weer

nl-noun

weer f (plural weren, diminutive weertje n)

weren (plural)
weertje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch wēre, from Old Dutch weri, from Proto-West Germanic *warī.

common Belgian and South Dutch realisations

North and East of the Netherlands, audio example


senior

senior (nominative singular)
seniorzy (nominative plural)
seniory (derogatory nominative plural)
seniora (genitive singular)
seniorów (genitive plural)
seniorowi (dative singular)
seniorom (dative plural)
seniora (accusative singular)
seniorów (accusative plural)
seniorem (instrumental singular)
seniorami (instrumental plural)
seniorze (locative singular)
seniorach (locative plural)
seniorze (singular vocative)
seniorzy (plural vocative)

(feudalism, historical) feudal lord exercising power and guardianship over his subordinate vassal


churl

From Middle English churl, cherl, cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”) [and other forms], from Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”), from Proto-West Germanic *kerl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”). Doublet of carl, carle.
Sense 2.1 (“rough, surly, ill-bred person”) is probably an extension of sense 1 (“free peasant of the lowest rank; person without royal or noble status; bondman, serf”) and sense 2.2 (“countryman, peasant, rustic”). Sense 2.3 (“person who is stingy”) was influenced by Nabal, who is described in the King James Version of the Bible as “churlish and evil in his doings”; when Nabal, a rich man, is asked to give provisions to David’s men, he replies, “Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? There be many servants nowadays that break away every man from his master. Shall I then take my bread and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?” (1 Samuel 25:3 and 10–11; spelling modernized).
cognates
* Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)
* Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)
* Low German kerl, kerel, kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)
* North Frisian tzierl, tjierl, tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)
* Old High German charl, charlo (German Kerl (“fellow, man”))
* Old Norse karl (“man”) (Icelandic karl (“man”))
* Polish karzeł (“small man”)
* Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)
* Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)
* West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)

nb...

chærle, charl, cheerl, cherel, cherelle, cheril, cherld, cherle, cherll, cherlle, cherol, cherril, chirl, chorl, chorle, churle

cog

[F]rom this time forvvard I do pardon before God all the vvrongs that they haue done, or ſhall doe vnto me, vvhether they vvere, be, or ſhall be done by high or lovv perſon, rich or poore, Gentleman or Churle, vvithout excepting any ſtate or condition.

1612, [Miguel de Cervantes], “Wherein is Rehearsed the Vnfortunate Aduenture Hapned to Don-Quixote, by Encountring with Certaine Yanguesian Carriers”, in Thomas Shelton, transl., The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, part 3, page 116:

A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner.

(feudalism, obsolete except historical)
A bondman or serf.


諸侯

諸 (pluralizing prefix) + 侯 (“nobleman; marquis”)

pre

(historical, feudalism) noblemen, especially those with familial ties to an East Asian 皇帝 (kōtei, “huangdi; emperor”), who were ranked by the 五爵 (goshaku, “five ranks”)


saisine

Apparently a feminine form of Old French seisin.


სახელი

Georgian: სახელი (saxeli)

From Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁ax-e- (“name”), derived from the verb stem *ʒ₁ax-, *ʒ₁x- (“to call, be called”). The phonetic shape of this Proto-Kartvelian stem does not leave any doubt of its native Kartvelian origin.


elektor

pl-noun

elektor m pers (related adjective elektorski)

elektorski (adjective)
elektor (nominative singular)
elektorzy (nominative plural)
elektory (derogatory nominative plural)
elektora (genitive singular)
elektorów (genitive plural)
elektorowi (dative singular)
elektorom (dative plural)
elektora (accusative singular)
elektorów (accusative plural)
elektorem (instrumental singular)
elektorami (instrumental plural)
elektorze (locative singular)
elektorach (locative plural)
elektorze (singular vocative)
elektorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin ēlēctor. First attested in 1564.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “elektor”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(feudalism, German politics, historical) Elector, prince-elector (German prince entitled to elect the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire)


lộc

[ləwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ləwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ləwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

hưởng lộc

to enjoy pays and benefits as a mandarin

(history, feudalism) some sort of pay/salary of a mandarin/courtier


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

(feudalism) A payment or service required by a liege.


suzereno

eo-head

suzereno (accusative singular suzerenon, plural suzerenoj, accusative plural suzerenojn)

suzerenon (accusative singular)
suzerenoj (plural)
suzerenojn (accusative plural)

