Ngài

Trước khi ôn lại Tiểu Sử Đức Phật Thích Ca Mâu Ni, để người đọc nhận định dễ hơn về ngày tháng ghi trong tiểu sử của Ngài, chúng tôi xin nhắc lại là Đức Phật Thích Ca sanh vào năm 624 trước Tây Lịch. Ngài nhập Niết Bàn lúc 80 tuổi vào năm 544 trước Tây Lịch. Sáu trăm hai mươi bốn năm sau, Tây Phương mới bắt đầu chọn năm sinh của Đức Chúa Jesus Christ làm khởi điểm cho Dương lịch. Như vậy tính đến nay là năm 2018 thì Đức Phật đã ra đời được 2,642 năm và chiếu theo Phật lịch khởi đầu từ năm Đức Phật viên tịch (năm 544 trước TL) thì Ngài đã nhập Niết Bàn được 2,562 năm.

2018 May 12, Thích Nữ Hằng Như, “Đức Phật Thích Ca: Lịch sử và huyền thoại [The Buddha Shakyamuni: A History and Legend]”, in Thư viện Hoa Sen [The Lotus Library]:

Before recounting the life and time of the Buddha Shakyamuni, just so our readers have a good idea of the timeline in His biography, we would like to remind you that the Buddha Shakyamuni was born in 624 BCE. He entered Nirvana at the age of 80, in 544 BCE. 624 years later, the West chose Jesus Christ's year of birth as the start of their solar calendar. Thus, as of 2018, the Buddha has left this world 2,642 years, and according the Buddhist calendar which began in the Buddha's year of death (544 BCE), He has been in Nirvana 2,562 years.

Tôi gọi Ngài là mẹ, không cường điệu, và cũng không phải vì nhiều người gọi như thế. Tôi gọi Ngài là Mẹ với tất cả tình thương và sự thành kính trong tôi.

2019 December 27, Anh Nhi, “Mẹ hiền Quán Thế Âm [Avalokiteshvara, Our Benevolent Mother]”, in Phật giáo - Giáo hội Phật giáo Việt Nam [Buddhism - The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]:

I call Her "Mother", not hyperbolically, nor because that's what everyone does. I call Her Mother with all the love and reverence in me.

Trong kinh, đức Phật gọi Quan Âm là “thiện nam tử”. Nhưng chúng ta thường thấy hình ảnh Ngài là một vị nữ nhân mặc áo trắng. Không ít người vẫn đang thắc mắc: Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát là nam hay nữ? Đức Phật nói rằng Quan Thế Âm cứu khổ chúng sinh bằng cách hóa thân thành 32 tướng khác nhau để tùy ứng với hoàn cảnh.

2020 June 1, Châu Thanh Thùy, “Vẻ đẹp của Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát [Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva’s Beauty]”, in Phật giáo - Giáo hội Phật giáo Việt Nam [Buddhism - The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]:

In Scripture, the Buddha refers to Avalokiteshvara as a “good man.” But we often see Them depicted as a woman in white. Many are still asking: is Avalokiteshvara a man or a woman? The Buddha said Avalokiteshvara carried out salvation by manifesting as 32 distinct forms according to the given circumstances.

Như vậy, không nhất thiết Ngài chỉ thị hiện nữ thân mà là vô số thân. Nhưng do niềm tịnh tín của các dân tộc vùng Đông Nam Á nói chung và Việt Nam nói riêng thì hình ảnh người Mẹ hiền, thương chúng sinh như con đỏ, thường che chở, gia hộ và tưới mát những tâm hồn khổ đau của Ngài, rất được quần chúng nhân dân ngưỡng mộ và tôn thờ. Vì vậy, tượng Ngài được thờ phụng khắp nơi đa phần là thân nữ. Tuy nhiên, một vài ngôi chùa ở miền Bắc Việt Nam và Trung Quốc, tôn tượng của Ngài được thờ phụng là thân nam.

2020 July 25, Thích Chúc Xuân, “Bồ Tát Quán Thế Âm là nam hay nữ giới? [Is the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara male or female?]”, in Phật giáo - Giáo hội Phật giáo Việt Nam [Buddhism - The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]:

Thus, They do not necessarily manifest as a female form, but any form. Due to the unadulterated faith among the peoples of Southeast Asia in general and Vietnam in particular, in the figure of a gentle Mother who loves all life like babies, who shields, protects and relieves Their suffering souls, they love and worship Them earnestly. As such, Their statues in most places of worship are of a female form. However, in a few Northern Vietnamese and Chinese temples, Their statues are venerated as a male form.

Phật Bà quan Âm hay còn gọi Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát, là trợ tuyên của Đức Phật A Di Đà, là hiện thân cho lòng từ bi của các chư Phật. Tương truyền Phật bà Quan Thế Âm Bồ tát đã từng phân thân giáng trần 33 kiếp với hình dáng khác nhau, lúc là nam nhi nhưng có lúc lại là nữ nhi. Tuy nhiên khi tạc tượng, người ta mặc định Ngài là nữ giới.

2022 March 15, “Phật bà Quan Âm độ mạng, cứu giúp chúng sinh thoát khỏi mọi tai ương [Avalokiteshvara the Lady Buddha Saves Us from All Calamities]”, in Trinh Chính Stone:

Avalokiteshvara the Lady Buddha, also known as the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, is an assistant to the Buddha Amitabha and the embodiment of compassion of all Buddhas. According to legend, Avalokiteshvara the Lady Buddha reincarnated in the mortal realm 33 times in different forms, male or female. However, sculptors often assume that She is female.

Ai cũng đều biết Đức Phật A Di Đà là giáo chủ cõi Tây phương Cực Lạc; chí tâm niệm hồng danh của Ngài sẽ giúp sinh vô lượng công đức và được vãng sinh về cõi Cực Lạc dựa theo 48 lời đại nguyện của Ngài. Nhưng ít ai biết được sự tích của Đức Phật A Di Đà như thế nào?

2023 July 27, “Sự tích Đức Phật A Di Đà [The Life and Time of the Buddha Amitabha]”, in Phật giáo - Giáo hội Phật giáo Việt Nam [Buddhism - The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]:

Everyone knows the Buddha Amitabha is the Lord of the Western Land of Absolute Bliss, and sincerely calling His name will enhance your merits, which affords you the chance of going to the Land of Absolute Bliss, according to His 48 vows. But not many know the story of the Buddha Amitabha's exploits.

Lúc đó tinh thần tôi vô cùng suy sụp. Tôi đã chuẩn bị mọi thứ để chờ ngày ba từ bỏ tôi và gia đình mà đi. Tôi khóc rất nhiều, ngày đêm chỉ biết nguyện cầu Bồ-tát Quán Thế Âm, mong Ngài nghe được lời cầu nguyện của tôi mà cứu giúp cho ba khỏi bệnh. Tôi thường quỳ dưới chân Ngài, hướng mắt lên nhìn gương mặt tỏa ánh từ bi như người Mẹ dịu hiền, thầm khấn cầu, tha thiết và chân thành…, ước mong Ngài thấu hiểu được lời nguyện cầu của tôi.

2023 December 12, Nguyễn Minh Phương, “Mẹ hiền Quán Thế Âm đại từ đại bi [Avalokiteshvara, Our Gentle, Most Compassionate Mother]”, in Phật giáo - Giáo hội Phật giáo Việt Nam [Buddhism - The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]:

I was in a mental abyss. I was prepared for the day my father left me and our family. I cried a lot, and prayed to the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara all day all night, wishing She heard my prayers and helped cure my father's illness. I would kneel to Her feet, look up to the face that shines compassion of the benevolent Mother, pray under my breath, sincerely, in earnest…, hope She would hear my wishes.

Hoàng hậu Ma Da là mẹ của Thái tử Tất Đạt Đa (tức Đức Phật Thích Ca Mâu Ni sau này). Đức Phật là bậc có phước báu lớn nhất thế gian, không ai sánh bằng; nhưng sau khi sinh Đức Phật được 7 ngày thì mẹ Ngài qua đời.

2023 December 15, “Lý giải về hoàng hậu Ma Da - người mẹ đặc biệt nhất thế gian [Queen Maya, the Most Special Mother in the World, Explained]”, in Phật giáo - Giáo hội Phật giáo Việt Nam [Buddhism - The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]:

Queen Maya was the mother of Crown Prince Siddhartha (later known as the Buddha Shakyamuni). The Buddha had unrivaled fortune, but His mother died seven days after giving birth to Him.

(Buddhism) He/Him/She/Her/They/Them, (referring to the Buddha or bodhisattva)


如是我聞

ㄖㄨˊ ㄕˋ ㄨㄛˇ ㄨㄣˊ

/ʐu³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/jyː²¹ siː²² ŋɔː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/zu²³⁻³³ si³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/ʐu³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/jyː²¹ siː²² ŋɔː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/zu²³⁻³³ si³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

Calque of Sanskrit एवं मया श्रुतम् (evaṃ mayā śrutam). The syntax of this translation directly reflects the original Sanskrit as opposed to the lesser-used 我聞如是／我闻如是 (wǒwénrúshì). The "I" in the translation generally refers to the Buddha's cousin Ānanda 阿難／阿难 (Ānán), renowned for having the best memory among the Buddha's disciples.

calque

एवं मया श्रुतम्

zh-l

我聞如是／我闻如是 (wǒwénrúshì)

阿難／阿难 (Ānán)

Thus have I heard: The Buddha was once at the dharma-bodhimanda in the forest of Magādha (Bodh Gayā), just having attained enlightenment.

The Avataṃsaka Sūtra, translated by Śikṣānanda circa 7ᵗʰ century CE

Rúshìwǒwén: yīshí, fó zài Mójiétíguó ālánrě fǎ pútí chǎng zhōng, shǐ chéng zhèngjiào.

如是我聞：一時，佛在摩竭提國阿蘭若法菩提場中，始成正覺。

如是我闻：一时，佛在摩竭提国阿兰若法菩提场中，始成正觉。

(Buddhism) Thus have I heard... (a common opening of Buddhist texts)


如是我聞

如是我聞 (canonical)
nyoze gamon (romanization)

[ɲ̟o̞ze̞ ɡa̠mõ̞ɴ]

Derived from Middle Chinese 如是我聞 (MC nyo dzyeX ngaX mjun), from Sanskrit एवं मया श्रुतम् (evaṃ mayā śrutam).

der

एवं मया श्रुतम्


釋提桓因

ㄕˋ ㄊㄧˊ ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄧㄣ

Шитихуаньинь

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰi³⁵ xu̯än³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tʰi³⁵ xu̯än³⁵ in⁵⁵/

Clipping of Sanskrit शक्रो देवानं इन्द्रः (śakro devānaṃ indraḥ), "Sakra, Lord of the Devas".

bor

शक्रो देवानं इन्द्रः


sân hận

[sən˧˧ hən˧˨ʔ]

[ʂəŋ˧˧ həŋ˨˩ʔ]

[səŋ˧˧ həŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʂəŋ˧˧ həŋ˨˩˨]

[səŋ˧˧ həŋ˨˩˨]

Tham lam, sân hận, si mê là những năng lượng luôn chực sẵn trong tâm một khi ta mất khả năng quan sát, nuôi dưỡng lý trí và đánh mất liên hệ với sự sống.

2010, Minh Niệm, “Tha thứ”, in Hiểu về trái tim, NXB Trẻ:

Greed, anger, and desire are energies that are always lying in wait in one's mind once we lose the ability to observe, nurture reason, and lose touch with life.

(Buddhism) dvesha, hatred and aversion (one of the three character afflictions that cause suffering)


閻君爺

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² ia²⁴/

/ɡiam²⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴⁻²² ia²⁴/

(Xiamen Hokkien, Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Synonym of 閻羅 /阎罗 (Yánluó, “Yama (god of the underworld)”)


vô tướng

[vo˧˧ tɨəŋ˧˦]

[vow˧˧ tɨəŋ˦˧˥]

[vow˧˧ tɨəŋ˦˥]

[jow˧˧ tɨəŋ˦˥]

Nhưng tại non không chịu nhìn kỹ, nhìn bằng con mắt vô tướng để vượt qua cái hình hài cũ kỹ của nước.

2010, Minh Niệm, “Cô đơn”, in Hiểu về trái tim, NXB Trẻ:

But the mountain refuses to look closely, to look with signless eyes to see beyond the old shape of the water.

(Buddhism) signless, ānimitta (not deceived by the temperary appearances of things and people)


தானம்

ta-noun

தானம் • (tāṉam)

tāṉam (romanization)
தானம் (nominative singular)
தானங்கள் (nominative plural)
தானமே (singular vocative)
தானங்களே (plural vocative)
தானத்தை (accusative singular)
தானங்களை (accusative plural)
தானத்துக்கு (dative singular)
தானங்களுக்கு (dative plural)
தானத்துக்காக (benefactive singular)
தானங்களுக்காக (benefactive plural)
தானத்துடைய (genitive genitive-i singular)
தானங்களுடைய (genitive genitive-i plural)
தானத்தின் (genitive genitive-ii singular)
தானங்களின் (genitive genitive-ii plural)
தானத்தில் (locative locative-i singular)
தானங்களில் (locative locative-i plural)
தானத்திடம் (locative locative-ii singular)
தானங்களிடம் (locative locative-ii plural)
தானத்தோடு (singular sociative sociative-i)
தானங்களோடு (plural sociative sociative-i)
தானத்துடன் (singular sociative sociative-ii)
தானங்களுடன் (plural sociative sociative-ii)
தானத்தால் (instrumental singular)
தானங்களால் (instrumental plural)
தானத்திலிருந்து (ablative singular)
தானங்களிலிருந்து (ablative plural)

(Buddhism) liberality, munificence, bounty


談義

談義する (canonical)
dangi suru (romanization)
談義し (stem)
談義した (past)
談義し
だんぎし
dangi shi
談義する
だんぎする
dangi suru
談義すれ
だんぎすれ
dangi sure
談義せよ (imperative literary)
談義しろ (colloquial imperative)
だんぎせよ (imperative literary)
だんぎしろ (colloquial imperative)
dangi seyo (imperative literary)
dangi shiro (colloquial imperative)
談義される (passive)
だんぎされる (passive)
dangi sareru (passive)
談義させる (causative)
談義さす (causative)
だんぎさせる (causative)
だんぎさす (causative)
dangi saseru (causative)
dangi sasu (causative)
談義できる (potential)
だんぎできる (potential)
dangi dekiru (potential)
談義しよう (volitional)
だんぎしよう (volitional)
dangi shiyō (volitional)
談義しない (negative)
だんぎしない (negative)
dangi shinai (negative)
談義せず (continuative negative)
だんぎせず (continuative negative)
dangi sezu (continuative negative)
談義します (formal)
だんぎします (formal)
dangi shimasu (formal)
談義した (perfective)
だんぎした (perfective)
dangi shita (perfective)
談義して (conjunctive)
だんぎして (conjunctive)
dangi shite (conjunctive)
談義すれば (conditional hypothetical)
だんぎすれば (conditional hypothetical)
dangi sureba (conditional hypothetical)


범자

Sino-Korean word from 梵字, from 梵 (“Brahmanic, Indian”) + 字 (“letter”).

ko-etym-sino

(Buddhism) Siddham character; Sanskrit character


煩惱絲

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/fän³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

三千煩惱絲

三千烦恼丝

(Buddhism or literary) hair (on the head)


ái ngữ

[ʔaːj˧˦ ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]

[ʔaːj˨˩˦ ŋɨ˧˨]

[ʔaːj˦˥ ŋɨ˨˩˦]

Tuy vậy, lắng nghe và ái ngữ là hai bảo bối cũng nằm ngay trong ta.

