西

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西):
* → Japanese: 西(さい) (sai); 西(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 서(西) (seo)
* → Vietnamese: tây (西)

ja-r

Japanese: 西(シャー) (shā, “west wind (mahjong tile)”)

Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”), 束 and 鹵. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.
See also the top component of 票, originally two hands holding an object vaguely similar to a bag, basket or nest.
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).
In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲／栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:
* Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990).
* Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007).
* Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)).
* Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019).
* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007).


西

Originally a compound of 去に (ini, “going away”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 去(い)ぬ (inu, “to go away”)) + し (shi, “wind; (by extension) direction”, as seen in other ancient-derived words as 嵐 (arashi, “storm”, literally “wild + wind”), 旋風 (tsumuji, “whirlwind”), 東 (higashi, “east”, from older pi muka si, literally “sun + facing + wind/direction”)).
First cited in the Kojiki of 712, with the phonetic spelling 爾斯 (nisi).

compound

(Buddhism) Synonym of 西方浄土 (Saihō Jōdo): the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha

西方浄土

(Buddhism) Short for 西本願寺 (Nishi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Kyoto


lama

(Tibetan Buddhism) lama (religious person)


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamové (nominative plural)
lamy (genitive singular)
lamů (genitive plural)
lamovi (dative singular)
lamům (dative plural)
lamu (accusative singular)
lamy (accusative plural)
lamo (singular vocative)
lamové (plural vocative)
lamovi (locative singular)
lamech (locative plural)
lamou (instrumental singular)
lamy (instrumental plural)


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamat (nominative plural)
lama (accusative nominative singular)
lamat (accusative nominative plural)
laman (accusative genitive singular)
lamat (accusative genitive plural)
laman (genitive singular)
lamojen (genitive plural)
lamain (genitive plural rare)
lamaa (partitive singular)
lamoja (partitive plural)
lamassa (inessive singular)
lamoissa (inessive plural)
lamasta (elative singular)
lamoista (elative plural)
lamaan (illative singular)
lamoihin (illative plural)
lamalla (adessive singular)
lamoilla (adessive plural)
lamalta (ablative singular)
lamoilta (ablative plural)
lamalle (allative singular)
lamoille (allative plural)
lamana (essive singular)
lamoina (essive plural)
lamaksi (singular translative)
lamoiksi (plural translative)
lamatta (abessive singular)
lamoitta (abessive plural)
lamoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
lamani (nominative singular)
lamani (nominative plural)
lamani (accusative nominative singular)
lamani (accusative nominative plural)
lamani (accusative genitive singular)
lamani (accusative genitive plural)
lamani (genitive singular)
lamojeni (genitive plural)
lamaini (genitive plural rare)
lamaani (partitive singular)
lamojani (partitive plural)
lamassani (inessive singular)
lamoissani (inessive plural)
lamastani (elative singular)
lamoistani (elative plural)
lamaani (illative singular)
lamoihini (illative plural)
lamallani (adessive singular)
lamoillani (adessive plural)
lamaltani (ablative singular)
lamoiltani (ablative plural)
lamalleni (allative singular)
lamoilleni (allative plural)
lamanani (essive singular)
lamoinani (essive plural)
lamakseni (singular translative)
lamoikseni (plural translative)
lamattani (abessive singular)
lamoittani (abessive plural)
lamoineni (comitative plural)
lamasi (nominative singular)
lamasi (nominative plural)
lamasi (accusative nominative singular)
lamasi (accusative nominative plural)
lamasi (accusative genitive singular)
lamasi (accusative genitive plural)
lamasi (genitive singular)
lamojesi (genitive plural)
lamaisi (genitive plural rare)
lamaasi (partitive singular)
lamojasi (partitive plural)
lamassasi (inessive singular)
lamoissasi (inessive plural)
lamastasi (elative singular)
lamoistasi (elative plural)
lamaasi (illative singular)
lamoihisi (illative plural)
lamallasi (adessive singular)
lamoillasi (adessive plural)
lamaltasi (ablative singular)
lamoiltasi (ablative plural)
lamallesi (allative singular)
lamoillesi (allative plural)
lamanasi (essive singular)
lamoinasi (essive plural)
lamaksesi (singular translative)
lamoiksesi (plural translative)
lamattasi (abessive singular)
lamoittasi (abessive plural)
lamoinesi (comitative plural)
lamamme (nominative singular)
lamamme (nominative plural)
lamamme (accusative nominative singular)
lamamme (accusative nominative plural)
lamamme (accusative genitive singular)
lamamme (accusative genitive plural)
lamamme (genitive singular)
lamojemme (genitive plural)
lamaimme (genitive plural rare)
lamaamme (partitive singular)
lamojamme (partitive plural)
lamassamme (inessive singular)
lamoissamme (inessive plural)
lamastamme (elative singular)
lamoistamme (elative plural)
lamaamme (illative singular)
lamoihimme (illative plural)
lamallamme (adessive singular)
lamoillamme (adessive plural)
lamaltamme (ablative singular)
lamoiltamme (ablative plural)
lamallemme (allative singular)
lamoillemme (allative plural)
lamanamme (essive singular)
lamoinamme (essive plural)
lamaksemme (singular translative)
lamoiksemme (plural translative)
lamattamme (abessive singular)
lamoittamme (abessive plural)
lamoinemme (comitative plural)
lamanne (nominative singular)
lamanne (nominative plural)
lamanne (accusative nominative singular)
lamanne (accusative nominative plural)
lamanne (accusative genitive singular)
lamanne (accusative genitive plural)
lamanne (genitive singular)
lamojenne (genitive plural)
lamainne (genitive plural rare)
lamaanne (partitive singular)
lamojanne (partitive plural)
lamassanne (inessive singular)
lamoissanne (inessive plural)
lamastanne (elative singular)
lamoistanne (elative plural)
lamaanne (illative singular)
lamoihinne (illative plural)
lamallanne (adessive singular)
lamoillanne (adessive plural)
lamaltanne (ablative singular)
lamoiltanne (ablative plural)
lamallenne (allative singular)
lamoillenne (allative plural)
lamananne (essive singular)
lamoinanne (essive plural)
lamaksenne (singular translative)
lamoiksenne (plural translative)
lamattanne (abessive singular)
lamoittanne (abessive plural)
lamoinenne (comitative plural)
lamansa (nominative singular)
lamansa (nominative plural)
lamansa (accusative nominative singular)
lamansa (accusative nominative plural)
lamansa (accusative genitive singular)
lamansa (accusative genitive plural)
lamansa (genitive singular)
lamojensa (genitive plural)
lamainsa (genitive plural rare)
lamaansa (partitive singular)
lamojaan (partitive plural)
lamojansa (partitive plural)
lamassaan (inessive singular)
lamassansa (inessive singular)
lamoissaan (inessive plural)
lamoissansa (inessive plural)
lamastaan (elative singular)
lamastansa (elative singular)
lamoistaan (elative plural)
lamoistansa (elative plural)
lamaansa (illative singular)
lamoihinsa (illative plural)
lamallaan (adessive singular)
lamallansa (adessive singular)
lamoillaan (adessive plural)
lamoillansa (adessive plural)
lamaltaan (ablative singular)
lamaltansa (ablative singular)
lamoiltaan (ablative plural)
lamoiltansa (ablative plural)
lamalleen (allative singular)
lamallensa (allative singular)
lamoilleen (allative plural)
lamoillensa (allative plural)
lamanaan (essive singular)
lamanansa (essive singular)
lamoinaan (essive plural)
lamoinansa (essive plural)
lamakseen (singular translative)
lamaksensa (singular translative)
lamoikseen (plural translative)
lamoiksensa (plural translative)
lamattaan (abessive singular)
lamattansa (abessive singular)
lamoittaan (abessive plural)
lamoittansa (abessive plural)
lamoineen (comitative plural)
lamoinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈlɑ̝(ː)mɑ̝]


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamowie (nominative plural)
lamy (genitive singular)
lamów (genitive plural)
lamie (dative singular)
lamom (dative plural)
lamę (accusative singular)
lamów (accusative plural)
lamą (instrumental singular)
lamami (instrumental plural)
lamie (locative singular)
lamach (locative plural)
lamo (singular vocative)
lamowie (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English lama, French lama, German Lama, ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

(Buddhism) lama (master of Tibetan Buddhism)


om

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ओम् (om) (symbol ॐ (oṃ)). The former (om) is used in both Buddhist and Hindu settings, while the latter (aum) is usually used only in Jain and Hindu settings.

lbor

In fact it sounded exactly like the voice of Livia, her vanished sister, and, like her, it was intoning the Aum just as she used once to do at the beginning of her yoga sessions.

1982, Lawrence Durrell, Constance (Avignon Quintet), Faber & Faber, published 2004, page 800:

Om is pronounced "a-a-o-o-u-u-m-m" and is repeated slowly for as long as possible.

2001 October 20, Hazel Curry, The Guardian:

(Hinduism, Buddhism) A sacred, mystical syllable used in prayer and meditation.


om

From Sanskrit ओं (oṃ) or औं (auṃ) or ॐ (oṃ). Cognate with Balinese ᬒᬁ.

(Hinduism, Buddhism) om: a sacred, mystical syllable used in prayer and meditation.


愛

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).


安心

安心 (canonical)
anshin (romanization)
安心 (canonical)
anjin (romanization)

From Middle Chinese compound 安心 (*ʔan *sim). Compare modern Chinese 安心 (ānxīn).

安心決定: chanting the name of Buddha with purity of heart and mind

安心決定鈔: a two-volume scripture in Pure Land Buddhism

安心得道: achieving nirvana through equanimity of spirit

keeping an unperturbed mind through faith

安心無き読経は田中の蝦蟇の如し

a sutra recital without peace of mind is just like a toad in a paddy

anshin naki dokyō wa tanaka no gama no gotoshi, “→ reciting the sutras without having the proper spiritual mindset is as meaningful as the croaking of a toad in a rice paddy”


悪魔

From Middle Chinese 惡魔 (MC 'ak ma, literally “bad, evil + demon”).

ltc-l

(Buddhism) a mara, a demon seeking to prevent enlightenment


魔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maːl): phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 鬼 (“demon”).
Clipping of 魔羅 (MC ma la), from Sanskrit मार (māra, “killing; death; destroyer; demon”). According to Zhengzitong, First attested in 548 October 29, in an epitaph

bor

Suì dēng zhèngjué, shén tōng zìrán. Qúnmó qǐshǒu, líng guàn zhūtiān. Cíbēi wànyǒu, guāngzhào dàqiān.

遂登正覺，神通自然。群魔稽首，靈冠諸天。慈悲萬有，光照大千。

遂登正觉，神通自然。群魔稽首，灵冠诸天。慈悲万有，光照大千。


空

Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). See also 坑 (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and 肛 (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.

inh-lite

(Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses


空

ja-noun

空(くう) • (kū)

From Middle Chinese 空 (MC khuwng|khuwngH).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).