From French suzerain. Compare Polish suzeren, Russian сюзере́н (sjuzerén), German Suzerän. Etymologically related to suvereno.


arkls

arkls (nominative singular)
arkli (nominative plural)
arklu (accusative singular)
arklus (accusative plural)
arkla (genitive singular)
arklu (genitive plural)
arklam (dative singular)
arkliem (dative plural)
arklu (instrumental singular)
arkliem (instrumental plural)
arklā (locative singular)
arklos (locative plural)
arkl (singular vocative)
arkli (plural vocative)

Cognate to Lithuanian arklas. From Proto-Baltic *arklas, masculine counterpart of an earlier *arkla, from *árˀtla, from *artra, from Proto-Indo-European (< *h₂érh₃trom, from *h₂erh₃- (“to plow”) — whence also the verb art, q.v. —, ultimately from *h₁er- “sparse; to crumble, to fall to pieces,” with an instrumental suffix *-trom). Cognates include Old Irish arathar, Middle High German arl, Ancient Greek ἄροτρον (árotron), Latin arātrum. (A separate meaning of "land measure" comes from an earlier variant arklis, originally (13th century) the amount of land that could be plowed with one horse and one plow, later on much more than that; by the late 18th century, arkls and arklis had merged back into one word.)

viena arkla saimniecība

arklu revīzija

(in feudal times) the verification of the area and value of land in farms and estates (for taxation purposes)

(historical, feudalism) in feudal times, a measure of land


hołd

hołd (nominative singular)
hołdy (nominative plural)
hołdu (genitive singular)
hołdów (genitive plural)
hołdowi (dative singular)
hołdom (dative plural)
hołd (accusative singular)
hołdy (accusative plural)
hołdem (instrumental singular)
hołdami (instrumental plural)
hołdzie (locative singular)
hołdach (locative plural)
hołdzie (singular vocative)
hołdy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old Czech hold, from Middle High German hulde, from Old High German huldi, from Proto-West Germanic *hulþī.

(feudalism, historical) homage (formal oath of a vassal to his or her lord)

(feudalism, historical) tribute (act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration to a stronger ruler)


włość

włość (nominative singular)
włości (nominative plural)
włości (genitive singular)
włości (genitive plural)
włości (dative singular)
włościom (dative plural)
włość (accusative singular)
włości (accusative plural)
włością (instrumental singular)
włościami (instrumental plural)
włości (locative singular)
włościach (locative plural)
włości (singular vocative)
włości (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish włość, from Proto-Slavic *vȏlstь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *walˀstís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wolh₁dʰh₁-ti-s, from *h₂welh₁dʰh₁-, from *h₂welh₁- (“to rule”). Doublet of właść and wołość.


paź

pl-noun

paź m pers (diminutive pazik, related adjective paziowski)

pazik (diminutive)
paziowski (adjective)
paź (nominative singular)
paziowie (nominative plural)
pazie (derogatory nominative plural)
pazia (genitive singular)
paziów (genitive plural)
pazi (genitive plural)
paziowi (dative singular)
paziom (dative plural)
pazia (accusative singular)
paziów (accusative plural)
pazi (accusative plural)
paziem (instrumental singular)
paziami (instrumental plural)
paziu (locative singular)
paziach (locative plural)
paziu (singular vocative)
paziowie (plural vocative)
pazie (derogatory plural vocative)

(feudalism, historical) page, pageboy (serving boy; a youth attending a person of high degree, especially at courts, often as a position of honor and education)


loitosa

From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin lūctuōsa.

et devedes a seer nosso vassalo; et a vosso passamento, dardes a nos V soldos de loytosa

1269, M. Romaní Martínez (ed.), La colección diplomática de Santa María de Oseira (1025-1310). Santiago: Tórculo Edicións, page 919

and you should be our vassal; and at your decease, you'll give us five solidi as loitosa

(law, historical, taxation, feudalism) tax paid by the family or heirs of a deceased person to his or her lord


elektorat

elektorat (nominative singular)
elektoraty (nominative plural)
elektoratu (genitive singular)
elektoratów (genitive plural)
elektoratowi (dative singular)
elektoratom (dative plural)
elektorat (accusative singular)
elektoraty (accusative plural)
elektoratem (instrumental singular)
elektoratami (instrumental plural)
elektoracie (locative singular)
elektoratach (locative plural)
elektoracie (singular vocative)
elektoraty (plural vocative)

(feudalism, German politics, historical) electorate, electorship (office of an Elector, a German prince entitled to elect the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire)