2010, Minh Niệm, “Phán xét”, in Hiểu về trái tim, NXB Trẻ:

However, listening and kind speech are two more treasures that we have inside us.


嘛呢石

/mä⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/mä⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/


hoá độ

[hwaː˧˦ ʔɗo˧˨ʔ]

[hwaː˨˩˦ ʔɗow˨˩ʔ]

[waː˦˥ ʔɗow˨˩˨]

Khi thiền sư xuống phố hóa độ thì nó cũng lẽo đẽo theo sau.

2010, Minh Niệm, “Ý chí”, in Hiểu về trái tim, NXB Trẻ:

Whenever the monk went down to town to preach, it would follow him closely.

(Buddhism) to preach to save from worldly suffering


સ્તૂપ

head

સ્તૂપ • (stūp) m

gu-noun

સ્તૂપ • (stūp) m


ગાથા

head

ગાથા • (gāthā) f

gu-noun

ગાથા • (gāthā) f


રાહુલ

head

રાહુલ • (rāhul) m

gu-prop

રાહુલ • (rāhul) m

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit राहुल (rāhula).

lbor

(Buddhism) Rāhula (the son of Siddhartha Gautama)


Ma Da

[maː˧˧ zaː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ jaː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ jaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 摩耶, Buddhist Literary Chinese 摩耶, Sanskrit माया (māyā́).

Ma Da Phu nhân

(Buddhism) Maya (Gautama Buddha's mother)


Pháp Hoa tông

Sino-Vietnamese word from 法華宗, composed of 法華 (“the Lotus Sutra”) and 宗 (“sect”)

vi-etym-sino

Thiên Thai tông
Thiên Thai tông#Vietnamese

(Buddhism) Synonym of Thiên Thai tông (“the Tiantai sect”)

Nhật Liên tông
Nhật Liên tông#Vietnamese

(Buddhism) Synonym of Nhật Liên tông (“the Nichiren sect”)


隨喜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (隨喜):
* → Japanese: 隨(ずい)喜(き) (zuiki)
* → Korean: 수희(隨喜) (suhui)

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ hei̯³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ hei̯³⁵/

(Buddhism) to be pleased for people's good deeds


Xá Lợi Phất

Sino-Vietnamese word from 舍利弗, from Literary Chinese 舍利弗 (Shèlìfú)


sa môn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 沙門, Literary Chinese 沙門 (shāmén)

Sa-môn Thích Nhật Từ
Reverend Thích Nhật Từ


tì kheo

[tɪj˦˩ kʰɛw˧˧]

[tɪj˦˩ xɛw˧˧]

[tɪj˨˩ kʰɛw˧˧]

[tɪj˨˩ xɛw˧˧]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 比丘 (SV: tỉ khâu, tỉ khiêu)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tỉ khâu, tỉ khiêu</i>


tì kheo ni

[tɪj˦˩ kʰɛw˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[tɪj˦˩ xɛw˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[tɪj˨˩ kʰɛw˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[tɪj˨˩ xɛw˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 比丘尼 (SV: tỉ khâu ni, tỉ khiêu ni)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tỉ khâu ni, tỉ khiêu ni</i>


પગોડા

head

પગોડા • (pagoḍā) n

gu-noun

પગોડા • (pagoḍā) n

Borrowed from English pagoda, from Portuguese pagode, from Malayalam പകോതി (pakōti), from Sanskrit भगवती (bhagavatī, “goddess”).

Alternative form: પેગોડા (pegoḍā)


khể thủ

[kʰej˧˨ tʰʊw˧˨]

[kʰej˨˩˦ tʰʊw˨˩˦]

[xej˨˩˦ tʰʊw˨˩˦]

(chiefly Buddhism) to qishou, a ritual showing the highest degree of homage and respect (to kneel, put one's hands crossed on the ground, bow, and rest the forehead upon the hands)


戒牒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (戒牒):
* → Japanese: 戒(かい)牒(ちょう) (kaichō)
* → Korean: 계첩(戒牒) (gyecheop)

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ti̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ti̯ɛ³⁵/

(Buddhism) identity document for Buddhist monks and nuns verifying their ordination


หลวงปู่

/lua̯ŋ˩˩˦.puː˨˩/

(Buddhism) a title used to address very senior monks


受戒

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sɐu̯²² kaːi̯³³/

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sɐu̯²² kaːi̯³³/

(Buddhism) to take the precepts (for new monks and nuns)


戒場

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) a venue where new monks and nuns take the precepts


五葷

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ən⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ən⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) "five pungent roots" (five forbidden vegetables in Buddhist cuisine)


ឧបសម្បន្ន

km-noun

ឧបសម្បន្ន • (ʼupaʼsamban)


ភិក្ខុ

ភិក្ខុ • (phɨkkhoʼ)


mani stone

From the mantra usually inscribed on them, from Tibetan ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པདྨེ་ཧཱུྃ (oṃ ma ṇi pdme hūm̐), from Sanskrit ॐ मणिपद्मे हूं (oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ).

der

ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པདྨེ་ཧཱུྃ

ॐ मणिपद्मे हूं

om mani padme hum
om mani padme hum#English

(Buddhism) A stone, rock or pebble usually inscribed with the mantra om mani padme hum, used as a form of prayer in Tibetan Buddhism.


ચીવર

head

ચીવર • (cīvar)

gu-noun

ચીવર • (cīvar)

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀘𑀻𑀯𑀭 (cīvara), from Sanskrit चीवर (cīvará). Cognate with Sinhalese සිවුර (siwura).


法座

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (法座):
* → Japanese: 法(ほう)座(ざ) (hōza)
* → Korean: 법좌(法座) (beopjwa)
* → Vietnamese: pháp toà (法座)

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/


karmiczny

pl-adj

karmiczny (not comparable, no derived adverb)

karmiczny (masculine nominative singular)
karmiczna (feminine nominative singular)
karmiczne (neuter nominative singular)
karmiczni (nominative plural virile)
karmiczne (nominative plural)
karmicznego (genitive masculine singular)
karmicznej (feminine genitive singular)
karmicznego (genitive neuter singular)
karmicznych (genitive plural)
karmicznych (genitive plural virile)
karmicznemu (dative masculine singular)
karmicznej (dative feminine singular)
karmicznemu (dative neuter singular)
karmicznym (dative plural)
karmicznym (dative plural virile)
karmicznego (accusative animate masculine singular)
karmiczny (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
karmiczną (accusative feminine singular)
karmiczne (accusative neuter singular)
karmicznych (accusative plural virile)
karmiczne (accusative plural)
karmicznym (instrumental masculine singular)
karmiczną (feminine instrumental singular)
karmicznym (instrumental neuter singular)
karmicznymi (instrumental plural)
karmicznymi (instrumental plural virile)
karmicznym (locative masculine singular)
karmicznej (feminine locative singular)
karmicznym (locative neuter singular)
karmicznych (locative plural)
karmicznych (locative plural virile)

(relational, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism) karmic


定命

ja-noun

定(じょう)命(みょう) • (jōmyō) ^(←ぢやうみやう (dyaumyau)?)

定命 (canonical)
jōmyō (romanization)
dyaumyau (romanization)
ぢやうみやう (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑo̞ːmʲo̞ː]

(Buddhism) limit of human lifespan determined by the kalpa (劫(こう) (kō))


Trikaya

(Buddhism) A fundamental doctrine within Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism that delineates the multidimensional nature of a Buddha's existence in three distinct bodies or aspects.


竺乾

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/


独鈷杵

(Buddhism) A single pronged vajra used in Shingon rituals


迦陵頻

Borrowed from Sanskrit कलविङ्क (kalaviṅka).

bor+

(Buddhism) Clipping of 迦陵頻伽 (karyōbinga, “fantastic human-faced bird with a beautiful voice”).


迦陵頻伽

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄚ

цзялинпиньцзя

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵ pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵ pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) kalaviṅka, a mythical human-faced bird


迦陵頻伽

迦陵頻伽 (canonical)
karyōbinga (romanization)

(Buddhism) kalavinka, fantastic human-faced bird with a beautiful voice


出俗

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ su³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ su³⁵/

(literary, intransitive, Buddhism, Taoism) to leave home to become monk or nun


朝頂

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) to make a pilgrimage to a great mountain


ცხოვრების ბორბალი

ka-noun

ცხოვრების ბორბლები

ცხოვრების ბორბალი • (cxovrebis borbali) (plural ცხოვრების ბორბლები)

cxovrebis borbali (romanization)
ცხოვრების ბორბლები (plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალი (nominative singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალები (nominative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალნი (archaic nominative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალმა (ergative singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებმა (ergative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთ (archaic ergative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთ (archaic ergative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთაt) (archaic ergative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთაta) (archaic ergative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალს (dative singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალს (dative singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალსაs) (dative singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალსაsa) (dative singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებს (dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებს (dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებსაs) (dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებსაsa) (dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთ (archaic dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთ (archaic dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთაt) (archaic dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთაta) (archaic dative plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალის (genitive singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალის (genitive singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალისაs) (genitive singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალისაsa) (genitive singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალების (genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალების (genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისაs) (genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისაsa) (genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთ (archaic genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთ (archaic genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთაt) (archaic genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალთაta) (archaic genitive plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალით (instrumental singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალით (instrumental singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალითაt) (instrumental singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალითაta) (instrumental singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებით (instrumental plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებით (instrumental plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებითაt) (instrumental plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებითაta) (instrumental plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალად (adverbial singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალად (adverbial singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალადაd) (adverbial singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალადაda) (adverbial singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებად (adverbial plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებად (adverbial plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებადაd) (adverbial plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებადაda) (adverbial plural)
ცხოვრების ბორბალო (singular vocative)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებო (plural vocative)
ცხოვრების ბორბალნო (archaic plural vocative)
-ზე
ცხოვრების ბორბალზე (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებზე (plural)
-თან
ცხოვრების ბორბალთან (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებთან (plural)
-ში
ცხოვრების ბორბალში (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებში (plural)
-ვით
ცხოვრების ბორბალივით (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებივით (plural)
-თვის
ცხოვრების ბორბალისთვის (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისთვის (plural)
-ებრ
ცხოვრების ბორბალისებრ (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისებრ (plural)
-კენ
ცხოვრების ბორბალისკენ (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისკენ (plural)
-გან
ცხოვრების ბორბალისგან (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისგან (plural)
-ადმი
ცხოვრების ბორბალისადმი (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებისადმი (plural)
-დან
ცხოვრების ბორბალიდან (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებიდან (plural)
-ურთ
ცხოვრების ბორბალითურთ (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებითურთ (plural)
-მდე
ცხოვრების ბორბალამდე (singular)
ცხოვრების ბორბალებამდე (plural)

(Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism) wheel of life


諸行

ja-noun

諸(しょ)行(ぎょう) • (shogyō) ^(←しょぎゃう (syogyau)?)

諸行 (canonical)
shogyō (romanization)
syogyau (romanization)
しょぎゃう (hiragana historical)

諸行無常

諸行無常 しょぎょうむじょう

(Buddhism) (Jōdō Buddhism) all practices aside from the recitation of nembutsu


得度

得度 (canonical)
dokudo (romanization)
どくど (hiragana historical)


得度

得度する (canonical)
dokudo suru (romanization)
dokudo (romanization)
得度し (stem)
得度した (past)
得度し
どくどし
dokudo shi
得度する
どくどする
dokudo suru
得度すれ
どくどすれ
dokudo sure
得度せよ (imperative literary)
得度しろ (colloquial imperative)
どくどせよ (imperative literary)
どくどしろ (colloquial imperative)
dokudo seyo (imperative literary)
dokudo shiro (colloquial imperative)
得度される (passive)
どくどされる (passive)
dokudo sareru (passive)
得度させる (causative)
得度さす (causative)
どくどさせる (causative)
どくどさす (causative)
dokudo saseru (causative)
dokudo sasu (causative)
得度できる (potential)
どくどできる (potential)
dokudo dekiru (potential)
得度しよう (volitional)
どくどしよう (volitional)
dokudo shiyō (volitional)
得度しない (negative)
どくどしない (negative)
dokudo shinai (negative)
得度せず (continuative negative)
どくどせず (continuative negative)
dokudo sezu (continuative negative)
得度します (formal)
どくどします (formal)
dokudo shimasu (formal)
得度した (perfective)
どくどした (perfective)
dokudo shita (perfective)
得度して (conjunctive)
どくどして (conjunctive)
dokudo shite (conjunctive)
得度すれば (conditional hypothetical)
どくどすれば (conditional hypothetical)
dokudo sureba (conditional hypothetical)


Tantric Buddhism

(Buddhism) A tradition focusing on mystical practices and concepts as a path to enlightenment.


tukdam

Borrowed from Tibetan ཐུགས་དམ (thugs dam).

bor+

Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche passed away quite suddenly, but after he died he remained in tukdam for quite a while, longer than the sun was in the sky that day.

