ج ل ل

جَلِيل

great, significant, exalted, venerable, glorious

إِجْلَال

honor, distinction, esteem, deference, respect, reverence

جَلَال

Form I: جَلَّ (jalla, “to be great, lofty, illustrious, sublime; to be too great, to be beyond, to be far above”); Verbal noun

جَالّ

Form I: جَلَّ (jalla, “to be great, lofty, illustrious, sublime; to be too great, to be beyond, to be far above”); Active participle

تَجْلِيل

Form II: جَلَّلَ (jallala, “to honor, dignify, exalt; to cover, to envelop, clothe; to edge”); Verbal noun

مُجَلِّل

Form II: جَلَّلَ (jallala, “to honor, dignify, exalt; to cover, to envelop, clothe; to edge”); Active participle

إِجْلَال

Form IV: أَجَلَّ (ʔajalla, “to honor, dignify, venerate; to deem too high, to consider to be above”); Verbal noun

مُجِلّ

Form IV: أَجَلَّ (ʔajalla, “to honor, dignify, venerate; to deem too high, to consider to be above”); Active participle

تَجَالّ

Form VI: تَجَالَّ (tajālla, “to deem oneself far above”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَالّ

Form VI: تَجَالَّ (tajālla, “to deem oneself far above”); Active participle

اِسْتِجْلَال

Form X: اِسْتَجَلَّ (istajalla, “to be great, exalted, sublime”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجِلّ

Form X: اِسْتَجَلَّ (istajalla, “to be great, exalted, sublime”); Active participle


ص ن ع

ar-root

ص ن ع • (ṣ-n-ʕ)

صَنْعَة

work, workmanship, manufacture, art, technical or artistic skill, business, trade, occupation, profession

صَنِيعَة

action, deed, benefit, favor, establishment

صَنْع

Form I: صَنَعَ (ṣanaʕa, “to produce, manufacture, stage, design”); Verbal noun

صَانِع

Form I: صَنَعَ (ṣanaʕa, “to produce, manufacture, stage, design”); Active participle

maker, producer, manufacturer, creator, artisan, worker, servant

تَصْنِيع

Form II: صَنَّعَ (ṣannaʕa, “to manufacture, process, industrialize”); Verbal noun

fabrication, working, treating, industrialization

مُصَنِّع

Form II: صَنَّعَ (ṣannaʕa, “to manufacture, process, industrialize”); Active participle

مُصَانَعَة

Form III: صَانَعَ (ṣānaʕa, “to cooperate, flatter, bribe”); Verbal noun

مُصَانِع

Form III: صَانَعَ (ṣānaʕa, “to cooperate, flatter, bribe”); Active participle

تَصَنُّع

Form V: تَصَنَّعَ (taṣannaʕa, “to pretend, speak or write in a stilted way, become industrialized”); Verbal noun

hypocrisy, dissimulation, dissemblement, affectedness, affectation, mannerism

مُتَصَنِّع

Form V: تَصَنَّعَ (taṣannaʕa, “to pretend, speak or write in a stilted way, become industrialized”); Active participle

affected, stilted, mannered, industrialized

اِصْطِنَاع

Form VIII: اِصْطَنَعَ (iṣṭanaʕa, “to have something produced, to commission, manufacture, pretend, invent, use”); Verbal noun

مُصْطَنِع

Form VIII: اِصْطَنَعَ (iṣṭanaʕa, “to have something produced, to commission, manufacture, pretend, invent, use”); Active participle

مُصْطَنَع

artificial, synthetic, affected, simulated, imitated, sham, bogus, phony

اِسْتِصْنَاع

Form X: اِسْتَصْنَعَ (istaṣnaʕa, “to have someone make something”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَصْنِع

Form X: اِسْتَصْنَعَ (istaṣnaʕa, “to have someone make something”); Active participle

صَنَائِعِيّ

صِنَاعَة (ṣināʕa, “art, skill, occupation, profession, manufacture, industry”); plural صَنَائِع (ṣanāʔiʕ)

artificial, synthetic, imitation, workman, handicraft (attributive), industrial; artisan, craftsman

مَصْنَعِيَّة

مَصْنَع (maṣnaʕ, “factory, mill, establishment”); plural مَصَانِع (maṣāniʕ)


ص غ ر

ص غ ر • (ṣ-ḡ-r)

صِغَر

Form I: صَغُرَ (ṣaḡura, “to be or become small, diminish, decrease; to be young”); Verbal noun

صَغْر

Form I: صَغَرَ (ṣaḡara, “to be younger than”); Verbal noun

صَاغِر

Form I: صَغَرَ (ṣaḡara, “to be younger than”); Active participle

صَغَار

Form I: صَغُرَ (ṣaḡura, “to be lowly, humble”); Verbal noun

Form I: صَغُرَ (ṣaḡura, “to be lowly, humble”); Active participle

lowly, contemptible, humiliated, submissive, subject

صَغَر

Form I: صَغِرَ (ṣaḡira, “to be lowly, humble”); Verbal noun

Form I: صَغِرَ (ṣaḡira, “to be lowly, humble”); Active participle

تَصْغِير

Form II: صَغَّرَ (ṣaḡḡara, “to make small or smaller, lessen, minimize, reduce, decrease, belittle, deride, ridicule”); Verbal noun

diminution, lessening, decrease, reduction

مُصَغِّر

Form II: صَغَّرَ (ṣaḡḡara, “to make small or smaller, lessen, minimize, reduce, decrease, belittle, deride, ridicule”); Active participle

مُصَغَّر

reduced, decreased, diminished, scaled down

إِصْغَار

Form IV: أَصْغَرَ (ʔaṣḡara, “to make contemptible, consider as contemptible”); Verbal noun

مُصْغِر

Form IV: أَصْغَرَ (ʔaṣḡara, “to make contemptible, consider as contemptible”); Active participle

تَصَاغُر

Form VI: تَصَاغَرَ (taṣāḡara, “to prove oneself contemptible, grovel, to feel small”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَاغِر

Form VI: تَصَاغَرَ (taṣāḡara, “to prove oneself contemptible, grovel, to feel small”); Active participle

اِسْتِصْغَار

Form X: اِسْتَصْغَرَ (istaṣḡara, “to deem small, undervalue”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَصْغِر

Form X: اِسْتَصْغَرَ (istaṣḡara, “to deem small, undervalue”); Active participle

صَغِيرَة

صَغِير (ṣaḡīr, “small, little, insignificant, tiny, young”)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰr̥h₂gʰ-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *t(ʰ)(a)rāťťō

Ancient Greek: θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō), τᾰρᾰ́σσω (tarássō)

Attic Greek: θρᾱ́ττω (thrā́ttō)

*dʰroh₂gʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *drāžìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trākʰús

Ancient Greek: τρᾱχῠ́ς (trākhús)

Epic, Ionic Greek: τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhús)

(perhaps) Mycenaean Greek: 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi-(-ja-))


ك ف ر

Cognate with Hebrew כ־פ־ר (k-p-r) as in כיפור (kipúr) in Yom Kippur. Compare غ ف ر (ḡ f r).

related to disbelief, rejection; concealing; atonement, forgiving.

كُفْر

Form I: كَفَرَ (kafara, “to cover, hide; disbelieve, be irreligious”); Verbal noun

كَافِر

Form I: كَفَرَ (kafara, “to cover, hide; disbelieve, be irreligious”); Active participle

تَكْفِير

Form II: كَفَّرَ (kaffara, “to cover; expiate; forgive; atone; make an infidel”); Verbal noun

مُكَفِّر

Form II: كَفَّرَ (kaffara, “to cover; expiate; forgive; atone; make an infidel”); Active participle

إِكْفَار

Form IV: أَكْفَرَ (ʔakfara, “to make an infidel, call an infidel, accuse of infidelity”); Verbal noun

مُكْفِر

Form IV: أَكْفَرَ (ʔakfara, “to make an infidel, call an infidel, accuse of infidelity”); Active participle

تَكَافُر

Form VI: تَكَافَرَ (takāfara, “to call each other infidel, to accuse each other of infidelity”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَافِر

Form VI: تَكَافَرَ (takāfara, “to call each other infidel, to accuse each other of infidelity”); Active participle


ח־ב־ק

head

ח־ב־ק • (ḥ-b-q)

Forming words relating to being embraced or clasped


trem-

*trém-ti ~ *tr̥m-énti (athematic present)

Proto-Albanian: *trema

Albanian: tremb

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: trem̃t

Lithuanian: trem̃ti

q

contaminated by <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*tres-</i>

Proto-Slavic: *tręsti (contaminated by *tres-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trémō

Ancient Greek: τρέμω (trémō)

Proto-Italic: *tremō

Latin: tremō (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: trämäs

*trom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *troméyō

Ancient Greek: τρομέω (troméō)

Proto-Italic: *tromeō

Umbrian: tremitu

*tróm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trómos

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Greek: τρόμος (trómos)
Mariupol Greek: тре́мус (trjémus)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tremi

*trom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tromós

Ancient Greek: τρομός (tromós)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


tḱey-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*tḱéy-ti ~ *tḱi-énti (athematic root present)

*tḱḗy-s-t ~ *tḱéy-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáysat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáysat

Sanskrit: क्षेषत् (kṣéṣat)

Proto-Italic: *sīzai

Latin: sīrīs (maybe, as it could also be a syncopated form of sīverīs)

*tḱéy-s-t ~ *tḱi-s-ént (secondary *s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκτῐσᾰ (éktisa), ἔκτῐσσᾰ (éktissa)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κτίζω (ktízō)

*tḱi-né-ti ~ *tḱi-n-énti (denominative present)

Proto-Italic: *sinō, *pozinō (< *h₂po-)

Latin: sinō, pōnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ktímenos

Ancient Greek: ἐϋκτίμενος (eüktímenos)

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀑𐀴𐀕𐀙 (ki-ti-me-na /ktimenā/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyanas

Proto-Iranian: *šáyanah

Avestan: 𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬀 (šaiiana)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: շէն (šēn)
Armenian: շեն (šen)
→ Azerbaijani: şən
→ Northern Kurdish: şênî
→ Ottoman Turkish: شن (şen)
Turkish: şen
→ Albanian: shend
→ Bulgarian: шенли́в (šenlív)
→ Macedonian: шен (šen), шенлив (šenliv)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ше̑н
Latin script: šȇn
Armenian: շենք (šenkʻ)
→? Chagatai: شین (šin)
→? Old Georgian: შჱნი (šēni), შენი (šeni)
Georgian: შენი (šeni)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܝܢܐ (šainā)

*tḱéy-tis ~ *tḱi-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ktítis

Ancient Greek: κτῐ́σῐς (ktísis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitíṣ

Sanskrit: क्षिति (kṣití) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *šitíš

Avestan: 𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬌 (šiti)

*tḱi-los

Proto-Hellenic: *ktilos

Ancient Greek: κτῐ́λος (ktílos)

*tḱi-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *ktitós

Ancient Greek: θεόκτιτος (theóktitos), πυρίκτιτος (puríktitos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀟𐀪𐀑𐀴𐀲 (pe-ri-ki-ti-ta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣitás

⇒? Sanskrit: परिक्षित् (parikṣit)

Proto-Iranian: *šitáh

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬌𐬙𐬀 (anašita, “uninhabitable”)

*tḱéy-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáytram (see there for further descendants)

*tḱóy-mo-s

Albanian: komb

>? Ancient Greek: κώμη (kṓmē)

Proto-Germanic: *haimaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćšáyma-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ṭṣáymas, *ṭṣáymam

desctree

Sanskrit: क्षेम (kṣema)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑁂𑀫 (khema)
Pali: khema
→ Hindi: क्षेम (kṣem) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಕ್ಷೇಮ (kṣēma)

Reanalysed root of *tḱéyti, from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


sengʷʰ-

Brill Publishers
Motilal Banarsidass
fr:Édouard Champion

*séngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *singwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sángʰati

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 (saṃghaï), 𑀲𑀕𑁆𑀖𑀇 (sagghaï, “says”)

Old Marathi: 𑘭𑘰𑘽𑘑𑘜𑘹 (sāṃghaṇe)

Marathi: सांगणे (sāṅgṇe)

desc

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

Odia: ସାଙ୍ଗିବା (sāṅgibā)

*sóngʷʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sangwaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *honkʷʰā́

Ancient Greek: ὀμφή (omphḗ)


dʰgʷʰey-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*dʰgʷʰéy-t ~ *dʰgʷʰy-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φθίω (phthíō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰžʰayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háḍẓʰayt

Sanskrit: क्षिधी (kṣidhī́, 2sg.aor.impv.)

*dʰgʷʰi-néH-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Germanic: *dwīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰináHti

Sanskrit: क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰinā́ti

Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jināⁱti)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jändä), [script needed] (jindä)

*dʰgʷʰi-néw-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰi-nw-énti (*néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φθίνω (phthínō), φθινύθω (phthinúthō)

*ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiṇáwti

Sanskrit: क्षिणोति (kṣiṇóti)

*dʰgʷʰi-yé-ti (*yé-present)

*ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰiyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰiyátay

Sanskrit: क्षीयते (kṣīyáte)

Sanskrit: *झीयते (jhīyáte)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀛𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (jhijjaï)

Marathi: झिजणे (jhij̈ṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: झीझना (jhījhnā)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰiyátay

Avestan: 𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (ajiiamna, “not aging”), 𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀 (afrajiiamna, “not decreasing”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (jīye), [script needed] (jītä)

Old Persian: 𐎪𐎡𐎹𐎶𐎴 (ji-i-y-m-n- /jiyamna-/, “the end”)

*dʰgʷʰéy-ti-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*dʰgʷʰéy-tu-s ~ *dʰgʷʰi-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *(k)situs

Latin: situs

*dʰgʷʰi-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰtʰitós

Ancient Greek: φθῐτός (phthitós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰitás

Sanskrit: क्षित (kṣitá)

Reanalysed root of *dʰgʷʰéyti, from *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


sleydʰ-

*sléydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *slīdaną (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráydʰati (“to err, blunder”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráydʰati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्रेधति (srédhati)

*slidʰ-éh₁ye-ti (stative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidḗˀtei

Latvian: slidêt

*slidʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slištei

Latvian: slîst

Lithuanian: slýsti

*slidʰ-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *slidraz (“slippery > smooth ?”)

Proto-West Germanic: *slidr (“clear, bright”) (see there for further descendants)

*sléydʰ-u-s ~ * slidʰ-éw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slidús

Latvian: slids

Lithuanian: slidùs

Latgalian: sleidušs (“slippery, sleek”)

*sloydʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *slaidús (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: sleidētʲ (“to slide, to slipe, to glide”)

Latgalian: sleidons (“slippy”)

May be a *-dʰ(h₁)- extension of *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, be slimy”) (or *(s)leh₁y-): compare *(s)leyG- in Proto-Germanic *slīkaną (“to slide, glide, slither”), *slīkaz (“sleek, slick, smooth”), possibly also Albanian shlligë (“viper”); *(s)ley-m- in Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”), Latin līmus (“mud, slime”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *sleiˀnāˀ (“saliva”) (Proto-Slavic *slìna, Latvian sliēnas m pl), Albanian llënjëz (“mud”), Ancient Greek λεῖμαξ (leîmax, “snail, slug”), Proto-Slavic *slimakъ (“snail”), and perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ley-men- (“body of water (marsh ~ lake ~ bay)”); *leyp- (“to stick, be sticky; fat, oil, glue”); *(s)leyb(ʰ)- in Proto-West Germanic *slīpan (“to make smooth, whet”), *slipr (“slippery, smooth”), English slip (“mix of clay and water”, noun).


spend-

*spénd-ti ~ *spn̥d-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (iš-pa-a-an-ti /išpānti/)

Proto-Hellenic: *spéndō

Ancient Greek: σπένδω (spéndō)

Proto-Italic: *spendō

Oscan: spentud (3sg.imp.II)

*spḗnd-s-t ~ * spénd-s-n̥t (aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔσπεισᾰ (éspeisa)

Epic Greek: σπεῖσᾰ (speîsa)

Proto-Italic: *sponssai

Latin: spōnsīs (perf.subj.)

*spe-spónd-e ~ *spe-spn̥d-ḗr (stative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒉺𒀀𒀭𒋾 (ši-pa-a-an-ti /šipānti/)

Italic: *spespondai

Latin: spepondī, spopondī

*spond-éye-ti (causative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *spondeō
Latin: spondeō
Oscan: spentud
>? Umbrian: spefa

Proto-Tocharian: *spänt-

Tocharian B: späntetär

*spónd-o-

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: spantai

Proto-Hellenic: *spondā́

Ancient Greek: σπονδή (spondḗ)


ك و ن

Related to existence, occurrence, or being; having a copular relationship.

كَائِن

Form I: كَانَ (kāna, “to be”); Active participle

مُكَوِّن

Form II: كَوَّنَ (kawwana); Active participle

مُتَكَوِّن

Form V: تَكَوَّنَ (takawwana); Active participle

كَوْن

Form I: كَانَ (kāna, “to be”); Verbal noun

تَكَوُّن

Form V: تَكَوَّنَ (takawwana); Verbal noun


(s)pend-

*(s)pénd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spenˀstei

Latvian: spiêst

Lithuanian: spę́sti

→? Proto-Finnic: *pettädäk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendō (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *(s)pond-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pǫditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pendēō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-i-s ~ *(s)pn̥d-éy-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pę̑dь (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pénd-os ~ *(s)pénd-es-

Proto-Italic: *pondos

Latin: pondus (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed root of *(s)penh₁- (“to spin (thread); to stretch”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph

*péyh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyHati

desc

Sanskrit: पयते (payate, “to swell, fatten”)

*péyh₂-de-ti (de-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *päit- (“to be swollen, fat”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-sk- (“to become swollen, fat”) (or < *péyh₂d-sḱe-ti)

⇒? Tocharian B: pitke (“fat, grease, oil”) (or < *päits-ko- < *péyh₁d-s)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *päit-tāk

>? Tocharian B: pittāk (“blister, swelling”)

⇒? *péyh₂d-s ~ *pih₂d-(s)-és (“pitch, resin”)

⇒ *poyh₂d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *faitaz (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *puojtē (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-t ~ *pih₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pīˀtei

Lithuanian: pýti (“to be come wet, become muddy, start to give milk”)

*pi-né-h₂-ti ~ *pi-nh₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pináHti ~ *pinHánti

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinHáwti (“to be swollen, fat”) (see there for further descendants)

*pi-póyh₂-e ~ *pi-pih₂-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pipā́yHa (“to be swollen (with milk)”) (see there for further descendants)

*pih₂-tó (root athematic aorist, middle only)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtá

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtá

Sanskrit: पियान (píyāna, “full of, overflowing with”, ptc.med.)

*péyh₂-mō ~ *pih₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHmā

Proto-Iranian: *páyHmā (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *pejmä (“milk”)

Proto-Finnic: *piimä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyHas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

*péyh₂-tu ~ *piH-téw-s (“something fattening, nourishing”)

*péyh₂-wr̥ ~ *pih₂-wén-s (“fat; swelling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píHwas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píHwas

Sanskrit: पीवस् (pī́vas, “fat”)

Proto-Iranian: *píHwah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (pīuuah)

Khotanese: [script needed] (pyau, “swelling, overflowing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: píeva (“meadow”)

Latvian: piẽva (“meadow”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pοiwā

Ancient Greek: ποίη (poíē, “gras, meadow”), πόᾱ (póā)

*póyh₂-mn̥ ~ *pih₂-m̥nés

Proto-Germanic: *faimô (“maiden, girl”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fajaz, *fajjaz

Dutch: vei (“fat, lush, fertile”) (dialectal)

>? *póyh₂-h₃n̥gʷ-i-s ~ *pih₂-h₃n̥gʷ-éy-s (+ *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, butter”)?)

Proto-Italic: *pīngwis

Latin: pinguis (“fat, greasy”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pīmós

Ancient Greek: πῑμελή (pīmelḗ, “soft fat, lard”) (+ -ελη (-elē)?, cf. ἀγέλη (agélē))

>? Proto-Italic: *pīmos

⇒ Proto-Italic: *oppīmos (+ *op- (“towards”))

Latin: opīmus (“fat, fertile, rich”) (or < opī (“power, resources”) + -mus) (see there for further descendants)

*pih₂-nó-s, *peh₂i-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pā́ˀinas (“milk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHnás

Sanskrit: पीन (pīna, “fat, swollen”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piHtás

Sanskrit: पीत (pīta, “swollen, full”)


kwep-

*kwḗp-ti ~ *kwép-n̥ti (root athematic Narten present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwḗptei

Latvian: kvêpt (“to smell”) (partially, sta-present)

⇒ Latvian: kvêpêt (“to smoke”)

Lithuanian: kvė̃pti (“to smell”)

*kup-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kupyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kupyati

Sanskrit: कुप्यति (kupyati)

Proto-Italic: *kupiō

Latin: cupiō (“to desire”) (or from athematic i-stem)

*kup-/*kūp-eh₁(-yé)-ti (secondary essive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpḗˀtei

Lithuanian: kupêt (“to seethe”)

Lithuanian: kūpėti

Proto-Slavic: *kypěti (“to boil up, to seethe”) (see there for further descendants)

*kub-eh₂(-yé)-ti (factive)

Proto-Germanic: *hupōną

Proto-West Germanic: *hopōn (see there for further descendants)

*kwob-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hwapjaną (“to suffocate”) (see there for further descendants)

*kwop-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kvápas

Lithuanian: kvãpas (“aroma”)

>? *kʷap-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapnós

Ancient Greek: καπνός (kapnós, “smoke, steam”) (possibly, but not very likely)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπνίζω (kapnízō, “to smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapnás

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopněti (“to melt, to long for”) (denominal stative present) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kʷap-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaprás

Proto-Slavic: *koprъ (“dill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopriva (“nettle”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *koprina (“silk”)

>? *kʷap-ō-s

Proto-Italic: *kwapōs (possibly)

Latin: vapor

>? *kʷap-ú-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kapús (possibly)

Ancient Greek: καπύς (kapús, “smoke, steam”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: καπυρός (kapurós, “dry”) (extended with -ρός)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kapús

q

with the partitive extension <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъtъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kopъtъ (“soot, dim smoke”) (with the partitive extension *-ъtъ) (see there for further descendants)

>? *kup-/*kūp-ró-s

Paleo-Balkan: (possibly)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: κύπερος (kúperos, “galingale”) (Pre-Greek)

Proto-Celtic: *kubros (“desiring”)

Old Irish: cobar

Gaulish: cobro-

Proto-Italic: *kupros

Umbrian: cupras (gen. sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūprás (possibly vṛddhi construction?)

Proto-Slavic: *kyprъ (“bonny”)

*kūp-ó-s

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kūpōˀtei (denomial fientive)

Lithuanian: kūpúoti (“to initiate boiling”)

Proto-Slavic: *kypovati (“to initiate boiling”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: *kʷeɸ- (“to pant, to breathe”) (possibly)

Welsh: peuo (“to roar, to breathe”) (attested relatively late)


-MÁÁZ

The root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”) is cognate with the root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).


-TʼIʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *t’əkʸ’ (“to be stretched, taut”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nic’et’ (“it is stretched”) (with metathesis), Gwich'in niint’aii (“it is extended”), Chipewyan nįtʼiy (“it is tight”).
Describes the extension into a line of a slender flexible object as a rope, a wire, and by extension, a fence, a road, rails or a line of people.


-TʼIʼ

Uncertain. Cognate not found in other Athabaskan languages.
There is some variation in the actual stems of the imperfective and perfective modes, both -tʼiʼ and -tʼi being reported by various sources. Perhaps an influence of -TʼIʼabove.

to stagger, to wobble
 2. to go swiftly, to streak
 3. to beat hard, to pound (the heart of a frightened person)


तप्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tap-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tap-, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *teplъ (“warm”), Latin tepeō whence English tepid.


बन्ध्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”).


-CHʼĄ́Ą́L

to move suspended by means of a handle or cord


tengʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei

Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)

Tocharian A: täṅk-

Tocharian B: täṅk-

*tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei

Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)

Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tìngti (“to become slow”)

*tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei

Proto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)

Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)

*téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús

Lithuanian: tingùs

q

Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þunguz

Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).


mregʰ-

*mrégʰ-mn̥ ~ *mr̥gʰ-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρέχμα (brékhma)

*mregʰ-mó-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βρεχμός (brekhmós)

*mrogʰ-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *bragną (see there for further descendants)

*móst-mr̥gʰ-on- (possibly)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mastr̥gʰā́n

Sanskrit: मस्तृहन् (mastṛhan)


-YIZ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇əz (“to turn, to whirl”).


-BAAL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa̓l (“to hang”).


-KID

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *qə̓t’ (“to slip, to slide”).


-TSʼEEʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼeq’ (“to lick”).


-TSʼEEʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼe̓ɣ (“to wiggle, to wind, to coil”). Found only in some neuter perfective bases.
Probably related to this root, a secondary meaning also occurs in neuter bases describing objects parallel to one another as rails, poles, columns of smoke.

to be coiled, spiraled
 2. to lieparallel


-GAII

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɢɑɣ ~ *ɢɑy (“to be white”). Cognate root found in Ahtna lggay, Gwich'in daagąįį.
The extended meanings of “to be hot” and “to hurt” seem to be specific to Navajo among Athabascan languages.


-CHIIʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čig (“to be red ochre”).
Often occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a deeper, browner color tone.


-TSOII

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsu̓ɢ (“to be yellow, tan”). Also occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a darker color tone as orange.


-ZHĮ́Į́ʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *žənʸ (“to be dark,black”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delzen (“dark colored”), Gwich'in azhrąįį.


-BAʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa’ (“to be gray”).


-TŁʼIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’i̓dž (“to be blue, green”).


-TŁʼIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əɣəš (“eel, snake”). See also the related noun tłʼiish (“snake”).


-TŁIIZH

Cognate root found in Koyukon tłɨs (“crushed, distorted”) and Tsuut'ina dlish (“spotted”).

dark brown, bruised, stained or spotted with brown


-YÉÉL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇etɬ’ (“to become dark; to be quiet, calm”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghighaetlʼ (“it got dark”), dezghaetlʼ (“it is calm”). Compare also Navajo hił (“darkness”).


विश्वस्

head

विश्वस् • (viśvas)

sa-root

विश्वस् • (viśvas)

to draw breath freely, be free from fear or apprehension, be trustful or confident, trust or confide in, rely or depend on.

to cause to trust, inspire with confidence, console, comfort, encourage.

to wish to inspire confidence or to encourage.


gewH-

*géwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kewaną (“to cry”)

Old Norse: kjá

(perhaps) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáwbati

Proto-Iranian: *gáwbati (see there for further descendants)

*gowH-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *kawjaną (“to call, name”) (see there for further descendants)

*gowh₂-dʰh₁-y-ónti (denominative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaustei

Lithuanian: gaũsti, gaudžiù (“to make a sound, hum”, 1sg.)

Latvian: gaũst, gaūžu (“to wail, lament”, 1sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *gǫsti (“to make a sound, hum, sing, weep, play an instrument”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gaudùs (“sonorous”)

Latvian: gàuds (“miserable”)

*gowH-oro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gawaras

Latvian: gaura (“chatter”)

Proto-Slavic: *gȍvorъ (“talk”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷowH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *gʷow-

Latin: bovō (“loudly call upon, cry aloud”)

*gʷowH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γόος (góos, “wailing, weeping, lament”)

*guH-mós

Proto-Germanic: *kūmaz (“thin, weak, frail”)

⇒ Old High German: kūmo (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old English: cyme

Unsorted formations:

>? Sanskrit: जोगुवे (joguve, “to call, invoke”)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *ǵʰewH-.


श्रम्

head

श्रम् • (śram)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱremh₂- (“to be or become limp”); compare Ancient Greek κρεμάννυμι (kremánnumi, “to hand”) and perhaps κρημνός (krēmnós, “overhanging bank of a river”).

cog

to be or become weary or tired, be tired of doing anything

to make effort, exert oneself (esp. in performing acts of austerity), labor in vain


-CHOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ču̓ž (“to shatter”).
Often appears with intensive infix -x- in bases related to popping or bursting.

to pop, to bubble, to burst
 2. to eatleafy matter, to graze


-ʼAAL

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa̓tɬʼ (“to chew, to bite”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna cʼeʼaał (“he is chewing sth”), yizʼał (“he bit it once”), Gwich'in iiʼàal (“I ate it”), Chipewyan ɣɛsʼaíł (“Iʼm chewing it”)
Found in Navajo in bases related to the eating of hard or crispy food like peanut, candy, celery, bacon.


weyp-

*wéyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wīpaną (from *wéyb-eti) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáypati (“to tremble”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáypati

Sanskrit: वेपते (vépate)

Proto-Iranian: *wáypati (“to swing, shake”)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (vaēpaiia, “to be homosexual”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khufi: wib (“cry to bullock”)

Ossetian:

Digor: (ӕйй)евун ((æjj)evun, “to change (color)”), (ӕйй)ивд ((æjj)ivd)

Iron: и́вын (ívyn, “to change (color)”), ивд (ivd)

Yazghulami: wib-, wipt (“to turn round a team bullocks while threshing”)

Persian گیفر (geyfar, “butterchurn”)

*woyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *waibijaną (“to wind (around), wrap”)

Old High German: ziweibjan (“to scatter, disperse”)

Old Norse: veifa (“to swing, wave”)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (biwaibjan, “to wind around, wrap, clothe”)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurwaipjan, “to muzzle, bind”)

Proto-Germanic: *waibjō

Old Norse: veifa (“flag”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waypáyati

Sanskrit: वेपयति (vepayati, “to cause to tremble, agitate, shake, move”)

Proto-Iranian: *waypáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaēpaiieⁱti)

*wi-né-b-ti ~ *wi-m-b-énti

Proto-Germanic: *wimpaną

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *wimpilaz (“wrapped cloth, scarf, wimple”) (see there for further descendants)

*wip-rós (“trembling, swinging, agitated”)

Proto-Germanic: *wibraz (“missile, sword”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiprás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wibrāō (“trembling”)

Latin: vibrō (“to move to and fro”)

Proto-Germanic: *waibōną

Old English: wāfian (“to be agitated, to stare in amazement”)

*weyp-s-

Proto-Slavic: *visěti

Proto-Slavic: *věšati

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: viẽpti, viẽpia, viẽpē (“to make a face, gape”)

Latvian: viẽptiês, viêptiês (“to rotate, twist, makea face, grimace”)

Lithuanian: vaipī́tis (“to grimace, make a sour face, bend”)

Lithuanian: vī́burti, vī́buria, vī́burē (“swing, turn around, flutter”)

Lithuanian: vìpti, vim̃pa, vìpo (“to fall off, gape”)

Lithuanian: vỹpti, vỹpsta, vỹpo (“to bend”)

Latvian: vaîbît, vaîbu, vaîbît (“to distort, adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: viêbt, viêbju, viêbĩju (“to adjust (one's face)”)

Latvian: vìepe (“covering, casing, linen envelope”)

Latvian: viept, viepju, viepu (“to cover, distort (one's face)”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waypas

Proto-Iranian: *waypah (“inspired song”) (possibly)

→ Old Armenian: վէպ (vēp)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wip-, wīpäṣṣäṃ (“to shake, swing”, 3s.)

Tocharian B: waipalau, waiwalau (“vertigo, giddiness”)

Tocharian B: waipe* (m.sg.), waipe (“banner, flag”, obl.sg.)


ksweybʰ-

ksweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷsweybʰ- (canonical)
kʷseybʰ- (canonical)

*kswéybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swībaną (“to revolve, sway, sweep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwáypati, *kšwáybʰati

Proto-Iranian: *xšwáypati, *xšwáybati (“to vibrate, tremble, shake”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *šibati (“to whip”) (see there for further descendants)

*kswip-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwipáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣipáti

Sanskrit: क्षिपति (kṣipáti, “to throw”)

*kswibʰ-néh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Germanic: *swippōną (see there for further descendants)

*kswoybʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swaipijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšwaypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣaypáyati

Sanskrit: क्षेपयति (kṣepayati, “to cause to cast, throw into”)

*kswibʰ-éh₁-ti (*éh₁-stative)

Proto-Celtic: *xswibīti (“move, recede”)

Middle Irish: scibid

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid (see there for further descendants)


-MAL

Root not found in other Athabaskan languages. Maybe related to mąʼii (“coyote”).


-DLOOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *dlu̓ž (“quadruped trots”). Occurs only in Southern Athabaskan languages.

inh

to go on all four, to creep, to trot (a horse)


-DÉÉL

From Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ (“plural or rope-like subject falls or moves abruptly”).
Found in a wide range of extended meanings across all Athabaskan languages including Navajo, with potentially convergence in shape with other roots (see below Proto-Athabaskan *dətɬʼ “to jolt”), making the analyzis quite difficult.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ∅+daetlʼ (“plural S go, fly”), ałdaetlʼ (“I threw them, moved them quickly”), niłdełdeł (“he struck them together”), yaldaetlʼ (“he ate them”), Gwich'in kʼeegiidàl (“they arrived”), naljil (“I ate them”).
The Navajo root describes the movement of a slender flexible object (as a rope, a chain, a wire,...), of objects coming in pairs (as gloves, shoes, scissors,...), or of a group of animate objects (as a band, a tribe, a herd). Extended meanings include the eating of plural objects (as berries), the slamming of an object (like a rope but not exclusively) against another one, and the conception of a baby or egg.

SFO moves or falls (a rope, a pair of shoes, a tribe)
 2. to eat plural objects


-DÉÉL

From Proto-Athabaskan *də̓tɬʼ (“to jolt”). Maybe related to -DÉÉL above from Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ, with its extended meaning related to “hitting”, “striking” or “slamming”.
Cognate root found in Koyukon əłdəł (“he shook, quivered”), Carrier usdił (“to be nervous”), Gwich'in gwaahdàl (“it is trembling”), Chipewyan dɛldɛ́l (“(teeth) are rattling”).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHyati (see there for further descendants)

*uh₁y-éye-ti (“to wrap, plait”, zero-grade causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uHyáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uHyáyati

Sanskrit: व्ययति (vyáyati)

Proto-Italic: *wijejō

Latin: vieō (“to bind, plait, weave”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *winati (“to bend, enclose”)

Old Irish: ad·fen (“repay, requite”)

Old Irish: ar·fen

Old Irish: for·fen

Old Irish: im·fen (“enclose, hedge round”)

*uh₁i-t (zero-grade root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-mn̥ ~ *uh₁i-mén-s (“plaiting”) (see there for further descendants)

*weh₁i-ro-s (“turned, twisted”)

Proto-Celtic: *weiros (“crooked”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīraz (“wire”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀš-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vixati

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀšuras, *weiˀšulas (“whirlwind”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéh₁i-ti-s ~ *uh₁i-téy-s (“willow; that which twines or bends”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *waigaz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wajjuz (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)

*woh₁y-éh₂ (“branch, twig”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wejā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *věja

Old Church Slavonic: вѣꙗ (věja)

Slovene: vȇja (tonal orthography)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vějьka (“twig”)

Bulgarian: ве́йка (véjka)

Russian: ве́йка (véjka)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waHyáH

Sanskrit: वया (vayā́)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀn-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀníkas (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀnukas

Latvian: vaîņuks (dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *věnъkъ (see there for further descendants)

*uh₁y-ḗn (possibly)

Proto-Hellenic: *uyḗn

Ancient Greek: ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”)

*wéyh₁-ō ~ *wih₁-n-és (“(*product of the vine >) wine”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *witos

Old Irish: fithe (“woven, plaited”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: witwan

Proto-Slavic: *větvь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wítus

Ancient Greek: ἴτῠς (ítus, “felloe”)

Aeolic Greek: ϝῐ́τῠς (wítus)

Proto-Italic: *witus

Latin: vitus (“felloe”)


-ʼÉÉL

From Proto-Athabaskan *’etɬʼ ~ *’ʷətɬ’ (“plural subjects float or swim”).
Occurs in a very productive motion theme related to floating or sailing, but also occurs in a couple of unproductive bases related to the action of water (flush, sift, sweat, dissolve), and in a neuter theme (to droop or hang down).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ilʼaetlʼ (“they arrived swimming”), tezʼaetlʼ (“(a dam) washed out”), tełʼaetlʼ (“he hung it up”), with similar extended meanings.

inh

*’etɬʼ ~ *’ʷətɬ’


काश्

head

काश् • (kāś)

sa-root

काश् • (kāś)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kā́ś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ć-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).
Cognates include Proto-Slavic *kāzàti (“to show”) and Ancient Greek τέκμᾰρ (tékmar, “token”).

inh

to shine brightly, to have an agreeable appearance


-ʼĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa (“to handle compact object”), with nasalized perfective *ʼa-nʸ.
One of the most productive root occurring in all Athabaskan languages, in a wide range of themes and specialized meanings.
Cognate root found in Ahtna zʼaan (“it is in position”), yiniʼaan (“he arrived carrying it”), diniʼaan (“he brought the news”), nikuniʼaan (“it is planned”), [Term?] (“sun moves”), with similar extended meanings.


रञ्ज्

head

रञ्ज् • (rañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“to dye”). Cognate with Proto-Iranian *ra(n)ǰ- (“to colour, dye”), whence Persian رخش (raxš, “red”), Khwarezmian rxtk (raxtak, “red”), Mazanderani رش (raš, “red (of cattle)”), Northern Kurdish reş (“black”) and Sogdian [script needed] (rɣš- /raxš/, “Rakhsh”), as well as Ancient Greek ῥέζω (rhézō, “I dye, paint”).


-TSʼǪ́Ǫ́D

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸʼə̓tʼ (“to stretch”). Maybe cognate with -TSʼID (“tough, sinewy”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nicʼetʼ (“it is stretched out”).


-BĄ́Ą́Z

The root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”) is cognate with the root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghalbas (“it is rolling along”), nelbaatsʼ (“it is spherical”).


-JÉÉʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *džeq’, a root with multiple meanings throughout the Athabaskan languages, related to sticky matter, and to the handling or movement of a liquid, viscous or granular mass or of a plurality of objects.
Compare Carrier dzeh (“gum, resin”), esdzeh (“to glue, to weld”), nenesdzeh (“to put liquid, grease”), nedisdzeh (“to put hay or moss”), Mattole dehdidžeɣ (“they float”), Koyukon nitoxadaniłdzaq (“a lot of driftwood has accumulated in the water”), Dena'ina -džax (“pl. S run”), nə-džax (“pl. S fly”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to the parallel positioning of plural elongated subjects (sticks, ropes or animated), to the running of plural subjects (see also yideeł and yilé for a similar connection between the movement of rope-like objects (SFO) and running), and to the greasing or sticking of objects.

cog

plural S lie, recline
 2. plural S run
 3. to stick, to cause to adhere, to smear, to grease


pewḱ-

Proto-Hellenic: *péukā

desctree

Ancient Greek: πεύκη (peúkē)
Greek: πεύκο (péfko)

Proto-Tocharian: *pyäwtsyā

→ Proto-Nuristani: *pyóccī

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: pǖći

Kativiri: pīći

Prasuni: vyoć

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: pić

Waigali: püć

Proto-Germanic: *fiuhtijǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *fiuhtijā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pjauśjāˀ

Old Prussian: peuse

*púḱ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puśis

Lithuanian: pušìs

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuxtākā

Middle Irish: ochtach

According to Beekes, probably not related to *pewǵ- (“to punch, prick”).


pewǵ-

*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)

Latin: pungō

*puǵ-s

Proto-Hellenic: *púks

Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)

Proto-Italic: *pūgjō

Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)

*puǵ-li-s

Proto-Italic: *pugls

Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́

Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)

*puǵ-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *pugnos

Latin: pugnus (“fist”)

>? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)

Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *púktās

Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *φougīti

Old Irish: *óigid, con·óigi (“to sew”)

Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)

Irish: fuaigh

Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh

⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)

Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).


-NAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).

inh

to live
 2. to last, to endure (supplies)
 3. to act slowly


-NAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).


-NAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.
Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).

cog

FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)
 2. to crawl, to creep


kl̥H-

*kl̥H-wó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kl̥Hwás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kl̥Hwás

Sanskrit: कुल्व (kulvá)

Proto-Iranian: *kr̥Hwáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (kaᵘruua)

Persian: کل (kal, “bald”)

→ Turkish: kel

Proto-Italic: *kalowos

Latin: calvus (“bald, hairless”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kalowā

Latin: calva (“skull”) (see there for further descendants)

Formally unable to be related to Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“naked, head”); however, the superficial phonetic and semantic resemblance of the two roots, as well as the existence of words meaning "bald" (a non-basic vocabulary term) in various descendants of both roots via the same suffixing pattern of -wó-s, is striking.


-TʼAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼɑɢ (“to fly”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nitʼak (“it arrived flying”), Gwich'in naałtʼak (“I flew a plane”).


*bʰéyh₂-e-tor ~ *bʰéyh₂-o-ntor (mediopassive root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHatay (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baĩdît

Lithuanian: baidýti

Old Prussian: pobaiint

desc

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀsás (“demon, evil spirit”)

Proto-Italic: *foiðō

⇒ Proto-Italic: *foiðos

Latin: foedus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéyh₂-t ~ *bʰih₂-ént (athematic root perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHt

Sanskrit: भेम (bhema, 1pl.inj.act.)

*bʰí-bʰeyh₂-ti (i-reduplicated present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bajā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰíbʰayHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bíbʰayHti

Sanskrit: बिभेति (bibheti)

*bʰi-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰi-bʰih₂-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *bibāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰibʰā́yHa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰiHtás (see there for further descendants)


*bʰéyh₂-ti ~ *bʰih₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtei (“to beat”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰih₂-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *bijēną, *biēną (“to hit”)

Icelandic: bjá

*bʰi-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *binati (“to strike, hit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *finō

Latin: *perfinō (“I break”), perfinēs (2p.sing.pres.act.subj.)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰītrós

Ancient Greek: φιτρός (phitrós, “trunk, log”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtwāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bìtva (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀjas

Proto-Slavic: *bojь (“a battle, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bainą (see there for further descendants)

Possibly connected with *bʰeyh₂- (“to shake; to fear”) above, as a semantic relationship between “shake” and “strike” is widely paralleled.


-TʼOD

Exact identification of the root is difficult.
Possibly cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to suck”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck, or muddy matter moves”) describing the subject's mud-like texture. Compare Ahtna kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon xɑltʼut (“area is muddy”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùd-ā (“to be boiled soft”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùh-ā (“to be silky, velvety”).
Alternatively, cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to tear”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), describing the subject's tearing apart from being too soft or overboiled.

inh

to be soft, tender, flexible, over-boiled


-TʼOD

Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼʊɢ (“to shoot an arrow”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-g> -ʼ or -h would be expected). The original velar resurfaces in béésh astʼogii (“flint arrowhead”). See -TʼOH for the regularly derived root.
Alternatively, from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼut’ (“to suck”). Compare Koyukon utʼʊtʼ (“it sticks by suction, (fabric) sticks to the needle”). See -TʼÓÓD for the regularly derived root.


-TʼÓÓD

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck”). Related to -TʼOD (“to be soft”) and -TʼOH (“to smoke”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ighiłtʼuutʼ (“he sucked it”), kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon yiltʊt (“he sucked it on it once”), Carrier əst’ət (“to smoke”).


-TʼÓÓD

Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-čʼ> -sh would be expected). See also -TʼOD (“arrow sticks”) for a similar issue.
Compare Ahtna idghiltʼuutsʼ (“he peels it”), Carrier əst’us (“to strip”), hanəzt’ûz (“to be bald”), with meanings identical to the ones found in Navajo.

to tear, to peel, to wear out
 2. to wipe


ḱeyp-

*ḱoyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipeitei

desc

Lithuanian: šaipýtis (“to ridicule, snarl at”)

*ḱoyp-ós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śaipas

Lithuanian: šaĩpas (“ridicule, mockery”)

*ḱoyp-stis

Proto-Germanic: *haifstiz (“conflict”) (see there for further descendants)


-TÁÁL

From Proto-Athabaskan *tatłʼ (“to act abruptly with the foot”), in bases related to stepping, stomping, kicking. Also occurs in a meaning related to bursting and exploding.
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiztał (“he shoved it once with his foot”), yuninitaatlʼ (“he kicked at it”), iʼdiiłtatlʼ (“I burst something”), Carrier əstał (“to kick”), dîstəł (“to explode”).


-TÁÁL

Probably identical to the above root. Occurs in Southern Athabaskan in bases related to singing or holding a ceremony.
Compare Ahtna deltatl’ (“make a speech”), Lower Tanana deltutł (“he is talking loudly”), Carrier dəztəl (“to shout”), themselves extension of the bursting / explosion meaning above.


-TŁIZH

Cognate root not found outside of Southern Athabaskan.


-WOD

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊ̓t’ (“to be bent, curved”). Occurs also in a secondary meaning related to wriggling, jiggling, and by extension, in some Athabaskan languages including Navajo, to being agile and running.
Cognate root found in Ahtna dezghotʼ (“it is bent”), Carrier nəlɣwət (“to wriggle”), nəsɣwət (“to be agile, rapid”).
Occurs in Navajo in two additional extended meanings related to limping and to rocking. The “rock” theme uses a different momentaneous stem set, and might be a different root altogether.

inh

to bend, to flex, to disjoint; to limp
 2. to rock
 3. to run


-GOʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢʊ̓k’ (“to bump into, to rush”).

to fall (animate), to rush (stream), to billow (fog)
 2. to tackle, to butt, to collide; (tr.) to bang O, to hit O


-ZǪ́Ǫ́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *huˑs (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna niniyuus (“stretch it out!”), Koyukon kʼətalhuł (“to spread something out”), Chipewyan tɛsθuθ (“I am dragging it”), naasdðuθ (“I usually turn it inside out”), Mattole -yoos (“to skin it”).

cog

to pull or tear gently
 2. to be striped


प्लु

head

प्लु • (plu)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *plu-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *plu-, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Cognate with English flow, float, Ancient Greek πλέω (pléō), Old Armenian լուանամ (luanam) and Russian плыть (plytʹ) ("to swim", "to float").

प्लुत

floated, flown, leapt; overlong (of a vowel)

प्लुति

flood, overflowing; leap, capering; prolation of a vowel


-ZĮĮD

From Proto-Athabaskan *zən (“to think”). Relates to the mind.
Cognate root found in Ahtna nizen (“he thinks”), Chipewyan yɛnɛsθən (“I think”), Gwich'in yiyindhan (“he wants it”).


हु

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰaw-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰaw-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


-TŁʼÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłʼa ~ *tłʼe (“herd moves”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna teltłʼaa (“a herd started moving”), Chipewyan ɛltłʼɛł (“it (a caribou) is trotting”).


-DO

From Proto-Athabaskan *dʊɣ̇ (“gas moves”).
Describes the movement of gas (air, cloud, smoke) in motion themes and the bursting of gas containers (as a sack of air, a tyre) in successive themes.
Cognate root found in Ahtna kekuldogh (“area becomes foggy”), ldogh (“it cracked”).

to float in the air (smoke, cloud, balloon)


-JID

Derivation uncertain. This root is not found outside of Navajo.


ह्वे

head

ह्वे • (hve)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰway-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰway-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwey-, metathesized from *ǵʰéw-ye-ti, from *ǵʰewH- (“to invoke, to call on”).

to call, call upon, summon, challenge, invoke, call on


-KĘ́Ę́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʷetsʼ (“stick-like or heavy object falls”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghilkaetsʼ (“(knife, box) fell down”), Chipewyan -kɛ́θ (“long object drops”).
The nasal vowel, found only in Navajo, is unexplained. See also -KÉÉZ where some confusion has arisen.


-KÉÉZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʊs-x (“to cough”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delkos (“he is coughing”), Carrier dəlkwəs (“he coughs”).
Occurs in Southern Athabaskan along with tsí-thematic in bases related to thinking. This meaning is probably rather related to the non-nasalized form of -KĘ́Ę́Z (in which the nazalization is non-etymological).

to cough
 2. to think, to ponder, to decide


-ZIIL

From Proto-Athabaskan *zəl (“to be hot”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼiziił (“it got warm”), Carrier hodinzil (“weather is warm”).


-KʼAAZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *q’ɑ̓ts’ (“to be cold”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nezkʼatsʼ (“it is cold”), Carrier sək’əz (“to be cold”), Chipewyan huk’að (“cold weather”).


-ZO

From Proto-Athabaskan *zʊɣ̇ (“to scrape”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ighizogh (“he scraped it”), Carrier təszoh (“to rake it”).
In Southern Athabaskan, the root evolved to mean “to mark”, “to draw a line or a border”. In Navajo, it is also found in bases related to the four operations.

to mark, to draw, to write
 2. to add, to subtract, to multiply


-DZĮ́Į́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *huˑs (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull”).


-NISH

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəš-x (“to move quickly”).
Cognate root found in Chipewyan násnís (“I move quickly”), Northern Tutchone naɣadəlniš (“he is working”).


-TŁÉÉʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłeqʼʷ, classificatory root for mushy or decrepit objects (as mud, butter, a rotten rag), or animate object sharing such characteristics (as a frog, a drunken person).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghitlaeʼ (“he handed (some mud)”), nałtloʼ (“it became wet”), Gwich'in naałtłik (“I threw it (a rotten cloth) down”).
Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme describing the hopping of a frog (literally, a mushy object throwing itself successively).

to handle or propelmushy matter (as butter, mud)
 2. to be wet


-LÓÓZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *lus (“to drag, usually with a rope”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *ł-həwəs. Cognate with -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull, to tear”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna daluus (“he is dragging it”), Koyukon yolułtł (“he is dragging it along”).


-ʼEEZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼe̓ž (“to string fish or beads”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna *inezʼaes (“he strung them”).
Evolved in Navajo to mean “lead 2+ objects”, in contrast with -LÓÓZ, “lead a single object”.

inh

to lead plural object
 2. to stringbeads


-TSOOZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸu̓z, classificatory root for flat flexible objects, as fabric, skins or paper.
Cognate root found in Koyukon yitłkuł (“he has it (a blanket) there”), Carrier tətšus (“to carry it off (as sheets)”).


-TĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *tan ~ *tən (“to handle stick-like objects or vessels”), probably one of the most polysemous root across all Athabascan languages.
Cognate root found in Ahtna deztaan (“(elongated object) is in position”), datiił (“he is counting”),
natadghitaan (“water drips down”),
hwghitaʼ (“it stops”),
tinitaan (“there is a trail”),
łtaan (“(enclosed object) is in position”), dełtaan (“(body of water) is in position”), sa dinhwtniłten (“explain to me!”), titahdiniłtaan (“they rushed off in a group”), l+taan (“animate rests”), among many other meanings in the sole Ahtna language.
Occurs in Navajo as momentaneous perfective -TĄ́ or -TĄ́Ą́ʼ, in themes related to the handling of stick-like objects (SSO), to raining, to teaching, to the gallopping of a horse, and also acts as the suppletive neuter stem of -BIN (plural S sit).

cog

to handle a slender stiff object
 2. to rain
 3. to teach; to understand, to guess
 4. plural S sit
 5. to gallop


bʰers-

*bʰars- ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)

Albanian: bar (“grass”)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)

Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)

Breton: bara (“bread”)

Old Cornish: bara

Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)

Welsh: bara (“bread”)

Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”)

English: bere, barley

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “barley”)

Old Norse: barr (“grain”)

Proto-Italic: *fars

Latin: far (“type of husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, grits”)

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”)

*bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰrus-go-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?)

Frankish: *brusk

→ Old French: brosse, broce, broche

→ Middle English: brusche, brusshe

English: brush

Old Norse: brúskr

Icelandic: brúskur

Norwegian: brusk (“shrub, undergrowth”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos

>? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)

desc

Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)

*bʰr̥s-t-yós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥s-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *barros (“top, point”) (< earlier *barsos)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: barr

Breton: barr

Cornish: bar

Middle Welsh: barr
Welsh: bar

Old Irish: barr

*bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s

Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ

Sanskrit: भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “a point, top”)

Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (voᵘru-bar^əšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)

Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom

Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-

*bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina

Proto-Slavic: *bȏršьno (“flour, food”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bar(š)- + *-ība

Latvian: barĩba (“food”)

*bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f

Proto-Italic: *farsīnā

Latin: fārīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)

*bʰórs-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *barskaz

Old Saxon: *barsk

Middle Low German: barsch (“sharp, rough, stern”)

→ German: barsch

→ Danish: barsk

→ Norwegian: barsk

→ Swedish: barsk

Unsorted formations:

Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)

Compounds

*bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o- (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *brosdos

Old Irish: brot (“goad, spike”)

Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)

Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m

Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)

Old High German: brart (“edge”)

Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)

Old Norse: *bradd

Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)

Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)

Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)

Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”) (see there for further descendants)


दॄ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dar-, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, to tear, to crack”). Cognate with English tear, Ancient Greek δέρω (dérō), Macedonian дере (dere), Persian دریدن (daridan, “to tear”). The "heed" meaning is probably a semantic specialization of the original "tear" meaning.

inh

to tear (something) to pieces, to wrench

to be dispersed or scattered (as an army)


लुभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”). Cognate with English love, Latin libido, Russian люби́ть (ljubítʹ), Albanian lyp and Czech libý.


-DǪǪD

From Proto-Athabaskan *dəmʼ (“to become taut”). Maybe cognate with -DON (“to explode”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nidonʼ (“it is taut”), nełdonʼ (“he jerks it”).


*ǵʰréh₁d-e-ti (thematic present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *grētaną (“to weep, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰráHdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰráHdati

Sanskrit: ह्रादते (hrā́date, “to sound, make noise”)

Proto-Iranian: *jráHdati

>? Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (zrāda, “chainmail”)

*ǵʰroh₁d-éye-ti (causative)

>? Proto-Celtic: *glādītor (deponent)

⇒ Old Irish: ad·gládathar (“to address”)

Proto-Germanic: *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep, scold, address”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχλαδα (kékhlada, “to sound, sing aloud”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: krāt- (“to challenge”)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: griddfan

Welsh: griddfan (“to groan”)

found at least in Old Irish ad·gládathar and Ancient Greek κέχλᾱδα (kékhlāda)


-DON

From Proto-Athabaskan *dəmʼ (“to become taut, full to burst”). Cognate with -DǪǪD (“to straighten up”).

inh

to blast, to explode, to shoot, to fire a gun


prew-

*préw-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práwatay

Sanskrit: प्रवते (právate)

*prow-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frawaz (see there for further descendants)

*prew-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prawás

Sanskrit: प्रव (pravá)

*prów-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *frauþaz

*pru-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prutás

Sanskrit: प्रुत (prutá)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: پر (par) (present stem of پریدن (paridan, “to jump, fly”))


-TSAII

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsaˑʼy (“to be dry”).


*sh₂-né-k-ti ~ *sh₂-n-k-énti (post-PIE nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *sankjō (see there for further descendants)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒅖 (ša-ak-la-iš), 𒊭𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-ak-la-a-iš), 𒊭𒀀𒀝𒆷𒀀𒅖 (ša-a-ak-la-a-iš /šāklāiš/)

*séh₂k-mn̥ ~ *sh₂k-mén-s

Italic:

Latin: sagmen

Proto-Italic: *sākris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sakros (see there for further descendants)


-TSEII

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsaˑʼy (“to be dry”). Cognate root found in Ahtna naghaltsaay’ (“they dried up”).
Also spelt as -TSAII.


prep-

*prép-e-ti

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երեւիմ (erewim)

Proto-Hellenic: *prépō

Ancient Greek: πρέπω (prépō)

*pr̥p-yé-ti

>? Proto-Germanic: *furbijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *furbēn (see there for further descendants)

*prép-tu-s ~ *pr̥p-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrixtus

*próp-os (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεο-πρόπος (theo-própos)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: երես (eres)


bʰreHg-

*bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *bragyeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰréHg-ye-ti

(possibly) Germanic: *brēkijaną

Middle High German: bræhen

*bʰréHg-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥Hg-mén-s

Proto-Celtic: *braxsman

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bramm

Cornish: bram

Middle Welsh: bram

Old Irish: broim

*bʰr̥Hg-nó-s

Proto-Celtic: *bragnos

Proto-Brythonic: *braɨn

Middle Breton: brein

Breton: brein

Middle Welsh: braen

Middle Irish: brén

Hispano-Celtic:

Galician: braña

*bʰr̥Hg-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *fragros → *fragrāō

Latin: fragrō

Unsorted descendants:

(possibly) Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brāˀg-

desc

Proto-Slavic: *braga (“pre-distilled alcohol mixture, must”)

Proto-Slavic: *bražiti (“to ferment”) (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *brězgati/*brьzgati (“to burst, to get bitter, to decompose”) (inchoative)

Proto-Slavic: *broščь (“madder (Rubia tinctorum)”)


bʰreyH-

*bʰriH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *brìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰri-né-H-ti ~ *bʰriH-né-n-ti (nasal-infix present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brinati
Old Irish: ro·bria (3sg. subj.), ro·bríathar (pass. sg. subj.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰriHnáHti, *bʰriHnánti

Sanskrit: बृणाति (bhrīṇā́ti), भ्रीणन्ति (bhrīṇánti)

Proto-Iranian: *briHnáHti, *briHnánti

desc

𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬠𐬭𐬍𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (paⁱribrīnəṇte, 3pl.pres.med.)

Old Persian:

Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅 (brynyd, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brynynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

*bʰriH-nos

(possibly) Germanic: *brīnaz, *brīnijaz

Old English: brīne, brȳne

Middle English: brine, bryne

Scots: brime

English: brine

Old Dutch: *brīni

Middle Dutch: brine

Dutch: brijn

West Flemish: brijne

Old Frisian: brein

West Frisian: brein

*bʰriH-o-s

Proto-Italic: *frios → *friāō

Latin: friō

*bʰriH-wo-s

Proto-Italic: *frīwos

Latin: (re)frīvus

Unsorted formations:

Phrygian: βρειτ (breit)

Proto-Albanian: *brin(i)

Albanian: brij


*dh₂p-yé-ti (yé-present) (Beekes prefers a Pre-Greek origin)

Proto-Hellenic: *dapťō

Ancient Greek: δάπτω (dáptō)

*déh₂p-s ~ *dh₂p-és

Proto-Italic: *daps

Latin: daps

Proto-Germanic: *tappōną

Old Norse: tapa

Icelandic: tapa

Faroese: tapa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tape

Norwegian Nynorsk: tape, tapa

Old Swedish: tappa, tapa

Swedish: tappa

Old Danish: tapæ, tapa

Danish: tabe

Elfdalian: tappa

Gutnish: tappe

Scanian: taba

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տաւն (tawn)

Proto-Germanic: *tabną

Old Norse: tafn

Proto-Italic: *dapnom

Latin: damnum

Proto-Celtic: *daunā

Middle Irish: dúan

Irish: duan

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαπάνη (dapánē)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ᴸᵁtappala-, “person responsible for court cooking”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: tāpal (“food”)


pes-

*pés-os ~ *pés-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *péhos

Ancient Greek: πέος (péos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pásas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pásas

Sanskrit: पसस् (pásas)

*pés-ō ~ *ps-n-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇽𒀸 (LÚ-aš, nom.sg) ~ 𒁉𒌍𒈾𒀸 (pé-eš-na-aš /pešnaš/, gen.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *peznis (< *pésn-i-s ~ *psn̥-yé-s)

Latin: pēnis (see there for further descendants)

*pós-l̥ ~ *pés-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *faslaz (“brood, offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Germanic: *fasl

Old English: fæsl (“offspring, progeny”)

Old High German: fasal (“offspring”)

Middle High German: vasel (“breeding animal”)

German: Fasel

Old Norse: fösull


कुप्

head

कुप् • (kup)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kawp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kawp-, from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- (“to boil, smoke, move violently”). Cognate with Latin cupio (“I desire”), vapor (“steam”), Lithuanian kūpėti, and perhaps Old English hopa (whence English hope).

inh

to swell, heave, or boil with rage or emotion, be angry (with)


puH-

*púH-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pũt (with ste-present)

Lithuanian: pū́ti (with ne-present)

*púH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHyati

Sanskrit: पूयति (pū́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *púHyati

Avestan: 𐬞𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (puiieti)

*powH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*púH-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́tʰomai

Ancient Greek: πῡ́θομαι (pū́thomai)

*puH-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūlaz (see there for further descendants)

*pewH-l-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: praûls

Lithuanian: piaũlas

*pewH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: piaulaĩ

*puH-l-yo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pūlis

Lithuanian: pū́liai

*puH-ō

Proto-Germanic: *fūô

Old Norse: fúi

Faroese: fúgvi

*púH-o-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῦον (pûon), πῡός (pūós)

Greek: πύον (pýon), πύο (pýo)

*púH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: puvesis

Lithuanian: puvė̃sis

Proto-Hellenic: *pū́os

Ancient Greek: πῡ́ος (pū́os)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHas

Sanskrit: पुवस् (púvas)

Proto-Italic: *puos

Latin: pūs (see there for further descendants)

*puH-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *fūanaz

Old Norse: fúinn

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)

Proto-Iranian: *puHtáh

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (pwtk /pūdag/)

Proto-Italic: *pūtēō (< *pūtos)

Latin: pūteō

*púH-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *púHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *púHtiṣ

Sanskrit: पूति (pū́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *púHtiš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pūⁱti)

Middle Persian: pwtk' (pūdag)

Persian: پود (pud), پوده (pude)

→ Old Armenian: փուտ (pʻut)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *putso

Albanian: + -rr

Albanian: puçërr

Proto-Albanian: *spHul

Albanian: fëlliq


pers-

*pérs-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párṣati

Sanskrit: पर्षति (párṣati)

*pe-pérs-ti ~ *pe-pr̥s-énti (reduplicated athematic present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉺𒀊𒈦𒀸𒍣 (pa-ap-pár-as-zi)

*pr̥s-ló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *puršlas

Lithuanian: pur̃slas

*pérs-ont-s ~ *pŕ̥s-ont-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥šants

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (paršuiia)

Northern Kurdish: pelişîn (“to scatter, sprinkle, crush, decay”)

Persian: پاشیدن (pâšidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥ṣants

Sanskrit: पृषत् (pṛ́ṣat)

*pors-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paršas

Latvian: pā̀rsla

Proto-Slavic: *pȏrxъ (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piršas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rxъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fursaz (see there for further descendants)

*pŕ̥s-ti-s ~ *pr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirštis

Latvian: pìrkstis

Lithuanian: pir̃kšnys

Proto-Slavic: *pь̑rstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *pärs-

Tocharian A: präsā-

⇒ Tocharian A: pärs-

→? Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰺𐰽 (bars /b¹r¹s¹/, “leopard”)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽻 (bars), 𐾀𐽰𐽿𐾅 (taš)

Tocharian B: pärsā-


-KWI

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʊɣʸ (“to vomit”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna natkoy (“he is vomiting”).


-TŁʼIS

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əts’ (“to be hard, solid”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼitlʼiitsʼ (“it hardens, coagulates”).


भ्री

head

भ्री • (bhrī)


-GAN

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢa̓nʸ (“to be dry”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna zggan (“it is dried”). See also Navajo asgąʼ (“dried remains”).


-TŁʼÍÍD

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’it’ (“liquid or granular matter moves or splashes; to fart”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghitlʼiitʼ (“(water, sand) fell down”), ztlʼiitʼ (“it farted”).
Also occur in Navajo with the meaning “to limber up, to rest up”, of uncertain derivation.

cog

to throw, to toss plural objects
 2. to spurt, to fart
 3. to recuperate, to rest up, to limber up


-TSʼǪ́Ǫ́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *ts’ųts’ (“to suck, to kiss”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiztsʼos (“he is sucking it once”).


-KĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *qanʸ (“to be sweet, to taste good”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ilkaanʼ (“it became tasty”).


त्सर्

head

त्सर् • (tsar)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tsar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tsar-, from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (“to sneak”). Cognate with Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, “to creep”), and possibly Proto-Germanic *stelaną, whence Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan), Old Norse stela (Danish stjæle, Swedish stjäla), German stehlen, and Old English stelan (English steal).


-ZĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *zan (“to beat wife or spouse”).

inh

to beat one's wife, to have a violent domestic quarrel


-ZHIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *žəž (“to sip hot liquid”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna izes (“drink (tea)”), Carrier əszəz (“drink soup with a spoon”).


-YEʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣe (“to call a name”).


warš-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wárṣmā

desc

Sanskrit: वर्ष्मन् (várṣman, “summit, top”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wers- > *werš- (Ruki sound law) > *warš-.


-CHA

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʷe̓ɣ (“to cry”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tsagh (“he is crying”).


-CHʼĄĄʼ

Cognate root not found in other Athabaskan languages.

to decorate, to draw, to paint; to trick


-DLÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *łe̓dž (“to plaster with mud”). Cognate with łeezh (“soil, dirt, ashes”), dleesh (“white clay”).


twerḱ-

*twr̥ḱ-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥ćáti

Proto-Iranian: *twr̥cáti

desc

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (frāθβər^əsaēta, “to cut”, 2pl.opt.act.)

*tworḱ-ó-s (“cutter, boar”)

Proto-Celtic: *tworkos (“boar”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twarćas

Proto-Iranian: *θwarcah

Avestan: 𐬚𐬡𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬋 (θβər^əsō, “piglet”)

*twr̥-n-ḱ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Italic: *trunkos

Latin: truncus (“a cut off piece; maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

*turḱ-s (s-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *truxs (“slain, cut man”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *súrks, *swə́rks

Ancient Greek: σύρξ (súrx), σάρξ (sárx, “piece of meat, body part”)

Proto-Italic: *truks

Latin: trux (“wild, fierce, harsh”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *turḱ-s-os

Proto-Celtic: *truxsos (“a cut off piece”) (see there for further descendants)

*twérḱ-tōr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárštā (see there for further descendants)


शङ्क्

head

शङ्क् • (śaṅk)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to hang”). Cognate with English hang and Latin cūnctor (“I delay, I stall (something)”).

शङ्कयति

to cause anxiety, to render someone doubtful

शङ्का

doubt, distrust, hesitation, supposition


ḱers-

*ḱr̥s-é-ti (zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzaną (“to rush”)

English: hurry

Proto-Italic: *korzō (“I run”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-néh₂-ti ~ *ḱr̥s-n̥h₂-énti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *hurzōną (“to rush”)

*ḱr̥s-kó-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hurskaz (“quick, lively”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥s-ó-s

*ḱr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *korstos

Latin: cursus

*ḱr̥s-r-u-

Proto-Tocharian: *kwärsär (“league, path, course”)

Tocharian A: kursär

Tocharian B: kwarsär


*h₁i-h₁éysh₂-ti ~ *h₁i-h₁ish₂-énti (reduplicated present)

(perhaps) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰάομαι (iáomai, “to cure, heal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHišHánti

Proto-Iranian: *HiHišHántī

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬍 (išəṇtī, 3pl.pres.act.ind.), 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬝 (išat̰, 3sg.pres.act.inj.)

*h₁is-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₁is-n-h₂-énti (nasal present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἰνάω (ináō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HišnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiṣṇáHti

Sanskrit: इष्णाति (iṣṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíšHyati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁oysh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HayšHáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *eizā

Latin: īra (“anger, wrath”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aisōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáyšHmas

Proto-Iranian: *HáyšHmah (see there for further descendants)


𐬨𐬀𐬥

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *man-, from Proto-Indo-European *men-.


𐬐𐬀𐬭

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kar-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-.


𐬬𐬌𐬛

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd-. Compare Sanskrit विद् (vid).


-BÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *-weˑdžʷ (“to cook by boiling”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yełaets (“I'm cooking it”), Koyukon *ləbats (“it got cooked by boiling”),


-BÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *wədž (“to spread, to stretch”). Cognate with -BIZH (“to braid”).

inh

to lie scattered
 2. to be dirty with adhering matter


-ZHIʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ži (“to name it”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yuzii (“he is calling him”).


-DZIL

From Proto-Athabaskan *dzəl (“to be solid, firm, thick”). Compare also Navajo dziil (“strength”) and dził (“mountain”).

to make an effort, to strain
 2. to be strong, to firm


-GEED

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢed (“to stick, to poke”), also found in a number of disparate meanings, including “to crawl, to go on all four” (giving the Navajo meaning “to buck”).
Related to Navajo god (“knee”).

yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd#Navajo

yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd#Navajo

to dig, to shovel; to stick, to jab
 2. to buck, to move bucking (a horse)


-LOʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *lʊk’ (“to handle rope-like object”).

to act with a rope: to carry suspended, to drive, to lasso, to weigh...


-TSĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsa-nʸ (“to catch sight of”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiłtsaan (“he caught sight of”).


-TSĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *da̓-tsa-nʸ (“singular S dies”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna daztsaan (“he dies”).


शक्

→ Kannada: ಶಕ್ಯ (śakya, “possible”)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *śak-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćak-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- (“to be able”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬐- (sak-, “to agree”), Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”), perhaps whence English hex (“to cast a spell”) and hag (“witch-like woman”), and Old Irish cécht (“might, power”).

शक्मन्

power, strength, ability, capacity, enterprise

शग्म

potent, mighty, efficacious; friendly, supportive, enabling


-TAAZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tatsʼ (“to twist, to roll”).


नु

From Proto-Indo-European *newH- (“to cry”), whence Old Irish núall (“a loud noise”), Tocharian B nu- (“to roar”), and perhaps Latin nūntius (“messenger”).


नु

Related to Proto-Iranian *nau (“to move”) (whence Persian نویدن (navidan, “to tremble, quiver”)), from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod”), with semantic shift "to nod the head" > "to move in a shaking manner". However, Mayrhofer is skeptical of most attestations of the root in Indic, noting that the Sanskrit passages attributed to the root are just as well interpreted with the "to sound out, praise" meaning of Etymology 2. That said, certain isolated formations like अतिनावयेत् (atināvayet) do seem to point to the root's existence as separate from that of Etymology 2.


-NÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *naʸ (“to move nomadically, to migrate”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nininaa (“he arrived at a place with a group”).

cog

to move household, to migrate, crowd moves


-NÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to capture, to enslave”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna elna (“slave”).


-NÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *naʸ (“to become depleted”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tneznaan (“it went to waste”), hwnełnaan (“he won at gambling”).

plural S die, (impf.) plural S get sick
 2. to win (in a competition)


gʷelbʰ-

*gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δελφύς (delphús, “womb”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀδελφεός (adelpheós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δελφίς (delphís)

⇒ Ancient Greek: Δελφοί (Delphoí)

*gʷl̥bʰus- (zero-grade neuter s-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥buš

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (gər^əbuš, “young animal”)

*gʷólbʰ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δολφός (dolphós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárbʰas (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥-gʷelbʰós (“of the same womb”)

Proto-Hellenic: *əgʷelpʰós (“brother”)

Sanskrit: सगर्भ्य (sagarbhya, “brother”)


-SǪS

Probably related to Proto-Athabaskan *səmˀ (“star”).
Compare Navajo sǫʼ (“star”), Chiricahua sǫǫs (“star”). Other cognates found in Tanacross sénʼ (“star”) and Ahtna sonʼ (“star”).
In Navajo this root is attested only in the neuter imperfective stem.


-TSĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸan (“belly”). Cognate with atsą́ (“belly, abdomen”).
Maybe related to the root -TSĄ́Ą́ʼ (“to rain”).


ḱweyt-

*ḱwéyt-t ~ *ḱwit-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwaytˢt ~ *Háćwitan

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háśwayt ~ *Háświtan

Sanskrit: अश्वितन् (áśvitan, “to become bright, white”)

*ḱwéyt-ti ~ *ḱwit-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweistei

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śweisas

Lithuanian: šviesa (“light”)

*ḱwḗyt-ti ~ *ḱwéyt-n̥ti (Narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwēistei

Lithuanian: šviẽsti (“to shine”)

*ḱwi-né-t-ti ~ *ḱwi-n-t-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwístei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwinátˢti ~ *ćwintánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *świnátti ~ *świntánti

Sanskrit: श्विन्दते (śvindate, “to shine”)

*ḱwéyt-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáytatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwáytatay

Sanskrit: श्वेतते (śvetate, “to shine, be white”)

*ḱwit-éh₁(ye)-ti ~ *ḱwit-е́h₁(ye)-n̥ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *świtḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ó-s (“white”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kweitás (analogical k-?)

Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (or borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwaytás (see there for further descendants)

*ḱweyt-ōr ~ ḱwit-nós?

i

Proto-Germanic: *hwītaz, *hwittaz (see there for further descendants) (Kroonen assumes Kluge's law in the genitive singular)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hwaitijaz (“wheat”) (or < *ḱweyd-) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwoyt-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitas

Proto-Slavic: *světъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śwaitī́ˀtei

Lithuanian: švaitýti

Proto-Slavic: *světiti (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kwaitas (or perhaps from a separate root *kweyt- (“to shine, gleam; to bloom”))

Proto-Slavic: *květъ (“flower”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱwit-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwitrás (see there for further descendants)


मद्

Unsure. Either (1) inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mad- (“to be wet > be drunk”) and cognate with Ancient Greek μαδάω (madáō, “to be soaking wet”) and Latin madeō (“to be wet, drunk”) or (2) from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to become full, sated”) and cognate with Icelandic mettur (“sated”) and Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”).


ईळ्

अ॒ग्निम्ई॒ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॑ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म्।
होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम्॥
agnímīḷé puróhitaṃ yajñásya devámṛtvíjam.

I praise Agni, the high priest of the sacrifice, the divine, the ministrant, who presents the oblation to the gods, and is the possessor of great wealth.


-NIID

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni (“to feel, to think, to want, to wish”). Relates to the mind.
Cognate root found in Ahtna uniʼoʼolnii (“I am attracted to her”), Tanacross shiiníʼ (“my mind”).
-NIID shares many stems with the roots -NÍÍD, -NIIʼ, -NÍÍʼ, -NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.


-NIID

From Proto-Athabaskan *də-ni (“to say”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna desnii (“I say”), sełnii (“he says to me”), Carrier hotni (“it is said”).


-NIID

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni ~ *ni̓gʸ (“to be joyful”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna neniic (“happiness”), Carrier honəsni (“to be joyful”).


-NIID

to affect, to be the solution for, to cure


कॢप्

head

कॢप् • (kḷp)

Uncertain, possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, trim”), whence Latin scalpo (“to carve”) and English sculpt.
Mayrhofer mentions the possibility that the causative कल्पयति (kalpáyati) originated as a p-causative of a variant of कृ (kṛ, “to do, make”). The intransitive कल्पते (kálpate) would then be a backformation from the causative.

चिकल्पयिषति

cikalpayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

to perform, execute, carry out, settle, dispose

to create, prepare, form, produce, compose, invent


-NÍÍD

-NÍÍD shares many stems with the roots -NIID, -NIIʼ, -NÍÍʼ,-NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.


sarȷ́-

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárȷ́ati (“to abandon, let go, discharge”)

From Proto-Indo-European *selǵ-. Cognate with Old English solcen (whence English sulk), Middle High German selken (“drizzle”), possibly Hittite 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”), although the semantic connection is weak.


-YĮ́Į́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇en (“to melt, to thaw”).


-YĮ́Į́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸikʸ ~ *ɣʸitšʼʷ (“to breathe, to rest”), later confused with Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇en (“to melt, to thaw”).
Cognate with the root -DZÍÍʼ (“to breathe”), which can ultimately be analyzed as -d- (classifier) + -YÍÍʼ (?), and with -YIH (“to pant”). Compare also Navajo ayih (“breath”).

*ɣʸikʸ ~ *ɣʸitšʼʷ


-TŁAH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłɑx̣d (“to jump up, to move quickly, to blaze up”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tiltlaat (“single subject moves quickly, runs”), diltlet (“it caught on fire”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to burning, and also in a few bases of disparate meanings in relation with nervosity and heightened feelings, some with unusual prefix compounds, listed below without further grouping.

cog

to burn, to blaze up, to catch fire
 2. to be agitated, hysterical, angry


-TŁAH

Possibly cognate with -TŁAH (“to jump up, to burn”) above. Compare with interjection in Ahtna ostla! (“stop it!”).


-TŁAH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłɑɣ̇ (“to rub oil, to grease”). Perhaps related to -TŁÉÉʼ, classificatory root for mushy matter.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ełtlagh (“I'm rubbing it with oil”).


gʷet-

*gʷét-u ~ gʷt-éw-s

*gʷet-yó-s

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *betyos

Gaulish: *betyos

→ Vulgar Latin: *betius

Catalan: bez

Occitan: bez

Spanish: biezo

*gʷēt-

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdǭ

Old Norse: kváða

Norwegian: kvåde, kode

Swedish: kåda

Elfdalian: kwåða

*gʷēt-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiją

Old Norse: *kvæði

Norwegian: kvæde


gʷet-

*gʷét-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *kweþaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwadjaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷot-ye-ti (ye-present)

Old Armenian: կոչեմ (kočʻem) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷēt-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwēdiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷet-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwidiz (see there for further descendants)

*gʷét-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *kwissiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gatati (see there for further descendants)


-CHʼI

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšʼʷəy ~ *tšʼʷi (“wind blows”).

inh

*tšʼʷəy ~ *tšʼʷi


ع و ن

Originally meaning to ripen or mature, later to help something attain fullness or completion; hence aid in a general sense.

عَوَان

middle-aged, mature age; of a woman who has reached sexual maturity or has had her first child

مُعَوِّن

Form II: عَوَّنَ (ʕawwana, “to support, to maintain; to give financial backing, to supply”); Active participle

تَعَاوُن

Form VI: تَعَاوَنَ (taʕāwana, “to cooperate, to work together”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَاوَن

عَائِن

Form I: عَانَ (ʕāna, “to become middle-aged, to mature”); Active participle

تَعْوِين

Form II: عَوَّنَ (ʕawwana, “to support, to maintain; to give financial backing, to supply”); Verbal noun

مُعَوَّن

to help to accomplish or to be carried out fully

مُعَاوَنَة

Form III: عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana, “to help, to assist”); Verbal noun

مُعَاوِن

Form III: عَاوَنَ (ʕāwana, “to help, to assist”); Active participle

إِعَانَة

Form IV: أَعَانَ (ʔaʕāna, “to help”); Verbal noun

مُعِين

Form IV: أَعَانَ (ʔaʕāna, “to help”); Active participle

مُتَعَاوِن

Form VI: تَعَاوَنَ (taʕāwana, “to cooperate, to work together”); Active participle

اِعْتِيَان

Form VIII: اِعْتَانَ (iʕtāna, “to cause oneself to help, to give care”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَان

Form VIII: اِعْتَانَ (iʕtāna, “to cause oneself to help, to give care”); Active participle

اِسْتِعَانَة

Form X: اِسْتَعَانَ (istaʕāna, “to ask for help”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعِين

Form X: اِسْتَعَانَ (istaʕāna, “to ask for help”); Active participle


ل ح ظ

ar-root

ل ح ظ • (l-ḥ-ẓ)

لَحْظ

Form I: لَحَظَ (laḥaẓa, “to look at”); Verbal noun

لَاحِظ

Form I: لَحَظَ (laḥaẓa, “to look at”); Active participle

مُلَاحَظَة

Form III: لَاحَظَ (lāḥaẓa, “to notice”); Verbal noun

مُلَاحِظ

Form III: لَاحَظَ (lāḥaẓa, “to notice”); Active participle

تَلَحُّظ

Form V: تَلَحَّظَ (talaḥḥaẓa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَحِّظ

Form V: تَلَحَّظَ (talaḥḥaẓa); Active participle


*kowh₂-e-ti (o-grade iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káuˀtei

Latvian: kaût

Lithuanian: káuti

Proto-Slavic: *kuti, *kovati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hawwaną (see there for further descendants)

*kéwdʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present) or *keh₂u-d-, *kuh₂-d-

Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, knock”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kot-

Tocharian B: kaut-

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: kuodas (“tuft”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudā

Latin: cauda (“tail”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudeks

desc

Latin: caudex (“tree trunk, stump; post”), cōdex (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kū́ˀjas

Lithuanian: kū́jis

Proto-Slavic: *kyjь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kawš-

Proto-Iranian: *kawš- (“to fight, struggle; to kill”)

Persian: کُشتَن (koštan, “to kill, put out, switch off, suppress”)

Persian: کوشیدن (kušidan, “to try, strive, endeavor”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kāu- (“kill, strike down, chop”)

Tocharian A: ko-

Tocharian B: kau-

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaatadak (“to overturn; to spill, pour out”)


kʷeḱ-

*kʷéḱ-t ~ *kʷḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákšat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hákṣat

Sanskrit: अक्षत् (ákṣat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háxšat

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬑𐬯𐬋 (āxsō, injunctive), 𐬑𐬯𐬁𐬌 (xsāi, subjunctive)

*kʷḗḱ-ti ~ *kʷéḱ-n̥ti (Narten present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śati

Sanskrit: काशते (kā́śate)

Proto-Iranian: *kā́cati

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬝 (ākasat̰)

*kʷe-kʷóḱ-e ~ *kʷe-kʷḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšr̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćákṣr̥ṣ

Sanskrit: चक्षुर् (cákṣur)

⇒ *kʷé-kʷ-ḱ-u-s (neuter participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čákšuš (see there for further descendants)

?*kʷṓḱ-ye-ti, *kʷṓǵ-ye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kāzàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ćyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́śyati

Sanskrit: काश्यते (kā́śyate)

*kʷéḱ-s-ti ~ kʷḱ-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáštay (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéḱ-mr̥ ~ *kʷḱ-mén-s, *kʷéḱ-mōr ~ *kʷḱ-mn-és (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷékmər, *kʷékmōr

Ancient Greek:

Attic Greek: τέκμᾰρ (tékmar)

Epic Greek: τέκμωρ (tékmōr)

*kʷéḱ-s-mn̥ ~ *kʷḱ-s-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáćšma (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *kekts'en- (“body”)

Tocharian A: kapśañi

Tocharian B: kektseñe


धा

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέμα (théma, “that which is put down”), Proto-Hellenic *tʰétis (“a placement, arrangement”) whence Ancient Greek θέσις (thésis); Latin faciō (“make, do”) whence English fact, factory etc; English do, deed, deem, doom.

cog

हि॒र॒ण्य॒ग॒र्भः सम॑वर्त॒ताग्रे॑ भू॒तस्य॑ जा॒तः पति॒रेक॑ आसीत्।
स दा॑धार पृथि॒वीं द्यामु॒तेमां कस्मै॑ दे॒वाय॑ ह॒विषा॑ विधेम॥
hiraṇyagarbháḥ sámavartatā́gre bhūtásya jātáḥ pátiréka āsīt.
sá dādhāra pṛthivī́ṃ dyā́mutémā́ṃ kásmai devā́ya havíṣā vidhema.

Hiraṇyagarbha was present at the beginning; when born, he was the sole lord of created beings; he upheld this earth and heaven-- let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine.


ص ل ح

ar-root

ص ل ح • (ṣ-l-ḥ)

forms words relating to righteousness or correctness

صَلَاح

Form I: صَلَحَ (ṣalaḥa, “to be right in condition or disposition”); Verbal noun

صَالِح

Form I: صَلَحَ (ṣalaḥa, “to be right in condition or disposition”); Active participle

تَصْلِيح

Form II: صَلَّحَ (ṣallaḥa, “to mend”); Verbal noun

مُصَلِّح

Form II: صَلَّحَ (ṣallaḥa, “to mend”); Active participle

مُصَالَحَة

Form III: صَالَحَ (ṣālaḥa, “to reconcile with”); Verbal noun

مُصَالِح

Form III: صَالَحَ (ṣālaḥa, “to reconcile with”); Active participle

إِصْلَاح

Form IV: أَصْلَحَ (ʔaṣlaḥa, “to mend”); Verbal noun

مُصْلِح

Form IV: أَصْلَحَ (ʔaṣlaḥa, “to mend”); Active participle

تَصَالُح

Form VI: تَصَالَحَ (taṣālaḥa, “to reconcile with each other”), اِصَّالَحَ (iṣṣālaḥa, “to reconcile with each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَالِح

Form VI: تَصَالَحَ (taṣālaḥa, “to reconcile with each other”), اِصَّالَحَ (iṣṣālaḥa, “to reconcile with each other”); Active participle

اِنْصِلَاح

Form VII: اِنْصَلَحَ (inṣalaḥa, “to come out proper”); Verbal noun

مُنْصَلِح

Form VII: اِنْصَلَحَ (inṣalaḥa, “to come out proper”); Active participle

اِصْطِلَاح

Form VIII: اِصْطَلَحَ (iṣṭalaḥa, “to agree”); Verbal noun

مُصْطَلِح

Form VIII: اِصْطَلَحَ (iṣṭalaḥa, “to agree”); Active participle

اِسْتِصْلَاح

Form X: اِسْتَصْلَحَ (istaṣlaḥa, “to deem right; to seek conciliation with”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَصْلِح

Form X: اِسْتَصْلَحَ (istaṣlaḥa, “to deem right; to seek conciliation with”); Active participle


ص ل ح

صالح

Form I: صلح (ṣiliḥ, “to suit, befit”); Active Participle

تصليح

Form II: صلّح (ṣallaḥ, “to repair, fix”); Noun Form

إصلاح

Form IV: أصلح (ʔaṣlaḥ, “to reform”); Noun Form


ح و ل

مُحَوِّل

Form II: حَوَّلَ (ḥawwala); Active participle

مُحَاوِل

Form III: حَاوَلَ (ḥāwala); Active participle

مُحِيل

Form IV: أَحَالَ (ʔaḥāla); Active participle

تَحَوُّل

Form V: تَحَوَّلَ (taḥawwala); Verbal noun

مُتَحَوِّل

Form V: تَحَوَّلَ (taḥawwala); Active participle

تَحَاوُل

Form VI: تَحَاوَلَ (taḥāwala); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاوِل

Form VI: تَحَاوَلَ (taḥāwala); Active participle

اِحْتِيَال

Form VIII: اِحْتَالَ (iḥtāla); Verbal noun

مُحْتَال

Form VIII: اِحْتَالَ (iḥtāla); Active participle

اِحْوِلَال

Form IX: اِحْوَلَّ (iḥwalla); Verbal noun

مُحْوَلّ

Form IX: اِحْوَلَّ (iḥwalla); Active participle

اِسْتِحَالَة

Form X: اِسْتَحَالَ (istaḥāla); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحِيل

Form X: اِسْتَحَالَ (istaḥāla); Active participle

حِيَالَ

حِيَال (ḥiyāl)

حَوْلَ

حَائِل (ḥāʔil)


डी

From earlier दी (dī), from Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁- (“to chase”).


neygʷ-

*ni-néygʷ-ti ~ *ni-nigʷ-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nináykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nináykti

Sanskrit: निनिक्त (niniktá, 2p.imperf.)

*nigʷ-yé-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *nigyeti

desctree

Middle Irish: nigid
Irish: nigh
Manx: niee
Scottish Gaelic: nigh

Proto-Hellenic: *niďďō (see there for further descendants)

*ne-nóygʷ-e ~ *ne-nigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·nenaig

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νένιπται (néniptai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nináyǰa, *niniǰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nináyȷ́a, *niniȷ́áy

Sanskrit: निनेज (ninéja), निनिजे (ninijé)

*néy-noygʷ-ti ~ *néy-nigʷ-ti (secondary intensive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náynaykti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náynaykti

Sanskrit: नेनेक्ति (nénekti), नेनिक्ते (nenikté)

Proto-Iranian: *náynayxti

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (naēnižaⁱti)

*nigʷ-ō-s ~ *nigʷ-es-es

Proto-Germanic: *nikwaz

Old English: nicor

Middle English: niker, nycker

English: nicker, nickel

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: nicker

Dutch: nikker

Old High German: nihhus, nichus

Middle High German: niches, nickes

German: Nix

Old Norse: nykr

Faroese: nykur

Norwegian Nynorsk: nykk

Swedish: Näcken

⇒ Germanic: *nikwasjō

Old High German: nickessa

Middle High German: nixe

German: Nixe

→ Dutch: nix

*néygʷ-tis ~ *nigʷ-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νίψις (nípsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निर्णिक्ति (nirṇikti)

*nigʷ-tḗr ~ *nigʷ-trés, *néygʷ-tōr ~ *nigʷ-trés

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῐπτήρ (niptḗr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nayktā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nayktā́

Sanskrit: पादावनेक्तृ (pādāvanektṛ)

*nigʷ-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos

Old Irish: necht

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*n̥-nigʷ-tó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *ənikʷtos (*n̥-nigʷ-tó-s)

Ancient Greek: ἄνιπτος (ániptos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niktás

Sanskrit: निक्त (niktá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *něgati (see there for further descendants)


*h₂gér-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *agéřřō
Ancient Greek: ἀγείρω (ageírō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́)

*h₂gr̥-tro-m (instrument noun)

Proto-Germanic: *kurþrą (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: grùmulas

Proto-Slavic: *gromada (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)grā́mas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: गण (gaṇá)

Proto-Italic: *greks

Latin: grex (see there for further descendants)


-KAAD

From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”).
Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.

inh

PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters
 2. to herdsheep, to drive sheep
 3. to slap, to clap hands
 4. flatness moves(other minor themes)


-ZID

From Proto-Athabaskan *zəd (“a single object undergoes cyclical process”). Found across all Athabaskan languages in a wide range of disparate themes.

a monthpasses
 2. to gather awareness: to wake up, to inspect
 3. to treat with respect, handle carefully


-TSAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsαɢ (“to act with teeth by biting”).
In Navajo this root often occurs with the emphatic infix -x-.
It is related to the noun atsá (“eagle”).

to bite down, to grasp (with teeth or beak), to clench


-KʼĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʼanʸ (“slant, slope”).


son-

thus, root that licenses an adverbial expression


-ZHĮ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *šen (“summer”).
In Navajo, the initial fricative *š of Proto-Athabaskan didn't sonorize to zh, so in verbal stems and in the nominal stem shį́ (“summer”) the initial voiceless fricative sh is maintained (with the exception of the adverbial derivative díízhíní (“this summer”), which shows a later sonorization). However, for consistency, the stem set of this root is presented with an analogical voiced initial zh. See also -HAI (“winter”) for a similar situation.


-HAI

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̣aɣʸ (“winter”).
In Navajo, the initial fricative *x̣ of Proto-Athabaskan didn't sonorize to gh, so in verbal stems and in the nominal stem hai (“winter”) the initial voiceless fricative h is maintained (with the exception of the adverbial derivative díí ghaaí or dííghaaí (“this winter”), which shows a later sonorization). See also -ZHĮ́ (“summer”) for a similar situation.


-DĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *danʸ (“spring”).
The noun daan (“spring, springtime”) is derived from this root.


-TSʼIL

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸʼəl (“to rip, tear, split”).
The noun atsʼiil (“fragment”) is derived from this root.


*wéyh₁-ti ~ *wih₁-énti (athematic root present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtei (“to drive away, chase, pursue”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wī́emai (“to pursue”)

Ancient Greek: ἵεμαι (híemai) (with aspiration taken from ἵημι (híēmi) by analogy)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vīs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vajóti

Proto-Tocharian: *weyā

Tocharian A: wā-, wāw-

Tocharian B: wāyā-

Proto-Celtic: *weinā (“troop, band of warriors”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyHas

Sanskrit: वयस् (váyas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wīwô (“kite, falcon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wīs

Ancient Greek: ἴς (ís)

Proto-Italic: *wīs (“strength, force, power”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayHuš

Proto-Iranian: *wayHukah

Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wʾywg, “hunter”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (w’ywq, “hunter”)

Proto-Italic: *wijā (see there for further descendants)

*wih₁-ḗḱ-s ~ *wih₁-eḱés

>? Proto-Hellenic: *wīrēks

Ancient Greek: ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”), ἱάρᾱξ (hiárāx) — Doric, ῑ̓́ρηξ (ī́rēx) — Ionic

Proto-Italic: *wijelos (“chasing, violating”)

⇒ Latin: violō (see there for further descendants)

>? *wih₁-ró-s

Proto-Italic:

⇒? Latin: (in)vītus, (in)vītō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἴμη (oímē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶμα (oîma)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: οἶμος (oîmos) (alternatively from *h₃eys- (“to move quickly”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wajas

Proto-Slavic: *vojь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *waiþō (“a hunt; pasture”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waiþijaną (“to hunt, graze”) (see there for further descendants)


Hrew-

*Hrew-d-

*Hrew-d-os ~ *Hru-d-és-

Italic:

Latin: rūdus (see there for further descendants)

*Hrew-d-i-

Italic:

Latin: rudis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rutāną (see there for further descendants)

*(H)rewH-

*h₃rew-k-, *Hrewk-

*Hru-k-wo-

Proto-Germanic: *rūhaz (see there for further descendants)

*Hrew-p-

*Hréw-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *Hrow-mn-o-)

Proto-Slavic: *rūnò (“fleece”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rúamnae (“blanket”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwma (“body hair”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ruxo (“garment, clothing”)


*h₃ru-né-k-ti ~ *h₃ru-n-k-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrunčáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrunćáti

Sanskrit: लुञ्चति (luñcáti)

Proto-Italic: *runkō

Latin: runcō

*h₃ruk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orúťťō

Ancient Greek: ὀρύσσω (orússō), ὀρύττω (orúttō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *rugōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkōną

Proto-Germanic: *rukkijaną

Proto-Celtic: *ruskos

Perhaps an extension of *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).


*h₃rew-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *rauša

Albanian: rashë

*h₃réw-tr-om (instrument noun)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *routrom
Proto-Brythonic: *rʉdr
Middle Welsh: ruthyr (with irregular -th-; contaminated by Old/Middle Irish?)
Welsh: rhuthr, rhuthyr
Middle Irish: rúathar
Irish: ruathar
Scottish Gaelic: ruathar

*h₃rów-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Hellenic: *orówō

Ancient Greek: ὀρούω (oroúō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raušas

Proto-Slavic: *ruxъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *Hrum- (“destroy, collapse”) (perhaps)

Persian: رمبیدن (rombidan, “destroy, collapse”)

Central Kurdish: ڕوخان (ruxan, “destroy, collapse”)

Northern Luri: رئمئسئ (remese, “get destroyed”)

*-w- extension of *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).