pyrimidine

First attested in 1885. From German Pyrimidin, from German Pyridin (“pyridine”), with the insertion of -mi- from amidine.

(organic chemistry) A diazine in which the two nitrogen atoms are in the meta- positions; it is the basis of three of the bases found in DNA and RNA: thymine, uracil and cytosine

嘧啶

diazine in which the two nitrogen atoms are in the meta-positions


pyran

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of unsaturated heterocyclic compounds containing a ring of five carbon atoms, an oxygen atom and two double bonds; especially the simplest one, C₅H₆O.


heterocycle

(organic chemistry) A heterocyclic compound or ring.

heterociclo

organic chemistry: a heterocyclic compound or ring


octan

octan (nominative singular)
octany (nominative plural)
octanu (genitive singular)
octanů (genitive plural)
octanu (dative singular)
octanům (dative plural)
octan (accusative singular)
octany (accusative plural)
octane (singular vocative)
octany (plural vocative)
octanu (locative singular)
octanech (locative plural)
octanem (instrumental singular)
octany (instrumental plural)


octan

octan (nominative singular)
octany (nominative plural)
octanu (genitive singular)
octanów (genitive plural)
octanowi (dative singular)
octanom (dative plural)
octan (accusative singular)
octany (accusative plural)
octanem (instrumental singular)
octanami (instrumental plural)
octanie (locative singular)
octanach (locative plural)
octanie (singular vocative)
octany (plural vocative)

(organic chemistry) acetate (salt or ester of acetic acid)


hydric

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(organic chemistry) Relating to alcohols.


catechol

en-noun

catechol (countable and uncountable, plural catechols)

From catech(u) + -ol. Compare catechin and catecholamine.

(organic chemistry) The biologically important diphenol ortho-dihydroxy benzene; isomeric with hydroquinone and resorcinol.


oxyacetylene

(organic chemistry) A mixture of oxygen and acetylene, which burns at a high temperature and is used for cutting and welding metals.

οξυγονοκόλληση

a mixture of oxygen and acetylene; burns at a high temperature and is used for cutting and welding metals


cyanide

cyanide (countable and uncountable, plural cyanides)

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, countable) Any compound containing the -C≡N group or the CN⁻ anion.

цыяні́д

chemistry: any compound containing the CN group


ortho-

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E.g. orthophenylene, orthosubstitution, orthocleavage.

(organic chemistry) In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in adjacent (1,2) positions (compare meta- and para-).


amphetamine

amphetamine (countable and uncountable, plural amphetamines)

amphetamines (plural)
amfetamine (alternative)

Shortened form of a(lpha-)m(ethyl)ph(en)eth(yl)amine.

(organic chemistry, proper) The racemic freebase of 1-phenylpropan-2-amine; an equal parts mixture of levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their pure amine forms.


barbiturate

barbiturates (plural)
barbituate (alternative)

/ˌbɑː(ɹ)ˈbɪt͡ʃəɹɪt/

/ˌbɑː(ɹ)ˈbɪt͡ʃəɹeɪt/

/ˌbɑɹbɪˈt(j)ʊəɹɪt/

/ˌbɑɹˈbɪt͡ʃu.ɪt/

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of barbituric acid.


nitroglycerine

nitroglycerine (usually uncountable, plural nitroglycerines)

nitroglycerines (plural)
nitroglycerin (alternative)

(organic chemistry) The compound glyceryl-tri-nitrate or 1,2,3 tri-nitrooxy propane; the ester of glycerol with nitric acid; prepared by the careful addition of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids to glycerol with constant stirring and cooling; it is a thick, pale yellow liquid, that is highly explosive on concussion or on exposure to sudden heat; it is used in medicine as a vasodilator, and as an explosive in the form of dynamite which is safe to handle.


glycerol

glycerol (countable and uncountable, plural glycerols)

glycerols (plural)
glycerole (alternative)

(organic chemistry) 1,2,3-trihydroxy-propane or propan-1,2,3-triol; a trihydric alcohol


glycerin

glycerin (countable and uncountable, plural glycerins)

(organic chemistry) Alternative spelling of glycerine.


glycerine

glycerine (countable and uncountable, plural glycerines)

glycerines (plural)
glycerin (alternative)
glycerol (alternative)

From glyco- + -ine, from French glycérine, from Ancient Greek γλυκερός (glukerós, “sweet”) (compare γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”)).

uder

(organic chemistry) The common name for glycerol, glycerin or E422.


porphyrin

From German Porphyrin, shortened from Hämatoporphyrin (“haematoporphyrin”).

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of heterocyclic compounds containing pyrrole rings arranged in a square or other similar shape; they are important in biochemistry in a form with a metal atom in the central cavity (hemoglobin with iron, chlorophyll with magnesium, etc.).


iso-

From Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).

isohexane

(organic chemistry) (of an aliphatic compound, especially a fatty acid) Having a branch on the penultimate carbon atom of a chain.


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).

noncog

(organic chemistry) in isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in alternate (1,3) positions; contrasted with ortho- and para-.

meta-

chemistry: contrasted with ortho- and para-


triacontanol

(organic chemistry) Any of very many alcohols of the general formula C₃₀H₆₂O, but especially 1-triacontanol, also known as melissyl alcohol or myricyl alcohol, that is found in plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax as the palmitate ester.


cyanamide

en-noun

cyanamide (countable and uncountable, plural cyanamides)

(organic chemistry) A chemical compound, NH₂CN; a white crystalline solid, soluble in water, having many commercial applications including fertilizer

(organic chemistry) Any derivative of this compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or aryl group


cyanogen

cyanogen (countable and uncountable, plural cyanogens)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyanogen.wav

From cyano- + -gen; compare French cyanogène. So called because it produced blue dyes.

(organic chemistry) The pseudohalogen (CN)₂; a colorless, poisonous gas used as a rocket propellant, an insecticide and in chemical warfare.

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) The radical -CN.


albumin

head

albumin n (singular definite albuminet, plural indefinite albuminer)

albuminet (definite singular)
albuminer (indefinite plural)
albumin (indefinite nominative singular)
albuminet (definite nominative singular)
albuminer (indefinite nominative plural)
albuminerne (definite nominative plural)
albumins (genitive indefinite singular)
albuminets (definite genitive singular)
albuminers (genitive indefinite plural)
albuminernes (definite genitive plural)

From French albumine, from Latin albūmen (“egg white”), from albus (“white”).


vinyl

en-noun

vinyl (countable and uncountable, plural vinyls)

→ Catalan: vinil

→ Finnish: vinyyli

→ French: vinyle

→ German: Vinyl

→ Greek: βινύλιο (vinýlio)

→ Irish: vinil

→ Italian: vinile

→ Japanese: ビニール (binīru)

→ Korean: 비닐 (binil)

desc

Portuguese: vinil, (Brazil) vinila, (Portugal) vinilo

→ Russian: винил (vinil)

→ Spanish: vinilo

→ Swedish: vinyl

From Latin vīnum (“wine”) + -yl. Derived from Latin vīnum because ethyl alcohol is the ordinary alcohol present in wine.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) The univalent radical CH₂=CH−, derived from ethylene.


vinyl chloride

(organic chemistry) A colourless gas, CH₂=CHCl, used in the manufacture of the plastic polyvinyl chloride


ethylene

en-noun

ethylene (countable and uncountable, plural ethylenes)

SE onset depends on a complex network of interactions among plant growth regulators, mainly auxins and cytokinins, during the proembryogenic early stages, and ethylene and gibberellic and abscisic acids later in the development of somatic embryos.

2015 August 18, Clelia De-la-Peña et al., “The role of chromatin modifications in somatic embryogenesis in plants”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI:

As a demonstration, we first establish the correctness of the Jacobian matrices for kinetic models of hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and isopentanol oxidation, then demonstrate the performance achievable on CPUs and GPUs using pyJac via matrix evaluation timing comparisons..

2016, Kyle E. Niemeyer, Nicholas J. Curtis, Chih-Jen Sung, “pyJac: analytical Jacobian generator for chemical kinetics”, in arXiv:

(organic chemistry) The common name for the organic chemical compound ethene. The simplest alkene, a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₂H₄.

(organic chemistry) The divalent radical derived from ethane.


ethene

ethene (countable and uncountable, plural ethenes)

(organic chemistry, IUPAC name) The organic chemical compound ethylene. The simplest alkene, a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₂H₄

(organic chemistry) Any alkene derived from ethylene


ethyne

(organic chemistry, official IUPAC name) The organic compound acetylene. The simplest alkyne, a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula HC≡CH or C₂H₂.


polyethene

(organic chemistry, official IUPAC name) polyethylene.


side chain

side chains (plural)
sidechain (alternative)
side-chain (alternative)

(organic chemistry) That part of a molecule attached to some core structure; a radical.


acetic acid

acetic acid (countable and uncountable, plural acetic acids)

(organic chemistry) A clear colourless organic acid, CH₃COOH, formed by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol through acetic fermentation; it is used as a solvent and has very many industrial applications; it is the major acidic component of vinegar.

acetate

coordinate as a base versus an acid, but synonymous in the practical sense that the conjugate base and conjugate acid coexist in solution


acetylsalicylic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) The acetate ester of salicylic acid (aspirin).

àcid acetilsalicílic

acetate ester of salicylic acid; aspirin


salicylic acid

From translingual Salix (“the willow”), from whose bark it can be obtained.

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline organic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, C₆>H₄(OH)(COOH), used in the production of aspirin and other industrial chemicals.


benzoic acid

benzoic acid (countable and uncountable, plural benzoic acids)

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline organic acid, C₆H₅COOH; the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid; used as a food preservative and in many other industrial applications.

àcid benzoic

white crystalline organic acid, C6H5COOH


acrylic acid

(organic chemistry) A colorless liquid unsaturated organic acid, CH₂=CHCOOH; used as a monomer in the production of acrylic resins; forms acrylate esters by combination with alcohols.


acrylic

From acryl + -ic, from acrolein, from Latin acer (“sharp”) + olere (“to smell”).

(organic chemistry) Derived from acrylic acid or acrylonitrile.

acrílic

derived from acrylic acid or acrylonitrile


acrylic resin

(organic chemistry) Any of many thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylonitrile; used in paint and many plastics.


acrylonitrile

acrylonitrile (countable and uncountable, plural acrylonitriles)

These simulations suggest that vinyl cyanide (C₂H₃CN; also known as acrylonitrile or propenenitrile) would be the best candidate species for the formation of these hypothesized cell-like membranes, known as “azotosomes” (2).