(feudalism, German politics, historical) electorate, electorship (area of dominion of an Elector, a German prince entitled to elect the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire)


hołdować

hołdować (infinitive)
hołduję (present singular)
hołdujemy (plural present)
hołdujesz (present singular)
hołdujecie (plural present)
hołduje (present singular third-person)
hołdują (plural present third-person)
hołduje się (impersonal present)
hołdowałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m hołdował (masculine past singular)
hołdowałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m hołdowała (feminine past singular)
hołdowałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m hołdowało (neuter past singular)
hołdowaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy hołdowali (past plural virile)
hołdowałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy hołdowały (nonvirile past plural)
hołdowałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś hołdował (masculine past singular)
hołdowałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś hołdowała (feminine past singular)
hołdowałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś hołdowało (neuter past singular)
hołdowaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście hołdowali (past plural virile)
hołdowałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście hołdowały (nonvirile past plural)
hołdował (masculine past singular third-person)
hołdowała (feminine past singular third-person)
hołdowało (neuter past singular third-person)
hołdowali (past plural third-person virile)
hołdowały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
hołdowano (impersonal past)
będę hołdował (future masculine singular)
będę hołdować (future masculine singular)
będę hołdowała (feminine future singular)
będę hołdować (feminine future singular)
będę hołdowało (future neuter singular)
będę hołdować (future neuter singular)
będziemy hołdowali (future plural virile)
będziemy hołdować (future plural virile)
będziemy hołdowały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy hołdować (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz hołdował (future masculine singular)
będziesz hołdować (future masculine singular)
będziesz hołdowała (feminine future singular)
będziesz hołdować (feminine future singular)
będziesz hołdowało (future neuter singular)
będziesz hołdować (future neuter singular)
będziecie hołdowali (future plural virile)
będziecie hołdować (future plural virile)
będziecie hołdowały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie hołdować (future nonvirile plural)
będzie hołdował (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie hołdować (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie hołdowała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie hołdować (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie hołdowało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie hołdować (future neuter singular third-person)
będą hołdowali (future plural third-person virile)
będą hołdować (future plural third-person virile)
będą hołdowały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą hołdować (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie hołdować się (future impersonal)
hołdowałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym hołdował (conditional masculine singular)
hołdowałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym hołdowała (conditional feminine singular)
hołdowałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym hołdowało (conditional neuter singular)
hołdowalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy hołdowali (conditional plural virile)
hołdowałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy hołdowały (conditional nonvirile plural)
hołdowałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś hołdował (conditional masculine singular)
hołdowałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś hołdowała (conditional feminine singular)
hołdowałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś hołdowało (conditional neuter singular)
hołdowalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście hołdowali (conditional plural virile)
hołdowałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście hołdowały (conditional nonvirile plural)
hołdowałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by hołdował (conditional masculine singular third-person)
hołdowałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by hołdowała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
hołdowałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by hołdowało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
hołdowaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by hołdowali (conditional plural third-person virile)
hołdowałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by hołdowały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
hołdowano by (conditional impersonal)
niech hołduję (imperative singular)
hołdujmy (imperative plural)
hołduj (imperative singular)
hołdujcie (imperative plural)
niech hołduje (imperative singular third-person)
niech hołdują (imperative plural third-person)
hołdujący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
hołdująca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
hołdujące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
hołdujący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
hołdujące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
hołdując (adjectival contemporary participle)
hołdowanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish hołdować. By surface analysis, hołd + -ować.

(intransitive, feudalism) to pay homage [with dative ‘to whom’]


homagium

homagium (nominative singular)
homagia (nominative plural)
homagium (genitive singular)
homagiów (genitive plural)
homagium (dative singular)
homagiom (dative plural)
homagium (accusative singular)
homagia (accusative plural)
homagium (instrumental singular)
homagiami (instrumental plural)
homagium (locative singular)
homagiach (locative plural)
homagium (singular vocative)
homagia (plural vocative)


vokto

eo-head

vokto (accusative singular vokton, plural voktoj, accusative plural voktojn)

vokton (accusative singular)
voktoj (plural)
voktojn (accusative plural)

Probably from German Vogt (“steward”); if so, a doublet of advokato.