For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see the following entry: 虚

For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see the following entry: うつぼ

(Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness

(Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally “great five”) and the highest of the five elements


sit

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
Middle English sitten
English sit
From Middle English sitten, from Old English sittan, from Proto-West Germanic *sittjan, from Proto-Germanic *sitjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“sit”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sitte, Low German sitten, Dutch zitten, German sitzen, Swedish sitta, Norwegian Bokmål sitte, Norwegian Nynorsk sitja; and with Irish suigh, Latin sedeo, Russian сиде́ть (sidétʹ).

etymon

(rare, Buddhism) An event, usually lasting one full day or more, where the primary goal is to sit in meditation.


界

From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH, “boundary”).
In Buddhist contexts, derived from the Middle Chinese term used as a translation of Sanskrit धातु (dhātu, “layer, stratum”).

(Buddhism) the world or realm of a thing


人間

→ English: ningen

From a Buddhist term: 人間界(にんげんかい) (ningenkai, “human world”).

(Buddhism) literally meaning: "human society", referring to one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhist cosmology.


中國

Abhidharmakośakārikā
Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Ekottara Āgama

Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

cog

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kuɛ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuei⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ kuə⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɛt̚¹/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/tyøŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔk̚³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ koʔ²¹/

Why is this? The rebirth of a bodhisattva must be in the central regions of a country, his faculties will be sharp and he distinguishes all wise words. He knows well that semantics are the tools of the Buddhadharma, and he knows well śramaṇas, brahmins, and others.

Héyǐ gù? Púsà shòushēng bì zài zhōngguó, lì gēn zhìhuì yáncí biàn le, shàn zhī yǔyì shì fófǎ qì, shàn zhī shāmén, póluómén děng.

何以故？菩薩受生必在中國，利根智慧言詞辯了，善知語義是佛法器，善知沙門、婆羅門等。

何以故？菩萨受生必在中国，利根智慧言词辩了，善知语义是佛法器，善知沙门、婆罗门等。

(Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism


心

/simʉ/ → */ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 心 (MC sim).
The Buddhist sense is a translation of Pali and Sanskrit चित्त (citta).


Sabbath

From Middle English sabat, sabbat, sabath, from Old English sabat and Old French sabbat, both from Latin sabbatum, from Ancient Greek σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”), from Hebrew שַׁבָּת (shabát, “Sabbath”), with the spelling ending in -th, probably influenced by the traditional transliteration of the Hebrew as shabbāth, being attested since the 14th century and widespread since the 16th. Doublet of Shabbat. Possibly from the Sumerian sa-bat ("mid-rest")


東

/ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /ɸiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/
Sound shift from hingashi (see Etymology 2 below).
Now the standard word for east.

(Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Shimogyō, Kyoto, Japan


乘

Borrowed from Tocharian B klenke (“vehicle”) or Tocharian B klānk, Tocharian A klānk (“to ride, travel (by vehicle)”).

bor

大乘


仏

Baekje
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

*⟨poto₂ke₂⟩ → */pətəkəi̯/ → /ɸotoke/ → /hotoke/
From Old Japanese, most likely from Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye, hence related to modern Korean 부처 (Bucheo), Manchu ᡶᡠᠴᡳᡥᡳ (fucihi); see the Proto-Korean entry for more. The word was presumably disseminated by the Baekje people of southwestern Korea, who first introduced Buddhism to Japan. The first two syllables are ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddhá), via Middle Chinese 佛陀 (MC bjut da) or some similar Sinitic form. Thomas Pellard speculates that the final element is an ancient Koreanic word for "king; lord".
The more traditional explanation still given in Japanese dictionaries is that the final ke element might be the Chinese-derived suffix 気 (ke, “spirit”), but a Koreanic explanation is more plausible.
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

(Buddhism) a buddha (enlightened or awakened sentient being)

(Buddhism) a statue or image of any buddha

(Buddhism) performing a Buddhist memorial service


仏

(Buddhism) the Sakyamuni Buddha, Nepalese spiritual and philosophical teacher and founder of Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama

(Buddhism) any of the other buddhas named in Buddhist scriptures


佛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (佛):
* → Japanese: 仏(ふつ) (futsu); 仏(ぶつ) (butsu)
* → Korean: 불(佛) (bul)
* → Vietnamese: Phật (佛), Bụt (佛)

→ Chadong: fut⁸

⇒ Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ (burqan) / бурхан (burxan)

desc

→ Vietnamese: Bụt (“a wise and kind old man in folklore”)

→ Zhuang: baed

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯd): semantic 亻 + phonetic 弗 (OC *pɯd).
Ji (1998v7) considers it likely borrowed from Iranian (compare Sogdian 𐼾𐼴𐽂𐼷 (pwty), 𐫁𐫇𐫤𐫏 (bwty /Pute, Bute, βute/), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwt'), 𐫁𐫇𐫤 (bwt /But/), Parthian 𐫁𐫇𐫎 (bwṯ /But, Butt/)), ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “awakened, enlightened”, past passive participle), whence also 佛陀 (MC bjut da), but the Chinese morpheme 佛 is not a direct contraction or clipping of the latter.

der

仏
𰁰
㚕
仸
𠑵
𠇛
𦤲

佛陀

佛教


佛

Japanese: 仏 (hotoke)

Most likely from Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye (“Buddha”).

佛造眞朱不足者水渟池田乃阿曾我鼻上乎穿禮

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Aileen Gatten, Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 415

For the Buddha statue, you lack enough vermilion―so there is the puddle of Lord “Pond Field” Ikeda, dig in that big red nose.

poto₂ke₂ tukuru ma-so₂po tarazupa mi₁du tamaru Ike₂da no₂ aso₂ ga pana no₂ upe₂ wo pore

(Buddhism) a carving, image, statue, or other likeness of a buddha


俗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljoɡ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ) – customs of people.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“custom; manner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལུགས (lugs, “tradition; custom”).

cog

(Buddhism) those of the secular world; non-monks


偈

(Buddhism) Short for 偈陀 (jìtuó, “gatha”).


傘

Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of an umbrella.

伞
繖
𢄻
伞
仐
𠋔
𠌂
𠍘
𠎃
𡙘
𡙫


僧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːŋ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – a kind of person (a Buddhist monk).
Clipping of 僧伽 (MC song gja, “sangha; community of monks, nuns, novices and laity”); see there for more.


內

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (內):
* → Japanese: 内(ない) (nai)
* → Korean: 내(內) (nae)
* → Vietnamese: nội (內)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within.
Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more.

Han compound

內典

内典

內學

内学


内

(Buddhism) Buddhist teachings on the inner self or ego, as opposed to non-Buddhist ones


剎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰraːd): phonetic 殺 (OC *sreːds, *sreːd) + semantic 刂.
Transcription of the kṣV (क्ष) sequence in various Sanskrit words, probably via Khotanese or Gandhari 𐨐𐨿𐨮 (kṣ /*tʂ(ə), *ʈʂ(ə)/) (Bailey, 1946), including:
* Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land; place of pilgrimage”) (剎多羅)
* Sanskrit क्षण (kṣaṇa, “instant (in time)”) (剎那)
* Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣema, “residence”) (剎摩)
* Sanskrit क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya, “warrior caste; kshatriya”) (剎怛利耶, 剎帝利, 剎利)

noncog

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
(Buddhism) land; world; place; area

Clipping of 剎多羅／刹多罗 (chàduōluó).
land; world; place; area

古剎

古刹

(Buddhism) place of pilgrimage; kshetra; Buddhist temple; Buddhist monastery; pagoda

(Buddhism) instant; moment; impermanence

Clipping of 剎那／刹那 (chànà).
instant; moment; impermanence


力

From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik⁶.

(Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power

(Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism


劫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (劫):
* → Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
* → Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

→ Vietnamese: cướp

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kab, *kab): phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)
; “(Buddhism) disaster”

Han compound

刧
刦
𠛗
*刼
𠉨
𠞏

(Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
extremely long time

(figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
disaster; calamity; catastrophe


劫

劫 (canonical)
kō (romanization)
kofu (romanization)
こふ (hiragana historical)

/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

(Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology


劫

劫 (canonical)
gō (romanization)
gofu (romanization)
ごふ (hiragana historical)

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/
Possibly a shift from kō above.


受

Possibly a ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 凡 (“plate”) + 又 (“hand”) – to hand over.
凡 in the middle was corrupted into 舟 (OC *tjɯw), which acted as a phonetic component. Alternatively, the character may have always been a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːs, *djuʔ): semantic 爪 (“hand”) + phonetic 舟 (OC *tjɯw, “boat”) + semantic 又 (“hand”). The
凡 or 舟 has been simplified to 冖 since the seal script.
; “bottom; uke”


口

(Buddhism) (by extension) one's speech, one's words


唄

Likely from Sanskrit or via Middle Indo-Aryan. The Yiqiejing Yinyi lists the form 唄匿 (MC baejH nrik), likely related Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit भाणक (bhāṇaka, “chanter; speaker”), from Sanskrit भणति (bhaṇati) and cognate with Pali bhāṇaka (“reciter of the scriptures”); and also the more "orthodox" 婆師 (MC ba srij), likely from भाषते (bhāṣate, “to speak”), compare Gandhari 𐨧𐨮𐨡𐨁 (bhaṣadi, “speaks; to speak”), Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech”). In the Pali parallels, the verb for chanting or reciting a verse (gāthā) is often the cognate bhāsati.
Some older works suggest derivation from Sanskrit पाठ (pāṭha) (e.g. Soothill & Hodous, 1937), but with semantic and phonological difficulties.


唄

ko-hanja

唄 • (pae) (hangeul 패, revised pae, McCune–Reischauer p'ae)

pae (romanization)
패 (hangeul)
pae (revised)
p'ae (McCune-Reischauer)

(Buddhism) The sound of reciting the Buddhist scriptures


唵

唵 (canonical)
唵 (canonical)
on (romanization)

*/om/ → /omu/ → /oɴ/
From Middle Chinese 唵 (ʔʌm^X), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit ॐ (oṃ).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.


唵

án (Hán-Nôm)
úm (Hán-Nôm)
ướm (Hán-Nôm)
ngàn (Hán-Nôm)
ngạn (Hán-Nôm)


喝

(Buddhism) an interjection uttered by Zen Buddhist masters to scold their students


嘢

The character is found volume 8 of the 40-volume version of the Chinese translation of the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra.


嚫

(Buddhism) to practise dana; to give alms to monks


塔

塔 (canonical)
tō (romanization)
tafu (romanization)
たふ (hiragana historical)

/tapu/ → /taɸu/ → */tawu/ → /tau/ → /tɔː/ → /toː/
From Middle Chinese 塔 (MC thap, “tower, pagoda, spire”).
An abbreviation for 卒塔婆 (sotoba, sotōba), a transliteration of Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa, “heap”).

align

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塔は下から組め

no good building without a good foundation; build a tower from the bottom up


塔

塔 (canonical)
-tō (romanization)
-tafu (romanization)
たふ (hiragana historical)


塵

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 鹿 (“deer”) + 土 (“soil, dust”) – cloud of dust produced by a (group of) running deer. Ancient simplification of 𪋻, which pictures three deer on top instead of one.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-dul ~ r-tul (“dust”). Cognate with Tibetan རྡུལ (rdul, “dust, particle”).

inh

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

(Buddhism) this world; mundane world; this mortal life


塵

塵 (canonical)
jin (romanization)
ぢん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 塵 (MC drin). First attested in a Buddhist text from the 600s.


