egg

en-noun

egg (countable and uncountable, plural eggs)

→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg

Jamaican Creole: eg

Sranan Tongo: eksi

The noun is derived from Middle English eg, egg, egge (“egg of a domestic or wild fowl; egg of a snake”) [and other forms] (originally Northern England and Northeast Midlands), from Old Norse egg (“egg”), from Proto-Germanic *ajją (“egg”) (by Holtzmann’s law), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”), probably from *h₂éwis (“bird”), from *h₂ew- (“to clothe oneself, dress; to be dressed”) (in the sense of an animal clothed in feathers). Doublet of huevo, oeuf, and ovum.
The native English ey [and other forms] (plural eyren) (obsolete), from Old English ǣġ, is also derived from Proto-Germanic *ajją. It survived into at least c. 16th century before being fully displaced by egg.
The verb is derived from the noun.

wôwan

approximately spherical or ellipsoidal body produced by birds, insects, reptiles, and other animals, housing the embryo within a membrane or shell during its development

ou

thing which looks like or is shaped like an egg

egg

person regarded as having not yet realized they are transgender, or who has not yet come out as transgender or is in the early stages of transitioning; one’s lack of awareness that one is transgender

kill the goose that lays the golden eggs

there's more than one way to cook an egg

there's more than one way to crack an egg

In the Fall into the division of labor, [Claude] Lévi-Strauss sees the great hunters trading women to create the exogamous bonds of one hunting band with another. The egg is, but the sperm does. The tiny sperm may be furious in its activity, but its highway to the egg is paved by the alkaline trail set down by the Great Mother.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, “Hominization”, in The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture (A Lindisfarne Series Book), New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN, part 2 (The Transformations of Prehistory), page 80:

Although they serve the same function across the plant, animal and fungal kingdoms, sperm and eggs vary wildly in their structure and biochemistry, even among closely related species. […] Many genes that determine sperm and egg structure and biochemistry are rapidly evolving, constantly changing the chemical environment necessary for the sperm to bind to the egg.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-04-22, abstract, page 210:

(also cytology) Synonym of ovum (“the female gamete of an animal”); an egg cell.


chromosome

/ˈkɹəʊ.məˌsəʊm/

19th century: from German Chromosom, ultimately from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”) (because they are stained under the microscope). Equivalent to chromo- + -some.

Chromosomes store genetic information.

A length of DNA is divided into segments called chromosomes and shorter individual units called genes.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 7:

(cytology, genetics) A linear arrangement of condensed DNA and associated proteins (such as chaperone proteins) which contains the genetic material (genome) of an organism.


chromosome

19th century: chromo- + -some, from German Chromosom, ultimately from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “colour”) + σῶμα (sôma, “body”) (because they are stained under the microscope).


stem cell

Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to produce numerous differentiated cell types, and are directly responsible for generating and maintaining tissues and organs.

2002, Haifan Lin, “The stem-cell niche theory: Lessons from flies,”, in Nature Reviews: Genetics, volume 3, page 931:

(medicine, cytology) A primal undifferentiated cell from which a variety of other cells can develop through the process of cellular differentiation.


leukocyte

leukocytes (plural)
leucocyte (alternative UK)

In disease of the spleen, especially Banti's disease or fibro-adenia of the spleen, the increase of leukocytes is absent or slight, with no relative lymphocytosis.

1923, International Medical Digest, page 316:

Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:

(hematology, cytology, immunology) Any of a class of blood cells that play various roles in cell-mediated immunity.


erythrocyte

/əˈɹɪθɹəˌsaɪt/

From erythro- (“red”) + -cyte (“cell”), referring to the red color of hemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it.

The want of success of these names may be attributed to their awkwardness in sound or sense; "erythrocyte" seems the best of them, but is unfortunately four-syllabled.

1901 March 23, Ch. S. Sherrington, “The name of the red corpuscle: a suggestion”, in British Medical Journal, page 742:

Granular, basic, or punctate degeneration of the erythrocyte is a condition in which this cell presents fine or coarse granules that have an affinity for basic stains.

1901 September 7, C. Y. White, “Granular degeneration of the erythrocyte”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, volume 122, number 3:

(hematology, cytology) A hemoglobin-containing cell, especially as found in humans but more generally present in the blood of most vertebrates, that is involved with the transport of oxygen; such cells are usually anucleate in humans and many other animals.


TOC

(cytology) Initialism of translocon on outer chloroplast membrane.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(cytology) A large membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells which contains genetic material.

selkern

cytology: large organelle found in cells


eukaryote

head

eukaryote (plural eukaryotes or eukarya)

eukaryotes (plural)
eukarya (plural)
eucaryot (alternative)
eucaryote (alternative)
eukaryot (alternative)

Borrowed from French eucaryote; equivalent to eu- + karyon + -ote.

It is now clear that among organisms there are two different organizational patterns of cells, which Chatton (1937) called, with singuar prescience, the eucaryotic and procaryotic type.

1962 March, Roger Stanier, “The concept of a bacterium”, in Archiv für Mikrobiologie, volume 42, number 1, page 17:

(cytology) Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.

حقيقيات النوى

any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus


matrix

Unadapted borrowing from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matryca.

(cytology) intercellular substance, matrix (body substance in which tissue cells are embedded)


stain

en-verb

stain (third-person singular simple present stains, present participle staining, simple past and past participle stained)

stains (present singular third-person)
staining (participle present)
stained (participle past)
stained (past)

From Middle English steinen, steynen (“to stain, colour, paint”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse steina (“to stain, colour, paint”), from steinn (“stone, mineral blue, colour, stain”), from Proto-Norse ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *stainaz (“stone”), from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Cognate with Old English stān (“stone”). More at stone.
Replaced native Middle English wem (“spot, blemish, stain”), from Old English wamm (“spot, stain”).
In some senses, influenced by unrelated Middle English disteynen (“to discolor, remove the colour from"; literally, "de-colour”), from Anglo-Norman desteindre (“to remove the colour from, bleach”), from Old French destaindre (“to remove the color from, bleach”), from des- (“dis-, de-, un-”) + teindre (“to dye”), from Latin tingo.

noncog

(transitive, cytology, histology) To treat (a microscopic specimen) with a dye, especially one that dyes specific features

värjätä

to treat a microscope specimen with a dye


macrophage

From macro- + -phage, both from Ancient Greek.

innate immune system
innate immune system

(immunology, cytology) A white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink. It presents foreign antigens on MHC II to lymphocytes. Part of the innate immune system.


trans

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“on the other side of”). Doublet of très.

bor+

endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus farther from the endoplasmic reticulum.


clone

→ Italian: clone

→ Polish: klon

→ Turkish: klon

Coined (in botany) in 1903, based on Ancient Greek κλών (klṓn, “twig”). Figurative use from the 1970s.

(cytology) A group of identical cells derived from a single cell.


quiescent

en-adj

quiescent (comparative more quiescent, superlative most quiescent)

more quiescent (comparative)
most quiescent (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin quiēscēns, quiēscentem.


blast

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ or sprout”).

der

(cytology) An immature or undifferentiated cell (e.g., lymphoblast, myeloblast).


blast

head

blast m (genitive singular blast, nominative plural blastaí)

blast (genitive singular)
blastaí (nominative plural)
blast (indefinite nominative singular)
blastaí (indefinite nominative plural)
a bhlast (indefinite singular vocative)
a bhlastaí (indefinite plural vocative)
blast (genitive indefinite singular)
blastaí (genitive indefinite plural)
blast (dative indefinite singular)
blastaí (dative indefinite plural)
an blast (definite nominative singular)
na blastaí (definite nominative plural)
an bhlast (definite genitive singular)
na mblastaí (definite genitive plural)
leis an mblast (dative definite singular)
don bhlast (dative definite singular)
leis na blastaí (dative definite plural)
blast
bhlast
mblast

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ, sprout”).


TIM

en-noun

TIM (countable and uncountable, plural TIMs)

Abbreviation.
* (trans-identified male): when applied to trans women by a person who holds gender-critical beliefs.

(cytology) Translocon on Inner cellular Membrane


apoptosis

apoptosis (countable and uncountable, plural apoptoses)

From Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις (apóptōsis, “a falling off”), from ἀπό (apó, “away from”) + πτῶσις (ptôsis, “falling”).

der

The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations.

1972, J. F. R. Kerr, A. H. Wyllie, A. R. Currie, “Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics”, in British journal of cancer, volume 26, →DOI:

Indeed, so important is apoptosis that it is gradually becoming clear that almost all therapeutic cancer treatment works only because it induces apoptosis by alerting p53 and its colleagues.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 238:

Apoptosis is routine in developmental processes such as the removal of webbing between fingers in humans, the loss of tadpole tails in amphibians, and insect metamorphosis.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 74:

(biology, cytology) A process of programmed cell death by which cells undergo an ordered sequence of events which leads to death of the cell, as occurs during growth and development of the organism, as a part of normal cell aging, or as a response to cellular injury.


blast cell

(cytology) A cell that produces something, such as a fibroblast or osteoblast.


fibre

en-noun

fibre (countable and uncountable, plural fibres)

tlb

(British, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa spellings)

From French fibre, from Old French, from Latin fibra.

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

(cytology) A long tubular cell found in bodily tissue.


fiber

en-noun

fiber (countable and uncountable, plural fibers)

From French fibre, from Old French fibre, from Latin fibra.


zygote

→ Irish: siogót

→ Malay: zigot

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-zygote.wav

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ζῠγωτός (zŭgōtós, “yoked”) + English -ote (suffix meaning ‘having [the thing to which it is attached]’). Ζῠγωτός (Zŭgōtós) is derived from ζῠγόω (zŭgóō, “to join or yoke together”) + -τός (-tós, suffix forming adjectives of possibility); and ζῠγόω (zŭgóō) from ζῠγόν (zŭgón, “yoke for joining animals; anything which joins two things together”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to tie together, join, yoke”)) + -όω (-óō, suffix forming causative or factitive verbs). By surface analysis, zygo- + -ote.

affix

suffix meaning ‘having 􂀿the thing to which it is attached􂁀’

der

(cytology, also attributive) A eukaryotic cell formed from the fusion of two gametes (“reproductive cells”) during a fertilization process.

sigoot

eukaryotic cell formed from the fusion of two gametes during a fertilization process

འདུས་ཕུང ('dus phung, literally “collected mass, congeries”)

སྨིན་པའི་ཕྲ་ཕུང (smin pa'i phra phung, literally “ripened cells”)


gullet

From Middle English golet, borrowed from Old French goulet, from Latin gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”).

(cytology) The cytopharynx of a ciliate, through which food is ingested.


axon

axons (plural)
axone (alternative dated)

(cytology) A nerve fibre which is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, and which conducts nerve impulses away from the body of the cell to a synapse.


axon

axonok (plural)
axon (nominative singular)
axonok (nominative plural)
axont (accusative singular)
axonokat (accusative plural)
axonnak (dative singular)
axonoknak (dative plural)
axonnal (instrumental singular)
axonokkal (instrumental plural)
axonért (causal-final singular)
axonokért (causal-final plural)
axonná (singular translative)
axonokká (plural translative)
axonig (singular terminative)
axonokig (plural terminative)
axonként (essive-formal singular)
axonokként (essive-formal plural)
axonban (inessive singular)
axonokban (inessive plural)
axonon (singular superessive)
axonokon (plural superessive)
axonnál (adessive singular)
axonoknál (adessive plural)
axonba (illative singular)
axonokba (illative plural)
axonra (singular sublative)
axonokra (plural sublative)
axonhoz (allative singular)
axonokhoz (allative plural)
axonból (elative singular)
axonokból (elative plural)
axonról (delative singular)
axonokról (delative plural)
axontól (ablative singular)
axonoktól (ablative plural)
axoné (singular)
axonoké (plural)
axonéi (singular)
axonokéi (plural)
axonom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
axonjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
axonod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
axonjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
axonja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
axonjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
axonunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
axonjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
axonotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
axonjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
axonjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
axonjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From scientific Latin axon, from Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn, “axis”).

(cytology) axon (a nerve fibre which is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, and which conducts nerve impulses away from the body of the cell to a synapse)


neuron

neurons (plural)
neura (plural)
neurone (alternative)

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”), doublet of nerve and sinew. By surface analysis, neuro- + -on.

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites. Neurons are connected by synapses.


neuron

neuron (nominative singular)
neurony (nominative plural)
neuronu (genitive singular)
neuronů (genitive plural)
neuronu (dative singular)
neuronům (dative plural)
neuron (accusative singular)
neurony (accusative plural)
neurone (singular vocative)
neurony (plural vocative)
neuronu (locative singular)
neuronech (locative plural)
neuronem (instrumental singular)
neurony (instrumental plural)

Ultimately from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”).


neuron

head

neuron c (singular definite neuronen, plural indefinite neuroner)

neuronen (definite singular)
neuroner (indefinite plural)
neuron (indefinite nominative singular)
neuronen (definite nominative singular)
neuroner (indefinite nominative plural)
neuronerne (definite nominative plural)
neurons (genitive indefinite singular)
neuronens (definite genitive singular)
neuroners (genitive indefinite plural)
neuronernes (definite genitive plural)


neuron

pl-noun

neuron m inan (related adjective neuronowy or neuronalny)

neuronowy (adjective)
neuronalny (adjective)
neuron (nominative singular)
neurony (nominative plural)
neuronu (genitive singular)
neuronów (genitive plural)
neuronowi (dative singular)
neuronom (dative plural)
neuron (accusative singular)
neurony (accusative plural)
neuronem (instrumental singular)
neuronami (instrumental plural)
neuronie (locative singular)
neuronach (locative plural)
neuronie (singular vocative)
neurony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron). Doublet of nerw.

lbor

(cytology, neuroanatomy) neuron (cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites)


neuron

neuron (indefinite nominative singular)
neurons (genitive indefinite singular)
neuronen (definite nominative singular)
neuronens (definite genitive singular)
neuroner (indefinite nominative plural)
neuroners (genitive indefinite plural)
neuronerna (definite nominative plural)
neuronernas (definite genitive plural)
neuron (indefinite nominative singular)
neurons (genitive indefinite singular)
neuronet (definite nominative singular)
neuronets (definite genitive singular)
neuron (indefinite nominative plural)
neurons (genitive indefinite plural)
neuronen (definite nominative plural)
neuronens (definite genitive plural)


oocyte

(cytology) A cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyte.


soma

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(cytology) The bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.


soma

Learned borrowing from New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

(cytology) the bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.


soma

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).


bleb

Possibly onomatopoeic, similarly to blob and blubber.

Figure 4.20 reveals blebs on the surface of a bacterial cell. In many instances, these blebs are released from the cell into the surrounding media.

2005, Larry Barton, Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes, page 170:

2013, Louis Foucard, Xavier Espinet, Eduard Benet, Franck J. Vernerey, The Role of the Cortical Membrane in Cell Mechanics: Model and Simulation, Shaofan Li, Dong Qian (editors), Multiscale Simulations and Mechanics of Biological Materials, page 261,
As the bleb grows (the growth time is on order of a minute), the actin cortex starts reassembling beneath the bleb membrane.

A different approach is to use protrusions from the membrane, which are called blebs or blisters.[…]The absence of actin and tubulin from blebs formed on oocytes of Xenopus laevus clearly indicates the bleb membrane is detached from the cell cytoskeleton (Figure 3.29).

2014, Mary Luckey, Membrane Structural Biology: With Biochemical and Biophysical Foundations, page 64:

(cytology) An irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell undergoing apoptosis.


fixation

en-noun

fixation (countable and uncountable, plural fixations)

From Old French fixation. By surface analysis, fix + -ation.

fixació

a state of mind involving obsession with a particular person, idea or thing

(cytology, histology, pathology) preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction.


meiosis

meiosis (countable and uncountable, plural meioses)

meioses (plural)
maiosis (alternative obsolete)

From Ancient Greek μείωσις (meíōsis, “a lessening”), from μειόω (meióō, “I lessen”), from μείων (meíōn, “less”). The biological sense was coined by British biologists John Bretland Farmer and John Edmund Sharrock Moore in 1905 as maiosis in a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science, with the spelling corrected on etymological grounds later that year. Doublet of miosis.

coin

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, reduction division, equation division

(usually uncountable, cytology) Cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes.


meiosis

Borrowed from English meiosis, from Ancient Greek μείωσις (meíōsis, “a lessening”).

(cytology) meiosis: cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes


cis

From Latin cis (“on this side (of), on the near or same side”). Doublet of he, it, here, hither, and hence.

doublet

(cytology) Of the side of the Golgi apparatus nearer to the endoplasmic reticulum.


hemopoiesis

en-noun

hemopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hemopoieses)

(hematology, cytology) Formation of new cellular components of the blood in myeloid or lymphatic tissue.


inclusion

inclusion (countable and uncountable, plural inclusions)

inclusions (plural)
enclusion (alternative)

Borrowed from Latin inclusio, inclusionis, from the verb Latin inclūdō (“to shut in, enclose, insert”), from in- (“in”) + claudō (“to shut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, include + -sion. Doublet of enclosure.

der

(cytology) A nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregate of stainable substances.


protoplasm

en-noun

protoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural protoplasms)

From German Protoplasma, coined by Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”). By surface analysis, proto- + -plasm. Compare also protoplasma, used in Late Latin for the “first-created one” (i.e. Adam).

coin

(cytology) The entire contents of a cell comprising the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid, transparent substance which is the living matter of plant and animal cells.


autophagy

en-noun

autophagy (countable and uncountable, plural autophagies)

Near-synonym: autocytolysis

(cytology) The process of self-digestion by a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell, and often a defensive or self-preservation measure.

(cytology) A type of programmed cell death accomplished through self-digestion.


fissiparous

en-adj

fissiparous (comparative more fissiparous, superlative most fissiparous)

more fissiparous (comparative)
most fissiparous (superlative)

/fɪˈsɪpəɹəs/

An adaptation of New Latin fissiparus, from fissus (“split, cleft”) + pariō (“I bring forth”) by analogy with vīviparus.

Reproduction may be divided into two main classes, namely, sexual and asexual. The latter is effected in many ways—by the formation of buds of various kinds, and by fissiparous generation, that is by spontaneous or artificial division.

1868, Charles Darwin, “Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis”, in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, part I, page 358:

(cytology) Of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two.

zich door celdeling voortplantend

of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two


osteocyte

(cytology) A mature bone cell involved with the maintenance of bone.


organelle

/ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/

Like organelles within a single cell, whole new specializations began to develop.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 161:

The close analogies between DNA-containing eukaryotic cell organelles and microbial symbionts require revision of classic cell theory, wrote Scwemmler and Schenk (1980) on introducing the field of endocytobiology.

1991, Lynn Margulis, René Fester, Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:

(cytology) A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

orgànul

a membrane bound compartment found within cells


organelle

→ Turkish: organel


monocyte

(immunology, cytology) A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that differentiates into a macrophage.


lymphocyte

(cytology, immunology) Any of several types of white blood cell with a spherical nucleus occurring in the lymphatic system, including B cells, T cells and natural killer cells.

leucocyte = leukocyte = white blood cell = WBC > agranulocyte


lymphocyte

→ Persian: لنفوسیت (lanfosit)

→ Turkish: lenfosit


mitochondrion

en-noun

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria or (rare, proscribed) mitochondrions)

mitochondria (plural)
mitochondrions (plural proscribed rare)

Coined in German by Carl Benda in 1898, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + χονδρίον (khondríon), diminutive of χόνδρος (khóndros, “grain, morsel”)

The consideration of the mitochondrion in the spermatocytes I shall pass over, as it is not within the bounds of this paper; yet I hope to study the earlier generations of my material, and shall then compare the results.

1902 February 7, W. J. Baumgartner, “Spermatid Transformations in Gryllus assimilis, with Special Reference to the Nebenkern”, in Kansas University Science Bulletin, volume 1, number 2:

(cytology) A spherical or ovoid organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and containing genetic material separate from that of the host; it is responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP.


phagocytosis

phagocytosis (countable and uncountable, plural phagocytoses)

From German Phagocytosis; equivalent to phagocyte + -osis; compare French phagocytose.

On account of the possession of this property, Metschnikoff has suggested for these groups of cells the term phagocytes, as expressive of their most distinctive feature, and for the process in general the term phagocytosis.

1889 April 13, William Osler, “Original Lectures: On Phagocytes”, in Medical Record, volume 35, number 15, page 393:

(immunology, cytology) A form of endocytosis in which a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm.


vacuole

/ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/

From French vacuole, from Medieval Latin vacuola, formed as a diminutive of Latin vacuus (“empty”).

(cytology) A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm.


cytoplasm

cytoplasm (usually uncountable, plural cytoplasms)

cytoplasms (plural)
cytioplasm (alternative archaic)

Borrowed from German Zytoplasma, Cytoplasma. Equivalent to cyto- + -plasm.

(cytology) The contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton.

citoplasma

contents of a cell excluding the nucleus


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell.


cytosol

(cytology) The aqueous solution of a cell's cytoplasm, consisting of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.


white blood cell

white blood cell (plural white blood cells)

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(hematology, cytology, immunology) A type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response, or part of the immune system.

witbloedselle

cytology: a type of blood cell that is involved with an immune response


ribosome

/ˈɹaɪbəˌsəʊm/

(biology, cytology) A small organelle found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA.


globulo bianco

it-noun

globulo bianco m (plural globuli bianchi)


fusion

en-noun

fusion (countable and uncountable, plural fusions)

fission

antonym(s) of “nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine”

First appears c. 1555, in a translation by Richard Eden. From Middle French fusion, from Latin fūsiōnem (the accusative of fūsiō), from fusus, past participle of fundō (“I pour, I melt”) (see also found). Doublet of foison.

The act of merging separate things, or the result thereof.

(cytology) The process by which two distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic core, resulting in one interconnected structure.

fusion

lipid bilayers merging their hydrophobic core


cytotoxin

(cytology) Any substance having a specific toxic effect on certain cells.

solumyrkky

substance having a toxic effect on cells


diastema

diastema (plural diastemas or diastemata)

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma, “interval, space between”). Compare diastasis.

der

(cytology) The modified protoplasm at the equator of a cell, existing before mitotic division.


heterochromatin

en-noun

heterochromatin (countable and uncountable, plural heterochromatins)

(cytology) Heterochromatic tightly coiled chromosome material; believed to be genetically inactive


pseudopod

pseudopod (plural pseudopods or pseudopodia)

pseudopods (plural)
pseudopodia (plural)

(cytology) A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes, or of certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, that serves in locomotion.


phagocyte

From the German Phagocyt, modified on the pattern of -cyte; phago- + -cyte.

(cytology) A cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria and waste materials, or in the case of mature dendritic cells; displays antigens from invading pathogens to cells of the lymphoid lineage.


ovum

Borrowed from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of egg, ey, huevo, and oeuf.

Coordinate term: spermatozoon

(cytology) The female gamete in animals; the egg cell.


ovum

Terbentuk dari ovum yang hina
 Dibuahi sperma dan ludah
 Diberkati jiwa yang cacat

2018, “Lahir Mata Satir”, performed by Deadsquad:

Formed from despised ovum
 Fertilized sperm and saliva
 Blessed with defective soul


ovum

ms-noun

ovum (Jawi spelling اوۏوم, plural ovum-ovum)

Borrowed from English ovum, from Latin ōvum, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm, likely a derivative of *h₂éwis.


presynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


red blood cell

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-red blood cell.wav

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(hematology, cytology) A type of cell in the blood of vertebrates that contains hemoglobin and transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; an erythrocyte.

كُرَيَّةُ دَمٍ حَمْرَاء

haemoglobin-carrying blood cell in vertebrates


cellule

Borrowed from Latin cellula (“a small apartment”), diminutive of cella.

Their structure in these two species does not resemble that of the cellules.

1984, T.L. Simpson, The Cell Biology of Sponges:


Zelle

de-noun

Zelle f (genitive Zelle, plural Zellen, diminutive Zellchen n)

Zelle (genitive)
Zellen (plural)
Zellchen (diminutive neuter)
Zelle (nominative singular)
Zellen (definite nominative plural)
Zelle (genitive singular)
Zellen (definite genitive plural)
Zelle (dative singular)
Zellen (dative definite plural)
Zelle (accusative singular)
Zellen (accusative definite plural)
Celle (alternative obsolete)

→ Polish: cela

From Middle High German zelle, from Old High German zella (9th century), from Ecclesiastical Latin cella. The cytological sense (17th c.) is a semantic loan from English cell (coined by Robert Hooke).

Eine neue Generation hochauflösender Lichtmikroskope revolutioniert die Biologie: Erstmals können die Forscher auch molekulare Strukturen in lebenden Zellen beobachten.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 5/2010, page 106:

A new generation of high-resolution optical microscopes is revolutionizing biology: for the first time researchers are able to also watch molecular structures in living cells.


mitochondrial

Sperm pass on none of their mitochondria during conception, so all mitochondrial information is transferred from generation to generation through mothers alone.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 329:

(cytology) Of, or relating to mitochondria.


koko

a kì í mọ̀ ọ́n gún mọ̀ ọ́n tẹ̀ kí iyán ewùrà máà ní kókó


gamete

From Ancient Greek γαμετή (gametḗ, “wife”), γαμέτης (gamétēs, “husband”), ultimately from γάμος (gámos, “marriage”).

(cytology) A reproductive cell (sperm in males or eggs in females), having only half of a complete set of chromosomes.


gamete

From Ancient Greek γαμέτης (gamétēs, “husband”), from γαμέω (gaméō, “I marry”).


Neuron

de-noun

Neuron n (mixed or strong, genitive Neurons, plural Neuronen or Neurone)

Neurons (genitive)
Neuronen (plural)
Neurone (plural)
Neuron (nominative singular)
Neuronen (definite nominative plural)
Neurone (definite nominative plural)
Neurons (genitive singular)
Neuronen (definite genitive plural)
Neurone (definite genitive plural)
Neuron (dative singular)
Neuronen (dative definite plural)
Neuron (accusative singular)
Neuronen (accusative definite plural)
Neurone (accusative definite plural)


Zygote

Zygote f (genitive Zygote, plural Zygoten)

Zygote (genitive)
Zygoten (plural)
Zygote (nominative singular)
Zygoten (definite nominative plural)
Zygote (genitive singular)
Zygoten (definite genitive plural)
Zygote (dative singular)
Zygoten (dative definite plural)
Zygote (accusative singular)
Zygoten (accusative definite plural)


CB

en-noun

CB (countable and uncountable, plural CBs)


senescence

senescence (usually uncountable, plural senescences)

2018, University of Edinburgh, "Liver Study Offers Insights into Hard-to-treat Diseases" (9 March 2018), Drug Discovery & Development.
Tests in mice found that inducing senescence in bile duct cells - mimicking the process seen in human bile duct disease - led to liver scarring and damage of liver function.

(cytology) Ceasing to divide by mitosis because of shortening of telomeres or excessive DNA damage.

vanheneminen

cell biology: ceasing to divide by mitosis

(cytology, of a cell) Condition when the cell ceases to divide.


senescent

en-adj

senescent (comparative more senescent, superlative most senescent)

more senescent (comparative)
most senescent (superlative)

From Latin senescens, present participle of senescere (“to grow old”), from senere (“to be old”), from senex (“old”).

When such lines and forms of organic development prevail, the individual, as the cell of the body, becomes soon senescent, drifting inevitably into age, decay, and death.

1919, Boris Sidis, The Source and Aim of Human Progress:

(cytology, of a cell) That ceases to divide.


protoplasmic

(cytology) Of or relating to protoplasm.


syy

syy (nominative singular)
syyt (nominative plural)
syy (accusative nominative singular)
syyt (accusative nominative plural)
syyn (accusative genitive singular)
syyt (accusative genitive plural)
syyn (genitive singular)
syiden (genitive plural)
syitten (genitive plural)
syytä (partitive singular)
syitä (partitive plural)
syyssä (inessive singular)
syissä (inessive plural)
syystä (elative singular)
syistä (elative plural)
syyhyn (illative singular)
syihin (illative plural)
syyllä (adessive singular)
syillä (adessive plural)
syyltä (ablative singular)
syiltä (ablative plural)
syylle (allative singular)
syille (allative plural)
syynä (essive singular)
syinä (essive plural)
syyksi (singular translative)
syiksi (plural translative)
syyttä (abessive singular)
syittä (abessive plural)
syin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
syyni (nominative singular)
syyni (nominative plural)
syyni (accusative nominative singular)
syyni (accusative nominative plural)
syyni (accusative genitive singular)
syyni (accusative genitive plural)
syyni (genitive singular)
syideni (genitive plural)
syitteni (genitive plural)
syytäni (partitive singular)
syitäni (partitive plural)
syyssäni (inessive singular)
syissäni (inessive plural)
syystäni (elative singular)
syistäni (elative plural)
syyhyni (illative singular)
syihini (illative plural)
syylläni (adessive singular)
syilläni (adessive plural)
syyltäni (ablative singular)
syiltäni (ablative plural)
syylleni (allative singular)
syilleni (allative plural)
syynäni (essive singular)
syinäni (essive plural)
syykseni (singular translative)
syikseni (plural translative)
syyttäni (abessive singular)
syittäni (abessive plural)
syineni (comitative plural)
syysi (nominative singular)
syysi (nominative plural)
syysi (accusative nominative singular)
syysi (accusative nominative plural)
syysi (accusative genitive singular)
syysi (accusative genitive plural)
syysi (genitive singular)
syidesi (genitive plural)
syittesi (genitive plural)
syytäsi (partitive singular)
syitäsi (partitive plural)
syyssäsi (inessive singular)
syissäsi (inessive plural)
syystäsi (elative singular)
syistäsi (elative plural)
syyhysi (illative singular)
syihisi (illative plural)
syylläsi (adessive singular)
syilläsi (adessive plural)
syyltäsi (ablative singular)
syiltäsi (ablative plural)
syyllesi (allative singular)
syillesi (allative plural)
syynäsi (essive singular)
syinäsi (essive plural)
syyksesi (singular translative)
syiksesi (plural translative)
syyttäsi (abessive singular)
syittäsi (abessive plural)
syinesi (comitative plural)
syymme (nominative singular)
syymme (nominative plural)
syymme (accusative nominative singular)
syymme (accusative nominative plural)
syymme (accusative genitive singular)
syymme (accusative genitive plural)
syymme (genitive singular)
syidemme (genitive plural)
syittemme (genitive plural)
syytämme (partitive singular)
syitämme (partitive plural)
syyssämme (inessive singular)
syissämme (inessive plural)
syystämme (elative singular)
syistämme (elative plural)
syyhymme (illative singular)
syihimme (illative plural)
syyllämme (adessive singular)
syillämme (adessive plural)
syyltämme (ablative singular)
syiltämme (ablative plural)
syyllemme (allative singular)
syillemme (allative plural)
syynämme (essive singular)
syinämme (essive plural)
syyksemme (singular translative)
syiksemme (plural translative)
syyttämme (abessive singular)
syittämme (abessive plural)
syinemme (comitative plural)
syynne (nominative singular)
syynne (nominative plural)
syynne (accusative nominative singular)
syynne (accusative nominative plural)
syynne (accusative genitive singular)
syynne (accusative genitive plural)
syynne (genitive singular)
syidenne (genitive plural)
syittenne (genitive plural)
syytänne (partitive singular)
syitänne (partitive plural)
syyssänne (inessive singular)
syissänne (inessive plural)
syystänne (elative singular)
syistänne (elative plural)
syyhynne (illative singular)
syihinne (illative plural)
syyllänne (adessive singular)
syillänne (adessive plural)
syyltänne (ablative singular)
syiltänne (ablative plural)
syyllenne (allative singular)
syillenne (allative plural)
syynänne (essive singular)
syinänne (essive plural)
syyksenne (singular translative)
syiksenne (plural translative)
syyttänne (abessive singular)
syittänne (abessive plural)
syinenne (comitative plural)
syynsä (nominative singular)
syynsä (nominative plural)
syynsä (accusative nominative singular)
syynsä (accusative nominative plural)
syynsä (accusative genitive singular)
syynsä (accusative genitive plural)
syynsä (genitive singular)
syidensä (genitive plural)
syittensä (genitive plural)
syytään (partitive singular)
syytänsä (partitive singular)
syitään (partitive plural)
syitänsä (partitive plural)
syyssään (inessive singular)
syyssänsä (inessive singular)
syissään (inessive plural)
syissänsä (inessive plural)
syystään (elative singular)
syystänsä (elative singular)
syistään (elative plural)
syistänsä (elative plural)
syyhynsä (illative singular)
syihinsä (illative plural)
syyllään (adessive singular)
syyllänsä (adessive singular)
syillään (adessive plural)
syillänsä (adessive plural)
syyltään (ablative singular)
syyltänsä (ablative singular)
syiltään (ablative plural)
syiltänsä (ablative plural)
syylleen (allative singular)
syyllensä (allative singular)
syilleen (allative plural)
syillensä (allative plural)
syynään (essive singular)
syynänsä (essive singular)
syinään (essive plural)
syinänsä (essive plural)
syykseen (singular translative)
syyksensä (singular translative)
syikseen (plural translative)
syiksensä (plural translative)
syyttään (abessive singular)
syyttänsä (abessive singular)
syittään (abessive plural)
syittänsä (abessive plural)
syineen (comitative plural)
syinensä (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *süü, from Proto-Uralic *süxe or *süje. Cognates include Estonian süü, Komi-Zyrian сі (si). The sense "reason, cause" (and those akin to it) was originally figurative.

(cytology) fibre (long tubular cell found in bodily tissue)


ectoplasm

en-noun

ectoplasm (countable and uncountable, plural ectoplasms)

From ecto- (“outside”) + plasm or -plasm, referring to the fact that ectoplasm is believed to emanate from and materialize outside of the medium's body.

ecto-

ghost-related; only in this specific sense

(cytology) The outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm.

ectoplasma

cytology: the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm


antimitotic

(pharmacology, cytology) Preventing or disrupting mitosis.


mitosis

mitosis (countable and uncountable, plural mitoses)

From German Mitose, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + -osis, probably in reference to the thread-like chromatin seen during mitosis.

Meronyms: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

en:division of nucleus and often of cell, with euploid results

(cytology) The division of a cell nucleus in which the genome is copied and separated into two identical halves. It is normally followed by cell division.


spherocyte

(cytology) A red blood cell that is spherical rather than biconcave, as occurs in spherocytosis


klon

head

klon (definite accusative klonu, plural klonlar)

klonu (accusative definite)
klonlar (plural)

(cytology) clone (group of identical cells derived from a single cell)


spermatozoon

spermatozoa (plural)
spermatozoön (alternative)
spermatozoan (alternative)

/ˌspɜːmətə(ʊ)ˈzəʊɒn/

From Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma, “sperm”) + ζῷον (zôion, “living thing”), equivalent to spermato- + -zoon.

af

But let us suppose [...] that one hardy or lucky spermatozoon has reached the waiting egg.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 339:

A sperm, or spermatozoa, is the microscopic male reproductive cell. Sperms are made up of oval-shaped heads and long tails that they use for mobility.

2024 June 11, Dr. Steve Chapman, “Is swallowing semen good for you?”, in Better2Know:

(cytology) A reproductive cell or gamete of a male, carried in semen, that fertilizes an ovum to produce a zygote.


gametocyte

(cytology) A diploid germ cell that divides by meiosis into a gamete.


germ cell

(cytology) A cell that is part of the germ line: a gametocyte, an ovum or a sperm cell.


spermatocyte

The spermatogonia continue to reside in the gonocyst and form spermatocyte, which begins to increase in size.

2013, Rabindra N. Chatterjee, Lucas Sanchez, Genome Analysis in Eukaryotes, page 71:

Fragments of laminin chains can act as biologically active peptides to perturb the blood–testis barrier (BTB) permeability function by accelerating protein endocytosis (e.g., occludin) at the site, thereby destabilizing the BTB integrity to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes.

2015 August 26, “A Catalog of Proteins Expressed in the AG Secreted Fluid during the Mature Phase of the Chinese Mitten Crabs ( Eriocheir sinensis )”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(cytology) A male gametocyte, from which a spermatozoon develops.


dendrite

From Ancient Greek δενδρίτης (dendrítēs, “of or pertaining to a tree”). Equivalent to dendr- + -ite.

uder

Little copses of television antennas. Whiplike, graceful thrilling metal dendrites drawing images from the air, bringing brotherhood, communion to immured apartment people.

1970, Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammler’s Planet, Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1971, Chapter 1, pp. 12–13 (online edition)

A typical brain neuron has perhaps a thousand little wires, called dendrites, which connect it with its fellows.

1979, Carl Sagan, “Can We Know the Universe? Reflections on a Grain of Salt”, in John Carey, editor, Eyewitness to Science, Harvard University Press, published 1997, page 437:

(cytology) A slender projection of a nerve cell which conducts nerve impulses from a synapse to the body of the cell; a dendron.

(cytology) Slender cell process emanating from the cell bodies of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells of the immune system.


nerve cell

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

(cytology) A cell of the nervous system which conducts nerve impulses; a neuron.

عَصْبُون

cell of the nervous system — see also neuron


brain cell

brain cells (plural)
braincell (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-brain cell.wav

Did you know that you have brain cells in your stomach?

2018 October 12, Naomi Alderman, “What the gut knows”, in New Statesman:

(cytology) A cell in the brain, such as a neuron or a glial cell.

Those two morons only have one brain cell to share between them.

(humorous, figurative, hyperbolic) Taken as a unit of intelligence, especially in small quantities.


blood cell

blood cells (plural)
blood-cell (alternative)

(hematology, cytology) Any of the cells normally found in blood, namely erythrocytes and leukocytes, sometimes including the platelets.

خَلِيَّة دَم

any of the cells normally found in the blood


anucleate

(cytology) Which does not have a nucleus.


platelet

(hematology, cytology) A small colorless disk-shaped particle found in the blood of mammals, which plays an important role in the formation of blood clots.


horo

Noun sense derives from ideophone sense, the root may be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *ɣó (“small”), which may link this word as a Doublet of owó (money)


phagocytize

en-verb

phagocytize (third-person singular simple present phagocytizes, present participle phagocytizing, simple past and past participle phagocytized)

phagocytizes (present singular third-person)
phagocytizing (participle present)
phagocytized (participle past)
phagocytized (past)
phagocytise (alternative UK)

(immunology, cytology, US) To ingest (something) by phagocytosis.


APC

anaphase-promoting complex
anaphase-promoting complex#English

(cytology) Initialism of anaphase-promoting complex.


cell membrane

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cell membrane.wav

(cytology) The semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.

selmembraan

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell


chloroplast

/ˈklɔːɹəʊˌplæst/

(cytology) An organelle, found in the cells of green plants and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place, characterized by a high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes.


chloroplast

pl-noun

chloroplast m inan (related adjective chloroplastowy)

chloroplastowy (adjective)
chloroplast (nominative singular)
chloroplasty (nominative plural)
chloroplastu (genitive singular)
chloroplastów (genitive plural)
chloroplastowi (dative singular)
chloroplastom (dative plural)
chloroplast (accusative singular)
chloroplasty (accusative plural)
chloroplastem (instrumental singular)
chloroplastami (instrumental plural)
chloroplaście (locative singular)
chloroplastach (locative plural)
chloroplaście (singular vocative)
chloroplasty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English chloroplast, French chloroplaste, German Chloroplast.

(cytology) chloroplast (organelle found in the cells of green plants and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place, characterized by a high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes)


molecular knife

en-noun

molecular knife (plural molecular knives)

(cytology, molecular biology) An enzyme capable of removing specific genes from a sequence of DNA, especially to disable the replication of a virus.


somatic cell

(cytology) Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction; a cell that is not on the germline.

somatická buňka

any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction


chiasma

chiasmas (plural)
chiasmata (plural)
chiasm (alternative)

Modern Latin, from Ancient Greek χίασμα (khíasma), from χιάζω (khiázō, “to mark with the letter chi, χ”).

(genetics, cytology) The contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis.

kiazma

the contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis


protozoan

protozoan (plural protozoa or protozoans)

/ˌpɹəʊ.təˈzəʊ.ən/

From translingual Protozoa + -an, equivalent to proto- + -zoan.

(cytology) Any of the diverse group of eukaryotes, of the phylum Protozoa, that are primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic, and are often classified further into phyla according to their capacity for and means of motility, as by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.

animalcule

both formerly construed as hypernymous, but not in current taxonomy


cell wall

cell walls (plural)
cell-wall (alternative)

The name of Chlamydomonas is applied to certain microscopic green bodies, each of which consists of a protoplasmic central substance invested by a structureless sac. The latter contains cellulose, as in ordinary plants; and the chlorophyll which gives the green colour enables the Chlamydomonas to decompose carbonic acid and fix carbon, as they do. Two long cilia protrude through the cell-wall, and effect the rapid locomotion of this "monad," which, in all respects except its mobility, is characteristically a plant.

1876, T. H. Huxley, “On the Border Territory between the Animal and the Vegetable Kingdoms”, in Littell's Living Age, vol. 128, no. 1657:

The structural distinctiveness of the cell—in plants especially—is dues in large part to the presence of an outer layer, or coat, the cell wall, which in plants is usually firm, and often hard and thick; in animals, delicate or lacking.

1947, Arthur J. Eames, Laurence H. MacDaniels, An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd edition:

Terrestrial vascular plants contain considerable quantities of lignin, an amorphous phenylpropanoid structural polymer that binds cell wall components and cell walls together providing structural stability to plants.

1994, Robert A. Blanchette, “Lignin biodegradation in cell walls of woody plants”, in O. Petrini, G. B. Ouellette, editors, Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic Fungi, pages 55–65:

Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside. Such a basket is very rigid and resistant to mechanical damage.

2000, John L. Howland, The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life, page 70:

(cytology) A thick, fairly rigid, layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae (but not animals and other protists which generally have cell membranes without cell walls). The cell wall is external to the cell membrane and serves a structural function helping the cell maintain its shape and protecting the cell from damage.

selwand

thick layer around cells of plants, fungi, and algae


plasmid

From plasma + -id, coined by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

coin

These discussions have left a plethora of terms adrift: pangenes, bioblasts, plasmagenes, plastogenes, chondriogenes, cytogenes and proviruses, which have lost their original utility owing to the accretion of vague or contradictory connotations. At the risk of adding to this list, I propose plasmid as a generic term for any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant.

1952 October 7, J. Lederberg, “Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis”, in Physiological Reviews, volume 32, number 4, page 403:

This is how the F (for "fertility") plasmid, which forms the basis of a lot of classical E. coli genetics, is transferred from one cell to another.

1995, Christopher Howe, Gene Cloning and Manipulation, page 144:

Bacteria are happy to absorb little rings of DNA called plasmids and adopt them as their own.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial, published 2004, page 247:

Plasmids have an essential impact on productivity. Related factors are plasmid copy number, structural plasmid stability and segregational plasmid stability.

2004, Karl Friehs, “Plasmid Copy Number and Plasmid Stability”, in M. Beyer, T. Scheper, editors, New Trends and Developments in Biochemical Engineering, volume 86, page 47:

(cytology) A loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from — and replicates independently of — the chromosomes; such loops are most commonly found in bacteria, but they are also sometimes found in archaeans and eukaryotic cells, and they are used in genetic engineering as a vector for gene transfer.

plásmidu

loop of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes


episome

(cytology) A segment of DNA that can exist and replicate either autonomously in the cytoplasm or as part of a chromosome, mainly found in bacteria.


cellula

la-noun

cellula f (genitive cellulae); first declension

cellulae (genitive)
cellula (nominative singular)
cellulae (nominative plural)
cellulae (genitive singular)
cellulārum (genitive plural)
cellulae (dative singular)
cellulīs (dative plural)
cellulam (accusative singular)
cellulās (accusative plural)
cellulā (ablative singular)
cellulīs (ablative plural)
cellula (singular vocative)
cellulae (plural vocative)

Catalan: cèl·lula

English: cellule

French: cellule

Ido: celulo

Italian: cellula

Occitan: cellula

Portuguese: célula

Romanian: celulă

Spanish: célula

(New Latin, cytology) cell (basic unit of a living organism)


anaphase

en-noun

anaphase (countable and uncountable, plural anaphases)

19th century: from Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-, “back, backward”) + φάσις (phásis, “appearance”).

derived

(cytology) The stage of mitosis and meiosis during which the chromosomes separate, the chromatid moving to opposite poles of the cell.


ядро

head

ядро (jadro) n (related adjective ядрови)

jadro (romanization)
ядрови (adjective)
ядро (nominative singular)
ядра (nominative plural)
ядра (genitive singular)
ядрох (genitive plural)
ядру (dative singular)
ядром (dative plural)
ядро (accusative singular)
ядра (accusative plural)
ядром (instrumental singular)
ядрами (instrumental plural)
ядру (locative singular)
ядрох (locative plural)
ядро (singular vocative)
ядра (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Slovak jadro, from Proto-Slavic *ędro. Cognates include Carpathian Rusyn ядро́ (jadró) and Slovak jadro.


ядро

ru-noun+

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер, diminutive я́дрышко)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
я́дрышко (diminutive)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядре́ (prepositional singular)
я́драх (plural prepositional)

→ Bulgarian: ядро́ (jadró)

→ Kazakh: ядро (ädro)

→ Kyrgyz: ядро (yadro)

(cytology) nucleus (an organelle which contains genetic material)


ядро

uk-noun

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядрі́ (locative singular)
я́драх (locative plural)
ядро́ (singular vocative)
я́дра (plural vocative)


pete

peték (plural)
pete (nominative singular)
peték (nominative plural)
petét (accusative singular)
petéket (accusative plural)
petének (dative singular)
petéknek (dative plural)
petével (instrumental singular)
petékkel (instrumental plural)
petéért (causal-final singular)
petékért (causal-final plural)
petévé (singular translative)
petékké (plural translative)
petéig (singular terminative)
petékig (plural terminative)
peteként (essive-formal singular)
petékként (essive-formal plural)
petében (inessive singular)
petékben (inessive plural)
petén (singular superessive)
petéken (plural superessive)
peténél (adessive singular)
petéknél (adessive plural)
petébe (illative singular)
petékbe (illative plural)
petére (singular sublative)
petékre (plural sublative)
petéhez (allative singular)
petékhez (allative plural)
petéből (elative singular)
petékből (elative plural)
petéről (delative singular)
petékről (delative plural)
petétől (ablative singular)
petéktől (ablative plural)
petéé (singular)
petéké (plural)
petééi (singular)
petékéi (plural)
petém (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
petéim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
petéd (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
petéid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
petéje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
petéi (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
peténk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
petéink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
petétek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
petéitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
petéjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
petéik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

First attested in 1778. Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from the proper noun Pete, the diminutive form of the male given name Péter.


hematopoiesis

en-noun

hematopoiesis (usually uncountable, plural hematopoieses)

hematopoieses (plural)
hæmatopœsis (alternative)
haematopoiesis (alternative)

(hematology, cytology) The process by which blood cells are produced.


細胞

/ɕi⁵¹ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵¹ paʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βau⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ pau⁴⁴/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pau³³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ pau⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pau³³/

/ɕi⁵¹ pɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵¹ paʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ paːu̯⁵⁵/

/sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βau⁵³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ pau⁴⁴/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pau³³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ pau⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pau³³/

腦細胞

脑细胞

(biology, cytology, countable) cell (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 粒 m; 顆／颗 m)


細胞

ja-noun

細(さい)胞(ぼう) or 細(さい)胞(ほう) • (saibō or saihō) ^(←さいばう (saibau) or さいはう (saifau)?)

細胞 (canonical)
細胞 (canonical)
saibō (romanization)
saihō (romanization)
saibau (romanization)
saifau (romanization)
さいばう (hiragana historical)
さいはう (hiragana historical)


adipocyte

(cytology) a type of cell, present in adipose tissue, where fat is stored as a source of energy


blastocyte

(cytology, embryology) An undifferentiated cell in the blastula stage of an embryo.


choanocyte

(cytology) any of the cells in sponges that contain a flagellum, and are used to control the movement of water


granulocyte

This is easily explained, because pathological cells that are only occasional wanderers into the free circulation, aside from the granulocyte group, probably all are "mononuclear" , "non-granular", and "large" , characteristics which, all authors agree, brand cells as belonging to the "large lymphocytes".

1908 September 7, Charles A. Elliott, “The atypical and large mononuclear cells of the blood”, in Quarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School, volume 10, number 2, page 2:

(cytology, immunology) Any of various white blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm.

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor


granulocyte

(cytology, immunology) granulocyte (blood cell)


hemocyte

hemocytes (plural)
haemacyte (alternative)
haemocyte (alternative)
hemacyte (alternative)

(cytology) Any blood cell, especially that of an invertebrate


macrocyte

(hematology, cytology) an unusually large red blood cell that is associated with pernicious anemia


melanocyte

As previously stated, it is pigmented, this pigmentation depending upon the so-called melanocytes.

1905, Willy Edward Alexander Wyman, Catechism of the Principles of Veterinary Surgery, page 06:

(medicine, biochemistry, cytology) A cell in the skin that produces the pigment melanin.


spongiocyte

(cytology) Any of the cells of the neuroglia that have spongy vacuolated protoplasm


thrombocyte

/ˈθɹɒmbə(ʊ)sʌɪt/


thrombocyte

(hematology, cytology) platelet, thrombocyte


diakinesis

en-noun

diakinesis (countable and uncountable, plural diakineses)

(cytology) the last stage of prophase, in which the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, spindle fibers form, and the chromosomes shorten in preparation for metaphase.


nucleolus

(cytology) A conspicuous, rounded body within the nucleus of a cell.


cytozoon

(cytology) A parasite, especially a protozoon, living within a cell


trophoblast

(cytology) The membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, providing nutrients to the embryo and later developing into part of the placenta.


synaptic

From New Latin synapticus, from Ancient Greek συναπτικός (sunaptikós, “capable of adjusting”).

der

By far the greater proportion of cytologists however are of the opinion that the synaptic contraction is a normal stage in the heterotypic prophases.

1913, Frederick McAllister, On the cytology and embryology of Smilacina racemosa:

(cytology) Of or relating to a synapsis—the association of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes during the initial part of meiosis.


autolysis

From auto- (“self”) + -lysis (“breakdown”).

(pathology, cytology) The destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes produced by the organism itself.

саморазлагане

the destruction of an organism's cells by enzymes


-blast

-blast (indefinite nominative singular)
-blastaí (indefinite nominative plural)
a -blast (indefinite singular vocative)
a -blastaí (indefinite plural vocative)
-blast (genitive indefinite singular)
-blastaí (genitive indefinite plural)
-blast (dative indefinite singular)
-blastaí (dative indefinite plural)
an -blast (definite nominative singular)
na -blastaí (definite nominative plural)
an -blast (definite genitive singular)
na -blastaí (definite genitive plural)
leis an -blast (dative definite singular)
don -blast (dative definite singular)
leis na -blastaí (dative definite plural)

From blast, from Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ, sprout”).


isochromosome

(cytology) An abnormal chromosome in which one arm has been lost and replaced with an exact copy of the other arm.


mitochondria

sk-noun

mitochondria f (genitive singular mitochondrie, nominative plural mitochondrie, genitive plural mitochondrií, declension pattern of ulica)

mitochondrie (genitive singular)
mitochondrie (nominative plural)
mitochondrií (genitive plural)
ulica (declension-pattern-of)


cilium

It is the deeper parts of such cells which give rise to delicate muscular fibres or networks of fibres, while the superficially placed body of the cell myoblast), the part which produces the above, performs other functions, and usually bears a cilium.

1892, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus, edited by F. G. Heathcote, Elementary Text-book of Zoology:

The clockwise beating of cilia results in a net flow of extraembryonic fluid leftwards […]

2006, Manfred Schliwa, Molecular Motors, page 359:

(cytology) A short microscopic hairlike organelle projecting from a eukaryotic cell (such as a unicellular organism or one cell of a multicelled organism) which serve either for propulsion by causing currents in the surrounding fluid or as sensors.

ресна

hairlike organelle projecting from eukaryotic cell


lysosome

(cytology) An organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules.


postsynaptic

(cytology) In a synapse, of or pertaining to the neuron that bears receptors for neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic neuron.


respire

en-verb

respire (third-person singular simple present respires, present participle respiring, simple past and past participle respired)

respires (present singular third-person)
respiring (participle present)
respired (participle past)
respired (past)

From Middle English respiren, borrowed from Old French respirer or Latin respīrō (“to blow back, breathe out”), from re- (“back”) + spīrō (“to breathe, blow”).

af

All living things respire or breathe. To many of us this means that they take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.

1964, H. Webb, M. A. Grigg, Modern Science, Book 3, page 155:

(cytology, intransitive) To take up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (as animals do), or vice versa (as plants do).

tukupūngao

to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide and produce energy in the process


itlog

Antonio Pigafetta
Magellan's circumnavigation

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qitəluʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qiCəluʀ.
First attested in Antonio Pigafetta's Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo—detailing the first circumnavigation of the world between 1519 and 1522.
Sense “testicle”, displaced buto.


clonal

(cytology) Related to the descendants through cell division of a single identifiable cell, either in vitro or in vivo


telur

têlur (canonical)
telur-telur (plural)
telor (alternative nonstandard)
teloer (alternative)

From Malay telur, from Classical Malay telur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qitəluʀ, *qatəluʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qiCəluʀ.


pyknotic

en-adj

pyknotic (comparative more pyknotic, superlative most pyknotic)

more pyknotic (comparative)
most pyknotic (superlative)
pycnotic (alternative)

From pyknosis. See Ancient Greek πυκνωτικός (puknōtikós, “serving to close the pores”).

uder

a pyknotic nucleus

Several intensely labeled pycnotic bodies point to the occurrence of cell death [...]

rectum of T. derasa showing one morphologically intact zooxanthella and two pycnotic algal cells


peroxisome

(cytology) An intracellular organelle found in all eukaryotes (except Archezoa) which is the source of the enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, and are responsible for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.


LAMP

en-noun

LAMP (countable and uncountable, plural LAMPs)

(cytology) Acronym of lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein.


முட்டை

ta-noun

முட்டை • (muṭṭai)

muṭṭai (romanization)
முட்டை (nominative singular)
முட்டைகள் (nominative plural)
முட்டையே (singular vocative)
முட்டைகளே (plural vocative)
முட்டையை (accusative singular)
முட்டைகளை (accusative plural)
முட்டைக்கு (dative singular)
முட்டைகளுக்கு (dative plural)
முட்டைக்காக (benefactive singular)
முட்டைகளுக்காக (benefactive plural)
முட்டையுடைய (singular)
முட்டைகளுடைய (plural)
முட்டையின் (singular)
முட்டைகளின் (plural)
முட்டையில் (singular)
முட்டைகளில் (plural)
முட்டையிடம் (singular)
முட்டைகளிடம் (plural)
முட்டையோடு (singular)
முட்டைகளோடு (plural)
முட்டையுடன் (singular)
முட்டைகளுடன் (plural)
முட்டையால் (instrumental singular)
முட்டைகளால் (instrumental plural)
முட்டையிலிருந்து (ablative singular)
முட்டைகளிலிருந்து (ablative plural)

Possibly from மூடு (mūṭu). Compare மொட்டு (moṭṭu) and மொட்டை (moṭṭai). Cognate with Kannada ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ (moṭṭe) and Malayalam മുട്ട (muṭṭa).


sukusolu

sukusolu (nominative singular)
sukusolut (nominative plural)
sukusolu (accusative nominative singular)
sukusolut (accusative nominative plural)
sukusolun (accusative genitive singular)
sukusolut (accusative genitive plural)
sukusolun (genitive singular)
sukusolujen (genitive plural)
sukusolua (partitive singular)
sukusoluja (partitive plural)
sukusolussa (inessive singular)
sukusoluissa (inessive plural)
sukusolusta (elative singular)
sukusoluista (elative plural)
sukusoluun (illative singular)
sukusoluihin (illative plural)
sukusolulla (adessive singular)
sukusoluilla (adessive plural)
sukusolulta (ablative singular)
sukusoluilta (ablative plural)
sukusolulle (allative singular)
sukusoluille (allative plural)
sukusoluna (essive singular)
sukusoluina (essive plural)
sukusoluksi (singular translative)
sukusoluiksi (plural translative)
sukusolutta (abessive singular)
sukusoluitta (abessive plural)
sukusoluin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
sukusoluni (nominative singular)
sukusoluni (nominative plural)
sukusoluni (accusative nominative singular)
sukusoluni (accusative nominative plural)
sukusoluni (accusative genitive singular)
sukusoluni (accusative genitive plural)
sukusoluni (genitive singular)
sukusolujeni (genitive plural)
sukusoluani (partitive singular)
sukusolujani (partitive plural)
sukusolussani (inessive singular)
sukusoluissani (inessive plural)
sukusolustani (elative singular)
sukusoluistani (elative plural)
sukusoluuni (illative singular)
sukusoluihini (illative plural)
sukusolullani (adessive singular)
sukusoluillani (adessive plural)
sukusolultani (ablative singular)
sukusoluiltani (ablative plural)
sukusolulleni (allative singular)
sukusoluilleni (allative plural)
sukusolunani (essive singular)
sukusoluinani (essive plural)
sukusolukseni (singular translative)
sukusoluikseni (plural translative)
sukusoluttani (abessive singular)
sukusoluittani (abessive plural)
sukusoluineni (comitative plural)
sukusolusi (nominative singular)
sukusolusi (nominative plural)
sukusolusi (accusative nominative singular)
sukusolusi (accusative nominative plural)
sukusolusi (accusative genitive singular)
sukusolusi (accusative genitive plural)
sukusolusi (genitive singular)
sukusolujesi (genitive plural)
sukusoluasi (partitive singular)
sukusolujasi (partitive plural)
sukusolussasi (inessive singular)
sukusoluissasi (inessive plural)
sukusolustasi (elative singular)
sukusoluistasi (elative plural)
sukusoluusi (illative singular)
sukusoluihisi (illative plural)
sukusolullasi (adessive singular)
sukusoluillasi (adessive plural)
sukusolultasi (ablative singular)
sukusoluiltasi (ablative plural)
sukusolullesi (allative singular)
sukusoluillesi (allative plural)
sukusolunasi (essive singular)
sukusoluinasi (essive plural)
sukusoluksesi (singular translative)
sukusoluiksesi (plural translative)
sukusoluttasi (abessive singular)
sukusoluittasi (abessive plural)
sukusoluinesi (comitative plural)
sukusolumme (nominative singular)
sukusolumme (nominative plural)
sukusolumme (accusative nominative singular)
sukusolumme (accusative nominative plural)
sukusolumme (accusative genitive singular)
sukusolumme (accusative genitive plural)
sukusolumme (genitive singular)
sukusolujemme (genitive plural)
sukusoluamme (partitive singular)
sukusolujamme (partitive plural)
sukusolussamme (inessive singular)
sukusoluissamme (inessive plural)
sukusolustamme (elative singular)
sukusoluistamme (elative plural)
sukusoluumme (illative singular)
sukusoluihimme (illative plural)
sukusolullamme (adessive singular)
sukusoluillamme (adessive plural)
sukusolultamme (ablative singular)
sukusoluiltamme (ablative plural)
sukusolullemme (allative singular)
sukusoluillemme (allative plural)
sukusolunamme (essive singular)
sukusoluinamme (essive plural)
sukusoluksemme (singular translative)
sukusoluiksemme (plural translative)
sukusoluttamme (abessive singular)
sukusoluittamme (abessive plural)
sukusoluinemme (comitative plural)
sukusolunne (nominative singular)
sukusolunne (nominative plural)
sukusolunne (accusative nominative singular)
sukusolunne (accusative nominative plural)
sukusolunne (accusative genitive singular)
sukusolunne (accusative genitive plural)
sukusolunne (genitive singular)
sukusolujenne (genitive plural)
sukusoluanne (partitive singular)
sukusolujanne (partitive plural)
sukusolussanne (inessive singular)
sukusoluissanne (inessive plural)
sukusolustanne (elative singular)
sukusoluistanne (elative plural)
sukusoluunne (illative singular)
sukusoluihinne (illative plural)
sukusolullanne (adessive singular)
sukusoluillanne (adessive plural)
sukusolultanne (ablative singular)
sukusoluiltanne (ablative plural)
sukusolullenne (allative singular)
sukusoluillenne (allative plural)
sukusolunanne (essive singular)
sukusoluinanne (essive plural)
sukusoluksenne (singular translative)
sukusoluiksenne (plural translative)
sukusoluttanne (abessive singular)
sukusoluittanne (abessive plural)
sukusoluinenne (comitative plural)
sukusolunsa (nominative singular)
sukusolunsa (nominative plural)
sukusolunsa (accusative nominative singular)
sukusolunsa (accusative nominative plural)
sukusolunsa (accusative genitive singular)
sukusolunsa (accusative genitive plural)
sukusolunsa (genitive singular)
sukusolujensa (genitive plural)
sukusoluaan (partitive singular)
sukusoluansa (partitive singular)
sukusolujaan (partitive plural)
sukusolujansa (partitive plural)
sukusolussaan (inessive singular)
sukusolussansa (inessive singular)
sukusoluissaan (inessive plural)
sukusoluissansa (inessive plural)
sukusolustaan (elative singular)
sukusolustansa (elative singular)
sukusoluistaan (elative plural)
sukusoluistansa (elative plural)
sukusoluunsa (illative singular)
sukusoluihinsa (illative plural)
sukusolullaan (adessive singular)
sukusolullansa (adessive singular)
sukusoluillaan (adessive plural)
sukusoluillansa (adessive plural)
sukusolultaan (ablative singular)
sukusolultansa (ablative singular)
sukusoluiltaan (ablative plural)
sukusoluiltansa (ablative plural)
sukusolulleen (allative singular)
sukusolullensa (allative singular)
sukusoluilleen (allative plural)
sukusoluillensa (allative plural)
sukusolunaan (essive singular)
sukusolunansa (essive singular)
sukusoluinaan (essive plural)
sukusoluinansa (essive plural)
sukusolukseen (singular translative)
sukusoluksensa (singular translative)
sukusoluikseen (plural translative)
sukusoluiksensa (plural translative)
sukusoluttaan (abessive singular)
sukusoluttansa (abessive singular)
sukusoluittaan (abessive plural)
sukusoluittansa (abessive plural)
sukusoluineen (comitative plural)
sukusoluinensa (comitative plural)


meioosi

meioosi (nominative singular)
meioosit (nominative plural)
meioosi (accusative nominative singular)
meioosit (accusative nominative plural)
meioosin (accusative genitive singular)
meioosit (accusative genitive plural)
meioosin (genitive singular)
meioosien (genitive plural)
meioosia (partitive singular)
meiooseja (partitive plural)
meioosissa (inessive singular)
meiooseissa (inessive plural)
meioosista (elative singular)
meiooseista (elative plural)
meioosiin (illative singular)
meiooseihin (illative plural)
meioosilla (adessive singular)
meiooseilla (adessive plural)
meioosilta (ablative singular)
meiooseilta (ablative plural)
meioosille (allative singular)
meiooseille (allative plural)
meioosina (essive singular)
meiooseina (essive plural)
meioosiksi (singular translative)
meiooseiksi (plural translative)
meioositta (abessive singular)
meiooseitta (abessive plural)
meioosein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
meioosini (nominative singular)
meioosini (nominative plural)
meioosini (accusative nominative singular)
meioosini (accusative nominative plural)
meioosini (accusative genitive singular)
meioosini (accusative genitive plural)
meioosini (genitive singular)
meioosieni (genitive plural)
meioosiani (partitive singular)
meioosejani (partitive plural)
meioosissani (inessive singular)
meiooseissani (inessive plural)
meioosistani (elative singular)
meiooseistani (elative plural)
meioosiini (illative singular)
meiooseihini (illative plural)
meioosillani (adessive singular)
meiooseillani (adessive plural)
meioosiltani (ablative singular)
meiooseiltani (ablative plural)
meioosilleni (allative singular)
meiooseilleni (allative plural)
meioosinani (essive singular)
meiooseinani (essive plural)
meioosikseni (singular translative)
meiooseikseni (plural translative)
meioosittani (abessive singular)
meiooseittani (abessive plural)
meiooseineni (comitative plural)
meioosisi (nominative singular)
meioosisi (nominative plural)
meioosisi (accusative nominative singular)
meioosisi (accusative nominative plural)
meioosisi (accusative genitive singular)
meioosisi (accusative genitive plural)
meioosisi (genitive singular)
meioosiesi (genitive plural)
meioosiasi (partitive singular)
meioosejasi (partitive plural)
meioosissasi (inessive singular)
meiooseissasi (inessive plural)
meioosistasi (elative singular)
meiooseistasi (elative plural)
meioosiisi (illative singular)
meiooseihisi (illative plural)
meioosillasi (adessive singular)
meiooseillasi (adessive plural)
meioosiltasi (ablative singular)
meiooseiltasi (ablative plural)
meioosillesi (allative singular)
meiooseillesi (allative plural)
meioosinasi (essive singular)
meiooseinasi (essive plural)
meioosiksesi (singular translative)
meiooseiksesi (plural translative)
meioosittasi (abessive singular)
meiooseittasi (abessive plural)
meiooseinesi (comitative plural)
meioosimme (nominative singular)
meioosimme (nominative plural)
meioosimme (accusative nominative singular)
meioosimme (accusative nominative plural)
meioosimme (accusative genitive singular)
meioosimme (accusative genitive plural)
meioosimme (genitive singular)
meioosiemme (genitive plural)
meioosiamme (partitive singular)
meioosejamme (partitive plural)
meioosissamme (inessive singular)
meiooseissamme (inessive plural)
meioosistamme (elative singular)
meiooseistamme (elative plural)
meioosiimme (illative singular)
meiooseihimme (illative plural)
meioosillamme (adessive singular)
meiooseillamme (adessive plural)
meioosiltamme (ablative singular)
meiooseiltamme (ablative plural)
meioosillemme (allative singular)
meiooseillemme (allative plural)
meioosinamme (essive singular)
meiooseinamme (essive plural)
meioosiksemme (singular translative)
meiooseiksemme (plural translative)
meioosittamme (abessive singular)
meiooseittamme (abessive plural)
meiooseinemme (comitative plural)
meioosinne (nominative singular)
meioosinne (nominative plural)
meioosinne (accusative nominative singular)
meioosinne (accusative nominative plural)
meioosinne (accusative genitive singular)
meioosinne (accusative genitive plural)
meioosinne (genitive singular)
meioosienne (genitive plural)
meioosianne (partitive singular)
meioosejanne (partitive plural)
meioosissanne (inessive singular)
meiooseissanne (inessive plural)
meioosistanne (elative singular)
meiooseistanne (elative plural)
meioosiinne (illative singular)
meiooseihinne (illative plural)
meioosillanne (adessive singular)
meiooseillanne (adessive plural)
meioosiltanne (ablative singular)
meiooseiltanne (ablative plural)
meioosillenne (allative singular)
meiooseillenne (allative plural)
meioosinanne (essive singular)
meiooseinanne (essive plural)
meioosiksenne (singular translative)
meiooseiksenne (plural translative)
meioosittanne (abessive singular)
meiooseittanne (abessive plural)
meiooseinenne (comitative plural)
meioosinsa (nominative singular)
meioosinsa (nominative plural)
meioosinsa (accusative nominative singular)
meioosinsa (accusative nominative plural)
meioosinsa (accusative genitive singular)
meioosinsa (accusative genitive plural)
meioosinsa (genitive singular)
meioosiensa (genitive plural)
meioosiaan (partitive singular)
meioosiansa (partitive singular)
meioosejaan (partitive plural)
meioosejansa (partitive plural)
meioosissaan (inessive singular)
meioosissansa (inessive singular)
meiooseissaan (inessive plural)
meiooseissansa (inessive plural)
meioosistaan (elative singular)
meioosistansa (elative singular)
meiooseistaan (elative plural)
meiooseistansa (elative plural)
meioosiinsa (illative singular)
meiooseihinsa (illative plural)
meioosillaan (adessive singular)
meioosillansa (adessive singular)
meiooseillaan (adessive plural)
meiooseillansa (adessive plural)
meioosiltaan (ablative singular)
meioosiltansa (ablative singular)
meiooseiltaan (ablative plural)
meiooseiltansa (ablative plural)
meioosilleen (allative singular)
meioosillensa (allative singular)
meiooseilleen (allative plural)
meiooseillensa (allative plural)
meioosinaan (essive singular)
meioosinansa (essive singular)
meiooseinaan (essive plural)
meiooseinansa (essive plural)
meioosikseen (singular translative)
meioosiksensa (singular translative)
meiooseikseen (plural translative)
meiooseiksensa (plural translative)
meioosittaan (abessive singular)
meioosittansa (abessive singular)
meiooseittaan (abessive plural)
meiooseittansa (abessive plural)
meiooseineen (comitative plural)
meiooseinensa (comitative plural)

Internationalism (see English meiosis), ultimately from Ancient Greek μείωσις (meíōsis).


mitoosi

mitoosi (nominative singular)
mitoosit (nominative plural)
mitoosi (accusative nominative singular)
mitoosit (accusative nominative plural)
mitoosin (accusative genitive singular)
mitoosit (accusative genitive plural)
mitoosin (genitive singular)
mitoosien (genitive plural)
mitoosia (partitive singular)
mitooseja (partitive plural)
mitoosissa (inessive singular)
mitooseissa (inessive plural)
mitoosista (elative singular)
mitooseista (elative plural)
mitoosiin (illative singular)
mitooseihin (illative plural)
mitoosilla (adessive singular)
mitooseilla (adessive plural)
mitoosilta (ablative singular)
mitooseilta (ablative plural)
mitoosille (allative singular)
mitooseille (allative plural)
mitoosina (essive singular)
mitooseina (essive plural)
mitoosiksi (singular translative)
mitooseiksi (plural translative)
mitoositta (abessive singular)
mitooseitta (abessive plural)
mitoosein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
mitoosini (nominative singular)
mitoosini (nominative plural)
mitoosini (accusative nominative singular)
mitoosini (accusative nominative plural)
mitoosini (accusative genitive singular)
mitoosini (accusative genitive plural)
mitoosini (genitive singular)
mitoosieni (genitive plural)
mitoosiani (partitive singular)
mitoosejani (partitive plural)
mitoosissani (inessive singular)
mitooseissani (inessive plural)
mitoosistani (elative singular)
mitooseistani (elative plural)
mitoosiini (illative singular)
mitooseihini (illative plural)
mitoosillani (adessive singular)
mitooseillani (adessive plural)
mitoosiltani (ablative singular)
mitooseiltani (ablative plural)
mitoosilleni (allative singular)
mitooseilleni (allative plural)
mitoosinani (essive singular)
mitooseinani (essive plural)
mitoosikseni (singular translative)
mitooseikseni (plural translative)
mitoosittani (abessive singular)
mitooseittani (abessive plural)
mitooseineni (comitative plural)
mitoosisi (nominative singular)
mitoosisi (nominative plural)
mitoosisi (accusative nominative singular)
mitoosisi (accusative nominative plural)
mitoosisi (accusative genitive singular)
mitoosisi (accusative genitive plural)
mitoosisi (genitive singular)
mitoosiesi (genitive plural)
mitoosiasi (partitive singular)
mitoosejasi (partitive plural)
mitoosissasi (inessive singular)
mitooseissasi (inessive plural)
mitoosistasi (elative singular)
mitooseistasi (elative plural)
mitoosiisi (illative singular)
mitooseihisi (illative plural)
mitoosillasi (adessive singular)
mitooseillasi (adessive plural)
mitoosiltasi (ablative singular)
mitooseiltasi (ablative plural)
mitoosillesi (allative singular)
mitooseillesi (allative plural)
mitoosinasi (essive singular)
mitooseinasi (essive plural)
mitoosiksesi (singular translative)
mitooseiksesi (plural translative)
mitoosittasi (abessive singular)
mitooseittasi (abessive plural)
mitooseinesi (comitative plural)
mitoosimme (nominative singular)
mitoosimme (nominative plural)
mitoosimme (accusative nominative singular)
mitoosimme (accusative nominative plural)
mitoosimme (accusative genitive singular)
mitoosimme (accusative genitive plural)
mitoosimme (genitive singular)
mitoosiemme (genitive plural)
mitoosiamme (partitive singular)
mitoosejamme (partitive plural)
mitoosissamme (inessive singular)
mitooseissamme (inessive plural)
mitoosistamme (elative singular)
mitooseistamme (elative plural)
mitoosiimme (illative singular)
mitooseihimme (illative plural)
mitoosillamme (adessive singular)
mitooseillamme (adessive plural)
mitoosiltamme (ablative singular)
mitooseiltamme (ablative plural)
mitoosillemme (allative singular)
mitooseillemme (allative plural)
mitoosinamme (essive singular)
mitooseinamme (essive plural)
mitoosiksemme (singular translative)
mitooseiksemme (plural translative)
mitoosittamme (abessive singular)
mitooseittamme (abessive plural)
mitooseinemme (comitative plural)
mitoosinne (nominative singular)
mitoosinne (nominative plural)
mitoosinne (accusative nominative singular)
mitoosinne (accusative nominative plural)
mitoosinne (accusative genitive singular)
mitoosinne (accusative genitive plural)
mitoosinne (genitive singular)
mitoosienne (genitive plural)
mitoosianne (partitive singular)
mitoosejanne (partitive plural)
mitoosissanne (inessive singular)
mitooseissanne (inessive plural)
mitoosistanne (elative singular)
mitooseistanne (elative plural)
mitoosiinne (illative singular)
mitooseihinne (illative plural)
mitoosillanne (adessive singular)
mitooseillanne (adessive plural)
mitoosiltanne (ablative singular)
mitooseiltanne (ablative plural)
mitoosillenne (allative singular)
mitooseillenne (allative plural)
mitoosinanne (essive singular)
mitooseinanne (essive plural)
mitoosiksenne (singular translative)
mitooseiksenne (plural translative)
mitoosittanne (abessive singular)
mitooseittanne (abessive plural)
mitooseinenne (comitative plural)
mitoosinsa (nominative singular)
mitoosinsa (nominative plural)
mitoosinsa (accusative nominative singular)
mitoosinsa (accusative nominative plural)
mitoosinsa (accusative genitive singular)
mitoosinsa (accusative genitive plural)
mitoosinsa (genitive singular)
mitoosiensa (genitive plural)
mitoosiaan (partitive singular)
mitoosiansa (partitive singular)
mitoosejaan (partitive plural)
mitoosejansa (partitive plural)
mitoosissaan (inessive singular)
mitoosissansa (inessive singular)
mitooseissaan (inessive plural)
mitooseissansa (inessive plural)
mitoosistaan (elative singular)
mitoosistansa (elative singular)
mitooseistaan (elative plural)
mitooseistansa (elative plural)
mitoosiinsa (illative singular)
mitooseihinsa (illative plural)
mitoosillaan (adessive singular)
mitoosillansa (adessive singular)
mitooseillaan (adessive plural)
mitooseillansa (adessive plural)
mitoosiltaan (ablative singular)
mitoosiltansa (ablative singular)
mitooseiltaan (ablative plural)
mitooseiltansa (ablative plural)
mitoosilleen (allative singular)
mitoosillensa (allative singular)
mitooseilleen (allative plural)
mitooseillensa (allative plural)
mitoosinaan (essive singular)
mitoosinansa (essive singular)
mitooseinaan (essive plural)
mitooseinansa (essive plural)
mitoosikseen (singular translative)
mitoosiksensa (singular translative)
mitooseikseen (plural translative)
mitooseiksensa (plural translative)
mitoosittaan (abessive singular)
mitoosittansa (abessive singular)
mitooseittaan (abessive plural)
mitooseittansa (abessive plural)
mitooseineen (comitative plural)
mitooseinensa (comitative plural)


hermosolu

hermosolu (nominative singular)
hermosolut (nominative plural)
hermosolu (accusative nominative singular)
hermosolut (accusative nominative plural)
hermosolun (accusative genitive singular)
hermosolut (accusative genitive plural)
hermosolun (genitive singular)
hermosolujen (genitive plural)
hermosolua (partitive singular)
hermosoluja (partitive plural)
hermosolussa (inessive singular)
hermosoluissa (inessive plural)
hermosolusta (elative singular)
hermosoluista (elative plural)
hermosoluun (illative singular)
hermosoluihin (illative plural)
hermosolulla (adessive singular)
hermosoluilla (adessive plural)
hermosolulta (ablative singular)
hermosoluilta (ablative plural)
hermosolulle (allative singular)
hermosoluille (allative plural)
hermosoluna (essive singular)
hermosoluina (essive plural)
hermosoluksi (singular translative)
hermosoluiksi (plural translative)
hermosolutta (abessive singular)
hermosoluitta (abessive plural)
hermosoluin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
hermosoluni (nominative singular)
hermosoluni (nominative plural)
hermosoluni (accusative nominative singular)
hermosoluni (accusative nominative plural)
hermosoluni (accusative genitive singular)
hermosoluni (accusative genitive plural)
hermosoluni (genitive singular)
hermosolujeni (genitive plural)
hermosoluani (partitive singular)
hermosolujani (partitive plural)
hermosolussani (inessive singular)
hermosoluissani (inessive plural)
hermosolustani (elative singular)
hermosoluistani (elative plural)
hermosoluuni (illative singular)
hermosoluihini (illative plural)
hermosolullani (adessive singular)
hermosoluillani (adessive plural)
hermosolultani (ablative singular)
hermosoluiltani (ablative plural)
hermosolulleni (allative singular)
hermosoluilleni (allative plural)
hermosolunani (essive singular)
hermosoluinani (essive plural)
hermosolukseni (singular translative)
hermosoluikseni (plural translative)
hermosoluttani (abessive singular)
hermosoluittani (abessive plural)
hermosoluineni (comitative plural)
hermosolusi (nominative singular)
hermosolusi (nominative plural)
hermosolusi (accusative nominative singular)
hermosolusi (accusative nominative plural)
hermosolusi (accusative genitive singular)
hermosolusi (accusative genitive plural)
hermosolusi (genitive singular)
hermosolujesi (genitive plural)
hermosoluasi (partitive singular)
hermosolujasi (partitive plural)
hermosolussasi (inessive singular)
hermosoluissasi (inessive plural)
hermosolustasi (elative singular)
hermosoluistasi (elative plural)
hermosoluusi (illative singular)
hermosoluihisi (illative plural)
hermosolullasi (adessive singular)
hermosoluillasi (adessive plural)
hermosolultasi (ablative singular)
hermosoluiltasi (ablative plural)
hermosolullesi (allative singular)
hermosoluillesi (allative plural)
hermosolunasi (essive singular)
hermosoluinasi (essive plural)
hermosoluksesi (singular translative)
hermosoluiksesi (plural translative)
hermosoluttasi (abessive singular)
hermosoluittasi (abessive plural)
hermosoluinesi (comitative plural)
hermosolumme (nominative singular)
hermosolumme (nominative plural)
hermosolumme (accusative nominative singular)
hermosolumme (accusative nominative plural)
hermosolumme (accusative genitive singular)
hermosolumme (accusative genitive plural)
hermosolumme (genitive singular)
hermosolujemme (genitive plural)
hermosoluamme (partitive singular)
hermosolujamme (partitive plural)
hermosolussamme (inessive singular)
hermosoluissamme (inessive plural)
hermosolustamme (elative singular)
hermosoluistamme (elative plural)
hermosoluumme (illative singular)
hermosoluihimme (illative plural)
hermosolullamme (adessive singular)
hermosoluillamme (adessive plural)
hermosolultamme (ablative singular)
hermosoluiltamme (ablative plural)
hermosolullemme (allative singular)
hermosoluillemme (allative plural)
hermosolunamme (essive singular)
hermosoluinamme (essive plural)
hermosoluksemme (singular translative)
hermosoluiksemme (plural translative)
hermosoluttamme (abessive singular)
hermosoluittamme (abessive plural)
hermosoluinemme (comitative plural)
hermosolunne (nominative singular)
hermosolunne (nominative plural)
hermosolunne (accusative nominative singular)
hermosolunne (accusative nominative plural)
hermosolunne (accusative genitive singular)
hermosolunne (accusative genitive plural)
hermosolunne (genitive singular)
hermosolujenne (genitive plural)
hermosoluanne (partitive singular)
hermosolujanne (partitive plural)
hermosolussanne (inessive singular)
hermosoluissanne (inessive plural)
hermosolustanne (elative singular)
hermosoluistanne (elative plural)
hermosoluunne (illative singular)
hermosoluihinne (illative plural)
hermosolullanne (adessive singular)
hermosoluillanne (adessive plural)
hermosolultanne (ablative singular)
hermosoluiltanne (ablative plural)
hermosolullenne (allative singular)
hermosoluillenne (allative plural)
hermosolunanne (essive singular)
hermosoluinanne (essive plural)
hermosoluksenne (singular translative)
hermosoluiksenne (plural translative)
hermosoluttanne (abessive singular)
hermosoluittanne (abessive plural)
hermosoluinenne (comitative plural)
hermosolunsa (nominative singular)
hermosolunsa (nominative plural)
hermosolunsa (accusative nominative singular)
hermosolunsa (accusative nominative plural)
hermosolunsa (accusative genitive singular)
hermosolunsa (accusative genitive plural)
hermosolunsa (genitive singular)
hermosolujensa (genitive plural)
hermosoluaan (partitive singular)
hermosoluansa (partitive singular)
hermosolujaan (partitive plural)
hermosolujansa (partitive plural)
hermosolussaan (inessive singular)
hermosolussansa (inessive singular)
hermosoluissaan (inessive plural)
hermosoluissansa (inessive plural)
hermosolustaan (elative singular)
hermosolustansa (elative singular)
hermosoluistaan (elative plural)
hermosoluistansa (elative plural)
hermosoluunsa (illative singular)
hermosoluihinsa (illative plural)
hermosolullaan (adessive singular)
hermosolullansa (adessive singular)
hermosoluillaan (adessive plural)
hermosoluillansa (adessive plural)
hermosolultaan (ablative singular)
hermosolultansa (ablative singular)
hermosoluiltaan (ablative plural)
hermosoluiltansa (ablative plural)
hermosolulleen (allative singular)
hermosolullensa (allative singular)
hermosoluilleen (allative plural)
hermosoluillensa (allative plural)
hermosolunaan (essive singular)
hermosolunansa (essive singular)
hermosoluinaan (essive plural)
hermosoluinansa (essive plural)
hermosolukseen (singular translative)
hermosoluksensa (singular translative)
hermosoluikseen (plural translative)
hermosoluiksensa (plural translative)
hermosoluttaan (abessive singular)
hermosoluttansa (abessive singular)
hermosoluittaan (abessive plural)
hermosoluittansa (abessive plural)
hermosoluineen (comitative plural)
hermosoluinensa (comitative plural)