hołd lenny

hołd lenny (nominative singular)
hołdy lenne (nominative plural)
hołdu lennego (genitive singular)
hołdów lennych (genitive plural)
hołdowi lennemu (dative singular)
hołdom lennym (dative plural)
hołd lenny (accusative singular)
hołdy lenne (accusative plural)
hołdem lennym (instrumental singular)
hołdami lennymi (instrumental plural)
hołdzie lennym (locative singular)
hołdach lennych (locative plural)
hołdzie lenny (singular vocative)
hołdy lenne (plural vocative)

(feudalism, historical, idiomatic) homage (formal oath of a vassal to his or her lord)


karil

karil (nominative singular)
karilō (nominative plural)
karilōs (nominative plural)
karil (accusative singular)
karilā (accusative plural)
karilas (genitive singular)
karilō (genitive plural)
karilē (dative singular)
karilum (dative plural)
karilu (instrumental singular)
karilum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle

Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl

North Frisian: keerl

West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl

Old Saxon: *keril

Middle Low German: kerl, kerle

desc

Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl

German Low German: Kerel, Keerl

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl

Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl

Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl

→ German: Kerl

→ Saterland Frisian: Käärel

Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl

Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel

desctree

Dutch: kerel
Afrikaans: kêrel
Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
→ Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel
→ West Frisian: keardel, kearel

Limburgish: kaerel

Old High German: *keril, karal, karl

desc

Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle

→ Old Polish: karzeł

Polish: karzeł

⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)

desctree

German: Karl, Carl
→ English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)


allaaud

allaaud (nominative singular)
allaaudō (nominative plural)
allaaudōs (nominative plural)
allaaud (accusative singular)
allaaudā (accusative plural)
allaaudas (genitive singular)
allaaudō (genitive plural)
allaaudē (dative singular)
allaaudum (dative plural)
allaaudu (instrumental singular)
allaaudum (instrumental plural)

Old High German: alōd

→ Medieval Latin: allodium (see there for further descendants)

From *all (“all”) + *aud (“wealth, riches”).


paaž

paaži (genitive)
paaži (partitive)
paaž (nominative singular)
paažid (nominative plural)
paaž (accusative nominative singular)
paažid (accusative nominative plural)
paaži (accusative genitive singular)
paažid (accusative genitive plural)
paaži (genitive singular)
paažide (genitive plural)
paaži (partitive singular)
paaže (partitive plural)
paažisid (partitive plural)
paaži (illative singular)
paažisse (illative singular)
paažidesse (illative plural)
paažesse (illative plural)
paažis (inessive singular)
paažides (inessive plural)
paažes (inessive plural)
paažist (elative singular)
paažidest (elative plural)
paažest (elative plural)
paažile (allative singular)
paažidele (allative plural)
paažele (allative plural)
paažil (adessive singular)
paažidel (adessive plural)
paažel (adessive plural)
paažilt (ablative singular)
paažidelt (ablative plural)
paaželt (ablative plural)
paažiks (singular translative)
paažideks (plural translative)
paažeks (plural translative)
paažini (singular terminative)
paažideni (plural terminative)
paažina (essive singular)
paažidena (essive plural)
paažita (abessive singular)
paažideta (abessive plural)
paažiga (comitative singular)
paažidega (comitative plural)


tổng lí đại thần

Sino-Vietnamese word from 総理大臣, composed of 総理 (“general director”) and 大臣 (“minister”)

vi-etym-sino

Đông dương tổng lý đại thần

(historical, feudalism, colonialism) a chancellor or prime minister


đại thần

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大臣, composed of 大 (“great”) and 臣 (“courtier”)

ngoại vụ đại thần

(historical, feudalism, in feudal East Asia or obsolete, of modern Japan) a minister


халоп

be-noun

хало́п • (xalóp) m pers (genitive хало́па, nominative plural хало́пы, genitive plural хало́паў, feminine хало́пка, relational adjective хало́пскі)

хало́п (canonical)
xalóp (romanization)
хало́па (genitive)
хало́пы (nominative plural)
хало́паў (genitive plural)
хало́пка (feminine)
хало́пскі (adjective relational)
хало́п (nominative singular)
хало́пы (nominative plural)
хало́па (genitive singular)
хало́паў (genitive plural)
хало́пу (dative singular)
хало́пам (dative plural)
хало́па (accusative singular)
хало́паў (accusative plural)
хало́пам (instrumental singular)
хало́памі (instrumental plural)
хало́пе (locative singular)
хало́пах (locative plural)
хало́пы (count-form plural)

Inherited from Old East Slavic холопъ (xolopŭ), from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ. Cognate with Russian and Ukrainian холо́п (xolóp).