1999 August 1, Erik Pema Kunsang, Marcia Binder Schmidt, Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, As it is, volume 1, Rangjung Yeshe Publications, →ISBN, page 25:

The signs of tukdam are that the heart remains warm, rigor mortis does not set in, and the body does not begin to deteriorate.

2009 November 10, Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche, Uncommon Happiness, Rangjung Yeshe Publications, →ISBN, page 9:

At noon, after his breathing had stopped, he manifested the state of tukdam, the ultimate meditation at the moment of death.

2012 April 16, Lama Kunsang, Lama Pemo, Marie Aubele, History of the Karmapas: The Odyssey of the Tibetan Masters with the Black Crown, Shambhala Publications, →ISBN, page 42:

(Tibetan Buddhism) An advanced state of meditation believed to be attained by some experienced meditators following their deaths.


和夷羅

/xɤ³⁵ i³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ i³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/


質多

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


釋迦文

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

Older borrowing from Sanskrit शाक्यमुनि (Śākyamuni, “sage of the Śākyas”). Largely superseded by 釋迦牟尼 /释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní).

bor

(Buddhism, obsolete) Śākyamuni; Gautama Buddha


五陰

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/


摩訶薩

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ sä⁵¹/

Short for 摩訶薩埵／摩诃萨埵 (móhēsàduǒ) from Sanskrit महासत्त्व (mahāsattva, “great creature; great being”).

Púsà móhēsà xué sānshì zhū fó suǒ xíng fǎ gù.

菩薩摩訶薩學三世諸佛所行法故。

菩萨摩诃萨学三世诸佛所行法故。

(Buddhism) mahasattva, a "great bodhisattva", one explicitly defined by their devotion to bodhicitta


懺摩

/ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā, “pardon, forgiveness”)

‘Kṣamā' is "repentance" in the barbarian tongue.

Commentary on the Sutra on the Contemplation on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life by Shandao)

懺摩，胡語，此云悔過。

忏摩，胡语，此云悔过。


三災

/sän⁵⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/

The Buddha told the bhikshus: "There are three calamities in a world-period. What are those three? The first is the calamity of fire, the second is the calamity of water, the third is the calamity of wind.

Fó gào bǐqiū: “Shì yǒu sānzāi. Yúnhé wèi sān? Yī zhě huǒzāi, èr zhě shuǐzāi, sān zhě fēngzāi.”

佛告比丘：「世有三災。云何為三？一者火災，二者水災，三者風災。」

佛告比丘：「世有三灾。云何为三？一者火灾，二者水灾，三者风灾。」

(Buddhism) The three calamities at the end of a kalpa; namely, those of fire, flooding, and wind.


三篋

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

Calque of Pali tipiṭaka, from ti (“three”) + piṭaka (“basket, collection of canons”), and Sanskrit त्रिपिटक (tripiṭaka), from त्रि (tri) + पिटक (piṭaka).


四大部洲

ㄙˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄅㄨˋ ㄓㄡ

сы да бу чжоу

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) The four great continents of Buddhist cosmology; namely Jambudvīpa in the south, Pūrvavideha in the east, Aparagodānīya in the west, and Uttarakuru in the north.


綺語

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) idle, pointless speech, one of the Ten Evil Deeds (十惡).


優婆夷

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ i³⁵/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ i³⁵/


ବୁଦ୍ଧ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha).


tông giáo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 宗教, composed of 宗 (“sect”) and 教 (“teaching”)

vi-etym-sino

Từ ngày Phật tịch cho đến nay, Tăng chúng chia lìa, phân chia tông giáo, cũng như các nhánh cây, mất thân mình mẹ, bị chiết lạc đem trồng mỗi nơi, tùy phong thổ mà biến đổi không còn tánh chất giống y như hồi nguyên xưa nữa.

2018 October 3, “Chơn lý số 24: Tông giáo [24th Truth:: Schools of Thought]”, in Pháp đăng thiền tuệ [The Lamp of the Dharma and the Wisdom of Zen], Thiền Viện Pháp Sơn:

Since the day the Buddha entered nirvana, the sangha has been divided, fractured into different schools of thought, like how tree branches get cut off the trunk and planted in different places, adulterated beyond recognition according to where they are.

school of thought
school of thought#English


迦楼羅

(Buddhism) garuda; a type of guardian deity which takes the form of vast fire-breathing birds. Accounted as one of the eight legions in Mahayana Buddhism


rueda de plegaria

es-noun

rueda de plegaria f (plural ruedas de plegaria)


肉髻

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (肉髻):
* → Korean: 육계(肉髻) (yukgye)

/ʐoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

/ʐoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/

Borrowed ultimately from Sanskrit उष्णीष (uṣṇīṣa).

(Buddhism) ushnisha, the fleshy swelling or top-knot on the head in depictions of the Buddha.


摩睺羅伽

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄡˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄑㄧㄝˊ

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xoʊ̯³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit महोरग (mahoraga).


四眾

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit चतस्रः पर्षदः (catasraḥ parṣadaḥ). Compare Tibetan འཁོར་བཞི་པོ། ('khor bzhi po)

cal

चतस्रः पर्षदः

cog

འཁོར་བཞི་པོ།

Then Maitreya Bodhisattva, wishing to resolve his own doubts, and observing the minds of the four divisions of monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen, and the devas, nagas, spirits, and others in the assembly, asked Manjushri saying:

ěrshí mílèpúsà yù zì juéyí, yòu guān sìzhòng bǐqiū, bǐqiūní, yōupósài, yōupóyí, jí zhūtiān, lóng, guǐshén děng zhònghuì zhī xīn, ér wèn wénshūshīlì yán:

爾時彌勒菩薩欲自決疑，又觀四眾比丘、比丘尼、優婆塞、優婆夷，及諸天，龍、鬼神等眾會之心，而問文殊師利言：

尔时弥勒菩萨欲自决疑，又观四众比丘、比丘尼、优婆塞、优婆夷，及诸天，龙、鬼神等众会之心，而问文殊师利言：

(Buddhism) the four divisions of Buddhist disciples; namely 比丘 (bǐqiū), 比丘尼 (bǐqiūní), 優婆塞 /优婆塞 (yōupósè), 優婆夷 /优婆夷 (yōupóyí).


滅度

/mi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

/mi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/

Translation of Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa).


佛土

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (佛土):
* → Korean: 불토(佛土) (bulto)

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Calque of Sanskrit बुद्धक्षेत्र (buddhakṣetra), from बुद्ध (buddha, “Buddha”) + क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land”).

cal

बुद्धक्षेत्र


鳩槃荼

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰän³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰän³⁵ tʰu³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit कुम्भाण्ड (kumbhāṇḍa).

Kumbhandas are urn-shaped ghosts, whose appearance resemble winter melons.

Annotations to the Lotus Sutra 《妙法蓮華經科註》

Jiūpántú zhě, cǐ yún wèng xíng guǐ, zhuàngmào dōngguā.

鳩槃荼者，此云甕形鬼，狀貌冬瓜。

鸠槃荼者，此云瓮形鬼，状貌冬瓜。

(Buddhism) kumbhanda (a type of dwarfish, misshapen spirit)


緊那羅

ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄚˋ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵/


善根

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (善根):
* → Japanese: 善根(ぜんこん) (zenkon)
* → Korean: 선근(善根) (seon'geun)

/ʂän⁵¹ kən⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵¹ kən⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit कुशलमूल (kuśalamūla, literally “roots of good”).


虛空藏

/ɕy⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit आकाशगर्भ (ākāśagarbha, literally “heavenly womb”).

(Buddhism) (～菩薩) Akasagarbha bodhisattva


無盡意菩薩

ㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄧˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

Уцзиньи Пуса

/u³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/u³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit अक्षयमति (akṣayamati, literally “inexhaustible intent”).


大勢至菩薩

ㄉㄚˋ ㄕˋ ㄓˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

Дашичжи Пуса

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit महास्थामप्राप्त (mahāsthāmaprāpta).

महास्थामप्राप्त


金剛手

Цзиньган Шоу

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Calque of Sanskrit वज्रपाणि (vajrapāṇi, literally “vajra in hand”).


日光菩薩

ㄖˋ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit सूर्यप्रभ (sūryaprabha, literally “sun light”).


月光菩薩

ㄩㄝˋ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit चन्द्रप्रभ (candraprabha, literally “moon light”).


tại gia

[taːj˧˨ʔ zaː˧˧]

[taːj˨˩ʔ jaː˧˧]

[taːj˨˩˨ jaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 在家, composed of 在 (“to stay”) and 家 (“house”).

vi-etym-sino

(Buddhism) to not be ordained; to be lay


ni viện

[nɪj˧˧ viəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[nɪj˧˧ viəŋ˨˩˨]

[nɪj˧˧ jiəŋ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 尼 (“bhikkhuni; nun”) and 院 (“institute”).

Ni viện Thiện Hoà


如意寶珠

ㄖㄨˊ ㄧˋ ㄅㄠˇ ㄓㄨ

/ʐu³⁵ i⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/ʐu³⁵ i⁵¹ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit चिन्तामणि (cintāmaṇi)

cal

(Buddhism) a fabulous gem supposed to fulfill all desires of its possessor


paṭiccasamuppāda

English: paticcasamuppāda

desc

បដិច្ចសមុប្បាទ

Khmer: បដិច្ចសមុប្បាទ (bɑɑdeccɑɑhmupbaat)

ปฏิจจสมุปบาท

Thai: ปฏิจจสมุปบาท (bpà-dtìt-jà-sà-mùp-bàat)

From paṭicca (“following from, by reason of”) + samuppāda (“arising, origination”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद (pratītyasamutpāda).

cog

प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद

(Buddhism) pratītyasamutpāda, dependent origination


佛事

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

He constantly gave alms to several hundred monks at his official residence, so that there were Buddhist ceremonies day and night.

Cháng yú fǔ shě fàn sēng shù bǎi, shǐ zhòuyè wèi fóshì.

常於府捨飯僧數百，使晝夜為佛事。

常于府舍饭僧数百，使昼夜为佛事。

(Buddhism) Buddhist devotional activities.

(Buddhism) teachings and actions of a Buddha.


佛剎

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹/

Borrowed from Sanskrit बुद्धक्षेत्र (buddhakṣetra), from बुद्ध (buddha, “Buddha”) + क्षेत्र (kṣetra, “land”).

bor

बुद्धक्षेत्र


伎樂

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/


共命鳥

ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄋㄧㄠˇ

/kʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ miŋ⁵¹ ni̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Derived from Sanskrit जीवजीवक (jīvajīvaka) and 鳥／鸟 (niǎo, “bird”).


塵緣

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/


avijjā

→ English: avijja

By surface analysis, a- + vijjā. Cognate with Sanskrit अविद्या (avidyā).


正語

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (正語):
* → Japanese: 正(しょう)語(ご) (shōgo)
* → Korean: 정어(正語) (jeong'eo)

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


vipassanā

Burmese: ဝိပဿနာ (wi.pa.ssa.na)

English: vipassana

Khmer: វិបស្សនា (vipahsaʼnaa)

Thai: วิปัสสนา (wí-bpàt-sà-naa)

From vi- + passanā or vipassati (verb) + -anā. Cognate with Sanskrit विपश्यना (vipaśyanā).

(Buddhism) vipassana (insight into the true nature of reality)


𠆙

Combination of fanqie characters (切身): 亭 (MC deng) + 夜 (MC yaeH).

(Buddhism, obsolete) Used in transcription.


ଭଗବାନ୍

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit भगवान् (bhagavān).


應真

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (應真):
* → Japanese: 応真(おうしん) (ōshin)
* → Korean: 응진(應眞) (eungjin)

/iŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit अर्हत् (arhat), seen in earlier translations into Chinese. Largely replaced by the transliteration 阿羅漢／阿罗汉 (āluóhàn) in later translations.

zh-l

阿羅漢／阿罗汉 (āluóhàn)


人中上

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit पुरुषोत्तम (puruṣottama, literally “the best among men”).

cal

I take refuge in the Best Among Men, the limitless lord of the Three Realms.

歸命人中上，三界無極尊。

归命人中上，三界无极尊。


剎土

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Sanskrit क्षेत्र (kṣetra) combined with Chinese 土 (tǔ). Displaced by 世界 (shìjiè) in later translations.

He arose from his seat and spoke to Ananda, saying: "I have observed the trichiliocosm of worlds and do not see it."

Jí cóng zuò qǐ yǔ Ānán yuē: “Wǒ jīn yǐ guān sānqiāndàqiān chàtǔ ér bù jiàn zhī.”

即從坐起語阿難曰：「我今已觀三千大千剎土而不見之。」

即从坐起语阿难曰：「我今已观三千大千刹土而不见之。」


禪思

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

Clipping of Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna) + Chinese 思 (sī). Displaced by 禪定／禅定 (chándìng) in later translations.

(Buddhism, archaic) concentration in meditation


惡道

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ˀɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit दुर्गति (durgati, “bad path”).

What profession were you in that led to your rebirth into a bad path?

作何行業，墮於惡道。

作何行业，堕于恶道。

(Buddhism) an unfortunate state of rebirth.


天尊

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

; “Bhagavan”
Calque of Sanskrit भगवान् (bhagavān, “[he who is] honored by the gods”), with भग (bhaga) used in the sense of "gods". Displaced by 世尊 (Shìzūn) in later translations.

"The One Honored by the Gods is saving the world at present; may I in later lives attain the Way like the Buddha."

Rújīn Tiānzūn, jiùhù shìjiān; yuàn wǒ hòu shì, dé dào rú fó.