2017 July 28, Mareen Y. Palmer, “ALMA detection and astrobiological potential of vinyl cyanide on Titan”, in Science Advances, volume 3, number 7:

(organic chemistry) A toxic colourless liquid organic compound, CH₂=CH.CN, synthesized from propylene and ammonia; used as a monomer in the production of acrylic resins and synthetic rubber.


adipic acid

hexamethylene diamine
hexamethylene diamine

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline dicarboxylic acid, C₄H₈(COOH)₂; it has many industrial applications; when condensed with hexamethylene diamine it produces nylon.


carboxylated

en-adj

carboxylated (comparative more carboxylated, superlative most carboxylated)

more carboxylated (comparative)
most carboxylated (superlative)

(organic chemistry) Converted into a carboxylic acid, normally by the oxidation of an alcohol or aldehyde.


arachidic acid

(organic chemistry) A long-chain fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₈COOH, found in groundnut oil

ácido araquídico

a long-chain fatty acid found in groundnut oil


arachidonic acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, having 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds, found in animal fats; it is essential for human nutrition, being a precursor to the production of prostaglandins.

arakidonihappo

long chain fatty acid precursor to prostaglandins


polyunsaturated

(organic chemistry) Of or relating to long chain organic compounds that have multiple double bonds; polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential to human nutrition.


succinic acid

(organic chemistry) A colourless crystalline dicarboxylic acid, (CH₂COOH)₂, that occurs naturally in amber and is important in the metabolic Krebs cycle.

àcid succínic

colourless crystalline dicarboxylic acid, (CH2COOH)2


citric acid cycle

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-citric acid cycle.wav

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The Krebs cycle.

檸檬酸循環 /柠檬酸循环

the Krebs cycle — see also Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


Krebs cycle

Named after German biochemist and physician Hans Adolf Krebs.

named-after

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms, involving the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serving as the main source of cellular energy.

克雷伯氏循環 /克雷伯氏循环

series of enzymatic reactions — see also citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle


butyric acid

From Ancient Greek βούτυρος (boúturos, “butter”), from which it can be isolated.

der

(organic chemistry) Either of the two isomeric carboxylic acids, normal butyric acid and isobutyric acid, with the chemical formula C₃H₇COOH, occurring in animal milk fat.

(organic chemistry) Solely the straight chain isomer of the above, normal butyric acid or n-butyric acid, CH₃(CH₂)₂COOH, a short chain fatty acid; its glyceride is one of the principle components of the flavour of butter.


isobutyric acid

(organic chemistry) 2-methyl-propanoic acid, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, an isomer of butyric acid, that occurs in carob beans and croton oil.


capric acid

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH, obtained from animal fats, and used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavours.


caproic acid

From Latin caper (“goat”) because of its smell.

(organic chemistry) A liquid fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₄COOH, obtained from animal fats, and used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and flavours.


caprylic acid

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₆COOH, obtained from butter and other animal fats, and used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavours.


carbamic acid

(organic chemistry) amino-formic acid, NH₂COOH; it is too unstable to have been isolated, but its esters and salts are known.


urethane

en-noun

urethane (countable and uncountable, plural urethanes)

From French uréthane, coined (1833) by Jean Baptiste Dumas.

(organic chemistry, uncountable) A white crystalline organic compound, ethyl-carbamate, NH₂COOC₂H₅, used in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

(organic chemistry, countable) Any compound consisting of this general structure.


carbamate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of carbamic acid.


carbolic acid

(dated, organic chemistry) phenol (C₆H₅OH)


cerotic acid

saturated fatty acid
saturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A very-long-chain saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₂₄COOH, found in beeswax and carnauba wax.


steroid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids.


citric acid

/ˌsɪtɹɪk ˈæsɪd/

(organic chemistry) A colourless crystalline compound, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, C₆H₈O₇, found in citrus fruit; it is used as a food additive and in the manufacture of citrates.


citrate

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of citric acid.


Benedict's solution

After an American chemist, Stanley Rossiter Benedict.

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) A solution of sodium citrate, sodium carbonate and copper sulfate whose colour changes from blue to yellow or red in the presence of reducing sugars such as glucose.


crotonic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated organic acid, trans--CH₃-CH=CH-COOH, found in croton oil and having many industrial uses; the cis- form is isocrotonic acid.


angelic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated organic acid, CH₃-CH=C(CH₃-COOH), found in angelica and having pharmacological uses; the trans- form is tiglic acid.

ácido angélico

unsaturated organic acid found in angelica


cyanuric acid

(organic chemistry) An aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, C₃N₃(OH)₃, that decomposes on heating to form cyanic acid; it is a prebiotic compound found in stellar dust clouds.


cyclamic acid

cyclohexylsulfamic acid
cyclohexylsulfamic acid

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, whose salts, the cyclamates, have been used as artificial sweeteners


cyclamate

(organic chemistry) any salt or ester of cyclamic acid, especially the sodium and calcium salts, which have been used as artificial sweeteners


sulphamic acid

(organic chemistry) any organic compound derived from sulphamic acid by replacing one or two hydrogen atoms of the amine group by an organic radical — for example cyclamic acid where a hydrogen atom is replaced by a cyclohexyl radical


erucic acid

unsaturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acid

(organic chemistry) A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₇CH=CH(CH₂)₁₁COOH, found in rapeseed and mustard seed oils; strictly, the cis-isomer of the molecule (the trans-isomer is called brassidic acid).


macromolecule

Beadle discovered that genes carried instructions to build proteins—complex, multidimensional macromolecules that were the workhorses of the cell.

2010, Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, Fourth Estate (2011), page 345:

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins).


formic acid

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-formic acid.wav

The ant has made himself illustrious / Through constant industry industrious. / So what? / Would you be calm and placid / If you were full of formic acid?

1941, Ogden Nash, “The Ant”, in The Face is Familiar: The Selected Verse of Ogden Nash, reprint edition, Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 224:

(organic chemistry) The simplest carboxylic acid, HCOOH, a colourless, corrosive liquid with a sharp odour systematically known as methanoic acid; it is present in the stings of ants, bees and nettles, and is prepared industrially by the oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde; it has some industrial uses, and its esters, the formates are used in perfumes.


formate

But most likely my judgement was distorted by my contempt for his acting the young buck [...] for ever waxing his moustaches and loading himself with medicaments supposed to replace the failing sap of youth, glycerophosphates, formates, nux vomica, yohimba, damiana.

1963, Xavier Herbert, Distubing Element, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, page 178:

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of formic acid.


glacial acetic acid

(organic chemistry) Acetic acid that is at least 99.8% pure and tends to crystallize on cold days.


fumaric acid

fumaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural fumaric acids)

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated organic dicarboxylic acid, HOOCCH=CHCOOH, the geometric isomer of maleic acid from which it may be prepared by heating; it is found in many plants, including fungi and mosses, and is essential in the chemistry of respiration; it has a number of industrial applications, and its esters, the fumarates, are used in the treatment of psoriasis


maleic acid

From Latin malum (“apple”). Related to malic acid.

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated organic dicarboxylic acid, cis-butenedioic acid; HOOCCH=CHCOOH, the geometric isomer of fumaric acid; it is found in unripe fruit, and is used industrially in the production of polyester resins


maleate

From maleic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of maleic acid.


fumarate

From fumaric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of fumaric acid; they are produced in the body as part of the urea cycle.


polyunsaturated fat

polyunsaturated fat (plural polyunsaturated fats)

(organic chemistry) A fat or oil, almost exclusively from vegetable sources, containing a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

多元不飽和脂肪 /多元不饱和脂肪

fat or oil containing a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids


saturated fatty acid

saturated fatty acid (plural saturated fatty acids)

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as stearic acid, that contains no carbon to carbon double bonds.

飽和脂肪酸 /饱和脂肪酸

páu-hô chi-hông-sng, páu-hô chí-hông-sng


unsaturated fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acid (plural unsaturated fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as oleic acid, that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

不飽和脂肪酸 /不饱和脂肪酸

put-páu-hô chi-hông-sng, put-páu-hô chí-hông-sng


polyunsaturated fatty acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid (plural polyunsaturated fatty acids)

(organic chemistry) A fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid, that contains two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds


cholesterol

pl-noun

cholesterol m inan (related adjective cholesterolowy)

cholesterolowy (adjective)
cholesterol (nominative singular)
cholesterolu (genitive singular)
cholesterolowi (dative singular)
cholesterol (accusative singular)
cholesterolem (instrumental singular)
cholesterolu (locative singular)
cholesterolu (singular vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English cholesterol.

obor

(organic chemistry) cholesterol (essential component of mammalian cell membranes)


sterol

From 1913; back-formation of cholesterol.

Sterols are found in all animal and plant tissue and play an important role in hormone chemistry.

Research into marine sterols falls neatly into three chronological periods.

1973, Paul J. Scheuer, Chemistry Of Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, page 58:

1989, Alain Rahier, Pierre Benveniste, 11: Mass Spectral Identification of Phytosterols, W. David Nes, Edward J. Parish (editors), Analysis of Sterols and Other Biologically Significant Steroids, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Academic Press), page 223,
Mass spectrometry (MS) and particularly the combination of mass spectrometry with gas spectrometry (GS/MS) has become an indispensable method for studying plant sterols and their biosynthesis.

The third major class of lipids is sterols. Sitosterol and stigmasterol are the major sterols found in plant membranes whereas cholesterol and ergosterol are found in small quantities. The primary sterol of yeast and other fungi is ergosterol Several sterol derivatives are found in nature.

1993, H. R. Petty, Molecular Biology of Membranes, Plenum Press, page 14:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.


gibberellic acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound, one of the gibberellins, obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, that functions as a growth hormone in plants.


terpene

From German Terpen, coined by August Kekulé in 1866 in analogy to German Terpentin, from Latin terebinthina.

Naval stores production is based upon exploiting the terpene chemical defense system of the pine tree, which protects against wood-decaying fungi and insect pests such as bark beetles (Dendroctonus Ips sp.). […] Pine oleoresin is a complex mixture of about 30 to 50 different terpene molecules, comprised chiefly of diterpene resin acids and monoterpene essential oils, which impart different physical and biotic properties (Zinkel and Russell 1989).

2007, Shibu Jose, Eric J. Jokela, Deborah L. Miller, editors, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Silviculture, and Restoration, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 43:

(organic chemistry) Any of a very large class of naturally occurring and synthetic organic compounds formally derived from the hydrocarbon isoprene; they include many volatile compounds used in perfume and food flavours, turpentine, the steroids, the carotene pigments and rubber.


isoprene

Coined (1860) by British chemist C. G. Williams, from iso- (“equal; different, isomeric”) + pr(op)- (“three carbon prefix”) + -ene (“alkene suffix”). A misnomer.

af

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C₅H₈, that is readily polymerized; natural rubber (caoutchouc) is cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and trans-1,4-polyisoprene is present in gutta-percha and balata; it is the structural basis for the terpenes.


monoterpene

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from two isoprene units, and having ten carbon atoms; either hydrocarbons such as pinene, or compounds with functional groups such as camphor.


sesquiterpene

From sesqui- (“one and a half”) + terpene; by comparison with a monoterpene, which has two isoprene units.

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from three isoprene units, and having fifteen carbon atoms; includes several plant pigments such as the flavones.


diterpene

Further experiments are needed to elaborate the exact mechanisms of the hypotensive and diuretic effects of diterpene kaurenoids.

2016, Maurice M. Iwu, Food as Medicine: Functional Food Plants of Africa:

(organic chemistry) any terpene formed from four isoprene units, and having twenty carbon atoms; includes vitamin A, the gibberellins, and various biologically active lactones such as quassin.


triterpene

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from six isoprene units, and having thirty carbon atoms; they are relatively rare.


tetraterpene

(organic chemistry) Any terpene formed from eight isoprene units, and having forty carbon atoms; they include the carotene plant pigments.


carotene

en-noun

carotene (countable and uncountable, plural carotenes)

(organic chemistry) A class of tetraterpene plant pigments; they vary in colour from yellow, through orange to red, this colour originating in a chain of alternating single and double bonds.

(organic chemistry) Specifically, a number of isomers of tetraterpene hydrocarbons, C₄₀H₅₆, (especially beta-carotene), present in carrots etc, which are converted into vitamin A in the liver.


carotenoid

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of yellow to red organic pigments including the carotenes and xanthophylls.

കരോട്ടിനോയ്ഡ്

karōṭṭinōyḍŭ


carotenoid

(organic chemistry) Of or relating to such a class of pigments.


fucoxanthin

fucoxanthin (countable and uncountable, plural fucoxanthins)

From Latin fūcus (from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos, “seaweed”)) + ξανθός (xanthós, “yellow”) + -in.

(organic chemistry) A carotenoid pigment found in the chloroplasts of brown algae.


lutein

lutein (usually uncountable, plural luteins)

(organic chemistry) A yellow carotenoid pigment, widely distributed in both plants and animals.


lycopene

lycopene (countable and uncountable, plural lycopenes)

And eating avocado with salsa boosted the absorption of lycopene—a carotenoid in tomatoes—by almost five times.

2007 November, Elizabeth Drake, “Combine and conquer: Use these winning food pairings to protect your health”, in Men's Health, volume 22, number 9, →ISSN, page 126:

(organic chemistry) A red carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes, other red vegetables, and in animal tissue; there is some evidence that it may lower the risk of prostate cancer.


xanthophyll

xanthophyll (countable and uncountable, plural xanthophylls)

(organic chemistry, countable) Any of various hydroxy, carbonyl or carboxylic acid derivatives of carotenes.

phylloxanthin

class of compounds derived from carotenes

(organic chemistry, uncountable) Lutein.


gluconic acid

gluconic acid (countable and uncountable, plural gluconic acids)

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, C₆H₁₂O₇, formed by oxidizing the aldehyde functional group of glucose into a carboxylic acid; used as a food additive; any glucosyl derivative of this compound


glutaric acid

(organic chemistry) a dicarboxylic acid, HOOC(CH₂)₃COOH, formed during the catabolism of tryptophan


indole

From indigo + Latin oleum (“oil”); see -ole.

The Aspidosperma alkaloids are the largest group of indole alkaloids.

1990, Song Liu, Syntheses of Aspidosperma Alkaloids, page 2:

Intakes of indoles or their parental glucosinolates, may have beneficial health effects as well as toxicological effects.

1999, Lars Ove Dragsted, Naturally Occurring Antitumourigens, page 41:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, C₈H₇N, found in coal tar, and produced in the gut by the bacterial decomposition of tryptophan; it is an aromatic bicyclic heterocycle having a benzene ring fused with a pyrrole ring; indole and its derivatives occur widely in nature and have many industrial applications.

(organic chemistry) Any of the derivatives of indole.


glyceric acid

(organic chemistry) A colourless syrupy organic compound, CH₂OH.CHOH.COOH, formed by the oxidation of glycerol or glyceraldehyde.


nitrile

nitrile (countable and uncountable, plural nitriles)

Derived from benzonitrile which contains the −C≡N group. Benzonitrile was discovered and named by by Hermann Fehling in 1844.

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds containing a cyano functional group −C≡N; they are named as derivatives of the appropriate carboxylic acid.


photosynthesis

photosynthesis (usually uncountable, plural photosyntheses)

[ˌfəʊ.tʰəʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

[ˌfŏʊ.ɾoʊˈsɪn̪.θə.sɪs]

ışık yardımı ile besin biriktirme süreci

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any process by which plants and other photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy.

principally, oxygenic photosynthesis, any process by which plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

also, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, used by purple and green bacteria, heliobacteria, and acidobacteria.


indoleacetic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) an auxin plant hormone, synthesized in leaves, that stimulates growth, especially in the presence of ethylene


lauric acid

(organic chemistry) A saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH, occurring in coconut, palm and laurel oil; mostly used in making cosmetics and soaps


lysergic acid

However, a new substance was obtained in good yield on gentle acidification, which possessed both acid and basic properties and which we have named lysergic acid.

1934 January 22, Walter A. Jacobs, “The Ergot Alkaloids: II. The degrataion of ergotinine with alkali lysergic acid”, in J. Biol. Chem., page 547:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, 6-methyl-9,10-didehydro-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid, derived from an alkaloid found in ergot; its amide derivatives are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as hallucinogenic drugs (LSD).

lysergihappo

the organic compound, 6-methyl-9,10-didehydro-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid


malic acid

Malic acid is a crystalline white solid (m.p. 100°C) and is highly soluble in water.[…] Malic acid finds use in a variety of products, mostly in fruit-flavoured carbonates. It is the preferred acidulant in low-calorie drinks and in cider and apple drinks, enhancing flavour and stabilising colour in carbonated and non-carbonated fruit-flavoured drinks.

2008, Dr. David Steen, Philip R. Ashurst, editors, Carbonated Soft Drinks: Formulation and Manufacture, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 62:

malolactic fermentation
malolactic fermentation

(organic chemistry) A colorless crystalline dicarboxylic acid, hydroxy-malonic acid, found in wine, apples, and other fruit; it is converted to lactic acid by malolactic fermentation.


malonic acid

(organic chemistry) a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid, CH₂(COOH)₂, used in making barbiturates


mucic acid

From Swedish mjölk-socker-syra (milk-sugar-acid).

(organic chemistry) A dicarboxylic acid, HOOC-(CHOH)₄-COOH, produced by the oxidation of the milk sugar galactose, used as a test for the presence of galactose and/or lactose.


amaranth

amaranth (countable and uncountable, plural amaranths)

amaranths (plural)
amarant (alternative)

Borrowed from French amarante, or directly from its etymon Latin amarantus (the word ending influenced by plant names derived from Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “a bloom, blossom, flower”)), from Ancient Greek ἀμάραντος (amárantos, “eternal, undying, unfading, unwilting; amaranth; everlasting flower”) (modern Greek αμάραντος (amárantos)), from ᾰ̓- (ă-, the alpha privativum, a prefix forming words having a sense opposite to the word or stem to which it is attached) + μαραίνω (maraínō, “to shrivel, wither”) + -τος (-tos, suffix forming adjectives).

edible amaranth

Chinese amaranth, Ganges amaranth, willow-leaf amaranth; Amaranthus tricolor

Amaranth, the most common red food colour in both the US and UK, was banned last week in the US after a study suggested that it caused cancer in rats. […] The situation is confused, however, because the test rats were mixed up with the controls in the US tests, and because some tests have indicated hazards while similar tests show the dye to be safe. In April 1975, the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) gave amaranth temporary approval through 1978.

1976 January 29, “US Bans Commonest Red Food Colour”, in Bernard Dixon, editor, New Scientist, volume 69, number 985, London: New Science Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 234, column 1:

Amaranth is a red azo-dye with the chemical name trisodium 2-hydroxyl-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo)naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate […]. Amaranth appears to be relatively unstable in solution and in processed food. Biscuits containing Amaranth showed a loss of 39–45% promoted by the use of baking soda, sucrose, and dextrose. The degradation of Amaranth may lead to the presence of naphthenic acid equivalent to the loss of Amaranth.

2015, J. König, “Food Colour Additives of Synthetic Origin”, in Michael J. Scotter, editor, Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages (Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition; no. 279), Amsterdam: Elsevier; Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Woodhead Publishing, →ISBN, part 1 (Development and Regulatory Issues for Food Colourings), section 2.2.4 (Amaranth), page 41:

(organic chemistry) A red to purple azo dye used as a biological stain, and in some countries in cosmetics and as a food colouring. See Amaranth (dye).


arsole

en-noun

arsole (countable and uncountable, plural arsoles)

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated, five-membered heterocyclic compound of arsenic, C₄H₅As; any substituted form of this compound


DA

DA (countable and uncountable, plural DAs or DA's)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of domoic acid.


amplification

amplification (countable and uncountable, plural amplifications)

From Latin amplificātiō, from amplificō (“I amplify”); see amplify.
Etymology tree
Latin amplus
Latin -ficō
Latin amplificō
Latin -tiō
Latin amplificātiōlbor.
English amplification

etymon

(organic chemistry) A procedure used in the nomenclature of complex organic compounds in which the superatoms of a basic structure (a phane) are replaced by cyclic structures (amplificants).


paraffin

en-noun

paraffin (countable and uncountable, plural paraffins)

paraffins (plural)
paraffine (alternative)

From Latin paraffinum, from parum (too little) + affinis (related, affinity). Therefore low affinity or being chemically neutral.

(petrochemistry, organic chemistry) Any member of the alkane hydrocarbons.


tris

tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (alternative)
tris buffer (alternative)
THAM (alternative)
trometamol (alternative)
tromethamine (alternative)

(organic chemistry) A flammable compound which forms a corrosive solution in water and is used as a buffer and emulsifying agent.


tris

(organic chemistry) A phosphoric acid ester C₉H₁₅Br₆O₄P formerly used to flameproof clothes and especially children's nightclothes until it was found to cause cancer in animals.


Grignard reaction

Grignard reaction (plural Grignard reactions)

After François Auguste Victor Grignard, a Nobel Prize-winning French chemist.

(organic chemistry) The reaction of a Grignard reagent (an organo-magnesium halide) with aldehydes or ketones to form secondary or tertiary alcohols


Grignard reagent

Grignard reagent (plural Grignard reagents)

Named for François Auguste Victor Grignard, a Nobel Prize-winning French chemist.

(organic chemistry) An alkyl or aryl magnesium halide, used in the Grignard reaction to form substituted alcohols; they are formed from alkyl or aryl halides and metallic magnesium


alkyl

(organic chemistry) Any of a series of univalent radicals of the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁ derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons. In other words, an alkane minus one hydrogen atom.

alquil

univalent radical of the general formula CnH2n+1


alkyl

nl-noun

alkyl m (plural alkylen, diminutive alkyltje n)

alkylen (plural)
alkyltje (diminutive neuter)


alkyl

alkylet (definite singular)
alkyl (indefinite plural)
alkyler (indefinite plural)
alkyla (definite plural)
alkylene (definite plural)


alkyl

alkylet (definite singular)
alkyl (indefinite plural)
alkyla (definite plural)


alkyl

alkyl (indefinite nominative singular)
alkyls (genitive indefinite singular)
alkylen (definite nominative singular)
alkylens (definite genitive singular)
alkyler (indefinite nominative plural)
alkylers (genitive indefinite plural)
alkylerna (definite nominative plural)
alkylernas (definite genitive plural)


linoleic acid

(organic chemistry) a polyunsaturated fatty acid, having 18 carbon atoms and two double bonds, essential for human nutrition; it is found in linseed, sunflower and other vegetable oils


linolenic acid

(organic chemistry) An polyunsaturated fatty acid, having 18 carbon atoms and three double bonds, essential for human nutrition; it is found in linseed and other vegetable oils


margaric acid

(organic chemistry) A saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₅COOH, that occurs only in very small amounts in natural oils and fats


methacrylic acid

(organic chemistry) A colourless liquid, an unsaturated organic acid, used in the manufacture of resins and plastics, with the chemical formula CH₂:C(CH₃)COOH.


methacrylate

From methacrylic + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of methacrylic acid, especially an ester used in the manufacture of resins and plastics.


methyl methacrylate

polymethyl methacrylate
polymethyl methacrylate

(organic chemistry) The methyl ester of methacrylic acid, CH₂:C(CH₃)COOCH₃, used as a monomer in the manufacture of polymethyl methacrylate plastics.


polymethyl methacrylate

(organic chemistry) A thermoplastic transparent plastic manufactured by the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, often used in place of glass - it being lighter, softer and not shattering on impact.


myristic acid

(organic chemistry) A saturated fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₂COOH, tetradecanoic acid, found in both animal and vegetable oils and fats; used in the manufacture of soap, cosmetics etc.


nicotinic acid

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; together with nicotinamide is a part of the vitamin B complex

E375 when used as a colour retention agent


folic acid

From Latin folium (“leaf”), from its occurrence in leafy vegetables.

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid, one of the vitamin B complex, essential for cell growth and reproduction

azido foliko

vitamin B9, a polycyclic heterocyclic carboxylic acid


folate

From folic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A salt or ester of folic acid, especially one present in the vitamin B complex.


oleic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fatty acid, having 18 carbon atoms and one double bond, found in olive oil and very many other vegetable and animal oils and fats; it is used for making soap, cosmetics etc.

олеинова киселина

fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms and one double bond, found in olive oil


petroselinic acid

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fatty acid cis-6-octadecenoic acid found in many members of the family Apiaceae (e.g. parsley seed oil); it is a positional isomer of oleic acid, the double bond being in position 6 instead of 9.


palmitic acid

From being an acid discovered in saponified palm oils. From French palmite (“pith of the palm tree”) + -ic. From Latin palma (“palm tree”).

der

(organic chemistry) One of the most common saturated fatty acids; it is found in all animal and most vegetable oils and fats; it is used in the manufacture of soap etc.


stearic acid

(organic chemistry) octadecanoic acid; the most common saturated fatty acid; it is found in all animal and most vegetable oils and fats; it is used in the manufacture of soap etc.


omega-3 fatty acid

en-noun

omega-3 fatty acid (plural omega-3 fatty acids)

omega-3 fatty acids (plural)
ω-3 fatty acid (alternative)

Both types of fish are available in cans, but unlike tuna, salmon is loaded with fat — healthy omega-3 fatty acids.

2010, Anthony Marcelus, “Fix Your Fare”, in Reps!, 17:73:

essential fatty acid
essential fatty acid

(organic chemistry) Any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a double bond between the third and fourth carbon atoms from the end of the molecule farthest from the carboxylic acid; they are found in green vegetables and in the oils of fish such as salmon and mackerel; they are essential fatty acids, and seem to be beneficial in reducing the risk of heart disease.

ω−3脂肪酸

any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a double bond


omega-6 fatty acid

omega-6 fatty acid (plural omega-6 fatty acids)

(organic chemistry) any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a double bond between the sixth and seventh carbon atoms from the end of the molecule farthest from the carboxylic acid; although they are essential fatty acids, there is evidence that excess levels can cause a number of diseases


essential fatty acid

essential fatty acid (plural essential fatty acids)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) any fatty acid required for human metabolism that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet; originally designated as vitamin F


peroxide

peroxide (countable and uncountable, plural peroxides)

Thus far, Dr. Petrakis said, he had found that in women with […] extractable breast fluid, the amount of lipid peroxides in the fluid was on the average seven times higher in Caucasian women than in women of Chinese de[s]cent. In addition, women with cystic breast disease, who face a higher than usual risk of breast cancer, appear to have more peroxides in their breast fluid than women with normal breasts.

1975 March 23, Jane Brody, “Clue to Cancer Found in Breast Fluid”, in The New York Times:

The O–O bond in benzoyl peroxide and the C–N bonds in AIBN homolyze under thermal or photochemical conditions.

2007, Robert B. Grossman, The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry) Any compound containing the functional group R-O-O-R'.


oxaloacetic acid

(organic chemistry) a colourless crystalline organic carboxylic acid, butan-2-one-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, COOH.CH₂.CO.COOH


oxaloacetate

oxaloacetates (plural)
oxalacetate (alternative)

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of oxaloacetic acid.


oxalic acid

If not sufficiently purified, a little hydrochloric or oxalic acid, or caustic potash may be put in the water, according as the stains are from grease or from ink.

1880, William Blades, The Enemies of Books, page 92:

(organic chemistry) A colourless, crystalline dicarboxylic acid, (COOH)₂, found in rhubarb, spinach and other plants, often as crystals of the calcium salt.

シュウ酸

蓚酸, シュウさん, shūsan


oxalate

From French oxalate, equivalent to oxalic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of oxalic acid.


galacturonic acid

(organic chemistry) a carboxylic acid derived from galactose by oxidation of the terminal CH₂OH to a COOH; it polymerizes to form pectic acid


polymerization

polymerization (countable and uncountable, plural polymerizations)

polymerizations (plural)
polymerisation (alternative)

(organic chemistry) The chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers).


pelargonic acid

(organic chemistry) an aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₇COOH, nonanoic acid, used in the manufacture of plastics, pharmaceuticals etc


EDTA

ethylenediaminetetracetic acid
ethylenediaminetetracetic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetate.


ethylenediaminetetracetic acid

/ˌɛ.θɪ.liːnˈdaɪ.ə.miːn.tɛ.trəˌsiː.tɪk ˈæ.sɪd/

(organic chemistry) A white crystalline acid, C₂H₄(N(CH₂COOH)₂)₂, (and its sodium salt), a strong chelating agent with many industrial and analytical uses.


acid anhydride

(organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom. They react with water to give carboxylic acids.

suuranhidried

organic compounds with oxygen atom bonded to two acyl groups


acyl

From ethyleneoxides or ethyleneimines carrying an acyl substituent, with hydrazine and its derivatives (Ch. 3. XV).

2009, Richard H. Wiley, Pyrazoles and Reduced and Condensed Pyrazoles, Volume 22, page 387:

(organic chemistry) Any of class of organic radicals, RCO-, formed by the removal of a hydroxyl group from a carboxylic acid.


acyl

acyl (nominative singular)
acylu (genitive singular)
acylowi (dative singular)
acyl (accusative singular)
acylem (instrumental singular)
acylu (locative singular)
acylu (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English acyl. First attested in 1900.

ref

Rozprawy Akademii Umiejętności: Wydział Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy (in Polish), 1900, page 134

chlorek acylu

(organic chemistry) acyl (any of class of organic radicals, RCO-, formed by the removal of a hydroxyl group from a carboxylic acid)


EA

en-noun

EA (countable and uncountable, plural EAs)

For copolymers of ethylene, the other comonomer can be an alkene such as propene, butene, hexene or octene, or a compound having a polar functional group such as vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA), ethyl acetate (EA), methyl acrylate (MA) or vinyl alcohol (VOH).

2006, Gordon L. Robertson, “Structure and Related Properties of Plastic Polymers”, in Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, CRC Press, →ISBN, page 25:

(organic chemistry) Initialism of ethyl acetate.


equatorial

en-adj

equatorial (comparative more equatorial, superlative most equatorial)

more equatorial (comparative)
most equatorial (superlative)

/ˌɛkwəˈtɔːɹiəl/

(organic chemistry) of a bond, lying approximately in the plane of a ring, perpendicular to its axis


fullerene

After Buckminster Fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome, + -ene.

(organic chemistry) Any closed-cage compound having twenty or more carbon atoms consisting entirely of 3-coordinate carbon atoms.


chlorofluorocarbon

chlorofluorocarbons (plural)
CFC (abbreviation)
CFK (abbreviation rare)

The proposed replacement for CFC-11, a chlorofluorocarbon used to make plastic foam and in central air-conditioning systems, is a compound called HCFC-22. This is a chlorofluorocarbon already in use in home air-conditioners, but it is more expensive than CFC-11 and its potential applications are limited by its inferior characteristics.

1989 March 7, Malcolm W. Browne, “In Protecting the Atmosphere, Choices Are Costly and Complex”, in The New York Times:

The Renew is also free of polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

2009 February 12, Azadeh Ensha, “A Cellphone That Is Made With the Environment in Mind”, in The New York Times:

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced with those of chlorine and fluorine; formerly used as refrigerants and aerosol can propellants but withdrawn due to causing damage to the ozone layer.

氯氟烴 /氯氟烃

an organic compound with halogens in place of hydrogen


propylene

en-noun

propylene (countable and uncountable, plural propylenes)

Coined by John Williams Reynolds in 1851, from French propionique + -ylene

coined

(organic chemistry) The organic chemical compound propene. An alkene which is a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₃H₆.


propene

en-noun

propene (countable and uncountable, plural propenes)

Thus, at 135°C, 223 cyclizes with loss of propene to the borinene 229, which then rearranges to other products.

2012, Donald S. Matteson, Stereodirected Synthesis with Organoboranes, page 96:

(organic chemistry, official IUPAC name) The organic chemical compound propylene. An alkene which is a colorless gaseous (at room temperature and pressure) hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C₃H₆.


(organic chemistry) an unsaturated aldehyde, CH₃CH=CH-CH=CH-CHO, used in the manufacture of perfumes etc


methyl alcohol

(organic chemistry) The compound methanol.


ethyl alcohol

(organic chemistry, dated) ethanol, a type of alcohol.


methanol

methanol (countable and uncountable, plural methanols)

From methane + -ol.
French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot, after determining methanol's chemical structure, introduced "methylene" from the Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu, “wine”) + ὕλη (húlē, “wood, material”) with the intention of highlighting its origins, "alcohol made from wood (substance)".

(organic chemistry) The simplest aliphatic alcohol, CH₃OH; a colourless, toxic, inflammable liquid, used as a solvent, antifreeze, in the chemical industry, and in the preparation of methylated spirit.


wood alcohol

wood alcohol (countable and uncountable, plural wood alcohols)

Originally manufactured by the destructive distillation of wood.

(organic chemistry) The compound methyl alcohol or methanol.

метилов алкохол

methanol — see also methanol, methyl alcohol

древе́сный спирт m (drevésnyj spirt, literally “wood spirit”)

деревни́й спирт m (derevnýj spyrt, literally “wood spirit”)


ethylene glycol

It is concerned in the manufacture of ethylene glycol, a principal raw material in the production of Terylene, and a block train of eleven 25-ton tank wagons, designed by I.C.I., has been specially constructed by B.R. to convey output to I.C.I.'s Wilton works in North Yorkshire.

1962 October, “Talking of Trains: New I.C.I. block tank train”, in Modern Railways, page 224:

‘Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol, rather good stuff.’

2016, Ian McEwan, Nutshell, Vintage, page 50:

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, HO-CH₂-CH₂-OH, and the chemical structure at right. It is a clear, colorless liquid under normal conditions, and is widely used as a vehicle engine coolant due to its anti-freeze properties.

乙二醇

(organic chemistry) organic compound HO-CH2-CH2-OH


phthalic acid

benzenedicarboxylic acid
benzenedicarboxylic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of three isomeric aromatic organic benzenedicarboxylic acids, C₆H₄(COOH)₂; especially the ortho- isomer manufactured from naphthalene, used in the synthesis of dyes, perfumes and other compounds.


phthalic anhydride

(organic chemistry) The acid anhydride of phthalic acid; manufactured by the oxidation of xylene or naphthalene, widely used in the synthesis of dyes, insecticides, plasticizers and pharmaceuticals.


phthalate

From phthal(ic) + -ate (“salt or ester”), short for obsolete naphthalic acid, from naphthalene.

Researchers investigating levels of phthalates in the human body, which have been linked to asthma, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and fertility issues in the past few years, were found to be nearly 35% higher in participants who had eaten out the previous day compared with those who stayed at home.

2018 March 29, Patrick Greenfield, The Guardian:

Even as FDA works to develop that plan, consumers continue to be exposed to unsafe food chemicals including not just dyes but also the artificial sweetener aspartame, the white pigment titanium dioxide, the preservative propylparaben, and the phthalate food packaging chemicals, according to CSPI.

2025 January 15, “FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of a phthalic acid.


dicarboxylic acid

dicarboxylic acid (plural dicarboxylic acids)

(organic chemistry) Any organic compound having two carboxylic acid functional groups.

dikarboksyylihappo

difunctional by having 2 carboxyl groups


naphthalene

naphthalene (usually uncountable, plural naphthalenes)

(organic chemistry) An aromatic bicyclic hydrocarbon, C₁₀H₈; an acene containing two fused benzene rings.


para-

From Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside, next to”).

der

(organic chemistry) In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in opposite (1,4) positions (compare ortho- and meta-)

para-

having substituents on benzene rings on opposite carbon atoms


picric acid

From French picrique, from Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”).

(organic chemistry) 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, C₆H₂(NO₂)₃, prepared by the nitration of phenol or of aspirin; a toxic, yellow, explosive substance used in dyes, explosives, and as an antiseptic


nitro-

(organic chemistry) nitro- (containing nitrogen)


ammonium

en-noun

ammonium (usually uncountable, plural ammoniums)

From New Latin ammōnium. Equivalent to ammonia + -ium.

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) Any similar cation formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl radicals


nitrobenzene

(organic chemistry) A nitro derivative of benzene, C₆H₅NO₂, prepared by reacting benzene with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids; any of a series of such compounds having two or more nitro groups.


nitrocellulose

nitrocellulose (countable and uncountable, plural nitrocelluloses)

(organic chemistry) A cotton-like material, made from cellulose by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids, used in the manufacture of explosives, collodion etc.


pyroxylin

pyroxylin (countable and uncountable, plural pyroxylins)

pyroxylins (plural)
pyroxyl (alternative)
pyroxyle (alternative)
pyroxyline (alternative)

(organic chemistry) A highly inflammable form of nitrocellulose; used in the manufacture of collodion and lacquers.


nitromethane

nitromethane (countable and uncountable, plural nitromethanes)

After trial and error, they settled on nitromethane—a dry-cleaning solvent and sometime rocket fuel—as by far the most potent.

2022 July 21, Marlan Davis, “What Is Nitromethane, Anyway?”, in MotorTrend:

(organic chemistry) The simplest nitroparaffin, CH₃NO₂; a colourless oily liquid used in organic synthesis, and as a fuel for rockets, racing cars and model aircraft.


nitrosamine

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nitrosamine.wav

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of carcinogenic organic compounds containing this group, prepared by the reaction of amines with nitrites.


phenol red

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A pH indicator and red dye used to test kidney function.


propanoic acid

An IUPAC systematic name for the chemical originally named propionic acid. The prop- prefix is derived from propionic.

(organic chemistry) The short chain aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃CH₂COOH, used as a preservative, and in the manufacture of many chemical compounds.


propionic acid

From French acide propionique, coined by chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos) ("first") and πίων (píōn) ("fat"), because it was the smallest carboxylic acid that exhibited the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.

(organic chemistry) The compound with the formula CH₃CH₂COOH, a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with a pungent odor.


propionate

From propionic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of propionic acid.


pyrogallic acid

(organic chemistry) Synonym of pyrogallol


trihydroxy

(organic chemistry, in combination) Three hydroxy groups in a molecule


pyrogallol

(organic chemistry) A poisonous trihydroxy phenol, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, C₆H₃(OH)₃, used as a photographic developer.


hydroxyquinol

(organic chemistry) a poisonous trihydroxy phenol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, C₆H₃(OH)₃, used in organic synthesis


pyruvic acid

From New Latin acidum pyruvicum, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”) + ūva (“grape”) + -icum (neuter singular of -icus), from its being produced by the dry distillation of racemic acid, originally derived from grapes.

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A yellowish organic keto acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.


racemic acid

(organic chemistry) an equal mixture of the d- and l- forms of tartaric acid found in grape juice; the isomers can be separated via crystallization


retinoic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry) A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development.


isobutylphenyl propionic acid

isobutylphenyl propionic acid (uncountable)

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A substance used as an anti-inflammatory painkiller, often shortened to ibuprofen.


ricinoleic acid

From translingual Ricin(us) + oleic acid.

(organic chemistry) A crystalline unsaturated hydroxy fatty acid C₁₈H₃₄O₃ that yields esters important as plasticizers and whose glyceride (ricinolein) is the main component of castor oil.


sebacic acid

(organic chemistry) an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, (CH₂)₈(COOH)₂, originally prepared from tallow; it is used in the manufacture of resins, plasticizers and polyester rubbers


suberic acid

(organic chemistry) an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, (CH₂)₆(COOH)₂, obtained from cork; used in the manufacture of plastics


Ac

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of acetat.


Bu

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of butyl.


Ester

de-noun

Ester m (strong, genitive Esters, plural Ester)

Esters (genitive)
Ester (plural)
Ester (nominative singular)
Ester (definite nominative plural)
Esters (genitive singular)
Ester (definite genitive plural)
Ester (dative singular)
Estern (dative definite plural)
Ester (accusative singular)
Ester (accusative definite plural)

→ English: ester

→ French: ester

Probably a blend of Essig (“vinegar, acetic acid”) + Äther (“ether”), though this is speculative.


Ether

de-noun

Ether n (strong, genitive Ethers, plural Ether)

Ethers (genitive)
Ether (plural)
Ether (nominative singular)
Ether (definite nominative plural)
Ethers (genitive singular)
Ether (definite genitive plural)
Ether (dative singular)
Ethern (dative definite plural)
Ether (accusative singular)
Ether (accusative definite plural)

(organic chemistry) Alternative form of Äther (“ether as a chemical substance”)


Me

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of methyl.


R

From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓 (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.

Alcohols have the generic formula ROH.

(organic chemistry) An unspecified radical, usually containing a carbon atom that binds to the structure of interest.


V

From the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of Y and U.

(organic chemistry) The resin identification code for polyvinyl chloride, also PVC.


бутан

Borrowed from Russian бута́н (bután), from German Butan.

Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script
Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script
Kazakh alphabets#Latin script
Yañalif
kk:бутан (айрық)


бутан

ru-noun+

бута́н • (bután) m inan (genitive бута́на, nominative plural бута́ны, genitive plural бута́нов)

бута́н (canonical)
bután (romanization)
бута́на (genitive)
бута́ны (nominative plural)
бута́нов (genitive plural)
бута́н (nominative singular)
бута́ны (nominative plural)
бута́на (genitive singular)
бута́нов (genitive plural)
бута́ну (dative singular)
бута́нам (dative plural)
бута́н (accusative singular)
бута́ны (accusative plural)
бута́ном (instrumental singular)
бута́нами (instrumental plural)
бута́не (prepositional singular)
бута́нах (plural prepositional)


ibuprofen

en-noun

ibuprofen (countable and uncountable, plural ibuprofens)

From i(so)bu(tyl) + pro(pionic acid) + phen(yl).

af

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A synthetic compound used widely as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug.


bisulfite

bisulfites (plural)
bisulphite (alternative)

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) The univalent group -HSO₃, or any salt containing it.

vetysulfiitti

univalent group -HSO3, or any salt containing it


阿司匹林

→ Zhuang: ahswhbizlinz

ㄚ ㄙ ㄆㄧˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

ㄚ ㄙ ㄆㄧˇ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ pʰɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/a⁵⁵ sz̩³³ pʰiɪʔ³³ lin²¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/aː³³ siː⁵⁵ pʰɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/a⁵⁵ sz̩³³ pʰiɪʔ³³ lin²¹/

Borrowed from English aspirin, via Shanghainese.

(chiefly Mainland China, organic chemistry, pharmacology) aspirin


sulfate

sulfates (plural)
sulphate (alternative)

From French sulfate, from New Latin sulphatum, taken from the expression acidum sulphatum (“sulfuric acid”), from sulphatus, from Latin sulphur (“sulfur”). The term was first used in 1787 by the French chemist L. B. G. De Morveau. Equivalent to sulf(ur) + -ate (“salt or ester”).

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Another type, also common in the Taipei area has more chlorides than sulfates, and while it is also hot, its flavor is more salty than sour. The springs at Chinshan on the north coast are typical of this type.

1982 February 21, “Wulai: Hot springs resort with treasury of culture”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 7, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2, column 2:

Iatrogenic poisoning can result from the use of magnesium in the treatment of hypertension or of toxemia of pregnancy; deaths have been reported from the use of magnesium sulfate enemas in megacolon and from oral administration for purging.

1983, Richard E. Behrman, Victor C. Vaughan, III, Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, W. B. Saunders, →ISBN, page 249:

The whole world's fighting over fresh water like a pack of starving dogs with one stripped bone among them, and then Brazil started shooting all those sulfates into the stratosphere and—well, it was turning out just like the environazis said, only way worse and way fucking faster.

2011, Peter Watts, Crysis: Legion, Del Rey, published 2011, →ISBN, page 7:

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of sulfuric acid.


urea

en-noun

urea (countable and uncountable, plural ureas)

From New Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).

(organic chemistry, biochemistry, uncountable) A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH₂)₂, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine.

(organic chemistry, countable) Any N-substituted derivative of urea, with the general formula (R₁R₂N)CO(NR₃R₄).


freon

freon (countable and uncountable, plural freons)

A genericization of the Chemours trademark "Freon." According to Flood, the name was formed from freeze and the arbitrary suffix -on.

(organic chemistry) Any of several nonflammable refrigerants based on halogenated hydrocarbon including R-12, R-22, and R-23.


acetone peroxide

(organic chemistry) A cyclic organic peroxide; a mixture of mostly the trimer, (((CH₃)₂CO₂)₃), (TCAP or TATP), containing a nine-membered ring and the dimer, (((CH₃)₂CO₂)₂) containing a six-membered ring; it is a high explosive manufactured from acetone and hydrogen peroxide with the aid of sulphuric acid, and has been used by amateur bomb makers.


TCAP

TCAP (countable and uncountable, plural TCAPs)

tricyclic acetone peroxide
tricyclic acetone peroxide#English

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of tricyclic acetone peroxide.


TATP

TATP, or triacetone triperoxide, was the explosive used in the 2017 Manchester Arena attack, the 2015 attacks in Paris and the 2016 Brussels attack carried out by Islamic State extremists.

2024 August 8, Deborah Cole, “Taylor Swift concert plot: Austrian police find bomb chemicals in suspect’s home”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

triacetone triperoxide
triacetone triperoxide#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of triacetone triperoxide.


triacetone triperoxide

(organic chemistry) The relatively stable, trimeric form of the high explosive acetone peroxide


invertase

invertase (usually uncountable, plural invertases)

The costs incurred for the processing of sucrose with invertase could be considerably reduced with the introduction of immobilised invertases, by adopting technology similar to that developed for glucose isomerase.

1995, L. F. J. Woods, S. J. Swinton, “8: Enzymes in the starch and sugar industries”, in Gregory A. Tucker, L.F.J. Woods, editors, Enzymes in Food Processing, page 257:

The disaccharide sucrose and the trisaccharide raffinose are both substrates of invertase. Invertase is encoded by the SUC genes from which six unlinked loci have been identified (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7), which are dipersed through the yeast genome (Lampen, 1968; Ouwehand and van Wijk, 1972; Ottolenghi, 1971).

1997, Karl-Dieter Entian, Hans-Joachim Schüller, “Chapter 13: Genetics of Di- and Trisaccharide Utilization”, in Friedrich K. Zimmermann, Karl-Dieter Entian, editors, Yeast Sugar Metabolism, page 226:

Up-regulation of these invertases is a common response to infection (Hall and Williams, 2000).

2004, J. S. C. Clark, P. T. N. Spencer-Phillips, “The Compatible Interaction in Downy Mildew Infections”, in Peter Spencer-Phillips, Michael J. Jeger, editors, Advances in Downy Mildew Research, volume 2, page 18:

2013, Maria Kamiko Kadowaki, Rite de Cássia Garcia Simão, Jose Luís da Conceição Silva, Clarice Aoki Osaku, Luis Henrique Souza Guimarāes, 1: Biotechnical Advances in Fungal Invertases, Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli, Mahendra Rai (editors), Fungal Enzymes, page 14,
The methods used for the immobilization of fungal invertases include adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment (Uzun et al. 2011).
Nelson and Griffin (1916) reported that invertase was the first enzyme to be immobilized, and it was bound on charcoal and aluminium hydroxide. Subsequently, mant fungal invertases have been immobilized onto a variety of media […] .

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose (invert sugar), used by bees to produce honey and in the food industry to soften chocolate.


AE

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of Alkoholembryopathie.

Elektrophile Addition
elektrophile Addition#German

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of Elektrophile Addition (electrophilic addition)


tartaric acid

tartaric acid (countable and uncountable, plural tartaric acids)

From Medieval Latin tartarum (“tartar”).

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) The aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind; it is used as the salts cream of tartar and Rochelle salt.

àcid tartàric

the aldaric acid, 2,3 dihydroxy-succinic acid, that occurs naturally in many plants, in wine and in tamarind


tartrate

From tartaric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of tartaric acid.


cream of tartar

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potassium bitartrate
potassium bitartrate

(organic chemistry) Potassium hydrogen tartrate (also called potassium bitartrate), a byproduct of wine manufacture, used in baking powder and in cooking to stabilize beaten egg whites.


Platonic hydrocarbon

Platonic hydrocarbon (plural Platonic hydrocarbons)

(organic chemistry) A hydrocarbon whose structure matches one of the five Platonic solids.


cubane

Platonic hydrocarbon
Platonic hydrocarbon

(organic chemistry) One of the Platonic hydrocarbons, C₈H₈, having the carbon atoms placed at the vertices of a cube.


dodecahedrane

(organic chemistry) One of the Platonic hydrocarbons, C₂₀H₂₀, having the carbon atoms at the vertices of a regular dodecahedron.


tetrahedrane

tetrahedrane (countable and uncountable, plural tetrahedranes)

(organic chemistry) A hypothetical Platonic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula, C₄H₄, and a tetrahedral structure.


tetraethyl lead

tetraethyl lead (usually uncountable, plural tetraethyl leads)

tetraethyl leads (plural)
tetra-ethyl lead (alternative)
tetraethyllead (alternative)
lead tetraethyl (alternative)

(organic chemistry) A toxic organometallic compound, (C₂H₅)₄Pb, added to petroleum/gasoline as an antiknock agent.


isothiocyanate

(organic chemistry) any salt or ester of the hypothetical isothiocyanic acid; or the -NCS radical or the NCS⁻¹ anion; isomeric with thiocyanate


allyl isothiocyanate

Brassica nigra
Brassica nigra#Translingual

(organic chemistry) A mildly toxic pungent compound, C₃H₅NCS, obtained from the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra) or prepared synthetically, used as an animal repellent, etc.


mustard oil

allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate

(organic chemistry) The essential oil allyl isothiocyanate, also obtained from mustard seeds.


EPA

EPA (countable and uncountable, plural EPAs)

eicosapentaenoic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of eicosapentaenoic acid.


toluic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of the three isomers ortho-, meta- and para- methylbenzoic acid, derived from toluene.


toluene

toluene (countable and uncountable, plural toluenes)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-toluene.wav

From German Toluin, from Tolu (Tolú) where it was first distilled.

The salon is also a kitchen where, in the back rooms, our women squat on the floor over huge woks that pop and sizzle over electric burners, cauldrons of phở simmer and steam up the cramped spaces with aromas of cloves, cinnamon, ginger, mint, and cardamom mixing with formaldehyde, toluene, acetone, Pine-Sol, and bleach.

2019, Ocean Vuong, On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous, Jonathan Cape, pages 79–80:

(organic chemistry) A colourless, inflammable liquid hydrocarbon, methylbenzene, CH₃.C₆H₅, used as a solvent, in high-octane fuels and in the production of many chemical compounds.


isooctane

isooctane (countable and uncountable, plural isooctanes)

(organic chemistry) any isomer of n-octane; especially 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, used as a reference in the determination of the octane number of fuel


trans fatty acid

trans fatty acid (plural trans fatty acids)

Recently, however, scientists have found that trans fatty acids produced by hydrogenation actually raise blood cholesterol levels.

2004, Harold McGee, chapter 1, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, →ISBN:

(organic chemistry) An unsaturated fatty acid in which one or more of the double bonds has the trans orientation instead of the usual cis orientation.


tungstate

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From tungstic acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry) Any salt of tungstic acid.


uric acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) a bicyclic heterocyclic phenolic compound, formed in the body by the metabolism of protein and excreted in the urine (or in faeces, as in birds and insects)


urate

From uric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

The deposition of urate crystals in the joints leads to gout.

(organic chemistry) Any salt of uric acid.


valeric acid

(organic chemistry) A short chain aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH, obtained from the roots of valerian; used in perfume, flavourings, pharmaceuticals


valerate

From valeric acid + -ate (“salt or ester”).

(organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of valeric acid.


uridine

uridine (countable and uncountable, plural uridines)

(organic chemistry, biochemistry) A nucleoside formed from uracil and ribose.


ACC

aminocyclopropane carboxylique
aminocyclopropane carboxylique#French

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of aminocyclopropane carboxylique (“acide 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylique”).


AHA

AHA (countable and uncountable, plural AHAs)

alpha-hydroxy acid
alpha-hydroxy acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of alpha-hydroxy acid.


ABS

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
anti-lock braking system

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.


ABS

alkyl benzene sulfonate
alkylbenzenesulfonate#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of alkyl benzene sulfonate.


ALA

alpha linolenic acid
alpha linolenic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of alpha linolenic acid.

aminolevulinic acid
aminolevulinic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of aminolevulinic acid.


CPA

CPA (countable and uncountable, plural CPAs)

cyproterone acetate
cyproterone acetate#English

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) Abbreviation of cyproterone acetate.


SAN

sytrene acrylonitrile
sytrene acrylonitrile#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of styrene-acrylonitrile or sytrene acrylonitrile copolymer.


PBT

PBT (countable and uncountable, plural PBTs)

polybutylene terephthalate
polybutylene terephthalate#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polybutylene terephthalate.


MDMA

Unlike many of its subsequent users, Shulgin did not find his MDMA experience transformative. For him the effect was like a particularly lucid alcohol buzz; he called it his "low-calorie martini."

2005 January 30, Drake Bennett, “Dr. Ecstasy”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A bit of folk wisdom from early cohorts of MDMA users advised against getting married within six weeks of one's first MDMA experience.

2011, Mark A.R. Kleiman et al., Drugs and Drug Policy, Oxford University Press, →ISBN:

When MDMA was placed on Schedule 1, the worst category of illegal drugs, the yuppies stopped partying and the dance scene went underground.

2012, Simon Reynolds, Energy Flash, Soft Skull Press, page 281:

In an important step toward medical approval, MDMA, the illegal drug popularly known as Ecstasy or Molly, was shown to bring relief to those suffering from severe post-traumatic stress disorder when paired with talk therapy.

2021 May 3, Rachel Nuwer, “A Psychedelic Drug Passes a Big Test for PTSD Treatment”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(organic chemistry) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a synthetic entactogen of the methylenedioxyphenethylamine family.


PES

PES (countable and uncountable, plural PESes)

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of polyethersulfone.


MTBE

methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of methyl tert-butyl ether.


MTBE

Nos voitures émettent du CO₂, mais également, c’est moins connu, des molécules de MTBE (métyl tert-butyl éther). Le MTBE a remplacé le plomb comme additif dans l’essence.

2011, Nathalie Chèvre, Suren Erkman, Alerte aux micropolluants, Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, →ISBN, page 32:

méthyl tert-butyl éther
méthyl tert-butyl éther#French

(organic chemistry) Initialism of méthyl tert-butyl éther; MTBE


PFOA

Coordinate term: PFOS

perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Abbreviation of perfluorooctanoic acid.


DHA

A diet rich in DHA made sense, boosting general health, fortifying the brain, helping maintain focus and alertness and offsetting cognitive weariness.

2023, Martin MacInnes, In Ascension, Atlantic Books, page 228:

docosahexaenoic acid
docosahexaenoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of docosahexaenoic acid.


Harnstoff

de-noun

Harnstoff m (strong, genitive Harnstoffs, no plural)

Harnstoffs (genitive)
Harnstoff (nominative singular)
Harnstoffs (genitive singular)
Harnstoff (dative singular)
Harnstoff (accusative singular)


Harnsäure

Harnsäure f (genitive Harnsäure, no plural)

Harnsäure (genitive)
Harnsäure (nominative singular)
Harnsäure (genitive singular)
Harnsäure (dative singular)
Harnsäure (accusative singular)


TCA

en-noun

TCA (countable and uncountable, plural TCAs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of trichloroanisole.

tricarboxylic acid
tricarboxylic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of tricarboxylic acid.


MPG

MPG (countable and uncountable, plural MPG or MPGs)

monopropylene glycol
monopropylene glycol#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of monopropylene glycol.


DPA

DPA (countable and uncountable, plural DPAs)

docosapentaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of docosapentaenoic acid.


PP

PP (countable and uncountable, plural PPs)

(organic chemistry) Initialism of polypropylene.


epicycle

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From Latin epicyclus, from Ancient Greek ἐπίκυκλος (epíkuklos), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”).

(organic chemistry) A ring of atoms joining parts of an already cyclic compound


kokain

kokainok (plural)
kokain (nominative singular)
kokainok (nominative plural)
kokaint (accusative singular)
kokainokat (accusative plural)
kokainnak (dative singular)
kokainoknak (dative plural)
kokainnal (instrumental singular)
kokainokkal (instrumental plural)
kokainért (causal-final singular)
kokainokért (causal-final plural)
kokainná (singular translative)
kokainokká (plural translative)
kokainig (singular terminative)
kokainokig (plural terminative)
kokainként (essive-formal singular)
kokainokként (essive-formal plural)
kokainban (inessive singular)
kokainokban (inessive plural)
kokainon (singular superessive)
kokainokon (plural superessive)
kokainnál (adessive singular)
kokainoknál (adessive plural)
kokainba (illative singular)
kokainokba (illative plural)
kokainra (singular sublative)
kokainokra (plural sublative)
kokainhoz (allative singular)
kokainokhoz (allative plural)
kokainból (elative singular)
kokainokból (elative plural)
kokainról (delative singular)
kokainokról (delative plural)
kokaintól (ablative singular)
kokainoktól (ablative plural)
kokainé (singular)
kokainoké (plural)
kokainéi (singular)
kokainokéi (plural)
kokainom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
kokainjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
kokainod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
kokainjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
kokainja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
kokainjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
kokainunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
kokainjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
kokainotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
kokainjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
kokainjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
kokainjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(organic chemistry) cocaine (stimulant narcotic often used as a recreational drug)


EVA

EVA (countable and uncountable, plural EVAs)

ethylene-vinyl acetate
ethylene-vinyl acetate#English

(organic chemistry) Acronym of ethylene-vinyl acetate.


ataxia

ataxia (countable and uncountable, plural ataxias)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀταξία (ataxía, “disorder”), derived from ἄτακτος (átaktos, “disorderly”).

bor+

(physical chemistry, organic chemistry) The condition of a polymer in which the orientation of the subunits is random


PAP

(organic chemistry) polyfluoroalkyl phosphate ester


germane

en-noun

germane (countable and uncountable, plural germanes)

(organic chemistry, especially in combination) Any organic derivative of this compound.


eicosanoid

From Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”) + -ane (“an alkane”) + -oic (“a carboxylic acid”) + -oid (“-like”).

af

polyunsaturated fatty acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid

epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

(organic chemistry) Any of a family of naturally-occurring substances derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids; they include the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; they function as hormones.


methionine

en-noun

methionine (countable and uncountable, plural methionines)

/mɪˈθʌɪəniːn/

/mɪˈθʌɪənɪn/

/mɛˈθaɪəˌniːn/

The purpose was to make soya beans more healthy for those for whom they are a staple food by correcting soya beans' natural deficiency in a chemical called methionine.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 253:

essential amino acid
essential amino acid

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) A lipotropic, sulphur-containing essential amino acid, C₅H₁₁NO₂S, found in most protein.


aspartame

aspartame (usually uncountable, plural aspartames)

Commercial name, from aspartic. The -ame is perhaps because aspartame is an amide. Compare aspartamine.

Though reluctant to further expose him to aspartame, I had little trouble persuading Jamie's mother to carry out a double-blind trial in order to more rigorously document her son's aberrant response to aspartame.

2001, C. Keith Conners, Feeding the Brain: How Foods Affect Children, page 38:

Caramel colors and aspartame
Phosphoric acid, potassium
Natural flavors, of course caffeine
And now I'm jonesin' for MSG

2006, J. G. Thirlwell (lyrics and music), “Sieve”, in Damp, performed by Foetus:

Aspartame, sold under the brand NutraSweet, was discovered accidentally by a scientist at Searle in 1965 who was testing new drugs for gastric ulcers and licked his fingers before picking up a piece of paper.

2007, Nina Redman, Food Safety: A Reference Handbook, page 37:

In powdered form, aspartame is mixed with lactose, so a 1-gram packet contains 4 calories.

2008, Frances Sienkiewicz Sizer, Eleanor Noss Whitney, Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, volume 10, page 143:

Some examples of the sweeteners include aspartame, saccharin, sucralose and stevia. The W.H.O.’s announcement contradicts previous studies that have said these sweeteners don’t offer any health benefits but also do not cause harm.

2023 May 15, April Rubin, “World Health Organization Warns Against Using Artificial Sweeteners”, in The New York Times:

artificial sweetener
artificial sweetener

(organic chemistry) An artificial sweetener, the methyl ester of a dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine, used in many processed foods and beverages.


aspartame

pt-noun

aspartame m (usually uncountable, plural aspartames)

(organic chemistry) aspartame (an artificial sweetener)


dipeptide

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) An organic compound formed from two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.


peptide

From peptone, partially hydrolyzed protein, or German Peptid, from German Pepton, from Ancient Greek πεπτόν (peptón, “cooked, digested”) derived from πέπτω (péptō, “soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake, digest”).

der

When it’s digested, its long amino-acid chains are first broken down into smaller fragments, or peptides. It turns out that many hormones and drugs are also peptides, and a number of casein peptides do affect the body in hormone-like ways.

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds consisting of various numbers of amino acids in which the amine of one is reacted with the carboxylic acid of the next to form an amide bond.


polypeptide

(organic chemistry) Any polymer of (same or different) amino acids joined via peptide bonds.

polipèptid

organic chemistry: any polymer amino acids joined via peptide bonds


TEA

en-noun

TEA (countable and uncountable, plural TEAs)

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Acronym of triethylaluminium.

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of triethylamine.

(uncountable, organic chemistry) Abbreviation of triethanolamine.


crotanaldehyde

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde, 2-butenal, CH₃.CH:CH.CHO; it is used in the manufacture of sorbic acid, and to denature alcohol


sorbic acid

Latin sorbum (“the rowan or serviceberry”).

uder

(organic chemistry) an unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acid, CH₃.CH:CH.CH:CH.COOH, found in Rowan berries, and used as a preservative


polymerase chain reaction

en-noun

polymerase chain reaction (plural polymerase chain reactions)

genetic fingerprinting
genetic fingerprinting

(genetics, molecular biology, organic chemistry) A technique in molecular biology for creating multiple copies of DNA from a sample; used in genetic fingerprinting etc.

ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応

ポリメラーゼれんさはんのう


photoautotroph

From photo- (from the combining form φωτω- (phōtō-) of Ancient Greek φῶς (phôs, “light”)) + autotroph, from auto- (from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”)) + -troph (from Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “nourishment”)).

confix

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">αὐτο-</i> (auto-, “self-”)

from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">τροφή</i> (trophḗ, “nourishment”)

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) an organism, such as all green plants, that can synthesize its own food from inorganic material using light as a source of energy


DME

(organic chemistry) Initialism of dimethyl ether.


azobenzene

en-noun

azobenzene (countable and uncountable, plural azobenzenes)

(organic chemistry) An aromatic azo compound, diphenyl diazene, the basis of many dyes.


azobenzene

(organic chemistry) azobenzene (an aromatic azo compound, diphenyl diazene, the basis of many dyes)


azo compound

(organic chemistry) an organic compound of the general formula R-N=N-R¹; they are often colored and are the basis of many synthetic dyes; a diazene


diazene

diazene (countable and uncountable, plural diazenes)

(organic chemistry, countable) Any azo compound derived from this simple compound


diazine

(organic chemistry) Any six-membered aromatic heterocycle containing four carbon atoms, two nitrogen atoms and three double bonds


diazo

(organic chemistry) Containing a pair of double bonded nitrogen atoms, typically directly attached to an aryl group.


diazo

Some diazos are dyes.

(organic chemistry) Any compound of this type.


diazonium

(organic chemistry) any univalent cation, of general formula R-N₂⁺; diazonium salts are used to manufacture azo dyes, and take part in the Sandmeyer reaction


metathesis

metathesis (countable and uncountable, plural metatheses)

→ Malay: metatesis

Borrowed from Late Latin metathesis, from Ancient Greek μετάθεσις (metáthesis), from μετά (metá, “among”) + θέσις (thésis, “placement”).

af

(organic chemistry) The breaking and reforming of double bonds in olefins in which substituent groups are swapped.

metateesi

the breaking and reforming of double bonds in olefins in which substituent groups are swapped


capsaicin

en-noun

capsaicin (usually uncountable, plural capsaicins)

Arbitrary alteration of earlier capsicine, capsicin (“material extracted from cayenne pepper”), presumably to prevent confusion, from German Capsicin, from New Latin capsicum + German -in. Name introduced by John Clough Thresh (1850–1932) in “Capsaicin, the Active Principle of Capsicum Fruits”.

(organic chemistry) A chemical compound found in chilli peppers, which is responsible for their piquancy.


nitrogen fixation

(biochemistry, organic chemistry) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially such conversion, by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants


nucleophilic substitution

nucleophilic substitution (plural nucleophilic substitutions)

substitution reaction
substitution reaction

(organic chemistry) in aliphatic organic chemistry, a form of substitution reaction in which the leaving functional group is replaced with a nucleophile


electrophilic substitution

electrophilic substitution (plural electrophilic substitutions)

(organic chemistry) in aromatic organic chemistry, a form of substitution reaction in which the leaving functional group (normally hydrogen) is replaced with an electrophile


SN1 reaction

nucleophilic substitution
nucleophilic substitution

(organic chemistry) a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction


SN2 reaction

(organic chemistry) a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction


guanosine

guanosine (countable and uncountable, plural guanosines)

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from guanine and ribose


adenosine

From German Adenosin, corresponding to aden(ine) + (rib)os(e) + -ine.

Caffeine acts as an antagonist at receptors in the brain for one of the chemical messengers called adenosine.

2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 82:

Think of adenosine as a chemical barometer that continuously registers the amount of elapsed time since you woke up this morning.

2017, Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep, Penguin, published 2018, page 27:

SAM: Readings confirmed. Based on the levels of adenosine in your system, the neural implant is functioning properly.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Hyperion:

Adenosine levels can be quickly righted after a few nights of good sleep, however.

2022 June 24, Oliver Whang, “The Sleep Debt Collector Is Here”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(biochemistry, genetics, organic chemistry) A nucleoside derived from adenine and ribose, found in striated muscle tissue.


(organic chemistry) The molecular formula for methane.


carborane

(organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds of boron, mostly having a polyhedral structure.


macrocycle

(organic chemistry) a cyclic macromolecule, or a macrocyclic portion of a molecule


resonance effect

(organic chemistry) the mesomeric effect


mesomeric effect

(organic chemistry) the increased stability of organic compounds having alternate single and double bonds


phenylenediamine

(organic chemistry) Any of the three isomeric di-amino-benzenes, used as intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, plastics etc.


cyanocarbon

(organic chemistry) a class of organic compounds formally derived from hydrocarbons by replacing every hydrogen atom with a cyanide radical; e.g. - tetracyanomethane - C(CN)₄


acetylsalicylsyra

acetylsalicylsyra (indefinite nominative singular)
acetylsalicylsyras (genitive indefinite singular)
acetylsalicylsyran (definite nominative singular)
acetylsalicylsyrans (definite genitive singular)

acetylsalicylic acid
acetylsalicylic acid

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) acetylsalicylic acid


cyanocarbon acid

cyanocarbon acid (plural cyanocarbon acids)

(organic chemistry) a class of strong organic acids, only known as their salts in which the negative charge is stabilized by resonance.


cyclophane

(organic chemistry) A hydrocarbon consisting an aromatic unit (typically a benzene ring) and an aliphatic chain that forms a bridge between two positions of the aromatic ring; more complex derivatives (the superphanes) with multiple aromatic units and bridges forming cagelike structures are known.

(organic chemistry) Any cyclic structure used as a base phane in the nomenclature of complex organic compounds


shikimic acid

(organic chemistry) A naturally occurring organic compound, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, extracted commercially from star anise; it is the base of very many natural products and is used in the production of the antiviral drug Tamiflu.


verdigris

verdigris (countable and uncountable, plural verdigrises)

From Middle English vertegrez, from Old French verte grez (literally “acidic green”), an alteration of older verte de Grece (literally “green of Greece”). The modern French writing of this word is vert-de-gris (literally “green of gray”).

der

(organic chemistry, dated) Copper acetate.


tertiary amine

(organic chemistry) An amine, containing three radicals, of general formula R₁R₂R₃-N; the radicals may be the same, different, or part of a ring.


delocalization

en-noun

delocalization (countable and uncountable, plural delocalizations)

(organic chemistry, quantum mechanics, physical chemistry) the phenomenon in which bonding electrons of some molecules serve to bind several atoms instead of just two; it is observed in metals and in aromatic and conjugated organic compounds


destructive distillation

destructive distillation (countable and uncountable, plural destructive distillations)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) The heating of a material, such as coal or wood, in an inert atmosphere, at a high temperature such as to cause decomposition; the principal products include oils and tars from which many useful organic compounds may be obtained; town gas and coke were obtained in this way.


colchicine

colchicine (countable and uncountable, plural colchicines)

Gloriosa superba: spectacularly beautiful climbing lily. Roots, stalks, leaves contain an acrid narcotic, superbine, as well as colchicine and choline. Three grains of colchicine are fatal. Hawaii.

(organic chemistry, pharmacology) A highly toxic alkaloid, chemical formula C₂₂H₂₅NO₆, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum and formerly used to treat rheumatic complaints, now used mainly in the treatment of gout.


carboxymethyl glucose

(organic chemistry) An ether derivative of glucose prepared using chloroacetic acid and a base.


methylene

methylene (countable and uncountable, plural methylenes)

French méthylène, from Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu, “wine”) + ὕλη (húlē, “wood”).

polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

(organic chemistry) The divalent group –CH₂– in which the free valencies are part of single bonds.

(organic chemistry) The same group, present as a repeating unit, in aliphatic compounds with names such as hexamethylenediamine.

(organic chemistry) The unstable carbene :CH₂


dextran

(organic chemistry) dextran (a biopolymer of glucose produced by enzymes of certain bacteria)


nicotine

Borrowed from French nicotine, equivalent to Nicot + -ine, named after Jean Nicot (1530–1604), the French ambassador to Portugal, who sent tobacco seeds back to France in 1561. The etymology of the surname itself is unclear.

He is addicted to nicotine.

The website calls a vote for Alyona a vote against "beauties who do not look natural and who cannot be distinguished from each other" and rails against the "imposed standards" of 90-60-90 vital statistics, and "cigarettes with out nicotine and coffee without caffeine".

2004 April 13, Nick Paton Walsh, “Ample Alyona shakes up Russian pageant”, in The Guardian:

(organic chemistry) An alkaloid (C₁₀H₁₄N₂), commonly occurring in the tobacco plant.


menthol

menthol (countable and uncountable, plural menthols)

(organic chemistry) A cyclic monoterpene alcohol; the major component of the essential oil of peppermint; used in pharmaceutical preparations as an antitussive and antipruritic agent, as a nasal decongestant, and in menthol cigarettes.


Diels-Alder reaction

Diels-Alder reaction (plural Diels-Alder reactions)

First described in 1928 by Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder.

(organic chemistry) The cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene to form a cyclohexene ring.


cycloaddition

cycloaddition (countable and uncountable, plural cycloadditions)

(organic chemistry) An addition reaction that leads to the formation of a cyclic product.


conjugated

en-adj

conjugated (comparative more conjugated, superlative most conjugated)

more conjugated (comparative)
most conjugated (superlative)

Inflected form of conjugate. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from German Konjugation, konjugieren, coined 1899 by German chemist Johannes Thiele.

sl

1991, J.-P. Aime, Structural Characterization of Conjugated Solutions, J. L. Brédas, R. Silbey (editors), Conjugated Polymers, Kluwer Academic, page 296,
A major interest in the study of conjugated polymers in solution is the opportunity to investigate the relation between electronic properties and conformational disorder in low dimensional materials.

2007, Kirk S. Schanze, Xiaoyong Zhao, 14: Structure-Property Relationships and Applications of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes, Terje A. Skotheim, John R. Reynolds (editors), Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 3rd Edition, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press), page 14-3,
The concept first reported in 1995 centers on the use of a fluorescent conjugated polymer that is functionalized with receptor sites for a target analyte molecule.

2014, Enzo Montoneri, et al., Chapter 4: Food Wastes Conversion to Products for Use in Chemical and Environmental Technology, Material Science and Agriculture, Abbas Kazmi, Peter Shuttleworth (editors), Economic Utilisation of Food Co-Products, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC Publishing), page 81,
On the other hand, ¹O_2 is known to be a selective oxidant that reacts with electron-rich olefins, conjugated dienes, sulfides and phenols.

(organic chemistry, of an organic compound or part of such a compound) Containing one or more pairs of double bonds and/or lone pairs, each pair being separated by a single bond.


diene

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, especially a hydrocarbon, containing two double bonds.


dienophile

Diels-Alder reaction
Diels-Alder reaction

(organic chemistry) A compound that readily reacts with a diene; especially an alkene in the Diels-Alder reaction.


cyclohexene

en-noun

cyclohexene (countable and uncountable, plural cyclohexenes)

(organic chemistry) A cyclic hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms and one double bond; any of its derivatives.


DMSO

dimethyl sulfoxide
dimethyl sulfoxide#English

(organic chemistry) Initialism of dimethyl sulfoxide.


dimethyl sulfoxide

DMSO (abbreviation)
dimethyl sulphoxide (alternative)

(organic chemistry) An organic compound, (CH₃)₂SO, obtained as a byproduct from wood pulp, and is used as a solvent for carrying out chemical reactions and for administering drugs through the skin; also used as a reagent; its polar structure is a resonance hybrid.


dimethyl sulphoxide

(organic chemistry, chiefly British) Alternative spelling of dimethyl sulfoxide