and past participle acuted)

acutes (present singular third-person)
acuting (participle present)
acuted (participle past)
acuted (past)

From Late Middle English acute (“of a disease or fever: starting suddenly and lasting for a short time; of a humour: irritating, sharp”), from Latin acūta, from acūtus (“sharp, sharpened”), perfect passive participle of acuō (“to make pointed, sharpen, whet”), from acus (“needle, pin”). The word is cognate to ague (“acute, intermittent fever”).
As regards the noun, which is derived from the verb, compare Middle English acūte (“severe but short-lived fever; of blood: corrosiveness, sharpness; musical note of high pitch”).

cog

He acutes his rising inflection too much.

Polyſyllables having their Penultima long by poſition are acuted; as Camíllus: but having it long by nature and the last ſhort, they are circumflected; as, Românus, amâre: except the Compounds of ſit, whose Ultima is acuted; as Malefít, calefít, benefít, ſatisfít.

1696, [William] Lily, W. T., “Prosodia Examin’d and Explain’d by Question and Answer”, in Lily, Improved, Corrected, and Explained; with the Etymological Part of the Common Accidence, London: Printed for R. Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 151:

This word ωροπαροξύνον has been generally underſtood, before Dr. G[ally] undertook to explain it otherwiſe, to ſignify "acuting the antepenultima."

1762, John Foster, “On the Accent of the Old Greeks. […]”, in An Essay on the Different Nature of Accent and Quantity, with Their Use and Application in the Pronunciation of the English, Latin, and Greek Languages; […], Eton, Berkshire: Printed by J. Pote; […], →OCLC, pages 103–104:

O is a broad vowel. When acuted, it is pronounced as o in gone; thus, cron, son; when circumflexed, as o in bone; thus, ôney. And thus it answers to the Greek Omicron and Omega.

1859, John Kelly, “On the Pronunciation of the Manks Letters”, in A Practical Grammar of the Antient Gaelic, or Language of the Isle of Man, usually Called Manks. […] (Manx Society series; 2), Douglas, Isle of Man: Printed for the Manx Society, →OCLC; reprinted London: Bernard Quaritch, […], 1870, →OCLC, page 4:

That the acute accent meant stress is plain from the inherited intonation of the modern Greeks; […] and, if any person objects that the modern Greek not only acutes the last syllables of these words, but makes their quantity long, this is all in favour of my argument; […]

1874, John Stuart Blackie, “On the Place and Power of Accent in Language”, in Horæ Hellenicæ: Essays and Discussions on Some Important Points of Greek Philology and Antiquity, London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, paragraph 4, page 347:

(transitive, phonetics) To give an acute sound to.


tap

en-noun

tap (countable and uncountable, plural taps)

The verb is derived from Middle English tappen, teppen (“to give (something) a knock or tap; to hit (something) lightly, pat, tap”), either:
* imitative of the making of a tapping sound; or
* from Old French tapper, taper (“to tap”) (modern French taper), from Frankish *tappōn, *dabbōn (“to strike”), or from Middle Low German tappen, tapen (“to rap, strike, tap”), both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *dab- (“to strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰebʰ- (“to beat, strike; to stun; to be speechless”). Doublet of dab.
Verb sense 1.1.1 (“to arrest (someone)”) and sense 1.6 (“to choose or designate (someone) for a duty, etc.”) allude to a police officer or other person tapping someone on their shoulder to catch their attention or to select them.
The noun is derived from Middle English tap, tappe (“light blow or hit”), and then either:
* from Middle English tappen (verb) (see above); or
* from Old French tape (“light slap or touch, pat”) (modern French tape), from tapper, taper (verb) (see above).
Cognates
* German tappen (“to fumble; to grope”)
* Icelandic tappa, tapsa, tæpta (“to tap”)

der

(phonetics) A single muscle contraction in vocal organs causing a consonant sound; also, the sound so made.


vanish

Aphetic for obsolete evanish, from Middle English vanyshen, evaneschen, from Old French esvanir, esvaniss- (modern French évanouir), from Vulgar Latin *exvanire (“to vanish, disappear, to fade out”), from Latin evanescere, from vanus (“empty”). Doublet of evanesce.

a as in ale ordinarily ends with a vanish of i as in ill.

o as in old ordinarily ends with a vanish of oo as in foot.

The median stres may also on a protracted quantity , slightly resemble respectively that of the radical and of the vanish , by sudenly enlarging in the course of the prolongation and gradualy diminishing ; and by the reverse

1827, James Rush, The Philosophy of the Human Voice:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(phonetics) The brief terminal part of a vowel or vocal element, differing more or less in quality from the main part.


front

en-adj

front (comparative further front, superlative furthest front)

further front (comparative)
furthest front (superlative)

From Middle English front, frunt, frount, from Old French front, frunt, from Latin frōns, frontem (“forehead”). Doublet of frons.

The English word dress has a front vowel in most dialects.

(comparable, phonetics) Pronounced with the highest part of the body of the tongue toward the front of the mouth, near the hard palate (most often describing a vowel).

etu-

phonetics: pronounced toward the front of the mouth


front

en-verb

front (third-person singular simple present fronts, present participle fronting, simple past and past participle fronted)

fronts (present singular third-person)
fronting (participle present)
fronted (participle past)
fronted (past)

The velar plosives are often fronted through the influence of a following front vowel, and retracted through the influence of a following back vowel.