如今天尊，救護世間；願我後世，得道如佛。

如今天尊，救护世间；愿我后世，得道如佛。

(Buddhism, archaic) Bhagavan; Lord; Honoured One (title of the Buddha)


阿逸多

/ˀä⁵⁵ i⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ i⁵¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit अजित (ajita, literally “invincible”).

bor

(Buddhism) an epithet for Maitreya bodhisattva


阿耆多

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


摩訶波闍波提

ㄇㄛˊ ㄏㄜ ㄅㄛ ㄕㄜˊ ㄅㄛ ㄊㄧˊ

Мохэбошэботи

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʂɤ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit महाप्रजापती (Mahāprajāpatī).

^महाप्रजापती

(Buddhism) Mahaprajapati (step-mother of the Buddha)


溥柔軟音

ㄆㄨˇ ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄨㄢˇ ㄧㄣ

Пужоужуаньинь

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʐu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʐu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit मञ्जुघोष (mañjughoṣa, literally “pleasant sound”).

cal

(Buddhism) Mañjughoṣā, an epithet of Manjushri bodhisattva.


大勢至

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit महास्थामप्राप्त (mahāsthāmaprāpta).

महास्थामप्राप्त

～菩薩 大勢至菩薩#Chinese

(Buddhism) (～菩薩) Mahasthamaprapta bodhisattva


靈鷲山

ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ ㄕㄢ

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit गृद्धकूट (gṛddhakūṭa, “vulture peak”).


離垢

/li³⁵ koʊ̯⁵¹/

/li³⁵ koʊ̯⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit विमल (vimala, “without filth”).


那落迦

ㄋㄚˋ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄐㄧㄚ

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit नरक (naraka).


開士

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit बोधिसत्त्व (bodhisattva, “enlightened person”). Displaced by the transliteration 菩薩／菩萨 (púsà) in later translations.

zh-l

菩薩／菩萨 (púsà)


群萌

/t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/


淨飯王

ㄐㄧㄥˋ ㄈㄢˋ ㄨㄤˊ

Цзинфань Ван

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fän⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ fän⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit शुद्धोदन (Śuddhodana, “he who grows pure rice”) and Chinese 王 (wáng, “king”).

cal

King Śuddhodana had two sons: one was named Siddhartha, and the other Nanda.

Jìngfànwáng shēng èr zǐ, yī míng Xīdáduō, èr míng Nántuó.

淨飯王生二子，一名悉達多，二名難陀。

净饭王生二子，一名悉达多，二名难陀。

(Buddhism) King Suddhodana (father of the Buddha)


難陀

/nän³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/nän³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit नन्द (Nanda, “joy”).

(Buddhism) Sundarananda (younger half-brother of the Buddha)

(Buddhism) Ananda (cousin and foremost disciple of the Buddha)


薄伽梵

ㄅㄛˊ ㄑㄧㄝˊ ㄈㄢˋ

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ fän⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵ fän⁵¹/

Transliteration of Sanskrit भगवान् (bhagavān).

(Buddhism) Bhagavan; Lord; Honoured One (title of the Buddha)


陞座

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

From a practice in Chan temples of expounding the Dharma while seated on a platform.


五失本三不易

ㄨˇ ㄕ ㄅㄣˇ ㄙㄢ ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˋ

у ши бэнь сань бу и

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ sän⁵⁵ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

First advanced by Dao'an 道安 in the fourth century.

(Buddhism) Five ways the meanings of the source material are lost and the three difficulties of translation.


我聞如是

ㄨㄛˇ ㄨㄣˊ ㄖㄨˊ ㄕˋ

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ ʐu³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ mɐn²¹ jyː²¹ siː²²/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³⁻³³ zu²³⁻³³ si³³/

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵ ʐu³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ŋɔː¹³ mɐn²¹ jyː²¹ siː²²/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³⁻³³ zu²³⁻³³ si³³/

Calque of Sanskrit एवं मया श्रुतम् (evaṃ mayā śrutam). The syntax of this early translation directly reflects Chinese grammatical conventions as opposed to the much more commonly used 如是我聞／如是我闻 (rúshìwǒwén), which reflects the original Sanskrit syntax. The "I" in the translation generally refers to the Buddha's cousin Ānanda 阿難／阿难 (Ānán), renowned for having the best memory among the Buddha's disciples.

calque

एवं मया श्रुतम्

zh-l

如是我聞／如是我闻 (rúshìwǒwén)

阿難／阿难 (Ānán)

Thus have I heard: The Buddha was once residing at Gṛdhrakūṭa Peak in Rajagaha, with an assembly of twelve thousand bhikshus in total, all of whom were great sages who had attained spiritual powers.

Wǒwénrúshì: yīshí fó zhù Wángshèchéng Qídūjuéshān zhōng, yǔ dà bǐqiū zhòng wàn'èrqiān rén jù, yīqiè dàshèng shéntōng yǐ dá.

我聞如是：一時佛住王舍城耆闍崛山中，與大比丘眾萬二千人俱，一切大聖神通已達。

我闻如是：一时佛住王舍城耆阇崛山中，与大比丘众万二千人俱，一切大圣神通已达。

(Buddhism, archaic) Thus have I heard... (a common opening of Buddhist texts)


須彌

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (須彌):
* → Japanese: 須(しゅ)彌(み) (shumi)
* → Korean: 수미(須彌) (sumi)
* → Vietnamese: Tu-di (須彌)

Transliteration of Sanskrit सुमेरु (sumeru).

Though Sumeru is tall and broad, it shall be worn away in the end.

須彌雖高廣，終歸於消磨。

须弥虽高广，终归于消磨。

(Buddhism) Sumeru (a central mountain for a world-system in Buddhist cosmology)


須彌山

/ɕy⁵⁵ mi³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɕy⁵⁵ mi³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit सुमेरु (Sumeru) + 山 (shān, “mountain”).

translit

It is akin to the Lord Mount Sumeru, which is foremost among all mountains.

猶如諸山，須彌山王為第一。

犹如诸山，须弥山王为第一。

(Buddhism) Meru (a central mountain for a world-system in Buddhist cosmology)


須彌座

/ɕy⁵⁵ mi³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/ɕy⁵⁵ mi³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) a design convention for Buddhist statues and platforms where the middle portion is narrower than the base or top


娑婆世界

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (娑婆世界):
* → Japanese: 娑(しゃ)婆(ば)世(せ)界(かい) (shabasekai)
* → Korean: 사바세계(娑婆世界) (sabasegye)
* → Vietnamese: ta bà thế giái (娑婆世界)

ㄙㄨㄛ ㄆㄛˊ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

/su̯ɔ⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/su̯ɔ⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

From Sanskrit सहालोकधातु (sahālokadhātu).

Then the Sahā world immediately became pure, with lapis lazuli for its earth.

The Lotus Sūtra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Shí Suōpóshìjiè jí biàn qīngjìng, liúlí wèi dì.

時娑婆世界即變清淨，琉璃為地。

时娑婆世界即变清净，琉璃为地。

(Buddhism) the Sahā world-system (which includes the present world)


果報

/ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Partial calque of Sanskrit विपाक (vipāka, “ripening”).

partial calque

(Buddhism) karmic retribution or remuneration


法帝

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/

(Buddhism) an epithet for the Buddha (lit. "Emperor of the Dharma")


不空成就佛

ㄅㄨˋ ㄎㄨㄥ ㄔㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ ㄈㄛˊ

букунчэнцзю фо

/pu⁵¹ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯²² fɐt̚²/

/pɐt̚⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯²² fɐt̚²/

Calque of Sanskrit अमोघसिद्धि (Amoghasiddhi).


寶生如來

ㄅㄠˇ ㄕㄥ ㄖㄨˊ ㄌㄞˊ

Баошэн Жулай

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit रत्नसम्भव (Ratnasambhava, “jewel-born”).


寶生佛

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/


毗盧遮那如來

ㄆㄧˊ ㄌㄨˊ ㄓㄜ ㄋㄚˋ ㄖㄨˊ ㄌㄞˊ

Пилучжэна Жулай

/pʰi³⁵ lu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/pʰi³⁵ lu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵⁵ nä⁵¹ ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

From Sanskrit वैरोचन (Vairocana, “solar”).


摩那婆

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ nä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

From Sanskrit मानव (mānava, “human”). Displaced by native Chinese 人 (rén) in later translations.


修多羅

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


頭陀

/tʰoʊ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰoʊ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/


梵皇

/fän⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fän⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/


大千

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰiːn⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʰiːn⁵⁵/

大千世界 大千世界#Chinese

(Buddhism) Alternative form of 大千世界 (dàqiānshìjiè)


三千大千世界

ja-r

さんぜん%だいせん%せかい

desc

삼천대천세계(三千大千世界)

CJKV/code

さんぜん%だいせん%せかい

Sino-Xenic (三千大千世界):
* → Japanese: 三千(さんぜん)大千(だいせん)世界(せかい) (sanzendaisensekai)
* → Korean: 삼천대천세계(三千大千世界) (samcheondaecheonsegye)
* → Vietnamese: tam thiên đại thiên thế giới (三千大千世界)

CJKV

さんぜん%だいせん%せかい

ㄙㄢ ㄑㄧㄢ ㄉㄚˋ ㄑㄧㄢ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

саньцяньдацяньшицзе

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tä⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

sam|samH tshen dajH|daH tshen syejH keajH

Calque of Sanskrit त्रिसहस्र महासहस्र लोकधातु (trisahasra mahāsahasra lokadhātu).

cal

त्रिसहस्र महासहस्र लोकधातु

Suppose someone were to grind all the earth in the trichiliocosm into ink powder and then suppose he passed through a thousand lands to the east and then dropped a particle the size of a mote of dust, and then passing through another thousand lands deposited another mote.

Pìrú sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu dì zhǒng. Jiǎshǐ yǒu rén mó yǐ wèi mò. Guòyú dōngfāng qiān guótǔ nǎi xià yīdiǎn. Dà rú wēichén. Yòu guò qiān guótǔ fù xià yīdiǎn.

譬如三千大千世界所有地種。假使有人磨以為墨。過於東方千國土乃下一點。大如微塵。又過千國土復下一點。

譬如三千大千世界所有地种。假使有人磨以为墨。过于东方千国土乃下一点。大如微尘。又过千国土复下一点。

Subhūti, what do you think? Are there very many atoms contained in three thousand great thousand-worlds?

The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Xūpútí! Yú yì yúnhé? Sānqiāndàqiānshìjiè suǒyǒu wēichén, shì wèi duō fǒu?

須菩提！於意云何？三千大千世界所有微塵，是為多不？

须菩提！于意云何？三千大千世界所有微尘，是为多不？

(Buddhism) a trichiliocosm (a universe containing a billion worlds).


小千世界

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄑㄧㄢ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

сяо цянь шицзе

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) a first-order chiliocosm (a collection of a thousand worlds).


中千世界

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄑㄧㄢ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

чжун цянь шицзе

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) a second-order chiliocosm (a collection of a million worlds).


三千世界

ㄙㄢ ㄑㄧㄢ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

саньцянь шицзе

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

三千大千世界 三千大千世界#Chinese

(Buddhism) Abbreviation of 三千大千世界 (sānqiān-dàqiān-shìjiè).


小世界

ㄒㄧㄠˇ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) a single world (including a singular Mount Sumeru, sun, and moon).


三摩地

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (三摩地):
* → Japanese: 三(さん)摩(ま)地(ぢ) (sanmaji)
* → Korean: 삼마지(三摩地) (sammaji)
* → Vietnamese: tam-ma-địa (三摩地)

/sän⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵ ti⁵¹/


三摩提

/sän⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

(Buddhism) Alternative form of 三摩地 (sānmódì)


頭陀袋

頭陀袋 (canonical)
zudabukuro (romanization)

[d͡zɨda̠bɯ̟kɯ̟ɾo̞]

(Buddhism) a cloth bag of Buddhist monastics, worn on the chest.


兜率

Sino-Xenic (兜率):
* → Japanese: 兜(と)率(そつ) (tosotsu)
* → Korean: 도솔(兜率) (dosol)

/toʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/toʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

(Buddhism) Tushita (fourth of the six heavens in the Realm of Desire)


夜摩天

Sino-Xenic (夜摩天):
* → Japanese: 夜(や)摩(ま)天(てん) (yamaten)
* → Korean: 야마천(夜摩天) (yamacheon)

/jɛ⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit याम (yāma) + Chinese 天 (tiān, “heaven”).

(Buddhism) Yāma (third of the six heavens in the Realm of Desire).


化樂天

Sino-Xenic (化樂天):
* → Japanese: 化(け)楽(らく)天(てん) (kerakuten)
* → Korean: 화락천(化樂天) (hwarakcheon)

ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄌㄜˋ ㄊㄧㄢ

/xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit निर्माणरति (nirmāṇarati) + Chinese 天 (tiān, “heaven”).

cal

(Buddhism) Nirmāṇarati (fifth of the six heavens in the Realm of Desire).


他化自在天

desc

타화자재천(他化自在天)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (他化自在天):
* → Japanese: 他(た)化(け)自(じ)在(ざい)天(てん) (takejizaiten)
* → Korean: 타화자재천(他化自在天) (tahwajajaecheon)

ㄊㄚ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄗˋ ㄗㄞˋ ㄊㄧㄢ

Тахуацзыцзайтянь

/tʰä⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit परनिर्मित वशवर्तिन् (paranirmita vaśavartin) + Chinese 天 (tiān, “heaven”).

bor

परनिर्मित वशवर्तिन्

(Buddhism) Paranirmitavaśavartin (highest and sixth of the six heavens in the Realm of Desire).


俱盧舍

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ lu³⁵ ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ lu³⁵ ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) a krośa (a measurement of length in ancient India).


俱胝

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) a koṭi (one crore, or ten million).


俱致

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


準提

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵/

Transliteration of the vocative of Sanskrit चुन्दा (cundā).


準提菩薩

ㄓㄨㄣˇ ㄊㄧˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

Чжуньти Пуса

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

tsywinX|tsywet dzye|dej bu|bojX|bjuwX|bok sat

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/


藥王菩薩

ㄧㄠˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

yak hjwang|hjwangH bu|bojX|bjuwX|bok sat

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit भैषज्यराज (bhaiṣajyarāja).


藥王

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

(Buddhism) (～菩薩) Bhaiṣajyarāja bodhisattva


尸羅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (尸羅):
* → Japanese: 尸(し)羅(ら) (shira)
* → Korean: 시라(尸羅) (sira)

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

(Buddhism) ethical regulations; precepts.


四大菩薩

ㄙˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄆㄨˊ ㄙㄚˋ

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹ pʰu³⁵ sä⁵¹/

(Buddhism) The four major Bodhisattvas in Chinese Buddhism; viz. Mañjuśrī, Samantabhadra, Avalokiteshvara, and Kṣitigarbha.


幽冥戒

ㄧㄡ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄝˋ

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) ethical precepts taken on behalf of the deceased.


楞嚴咒

Лэнъянь Чжоу

/lɤŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤŋ⁵¹ jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/


楞嚴

/lɤŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵ lɤŋ⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ jiːm²¹/

/lɤŋ³⁵ jɛn³⁵ lɤŋ⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ jiːm²¹/


般舟三昧

ㄅㄛ ㄓㄡ ㄙㄢ ㄇㄟˋ

бочжоу саньмэй

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/

From Sanskrit प्रत्युत्पन्न समाधि (pratyutpanna samādhi, literally “present samadhi”).

bor

प्रत्युत्पन्न समाधि

Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra
w:Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra

(Buddhism) an uninterrupted religious practice for a period of time (named for the eponymous Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra).


婆伽婆

/pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ kä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ kä⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit भगवान् (bhagavān).

(Buddhism) Bhagavan, an epithet for the Buddha.


疑經

/i³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/i³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) sutras of doubtful quality or doubtful authenticity; apocrypha


失譯

(Buddhism) sutras with an anonymous or unknown translator


格義

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (格義):
* → Japanese: 格(かく)義(ぎ) (kakugi)
* → Korean: 격의(格義) (gyeogui)

शून्यता शून्यता#Sanskrit

(Buddhism) to translate a foreign concept by matching it to a native (Chinese) one (e.g. 本無／本无 to describe Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā)); to localize


波羅夷

Sino-Xenic (波羅夷):
* → Japanese: 波(は)羅(ら)夷(い) (harai)
* → Korean: 바라이(波羅夷) (barai)

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ i³⁵/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ i³⁵/

(Buddhism) a major violation of the monastic precepts


Thế Tôn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 世尊, composed of 世 (“life; world”) and 尊 (“highness”).

vi-etym-sino

Pháp Loa Thế Tôn
Lord Pháp Loa


善財

/ʂän⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/siːn²² t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/ʂän⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/siːn²² t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/


Drukpa Kagyu

Borrowed from Dzongkha and Tibetan འབྲུག་པ་བཀའ་བརྒྱུད ('brug pa bka' brgyud).

bor+

འབྲུག་པ་བཀའ་བརྒྱུད

(Tibetan Buddhism) The leading school of Tibetan Buddhism in Bhutan.


齋會

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

(Buddhism) an assembly of Buddhist monks, who are provided with vegetarian food


来迎

(Buddhism) a painting of Amitabha welcoming a dying soul to the Western Paradise


ᠮᠻᠠᠨᠪᠤᠸᠠ

Borrowed from Classical Tibetan མཁན་པོ (mkhan po).

(Tibetan Buddhism) Alternative form of ᠻᠠᠮᠪᠤ (kambu, “khenpo”)


விபுலம்

vipulam (romanization)
விபுலம் (nominative singular)
விபுலமே (singular vocative)
விபுலத்தை (accusative singular)
விபுலத்துக்கு (dative singular)
விபுலத்துக்காக (benefactive singular)
விபுலத்துடைய (genitive genitive-i singular)
விபுலத்தின் (genitive genitive-ii singular)
விபுலத்தில் (locative locative-i singular)
விபுலத்திடம் (locative locative-ii singular)
விபுலத்தோடு (singular sociative sociative-i)
விபுலத்துடன் (singular sociative sociative-ii)
விபுலத்தால் (instrumental singular)
விபுலத்திலிருந்து (ablative singular)

Borrowed from Sanskrit विपुल (vipula). Doublet of விபுலை (vipulai).


jhana

en-noun

jhana (countable and uncountable, plural jhanas)

The first time I heard about the jhanas, they sounded too good to be true. These special mental states are described in the sacred texts of an ancient school of Buddhism.

2024 March 4, Ross Andersen, “The Meditation Start-Up That’s Selling Bliss on Demand”, in The Atlantic:

(Hinduism, Buddhism) Alternative spelling of dhyana


Đại tạng kinh

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ taːŋ˧˨ʔ kïŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ taːŋ˨˩ʔ kɨn˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ taːŋ˨˩˨ kɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大藏經, composed of 大 and 藏經, from Chinese 大藏經 /大藏经 (Dàzàngjīng).

vi-etym-sino

(Buddhism) Chinese Buddhist canon; Tripitaka


Nhất thiết kinh

[ɲət̚˧˦ tʰiət̚˧˦ kïŋ˧˧]

[ɲək̚˦˧˥ tʰiək̚˦˧˥ kɨn˧˧]

[ɲək̚˦˥ tʰiək̚˦˥ kɨn˧˧]


Long Thụ

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰu˧˨ʔ]

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰʊw˨˩ʔ]

[lɔŋ˧˧ tʰʊw˨˩ʔ]

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰʊw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 龍樹, from Chinese 龍樹 /龙树 (Lóngshù), from Sanskrit नागार्जुन (nāgārjuna).

(Buddhism) Nagarjuna, a second century Buddhist philosopher from India


佛心

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) the infinite compassion and mercy of Buddha


Bố Đại

[ʔɓo˧˦ ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓow˨˩˦ ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓow˦˥ ʔɗaːj˨˩˨]


呼畢勒罕

ㄏㄨ ㄅㄧˋ ㄌㄜˋ ㄏㄢˇ

/xu⁵⁵ pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ xän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu⁵⁵ pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ xän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ (qubilɣan) (Cyrillic spelling хувилгаан (xuvilgaan)).


bồ đề tâm

[ʔɓo˨˩ ʔɗe˨˩ təm˧˧]

[ʔɓow˦˩ ʔɗej˦˩ təm˧˧]

[ʔɓow˨˩ ʔɗej˨˩ təm˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 菩提心, composed of 菩提 and 心, from Chinese 菩提心 (pútíxīn), from Sanskrit बोधिचित्त (bodhicitta).


보리심

Sino-Korean word from 菩提心, from 菩提 + 心, from Chinese 菩提心 (pútíxīn), from Sanskrit बोधिचित्त (bodhicitta).


菩提心

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit बोधिचित्त (bodhicitta, literally “mind of enlightenment, spirit of awakening”). बोधि (bodhi, “awakening, enlightenment”) + चित्त (cittá, “mind, spirit, reason”)


菩提心

菩提心 (canonical)
bodaishin (romanization)

Derived from Chinese 菩提心 (pútíxīn), from Sanskrit बोधिचित्त (bodhicitta).


ꦧꦸꦢ

Inherited from Old Javanese buddha, from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha).


karsevak

Transliteration of Hindi कारसेवक (kārsevak), in turn from Sanskrit कार (kāra, “work”) + सेवा (sevā, “service done with devotion”).

translit

The karsevaks built a new shelter to protect homeless people.

Huge number of karsevaks had gathered in Ayodhya in support for Ram temple campaign.

(India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism) A person who freely offers their service to a religious cause; particularly in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.


祇樹

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

祇樹給孤獨園 祇樹給孤獨園#Chinese

祇树给孤独园 祇树给孤独园#Chinese

(Buddhism) Short for 祇樹給孤獨園 /祇树给孤独园.: Jetavana, the name of a grove near Śrāvastī (where the Buddha promulgated his doctrines).


大夜

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) night before cremation of a monk


獅子吼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (獅子吼):
* → Japanese: 獅子吼(ししく) (shishiku)
* → Korean: 사자후(獅子吼) (sajahu)
* → Vietnamese: sư tử hống (獅子吼)

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² xoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ haːu̯⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² xoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ haːu̯⁵⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit सिंहनाद (siṃhanāda), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + नाद (nāda, “roar”).

compound

[The Bodhisattva] universally turns the great Dharma-wheel for all, lets out a lion's roar, and broadly distributes the Dharma to all living beings.

佛說如來不思議祕密大乘經

Pǔ wèi yīqiè zhuǎn dà fǎlún, zuò shīzihǒu, yú zhū zhòngshēng guǎng xíng fǎshī.

普為一切轉大法輪、作獅子吼，於諸眾生廣行法施。

佛說如來不思議祕密大乘經

普为一切转大法轮、作狮子吼，于诸众生广行法施。

(Buddhism) words spoken by the Buddha or his disciples


仏性

ja-noun

仏(ぶっ)性(しょう) • (bu' shō) ^(←ぶっしょう (bu' syou)?)

仏性 (canonical)
bu' shō (romanization)
bu' syou (romanization)
ぶっしょう (hiragana historical)


帰西

Literally, “return to the west”, from the belief that the Pure Land lies in the far west


帰西

帰西する (canonical)
kisai suru (romanization)
帰西し (stem)
帰西した (past)
帰西し
きさいし
kisai shi
帰西する
きさいする
kisai suru
帰西すれ
きさいすれ
kisai sure
帰西せよ (imperative literary)
帰西しろ (colloquial imperative)
きさいせよ (imperative literary)
きさいしろ (colloquial imperative)
kisai seyo (imperative literary)
kisai shiro (colloquial imperative)
帰西される (passive)
きさいされる (passive)
kisai sareru (passive)
帰西させる (causative)
帰西さす (causative)
きさいさせる (causative)
きさいさす (causative)
kisai saseru (causative)
kisai sasu (causative)
帰西できる (potential)
きさいできる (potential)
kisai dekiru (potential)
帰西しよう (volitional)
きさいしよう (volitional)
kisai shiyō (volitional)
帰西しない (negative)
きさいしない (negative)
kisai shinai (negative)
帰西せず (continuative negative)
きさいせず (continuative negative)
kisai sezu (continuative negative)
帰西します (formal)
きさいします (formal)
kisai shimasu (formal)
帰西した (perfective)
きさいした (perfective)
kisai shita (perfective)
帰西して (conjunctive)
きさいして (conjunctive)
kisai shite (conjunctive)
帰西すれば (conditional hypothetical)
きさいすれば (conditional hypothetical)
kisai sureba (conditional hypothetical)


年忌

(Buddhism) deathday, year's mind: the anniversary of a person's death or a service performed on that day


莊校

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


示現

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Then the Bodhisattva Earth Holder rose from his seat, went before the Buddha, and said to him: "World-Honored One, if any living being hears this Bodhisattva Regarder of the Cries of the World chapter, hears of the freedom of his actions and the divine power of the revelation of the universal gateway, it should be known that this person's blessings are not few."

Lotus Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva, 406 CE

Ěrshí Chídì púsà jí cóng zuò qǐ qián bái Fó yán: “Shìzūn, ruò yǒu zhòngshēng, wén shì Guānshìyīn púsà pǐn, zìzài zhī yè, pǔmén shìxiàn shéntōnglì zhě, dāng zhī shì rén gōngdé bùshào.

爾時持地菩薩即從座起前白佛言：「世尊，若有衆生，聞是觀世音菩薩品，自在之業，普門示現神通力者，當知是人功德不少。

尔时持地菩萨即从座起前白佛言：「世尊，若有众生，闻是观世音菩萨品，自在之业，普门示现神通力者，当知是人功德不少。

(Buddhism) to manifest; to show (spiritual powers, one's might, etc.)


необуддизм

ru-noun+

необудди́зм • (neobuddízm) m inan (genitive необудди́зма, nominative plural необудди́змы, genitive plural необудди́змов)

необудди́зм (canonical)
neobuddízm (romanization)
необудди́зма (genitive)
необудди́змы (nominative plural)
необудди́змов (genitive plural)
необудди́зм (nominative singular)
необудди́змы (nominative plural)
необудди́зма (genitive singular)
необудди́змов (genitive plural)
необудди́зму (dative singular)
необудди́змам (dative plural)
необудди́зм (accusative singular)
необудди́змы (accusative plural)
необудди́змом (instrumental singular)
необудди́змами (instrumental plural)
необудди́зме (prepositional singular)
необудди́змах (plural prepositional)

нео- (neo-, “new”) + будди́зм (buddízm, “Buddhism”)


अञ्जलि

añjalí (romanization)
अन्जलिः (nominative singular)
अन्जली (dual nominative)
अन्जलयः (nominative plural)
अन्जले (singular vocative)
अन्जली (dual vocative)
अन्जलयः (plural vocative)
अन्जलिम् (accusative singular)
अन्जली (accusative dual)
अन्जलीन् (accusative plural)
अन्जलिना (instrumental singular)
अन्जल्या1 (instrumental singular)
अन्जलिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अन्जलिभिः (instrumental plural)
अन्जलये (dative singular)
अन्जलिभ्याम् (dative dual)
अन्जलिभ्यः (dative plural)
अन्जलेः (ablative singular)
अन्जल्यः1 (ablative singular)
अन्जलिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अन्जलिभ्यः (ablative plural)
अन्जलेः (genitive singular)
अन्जल्यः1 (genitive singular)
अन्जल्योः (dual genitive)
अन्जलीनाम् (genitive plural)
अन्जलौ (locative singular)
अन्जला1 (locative singular)
अन्जल्योः (dual locative)
अन्जलिषु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: anzal

Arabic script: اَنزَل

Devanagari script: अन्ज़ल

Khowar: اَنجیل (anǰíl)

desctree

Pali: añjali
→ Burmese: အဉ္ဇလီ (anyja.li)

Prakrit: 𑀅𑀁𑀚𑀮𑀻 (aṃjalī)

Central:

desc

Hindustani: añjal, añjul, añjlā, añjlī, añjulī

Hindi: अंजल, अंजुल, अंजला, अंजली, अंजुली

Urdu: اَنجَل, اَنجُل, اَنجْلا, اَنجْلی, اَنجُلی

Eastern:

Assamese: আঁজলি (ãzoli)

Bengali: আঁজুলি (ãjuli), আঁজলা (ãjola)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: अँजुरी (ãjurī)

Odia: ଆଞ୍ଜୁଳି (āñjuḷi), ଅଞ୍ଜୁଳି (añjuḷi), ଆଞ୍ଜୁଳା (āñjuḷā), ଅଞ୍ଜୁଳା (añjuḷā)

Northern:

Kumaoni: अँजुली (ā̃julī), आँचुली (ā̃culī), अँज्वाल (ãjwāl), आँजुइ (ā̃j̈ui), आँचुइ (ā̃ċui)

Nepali: अँजुलि (ãjuli), अँजुलो (ãjulo)

Northwestern:

Punjabi: añjlī

Gurmukhi script: ਅੰਜਲੀ

Shahmukhi script: انجلی

Southern:

Marathi: अंजळी (añjḷī)

Sinhalese: ඇදිල්ල (ædilla)

Western:

Gujarati: અંજળી (añjaḷī)

→ Hindi: अंजलि (añjli) (learned)

→ Kannada: ಅಂಜಲಿ (añjali) (learned)

→ Malayalam: അഞ്ജലി (añjali), അഞ്ഞലി (aññali)

→ Marathi: अंजलि (añjli) (learned)

→ Nepali: अञ्जलि (añjali) (learned)

→ Sinhalese: අංජලිය (aṁjaliya)

→ Tamil: அஞ்சலி (añcali) (learned)

→ Telugu: అంజలి (añjali) (learned)

/ɐɲ.d͡ʑɐ.lí/

/ˈɐɲ.d͡ʑɐ.l̪i/

From the root अञ्ज् (añj, “to honour, celebrate”).

sa-root

कदा निलिम्पनिर्झरीनिकुञ्जकोटरे वसन्
विमुक्तदुर्मतिः सदा शिरःस्थम् अञ्जलिं वहन् ।
विमुक्तलोललोचनो ललामभाललग्नकः
शिवेति मन्त्रम् उच्चरन् कदा सुखी भवाम्य् अहम् ॥
kadā nilimpanirjharīnikuñjakoṭare vasan
vimuktadurmatiḥ sadā śiraḥstham añjaliṃ vahan.
vimuktalolalocano lalāmabhālalagnakaḥ
śiveti mantram uccaran kadā sukhī bhavāmy aham.
When will I be living in a dwelling cave near Ganga;
Carrying the Añjali Mudrā on my head;
Free from greedy eyes and with forehead marked [with the auspicious Tripuṇḍra];

Uttering the mantra ‘Śiva’, when will I be happy.

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) Añjali Mudrā (the gesture with open hands placed side by side and slightly hollowed (as if by a beggar to receive food))


慈氏

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰz̩³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/


三皈依

/sän⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/


休屠

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/


劫貝

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/

The Buddha told Ananda: "As for the funerary procedure for a sage-king, first use fragrant water to wash his body, then take fresh cotton to wrap his body all over, repeatedly binding [it] five hundred times."

Fó gào Ānán: “Shèngwáng zàng fǎ, xiān yǐ xiāng tāng xǐyù qí tǐ, yǐ xīn jiébèi zhōubiàn chánshēn, yǐ wǔbǎi zhāng diécì rú chán zhī.”

佛告阿難：「聖王葬法，先以香湯洗浴其體，以新劫貝周遍纏身，以五百張疊次如纏之。」

佛告阿难：「圣王葬法，先以香汤洗浴其体，以新劫贝周遍缠身，以五百张叠次如缠之。」


人中獅子

ㄖㄣˊ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄕ ˙ㄗ

жэнь чжун шицзы

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

Calque of Sanskrit नरसिंह (narasiṃha), from नर (nara, “man”) + सिंह (siṃha, “lion”).

(Buddhism) an exceptional or outstanding person


術闍

Transliteration of Sanskrit विद्या (vidyā).


族姓子

/t͡su³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡su³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Calque of Sanskrit कुलपुत्र (kulaputra), from कुल (kula, “family, clan”) + पुत्र (putra, “son”).


釋迦文尼

ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄨㄣˊ ㄋㄧˊ

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wən³⁵ ni³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ wən³⁵ ni³⁵/

Borrowed from Sanskrit शाक्यमुनि (Śākyamuni, “sage of the Śākyas”).

bor

(Buddhism, archaic, now rare) Śākyamuni; Gautama Buddha


王舍

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

(Buddhism) Short for 王舍城 (Wángshèchéng).


須菩提

/ɕy⁵⁵ pʰu³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/ɕy⁵⁵ pʰu³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit सुभूति (subhūti).

(Buddhism) Subhūti (a senior disciple of the Buddha)


一闡提

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ tʰi³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit इच्छन्तिक (icchantika).


帝釋

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Chinese 帝 (dì, “emperor”) + clipping of Sanskrit शक्र (śakra).

If they should be liberated by one in the appearance of Sakra, [ Avalokiteśvara ] appears as Sakra to speak the Dharma for them.

Yìng yǐ Dìshì shēn dé dù zhě, jí xiàn Dìshì shēn ér wèi shuōfǎ.

應以帝釋身得度者，即現帝釋身而為說法。

应以帝释身得度者，即现帝释身而为说法。


波羅提提舍尼

ㄅㄛ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄧˊ ㄊㄧˊ ㄕㄜˋ ㄋㄧˊ

болотитишэни

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi³⁵ tʰi³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹ ni³⁵/

pa la dzye|dej dzye|dej syaeX|syaeH nrij

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ tʰi³⁵ tʰi³⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹ ni³⁵/

From Sanskrit प्रतिदेशनीय (pratideśanīya, “disclosure”).

(Buddhism) pratideśanīya (a set of four monastic offenses involving receiving or eating food)


法喜

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मप्रीति (dharmaprīti), from धर्म (dharma) + प्रीति (prīti).

cal

(Buddhism) joy obtained from observing Buddhist moral codes or listening to the dharma


屍林

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ lin³⁵/


迴向

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

Calque of Sanskrit परिणामना (pariṇāmanā).

(Buddhism) dedication of merit from a religious deed; transfer of merit


大種

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

Calque of Sanskrit महाभूत (mahābhūta), from महा (mahā) + भूत (bhūta).

(Buddhism) the Great Elements, viz. earth 地 (dì), water 水 (shuǐ), fire 火 (huǒ), and air 風／风 (fēng)


和尚尼

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ni³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ni³⁵/


犍陟

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

(Buddhism) Kanthaka (the Buddha's favorite horse)


劫波杯

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) a skull-cup (used as a ritual implement in Tibetan Buddhism)


精舍

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂɤ⁵¹/


軍持

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

At that time, Bilan wished to wash the brahmins' hands, and was very saddened when he tilted the water vessel but water did not come out.

Yúshí, Bǐlán yù zǎo póluómén shǒu, qīng yú jūnchí ér shuǐ bù chū, dà yòng chóuyōu.

於時，比藍欲澡婆羅門手，傾於軍持而水不出，大用愁憂。

于时，比蓝欲澡婆罗门手，倾于军持而水不出，大用愁忧。

(Buddhism) water vessel (used by monastics for carrying water and in rituals)


प्लक्षद्वीप

plakṣadvīpá (romanization)
प्लक्षद्वीपः (nominative singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपौ (dual nominative)
प्लक्षद्वीपा1 (dual nominative)
प्लक्षद्वीपाः (nominative plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपासः1 (nominative plural)
प्लक्षद्वीप (singular vocative)
प्लक्षद्वीपौ (dual vocative)
प्लक्षद्वीपा1 (dual vocative)
प्लक्षद्वीपाः (plural vocative)
प्लक्षद्वीपासः1 (plural vocative)
प्लक्षद्वीपम् (accusative singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपौ (accusative dual)
प्लक्षद्वीपा1 (accusative dual)
प्लक्षद्वीपान् (accusative plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपेन (instrumental singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
प्लक्षद्वीपैः (instrumental plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपाय (dative singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपाभ्याम् (dative dual)
प्लक्षद्वीपेभ्यः (dative plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपात् (ablative singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
प्लक्षद्वीपेभ्यः (ablative plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपस्य (genitive singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपयोः (dual genitive)
प्लक्षद्वीपानाम् (genitive plural)
प्लक्षद्वीपे (locative singular)
प्लक्षद्वीपयोः (dual locative)
प्लक्षद्वीपेषु (locative plural)

Compound of प्लक्ष (plakṣa, “fig”) + द्वीप (dvīpá, “island”).

com+

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) Plakshadvipa one of the seven regions of the Earth.


quay đầu là bờ

[kwaj˧˧ ʔɗəw˨˩ laː˨˩ ʔɓəː˨˩]

[kwaj˧˧ ʔɗəw˦˩ laː˦˩ ʔɓəː˦˩]

[waj˧˧ ʔɗəw˨˩ laː˨˩ ʔɓəː˨˩]

Calque of Chinese 回頭是岸 /回头是岸 (hồi đầu thị ngạn), from longer 苦海無邊，回頭是岸 /苦海无边，回头是岸 (khổ hải vô biên, hồi đầu thị ngạn), said to be from a work called Dùliǔcuì (度柳翠).

cal

(Buddhism and humorous) it is never too late to stop generating negative karma (tạo nghiệp) and start seeking enlightenment instead


不可得

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/pu⁵¹ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/


佛公

/put̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

/put̚²⁴⁻² kɔŋ³³/

(Jinjiang Hokkien, Buddhism) bodhisattva


nghiệt chướng

[ŋiət̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕɨəŋ˧˦]

[ŋiək̚˨˩ʔ t͡ɕɨəŋ˦˧˥]

[ŋiək̚˨˩˨ cɨəŋ˦˥]

(Buddhism) retribution for the sins of a previous life


經幢

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹/

(Buddhism) hexagonal or cylindrical stone pillar with inscriptions on it


如來佛

/ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/ʐu³⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/


𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴

head

𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 or 𐽰𐾀𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽶𐽴 (etöz /ʾtʾwyz/ or edindiz /ʾtyntyz/)

𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (canonical)
𐽰𐾀𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽶𐽴 (canonical)
etöz (romanization)
ʾtʾwyz (romanization)
edindiz (romanization)
ʾtyntyz (romanization)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (nominative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾 (definite nominative plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽺𐽳𐽺𐽷 (genitive singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (definite genitive plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽷𐽰 (dative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (dative definite plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽲 (accusative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽺𐽶 (accusative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (accusative definite plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (accusative definite plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾀𐽰 (locative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (definite locative plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative definite plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽺 (instrumental singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (definite instrumental plural)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽽𐽰 (equative singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (directive singular)
𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (singular)

Nominalized compound of 𐽰𐽸 (ʾd) + 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 (ʾwyz), from Proto-Turkic *et (“flesh”) and Proto-Turkic *ȫŕ (“self, spirit”) respectively. Compare Tuvan эътөс (ètös, “body”).

𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽶 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾀 𐾈
 𐽹𐽶𐽺𐽷 𐽲𐽳𐾁𐽰𐽽 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽲 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 𐽼𐽳𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽾𐾀𐽳𐽼
 𐽼𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽾𐾀𐽹 𐽰 𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 𐽻𐽳𐽶𐽴𐽳𐽷 𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽺 𐾁𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽻
 𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽰 𐽼𐽶𐽾 𐽶𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽰𐽹 𐽹𐽲𐽰𐽶𐽰𐽺
 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽲 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐾁𐽳𐽷 𐾀𐽰𐽶𐽻𐽶𐽺𐽷 𐽺𐽳𐽹 𐽳𐽲 𐽰𐽳𐽲 𐽺𐽳𐽹 𐾁𐽰𐽸𐽰
 𐽽𐽶 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 𐽰𐽾𐽻𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽳𐾁 𐾀𐽶𐾀𐽶𐽾 𐾈 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽲
 𐽼𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽾𐾀𐽹 𐽰 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 𐾈 𐽰𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽺𐾀𐽶 𐽷𐽶𐽽𐽶𐽷
 𐽼𐾁𐽷𐽳𐽾𐾀𐽹 𐽰 𐽰𐾀𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽴 𐽲𐽰𐽶𐽳 𐽰𐽾𐽳𐽾 𐾀𐽶𐽼 [𐾀𐽶𐽻𐽰𐽾]

Second [book], [page] four:
 The body of two-thousand fathoms long appears
 as if it, with an appearance in the pure, clear realm of the Buddhas,
 stands tall as if it teaches continuously the
 teachings of Mahāyāna,
 the great vehicle, the Taisheng alone; if it is such, it is called the
 'Great Appearing Body'. The second [one],
 the 'Small Appearing Body', which is [the one] [when asked] […]

İkinti ^([nom,]) ^([yapïrgak]) tört:
 Mïŋ kulač ulug etöz belgürtüp
 belgürtme arïg süzök burhanlar uluš-
 ïnta turup. Bir yintem Mhayan,
 ulug kölök, tayšéŋ nomug ok nomlada-
 čı etöz erser ol tétir. Ulug
 belgürtme etöz, ikinti kičig
 belgürtme etöz kayu erür tép [téser] […]

(chiefly religion, Buddhism) corporeality, body, human body


Tứ Pháp

[tɨ˧˦ faːp̚˧˦]

[tɨ˨˩˦ faːp̚˦˧˥]

[tɨ˦˥ faːp̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四 (“four”) and 法 (“dharma, phenomenon”).

vi-etym-sino

安南四法
羅𦊚法像渃南法雲法雨法雷法電四大菩薩在北寕鎮古洲寺古来祈雨顯應又附石華光王母羅𱙘𥒥古法雲像腹中亦顯靈應

1827, Phạm Đình Hổ, “釋教門 (Thích giáo môn)”, in 日用常談 (Nhật dụng thường đàm):

The Tứ Pháp of An Nam
are four statues of phenomena in our Southern country: the Phenomenon of Cloud, the Phenomenon of Rain, the Phenomenon of Thunder, and the Phenomenon of Lightning; they are the four great bodhisattvas at Cổ Châu temple in Bắc Ninh, and have been very effective for praying of rain since the old days. Addendum: Thạch Hoa Quang Vương Mẫu, the Old Stone Lady, is in the belly of the Pháp Vân statue, and also very effective.

An Nam Tứ Pháp
là bốn Pháp tượng nước Nam: Pháp Vân, Pháp Vũ, Pháp Điện, Pháp Lôi; tứ đại bồ tát tại Bắc Ninh trấn, Cổ Châu tự, cổ lai kì vũ hiển ứng. Hựu phù: Thạch Hoa Quang Vương Mẫu là bà Đá Cổ, Pháp Vân tượng phục trung diệc hiển linh ứng.

(Buddhism) the four bodhisattvas and/or devis: Pháp Vân (法雲)/Bà Dâu, Pháp Vũ (法雨)/Bà Đậu, Pháp Điện (法雷)/Bà Dàn, Pháp Lôi (法電)/Bà Tướng, who are also goddesses of natural phenomena and patron goddesses


දඹදිව

/d̪əᵐbəd̪iʋə/

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀚𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀤𑀻𑀯 (jaṃbudīva)

inh+

(Buddhism) Jambudvipa: one of the seven regions of the Earth.


ජම්බුද්වීපය

head

ජම්බුද්වීපය • (jambudwīpaya)

si-noun

ජම්බුද්වීපය • (jambudwīpaya)

Borrowed from Sanskrit जम्बुद्वीप (jambudvīpa).


金剛乗

ja-noun

金(こん)剛(ごう)乗(じょう) • (Kongōjō)

[kõ̞ŋɡo̞ːʑo̞ː]

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 金剛乘 /金刚乘 (Jīngāngchéng), itself a calque of Sanskrit वज्रयान (vajrayāna, literally “Diamond Vehicle”).


อุโบสถ

th-noun

อุโบสถ • (ù-boo-sòt) (classifier หลัง or แห่ง)

ù-boo-sòt (romanization)
หลัง (classifier)
แห่ง (classifier)


अंजलि

añjali (romanization)
अंजलि (direct singular)
अंजलियाँ (direct plural)
अंजलि (oblique singular)
अंजलियों (oblique plural)
अंजलि (singular vocative)
अंजलियो (plural vocative)

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) the gesture in which the hands are placed together in greeting


阿毗曇

/ˀä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ pʰi³⁵ tʰän³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit अभिधर्म (abhidharma).


摩訶羅

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xɤ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit महल्लक (mahallaka).


摩頂

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) to rub the head of a disciple (typically done by the Buddha to give a prediction of their future)


式叉摩那

ㄕˋ ㄔㄚˋ ㄇㄛˊ ㄋㄚˋ

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ nä⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵ nä⁵¹/

Transliteration of Sanskrit शिक्षमाणा (śikṣamāṇā).

bor

Sanskrit शिक्षमाणा (śikṣamāṇā)

(Buddhism) a female novice trainee monastic


佛子

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


塞建陀

ㄙㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄊㄨㄛˊ

/saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit स्कन्द (skanda).


佛罰

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (仏罰 /仏罚):
* → Japanese: 仏罰(ぶつばつ) (butsubatsu)

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ fä³⁵/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ fä³⁵/

(literary, Buddhism) punishment of the Buddha or a bodhisattva against an evildoer


仏罰

仏罰 (canonical)
butsubatsu (romanization)

From 仏 (butsu, “the Buddha”) + 罰 (batsu, “a punishment”).

仏罰降れ

(Buddhism) punishment of the Buddha or a bodhisattva against an evildoer


無慙

Early Modern Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Sino-Japanese
The Tale of Genji
Ōjōyōshū

Compound of Sino-Japanese elements 無 (mu, “not”) + 慙 (zan, “shame; feeling shame”).
This kanji first appears in the Ōjōyōshū (984-985), but the first attestation in phonographic spelling is from The Tale of Genji (1001-1014), as むさん.

com

(Buddhism) feeling shameless after committing a sin


無慙

無慙 (canonical)
muzō (romanization)
muzau (romanization)
むざう (hiragana historical)

(Buddhism, obsolete) feeling shameless after committing a sin


ঊর্ণা

head

ঊর্ণা • (urna)

urna (romanization)
ঊর্ণা (indefinite nominative)
ঊর্ণা (indefinite objective)
ঊর্ণাকে (indefinite objective)
urnake (semantically definite) (indefinite objective)
ঊর্ণার (genitive indefinite)
ঊর্ণাতে (indefinite locative)
ঊর্ণায় (indefinite locative)
ঊর্ণাটি (definite nominative singular)
ঊর্ণাটা (definite nominative singular)
ঊর্ণাগুলি (definite nominative plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলা (definite nominative plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলো (definite nominative plural)
ঊর্ণাটি (definite objective singular)
ঊর্ণাটা (definite objective singular)
ঊর্ণাগুলি (definite objective plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলা (definite objective plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলো (definite objective plural)
ঊর্ণাটির (definite genitive singular)
ঊর্ণাটার (definite genitive singular)
ঊর্ণাগুলির (definite genitive plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলার (definite genitive plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলোর (definite genitive plural)
ঊর্ণাটিতে (definite locative singular)
ঊর্ণাটাতে (definite locative singular)
ঊর্ণাটায় (definite locative singular)
ঊর্ণাগুলিতে (definite locative plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলাতে (definite locative plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলায় (definite locative plural)
ঊর্ণাগুলোতে (definite locative plural)

bn-decl-noun

ঊর্ণা / ঊর্ণাকে

urna (semantically general or indefinite) / urnake (semantically definite)

ঊর্ণাতে / ঊর্ণায়

ঊর্ণাটি , ঊর্ণাটা

ঊর্ণাগুলি, ঊর্ণাগুলা, ঊর্ণাগুলো

ঊর্ণাটি, ঊর্ণাটা

ঊর্ণাগুলি, ঊর্ণাগুলা, ঊর্ণাগুলো

ঊর্ণাটির, ঊর্ণাটার

ঊর্ণাগুলির, ঊর্ণাগুলার, ঊর্ণাগুলোর

ঊর্ণাটিতে, ঊর্ণাটাতে, ঊর্ণাটায়

ঊর্ণাগুলিতে, ঊর্ণাগুলাতে, ঊর্ণাগুলায়, ঊর্ণাগুলোতে

urnagulite, urnagulate, urnagulaẏ, urnagulōte

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā). Doublet of ঊণ (un) and উল (ul).

lbor

(Buddhism) urna, spiral or dot placed on the forehead of images


𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓

upāsaka (romanization)
𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓𑁂 (nominative singular)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit उपासक (upāsaka)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓 (upāsaka)
Inherited from Sanskrit उपासक (upāsaka).

etymon

𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀅𑀠𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀯𑀲𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀬 𑀳𑀓𑀁 […] 𑀲𑀓𑁂
adhikāni aḍhātiyāni vasāni ya hakaṃ […] sake

c. 258 BCE, Aśoka, Minor Rock Edict 1 Brahmagiri.2

More than two and a half years (have passed) since I (am) a lay-worshipper (upasaka).

(Buddhism) lay-worshipper, laity (non-monastic follower of the Buddha)

𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀓𑀧𑀸𑀓𑀸𑀲 𑀲𑀓𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀰𑀓

lay-worshipper, laity (non-monastic follower of the Buddha); lay-worshipper, laity (non-monastic follower of the Buddha)


shankha

Transliteration of Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkha).

(Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) The conch-shell, considered sacred and of ritual importance.


𑀲𑀁𑀖

saṃgha (romanization)
𑀲𑀁𑀖𑁂 (nominative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀁 (nominative singular)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit सङ्घ (saṅgha)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖 (saṃgha)
Inherited from Sanskrit सङ्घ (saṅgha). Cognate with Pali saṅgha.

𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀭𑁂𑀓𑁂 𑀢𑀼 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀁𑀯𑀙𑀭𑁂𑀁
𑀬𑀁 𑀫𑀬𑀸 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑁂 𑀉𑀧𑀬𑀻𑀢𑁂 𑀩𑀸𑀠𑀁 𑀘 𑀫𑁂 𑀧𑀓𑀁𑀢𑁂
sātireke tu kho saṃvachareṃ
yaṃ mayā saṃghe upayīte bāḍhaṃ ca me pakaṃte
1925 translation by Eugen Hultzsch
But indeed a year and somewhat more (has passed) since I have visited the Saṁgha and have been very zealous.

c. 258 BCE, Aśoka, Minor Rock Edict 1 Brahmagiri.2-3


洛叉

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

Transliteration of Sanskrit लक्ष (lakṣa).

translit

The Buddha said: "Good man! A hundred lakhs is one koṭi, a koti squared is an ayúta, an ayúta squared is one nayuta."

The Avataṃsaka Sūtra, translated by Śikṣānanda circa 7ᵗʰ century CE

Fó yán: “Shàn nánzǐ! Yībǎi luòchā wèi yī jùzhī, jùzhī jùzhī wèi yī āyǔduō, āyǔduō āyǔduō wèi yī nàyóutā.”

佛言：「善男子！一百洛叉為一俱胝，俱胝俱胝為一阿庾多，阿庾多阿庾多為一那由他。」

佛言：「善男子！一百洛叉为一俱胝，俱胝俱胝为一阿庾多，阿庾多阿庾多为一那由他。」


洛叉

[ɾa̠kɯ̟̊ɕa̠]

Transliteration of Sanskrit लक्ष (lakṣa). First cited to a text from the early 1400s.

Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明


𐽼𐽳𐽾

pwr (romanization)
bur (romanization)
𐽼𐽳𐽾 (nominative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾 (definite nominative plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽺𐽳𐽺𐽷 (genitive singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (definite genitive plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽷𐽰 (dative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (dative definite plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽲 (accusative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽺𐽶 (accusative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (accusative definite plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (accusative definite plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾀𐽰 (locative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (definite locative plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative definite plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽺 (instrumental singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (definite instrumental plural)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽽𐽰 (equative singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (directive singular)
𐽼𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (singular)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 佛 (bɨut̚, “Buddha”), itself a loanword from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha, “awake, enlightened”).


未來佛

/weɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pi²¹ lai¹³⁻²¹ hɔʔ⁴/

/pi²¹ lai¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoʔ²⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pi²¹ lai¹³⁻²¹ hɔʔ⁴/

/pi²¹ lai¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoʔ²⁴/


阿難陀

/ˀä⁵⁵ nän³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ naːn²¹ tʰɔː²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ nän³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/aː³³ naːn²¹ tʰɔː²¹/

Ultimately from Sanskrit आनन्द (ānanda).


鬼子母神

ja-pos

鬼(き)子(し)母(も)神(じん) or 鬼(き)子(し)母(ぼ)神(じん) • (Kishimojin or Kishibojin)

鬼子母神 (canonical)
鬼子母神 (canonical)
Kishimojin (romanization)
Kishibojin (romanization)

[kʲi̥ɕimo̞ʑĩɴ]

[kʲi̥ɕibo̞ʑĩɴ]


摩利支天

摩利支天 (canonical)
Marishiten (romanization)

[ma̠ɾʲiɕi̥tẽ̞ɴ]


ལམ་ལྔ

(Buddhism) The five paths or stages on the way to enlightenment: the path of accumulation, joining, seeing, cultivation, and consummation or no more learning


công đức

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗɨk̚˧˦]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗɨk̚˦˧˥]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗɨk̚˦˥]


nhập tịch

[ɲəp̚˧˨ʔ tïk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[ɲəp̚˨˩ʔ tɨt̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɲəp̚˨˩˨ tɨt̚˨˩˨]

(Buddhism, of a senior monk) to pass away and (assumed) to enter nirvana


ཆོས་སྐྱོང

From ཆོས (chos, “dharma”) + སྐྱོང (skyong, “protector; guardian”). Calque of Sanskrit धर्मपाल (dharmapāla), made from धर्म (dharma, “dharma”) + पाला (pālā, “guard, protector, keeper”).


བསྐལ་བཟང

From བསྐལ (bskal, “kalpa”) + བཟང (bzang, “good”).


དབང་པོ

From དབང (dbang, “power, force, might”) + པོ (po, “man”).


ཤཱཀྱ

Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent#English

(historical, Buddhism) Shakya (a clan originating from the Indian subcontinent)


กาสาวพัสตร์

th-noun

กาสาวพัสตร์ • (gaa-sǎa-wá-pát)


乾闥婆城

ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄊㄚˋ ㄆㄛˊ ㄔㄥˊ

цяньтапо чэн

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰä⁵¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

Calque of Sanskrit गन्धर्वनगर (gandharvanagara).

cal

(Buddhism) something that is illusory though it appears to be real


過患

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯än⁵¹/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯än⁵¹/

(Buddhism) moral dangers that can befall practitioners


護摩

/xu⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/xu⁵¹ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

(Buddhism, Hinduism) a sacrificial offering done through fire; homa


犍度

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tu⁵¹/

Ultimately from Sanskrit स्कन्धक (skandhaka).

(Buddhism) a division of the Buddhist vinaya


犍稚

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

(Buddhism) a gong, bell, or chime used to mark activities of the day at a temple


香板

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Buddhism) keisaku (a flat wooden stick used to correct Chan practitioners)


森羅殿

ㄙㄣ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

/sən⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/sən⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

(Buddhism, Chinese mythology) Yama's palace


閻王殿

ㄧㄢˊ ㄨㄤˊ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɛn³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/


閻羅殿

ㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧㄢˋ

/jɛn³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɛn³⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/


受生

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(Buddhism) to be reborn in accordance with one's karma


須弥山

(Buddhism) Meru (a central mountain for a world-system in Buddhist cosmology)


च्युत

च्यु ॒त (canonical)
cyutá (romanization)
च्यु (root)
च्युतः (nominative singular)
च्युतौ (dual nominative)
च्युता1 (dual nominative)
च्युताः (nominative plural)
च्युतासः1 (nominative plural)
च्युत (singular vocative)
च्युतौ (dual vocative)
च्युता1 (dual vocative)
च्युताः (plural vocative)
च्युतासः1 (plural vocative)
च्युतम् (accusative singular)
च्युतौ (accusative dual)
च्युता1 (accusative dual)
च्युतान् (accusative plural)
च्युतेन (instrumental singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
च्युतैः (instrumental plural)
च्युतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
च्युताय (dative singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (dative dual)
च्युतेभ्यः (dative plural)
च्युतात् (ablative singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
च्युतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
च्युतस्य (genitive singular)
च्युतयोः (dual genitive)
च्युतानाम् (genitive plural)
च्युते (locative singular)
च्युतयोः (dual locative)
च्युतेषु (locative plural)
च्युता (nominative singular)
च्युते (dual nominative)
च्युताः (nominative plural)
च्युते (singular vocative)
च्युते (dual vocative)
च्युताः (plural vocative)
च्युताम् (accusative singular)
च्युते (accusative dual)
च्युताः (accusative plural)
च्युतया (instrumental singular)
च्युता1 (instrumental singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
च्युताभिः (instrumental plural)
च्युतायै (dative singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (dative dual)
च्युताभ्यः (dative plural)
च्युतायाः (ablative singular)
च्युतायै2 (ablative singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
च्युताभ्यः (ablative plural)
च्युतायाः (genitive singular)
च्युतायै2 (genitive singular)
च्युतयोः (dual genitive)
च्युतानाम् (genitive plural)
च्युतायाम् (locative singular)
च्युतयोः (dual locative)
च्युतासु (locative plural)
च्युतम् (nominative singular)
च्युते (dual nominative)
च्युतानि (nominative plural)
च्युता1 (nominative plural)
च्युत (singular vocative)
च्युते (dual vocative)
च्युतानि (plural vocative)
च्युता1 (plural vocative)
च्युतम् (accusative singular)
च्युते (accusative dual)
च्युतानि (accusative plural)
च्युता1 (accusative plural)
च्युतेन (instrumental singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
च्युतैः (instrumental plural)
च्युतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
च्युताय (dative singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (dative dual)
च्युतेभ्यः (dative plural)
च्युतात् (ablative singular)
च्युताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
च्युतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
च्युतस्य (genitive singular)
च्युतयोः (dual genitive)
च्युतानाम् (genitive plural)
च्युते (locative singular)
च्युतयोः (dual locative)
च्युतेषु (locative plural)

desc

Prakrit: 𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (cukka, “fallen, erred, forgotten”)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (cukkaï) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyutás
Sanskrit च्युत (cyuta)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyutás, from Proto-Indo-European *kyu-tós, from *kyew- (“to set in motion”). By surface analysis, च्यु (cyu, root) + -त (-ta).

surf

come forth from, dropped from, fallen (from)

(Buddhism, Jainism) fallen from divinity


maitrī

(Buddhism) Benevolence, lovingkindness or compassion, especially if developed through meditation or mindfulness.


khai-ngō͘

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² ŋɔ̃²²/

/kʰai³³ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² ŋɔ̃²²/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋɔ̃³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ ŋɔ̃³³/

(Buddhism, philosophy, psychology) enlightenment


kak-ngō͘

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃²²/

/kak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/kak̚³²⁻⁵ ŋɔ̃²²/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃³³/

/kak̚³²⁻⁴ ŋɔ̃³³/


cúng dường

[kʊwŋ͡m˧˦ zɨəŋ˨˩]

[kʊwŋ͡m˦˧˥ jɨəŋ˦˩]

[kʊwŋ͡m˦˥ jɨəŋ˨˩]


観心

[kã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑĩɴ]

From 観 (kan, “to observe”) + 心 (shin, “heart, mind”).
The shin changes to jin as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

(Buddhism) The practice of observing one's true mind or inner heart.


流転

流転 (canonical)
ruten (romanization)
るてん (hiragana historical)

万物流転

万物流転 ばんぶつるてん

(Buddhism) moving through the cycle of life and death in the six realms and four paths


流転

流転する (canonical)
ruten suru (romanization)
ruten (romanization)
流転し (stem)
流転した (past)
流転し
るてんし
ruten shi
流転する
るてんする
ruten suru
流転すれ
るてんすれ
ruten sure
流転せよ (imperative literary)
流転しろ (colloquial imperative)
るてんせよ (imperative literary)
るてんしろ (colloquial imperative)
ruten seyo (imperative literary)
ruten shiro (colloquial imperative)
流転される (passive)
るてんされる (passive)
ruten sareru (passive)
流転させる (causative)
流転さす (causative)
るてんさせる (causative)
るてんさす (causative)
ruten saseru (causative)
ruten sasu (causative)
流転できる (potential)
るてんできる (potential)
ruten dekiru (potential)
流転しよう (volitional)
るてんしよう (volitional)
ruten shiyō (volitional)
流転しない (negative)
るてんしない (negative)
ruten shinai (negative)
流転せず (continuative negative)
るてんせず (continuative negative)
ruten sezu (continuative negative)
流転します (formal)
るてんします (formal)
ruten shimasu (formal)
流転した (perfective)
るてんした (perfective)
ruten shita (perfective)
流転して (conjunctive)
るてんして (conjunctive)
ruten shite (conjunctive)
流転すれば (conditional hypothetical)
るてんすれば (conditional hypothetical)
ruten sureba (conditional hypothetical)

(Buddhism) to move through the cycle of life and death in the six realms and four paths


trần ai

[t͡ɕən˨˩ ʔaːj˧˧]

[ʈəŋ˦˩ ʔaːj˧˧]

[ʈəŋ˨˩ ʔaːj˧˧]

kiếp trần ai

(religion, usually Buddhism) mortal world or mortal life, especially in relation to the suffering that comes with it


아만

Sino-Korean word from 我慢, partial calque of Sanskrit आत्ममान (ātmamāna), from आत्मन् (ātman, “self”) and मान (māna, “arrogance”).


trung hữu

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hiw˦ˀ˥]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨw˧˨]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨw˨˩˦]


cõi tạm

[kɔj˦ˀ˥ taːm˧˨ʔ]

[kɔj˧˨ taːm˨˩ʔ]

[kɔj˨˩˦ taːm˨˩˨]

(chiefly Buddhism or literary) mortal world


𠺁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 弱 (nyak).

Han compound

(Buddhism, obsolete) Used in transcription.


𤚥

Combination of fanqie characters (切身): 牟 (MC mjuw) + 含 (MC hom).


𬽓

Combination of fanqie characters (切身): 亭 (MC deng) + 也 (MC yaeX).


𭔞

Combination of fanqie characters (切身): 寧 (MC neng) + 也 (MC yaeX).


𩕳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 寧 (OC *neːŋ) + semantic 頁 (“head”).


念念

/ni̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ni̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/


Stupa

de-noun

Stupa m (strong, genitive Stupas, plural Stupas)

Stupas (genitive)
Stupas (plural)
Stupa (nominative singular)
Stupas (definite nominative plural)
Stupas (genitive singular)
Stupas (definite genitive plural)
Stupa (dative singular)
Stupas (dative definite plural)
Stupa (accusative singular)
Stupas (accusative definite plural)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).


sikkhamānā

sikkhamānā (nominative singular)
sikkhamānāyo (nominative plural)
sikkhamānā (nominative plural)
sikkhamānaṃ (accusative singular)
sikkhamānāyo (accusative plural)
sikkhamānā (accusative plural)
sikkhamānāya (instrumental singular)
sikkhamānāhi (instrumental plural)
sikkhamānābhi (instrumental plural)
sikkhamānāya (dative singular)
sikkhamānānaṃ (dative plural)
sikkhamānāya (ablative singular)
sikkhamānāhi (ablative plural)
sikkhamānābhi (ablative plural)
sikkhamānāya (genitive singular)
sikkhamānānaṃ (genitive plural)
sikkhamānāya (locative singular)
sikkhamānāyaṃ (locative singular)
sikkhamānāsu (locative plural)
sikkhamāne (singular vocative)
sikkhamānāyo (plural vocative)
sikkhamānā (plural vocative)

desc

→ Thai: สิกขมานา

→ Thai: สิกขมานา

Feminine of sikkhamāna (“learning, undergoing training”, present middle participle), from Sanskrit शिक्षमाण (śikṣamāṇa). Compare Chinese 式叉摩那 (shìchàmónà), borrowed directly from Sanskrit.

(Buddhism) a young woman undergoing training to be a nun


công quả

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ kwaː˧˩]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ kwaː˧˨]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ waː˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 功 (“merit”) and 果 (“karma”).

vi-etym-sino

(Buddhism) good deeds done by laymen at Buddhist temples (such as helping in cooking, cleaning, etc.), believed to help accumulate merits


သ္ပိုၚ်

head

သ္ပိုၚ် (rɜ̀ŋ)

→ Burmese: သင်းပိုင် (sang:puing)

(Buddhism) monk's waistcloth (lower garment)


kawngmu

Borrowed from Burmese ကောင်းမှု (kaung:hmu., “good deed, merit”).


삼교

Sino-Korean word from 三敎, from 三 (“three”) + 敎 (“teachings; religions”).

ko-etym-sino

(religion, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism) the three principal philosophies originated from China:


ma ha tát

[maː˧˧ haː˧˧ taːt̚˧˦]

[maː˧˧ haː˧˧ taːk̚˦˧˥]

[maː˧˧ haː˧˧ taːk̚˦˥]


육계

(Buddhism) ushnisha, the fleshy swelling or top-knot on the head in depictions of the Buddha.


육계

(Buddhism) ṣaḍdhātu, the Six Elements (earth, water, fire, wind, space and consciousness)

(Buddhism) the Six Paths, three evil and three good


budeidade

From buda + -e- + -idade, based on French bouddhéité.

(Buddhism, philosophy) Buddhahood (the state or condition of being a buddha)


𐽰𐽰𐾁

al (romanization)
ʾʾl (romanization)
𐽰𐽰𐾁 (nominative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾 (definite nominative plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (genitive singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (definite genitive plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽷𐽰 (dative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (dative definite plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽲 (accusative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽺𐽶 (accusative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (accusative definite plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (accusative definite plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽰 (locative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (definite locative plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative definite plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽺 (instrumental singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (definite instrumental plural)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽽𐽰 (equative singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (directive singular)
𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (singular)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āl (“device”). Cognate with Karakhanid آل (āl, “trick, subterfuge”), Mamluk-Kipchak ال (al, “deceit”), Ottoman Turkish آل (al, “trick, trap”).
The word originally had a neutral connotation, used for both 'honorable' and 'dishonorable' methods for war (cf. 𐽰𐽰𐾁 𐽽𐽰𐽱𐽶𐽿 (al čeviš, “war tactics, methods used to win wars”)). Later gained negative connotations in all Turkic languages, including Old Uyghur, although some positive connotations survived.

inh+

अभ्युपाय अभ्युपाय

(religion, Buddhism) Abhupāya (अभ्युपाय), ritualistic engagement


Bhairava

(Hinduism, Buddhism) A Shaivite and Vajrayāna deity worshipped by Hindus and Buddhists.


𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾

cʾkyr (romanization)
čakir (romanization)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾 (nominative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾 (definite nominative plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (genitive singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (definite genitive plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽷𐽰 (dative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (dative definite plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽲 (accusative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽺𐽶 (accusative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (accusative definite plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (accusative definite plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾀𐽰 (locative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (definite locative plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ablative definite plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽺 (instrumental singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (definite instrumental plural)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽽𐽰 (equative singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (directive singular)
𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (singular)

Borrowed from Tocharian B cākkär, from Sogdian ܨܮܪ (čaxr /cγr/), 𐼕𐼋𐼋𐼘 (čakr /ckkr/), itself from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra, “wheel”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakrám (“wheel”).

𐽽𐽷𐽾𐽱𐽾𐾀

Universal ruler, one who spins the wheel of the doctrines of Buddha

(religion, Buddhism) one of seven jewels representative of the Buddha's and or Maitreya's allure in Mahāyāna Buddhism


oan nghiệt

[ʔwaːn˧˧ ŋiət̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔwaːŋ˧˧ ŋiək̚˨˩ʔ]

[(ʔ)waːŋ˧˧ ŋiək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 冤 (“wrong”) and 孽 (“evil”).

vi-etym-sino

(Buddhism) karmic punishment for evil deeds in previous life


業力

/jɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


開眼供養

開眼供養 (canonical)
kaigen kuyō (romanization)

Compound of 開眼(かいげん) (kaigen) + 供養(くよう) (kuyō).

(Buddhism) A ceremony in which a pair of eyes is painted on a newly-made Buddhist statue to consecrate it.


觀音佛

/ku̯än⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

gua¹ ing¹ hoh⁷ [Phonetic:gua⁵ ing⁵ moh⁷]

/kua⁵³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾mɔʔ⁴/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ fu̯ɔ³⁵/

/kua⁵³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾mɔʔ⁴/


가애

(Buddhism) hindrance, obstacle, obstruction


อบาย

Borrowed from Pali apāya, ultimately Sanskrit अपाय (apāya, “danger, destruction”).


निरय

niraya (romanization)
निरयः (nominative singular)
निरयौ (dual nominative)
निरयाः (nominative plural)
निरय (singular vocative)
निरयौ (dual vocative)
निरयाः (plural vocative)
निरयम् (accusative singular)
निरयौ (accusative dual)
निरयान् (accusative plural)
निरयेण (instrumental singular)
निरयाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
निरयैः (instrumental plural)
निरयाय (dative singular)
निरयाभ्याम् (dative dual)
निरयेभ्यः (dative plural)
निरयात् (ablative singular)
निरयाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
निरयेभ्यः (ablative plural)
निरयस्य (genitive singular)
निरययोः (dual genitive)
निरयाणाम् (genitive plural)
निरये (locative singular)
निरययोः (dual locative)
निरयेषु (locative plural)

desctree

Pali: niraya
→ Burmese: ငရဲ (nga.rai:)
→ Khmer: និរៃ (nirɨy)
→ Sinhalese: නිරය (niraya)
→ Thai: นิรยะ (ní-rá-yá)

निस् (nis, “out”) + अय (aya, “going [towards destruction]”), the second part from इ (i, “to go”).


นิรยะ

th-noun

นิรยะ • (ní-rá-yá)

Borrowed from Pali niraya, ultimately Sanskrit निरय (niraya, “hell, going to destruction”).


五逆罪

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ jɪk̚² t͡sɵy̯²²/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ŋ̍¹³ jɪk̚² t͡sɵy̯²²/

Calque of Sanskrit अनन्तर्यकर्म (anantaryakarma, “action of immediate cause”), made of अनन्तर्य (anantarya, “immediate cause”) and कर्मन् (karman, “work, action”).

cal

अनन्तर्यकर्म

(Buddhism) Five great offences, or Anantarika-karma: five of the gravest sins that doom an offender to the lowest hell.


immeasurable light

(Buddhism) The light emanating from the Amida Buddha.