境

境 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

(Buddhism) something that can be perceived with the mind or senses


夏

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge₁⟩.

(Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month


外

(Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts


天

From Middle Chinese 天 (MC then, “sky; heavens”). Compare modern Mandarin reading tiān.

天狗: long-nosed yōkai of Japanese mythology

天変地異

an extraordinary natural phenomenon or occurrence

天道

the world of heavenly gods; the world of devas

天部

大黒天

弁才天


宮

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

/mi₁ya/ → /miya/
From Old Japanese. A compound of 神 or 御 (mi, “spiritual honorific”) + 屋 (ya, “house”).

compound

(Buddhism) a temple holding a Buddhist statue


密

From Middle Chinese 密 (MC mit).
First cited to a text from 1092.

(Buddhism) the teachings of esoteric Buddhism


寺

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (寺):
* → Japanese: 寺(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 사(寺) (sa)

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡siː²²⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯs): phonetic 𡳿 (OC *tjɯ, “to go”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – to grasp, to hold. Phonetic 𡳿 (之), which represents a footprint pointing up, became 土 or 士 in the clerical script from the late Western Han to the Eastern Han, and semantic 又 become 寸 in Small Seal Script. The derivative 持 (OC *l'ɯ) refers to the original word.
The character was often used in the place of a more specialized form. For example, in the Chu Silk Manuscript (see table above) it clearly stood for 時 (OC *djɯ, “season”).

Han compound

白馬寺／白马寺

少林寺

哲蚌寺


寺

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)

Tanjō Temple: any of various Buddhist temple

寺印

the official stamp or seal of a Buddhist temple


寺

寺 (canonical)
tera (romanization)
軒 (counter)

Daijirin
Daijisen
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
ja:松村明

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, and in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.
* Some sources derive Japanese tera from an ancestor of Middle Korean 졀 (jeol) (likely Baekje). This is from earlier 뎔 (dyeol, “temple”) and is the nativised reading of 찰 (刹, chal, “Buddhist temple”) below, deriving in turn from Middle Chinese 剎 (MC tsrhaet), shortened from 剎多羅 (MC tsrhaet ta la, “Buddhist monastery, temple or shrine”), borrowed from Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land, area, domain”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ṭṣáytram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáytram, from Proto-Indo-European *tḱéytrom.
* Other sources describe Japanese tera as cognate with modern Korean 찰 (刹, chal, “temple”), appearing as a component in terms such as 선찰 (禪刹, seonchal, “Zen temple”), 사찰 (寺刹, sachal, “Buddhist temple”).
* Another derivation is given as Pali thera (“elders”) in reference to the monks.
Considering the phonetic development in Korean, the avenues for transmission of Buddhist terms to Japan, and the consistent temple sense of the Japanese term throughout recorded history, the now-obsolete Korean 뎔 (dyeol, “temple”) may be a more likely source than Pali thera (“elders”).


尊

From Middle Chinese 尊 (MC tswon).
Compare modern Mandarin 尊 (zūn).


幢

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) stone pillar inscribed with religious writings


度

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声), with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ): phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又.
Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”).

och-l

廣度

广度

(Buddhism) to say prayers or perform Buddhist service to release souls from purgatory


庵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːm, *qoːb): semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house; pit; womb”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house”) and Burmese အိမ် (im, “house”).


庵

/am/ → /amu/ → /aɴ/
From Middle Chinese 庵 (MC 'om).

(Buddhism) a priest's quarter attached to a large Zen temple


律

From Middle Chinese 律 (MC lwit).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit विनय (vinaya, “discipline, guidance, humility”).

der

(Buddhism) a set of rules for a monastic community

(Buddhism) Short for 律蔵 (Ritsuzō): the Vinaya Piṭaka, one of the Tripitaka

律蔵

(Buddhism) Short for 律儀, 律義 (ritsugi): translation of Sanskrit संवर (saṃvara),


律

(Buddhism) rules of discipline for a monastic community


律

(Buddhism) Short for 律宗 (Risshū): the Risshū school of Buddhism


念

Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nɯːms): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 今 + 心 (see: 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).
Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).


惑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷɯːɡ): phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).


想

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (想):
* → Vietnamese: tưởng (想)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slaŋʔ): phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs) + semantic 心 (“heart, mind”) – to think, to consider. The phonetic component has a reference as well to the act of thinking, hence "visualizing" in one's own mind.
From 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs, “to observe; appearance”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

少年袂曉想，食老毋成樣 / 少年袂晓想，食老毋成样

siàu-liân bē-hiáu siūⁿ, chia̍h-lāu m̄-chiâⁿ-iūⁿ


戒

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“halberd”) + 廾 (“hands”) – to hold up a weapon as warning.

Han compound

(Buddhism) rules governing behavior; precepts


斎

(Buddhism) meals exchanged between priests and parishioners


明

明 (canonical)
myō (romanization)
myau (romanization)
みやう (hiragana historical)

/mʲau/ → /mʲɔː/ → /mʲoː/
From Middle Chinese 明 (MC mjaeng).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit विद्या (vidyā, “knowledge, wisdom”).

der

(Buddhism) passing of knowledge, scholarship, or study


明

(Buddhism) knowledge or wisdom that dispels the darkness of ignorance and brings to the realization of truth; enlightenment


有

有 (canonical)
yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 有 (MC hjuwX). The sense “and, with a remainder of” is from Middle Chinese 有 / 又 (MC hjuwH).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.


有

From Middle Chinese 有 (MC hjuwX).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.


果

果 (canonical)
ka (romanization)
kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)

(Buddhism) phala, attained state, result

(Buddhism) enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice)


根

Monic languages
redundancy (linguistics)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːn): semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).
Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.

Han compound

(Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty


根

From Middle Chinese 根 (MC kon). First cited in Japanese contexts in the 法華義疏 (Hokke Gisho) dated to 615, a commentary on the Buddhist Lotus Sutra that was written in Classical Chinese.

(Buddhism) the original motive force leading to perception of something by the five senses or by thought


梵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bloms, *bum): semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) – lush. Originally a variant form of 芃 (OC *boːŋ, *bum).
As a word for transcribing Indic languages, the reading 梵 (MC bjomH) probably derives from Gandhari and transcribes the syllables such as bram̄(a), bra(m)m-, etc. (Bailey, 1946) in words like 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨸 (bram̄a, “Brahma”), 𐨦𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨞 (bramaṇa, “a brahmin”), and it appears in the classical Chinese lexicon in 梵天 (“Brahma, name of a deity”), 梵志 (“a person dedicated to religion”), 梵行 (“good, pure conduct”), etc. The sense for "Sanskrit" originally refers to its status as a religious language. In modern usage, it is also used to translate various terms in Hinduism, such as Brahman.

Han compound

(Buddhism) to chant sutras; to recite sutras


棒

棒 (canonical)
bō (romanization)
bau (romanization)
ばう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 棒 (MC baewngX). The goon pronunciation, so likely an earlier borrowing.

(Buddhism) staff used by practitioners of Zen Buddhism


業

Various explanations exist:
* Pictogram (象形) – beam from which bells and chimes hang.
* Pictogram (象形) – a person lifting said beam.
* Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 丵 (“chisel”) + 大 (“person; big”) – to launch a great attack.
Up until the Warring States period, the character was written doubled as 𪴨 and sometimes as 𫨱. The latter is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声) using 去 (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)) as a phonetic component. In bamboo slips the vertical stroke of 丵 extended such that the bottom looks like 木.
; work; achievement
; large; terrific


業

業 (canonical)
gō (romanization)
gofu (romanization)
ごふ (hiragana historical)

業によりて果を引く

you reap what you sow, what goes around comes around

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → /ɡou/ → /ɡoː/
From Middle Chinese 業 (MC ngjaep). The goon, so likely an earlier borrowing. Translation from the Sanskrit term कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

業が煮える, 業が煎れる, 業が湧く

to be irritated, to be annoyed, to get angry

業の風

the powerful wind of sin that blow in hell

業の秤

a mythological scale that weighs the sins of the dead

業を曝す

to endure shame in this life as karma for sins committed in a previous life


業

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.


機

From Middle Chinese 機 /机 (kjɨj, “mechanism; opportunity, chance”). Compare modern Min Nan reading ki.

(Buddhism) the moment of being moved into action by the teachings of the Buddha: see 機根 (kikon)


檀

(Buddhism) Short for 檀那 (danna, “generosity, almsgiving”).


法

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法):
* → Japanese: 法(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 법(法) (beop)
* → Vietnamese: pháp (法)

→ Proto-Tai

desc

Lao: ແບບ (bǣp, “form; model, standard, example; method; style, manner; brand, type”)

Thai: แบบ (bɛ̀ɛp, “kind; design, pattern; style; type; model”)

→ Khmer: បែប (baep, “kind, sort, model, type; style, form, shape; aspect; method, way, situation, condition”)

→ Vietnamese: phép (“rule, custom, usage, method; permission, authorisation; magical power”)

→ Manchu: ᡶᠠᡶᡠᠨ (fafun, “law; rule; punishment”)

Simplified from earlier 灋, which was originally used to represent 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside; to abrogate”).
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”), Burmese ပုံ (pum, “shape, form”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more.

och-l

法輪

法轮

末法時期

末法时期

(Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha


法

法 (canonical)
hō (romanization)
fafu (romanization)
はふ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pjop). Originally, the kan'on was はふ (fafu), and the goon was ほふ (fofu), although both became ほう (hō) in modern Japanese. It is suggested that the kan'on was used in the general senses, while the goon was used in Buddhist contexts.


洹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷaːn, *ɢʷan): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 亘 ().


灯

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 明かす (akasu, “to go through the whole night”).

(Shinto, Buddhism) a light (or lighted lamp) offered to a kami or buddha


無

→ English: mu

From Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju). The 呉音 (goon), so likely an earlier borrowing.

(Buddhism) mu; the null set: neither yes nor no (in response to a koan or other question that mistakenly assumes an affirmative or negative answer).


生

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground. A conservative version is 𤯓, which is unrelated to 㞷 (匩 > 匡) and 𡴀 > 丰.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (terminative suffix).
Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.
Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).
Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese is *sraeng, but it comes from an earlier *srjaeng, as seen in Wang Renxu's edition of the Qieyun.

och-l

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated


異

From Middle Chinese 異 (MC yiH). Compare modern Mandarin 異 /异 (yì, /i⁵¹/), Cantonese 異 /异 (ji⁶, /jiː²²/).

(Buddhism) change or disease, one of the four states or avasthā


痴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (痴):
* → Japanese: 痴(ち) (chi)
* → Korean: 치(痴) (chi)
* → Vietnamese: si (痴)


痴

From Middle Chinese 痴 (MC trhi). Compare modern Mandarin 痴 (chī).
The Buddhist sense is a translation of Sanskrit मोह (moha, “folly, ignorance”) or मूढ (mūḍha, “fool”).