2005, Paul Skandera, Peter Burleigh, A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology, page 48:

(phonetics, transitive, intransitive) To pronounce with the tongue in a front position.


surd

en-adj

surd (comparative more surd, superlative most surd)

more surd (comparative)
most surd (superlative)

First attested in the mid 16th century from Latin surdus (“deaf, mute”), used in mathematics for “irrational,” reflecting ἄλογος (álogos, “irrational, speechless”) as found in Euclid, apparently transmitted via Arabic جِذْر أَصَمّ (jiḏr ʔaṣamm, “deaf root”). The phonetic sense, “voiceless,” emerged in the 18th century. Doublet of surdo.

der

جِذْر أَصَمّ


schwa

Borrowed from German Schwa, from Hebrew שווא / שְׁוָא (shva, šəwā, “(mark mostly indicating absence of a vowel sound)”), borrowed from Classical Syriac ܫ̈ܘܰܝܳܐ (š'wayyā, literally “even, equal”), in Syriac a term for a sign consisting of two vertical dots used to separate parts of a sentence. Doublet of shva.

der

The participle has also, owing to the accent, the lightest possible forms; but here there was no reduplication, and so in class I. the "schwa" took the form e before single mutes or fricatives, and elsewhere o.

1882, B. W. Wells, “The Ablaut in English”, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, page 67:

However, word-final unstressed schwa is deleted even by the speakers from South Albania, though to different degrees and dependant on the speech style[…]

2006 April 27, Sylvia Moosmüller, Theodor Granser, “The spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on an analysis of vowels”, in Language Variation and Change, volume 18, number 2, Cambridge University Press, →DOI:

(phonetics) An indeterminate central vowel sound as the "a" in "about", represented as /ə/ in IPA.


schwa

en-verb

schwa (third-person singular simple present schwas, present participle schwaing, simple past and past participle schwaed)

schwas (present singular third-person)
schwaing (participle present)
schwaed (participle past)
schwaed (past)
shwa (alternative)

(phonetics, of a vowel sound, rare) To be reduced to schwa.


schwa

Borrowed from German Schwa or English schwa, from Hebrew שווא / שְׁוָא (sh'va ,š’vā, “nought”).


schwa

schwas (plural)
xuá (alternative)
xevá (alternative)
chevá (alternative)


glottal stop

(phonetics) A plosive sound articulated with the glottis.


glottal

Her Malay was the Malay of the Staate of Lanchap [...] and she spoke it fierily, with crisp glottal checks, with much bubbling reduplication.

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 256:

(phonetics) Articulated with the glottis.


glottal

fr-adj

glottal (feminine glottale, masculine plural glottaux, feminine plural glottales)

glottale (feminine)
glottaux (masculine plural)
glottales (feminine plural)

Derived from glott(e) (“glottis”) + -al (“-al”, adjectival derivational suffix).

af

(phonetics) articulated with the glottis, glottal


rhotic

[ˈɹəʊ̯.tʰɪk]

Back-formation from rhotacism, coined in 1968 by John C. Wells.

In the IPA, a rhotic vowel (aka R-coloured vowel, retroflex vowel, vocalic r or rhotacised vowel) is indicated by the affixing of a hook diacritic ( ˞ ) to the right of the regular symbol for the vowel. The rhotic consonants are /r/, /ɾ/, /ɹ/, /ɻ/, /ʀ/, /ʁ/, /ɽ/ and /ɺ/.

What is normally understood by the term "trill" is a rhotic consonant of the type seen in the Spanish word perro 'dog', or the usual pronunciation of the phoneme /r/ in Parisian French.

2007, Robert Blust, “22: The prenasalised trills of Manus”, in Jeff Siegel, John Dominic Lynch, Diana Eades, editors, Language Description, History and Development, John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 297:

The rhotic tokens were analyzed as /r/-ful on both occasions. In addition, the researcher conducting the acoustic analysis of F₃ also held the impression that all analyzed tokens were rhotic. Some tokens were highly constricted and others were more weakly rhotic.

2012, Jennifer Hay, Alhana Clendon, “(Non)-Rhoticity: Lessons from New Zealand English”, in Terttu Nevalainen, Elizabeth Closs Traugott, editors, The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, Oxford University Press, page 765:

The articulatory description of rhotic diphthongs and triphthongs involves the onglide vowel followed by the rhotic or r-colored offglide.

2018, Kathy J. Jakielski, Christina E. Gildersleeve-Neumann, Phonetic Science for Clinical Practice, Plural Publishing, page 83:

(linguistics, phonetics, of a phoneme) Having a sound quality associated with the letter R; having the sound of any of certain IPA symbols, including /ɹ/, /ɻ/, /ɚ/, /ɝ/ and /r/.


rhotic

[ˈɹəʊ̯.tʰɪk]

It is well known that the phonetic realization of rhotics varies considerably from language to language, even from dialect to dialect. Rhotics can be realized as flaps, taps, trills (uvular, coronal or bilabial), or as assibilated or fricative variants.

1997, Eulàlia Bonet, Joan Mascarò, “On the representation of contrasting rhotics”, in Fernando Martínez-Gil, Alfonso Morales-Front, editors, Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, page 103:

2012, Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza, 5: The Phonemes of Spanish, José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, Erin O'Rourke (editors), The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics, John Wiley & Sons (Wiley-Blackwell), page 100,
Spanish also has two rhotics, a tap /ɾ/(vibrante simple) and a trill /r/(vibrante múltiple).

Phonetic transcription of rhotics differs depending on whether the rhotic is a steady-state or dynamic vowel.

(phonetics) A rhotic consonant or rhotic vowel (R-coloured vowel).


advanced

en-adj

advanced (comparative more advanced or further advanced, superlative most advanced or furthest advanced)

more advanced (comparative)
further advanced (comparative)
most advanced (superlative)
furthest advanced (superlative)

(phonetics) Pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract.

előrébb képzett

phonetics: pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract


gradation

en-noun

gradation (countable and uncountable, plural gradations)

/ɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

/ɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

/ˌɡɹeɪˈdeɪʃən/

Borrowed from French gradation. By surface analysis, Blend of grade + -ation.


height

height (countable and uncountable, plural heights)

heights (plural)
heighth (alternative obsolete)
heigth (alternative obsolete)
hight (alternative obsolete)
highth (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English heighte, heiȝþe, from Old English hēahþu, hēhþo, hīehþu (“height”), Proto-West Germanic *hauhiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hauhiþō (compare *hauhaz). Equivalent to high + -th (abstract nominal suffix).
Cognates
See also Saterland Frisian Höchte, Hööchte (“height”), West Frisian hichte (“height”), Dutch hoogte (“height”), Middle High German hœhede, hœhte (“height”), Old Norse and Old Norse hæð (“height”) (compare Swedish höjd, Norwegian høyde), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauhiþa, “height”).

(phonetics) A quality of vowels, indicating the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth; in practice, the first formant, associated with the height of the tongue.

nyelvállás

phonetics: a quality of vowels, indicating the vertical position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth; in practice, the first formant


tinggi

From Malay tinggi, possibly from Sanskrit तुङ्ग (tuṅga, “high”).

vokal tinggi

(phonetics) high (made with some part of the tongue positioned high in the mouth, relatively close to the palate)


aperture

Borrowed from Latin apertūra (“opening”). Doublet of ouverture.

bor+

(phonetics, phonology) opening, openness, aperture


homophonous

"Cot" and "caught" are homophonous in some American accents, as are "there" and "they're".

(phonetics, semantics) Having the same pronunciation.

homofon (not infrequently spelled homofón)

azonos kiejtésű, de eltérő jelentésű (és gyakran eltérő alakú)


reduce

en-verb

reduce (third-person singular simple present reduces, present participle reducing, simple past and past participle reduced)

reduces (present singular third-person)
reducing (participle present)
reduced (participle past)
reduced (past)

From Middle English reducen, from Old French reduire, from Latin redūcō (“reduce”); from re- (“back”) + dūcō (“lead”). See duke, and compare with redoubt.

The first vowel of support is reduced to schwa by most English speakers.

(transitive, phonetics, phonology) To pronounce (a sound or word) with less effort.


ääni

ääni (nominative singular)
äänet (nominative plural)
äänen (genitive singular)
ääniin (genitive plural)
äänilöin (genitive plural)
ääntä (partitive singular)
äänt (partitive singular)
ääniä (partitive plural)
äänilöjä (partitive plural)
äänee (illative singular)
äänii (illative plural)
äänilöihe (illative plural)
äänees (inessive singular)
ääniis (inessive plural)
äänilöis (inessive plural)
äänest (elative singular)
äänist (elative plural)
äänilöist (elative plural)
äänelle (allative singular)
äänille (allative plural)
äänilöille (allative plural)
ääneel (adessive singular)
ääniil (adessive plural)
äänilöil (adessive plural)
äänelt (ablative singular)
äänilt (ablative plural)
äänilöilt (ablative plural)
ääneks (singular translative)
ääniks (plural translative)
äänilöiks (plural translative)
äänennä (essive singular)
ääneen (essive singular)
ääninnä (essive plural)
äänilöinnä (essive plural)
ääniin (essive plural)
äänilöin (essive plural)
äänent (exessive singular)
äänint (exessive plural)
äänilöint (exessive plural)

→ Votic: ääni

From Proto-Finnic *ääni. Cognates include Finnish ääni and Veps än'.

Tämä ääni ono slogan vokala ja diftongan ensimäin vokala.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

This sound is the vowel of the syllable and the first vowel of a diphthong.


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

PIE word
 *wréh₂ds
Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(phonology, phonetics, not comparable, of a sound) Produced using the root of the tongue.


complement

en-noun

complement (countable and uncountable, plural complements)

From Middle English complement, from Latin complēmentum (“that which fills up or completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment. The verb is from the noun.

der

(palaeography, phonetics) A phonetic complement is a graphic element that modifies another, such as (in Linear B script) a small syllabogram that is attached to a logogram as an abbreviation of its reading (as opposed to an adjunct that abbreviates an adjective that modifies that logogram).


π

(phonetics, rare) A voiceless labiodental plosive (p̪).


trill

From Middle English trillen, from Italian trillo, trillare. Compare German trillern, Norwegian trille, Swedish trilla.

(phonetics) A type of consonantal sound that is produced by vibrations of the tongue against the place of articulation: for example, Spanish ⟨rr⟩, /r/.


dental

en-adj

dental (comparative more dental, superlative most dental)

more dental (comparative)
most dental (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French dental or Late Latin dentālis, from dēns (“a tooth”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

dental fricative

(phonetics) Articulated with the tip of the tongue touching the upper front teeth or with the blade of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, so that the tip of the tongue rests near the teeth.

(phonetics, uncommon) Articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue: coronal.


dental

'Che Normah pronounced the name in the Malay manner, metathetically: Ruperet, the final dental initiated but not exploded.

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 253:


dental

de-adj

dental (strong nominative masculine singular dentaler, not comparable)

dentaler (masculine nominative singular strong)
dental (masculine predicative singular)
dental (feminine predicative singular)
dental (neuter predicative singular)
dental (plural predicative)
dentaler (masculine nominative singular strong without-article)
dentale (feminine nominative singular strong without-article)
dentales (neuter nominative singular strong without-article)
dentale (nominative plural strong without-article)
dentalen (genitive masculine singular strong without-article)
dentaler (feminine genitive singular strong without-article)
dentalen (genitive neuter singular strong without-article)
dentaler (genitive plural strong without-article)
dentalem (dative masculine singular strong without-article)
dentaler (dative feminine singular strong without-article)
dentalem (dative neuter singular strong without-article)
dentalen (dative plural strong without-article)
dentalen (accusative masculine singular strong without-article)
dentale (accusative feminine singular strong without-article)
dentales (accusative neuter singular strong without-article)
dentale (accusative plural strong without-article)
der dentale (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular weak)
die dentale (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular weak)
das dentale (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular weak)
die dentalen (definite includes-article nominative plural weak)
des dentalen (definite genitive includes-article masculine singular weak)
der dentalen (definite feminine genitive includes-article singular weak)
des dentalen (definite genitive includes-article neuter singular weak)
der dentalen (definite genitive includes-article plural weak)
dem dentalen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
der dentalen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
dem dentalen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
den dentalen (dative definite includes-article plural weak)
den dentalen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular weak)
die dentale (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular weak)
das dentale (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular weak)
die dentalen (accusative definite includes-article plural weak)
ein dentaler (includes-article indefinite masculine mixed nominative singular)
eine dentale (feminine includes-article indefinite mixed nominative singular)
ein dentales (includes-article indefinite mixed neuter nominative singular)
dentalen (indefinite mixed nominative plural)
keine dentalen (includes-article indefinite mixed negative nominative plural)
eines dentalen (genitive includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer dentalen (feminine genitive includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
eines dentalen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
dentalen (genitive indefinite mixed plural)
keiner dentalen (genitive includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einem dentalen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
einer dentalen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
einem dentalen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
dentalen (dative indefinite mixed plural)
keinen dentalen (dative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)
einen dentalen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine mixed singular)
eine dentale (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite mixed singular)
ein dentales (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed neuter singular)
dentalen (accusative indefinite mixed plural)
keine dentalen (accusative includes-article indefinite mixed negative plural)


dental

pt-adj

dental m or f (plural dentais, not comparable)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin dentālis, from Latin dēns (“a tooth”). By surface analysis, dente + -al.


fortis

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fortis.wav

Learned borrowing from Latin fortis (“strong”). Doublet of fort and forte.

lbor

All vowels, whether short or complex, are relatively shorter when followed by a fortis consonant and relatively longer when followed by a lenis one or, for those where this is possible, when no consonant follows (in free or unchecked syllables).

2004, Stephan Gramley, Michael Pätzold, A Survey of Modern English, Routledge, →ISBN, page 80:

(phonetics, of a consonant) Strongly articulated, hence voiceless.


breve

Probably a borrowing from Latin brevis (“short”) (compare Spanish breve, where *brieve would be expected if the term were inherited), from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus.

(phonetics) a syllable or vowel that is quickly pronounced


abierto

es-adj

abierto (feminine abierta, masculine plural abiertos, feminine plural abiertas)

abierta (feminine)
abiertos (masculine plural)
abiertas (feminine plural)

Chavacano: abyerto

→ Cebuano: abyerto

→ Hiligaynon: abiérto, abyérto

→ Tagalog: abyerto

Inherited from Old Spanish abierto, from Latin apertus, perfect passive participle of verb aperiō (“to open”). Compare English overt.

(phonetics) open (uttered with a wide opening of articulators)


mute

From Middle English muet, from Anglo-Norman muet, moet, Middle French muet, from mu (“dumb, mute”) + -et, remodelled after Latin mūtus.

(phonetics, now obsolete) A stopped consonant; a stop.


bilabial

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bilabial.wav

"Oh, yes. He talks a lot about phonemes and semantemes and bilabial fricatives. He has a van with recording apparatus in it. He's a good chap."

1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 545:


bilabial

(phonetics) A speech sound articulated with both lips.

երկշրթնային

a speech sound articulated with both lips


bilabial

ca-adj

bilabial m or f (masculine and feminine plural bilabials)

(phonetics) bilabial (articulated with both lips)


bilabial

(phonetics) bilabial (a sound articulated with both lips)


bilabial

es-adj

bilabial m or f (masculine and feminine plural bilabiales)


ɔ

(vowel): A turned-c as a convenient type for an open o.
(click): A rotated Xhosa dental click ⟨c⟩. Later identified as a rotated palatal stop [c], analogous to turned dental t ⟨ʇ⟩ for dental clicks and turned velar k ⟨ʞ⟩ for 'velar' clicks.

(phonetics, obsolete) base letter of the palatal click consonants; equivalent to IPA ⟨ǂ⟩.


ɣ

IPA

Attic Greek
Voiced velar fricative
voiced velar fricative

A Latin adaptation of the Ancient Greek and Modern Greek letter γ (“gamma”). In Greek, γ in most contexts represents a voiced velar fricative, and has done so since Koine Greek, which is why it was chosen as the IPA letter to represent that sound (in Ancient times, in Attic Greek, γ represented [ɡ], like the English g).

(doubled ligature) letter in Doke (1925) for a voiced lateral click.

(phonetics, obsolete) letter in Doke (1925) for a voiced dental click.


ɥ

IPA

*The Karlgren letter script y with a straight descender.

(phonetics) Karlgren's form of the Sinological letter ʮ.


ɕ

IPA

(phonetics, rare) the IPA affricate [t͡ɕ]


ʕ

Pilaga language
Voiced pharyngeal fricative

IPA

(phonetics, Arabic) a glottal stop (IPA [ʔ]), after the Arabic letter ء hamza.


ɵ

IPA

(phonetics) a mid rounded reduced vowel.


grave

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grave

Inherited from Middle French grave, borrowed from Latin gravis. Doublet of grief.

Quatre de ces voyelles sont graves: a, o, u, œu.
Four of these are vowels are back [vowels], a, o, u, [and] œu

1911, Diran Kélékian, “grave”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, Quelques mots sur la pronunciation des lettres Turques


grave

grave m or f (masculine and feminine plural graves, superlative gravísimo)

graves (feminine masculine plural)
gravísimo (superlative)

→ Tagalog: grabe

Inherited from Old Spanish grave, from Latin gravis. Cf. also the attested Old Spanish form grieve, from Early Medieval Latin grevis, which was more common in other Romance-speaking areas.

(phonetics) paroxytone; stressed in the penultimate syllable


plosive

(phonetics) A speech sound produced by opening a closed vocal tract.


plosive

en-adj

plosive (comparative more plosive or plosiver, superlative most plosive or plosivest)

more plosive (comparative)
plosiver (comparative)
most plosive (superlative)
plosivest (superlative)

(phonetics) Produced from opening a previously closed oral passage.

избушен

produced from opening a previously closed oral passage


linguolabial

(phonetics) articulated with the tongue and the upper lip.


linguolabial

(phonetics) A speech sound that is articulated with the tongue and the upper lip.


labiodental

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-labiodental.wav

/f/ and /v/ are labiodental consonants.

(phonetics) articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth.

شَفَوِيّ أَسْنَانِيّ (šafawiyy ʔasnāniyy, literally “labial dental”)


labiodental

(phonetics) A speech sound articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth.

շրթնատամնային

a speech sound articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth


dentolabial

(phonetics) articulated with the upper lip and lower teeth


bidental

Finally, a position of almost bidental contact can be a paralinguistic voice qualifier or secondary articulation we should acknowledge as a dentalization, that is, the articulation of vowels and consonants 'through one's teeth', which can make the labial kinesic component of normal articulation be still present and vary from lip rounding or protrusion with close front vowels to horizontal distension with close back vowels.

1993, Fernando Poyatos, Paralanguage: A linguistic and interdisciplinary approach to interactive speech and sounds:

dental percussives, produced by clicking maxillary and mandibular teeth together at different speeds, but typically as a bidental chatter, that is, in a repeated rapid way (as in chattering from cold or fear); with bidental percussives resonating in the oral cavity musical notes can be played up and down the scale in various keys.

2002, Fernando Poyatos, Nonverbal Communication Across Disciplines:

The convention for transcribing bidental fricatives, suggested in the expIPA chart, uses the appropriate glottal fricative symbol with a dental diacritic both above and below the symbol.

2013, Nigel Hewlett, An Introduction to the Science of Phonetics:

(phonetics) articulated with both the upper and lower teeth.


velar

Borrowed from Latin vēlāris, from vēlum (“sail; veil, awning”).

(phonetics) Articulated at the velum or soft palate.


velar

(phonetics) A sound articulated at the soft palate.


velar

Learned borrowing from Latin vēlāris, corresponding to velo (“velum”) + -ar.

(phonetics) velar (articulated at the soft palate)


velar

(phonetics) velar (a consonant articulated at the soft palate)


velar

head

velar (comparative velarare, superlative velarast)

velarare (comparative)
velarast (superlative)


palatal

en-adj

palatal (comparative more palatal, superlative most palatal)

more palatal (comparative)
most palatal (superlative)

(phonetics) Articulated at the hard palate.

غَارِيّ

(phonetics) articulated at the hard palate

(phonetics, uncommon) Articulated at the palate: dorsal.


palatal

(phonetics) palatal (a palatal consonant)


palatal

palatal (positive)
palatalt (positive)
palatale (plural positive)
palatale (positive)


palatal

fr-adj

palatal (feminine palatale, masculine plural palataux, feminine plural palatales)

palatale (feminine)
palataux (masculine plural)
palatales (feminine plural)


palatal

(phonetics) palatal (articulated at the hard palate)


palatal

(phonetics) palatal (consonant articulated at the hard palate)


uvular

(phonetics) Of a sound, articulated with the uvula (the fleshy appendage that hangs from the back of the soft palate).


uvular

(phonetics) A sound articulated with the uvula.


uvular

uvular (indefinite nominative singular)
uvularen (definite nominative singular)
uvularer (indefinite nominative plural)
uvularerne (definite nominative plural)
uvulars (genitive indefinite singular)
uvularens (definite genitive singular)
uvularers (genitive indefinite plural)
uvularernes (definite genitive plural)


pharyngeal

→ New Latin: pharyngeālis

/fəˈɹɪn.d͡ʒəl/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pharyngeal.wav

From Late Latin pharyngeus + -al, from pharynx (“the pharynx”) + -eus (adjectival suffix).

af

(phonetics) Articulated with the pharynx; a term usually describing a consonant which is articulated by the rear area of the tongue being raised to below the region between the uvula and the pharyngeal wall. The term cannot apply to a plosive or stop consonant.


pharyngeal

pharyngeals (plural)
pharyngal (alternative)

/fəˈɹɪn.d͡ʒəl/

pharyngeal consonant
pharyngeal consonant#English

(phonetics) Ellipsis of pharyngeal consonant (“a sound that is articulated with the pharynx”).


hiatus

Learned borrowing from Latin hiātus (“opening”), from hiō (“stand open”).


ĉ

(phonetics) Transcription in the Spanish tradition for [ʃ].


ĵ

(phonetics, French) The affricate sound of English j.


ŝ

(phonetics, French) The affricate sound [t͡s].

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiceless fricative in Circassian for which ⟨ᵷ⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


ę

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [e]. The norm in Americanist notation; sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.


ƣ

Based on a handwritten ⟨q⟩ in Sütterlin hand.

(phonetics, Cyrillic texts) The voiced uvular stop ɢ.


soft

en-adj

soft (comparative softer, superlative softest)

softer (comparative)
softest (superlative)

hard

antonym(s) of “giving way under pressure”

firm

antonym(s) of “lacking strength or resolve”

From Middle English softe, from Old English sōfte, alteration of earlier sēfte (“soft”), from Proto-West Germanic *samft(ī) (“level, even, smooth, soft, gentle”) (compare *sōmiz (“agreeable, fitting”)), from Proto-Indo-European *semptio-, *semtio-, from *sem- (“one, whole”). Cognate with West Frisian sêft (“gentle; soft”), Dutch zacht (“soft”), German Low German sacht (“soft”), German sanft (“soft, yielding”), Old Norse sœmr (“agreeable, fitting”), samr (“same”). More at seem, same.

inh

DH represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes.

1954, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings:


平板型

平板型 (canonical)
heiban-gata (romanization)

[he̞ːbã̠ŋɡa̠ta̠]

Compound of 平板 (heiban, “flat; monotone”) + 型 (gata, “type”)

compound

(phonetics) monotone type: the most common pitch accent pattern in “standard” Japanese or 標(ひょう)準(じゅん)語(ご) (hyōjungo), as used in the mass media, where no syllable is accented: the first syllable has a low pitch and all subsequent syllables have a higher, gradually lowering pitch


平板式

平板式 (canonical)
heiban-shiki (romanization)

[he̞ːbã̠ɰ̃ɕikʲi]

Compound of 平板 (heiban, “flat; monotone”) + 式 (shiki, “style”)

The pitch accent pattern in Japanese where no syllable is accented: the first syllable has low pitch and all subsequent syllables have higher, gradually lowering pitch.


aphetic

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἄφετος (áphetos), equivalent to aphesis + -tic.

lbor

“’Pon” is an aphetic form of “upon”.

(phonetics, linguistics, prosody) Of, relating to, or formed by aphesis.


aphesis

en-noun

aphesis (countable and uncountable, plural apheses)

Attested since 1880. Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἄφεσις (áphesis, “letting go”), from ἀφίημι (aphíēmi), from ἀπό (apó, “off”) + ἵημι (híēmi, “send forth”).

lbor

The word "scarp" is derived from "escarp" by aphesis.

(phonetics, linguistics, prosody) The loss of the initial unstressed vowel of a word.


摩擦音

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sʰä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/mɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³ jɐm⁵⁵/


摩擦音

摩擦音 (canonical)
masatsuon (romanization)

摩擦音は、唇と唇、齒及び口蓋と舌との如く、副管の局部を甚しく狹窄して、息と聲とが、其の狹窄部に摩擦されるに由て生ずる音で、息と聲とが、持ち來られる間はつゞけられる續音である。無聲音では、フの父音サ行ハ行等の父音、有聲音では、ワ行ヤ行ザ行等が之に屬する。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第一節 父音の分類 [Section 1: Types of Consonants]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 78:

Fricatives are sounds generated by air and phonation friction caused by a tight constriction at places of articulation in the vocal tract, such as bilabial, dental and palatal. Such airflow and phonation is continuously sustained. There are voiceless fricatives, such as the consonant /ɸ/, and the consonants of the sa-row, fa-row, etc.; there are also voiced fricatives, such as those of the wa-row, ya-row, za-row, etc.

Masatuon fa, kutibiru to kutibiru, fa oyobi kougai to sita to no gotoku, fukukan no kyokubu wo itasiku kefusaku site, iki to kowe to ga, sono kefusakubu ni masatu sareru ni yotte syauzuru on de, iki to kowe to ga, motikorareru ma fa tudukerareru zokuon de aru. Museion de fa, fu no fuon sagyau fagyau tou no fuon, iuseion de fa, wagyau yagyau zagyau tou ga kore ni zokusuru.


破擦音

破擦音 (canonical)
hasatsuon (romanization)

Blend of 破裂音 (“plosive”) + 摩擦音 (“fricative”)


破裂音

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ liːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰɔː³³ liːt̚² jɐm⁵⁵/

(phonetics) Alternative name for 塞音 (sèyīn, “plosive”).


破裂音

破裂音 (canonical)
haretsuon (romanization)

[ha̠ɾe̞t͡sɨõ̞ɴ]


唇音

From 唇(しん) (shin, “lips”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


鼻音

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鼻音):
* → Japanese: 鼻音(びおん) (bion)
* → Korean: 비음(鼻音) (bieum)

/pʰi⁴¹⁻²² im³³/

/pʰĩ³³⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ²²⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ³³⁻¹¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰi⁴¹⁻²² im³³/

/pʰĩ³³⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ²²⁻²¹ im⁴⁴/

/pʰĩ³³⁻¹¹ im⁴⁴/


舌音

/t͡sʰiʔ⁴⁻² im³³/

/t͡sʰiʔ⁴⁻² im³³/


舌音

From 舌 (した (ゼツ), tongue) + 音 (おと (オン), sound)

舌端歯茎音

舌端歯茎音 ぜったんしけいおん

舌先歯茎音

舌先歯茎音 ぜっせんしけいおん

舌端裏後部歯茎音

舌端裏後部歯茎音 ぜったんりこうぶしけいおん


lingual

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin linguālis, from lingua (“the tongue; a language, speech”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to lingua + -al. Doublet of lingualis.

af

(anatomy, dentistry, relational) Related to, near, or on the side toward the tongue.

(phonetics) Articulated with the tongue.


lingual

(phonetics) A sound articulated with the tongue.


lingual

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin linguālis, from Latin lingua (“tongue, speech”) + -ālis. By surface analysis, língua + -al.

(phonetics) lingual (articulated with the tongue)


軟口蓋音

軟口蓋音 (canonical)
nankōgaion (romanization)

[nã̠ŋko̞ːɡa̠iõ̞ɴ]

Compound of 軟(なん)口(こう)蓋(がい) (nankōgai, “soft palate”) + 音(おん) (on, “sound”).


level

en-adj

level (comparative leveler or leveller, superlative levelest or levellest)

leveler (comparative)
leveller (comparative)
levelest (superlative)
levellest (superlative)

From Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”); see libra, librate. Doublet of libella and niveau.
The verb is from Middle English levelen, from the noun.

Intonation or tone is either level, rising, or falling, marked respectively

1891, Henry Sweet, A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period:

(phonetics) Of even tone; without rising or falling inflection; monotonic.


visarga

(Sanskrit phonetics) visarga (voiceless h in Sanskrit)


stress

en-noun

stress (countable and uncountable, plural stresses)

Hans Selye
Walter Cannon
stress
stress (mechanics)

From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”). This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”).
In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s.

Some people put the stress on the first syllable of “controversy”; others put it on the second.

(countable, phonetics, loosely) A suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound, word or word group by means of of loudness, duration or pitch; phonological prominence.

The shift from pitch to stress appears to happen before the other obliques begin merging in the Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Primitive Irish, and Middle Indo-Aryan. But further investigation into the timeline of sound changes […] shows that, at least in Germanic, the oblique and core noun stems sound quite unpredictably different in all these families by the time of the crucial accent shift from pitch to stress. […] once a language becomes stress-sensitive, there seems to be a strong tendency in early Indo-European languages to shift the stress to the first syllable. This change happens shortly after the change to stress accent in Proto-Germanic, Proto-Italic, and Proto-Celtic, and even Thessalian, with evidence from Dybo's Law and Verner's Law left behind to show that sound changes happened after the changes to stress accent.

2020 September 7, Steve Rapaport, “Parallel syncretism in early Indo-European”, in Bridget Drinka, editor, Historical Linguistics 2017: Selected Papers from the 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, San Antonio, Texas, 31 July – 4 August 2017, →DOI, page 59:

(countable, phonetics, strictly) The suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound by means of loudness and/or duration; phonological prominence phonetically achieved by means of dynamics as distinct from pitch.


click

Imitative of the "click" sound; first recorded in the 1500s. Compare Saterland Frisian klikke (“to click”), Middle Dutch clicken (Modern Dutch: klikken (“to click”)), Old High German klecchen (Modern German: klecken, klicken (“to click”)), Danish klikke (“to click”), Swedish klicka (“to click”), Norwegian klikke (“to click”), Norwegian klekke (“to hatch”).

onomatopoeic

Imitative

tsk is a click in English.

(phonetics) An ingressive sound made by coarticulating a velar or uvular closure with another closure.


nasal

en-adj

nasal (comparative more nasal, superlative most nasal)

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

From Middle English, from Medieval Latin nāsālis, from nāsus (“the nose”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). Doublet of nasalis.

af

nasal vowel

(phonetics) Having a sound imparted by means of the nose; and specifically, made by lowering the soft palate, in some cases with closure of the oral passage, the voice thus issuing (wholly or partially) through the nose, as in the consonants m, n, ng.

أَنْفِي

having a quality imparted by means of the nose

nasal utterance

"Are you sure you're OK?" she said with a nasal Australian accent.

2016, A.K. Brown, Jumpstart (Champagne Universe Series: Book 1), page 2:

(phonetics) Characterized by resonance in the nasal passage.


nasal

(phonetics) Ellipsis of nasal consonant.


nasal

fr-adj

nasal (feminine nasale, masculine plural nasaux, feminine plural nasales)

nasale (feminine)
nasaux (masculine plural)
nasales (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nāsālis, from Latin nāsus (“nose”).


nasal

head

nasal (comparative nasalare, superlative nasalast)

nasalare (comparative)
nasalast (superlative)
nasal (indefinite positive)
nasalare (comparative indefinite)
nasalast (indefinite superlative)
nasalt (indefinite neuter positive singular)
nasalare (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
nasalast (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
nasala (indefinite plural positive)
nasalare (comparative indefinite plural)
nasalast (indefinite plural superlative)
nasale (archaic indefinite masculine plural positive)
nasalare (archaic comparative indefinite masculine plural)
nasalast (archaic indefinite masculine plural superlative)
nasale (definite masculine positive singular)
nasalare (comparative definite masculine singular)
nasalaste (definite masculine singular superlative)
nasala (definite positive)
nasalare (comparative definite)
nasalaste (definite superlative)


velopharyngeal

en-adj

velopharyngeal (comparative more velopharyngeal, superlative most velopharyngeal)

more velopharyngeal (comparative)
most velopharyngeal (superlative)

(phonetics) Articulated at the velopharynx. (Those with cleft palate produce such sounds instead of standard sibilants.)


velopharyngeal

(phonetics) A sound articulated at the velopharynx.


lateral

lateral (comparative more lateral, superlative most lateral)

more lateral (comparative)
most lateral (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin laterālis (“belonging to the side”), from latus (“the side or flank”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(phonetics, phonology) (of a consonant, especially the English clear l) Pertaining to speech sounds generated by partially blocking the egress of the airstream with the tongue, leaving space on one or both sides of the occlusion for air passage.


lateral

id-adj

latêral (comparative lebih lateral, superlative paling lateral)

latêral (canonical)
lebih lateral (comparative)
paling lateral (superlative)

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch lateraal, from French latéral, from Latin laterālis.

(phonetics, phonology) pertaining to speech sounds generated by partially blocking the egress of the airstream with the tongue, leaving space on one or both sides of the occlusion for air passage


lateral

latêral (canonical)
lateral-lateral (plural)

(phonetics, phonology) a sound produced through lateral pronunciation (such as /l/ in lateral)


lateral

Learned borrowing from Latin laterālis. Doublet of ladral, which was inherited.

(phonetics) lateral (sound in which the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue)


字母

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

三十六字母

(Chinese phonetics) character representing an initial consonant


A cursive variation of ᾱ or ᾱᾱ, the abbreviation of Greek ἀνά (aná) used in recipes and prescriptions with the meaning "of each", and later extended to accounting. (Other explanations have that it is ā, an abbreviation of Latin ad (“to”), or French à (“to”).)

(phonetics) A pulse of laughter. (Thus @@@ is the transcription equivalent of ha! ha! ha! or hee! hee! hee! etc. in conventional orthography.)


labial

Borrowing from Medieval Latin labiālis (“of or pertaining to the lips”), from labium (“a lip”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to labium + -al.

af

(linguistics, phonetics) Articulated by the lips, as the consonants b, m and w.


labial

The motions of the Tongue, Lips, Throat, Palate, & c. which go to the making of the ſeveral Alphabetical Letters are worthy inquiry, and pertinent to the preſent Inquiſition of Sounds: But becauſe they are ſubtil and long to deſcribe, we will refer them over, and place them amongſt the Experiments of Speech. The Hebrews have been diligent in it, and have aſſigned which Letters are Labial, which Dental, which Guttural, & c

1670, Francis Bacon, Sylva sylvarum : or, a natural history in ten centuries, Natural History, Century II, pp 197-98

You have but the same four letters to describe the salute which you perform on your grandmother’s forehead, and that which you bestow on the sacred cheek of your mistress; but the same four letters, and not one of them a labial.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 47, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

Those were his first words of the voyage, and they were spoken with unstuttered labials.

1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 578:

(linguistics, phonetics) A consonant articulated by the lips.


labial

ca-adj

labial m or f (masculine and feminine plural labials)

(phonetics) labial (articulated by the lips)


labial

(phonetics) labial (a consonant articulated by the lips)


labial

fr-adj

labial (feminine labiale, masculine plural labiaux, feminine plural labiales)

labiale (feminine)
labiaux (masculine plural)
labiales (feminine plural)


labial

id-adj

labial (comparative lebih labial, superlative paling labial)

lebih labial (comparative)
paling labial (superlative)

Borrowed from Dutch labiaal, from French labial, from Medieval Latin labiālis (“of or pertaining to the lips”).

(linguistics, phonetics) articulated by the lips, as the consonants b, m and w


labial

لابيال (Jawi)

From English labial, from Medieval Latin labiālis (“of or pertaining to the lips”), from labium (“a lip”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).


labial

head

labial (Jawi spelling لابيال, also used in the form bunyi labial)

لابيال (Jawi)
bunyi labial (also used-in-the-form)

(linguistics, phonetics) A labial consonant.


labial

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin labiālis. By surface analysis, lábio + -al.


labial

es-adj

labial m or f (masculine and feminine plural labiales)


medial

en-adj

medial (comparative more medial, superlative most medial)

more medial (comparative)
most medial (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-medial.wav

Borrowed from Latin mediālis (“middle”), from medius (“that is in the middle or midst”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

среден

Situated in or near the middle; not at either end.

(phonetics, linguistics) (of a speech sound, or a character or sequence thereof) In the middle of a word.

Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language, he expressed the important words by an initial, a medial, or a final consonant, and made scratches for all the words between; his clerks, however, understood him very well.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

(phonetics) (of a consonant) Central: produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.


dissimilation

en-noun

dissimilation (countable and uncountable, plural dissimilations)

/ˌdɪsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/

From dis- + -similation, after assimilation.

Brimstone is "properly" *brinstone, displaying an ancient careless pronunciation made respectable by being called "dissimilation".

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 112:

(phonology, phonetics) A phenomenon where one of a pair of similar adjacent consonant or vowel sounds in a word becomes less similar.

disimilim

(phonology) A phenomenon whereby similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar