force

en-noun

force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)

From Middle English force, fors, forse, from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).

der

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

When the aspectual force of the verbal categories weakens, the 'terminative', punctual or determinative value of the prefix gains in importance,...

1962, J Gonda, The aspectual function of the R̥gvedic present and aorist, S̓-Gravenhage, Mouton, page 43:

(linguistics, semantics, pragmatics) Ability of an utterance or its element (word, form, prosody, ...) to effect a given meaning.

voima

linguistics: ability of an utterance to effect a given meaning


sense

en-noun

sense (countable and uncountable, plural senses)

→ Afrikaans: sense

From Middle English sense, from Old French sens, sen, san (“sense, perception, direction”); partly from Latin sēnsus (“sensation, feeling, meaning”), from sentiō (“feel, perceive”); partly of Germanic origin (whence also Occitan sen, Italian senno), from Vulgar Latin *sennus (“sense, reason, way”), from Frankish *sinn ("reason, judgement, mental faculty, way, direction"; whence also Dutch zin, German Sinn, Swedish sinne, Norwegian sinn). Both Latin and Germanic from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to feel”).

gl

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

where there's no sense there's no feeling

(pragmatics) The way that a referent is presented.


hedge

From Middle English hegge, from Old English heċġ, from Proto-West Germanic *haggju, from Proto-Germanic *hagjō, from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”). Cognate with Dutch heg, German Hecke. Doublet of hey (a choreographic figure) and quay. More at haw.

doublet

look as if one has been dragged through a hedge backwards

When not inaccurate, much commentary on the contents of Hobson-Jobson is couched in hedges or relies on speculative estimates in the absence of exact information.

2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 31, number 4, →DOI, page 487:

(pragmatics) A non-committal or intentionally ambiguous statement.


implicate

en-verb

implicate (third-person singular simple present implicates, present participle implicating, simple past and past participle implicated)

implicates (present singular third-person)
implicating (participle present)
implicated (participle past)
implicated (past)

Borrowed from Latin implicatus < implico (“entangle, involve”), from plico (“fold”). Doublet of imply and employ.

(pragmatics) To imply without entailing; to have as an implicature.


implicature

/ɪmˈplɪkət͡ʃə/

/ɪmˈplɪkət͡ʃɚ/

Coined by British philosopher Paul Grice before or in 1967.

coinage

(pragmatics) An implied meaning that does not semantically entail.


origo

Learned borrowing from Latin orīgō. Doublet of origin.

(pragmatics) The reference point on which a deictic relationship is based.


hedging

Such hedging is necessitated by the lack of in-depth knowledge of the contents, which also gives free rein to the scripting of unsubstantiated factoids concerning the book.

(pragmatics, composition) The use of intentionally ambiguous or noncommittal statements.


exercitive

en-adj

exercitive (comparative more exercitive, superlative most exercitive)

more exercitive (comparative)
most exercitive (superlative)

(pragmatics) Having the character of an exercitive act.


exercitive

An exercitive is the giving of a decision in favour of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it.

1962, J.L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words (paperback), Oxford, published 1965, page 154:

Exercitives are not so common. Philosopher-authors are rarely in the position to tell people what to do or think.

1999, Jeffrey A. Mason, The Philosopher's Address: Writing and the Perception of Philosophy, →ISBN, page 51:

The hearer's recognition of the speaker's locutionary intention is also an important felicity condition of Austinian exercitives.

2003, Mary Kathryn McGowan, “Conversational Exercitives and the Force of Pornography”, in Philosophy & Public Affairs, volume 31, number 2, pages 155–189:

(pragmatics, hermeneutics) A speech act in which a decision is made regarding action; examples include orders and grants of permission.


behabitive

behabitive (comparative more behabitive, superlative most behabitive)

more behabitive (comparative)
most behabitive (superlative)

'God is good' is behabitive and commissive said by someone brought up in the Christian tradition, but may not be said by an animist of his high god.

1969, Robert W. Jenson, The Knowledge of Things Hoped For, page 117:

(pragmatics) Adopting an attitude, by making an utterance.


behabitive

As a behabitive, unsuccessful forgiveness is also connected to sincerity — in this case, a sincere willingness to work on oneself and eliminate resentment.

2001, Peter Digeser, Political Forgiveness, →ISBN, page 30:

(pragmatics) A speech act by which an attitude is adopted.


commissive

commissive (comparative more commissive, superlative most commissive)

more commissive (comparative)
most commissive (superlative)

"I will kill you if you do that" is a commissive statement.

(pragmatics) Making a commitment, such as a promise or threat, by illocutionary means.

kommissiv

making a commitment by illocutionary means


commissive

(pragmatics) A speech act by which a commitment is made, such as a promise or threat.


verdictive

verdictive (comparative more verdictive, superlative most verdictive)

more verdictive (comparative)
most verdictive (superlative)

(pragmatics) Having the illocutionary force of issuing a judgment.


verdictive

Verdictives consist in the delivering of a finding, official or unofficial, upon evidence or reasons as to value or fact […]

1962, J.L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words, Oxford University Press, published 1965, page 152:

(pragmatics) A speech act whereby a judgment is issued.


implicatum

Introduced by Paul Grice in 1975, from Latin.


whimperative

Blend of whimper + imperative. Coined by Jerrold Sadock in a 1970 essay.

Since whimperatives look like questions, the lowest hypersentence must be interrogative.

1970, Jerrold Sadock, “Whimperatives”, in Studies Presented to Robert B. Lees by His Students, page 235:

We see this in the way that whimperatives use pro forma openings like Can you rather than other wordings with the same meaning, such as Are you capable of passing the salt?

2007, Stephen Pinker, The Stuff of Thought, →ISBN, page 388:

(pragmatics) An order or imperative phrased obliquely as a question, such as "would you mind closing the window?"


infelicitousness

(linguistics, pragmatics) The quality or state of being infelicitous, or pragmatically ill-formed


contextualist

A contextualist believes that the phrase "some eels are fish" is primarily interpreted as "some, and perhaps all, eels are fish", and the pragmatic interpretation "some, but not all, eels are fish" only appears when demanded by the context.

(pragmatics) One who believes that scalar implicatures arise from contextual inference, not from a default association with a word.


implicatura

(pragmatics) implicature (an implied meaning)


locute

en-verb

locute (third-person singular simple present locutes, present participle locuting, simple past and past participle locuted)

locutes (present singular third-person)
locuting (participle present)
locuted (participle past)
locuted (past)

Back-formation from locution. The first sense could also be directly derived from Latin locut-, perfect active participial stem of loquor (“talk, speak”).

The translator locutes propositions, but illocutes nothing at all.

2011, David Braun, “Implicating Questions”, in Mind and Language, volume 26, pages 574–595:

By contrast, for Grice, one who for instance speaks ironically makes as if to illocute, rather than making as if to locute.

2020, The Oxford Handbook of Assertion, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 367:

(philosophy, pragmatics, intransitive or transitive with the utterance as object) To utter a meaningful sentence; to perform a locutionary act.


requestive

(pragmatics) A speech act that solicits actions or information.


cooperative principle

Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks, and would not be rational if they did. They are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts [...] One might label this the Cooperative Principle.

1975, H. Paul Grice, “Logic and conversation”, in Peter Cole, Jerry Morgan, editors, Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 45:

(linguistics, pragmatics) A theory of how listeners and speakers cooperate to communicate with language.


explicitize

explicitize (third-person singular simple present explicitizes, present participle explicitizing, simple past and past participle explicitized)

explicitizes (present singular third-person)
explicitizing (participle present)
explicitized (participle past)
explicitized (past)

Very often it is completely unnecessary (and thus even disruptive) to explicitize exactly what one means.

1984, Frans H. van Eemeren, Rob Grootendorst, Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions: A Theoretical Model for the Analysis of Discussions Directed towards Solving Conflicts of Opinion, . Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 119:

One of the ways we explicitize our view of happiness is to talk about our view of a “successful life”.

2000, Robert J. Spitzer, Robin A. Bernhoft, Camille E. De Blasi, Healing the Culture, →ISBN, page 127:

It is not enough to merely explicitize tacit knowledge. Rather, tacit knowledge has to be put in some sort of system to be useful.

2001, Linda Kyle Stromei, Creating Mentoring and Coaching Programs, page 24:


geslaagdheidsvoorwaarde

nl-noun

geslaagdheidsvoorwaarde f (plural geslaagdheidsvoorwaarden, diminutive geslaagdheidsvoorwaardetje n)

geslaagdheidsvoorwaarden (plural)
geslaagdheidsvoorwaardetje (diminutive neuter)

From geslaagdheid (“succesfulness”) + -s- + voorwaarde (“condition”).

af

Elk van de onderstaande zinnen schendt een geslaagdheidsvoorwaarde van de taalhandeling beloven.

2012, Anne E. Baker, Jan Don, Kees Hengeveld, Taal en Taalwetenschap, →ISBN, page 86:

Each of the following sentences violates a felicity condition of the speech act to promise.

Een geslaagdheidsvoorwaarde - volgens de terminologie van Searle - van veel vormen schadelijk spreekgedrag is dus dat er toehoorders in de spreeksituatie aanwezig moeten zijn.

2014, martine Veldhuizen, De ongetemde tong, →ISBN, page 140:

A felicity condition - in Searle's terminology - of a lot of types of harmful communicative behaviour is that there should be collocutors during the instance of speaking.


relevantietheorie

nl-noun

relevantietheorie f (plural relevantietheorieën, diminutive relevantietheorietje n)

relevantietheorieën (plural)
relevantietheorietje (diminutive neuter)

From relevantie (“relevance”) + theorie (“theory”), calque of English relevance theory.

compound

Een alternatieve benadering van zinstypen is bijvoorbeeld te vinden in de relevantietheorie.

1998, Gijs Mulder, Indirecte en directe directieven: een analytisch en empirisch onderzoek naar taalhandelingen in het Spaans, page 174:

An alternative approach to sentence types can be found in for instance the relevance theory.

Sperber en Wilson (1986) pogen met hun relevantietheorie Grice's maxime van relevantie, die hijzelf ongedefinieerd laat, te ontwikkelen.

1998, Marja Roelofs, "Hoe bedoel je?": de verwerving van pragmatische vaardigheden, page 56:

Sperber and Wilson (1986) try with their relevance theory to develop Grice's maxim of relation, which he himself leaves undefined.

Onder de pragmatische vertaalveranderingen moeten we ook de relevantietheorie van Gutt (1991) vermelden.

2005, Willy Vanderweghe, Duo teksten: Inleiding in vertaling en vertaalstudie, →ISBN, page 138:

Under the changes in pragmatic translation we must also mention the relevance theory of Gutt (1991).


coöperatieprincipe

nl-noun

coöperatieprincipe n (plural coöperatieprincipes, diminutive coöperatieprincipetje n)

coöperatieprincipes (plural)
coöperatieprincipetje (diminutive neuter)

From coöperatie (“cooperation”) + principe (“principle”), calque of English cooperative principle.

compound

Wat wil dat zeggen dat je niet uitgaat van het coöperatieprincipe maar van het associatieprincipe?

1992, Rudolf Steiner, translated by Marijke Buursink, Sociale toekomst [Social future], page 55:

What does it mean to base oneself not on the cooperative principle but rather on the associative principle?

Op basis van dergelijke analyses probeert Clyne (1994) de universele geldigheid van het coöperatieprincipe te redden door een voorstel te doen voor de herformulering van de maximes.

2009, Jan D. ten Thije, “Interculturele communicatie: naar een afbakening van het onderzoeksveld [Intercultural communication: towards a demarcation of the scientific field]”, in Artikelen van de Zesde Anéla conferentie [Articles of the Sixth Anéla conference], page 522:

On the basis of similar analyses Clyne (1994) attempts to save the universal validity of the cooperative principle by proposing the reformulation of the maximes.

Het coöperatieprincipe is een soort stilzwijgende overeenkomst tussen gesprekspartners om bij het communiceren samen te werken.

2012, Anne E. Bakker, Jan Don, Kees Hengeveld, Taal en Taalwetenschap [Language and Linguistics], page 64:

The cooperative principle is a type of tacit agreement between interlocutors to work together during the communcation.

cooperative principle
cooperative principle


implicatuur

nl-noun

implicatuur f (plural implicaturen, diminutive implicatuurtje n)

implicaturen (plural)
implicatuurtje (diminutive neuter)

Impliciete betekenis oftewel implicatuur is de onuitgesproken betekenis van een taaluiting.

1998, Marja Roelofs, Hoe bedoel je? [What do you mean?], page 7:

Implicit meaning, or implicature, is the unsaid meaning of an linguistic utterance.

Een zin als Komt hij morgen ook weer mee? wordt pas in de mogelijke implicatuur (Dan blijf ik thuis!) informatief en (dus) bepalend voor het handelen.

2005, Over de oorsprong van de taal, of hoe wij sprekend mens geworden zijn [On the origin of language, or how we became human by speaking], page 84:

A sentence like Will he come along again tomorrow? becomes informative, and (as such) deciding for one's action, only in the possible implicature.

Wanneer sprekers maximes flouten, doen ze dit dus opzettelijk om zo een implicatuur te genereren.

2021, Esther Ruigedijk, Marijke de Belder, Ankelien Schippers, Inleiding Nederlandse taalkunde:

When speakers flout maximes, they do so delibarately so as to generate an implicature.


defaultist

A defaultist believes that the default interpretation of the phrase "some eels are fish" is the pragmatic interpretation "some, but not all, eels are fish".

Hence, there can be little doubt that Levinson is a strong defaultist.

2010, Bart Geurts, Quantity Implicatures, page 87:

For Experiment 8, the defaultists could make a similar argument about the absence of an SI-cancellation effect that I made about the absence of an SI-calculation effect.

2010, Arjen Zondervan, Scalar Implicatures Or Focus: An Experimental Approach, page 191:

There is, however, no true conflict between defaultists and contextualists.

2018, Rita Finkbeiner, Ulrike Freywald, Exact Repetition in Grammar and Discourse:

(pragmatics) One who believes that scalar implicatures arise from a default association with a word, rather than arising from contextual inference.


illocute

en-verb

illocute (third-person singular simple present illocutes, present participle illocuting, simple past and past participle illocuted)

illocutes (present singular third-person)
illocuting (participle present)
illocuted (participle past)
illocuted (past)

In some such cases, at least, there will be illocutions q such that S can illocute q and thereby (among other things) convey to A that p.

1981, Peter Cole, Radical pragmatics, New York: Academic Press, →OCLC, page 93:

Typically, one can illocute in order to perlocute, but not conversely.

2012, J.F. Rosenberg, Linguistic Representation, Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 11:

So, we must not conflate consent with nonrefusal: a failure to illocute refusal does not entail that one has illocuted consent to sex instead.

2019, Mari Mikkola, Pornography: A Philosophical Introduction, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 66:

[…] [S]ome of these refinements also help us make progress on the question whether machines can illocute.

2022 January 27, Mitchell Green, Jan G. Michel, “What Might Machines Mean?”, in Minds and Machines, volume 32, pages 323–338:

(philosophy, pragmatics, intransitive or transitive with the speech act as object) To perform an illocutionary act.


perlocute

perlocute (third-person singular simple present perlocutes, present participle perlocuting, simple past and past participle perlocuted)

perlocutes (present singular third-person)
perlocuting (participle present)
perlocuted (participle past)
perlocuted (past)

[…] a case in which a question illocuted as a genuine, non-rhetorical question is erroneously perlocuted as a rhetorical question.

1994, Cornelia Ilie, What Else Can I Tell You?, Almqvist & Wiksell International, page 41:

2002, Marco Rühl, Arguing and Communicative Asymmetry, Peter Lang Publishing, →ISBN, page 167:

Whether the interactive effect of perlocuting occurs is under the addressee's responsibility.

(philosophy, pragmatics, intransitive or transitive with the effect as object) To achieve a perlocutionary effect.


Weichzeichner

de-noun

Weichzeichner m (strong, genitive Weichzeichners, plural Weichzeichner, feminine Weichzeichnerin)

Weichzeichners (genitive)
Weichzeichner (plural)
Weichzeichnerin (feminine)
Weichzeichner (nominative singular)
Weichzeichner (definite nominative plural)
Weichzeichners (genitive singular)
Weichzeichner (definite genitive plural)
Weichzeichner (dative singular)
Weichzeichnern (dative definite plural)
Weichzeichner (accusative singular)
Weichzeichner (accusative definite plural)

/ˈvaɪ̯çˌt͡saɪ̯çnɐ/

Art. GG Artikel 142 GG klärt nur im Verhältnis der Grundrechte zueinander, dass die Landesgrundrechte trotz Art. GG Artikel 31 GG in Kraft bleiben. Über das Verhältnis von Landesgrundrechten und einfachem Bundesrecht indessen schweigt Art. GG Artikel 142 GG. Eine Kollision zwischen den beiden Rechtsmassen scheidet aber nicht auf Grund der „Inhaltsgleichheit” aus. Vom Weichzeichner der „Inhaltsgleichheit” befreit, fällt vielmehr der klare Blick auf die Trennlinie, die das Grundgesetz zwischen den Verfassungsräumen des Bundes und der Länder gezogen hat.

2001, Christoph Enders, “Die neue Subsidiarität des Bundesverfassungsgerichts”, in JuS, number 5, page 466:

Besonders stark unterscheidet sich obamas NSS von denen seines Vorgängers in Sprache und Stil. Wo Bush präzise Formulierungen und auch provozierende Klarheit wählte, verwendet Obama den besänftigenden Weichzeichner: Bush benannte den ideologischen Gegner („militant Islamic radicalism”), Obama ist weniger bestimmt („a far-reaching network of hatred and violence”).

2010 June 25, Patrick Keller, “Die Nationale Sicherheitsstrategie der Regierung Obama”, in Analysen & Argumente, number 79:

Schemmer verweist dazu auf eine Entscheidung des VGH Kassel aus dem Jahre 2003, wo sich die wiedergegebene Argumentation in der Tat so findet. Dort wiederum wird als einzige Quelle eine Kommentarstelle bei Ulrich Ramsauer in dem von ihm herausgegebenen VwVfG-Kommentar angeführt – allerdings mit dem beliebten Weichzeichner »vgl.« versehen.

2023, Simon Kempny, “Die sogenannte Legalisierungswirkung von Verwaltungsakten und der absolute Nichtigkeitsgrund nach § 44 Abs. 2 Nr. 5 VwVfG”, in DVBl, number 11, page 631:


発語行為

発語行為 (canonical)
hatsugo kōi (romanization)

Compound of 発(はつ)語(ご) (hatsugo, “utterance”) + 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”)


発語内行為

ja-noun

発(はつ)語(ご)内(ない)行(こう)為(い) • (hatsugonai kōi)

発語内行為 (canonical)
hatsugonai kōi (romanization)

Compound of 発(はつ)語(ご) (hatsugo, “utterance”) + 内(ない) (nai, “inner”) + 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”)


発語媒介行為

ja-noun

はつご ばいかい こうい

発(はつ)語(ご)媒(ばい)介(かい)行(こう)為(い) • (hatsugo baikai kōi)

発語媒介行為 (canonical)
hatsugo baikai kōi (romanization)

Compound of 発(はつ)語(ご) (hatsugo, “utterance”) + 媒(ばい)介(かい) (baikai, “mediation”) + 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”)


行為遂行

行為遂行 (canonical)
kōi suikō (romanization)

Compound of 行(こう)為(い) (kōi, “act”) + 遂(すい)行(こう) (suikō, “performing; execution”)