(Buddhism) ignorance, one of the three roots of the vice dharmas


眺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰeːws): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).

Han compound

(archaic, Buddhism) to examine; to investigate


眾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (衆 /众):
* → Japanese: 衆(しゅう) (shū)
* → Vietnamese: chúng (眾)

Pictogram (象形): a sun (日) above three humans (㐺) – people gathered or working under the sun.
The top, originally 日 (“sun”) in oracle script has been modified, in bronze script resembling instead a horizontal eye (early form of 目) – reinterpreted as “a crowd under someone’s gaze”, and now resembles 罒.
The bottom, originally three figures (人人人), uses various forms of 人 and 亻, with variation depending on font.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-toŋ (“thousand”) (Peiros and Starostin, 1996; STEDT); if so, cognate with Tibetan སྟོང (stong, “thousand”), Burmese ထောင် (htaung, “thousand”), Drung tu (“thousand”), Nuosu ꄙ (dur, “thousand”).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) compares this word with Classical Tibetan [script needed] (yong, “in all, at all times, ever before”) and Tibetan ཡོངས (yongs, “all, whole”).

cog

众
衆
乑
㐺
𥅫
𠱧
𠱦
𠂝


瞋

द्वेष द्वेष#Sanskrit

(Buddhism) anger; hatred (as a translation of Sanskrit द्वेष (dveṣa))


磬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (磬):
* → Japanese: 磬(きょう) (kyō); 磬(けい) (kei)
* → Korean: 경(磬) (gyeong)
* → Vietnamese: khánh (磬)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 殸 + 石 (“stone”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) inverted bell (a Buddhist percussion instrument)


禅

Shortened from 禅那 (zenna, “Zen meditation practice”), from Middle Chinese 禪那 (MC dzyen na), a transliteration of Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “profound meditation”). Compare Pali jhāna.

野狐禅

someone who has not fully attained enlightenment, but puts on airs and becomes self-important as if they have

(Buddhism) the disciplines and doctrine of Zen Buddhism


禅

→ English: Zen

→ French: zen

→ German: Zen

→ Spanish: Zen

→ Thai: เซน (seen), เซ็น (sen)

(Buddhism) Short for 禅宗 (Zenshū): Zen Buddhism


禪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (禪):
* → Japanese: 禅(ぜん) (zen) (see there for further descendants)
* → Korean: 선(禪) (seon)
* → Vietnamese: thiền (禪)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djan, *djans): semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).
Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

Han compound

(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation


粽

Compound of 茅(ち) (chi, short for chigaya, "cogon") + 巻(まき) (maki, “wrapping”).
Originally, rice cakes were wrapped in leaves from cogon grass.

ja-compound

(Buddhism, architecture) Short for 粽形 (chimaki-gata): a Zen-style pillar with rounded edges on the top and bottom parts


経

経 (canonical)
kyō (romanization)
kyau (romanization)
きやう (hiragana historical)

/kʲeu/ → /kjau/ → /kjɔː/ → /kjoː/
From Middle Chinese 經 (MC keng|kengH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit सूत्र (sūtra, literally “string, thread”) or Pali sutta (literally “string, thread”).

der

(Buddhism) a sutra (Buddhist scripture):

a discourse of the Gautama Buddha, one of the Twelve Divisions of Mahayana Buddhism

契経

discourse of the Buddha, division of Tripitaka

short for 経蔵 (Kyōzō): the Sutta Pitaka, one of the three divisions of the Tripitaka

経蔵

collective term for Buddhist literature including sutras in general

(Buddhism, by extension of reading sutras) a Buddhist service or rite


纖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sem): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 韱 (OC *sem).


缽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːd): semantic 缶 (“pot”) + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ). Originally written as 鉢 (OC *poːd) or 盋 (OC *poːd).
Short for 缽多羅／钵多罗 (bōduōluó), from Sanskrit पात्र (pātra, “(drinking) vessel; bowl; cup; plate; etc.”).


色

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (色):
* → Japanese: 色(しき) (shiki); 色(しょく) (shoku)
* → Korean: 색(色) (saek)
* → Vietnamese: sắc (色)

Burmese language
Japhug language
Mizo language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language
Shuowen

Characters in the same phonetic series (色) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“claw; hand”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”) – complexion.
Shuowen interprets this character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person; human”) + 卩 (“etiquette”) – complexion.
Compare 印, 抑.
Sometimes, especially in folk etymology, the character is misinterpreted as a proto-form of 絕. The bottom part of the radical is unrelated to 巴.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak ~ *g-jak (“ashamed; shy”), whence Burmese ရှက် (hrak, “ashamed; shy”), Japhug tɤ-zraʁ (“shame”) (Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2015b).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) connects this word to Mizo sâr (“prismatic colours seen in the sky in fine weather; to be healthy-looking, ruddy”), which would point to a form *sər-k from which the Old Chinese was derived.
彩 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ, “colour”) may be a dialectal variant (Baxter, 1992; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

cog-lite

色即是空，空即是色。

(Buddhism) rūpa (form; material element; form of existence; etc.)


色

Middle Chinese language
Sanskrit language

From Middle Chinese 色 (MC srik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
The Buddhist sense is translation of Sanskrit रूप (rūpa, “outward appearance, color, form, shape”).

色彩

coloring, coloration, hue, tint; color, mood, influence, leaning

色紙

a square piece of cardboard used for painting or for writing poems

色調

the coloring of a thing; a tone, shade, or hue

舍利子。色不異空。空不異色。色即是空。空即是色。受想行識亦復如是。

7th century, Heart Sutra (translation by Xuanzang)

Sariputra, form is not different from emptiness; emptiness is not different from form. That which is form is empty; that which is emptiness is form. This is also true for sensation, perception, intention, and awareness.

Sharishi, shiki fu i kū, kū fu i shiki. Shiki soku ze kū, kū soku ze shiki. Ju-sō-gyō-shiki, yaku bu nyoze.

(Buddhism) material form, specifically the organized body as one of the five constituent elements or skandhas


苦

From Middle Chinese 苦 (khu^X, “suffering”).


願

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (願):
* → Japanese: 願(がん) (gan)
* → Korean: 원(願) (won)
* → Vietnamese: nguyện (願)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋʷans): phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.


葷

(Buddhism) strong-smelling vegetables, such as spring onion, garlic and garlic chives


蓮

→⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐾁𐽶𐽺𐽲𐽳𐽰 (lénhua)

→ Vietnamese: sen

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *renʔ, *reːn): semantic 艹 + phonetic 連 (OC *ren).
Related to 蕑 (OC *kreːn, “lotus seed”) (Schuessler, 2007).


蓮

Daijirin
Kyūjitai
Nelumbo nucifera
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:ハス

Originally a compound of 蜂 (hachi, “bee”) + 巣 (su, “nest, hive”), literally “beehive, honeycomb”, from the way the lotus seed resembles a honeycomb.

(Buddhism, particularly Pure Land Buddhism) a lotus bloom in the realm of Sukhāvatī (“Land of Ultimate Bliss”), as an expression of reincarnation


蘊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quns): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 縕.
Compare 韞／韫 (yùn).


蘊

From Middle Chinese 蘊 (MC 'jun).
The Buddhist sense is a translation of Sanskrit स्कन्ध (skandha, “collection, grouping, heap”) or Pali khandha (“collection, heap”). See entry at 五蘊 (goun).


蛻

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/s-lwat (“free, release, slip, dislocate”) (STEDT).

inh

(Taoism, Buddhism) to die; to ascend; to depart for one's next life


行

Characters in the same phonetic series (行) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a street intersection.
Originally symmetric, it has been simplified asymmetrically; the left half 彳 (chì) is widely used as a radical, while the right half 亍 (chù) finds occasional use, and the character can be broken up as 彳 + 亍, though originally it was not a compound.


行

行 (canonical)
gyō (romanization)
gyau (romanization)
ぎやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 行 (MC haeng). First cited in Buddhist texts of the early 600s.
The goon pronunciation, so likely an earlier borrowing.
* For the "formations" definition, translation of Sanskrit संस्कार (saṃskāra)
* For "austerities", translation of Sanskrit चर्या (caryā)
* For "walking", translation of Sanskrit गमन (gamana)

(Buddhism) saṅkhāra: formations, mental activity; one of the 五蘊 (goun, “five skandhas”)

(Buddhism) caryā: austerities; practice or discipline for enlightenment

(Buddhism) gamana: manner of going forward or walking


衍

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 行 (“path; way; to go; to move”) + 水 (“water”).


観

観 (canonical)
kan (romanization)
kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 觀 /观 (kwan, “look”).


証

ja-noun

証(しょう) • (shō)


諦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *teːɡs): semantic 言 + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).


識

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjɯɡs, *hljɯɡ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).


變

Tai Languages

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pliənᴮ²

Thai: เปลี่ยน (bplìian)

Lao: ປ່ຽນ (pīan)

desc

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Tai Dam: ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ

Shan: ပိၼ်ႇ (pìn)

Tai Nüa: ᥙᥤᥢᥱ (pǐn)

Northern Tai

Zhuang: bienq

Central Tai

Nong Zhuang: byenq, benq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prons): phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 攴.
Likely related to 亂 (OC *roːns, “disorder”) (Baxter, 1992). Perhaps related to Tibetan སྤྲུལ་བ (sprul ba, “to transform”) (Shi, 2000) and Burmese ပြောင်း (praung:, “to change”).

改觀

to change appearance, to change one's view

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

(Buddhism) bianwen (form of narrative literature from the Tang dynasty)


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓

(Buddhism) the Marga; the Way of bodhi or enlightenment leading to nirvana through spiritual stages


釋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (釋):
* → Japanese: 釈(しゃく) (shaku)
* → Korean: 석(釋) (seok)
* → Vietnamese: Thích (釋)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljaɡ): semantic 釆 (“distinguish”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).
;Buddhist monastic surname
Popularized by Dao'an as a common surname for all Buddhist monastics by taking the first character of Śākyamuni Buddha's transliterated Chinese name, 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní).

zh-l

釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní)

At the beginning of the Wei and Jin, śramaṇas all took their surname from their teachers, and thus their surnames were all different. Dao'an believed that the archetype of all great teachers could not be anyone other than Śākya[muni], and thus gave Shi as their lineage.

Chū Wèi Jìn shāmén yī shī wèi xìng, gù xìng gè bùtóng, Ān yǐwèi dàshī zhī běn, mò zūn Shìjiā, nǎi yǐ Shì mìng shì.

初魏晉沙門依師為姓，故姓各不同，安以為大師之本，莫尊釋迦，乃以釋命氏。

初魏晋沙门依师为姓，故姓各不同，安以为大师之本，莫尊释迦，乃以释命氏。

釋迦牟尼 釋迦牟尼#Chinese

释迦牟尼 释迦牟尼#Chinese

(Buddhism) Short for 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní, “Shakyamuni”).


量

Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意):
* 日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
* Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
* Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).
* Huang Dekuan suspects the 日 is actually 昜 (OC *laŋ) as the phonetic component.
Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋ, *raŋs): phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).
Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan གྲངས (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))


量

量 (canonical)
ryō (romanization)
ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC ljangH, “measure”).

比量


鐃

鐃 (canonical)
nyō (romanization)
neu (romanization)
ねう (hiragana historical)

(Buddhism) a kind of gong used at Buddhist temples


鐃

鐃 (canonical)
dō (romanization)
dau (romanization)
だう (hiragana historical)


鑁

(Buddhism) Vairocana. (only used for the word "鑁阿", ban-na)


闇

From Middle Chinese 闇 (MC 'omH, “dark”).

(Buddhism) darkness, as a metaphor for worldly desires


静

静 (canonical)
jō (romanization)
zyau (romanization)
じやう (hiragana historical)

/d͡ʑʲau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 靜 (MC dzjengX). The goon, so an earlier borrowing than the sei reading.
First attested as a standalone noun in a text from roughly 1216.

(Buddhism) equanimity, upekkhā, a state untroubled by attachment or aversion


齋

→ Thai: เจ (jee)

→ Vietnamese: chay

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːl): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).

Han compound

(Buddhism, Taoism) religious ceremony (Classifier: 堂 c)


法語

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) words about Buddhist doctrine


dharma

en-noun

dharma (countable and uncountable, plural dharmas)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma, “that which upholds or supports”). The definitions pertaining to Buddhism are influenced by dhamma, a loan word from Pali. Doublet of dhamma and firm.

lbor

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) The natural order of the universe; natural law, cosmic order.

(Buddhism) The teachings of the Buddha as one's personal path to enlightenment.

(Buddhism) The teachings of the Buddha as a practice to be promulgated and taught.


dharma

(Hinduism, Buddhism) the natural order of the universe; natural law, cosmic order.

(Buddhism) doctrine, truth: the teachings of the Buddha as one's personal path to enlightenment.


遊戯

遊戯 (canonical)
遊戯 (canonical)
yuge (romanization)
yuke (romanization)

/jiu ke/ → /juke/ ↔ /juɡe/
Likely the oldest borrowing from Middle Chinese 遊戲 (MC yuw xje), attested in Heian period literature.

(Buddhism) freedom, said of the Buddha, bodhisattvas, or other enlightened beings


aggregate

en-noun

aggregate (countable and uncountable, plural aggregates)

/ˈæɡ.ɹɪ.ɡət/

From Latin aggregātus, perfect passive participle of aggregō (“I flock together”), from ag- (combining form of ad (“to, toward”)) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious.

(Buddhism) Any of the five attributes that constitute the sentient being.

سْكَانْدَا

any of the five aspects constituting the sentient being in Buddhism

skandha

attribute of the sentient being in Buddhism


vehicle

Borrowed from French véhicule, from Latin vehiculum (“a carriage, conveyance”), from vehere (“to carry”).

uder

(Buddhism) A mode or method of spiritual practice; a yana.


Buddha

desc

→ Arabic: بُوذَا (būḏā)

→ Arabic: بُوذَا (būḏā)

→ Bactrian: Βοδδο (Boddo), Βουδο (Boudo)

→ Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓ (buddha.)

→ English: Buddha

→ Esperanto: Budho

→ French: Bouddha

→ Greek: Βούδας (Voúdas)

→ Irish: Búda

→ Indonesian: Buddha

Malay: Buddha

→ Italian: Budda

→ Japanese: 仏陀 (Budda)

→ Khmer: ព្រះពុទ្ធ (prĕəh put), ពុទ្ធ (put)

→ Korean: 부처 (bucheo)

→ Lao: ພຸດທະ (phut tha), ພຸດ (phut)

→ Mongolian: Будда (Budda)

→ Russian: Бу́дда (Búdda)

→ Sogdian: [script needed] (bwt)

→ Middle Persian: bwt' (but, “Buddha; idol”)

Persian: بت (bot, “idol”)

→ Thai: พระพุทธเจ้า (prá-pút-tá-jâao), พุทธ (pút)

→ Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས (sangs rgyas) (calque)

→ Ukrainian: Бу́дда (Búdda)

Inherited from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “enlightened, awakened”)


Maya

Transliteration of Sanskrit माया (māyā́) or Pali Māyā.

translit

(Buddhism) The mother of Gautama Buddha.


tera

tera (nominative singular)
tery (nominative plural)
tery (genitive singular)
ter (genitive plural)
terze (dative singular)
terom (dative plural)
terę (accusative singular)
tery (accusative plural)
terą (instrumental singular)
terami (instrumental plural)
terze (locative singular)
terach (locative plural)
tero (singular vocative)
tery (plural vocative)

(Buddhism) tera (Buddhist temple in Japan)


deva

(Hinduism, Buddhism) deva, a Hindu or Buddhist deity


修羅

修羅霊

the spirit of a demi-god or of a demi-demon

(Buddhism) Asura (a demigod of the lowest class)

(Buddhism) short for 修羅道 (shuradō, “realm of Asura; one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhism”).


nirvana

en-noun

nirvana (countable and uncountable, plural nirvanas)

/nɪɾˈʋɑːn(ə)/

Borrowed from Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”), from निस् (nis, “out”) + वा (vā, “to blow”), the second part cognate with Russian ве́тер (véter, “wind”), weather, vent and wind.

bor+

(Buddhism) Complete cessation of suffering; a blissful state attained through realization of sunyata; enlightened experience.


nirvana

Borrowed from Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”), from निस् (nis, “out”) + वा (vā, “to blow”).

bor

(Buddhism) nirvana (complete cessation of suffering)


仮名

仮名 (canonical)
kemyō (romanization)
kemyau (romanization)
けみやう (hiragana historical)

/kemjau/ → /kemjɔː/ → /kemjoː/
From Middle Chinese 假名 (MC kaeX|kaeH mjieng, literally “borrowed; false + name”) 假名 (kæ^X mjieng, literally “borrowed; false + name”). The goon reading, so probably an earlier borrowing from Chinese. Compare modern Min Nan reading ké-miâ.
The Buddhist sense derives from use of this term in Chinese as a translation of Sanskrit प्रज्ञप्ति (prajñapti, “appointing → provisional naming”), used in some Buddhist schools to refer to the practice of conceptualising and naming things that are not real.

cog

(Buddhism) the conceptualisation and provisional naming of things that are not real; something so named


人道

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ to³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² to²²/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/zin²³⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² to²²/


人道

From nin (人, people, mankind) + dō (道, plane of existence).

(Buddhism) Life as a human: one of the six planes or domains of existence in the cycle of samsara.


संस्कृत

sa-adj

सं॒स्कृ॒त or संस्कृ॑त • (saṃskṛtá or sáṃskṛta) stem

सं॒स्कृ॒त (canonical)
संस्कृ॑त (canonical)
saṃskṛtá (romanization)
sáṃskṛta (romanization)
संस्कृतः (nominative singular)
संस्कृतौ (dual nominative)
संस्कृता1 (dual nominative)
संस्कृताः (nominative plural)
संस्कृतासः1 (nominative plural)
संस्कृत (singular vocative)
संस्कृतौ (dual vocative)
संस्कृता1 (dual vocative)
संस्कृताः (plural vocative)
संस्कृतासः1 (plural vocative)
संस्कृतम् (accusative singular)
संस्कृतौ (accusative dual)
संस्कृता1 (accusative dual)
संस्कृतान् (accusative plural)
संस्कृतेन (instrumental singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संस्कृतैः (instrumental plural)
संस्कृतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
संस्कृताय (dative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (dative plural)
संस्कृतात् (ablative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
संस्कृतस्य (genitive singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual genitive)
संस्कृतानाम् (genitive plural)
संस्कृते (locative singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual locative)
संस्कृतेषु (locative plural)
संस्कृता (nominative singular)
संस्कृते (dual nominative)
संस्कृताः (nominative plural)
संस्कृते (singular vocative)
संस्कृते (dual vocative)
संस्कृताः (plural vocative)
संस्कृताम् (accusative singular)
संस्कृते (accusative dual)
संस्कृताः (accusative plural)
संस्कृतया (instrumental singular)
संस्कृता1 (instrumental singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संस्कृताभिः (instrumental plural)
संस्कृतायै (dative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dative dual)
संस्कृताभ्यः (dative plural)
संस्कृतायाः (ablative singular)
संस्कृतायै2 (ablative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संस्कृताभ्यः (ablative plural)
संस्कृतायाः (genitive singular)
संस्कृतायै2 (genitive singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual genitive)
संस्कृतानाम् (genitive plural)
संस्कृतायाम् (locative singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual locative)
संस्कृतासु (locative plural)
संस्कृतम् (nominative singular)
संस्कृते (dual nominative)
संस्कृतानि (nominative plural)
संस्कृता1 (nominative plural)
संस्कृत (singular vocative)
संस्कृते (dual vocative)
संस्कृतानि (plural vocative)
संस्कृता1 (plural vocative)
संस्कृतम् (accusative singular)
संस्कृते (accusative dual)
संस्कृतानि (accusative plural)
संस्कृता1 (accusative plural)
संस्कृतेन (instrumental singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संस्कृतैः (instrumental plural)
संस्कृतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
संस्कृताय (dative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (dative plural)
संस्कृतात् (ablative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
संस्कृतस्य (genitive singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual genitive)
संस्कृतानाम् (genitive plural)
संस्कृते (locative singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual locative)
संस्कृतेषु (locative plural)

Compound of सम्- (sam-, “together, wholly”) + स्कृ (skṛ, “to do”) + -त (-ta, “-ed”).

com+

(Buddhism) conditioned; brought about by conditions


संस्कृत

saṃskṛtá (romanization)
संस्कृतम् (nominative singular)
संस्कृते (dual nominative)
संस्कृतानि (nominative plural)
संस्कृता1 (nominative plural)
संस्कृत (singular vocative)
संस्कृते (dual vocative)
संस्कृतानि (plural vocative)
संस्कृता1 (plural vocative)
संस्कृतम् (accusative singular)
संस्कृते (accusative dual)
संस्कृतानि (accusative plural)
संस्कृता1 (accusative plural)
संस्कृतेन (instrumental singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संस्कृतैः (instrumental plural)
संस्कृतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
संस्कृताय (dative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (dative plural)
संस्कृतात् (ablative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
संस्कृतस्य (genitive singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual genitive)
संस्कृतानाम् (genitive plural)
संस्कृते (locative singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual locative)
संस्कृतेषु (locative plural)

desc

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀲𑀁𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢 (*saṃkkata), *𑀲𑀁𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀝 (*saṃkkaṭa)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀬 (sakkaya), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀅 (sakkaa), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢 (sakkata), 𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀟 (saṃkaḍa)
>? Sinhalese: සකු (saku) (possibly borrowed)
→ Kannada: ಸಕ್ಕದ (sakkada)

Pali: saṅkhata, saṅkhaṭa

→ Assamese: সংস্কৃত (xoṅskrit)

→ Bengali: সংস্কৃত (śoṅskrito)

→ English: Sanskrit

→ Gujarati: સંસ્કૃત (sãskŕt)

→ Hindi: संस्कृत (sanskŕt)

→ Kannada: ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ (saṃskṛta)

→ Marathi: संस्कृत (sauskŕt)

→ Malayalam: സംസ്കൃതം (saṁskr̥taṁ)

→ Nepali: संस्कृत (sanskr̥t)

→ Odia: ସଂସ୍କୃତ (saṁskruta)

→ Persian: سانسکریت (sânskerit), سنسکریت (sanskerit), سَهاسْکِرْت (sahâskert)

desc

→ Tamil: சமஸ்கிருதம் (camaskirutam), சமசுகிருதம் (camacukirutam) — standard, சம்ஸ்க்ருதம் (camskrutam) — learnt

→ Telugu: సంస్కృతము (saṁskr̥tamu)

desctree

→ Pali: sakkata (calque)
→ Burmese: သက္ကတ (sakka.ta., “Sanskrit”)

desc

→ Tibetan: ལེགས་སྦྱར (legs sbyar) (calque)

भावश् च यदि निर्वाणं निर्वाणं संस्कृतं भवेत्।
नसंस्कृतो हि विद्यते भावः क्व चन कश् चन॥
bhāvaś ca yadi nirvāṇaṃ nirvāṇaṃ saṃskṛtaṃ bhavet.

c. 150 CE – 250 CE, Nāgārjuna, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 25.5

If nirvana were an entity, it would then have been a conditioned phenomenon,
Because nowhere and by no means is there an entity not conditioned.

nasaṃskṛto hi vidyate bhāvaḥ kva cana kaś cana.

तारका तिमिरं दीपो मायावश्याय बुद्बुदः।
सुपिनं विद्युद् अभ्रं च एवं द्रष्टव्य संस्कृतम्॥
tārakā timiraṃ dīpo māyāvaśyāya budbudaḥ.

c. 300 CE – 600 CE, Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 32

A shooting star, a shading of light, a lamp, an illusion, a hoarfrost, a bubble,
A dream, a lightning, a cloud — as such shall the conditioned existence be seen.

supinaṃ vidyud abhraṃ ca evaṃ draṣṭavya saṃskṛtam.

(Buddhism) conditioned phenomenon; the conditioned


世界

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (世界):
* → Japanese: 世(せ)界(かい) (sekai)
* → Okinawan: 世(し)界(けー) (shikē)
* → Korean: 세계(世界) (segye)
* → Vietnamese: thế giới (世界)

→ Zhuang: seiqgyaiq

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕiə⁴⁴/

/sɐi̯³³ kaːi̯³³/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/sɨ⁵⁵ ki̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sie²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑi²¹³/

/ɬe⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ai⁴²/

/se²¹⁻⁴² kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻³³ kai²¹/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ kai²¹/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kai⁴¹/

/se¹²⁻⁵³ kai¹²/

/se³¹⁻⁵³ kai³¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ kai¹¹/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ kai²¹/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/sz̩ʷ⁵² kɑ¹¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵ kai̯⁴⁵/

Coined by Buddhist translators (c. 3rd century) to translate Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “world”). In its original Buddhist sense, the word encompassed a range of spatial meanings from a 小世界 (xiǎo shìjiè, “minor world”) with a single sun and moon to the billion-world 三千大千世界 (sānqiān-dàqiān-shìjiè, “trichiliocosm”). Its modern sense dates from Japanese 世界(せかい) (sekai) re-adaptation of the word in the nineteenth century and it has since largely displaced the classical 天下 (tiānxià, “all-under-Heaven”) in general usage.

All Buddhas, the World-Honored Ones, of the worlds of the Ten Directions, and those of the past, future, and present are also thus.

The Lotus Sutra 《正法華經》, translated by Dharmarakṣa c. 3rd century CE

Shífāng shìjiè zhū fó shìzūn, qù lái xiànzài yì fù rúshì.

十方世界諸佛世尊，去來現在亦復如是。

十方世界诸佛世尊，去来现在亦复如是。


世界

From Middle Chinese 世界 (MC syejH keajH), originally a translation of Sanskrit लोकधातु (lokadhātu, “region or part of the world”). Compare Hokkien 世界 (sè-kài).

世界遺産条約

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

世界一

best in the world, most (adjective) in the world

世界気象機関: the World Meteorological Organization

世界語

universal language, international language

世界自然保護基金: the World Wide Fund for Nature

世界中

throughout the world, all the world, worldwide

世界知的所有権機関: the World Intellectual Property Organization

世界連

in line with the rest of the world, normal

世界労働組合連盟: the World Federation of Trade Unions

there are no leftover women in the world; said particularly to women

世界に余った女は無い: → there is someone for everyone

世界に鬼は無い: → the world is not full of heartless people

and there are many kind souls who will lend a hand

世界は大戯場の如し

the world is just like a big theatre → all the world's a stage

世界は張り物

the world is starched clothes → it's all about appearances, clothes make the man

世界は回り持ち

the world comes in turns → all things come to those who wait, to everything there is a season

世界半分自惚れしっかり

of the world, only halfway, but full of conceit → being full of oneself without bothering to learn much about the world

世界我が物

the world is one's possession → acting as if one owns the world

万象

all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature

(Buddhism) the four inner realms of 須弥山 (Shumisen)


색

Sino-Korean word from 色 (“colour”), from the Middle Korean reading ᄉᆡᆨ〮 (Yale: sóyk), from Middle Chinese 色 (MC srik).

the hanja entry at 色 for Sino-Korean compounds of 색


인

(Buddhism) Synonym of 인상(印相) (insang, “mudra”)


인

Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides#Translingual

(southwestern Gyeongsang) giant roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides)


수

Sino-Korean word from 受 (“accept”), from the Middle Korean reading 슈 (Yale: syù).
The sense of "bottom" is orthographic borrowing from Japanese 受け (uke).

obor

the hanja entry at 受 for Sino-Korean compounds of 수

(Buddhism, philosophy) vedanā (sensation in Buddhist philosophy)


ном

xal-noun

ном • (nom) (Clear script spelling ᠨᡆᡏ (nom))


ном

nom (romanization)
номууд (definite plural)
ном (attributive)
ном (indefinite nominative singular)
номууд (definite nominative plural)
номын (genitive indefinite singular)
номуудын (definite genitive plural)
номыг (accusative indefinite singular)
номуудыг (accusative definite plural)
номд (dative indefinite locative singular)
номуудад (dative definite locative plural)
номоос (ablative indefinite singular)
номуудаас (ablative definite plural)
номоор (indefinite instrumental singular)
номуудаар (definite instrumental plural)
номтой (comitative indefinite singular)
номуудтай (comitative definite plural)
номгүй (indefinite privative singular)
номуудгүй (definite plural privative)
ном руу (directive indefinite singular)
номууд руу (definite directive plural)
номоо (indefinite nominative singular)
номуудаа (definite nominative plural)
номынхоо (genitive indefinite singular)
номуудынхаа (definite genitive plural)
номыгоо (accusative indefinite singular)
номуудыгаа (accusative definite plural)
номдоо (dative indefinite locative singular)
номууддаа (dative definite locative plural)
номоосоо (ablative indefinite singular)
номуудаасаа (ablative definite plural)
номоороо (indefinite instrumental singular)
номуудаараа (definite instrumental plural)
номтойгоо (comitative indefinite singular)
номуудтайгаа (comitative definite plural)
номгүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
номуудгүйгээ (definite plural privative)
ном руугаа (directive indefinite singular)
номууд руугаа (definite directive plural)

Borrowed from Old Uyghur 𐽺𐽳𐽹 (nom, “scripture, law”), from Sogdian 𐫗𐫇𐫖 (nwm /nōm/, “law, canon”), from Ancient Greek νόμος (nómos, “law”) from Proto-Indo-European *nem-.


arhat

Transliteration of Sanskrit अर्हत् (arhat, “worthy of worship”), used as a title for sanctified Buddhists. Doublet of arahant and arihant.

translit

1954: Over and against the arhat, retreating from appearances into an entirely transcendental Nirvana, stands the Bodhisattva, for whom Suchness and the world of contingencies are one — Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (Chatto & Windus 1954, p. 32)

(Buddhism) One who has attained enlightenment; a Buddhist saint.


arhat

arhat (nominative singular)
arhaci (nominative plural)
arhaty (derogatory nominative plural)
arhata (genitive singular)
arhatów (genitive plural)
arhatowi (dative singular)
arhatom (dative plural)
arhata (accusative singular)
arhatów (accusative plural)
arhatem (instrumental singular)
arhatami (instrumental plural)
arhacie (locative singular)
arhatach (locative plural)
arhacie (singular vocative)
arhaci (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्हत् (arhat).

lbor

(Buddhism) Alternative spelling of arhant


zazen

en-noun

zazen (usually uncountable, plural zazens)

Borrowed from Japanese 坐(ざ)禅(ぜん) (zazen), from 坐(ざ) (za, “sitting”) + 禅(ぜん) (zen, “meditation”).

If Professor Jaynes had extended his studies of introspection into zazen or yogic forms of meditation, he would understand that the ego is just such a construction that is extended over the gaps in time from moment to moment.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 269:

They had sent out scouts to try and locate the original cave where the practice of Zazen was first initiated.

1985, Lawrence Durrell, Quinx, page 1226:

In the practice of Zen there is an exercise called zazen—similar, I think, to the Theravedic practice of vipassana. One sits facing a blank wall. No matter the emotion one feels, no matter how strong or violent, one remains motionless. Facing the wall. The discipline, of course, is in continuing to sit.

For everyone—everyone—who first takes it up, zazen is tedious and awful... Zazen isn't about blissing out or going into an alpha brainwave trance. It's about facing who and what you really are, in every single goddamn moment. And you aren't bliss, I'll tell you that right now. You're a mess. We all are.

2003, Brad Warner, Hardcore Zen, page 92:

(Buddhism) A form of seated meditation in Zen Buddhism.


merit

merit (countable and uncountable, plural merits)

The noun is derived from Middle English merit, merite (“quality of person’s character or conduct deserving of reward or punishment; such reward or punishment; excellence, worthiness; benefit; right to be rewarded for spiritual service; retribution at doomsday; virtue through which Jesus Christ brings about salvation; virtue possessed by a holy person; power of a pagan deity”), from Anglo-Norman merit, merite, Old French merite (“moral worth, reward; merit”) (modern French mérite), from Latin meritum (“that which one deserves, deserts; benefit, reward, merit; service; kindness; importance, value, worth; blame, demerit, fault; grounds, reason”), neuter of meritus (“deserved, earned, obtained; due, proper, right; deserving, meritorious”), perfect passive participle of mereō (“to deserve, earn, obtain, merit; to earn a living”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to allot, assign”). The English word is probably cognate with Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “component, part; portion, share; destiny, fate, lot”) and cognate with Old Occitan merit.
The verb is derived from Middle French meriter, Old French meriter (“to deserve, merit”) (modern French mériter), from merite: see further above. The word is cognate with Italian meritare (“to deserve, merit; to be worth; to earn”), Latin meritāre (“to earn regularly; to serve as a soldier”), Spanish meritar (“to deserve, merit; to earn”).

cog

to acquire or make merit

It is no small tax upon the people to support their [Buddhist] priests, but they do it with a willing heart. When I was once at the old capital, I saw a woman, from her own stock, feed more than fifty priests, who came to her in his turn, and received his portion. [...] If I had asked her why she thus spent so much of her living, her answer would have been, 'To make merit.'

1855 October, “Siamese Merit-making”, in The Church Missionary Gleaner, volume V (New Series), London: Seeley, Jackson and Halliday […], →OCLC, page 118:

At funerals, acts of sharing religious merit are central and relatives of the deceased make merit in order to ensure that the departed family member will have a favourable rebirth.

2015, Monica Lindberg Falk, “Communication across Boundaries”, in Post-Tsunami Recovery in Thailand: Socio-cultural Responses (The Modern Anthropology of Southeast Asia), Abingdon, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 90:

(uncountable, Buddhism, Jainism) The sum of all the good deeds that a person does which determines the quality of the person's next state of existence and contributes to the person's growth towards enlightenment.

ကုသိုလ်

(Buddhism, Jainism) sum of all the good deeds that a person does


dhamma

en-noun

dhamma (countable and uncountable, plural dhammas)

Transliteration of Pali dhamma. Doublet of dharma and firm.


dhamma

dhammo (nominative singular)
dhammā (nominative plural)
dhammaṃ (accusative singular)
dhamme (accusative plural)
dhammena (instrumental singular)
dhammehi (instrumental plural)
dhammebhi (instrumental plural)
dhammassa (dative singular)
dhammāya (dative singular)
dhammatthaṃ (dative singular)
dhammānaṃ (dative plural)
dhammasmā (ablative singular)
dhammamhā (ablative singular)
dhammā (ablative singular)
dhammehi (ablative plural)
dhammebhi (ablative plural)
dhammassa (genitive singular)
dhammānaṃ (genitive plural)
dhammasmiṃ (locative singular)
dhammamhi (locative singular)
dhamme (locative singular)
dhammesu (locative plural)
dhamma (singular vocative)
dhammā (plural vocative)

→ English: dhamma

→ French: dhamma

→ Burmese: ဓမ္မ (dhamma.)

Inherited from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰármas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰérmos.

Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā, manoseṭṭhā manomayā […]

doctrine, teachings
(Buddhism) teachings of the Buddha

doctrine, teachings
teachings of the Buddha


Tara

(Buddhism) A female Buddha typically associated with Buddhist tantra practice as preserved in Tibetan Buddhism. She is the "mother of liberation", and represents the virtues of success in work and achievements.


천

Sino-Korean word from 天 (“sky, heaven”), from the Middle Korean reading 텬 (Yale: thyèn), from Middle Chinese 天 (MC then).

the hanja entry at 天 for Sino-Korean compounds of 천

(Buddhism) the upper heavenly world over the earthly human world where the heavenly king and heavenly people are supposed to live.


무

Sino-Korean word from 無 (“nothing, not being”), from the Middle Korean reading 무 (Yale: mwù).

ko-etym-sino

개가 불성이 있습니까? — 무!

(Buddhism) Given in response to a koan or a question that mistakenly assumes an affirmative or negative answer.


householder

From Middle English housholdere, equivalent to household + -er. The Buddhist sense is a semantic loan from Pali gahapati (literally “house-master”).

semantic loan

(Buddhism, Hinduism) A layperson, lay devotee, gahapati, grihastha.


stupa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa). Doublet of tope.

lbor

He mounded so much honey on the top of the buns that they looked like miniature stupas.

(Buddhism) A dome-shaped Buddhist monument, used to house relics of the Lord Buddha.


stupa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).


stupa

stupa (nominative singular)
stupy (nominative plural)
stupy (genitive singular)
stup (genitive plural)
stupie (dative singular)
stupom (dative plural)
stupę (accusative singular)
stupy (accusative plural)
stupą (instrumental singular)
stupami (instrumental plural)
stupie (locative singular)
stupach (locative plural)
stupo (singular vocative)
stupy (plural vocative)

(Buddhism) stupa (dome-shaped Buddhist monument, used to house relics of the Lord Buddha)


karma

en-noun

karma (countable and uncountable, plural karmas)

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्म (kárma), nom.sg. of कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”); first attested in English in 1785 in a translation of the Bhagavad Gita by Charles Wilkins.

‘We are all part of a circle of karma. We will be rewarded for the good deeds of our forefathers, and pay the price for their sins.’

2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, pages 59-60:

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) The sum total of a person's actions, which determine the person's next incarnation in samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth.

كَارْمَا

the total effect of a person’s actions and conduct during the successive phases of his existence


karma

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).

bor+

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma


karma

karma (nominative singular)
karmy (nominative plural)
karmy (genitive singular)
karem (genitive plural)
karmě (dative singular)
karmám (dative plural)
karmu (accusative singular)
karmy (accusative plural)
karmo (singular vocative)
karmy (plural vocative)
karmě (locative singular)
karmách (locative plural)
karmou (instrumental singular)
karmami (instrumental plural)


karma

From Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”), possibly via English karma.


karma

karma (nominative singular)
karmat (nominative plural)
karma (accusative nominative singular)
karmat (accusative nominative plural)
karman (accusative genitive singular)
karmat (accusative genitive plural)
karman (genitive singular)
karmojen (genitive plural)
karmain (genitive plural rare)
karmaa (partitive singular)
karmoja (partitive plural)
karmassa (inessive singular)
karmoissa (inessive plural)
karmasta (elative singular)
karmoista (elative plural)
karmaan (illative singular)
karmoihin (illative plural)
karmalla (adessive singular)
karmoilla (adessive plural)
karmalta (ablative singular)
karmoilta (ablative plural)
karmalle (allative singular)
karmoille (allative plural)
karmana (essive singular)
karmoina (essive plural)
karmaksi (singular translative)
karmoiksi (plural translative)
karmatta (abessive singular)
karmoitta (abessive plural)
karmoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
karmani (nominative singular)
karmani (nominative plural)
karmani (accusative nominative singular)
karmani (accusative nominative plural)
karmani (accusative genitive singular)
karmani (accusative genitive plural)
karmani (genitive singular)
karmojeni (genitive plural)
karmaini (genitive plural rare)
karmaani (partitive singular)
karmojani (partitive plural)
karmassani (inessive singular)
karmoissani (inessive plural)
karmastani (elative singular)
karmoistani (elative plural)
karmaani (illative singular)
karmoihini (illative plural)
karmallani (adessive singular)
karmoillani (adessive plural)
karmaltani (ablative singular)
karmoiltani (ablative plural)
karmalleni (allative singular)
karmoilleni (allative plural)
karmanani (essive singular)
karmoinani (essive plural)
karmakseni (singular translative)
karmoikseni (plural translative)
karmattani (abessive singular)
karmoittani (abessive plural)
karmoineni (comitative plural)
karmasi (nominative singular)
karmasi (nominative plural)
karmasi (accusative nominative singular)
karmasi (accusative nominative plural)
karmasi (accusative genitive singular)
karmasi (accusative genitive plural)
karmasi (genitive singular)
karmojesi (genitive plural)
karmaisi (genitive plural rare)
karmaasi (partitive singular)
karmojasi (partitive plural)
karmassasi (inessive singular)
karmoissasi (inessive plural)
karmastasi (elative singular)
karmoistasi (elative plural)
karmaasi (illative singular)
karmoihisi (illative plural)
karmallasi (adessive singular)
karmoillasi (adessive plural)
karmaltasi (ablative singular)
karmoiltasi (ablative plural)
karmallesi (allative singular)
karmoillesi (allative plural)
karmanasi (essive singular)
karmoinasi (essive plural)
karmaksesi (singular translative)
karmoiksesi (plural translative)
karmattasi (abessive singular)
karmoittasi (abessive plural)
karmoinesi (comitative plural)
karmamme (nominative singular)
karmamme (nominative plural)
karmamme (accusative nominative singular)
karmamme (accusative nominative plural)
karmamme (accusative genitive singular)
karmamme (accusative genitive plural)
karmamme (genitive singular)
karmojemme (genitive plural)
karmaimme (genitive plural rare)
karmaamme (partitive singular)
karmojamme (partitive plural)
karmassamme (inessive singular)
karmoissamme (inessive plural)
karmastamme (elative singular)
karmoistamme (elative plural)
karmaamme (illative singular)
karmoihimme (illative plural)
karmallamme (adessive singular)
karmoillamme (adessive plural)
karmaltamme (ablative singular)
karmoiltamme (ablative plural)
karmallemme (allative singular)
karmoillemme (allative plural)
karmanamme (essive singular)
karmoinamme (essive plural)
karmaksemme (singular translative)
karmoiksemme (plural translative)
karmattamme (abessive singular)
karmoittamme (abessive plural)
karmoinemme (comitative plural)
karmanne (nominative singular)
karmanne (nominative plural)
karmanne (accusative nominative singular)
karmanne (accusative nominative plural)
karmanne (accusative genitive singular)
karmanne (accusative genitive plural)
karmanne (genitive singular)
karmojenne (genitive plural)
karmainne (genitive plural rare)
karmaanne (partitive singular)
karmojanne (partitive plural)
karmassanne (inessive singular)
karmoissanne (inessive plural)
karmastanne (elative singular)
karmoistanne (elative plural)
karmaanne (illative singular)
karmoihinne (illative plural)
karmallanne (adessive singular)
karmoillanne (adessive plural)
karmaltanne (ablative singular)
karmoiltanne (ablative plural)
karmallenne (allative singular)
karmoillenne (allative plural)
karmananne (essive singular)
karmoinanne (essive plural)
karmaksenne (singular translative)
karmoiksenne (plural translative)
karmattanne (abessive singular)
karmoittanne (abessive plural)
karmoinenne (comitative plural)
karmansa (nominative singular)
karmansa (nominative plural)
karmansa (accusative nominative singular)
karmansa (accusative nominative plural)
karmansa (accusative genitive singular)
karmansa (accusative genitive plural)
karmansa (genitive singular)
karmojensa (genitive plural)
karmainsa (genitive plural rare)
karmaansa (partitive singular)
karmojaan (partitive plural)
karmojansa (partitive plural)
karmassaan (inessive singular)
karmassansa (inessive singular)
karmoissaan (inessive plural)
karmoissansa (inessive plural)
karmastaan (elative singular)
karmastansa (elative singular)
karmoistaan (elative plural)
karmoistansa (elative plural)
karmaansa (illative singular)
karmoihinsa (illative plural)
karmallaan (adessive singular)
karmallansa (adessive singular)
karmoillaan (adessive plural)
karmoillansa (adessive plural)
karmaltaan (ablative singular)
karmaltansa (ablative singular)
karmoiltaan (ablative plural)
karmoiltansa (ablative plural)
karmalleen (allative singular)
karmallensa (allative singular)
karmoilleen (allative plural)
karmoillensa (allative plural)
karmanaan (essive singular)
karmanansa (essive singular)
karmoinaan (essive plural)
karmoinansa (essive plural)
karmakseen (singular translative)
karmaksensa (singular translative)
karmoikseen (plural translative)
karmoiksensa (plural translative)
karmattaan (abessive singular)
karmattansa (abessive singular)
karmoittaan (abessive plural)
karmoittansa (abessive plural)
karmoineen (comitative plural)
karmoinensa (comitative plural)

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”). Appears as headword on p. 341 of the Pieni Tietosanakirja ("Little Encyclopedia") https://runeberg.org/pieni/2/0215.html from 1925-28, published by Otava, Helsinki.


karma

karma (nominative singular)
karmák (nominative plural)
karmát (accusative singular)
karmákat (accusative plural)
karmának (dative singular)
karmáknak (dative plural)
karmával (instrumental singular)
karmákkal (instrumental plural)
karmáért (causal-final singular)
karmákért (causal-final plural)
karmává (singular translative)
karmákká (plural translative)
karmáig (singular terminative)
karmákig (plural terminative)
karmaként (essive-formal singular)
karmákként (essive-formal plural)
karmául (essive-modal singular)
karmában (inessive singular)
karmákban (inessive plural)
karmán (singular superessive)
karmákon (plural superessive)
karmánál (adessive singular)
karmáknál (adessive plural)
karmába (illative singular)
karmákba (illative plural)
karmára (singular sublative)
karmákra (plural sublative)
karmához (allative singular)
karmákhoz (allative plural)
karmából (elative singular)
karmákból (elative plural)
karmáról (delative singular)
karmákról (delative plural)
karmától (ablative singular)
karmáktól (ablative plural)
karmáé (singular)
karmáké (plural)
karmáéi (singular)
karmákéi (plural)


karma

is-noun

karma n (genitive singular karma, no plural)

karma (genitive singular)
karma (indefinite nominative singular)
karmað (definite nominative singular)
karma (accusative indefinite singular)
karmað (accusative definite singular)
karma (dative indefinite singular)
karmanu (dative definite singular)
karma (genitive indefinite singular)
karmans (definite genitive singular)


karma

From Sanskrit कर्म (karma), कर्मन् (karman), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *kárma, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kárma, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”).

der

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism) karma,

A force or law of nature which causes one to reap what one sows; destiny; fate.


karma

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, action, performance”), from the root कृ (kṛ, “to do, make”), from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷer- (“to do, make, build”).


karma

karma (nominative singular)
karmy (genitive singular)
karmie (dative singular)
karmę (accusative singular)
karmą (instrumental singular)
karmie (locative singular)
karmo (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman). Doublet of karman.

lbor

(Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism) karma (total effect of a person's actions and conduct during the successive phases of their existence)


karma

Borrowed from English karma or French karma.


karma

kȁrma (canonical masculine)
ка̏рма (Cyrillic)
kȁrma (nominative singular)
karme (nominative plural)
karme (genitive singular)
kȃrmā (genitive plural)
kȃrmī (genitive plural)
karmi (dative singular)
karmama (dative plural)
karmu (accusative singular)
karme (accusative plural)
karmo (singular vocative)
karme (plural vocative)
karmi (locative singular)
karmama (locative plural)
karmom (instrumental singular)
karmama (instrumental plural)


karma

head

karma (definite accusative karmayı, plural karmalar)

karmayı (accusative definite)
karmalar (plural)
karma (nominative singular)
karmalar (nominative plural)
karmayı (accusative definite singular)
karmaları (accusative definite plural)
karmaya (dative singular)
karmalara (dative plural)
karmada (locative singular)
karmalarda (locative plural)
karmadan (ablative singular)
karmalardan (ablative plural)
karmanın (genitive singular)
karmaların (genitive plural)
karmam (first-person nominative singular)
karmalarım (first-person nominative singular)
karman (nominative second-person singular)
karmaların (nominative second-person singular)
karması (nominative singular third-person)
karmaları (nominative singular third-person)
karmamız (first-person nominative plural)
karmalarımız (first-person nominative plural)
karmanız (nominative plural second-person)
karmalarınız (nominative plural second-person)
karmaları (nominative plural third-person)
karmamı (accusative definite first-person singular)
karmalarımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
karmanı (accusative definite second-person singular)
karmalarını (accusative definite second-person singular)
karmasını (accusative definite singular third-person)
karmalarını (accusative definite singular third-person)
karmamızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
karmalarımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
karmanızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
karmalarınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
karmalarını (accusative definite plural third-person)
karmama (dative first-person singular)
karmalarıma (dative first-person singular)
karmana (dative second-person singular)
karmalarına (dative second-person singular)
karmasına (dative singular third-person)
karmalarına (dative singular third-person)
karmamıza (dative first-person plural)
karmalarımıza (dative first-person plural)
karmanıza (dative plural second-person)
karmalarınıza (dative plural second-person)
karmalarına (dative plural third-person)
karmamda (first-person locative singular)
karmalarımda (first-person locative singular)
karmanda (locative second-person singular)
karmalarında (locative second-person singular)
karmasında (locative singular third-person)
karmalarında (locative singular third-person)
karmamızda (first-person locative plural)
karmalarımızda (first-person locative plural)
karmanızda (locative plural second-person)
karmalarınızda (locative plural second-person)
karmalarında (locative plural third-person)
karmamdan (ablative first-person singular)
karmalarımdan (ablative first-person singular)
karmandan (ablative second-person singular)
karmalarından (ablative second-person singular)
karmasından (ablative singular third-person)
karmalarından (ablative singular third-person)
karmamızdan (ablative first-person plural)
karmalarımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
karmanızdan (ablative plural second-person)
karmalarınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
karmalarından (ablative plural third-person)
karmamın (first-person genitive singular)
karmalarımın (first-person genitive singular)
karmanın (genitive second-person singular)
karmalarının (genitive second-person singular)
karmasının (genitive singular third-person)
karmalarının (genitive singular third-person)
karmamızın (first-person genitive plural)
karmalarımızın (first-person genitive plural)
karmanızın (genitive plural second-person)
karmalarınızın (genitive plural second-person)
karmalarının (genitive plural third-person)

Probably from English karma, ultimately from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman).


Sati

(Buddhism) mindfulness, as in anapanasati; A state of mind in meditation


sutra

Borrowed from Sanskrit सूत्र (sū́tra, “thread, yarn, string; rule”). Doublet of sutta; more distantly related to sew and suture.

bor

Shepard: This Code of the Justicar seems central to your life.
Samara: It is five thousand sutras, and covers every situation one can encounter. I have memorized every word. There is only the Code.

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Normandy SR-2:

(Buddhism, Hinduism) A scriptural narrative, especially a discourse of the Buddha.


sutra

sutraen (definite singular)
sutraer (indefinite plural)
sutraene (definite plural)

From Sanskrit सूत्र (sūtra, “thread, rule”).


sutra

sutra (nominative singular)
sutry (nominative plural)
sutry (genitive singular)
sutr (genitive plural)
sutrze (dative singular)
sutrom (dative plural)
sutrę (accusative singular)
sutry (accusative plural)
sutrą (instrumental singular)
sutrami (instrumental plural)
sutrze (locative singular)
sutrach (locative plural)
sutro (singular vocative)
sutry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Sanskrit सूत्र (sū́tra, “thread, yarn, string; rule”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *súHtram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *súHtram, from Proto-Indo-European *súh₁trom, from *syuh₁- (“to sew”).

bor+

(Buddhism, Hinduism) sutra (scriptural narrative)


sutra

(Buddhism, Hinduism) sutra (a scriptural narrative)


mandala

Borrowed from Sanskrit मण्डल (máṇḍala). Doublet of mandal.

(Hinduism, Buddhism) A graphic depiction of the spiritual universe and its myriad realms and deities.

(Hinduism, Buddhism) Any ritualistic geometric design, symbolic of the Universe, used as an aid to meditation.


mandala

From Malay mandala,
from Classical Malay mandala, from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala, “circle”).


mandala

mandala (nominative singular)
mandale (nominative plural)
mandali (genitive singular)
mandal (genitive plural)
mandali (dative singular)
mandalom (dative plural)
mandalę (accusative singular)
mandale (accusative plural)
mandalą (instrumental singular)
mandalami (instrumental plural)
mandali (locative singular)
mandalach (locative plural)
mandalo (singular vocative)
mandale (plural vocative)

(Buddhism, Hinduism) mandala (Hindu design)


ordination

en-noun

ordination (countable and uncountable, plural ordinations)

From Middle French ordination, from Old French ordinacion, from Latin ordinatio.

(Buddhism) the ceremony in which a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni is ordained into the sangha


urna

From Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā, “wool, thread”).

The urna is not worn by all, nor the monastic dress of the magnificent image of the Buddhistic prince on the right side of the great Buddha in the chanḍi Mĕndut.

1901, Isaac Groneman, translated by A. Dolk, The Hindu Ruins in the Plain of Parambanan, translation of original in Dutch:

The ûrna or mark upon the forehead and the long pierced ear lobes so generally characteristic of Buddhist images are not present in this instance.

1916, “Notes on Chinese statuary”, in The Museum Journal, volume 7, University of Pennsylvania University Museum, page 156:

Between the eyes is a curl of hair (urna), one of the identifying features of a Buddha, and the thing that looks like a nose is a miraculous light emanating from the urna (it can also be interpreted as the Nepali figure “one”, conveying the unity of all things).

2009, David Reed, The Rough Guide to Nepal, page 107:

(Buddhism) A spiral or circular dot placed on the forehead of Buddhist images as an auspicious mark.


bhikshu

Transliteration of Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu, “beggar, mendicant, religious mendicant”).


比丘

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pei̯³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

Borrowed from Pali bhikkhu. Cognate with Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu).


比丘

Borrowed from Pali bhikkhu, from Sanskrit भिक्षु (bhikṣu).


和尚

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (和尚):
* → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
* → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
* → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

→ Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 (*xwa¹ śjow²)

→ Zhuang: hozsiengh

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ²¹/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/

/vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/

/ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/

/xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/huo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luɔŋ²⁴²/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyɒŋ²¹/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² ^((ɬ-))lyøŋ²¹/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/

/he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/

/he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/

/hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/

/hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/

/hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/

/hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/

/hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

/ɦu²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

Phono-semantic matching
Yiqiejing yinyi (Xuanying)
zh:慧苑

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, “teacher; religious teacher”), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
# The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
# The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

cog

和尙
和上
和闍
和社
鶻社
殟社
烏社

(Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk


和尚

ja-noun

和(か)尚(しょう) • (kashō) ^(←くわしやう (kwasyau)?)

和尚 (canonical)
kashō (romanization)
kwasyau (romanization)
くわしやう (hiragana historical)

(Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest


和尚

和尚 (canonical)
wajō (romanization)
wazyau (romanization)
わじやう (hiragana historical)

(Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest