(H)rewH-

*(H)réwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *rewaną

Icelandic: rjá

Proto-Italic: *rowō

Latin: ruō

*(H)ruH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *rūjaną

Old Norse: rýja

Icelandic: rýja

*(H)r(e)wH-tro-m

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rūtrum

*(H)ruH-dʰlo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdla

Proto-Slavic: *rydlo (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ráuti

Proto-Slavic: *ryti, *rъvati (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ravė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *ryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rawwō

Old Norse: rǫggr, rǫgg

→ English: rag

Icelandic: rögg

Swedish: ragg

Norwegian: ragg

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: राविषम् (rā́viṣam), रवत् (rávat)

Proto-Tocharian: *ru-

Tocharian A: ru-

Tocharian B: ru-


नस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *nás-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nás- (“to approach, join”), from Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home”); compare Ancient Greek νόστος (nóstos, “journey”), whence partially English nostalgia.

cog

to approach, resort to, join, copulate (esp. as husband and wife), unite


ح ب ط

ar-root

ح ب ط • (ḥ-b-ṭ)

Form I: حَبِطَ (ḥabiṭa); Active participle

مُحَبِّط

Form II: حَبَّطَ (ḥabbaṭa); Active participle

مُحَابِط

Form III: حَابَطَ (ḥābaṭa); Active participle

إِحْبَاط

Form IV: أَحْبَطَ (ʔaḥbaṭa); Verbal noun

مُحْبِط

Form IV: أَحْبَطَ (ʔaḥbaṭa); Active participle

تَحَبُّط

Form V: تَحَبَّطَ (taḥabbaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَحَبِّط

Form V: تَحَبَّطَ (taḥabbaṭa); Active participle

تَحَابُط

Form VI: تَحَابَطَ (taḥābaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَحَابِط

Form VI: تَحَابَطَ (taḥābaṭa); Active participle


ح ذ ر

ح ذ ر • (ḥ-ḏ-r)

Form I: حَذِرَ (ḥaḏira); Active participle

مُحَذِّر

Form II: حَذَّرَ (ḥaḏḏara); Active participle

مُحَاذِر

Form III: حَاذَرَ (ḥāḏara); Active participle

تَحَذُّر

Form V: تَحَذَّرَ (taḥaḏḏara); Verbal noun

مُتَحَذِّر

Form V: تَحَذَّرَ (taḥaḏḏara); Active participle

اِحْتِذَار

Form VIII: اِحْتَذَرَ (iḥtaḏara); Verbal noun

مُحْتَذِر

Form VIII: اِحْتَذَرَ (iḥtaḏara); Active participle


ن ق ض

related to making uncompact (after having made it compact); untying, breaking, dissolving

نَاقِض

Form I: نَقَضَ (naqaḍa); Active participle

مُنَقِّض

Form II: نَقَّضَ (naqqaḍa); Active participle

مُنَاقِض

Form III: نَاقَضَ (nāqaḍa); Active participle

إِنْقَاض

Form IV: أَنْقَضَ (ʔanqaḍa); Verbal noun

مُنْقِض

Form IV: أَنْقَضَ (ʔanqaḍa); Active participle

تَنَقُّض

Form V: تَنَقَّضَ (tanaqqaḍa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَقِّض

Form V: تَنَقَّضَ (tanaqqaḍa); Active participle

تَنَاقُض

Form VI: تَنَاقَضَ (tanāqaḍa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاقِض

Form VI: تَنَاقَضَ (tanāqaḍa); Active participle

اِنْتِقَاض

Form VIII: اِنْتَقَضَ (intaqaḍa); Verbal noun

مُنْتَقِض

Form VIII: اِنْتَقَضَ (intaqaḍa); Active participle


निद्रा

head

निद्रा • (nidrā)

sa-root

निद्रा • (nidrā)

/ˈn̪id̪.ɾɑː/

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HnidráH (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HnidráH (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ni-drm̥-éh₂, from *h₁ni (“down”) + *drem- (“to sleep”). Compare Old Armenian նիրհ (nirh) (a borrowing from Iranian), Ancient Greek δαρθάνω (darthánō), Latin dormiō. See also नि (ní) and द्रायति (drā́yati).


ء ف ل

to be absent, to go away, to be eclipsed or hidden

آفِل

Form I: أَفَلَ (ʔafala, “to set, to go beyond the horizon”); Active participle


ش ب ه

شَابِه

Form I: شَبَهَ (šabaha); Active participle

مُشَبِّه

Form II: شَبَّهَ (šabbaha); Active participle

إِشْبَاه

Form IV: أَشْبَهَ (ʔašbaha, “(transitive) to resemble”); Verbal noun

مُشْبِه

Form IV: أَشْبَهَ (ʔašbaha, “(transitive) to resemble”); Active participle

تَشَبُّه

Form V: تَشَبَّهَ (tašabbaha, “to compare oneself (with - بِـ)”); Verbal noun

مُتَشَبِّه

Form V: تَشَبَّهَ (tašabbaha, “to compare oneself (with - بِـ)”); Active participle

تَشَابُه

Form VI: تَشَابَهَ (tašābaha, “to look alike, to seem alike”); Verbal noun

مُتَشَابِه

Form VI: تَشَابَهَ (tašābaha, “to look alike, to seem alike”); Active participle

اِشْتِبَاه

Form VIII: اِشْتَبَهَ (ištabaha); Verbal noun

مُشْتَبِه

Form VIII: اِشْتَبَهَ (ištabaha); Active participle


ع ج ز

عَجْز

Form I: عَجَزَ (ʕajaza, “to be weak, to grow old”); Verbal noun

عَاجِز

Form I: عَجَزَ (ʕajaza, “to be weak, to grow old”); Active participle

مُعَجِّز

Form II: عَجَّزَ (ʕajjaza); Active participle

مُعَاجِز

Form III: عَاجَزَ (ʕājaza); Active participle

إِعْجَاز

Form IV: أَعْجَزَ (ʔaʕjaza, “to make unable”); Verbal noun

مُعْجِز

Form IV: أَعْجَزَ (ʔaʕjaza, “to make unable”); Active participle

تَعَجُّز

Form V: تَعَجَّزَ (taʕajjaza); Verbal noun

مُتَعَجِّز

Form V: تَعَجَّزَ (taʕajjaza); Active participle


ء س س

تَأْسِيس

Form II: أَسَّسَ (ʔassasa, “to found”); Verbal noun

مُؤَسِّس

Form II: أَسَّسَ (ʔassasa, “to found”); Active participle

تَأَسُّس

Form V: تَأَسَّسَ (taʔassasa, “to be founded”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَسِّس

Form V: تَأَسَّسَ (taʔassasa, “to be founded”); Active participle


ر ه ق

رَاهِق

Form I: رَهَقَ (rahaqa, “to cover”); Active participle

مُرَاهَقَة

Form III: رَاهَقَ (rāhaqa, “to reach adolescence or puberty, to become a teenager”); Verbal noun

مُرَاهِق

Form III: رَاهَقَ (rāhaqa, “to reach adolescence or puberty, to become a teenager”); Active participle

إِرْهَاق

Form IV: أَرْهَقَ (ʔarhaqa, “to be hard on, to overburden, to cover”); Verbal noun

مُرْهِق

Form IV: أَرْهَقَ (ʔarhaqa, “to be hard on, to overburden, to cover”); Active participle


ف ز ز

فَزّ

Form I: فَزَّ (fazza, “to jolt in fright”); Verbal noun

فَازّ

Form I: فَزَّ (fazza, “to jolt in fright”); Active participle

إِفْزَاز

Form IV: أَفَزَّ (ʔafazza, “to frighten”); Verbal noun

مُفِزّ

Form IV: أَفَزَّ (ʔafazza, “to frighten”); Active participle

تَفَزُّز

Form V: تَفَزَّزَ (tafazzaza, “to be disquiet”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَزِّز

Form V: تَفَزَّزَ (tafazzaza, “to be disquiet”); Active participle

اِسْتِفْزَاز

Form X: اِسْتَفَزَّ (istafazza, “to incite, to drive out”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفِزّ

Form X: اِسْتَفَزَّ (istafazza, “to incite, to drive out”); Active participle


ث و ب

ثُبَة

the place where water collects in a valley or low ground

ثَيِّب

woman who returns to her family in separation from her husband

مُثَوِّب

Form II: ثَوَّبَ (ṯawwaba); Active participle

مُثَاوِب

Form III: ثَاوَبَ (ṯāwaba); Active participle

إِثَابَة

Form IV: أَثَابَ (ʔaṯāba, “to reward”); Verbal noun

مُثِيب

Form IV: أَثَابَ (ʔaṯāba, “to reward”); Active participle

تَثَيُّب

Form V: تَثَيَّبَ (taṯayyaba); Verbal noun

مُتَثَيِّب

Form V: تَثَيَّبَ (taṯayyaba); Active participle

تَثَاوُب

Form VI: تَثَاوَبَ (taṯāwaba); Verbal noun

مُتَثَاوِب

Form VI: تَثَاوَبَ (taṯāwaba); Active participle

اِسْتِثَابَة

Form X: اِسْتَثَابَ (istaṯāba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَثِيب

Form X: اِسْتَثَابَ (istaṯāba); Active participle


غ ي ظ

ar-root

غ ي ظ • (ḡ-y-ẓ)

Forming words related to sparseness and ire

غَيْظ

Form I: غَاظَ (ḡāẓa, “to anger, to enrage”); Verbal noun

Form I: غَاظَ (ḡāẓa, “to anger, to enrage”); Active participle

مُغَيِّظ

Form II: غَيَّظَ (ḡayyaẓa); Active participle

مُغِيظ

Form IV: أَغَاظَ (ʔaḡāẓa); Active participle

مُغَاظ

Form IV: أَغَاظَ (ʔaḡāẓa)

تَغَيُّظ

Form V: تَغَيَّظَ (taḡayyaẓa); Verbal noun

مُتَغَيِّظ

Form V: تَغَيَّظَ (taḡayyaẓa); Active participle

اِغْتِيَاظ

Form VIII: اِغْتَاظَ (iḡtāẓa); Verbal noun

مُغْتَاظ

Form VIII: اِغْتَاظَ (iḡtāẓa); Active participle


ف ك ر

فَاكِر

Form I: فَكَرَ (fakara); Active participle

مُفَكِّر

Form II: فَكَّرَ (fakkara); Active participle

إِفْكَار

Form IV: أَفْكَرَ (ʔafkara); Verbal noun

مُفْكِر

Form IV: أَفْكَرَ (ʔafkara); Active participle

تَفَكُّر

Form V: تَفَكَّرَ (tafakkara); Verbal noun

مُتَفَكِّر

Form V: تَفَكَّرَ (tafakkara); Active participle

اِفْتِكَار

Form VIII: اِفْتَكَرَ (iftakara); Verbal noun

مُفْتَكِر

Form VIII: اِفْتَكَرَ (iftakara); Active participle


خ ط ف

خ ط ف • (ḵ-ṭ-f)

Compare Classical Syriac ܚ-ܛ-ܦ (ḥ-ṭ-p) with the same meaning.

related to rape, seizure, violent abduction

خَطْف

Form I: خَطِفَ (ḵaṭifa, “to snatch”); Verbal noun

Form I: خَطِفَ (ḵaṭifa, “to snatch”); Active participle

تَخْطِيف

Form II: خَطَّفَ (ḵaṭṭafa, “take away, ravish”); Verbal noun

مُخَطِّف

Form II: خَطَّفَ (ḵaṭṭafa, “take away, ravish”); Active participle

إِخْطَاف

Form IV: أَخْطَفَ (ʔaḵṭafa, “seize, take, carry off by force”); Verbal noun

مُخْطِف

Form IV: أَخْطَفَ (ʔaḵṭafa, “seize, take, carry off by force”); Active participle

تَخَطُّف

Form V: تَخَطَّفَ (taḵaṭṭafa, “to do away with, to sweep, to take away”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَطِّف

Form V: تَخَطَّفَ (taḵaṭṭafa, “to do away with, to sweep, to take away”); Active participle

تَخَاطُف

Form VI: تَخَاطَفَ (taḵāṭafa, “to tear away of each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَاطِف

Form VI: تَخَاطَفَ (taḵāṭafa, “to tear away of each other”); Active participle

اِنْخِطَاف

Form VII: اِنْخَطَفَ (inḵaṭafa, “to be snatched”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَطِف

Form VII: اِنْخَطَفَ (inḵaṭafa, “to be snatched”); Active participle

اِخْتِطَاف

Form VIII: اِخْتَطَفَ (iḵtaṭafa, “to snatch; to rob”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَطِف

Form VIII: اِخْتَطَفَ (iḵtaṭafa, “to snatch; to rob”); Active participle


ف و ر

Form I: فَارَ (fāra, “to overflow, to gush forth, to boil up”); Active participle

تَفْوِير

Form II: فَوَّرَ (fawwara, “to seethe”); Verbal noun

مُفَوِّر

Form II: فَوَّرَ (fawwara, “to seethe”); Active participle

إِفَارَة

Form IV: أَفَارَ (ʔafāra, “make seethe”); Verbal noun

مُفِير

Form IV: أَفَارَ (ʔafāra, “make seethe”); Active participle


ف و ت

related to things passing or escaping, things not being reached

فَوْت

Form I: فَاتَ (fāta, “to escape”); Verbal noun

Form I: فَاتَ (fāta, “to escape”); Active participle

تَفْوِيت

Form II: فَوَّتَ (fawwata, “to let escape”); Verbal noun

مُفَوِّت

Form II: فَوَّتَ (fawwata, “to let escape”); Active participle

مُفَاوَتَة

Form III: فَاوَتَ (fāwata, “to make a difference”); Verbal noun

مُفَاوِت

Form III: فَاوَتَ (fāwata, “to make a difference”); Active participle

إِفَاتَة

Form IV: أَفَاتَ (ʔafāta, “to let escape”); Verbal noun

مُفِيت

Form IV: أَفَاتَ (ʔafāta, “to let escape”); Active participle

تَفَاوُت

Form VI: تَفَاوَتَ (tafāwata, “to be unlike; to be excessive”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاوِت

Form VI: تَفَاوَتَ (tafāwata, “to be unlike; to be excessive”); Active participle

اِفْتِيَات

Form VIII: اِفْتَاتَ (iftāta, “to betake oneself in opposition to”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَات

Form VIII: اِفْتَاتَ (iftāta, “to betake oneself in opposition to”); Active participle

فُوَيْت

self-willed, beyond the reach of other people’s arguments


ف ض ض

ف ض ض • (f-ḍ-ḍ)

forms words relating to removing, breaking

فَاضّ

Form I: فَضَّ (faḍḍa); Active participle

مُفَضِّض

Form II: فَضَّضَ (faḍḍaḍa); Active participle

تَفَضُّض

Form V: تَفَضَّضَ (tafaḍḍaḍa); Verbal noun

مُتَفَضِّض

Form V: تَفَضَّضَ (tafaḍḍaḍa); Active participle

اِنْفِضَاض

Form VII: اِنْفَضَّ (infaḍḍa, “to rush, to disperse”); Verbal noun

مُنْفَضّ

Form VII: اِنْفَضَّ (infaḍḍa, “to rush, to disperse”); Active participle

اِفْتِضَاض

Form VIII: اِفْتَضَّ (iftaḍḍa); Verbal noun

مُفْتَضّ

Form VIII: اِفْتَضَّ (iftaḍḍa); Active participle


خ ف ف

Forms words related to being light or lightening

خِفَّة

Form I: خَفَّ (ḵaffa, “to be light”); Verbal noun

خَافّ

Form I: خَفَّ (ḵaffa, “to be light”); Active participle

خَافّ

Form I: خَفَّ (ḵaffa); Active participle

تَخْفِيف

Form II: خَفَّفَ (ḵaffafa, “to lighten”); Verbal noun

مُخَفِّف

Form II: خَفَّفَ (ḵaffafa, “to lighten”); Active participle

مُخِفّ

Form IV: أَخَفَّ (ʔaḵaffa); Active participle

تَخَفُّف

Form V: تَخَفَّفَ (taḵaffafa); Verbal noun

مُتَخَفِّف

Form V: تَخَفَّفَ (taḵaffafa); Active participle

اِسْتِخْفَاف

Form X: اِسْتَخَفَّ (istaḵaffa, “to take lightly, to bluff”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخِفّ

Form X: اِسْتَخَفَّ (istaḵaffa, “to take lightly, to bluff”); Active participle


م ي د

Form I: مَادَ (māda, “to shake”); Active participle


ل ق ف

لَاقِف

Form I: لَقَفَ (laqafa, “to swallow”); Active participle


ن ك ف

اِسْتِنْكَاف

Form X: اِسْتَنْكَفَ (istankafa, “to disdain”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْكِف

Form X: اِسْتَنْكَفَ (istankafa, “to disdain”); Active participle


و ق ف

وَقْف

Form I: وَقَفَ (waqafa, “(intransitive) to come to a stop, to come to a standstill”); Verbal noun

وَاقِف

Form I: وَقَفَ (waqafa, “(intransitive) to come to a stop, to come to a standstill”); Active participle

وَقْف

Form I: وَقَفَ (waqafa, “(transitive) to bring to a stop, to bring to a standstill”); Verbal noun

وَاقِف

Form I: وَقَفَ (waqafa, “(transitive) to bring to a stop, to bring to a standstill”); Active participle

تَوْقِيف

Form II: وَقَّفَ (waqqafa, “to bring to a stop, to bring to a standstill”); Verbal noun

setting up, arrest, stopping (a motor vehicle)

مُوَقِّف

Form II: وَقَّفَ (waqqafa, “to bring to a stop, to bring to a standstill”); Active participle

مُوَاقَفَة

Form III: وَاقَفَ (wāqafa, “to confront; to succour”); Verbal noun

مُوَاقِف

Form III: وَاقَفَ (wāqafa, “to confront; to succour”); Active participle

إِيقَاف

Form IV: أَوْقَفَ (ʔawqafa, “to make stand, to set up”); Verbal noun

مُوقِف

Form IV: أَوْقَفَ (ʔawqafa, “to make stand, to set up”); Active participle

تَوَقُّف

Form V: تَوَقَّفَ (tawaqqafa, “to stop, to come to a stop; to come to an end”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَقِّف

Form V: تَوَقَّفَ (tawaqqafa, “to stop, to come to a stop; to come to an end”); Active participle

تَوَاقُف

Form VI: تَوَاقَفَ (tawāqafa, “to fight each other, to meet in battle”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاقِف

Form VI: تَوَاقَفَ (tawāqafa, “to fight each other, to meet in battle”); Active participle

اِسْتِيقَاف

Form X: اِسْتَوْقَفَ (istawqafa, “to stop someone, to hinder, to impede”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْقِف

Form X: اِسْتَوْقَفَ (istawqafa, “to stop someone, to hinder, to impede”); Active participle


و ق ف

موقف

position, stance; bus stop, parking spot

وقف

Form I: وقف (wiʕif, “to stop; to be standing”); Noun Form

واقف

Form I: وقف (wiʕif, “to stop; to be standing”); Active Participle


ل ح د

إِلْحَاد

Form IV: أَلْحَدَ (ʔalḥada, “to deviate, to distort”); Verbal noun

مُلْحِد

Form IV: أَلْحَدَ (ʔalḥada, “to deviate, to distort”); Active participle


ق س ط

تَقْسِيط

Form II: قَسَّطَ (qassaṭa, “to allot, to dispense”); Verbal noun

مُقَسِّط

Form II: قَسَّطَ (qassaṭa, “to allot, to dispense”); Active participle

إِقْسَاط

Form IV: أَقْسَطَ (ʔaqsaṭa, “to be just”); Verbal noun

مُقْسِط

Form IV: أَقْسَطَ (ʔaqsaṭa, “to be just”); Active participle


و ج س

related to being anxious, struck by fear

وَجْس

Form I: وَجَسَ (wajasa, “to be anxious, to be struck by fear”); Verbal noun

وَاجِس

Form I: وَجَسَ (wajasa, “to be anxious, to be struck by fear”); Active participle

إِيجَاس

Form IV: أَوْجَسَ (ʔawjasa, “to feel, to forebode”); Verbal noun

مُوجِس

Form IV: أَوْجَسَ (ʔawjasa, “to feel, to forebode”); Active participle

تَوَجُّس

Form V: تَوَجَّسَ (tawajjasa, “to be anxious; to observe closely; to sample a bit”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَجِّس

Form V: تَوَجَّسَ (tawajjasa, “to be anxious; to observe closely; to sample a bit”); Active participle


و ج ل

وَجَل

Form I: وَجِلَ (wajila, “to feel fear, to be afraid”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَجِلَ (wajila, “to feel fear, to be afraid”); Active participle

مُوَاجَلَة

Form III: وَاجَلَ (wājala, “to have more fear than”); Verbal noun

مُوَاجِل

Form III: وَاجَلَ (wājala, “to have more fear than”); Active participle

إِيجَال

Form IV: أَوْجَلَ (ʔawjala, “to frighten”); Verbal noun

مُوجِل

Form IV: أَوْجَلَ (ʔawjala, “to frighten”); Active participle

مَوْجِل

place where there is something to fear; pit of stagnating water


ل م ز

Cf. غَمَزَ (ḡamaza) / غ م ز (ḡ-m-z), هَمَزَ (hamaza) / ه م ز (h m z), طَنَزَ (ṭanaza) / ط ن ز (ṭ n z).

ar-rootbox

ط ن ز (ṭ n z)

تَلَمُّز

Form V: تَلَمَّزَ (talammaza, “to walk quickly”); Verbal noun

(obsolete, rare) related to pushing forward towards something, striking, impelling

لَمْز

Form I: لَمَزَ (lamaza, “tu thrust, to move forward towards; to criticize, to insult”); Verbal noun

لَامِز

Form I: لَمَزَ (lamaza, “tu thrust, to move forward towards; to criticize, to insult”); Active participle

مُلَامِز

Form III: لَامَزَ (lāmaza); Active participle

مُتَلَمِّز

Form V: تَلَمَّزَ (talammaza, “to walk quickly”); Active participle

related to ill talk, even though it be truth


ن ف ذ

نَفَاذ

Form I: نَفَذَ (nafaḏa, “to pass”); Verbal noun

نَافِذ

Form I: نَفَذَ (nafaḏa, “to pass”); Active participle

مُنَفِّذ

Form II: نَفَّذَ (naffaḏa); Active participle

إِنْفَاذ

Form IV: أَنْفَذَ (ʔanfaḏa); Verbal noun

مُنْفِذ

Form IV: أَنْفَذَ (ʔanfaḏa); Active participle

تَنَفُّذ

Form V: تَنَفَّذَ (tanaffaḏa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَفِّذ

Form V: تَنَفَّذَ (tanaffaḏa); Active participle


ن س ف

نَاسِف

Form I: نَسَفَ (nasafa, “to winnow up, to blow up, to blast, to blow away”); Active participle

إِنْسَاف

Form IV: أَنْسَفَ (ʔansafa, “to disperse”); Verbal noun

مُنْسِف

Form IV: أَنْسَفَ (ʔansafa, “to disperse”); Active participle

تَنَاسُف

Form VI: تَنَاسَفَ (tanāsafa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاسِف

Form VI: تَنَاسَفَ (tanāsafa); Active participle

اِنْتِسَاف

Form VIII: اِنْتَسَفَ (intasafa, “to overthrow utterly, to raze”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَسِف

Form VIII: اِنْتَسَفَ (intasafa, “to overthrow utterly, to raze”); Active participle


ن ك ح

نِكَاح

Form I: نَكَحَ (nakaḥa, “to marry”); Verbal noun

نَاكِح

Form I: نَكَحَ (nakaḥa, “to marry”); Active participle

مُنَاكِح

Form III: نَاكَحَ (nākaḥa); Active participle

إِنْكَاح

Form IV: أَنْكَحَ (ʔankaḥa, “to marry”); Verbal noun

مُنْكِح

Form IV: أَنْكَحَ (ʔankaḥa, “to marry”); Active participle

تَنَاكُح

Form VI: تَنَاكَحَ (tanākaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاكِح

Form VI: تَنَاكَحَ (tanākaḥa); Active participle

اِسْتِنْكَاح

Form X: اِسْتَنْكَحَ (istankaḥa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْكِح

Form X: اِسْتَنْكَحَ (istankaḥa); Active participle


ن ش ر

إِنْشَار

Form IV: أَنْشَرَ (ʔanšara, “to raise, to revive, to resurrect”); Verbal noun

مُنْشِر

Form IV: أَنْشَرَ (ʔanšara, “to raise, to revive, to resurrect”); Active participle

مُنْشَر

تَنْشِير

Form II: نَشَّرَ (naššara, “to spread broadly”); Verbal noun

مُنَشِّر

Form II: نَشَّرَ (naššara, “to spread broadly”); Active participle

تَنَشُّر

Form V: تَنَشَّرَ (tanaššara, “to be spread”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَشِّر

Form V: تَنَشَّرَ (tanaššara, “to be spread”); Active participle

اِنْتِشَار

Form VIII: اِنْتَشَرَ (intašara, “to disperse, to be spread, to propagate”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَشِر

Form VIII: اِنْتَشَرَ (intašara, “to disperse, to be spread, to propagate”); Active participle

نَشْر

Form I: نَشَرَ (našara, “to spread, to lay open; to spread, to propagate, to make public; to saw”); Verbal noun

نَاشِر

Form I: نَشَرَ (našara, “to spread, to lay open; to spread, to propagate, to make public; to saw”); Active participle


मृद्

head

मृद् • (mṛd)

sa-root

मृद् • (mṛd)

From a conflation of two roots, Proto-Indo-European *(s)merd- (“to hurt, sting”) (represented by मर्द् (mard, “to crush”)) and *mled-, *(s)meld- (“to be soft, melt”) (represented by म्रद् (mrad, “to be weak, soft”)). The two roots became confused within Indo-Aryan early on during the Vedic era. Examples for each root include मर्दति (mardati) for the former, and विम्रद् (vimrad, “to soften”) and
perhaps मृदु (mṛdu) for the latter.

inh

to press, squeeze, crush, smash, trample down, tread upon,

to destroy, kill, waste, ravage, kill, slay

to rub, stroke, wipe (e.g. the forehead)

to rub against, touch, pass through (a constellation)


م ي ل

words related to inclining, bending, or leaning.

مَيْل

Form I: مَالَ (māla, “to deviate; to assault; to incline”); Verbal noun

Form I: مَالَ (māla, “to deviate; to assault; to incline”); Active participle

تَمْيِيل

Form II: مَيَّلَ (mayyala, “to make inclined”); Verbal noun

مُمَيِّل

Form II: مَيَّلَ (mayyala, “to make inclined”); Active participle

إِمَالَة

Form IV: أَمَالَ (ʔamāla, “to make inclined”); Verbal noun

مُمِيل

Form IV: أَمَالَ (ʔamāla, “to make inclined”); Active participle

تَمَيُّل

Form V: تَمَيَّلَ (tamayyala, “to sway”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَيِّل

Form V: تَمَيَّلَ (tamayyala, “to sway”); Active participle

تَمَايُل

Form VI: تَمَايَلَ (tamāyala, “to sway”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَايِل

Form VI: تَمَايَلَ (tamāyala, “to sway”); Active participle

اِسْتِمَالَة

Form X: اِسْتَمَالَ (istamāla, “to attract to one’s own side”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمِيل

Form X: اِسْتَمَالَ (istamāla, “to attract to one’s own side”); Active participle


ث ب ت

ثَبَات

Form I: ثَبَتَ (ṯabata, “to be fixed”); Verbal noun

ثَابِت

Form I: ثَبَتَ (ṯabata, “to be fixed”); Active participle

تَثْبِيت

Form II: ثَبَّتَ (ṯabbata, “to fix, to confirm”); Verbal noun

مُثَبِّت

Form II: ثَبَّتَ (ṯabbata, “to fix, to confirm”); Active participle

مُثَابَتَة

Form III: ثَابَتَ (ṯābata, “to cognize thoroughly”); Verbal noun

مُثَابِت

Form III: ثَابَتَ (ṯābata, “to cognize thoroughly”); Active participle

إِثْبَات

Form IV: أَثْبَتَ (ʔaṯbata, “to restrain; to confirm”); Verbal noun

مُثْبِت

Form IV: أَثْبَتَ (ʔaṯbata, “to restrain; to confirm”); Active participle

تَثَبُّت

Form V: تَثَبَّتَ (taṯabbata, “to ascertain, to verify”); Verbal noun

مُتَثَبِّت

Form V: تَثَبَّتَ (taṯabbata, “to ascertain, to verify”); Active participle

اِثِّبَات

Form VIII: اِثَّبَتَ (iṯṯabata, “to be fixed”); Verbal noun

مُثَّبِت

Form VIII: اِثَّبَتَ (iṯṯabata, “to be fixed”); Active participle

اِسْتِثْبَات

Form X: اِسْتَثْبَتَ (istaṯbata, “to assay”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَثْبِت

Form X: اِسْتَثْبَتَ (istaṯbata, “to assay”); Active participle


ك ف ل

related to folding in half, to backing, to doubling, to take up a rear position or be at another's back, to have or to watch someone's back

كَافِل

Form I: كَفَلَ (kafala, “to take charge, to nurse, to rear”); Active participle

مَكْفُول

Form I: كَفِلَ (kafila, “to guarantee, to stand sponsor”); Active participle

تَكْفِيل

Form II: كَفَّلَ (kaffala, “to put in care”); Verbal noun

مُكَفِّل

Form II: كَفَّلَ (kaffala, “to put in care”); Active participle

مُكَافَلَة

Form III: كَافَلَ (kāfala, “to contract with”); Verbal noun

مُكَافِل

Form III: كَافَلَ (kāfala, “to contract with”); Active participle

إِكْفَال

Form IV: أَكْفَلَ (ʔakfala, “to place as a surety”); Verbal noun

مُكْفِل

Form IV: أَكْفَلَ (ʔakfala, “to place as a surety”); Active participle

تَكَفُّل

Form V: تَكَفَّلَ (takaffala, “to function as a surety”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَفِّل

Form V: تَكَفَّلَ (takaffala, “to function as a surety”); Active participle

تَكَافُل

Form VI: تَكَافَلَ (takāfala, “to function as a surety or vouch for each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَافِل

Form VI: تَكَافَلَ (takāfala, “to function as a surety or vouch for each other”); Active participle

كَفَل

fundament of a beast; crupper, strapping behind the saddle

كِفْل

double; lot, portion; progeny; podex; a rounding of towels put over the camel’s hump or an ox’s yoke


ن ك ر

Form I: نَكِرَ (nakira, “to feel unfamiliar about”); Active participle

مُنَكِّر

Form II: نَكَّرَ (nakkara); Active participle

مُنَاكِر

Form III: نَاكَرَ (nākara); Active participle

إِنْكَار

Form IV: أَنْكَرَ (ʔankara, “to deny”); Verbal noun

مُنْكِر

Form IV: أَنْكَرَ (ʔankara, “to deny”); Active participle

تَنَكُّر

Form V: تَنَكَّرَ (tanakkara, “to be disguised; to be hostile”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَكِّر

Form V: تَنَكَّرَ (tanakkara, “to be disguised; to be hostile”); Active participle

تَنَاكُر

Form VI: تَنَاكَرَ (tanākara, “to do as though one did not know”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاكِر

Form VI: تَنَاكَرَ (tanākara, “to do as though one did not know”); Active participle

اِنِّكَار

Form VII: اِنَّكَرَ (innakara); Verbal noun

مُنَّكِر

Form VII: اِنَّكَرَ (innakara); Active participle

اِنْتِكَار

Form VIII: اِنْتَكَرَ (intakara); Verbal noun

مُنْتَكِر

Form VIII: اِنْتَكَرَ (intakara); Active participle

اِنْكِرَار

Form IX: اِنْكَرَّ (inkarra); Verbal noun

مُنْكَرّ

Form IX: اِنْكَرَّ (inkarra); Active participle

اِسْتِنْكَار

Form X: اِسْتَنْكَرَ (istankara, “to deplore”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْكِر

Form X: اِسْتَنْكَرَ (istankara, “to deplore”); Active participle

اِنْكِيرَار

Form XI: اِنْكَارَّ (inkārra); Verbal noun

مُنْكَارّ

Form XI: اِنْكَارَّ (inkārra); Active participle


ح ب س

حَبْس

Form I: حَبَسَ (ḥabasa, “to hold back, to detain”); Verbal noun

حَابِس

Form I: حَبَسَ (ḥabasa, “to hold back, to detain”); Active participle

تَحْبِيس

Form II: حَبَّسَ (ḥabbasa, “to tie up”); Verbal noun

مُحَبِّس

Form II: حَبَّسَ (ḥabbasa, “to tie up”); Active participle

اِنْحِبَاس

Form VII: اِنْحَبَسَ (inḥabasa, “to be held back, to be detained”); Verbal noun

مُنْحَبِس

Form VII: اِنْحَبَسَ (inḥabasa, “to be held back, to be detained”); Active participle

اِحْتِبَاس

Form VIII: اِحْتَبَسَ (iḥtabasa, “to hold back; to be held back”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَبِس

Form VIII: اِحْتَبَسَ (iḥtabasa, “to hold back; to be held back”); Active participle


د ح ض

ar-root

د ح ض • (d-ḥ-ḍ)

إِدْحَاض

Form IV: أَدْحَضَ (ʔadḥaḍa, “to refute”); Verbal noun

مُدْحِض

Form IV: أَدْحَضَ (ʔadḥaḍa, “to refute”); Active participle


خ د ع

خ د ع • (ḵ-d-ʕ)

خَادِع

Form I: خَدَعَ (ḵadaʕa, “to deceive”); Active participle

مُخَادَعَة

Form III: خَادَعَ (ḵādaʕa, “to seek to deceive”); Verbal noun

مُخَادِع

Form III: خَادَعَ (ḵādaʕa, “to seek to deceive”); Active participle


خ ف ت

مُخَافَتَة

Form III: خَافَتَ (ḵāfata, “to be silent”); Verbal noun

مُخَافَت

related to dying out, to lessening or diminishing

خَافِت

Form I: خَفَتَ (ḵafata); Active participle

مُخَافِت

Form III: خَافَتَ (ḵāfata, “to be silent”); Active participle

تَخَافُت

Form VI: تَخَافَتَ (taḵāfata, “to murmur”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَافِت

Form VI: تَخَافَتَ (taḵāfata, “to murmur”); Active participle

مُتَخَافَت

to growing faint, to becoming low or soft in volume, to becoming inaudible

to death, becoming silent, ceasing to speak


خ و ن

مُخَوِّن

Form II: خَوَّنَ (ḵawwana); Active participle

تَخَوُّن

Form V: تَخَوَّنَ (taḵawwana); Verbal noun

مُتَخَوِّن

Form V: تَخَوَّنَ (taḵawwana); Active participle

اِخْتِيَان

Form VIII: اِخْتَانَ (iḵtāna); Verbal noun

مُخْتَان

Form VIII: اِخْتَانَ (iḵtāna); Active participle

اِسْتِخْوَان

Form X: اِسْتَخْوَنَ (istaḵwana); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْوِن

Form X: اِسْتَخْوَنَ (istaḵwana); Active participle


ج د د

تَجْدِيد

Form II: جَدَّدَ (jaddada, “to renew”); Verbal noun

مُجَدِّد

Form II: جَدَّدَ (jaddada, “to renew”); Active participle

مُجَادَّة

Form III: جَادَّ (jādda, “to combat energically”); Verbal noun

مُجَادّ

Form III: جَادَّ (jādda, “to combat energically”); Active participle

إِجْدَاد

Form IV: أَجَدَّ (ʔajadda, “to be serious on”); Verbal noun

تَجَدُّد

Form V: تَجَدَّدَ (tajaddada, “to be renewed; to make efforts for”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَدِّد

Form V: تَجَدَّدَ (tajaddada, “to be renewed; to make efforts for”); Active participle

اِسْتِجْدَاد

Form X: اِسْتَجَدَّ (istajadda, “to make anew”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجِدّ

Form X: اِسْتَجَدَّ (istajadda, “to make anew”); Active participle

مُسْتَجَدّ

جَادّ

Form I: جَدَّ (jadda, “to be new; to be serious”); Active participle

مُجِدّ

Form IV: أَجَدَّ (ʔajadda, “to be serious on”); Active participle


ح ص ر

ح ص ر • (ḥ-ṣ-r)

حَصْر

Form I: حَصَرَ (ḥaṣara, “to restrain, to oppress”); Verbal noun

حَاصِر

Form I: حَصَرَ (ḥaṣara, “to restrain, to oppress”); Active participle

حَصَر

Form I: حَصِرَ (ḥaṣira, “to falter”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَصِرَ (ḥaṣira, “to falter”); Active participle

مُحَاصَرَة

Form III: حَاصَرَ (ḥāṣara, “to beleaguer”); Verbal noun

مُحَاصِر

Form III: حَاصَرَ (ḥāṣara, “to beleaguer”); Active participle

إِحْصَار

Form IV: أَحْصَرَ (ʔaḥṣara, “to drive into a corner, to cause plight, to hold back, to wrap up”); Verbal noun

مُحْصِر

Form IV: أَحْصَرَ (ʔaḥṣara, “to drive into a corner, to cause plight, to hold back, to wrap up”); Active participle

اِنْحِصَار

Form VII: اِنْحَصَرَ (inḥaṣara, “to be constricted”); Verbal noun

مُنْحَصِر

Form VII: اِنْحَصَرَ (inḥaṣara, “to be constricted”); Active participle

حَصْرَمَة

Form Iq: حَصْرَمَ (ḥaṣrama, “to make tight or tense, to constrict or straiten”); Verbal noun

مُحَصْرِم

Form Iq: حَصْرَمَ (ḥaṣrama, “to make tight or tense, to constrict or straiten”); Active participle

تَحَصْرُم

Form IIq: تَحَصْرَمَ (taḥaṣrama, “to become حِصْرِم (ḥiṣrim); to become dissundered, to become separated into clots”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَصْرِم

Form IIq: تَحَصْرَمَ (taḥaṣrama, “to become حِصْرِم (ḥiṣrim); to become dissundered, to become separated into clots”); Active participle


क्षम्

head

क्षम् • (kṣam)

sa-root

क्षम् • (kṣam)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšamH- (“to bear, to endure”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰse-mH, metathesized form of *segʷʰ- (“to be strong”) (which is likely not related to *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”), despite similarities in form and meaning), whence also सघ्नोति (saghnóti) and possibly Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬴𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬇𐬥𐬉 (xṣ̌ąnmə̄nē, “to be contented, to resign oneself to”). Also related to Pashto زغمل (zğëmël, “to endure, to tolerate, to go through”), which is from a Proto-Indo-Iranian *zgʰamH- which did not undergo metathesis.


خ ص ص

ar-root

خ ص ص • (ḵ-ṣ-ṣ)

related to things being or becoming special

خَصّ

Form I: خَصَّ (ḵaṣṣa, “to favor, to endow”); Verbal noun

خَاصّ

Form I: خَصَّ (ḵaṣṣa, “to favor, to endow”); Active participle

خُصُوص

Form I: خَصَّ (ḵaṣṣa, “to be characteristic of, to concern”); Verbal noun

خَاصّ

Form I: خَصَّ (ḵaṣṣa, “to be characteristic of, to concern”); Active participle

مَخْصُوص

Form I: خَصَّ (ḵaṣṣa); Active participle

تَخْصِيص

Form II: خَصَّصَ (ḵaṣṣaṣa, “to dedicate, to allocate, to reserve”); Verbal noun

مُخَصِّص

Form II: خَصَّصَ (ḵaṣṣaṣa, “to dedicate, to allocate, to reserve”); Active participle

تَخَصُّص

Form V: تَخَصَّصَ (taḵaṣṣaṣa, “to specialize in”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَصِّص

Form V: تَخَصَّصَ (taḵaṣṣaṣa, “to specialize in”); Active participle

اِخْتِصَاص

Form VIII: اِخْتَصَّ (iḵtaṣṣa, “to select, to choose”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَصّ

Form VIII: اِخْتَصَّ (iḵtaṣṣa, “to select, to choose”); Active participle


خ ص ص

مخصوص

Form I: خصّ (ḵaṣṣ, “to concern”); Passive Participle

مخصّص

Form II: خصّص (ḵaṣṣaṣ, “to designate, allocate”); Passive Participle

متخصّص

Form V: تخصّص (tḵaṣṣaṣ, “to specialize”); Active Participle


ح و ر

Compare Aramaic חור, ܚ ܘ ܪ (ḥ-w-r), Ge'ez ሐ ወ ረ (ḥ-w-r), Old South Arabian 𐩢𐩥𐩧 (ḥwr).

changing one’s ambiance to another, creating a contrast

مَحَارَة

thing in which a return is made; conch, mussel; palate

حَوْر

Form I: حَارَ (ḥāra, “to return; to change the state, to be converted”); Verbal noun

حَائِر

Form I: حَارَ (ḥāra, “to return; to change the state, to be converted”); Active participle

حَوَر

Form I: حَارَ (ḥāra, “to be white”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَارَ (ḥāra, “to be white”); Active participle

تَحْوِير

Form II: حَوَّرَ (ḥawwara, “to make return; to alter, to modify; to turn about, to twist, to roll; to whiten, to bleach”); Verbal noun

مُحَوِّر

Form II: حَوَّرَ (ḥawwara, “to make return; to alter, to modify; to turn about, to twist, to roll; to whiten, to bleach”); Active participle

مُحَاوَرَة

Form III: حَاوَرَ (ḥāwara, “to talk to”); Verbal noun

مُحَاوِر

Form III: حَاوَرَ (ḥāwara, “to talk to”); Active participle

إِحَارَة

Form IV: أَحَارَ (ʔaḥāra, “to return”); Verbal noun

مُحِير

Form IV: أَحَارَ (ʔaḥāra, “to return”); Active participle

تَحَوُّر

Form V: تَحَوَّرَ (taḥawwara, “to be changed, to transition, to mutate”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَوِّر

Form V: تَحَوَّرَ (taḥawwara, “to be changed, to transition, to mutate”); Active participle

تَحَاوُر

Form VI: تَحَاوَرَ (taḥāwara, “to discuss, to hold a colloquy”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاوِر

Form VI: تَحَاوَرَ (taḥāwara, “to discuss, to hold a colloquy”); Active participle

اِحْوِرَار

Form IX: اِحْوَرَّ (iḥwarra, “to become white; to be white”); Verbal noun

مُحْوَرّ

Form IX: اِحْوَرَّ (iḥwarra, “to become white; to be white”); Active participle

اِسْتِحَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَحَارَ (istaḥāra, “to desire to speak”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحِير

Form X: اِسْتَحَارَ (istaḥāra, “to desire to speak”); Active participle


tyegʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*tyégʷ-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tségʷomai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́atay

Sanskrit: त्यजते (tyájate)

*tyégʷ-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: त्यजति (tyájati) (see there for further descendants)

*te-tyógʷ-e ~ *te-tigʷ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tityā́ǰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tityā́ȷ́a

Sanskrit: तित्याज (tityā́ja)

*tyogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tsogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: σοβέω (sobéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tyāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: त्याजयति (tyājáyati)

*tyégʷ-os ~ *tyégʷ-es-

(perhaps) Hellenic: *tségʷos

Ancient Greek: σέβας (sébas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tyáǰas (see there for further descendants)


خ ل د

Compare Ge'ez ኅ ል ድ (ḫə lə də, “related to lasting long”).

cog

خُلُود

Form I: خَلَدَ (ḵalada, “to be eternal”); Verbal noun

خَالِد

Form I: خَلَدَ (ḵalada, “to be eternal”); Active participle

تَخْلِيد

Form II: خَلَّدَ (ḵallada, “to make eternal; to persevere at”); Verbal noun

مُخَلِّد

Form II: خَلَّدَ (ḵallada, “to make eternal; to persevere at”); Active participle

إِخْلَاد

Form IV: أَخْلَدَ (ʔaḵlada, “to make eternal; to persevere at”); Verbal noun

مُخْلِد

Form IV: أَخْلَدَ (ʔaḵlada, “to make eternal; to persevere at”); Active participle

تَخَلُّد

Form V: تَخَلَّدَ (taḵallada, “to be eternal, to become eternal”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَلِّد

Form V: تَخَلَّدَ (taḵallada, “to be eternal, to become eternal”); Active participle


ح ض ض

ar-root

ح ض ض • (ḥ-ḍ-ḍ)

حَضّ

Form I: حَضَّ (ḥaḍḍa, “to urge”); Verbal noun

حَاضّ

Form I: حَضَّ (ḥaḍḍa, “to urge”); Active participle

تَحَاضّ

Form VI: تَحَاضَّ (taḥāḍḍa, “to urge one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاضّ

Form VI: تَحَاضَّ (taḥāḍḍa, “to urge one another”); Active participle

اِنْحِضَاض

Form VII: اِنْحَضَّ (inḥaḍḍa); Verbal noun

مُنْحَضّ

Form VII: اِنْحَضَّ (inḥaḍḍa); Active participle

اِحْتِضَاض

Form VIII: اِحْتَضَّ (iḥtaḍḍa); Verbal noun

مُحْتَضّ

Form VIII: اِحْتَضَّ (iḥtaḍḍa); Active participle

اِحْضِضَاض

Form IX: اِحْضَضَّ (iḥḍaḍḍa); Verbal noun

مُحْضَضّ

Form IX: اِحْضَضَّ (iḥḍaḍḍa); Active participle

اِسْتِحْضَاض

Form X: اِسْتَحَضَّ (istaḥaḍḍa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحِضّ

Form X: اِسْتَحَضَّ (istaḥaḍḍa); Active participle

مُسْتَحَضّ

Form X: اِسْتَحَضَّ (istaḥaḍḍa)


خ ل ص

خ ل ص • (ḵ-l-ṣ)

related to making sincere, short, pure, to remove impurities; to making clear

خَالِص

Form I: خَلَصَ (ḵalaṣa); Active participle

مُخَلِّص

Form II: خَلَّصَ (ḵallaṣa); Active participle

إِخْلَاص

Form IV: أَخْلَصَ (ʔaḵlaṣa); Verbal noun

مُخْلِص

Form IV: أَخْلَصَ (ʔaḵlaṣa); Active participle

تَخَلُّص

Form V: تَخَلَّصَ (taḵallaṣa); Verbal noun

مُتَخَلِّص

Form V: تَخَلَّصَ (taḵallaṣa); Active participle


خ ل ف

Having to do with change, difference, or transition.

خَالِف

Form I: خَلَفَ (ḵalafa); Active participle

مُخَلِّف

Form II: خَلَّفَ (ḵallafa); Active participle

مُخَالِف

Form III: خَالَفَ (ḵālafa); Active participle

إِخْلَاف

Form IV: أَخْلَفَ (ʔaḵlafa); Verbal noun

مُخْلِف

Form IV: أَخْلَفَ (ʔaḵlafa); Active participle

تَخَلُّف

Form V: تَخَلَّفَ (taḵallafa); Verbal noun

مُتَخَلِّف

Form V: تَخَلَّفَ (taḵallafa); Active participle

اِخْتِلَاف

Form VIII: اِخْتَلَفَ (iḵtalafa, “to differ”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَلِف

Form VIII: اِخْتَلَفَ (iḵtalafa, “to differ”); Active participle


د ه ن

دَهْن

Form I: دَهَنَ (dahana, “to smear”); Verbal noun

دَاهِن

Form I: دَهَنَ (dahana, “to smear”); Active participle

تَدْهِين

Form II: دَهَّنَ (dahhana, “to smear”); Verbal noun

مُدَهِّن

Form II: دَهَّنَ (dahhana, “to smear”); Active participle

مُدَاهَنَة

Form III: دَاهَنَ (dāhana, “to flatter, to cajole, to wheedle”); Verbal noun

مُدَاهِن

Form III: دَاهَنَ (dāhana, “to flatter, to cajole, to wheedle”); Active participle

إِدْهَان

Form IV: أَدْهَنَ (ʔadhana, “to show mercy to”); Verbal noun

مُدْهِن

Form IV: أَدْهَنَ (ʔadhana, “to show mercy to”); Active participle

تَدَهُّن

Form V: تَدَهَّنَ (tadahhana, “to be greased”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَهِّن

Form V: تَدَهَّنَ (tadahhana, “to be greased”); Active participle

اِدِّهَان

Form VIII: اِدَّهَنَ (iddahana, “to anoint oneself”); Verbal noun

مُدَّهِن

Form VIII: اِدَّهَنَ (iddahana, “to anoint oneself”); Active participle


ر ج ف

related to being in a state of motion, commotion, agitation, disturbance, turbulence, shaking, or vibrating violently

رَاجِف

Form I: رَجَفَ (rajafa, “to quake”); Active participle

إِرْجَاف

Form IV: أَرْجَفَ (ʔarjafa, “to make tremble; to spread lies”); Verbal noun

مُرْجِف

Form IV: أَرْجَفَ (ʔarjafa, “to make tremble; to spread lies”); Active participle

اِرْتِجَاف

Form VIII: اِرْتَجَفَ (irtajafa, “to tremble”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَجِف

Form VIII: اِرْتَجَفَ (irtajafa, “to tremble”); Active participle


س ب ح

To be free of any imperfection, to be perfect

سِبَاحَة

Form I: سَبَحَ (sabaḥa, “to swim”); Verbal noun

سَابِح

Form I: سَبَحَ (sabaḥa, “to swim”); Active participle

تَسْبِيح

Form II: سَبَّحَ (sabbaḥa, “to glorify, to praise”); Verbal noun

مُسَبِّح

Form II: سَبَّحَ (sabbaḥa, “to glorify, to praise”); Active participle


ر ك س

related to turning over, to turn upside down or on its head, to invert or reverse

إِرْكَاس

Form IV: أَرْكَسَ (ʔarkasa, “to cast back, to plunge”); Verbal noun

مُرْكِس

Form IV: أَرْكَسَ (ʔarkasa, “to cast back, to plunge”); Active participle

اِرْتِكَاس

Form VIII: اِرْتَكَسَ (irtakasa, “to decline, to degenerate”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَكِس

Form VIII: اِرْتَكَسَ (irtakasa, “to decline, to degenerate”); Active participle


ز ي غ

زَيْغ

Form I: زَاغَ (zāḡa, “to deviate, to turn away, to swerve”); Verbal noun

Form I: زَاغَ (zāḡa, “to deviate, to turn away, to swerve”); Active participle

مُزِيغ

Form IV: أَزَاغَ (ʔazāḡa); Active participle


س ح ب

has meanings related to withdrawing, dragging, pulling out

سَاحِب

Form I: سَحَبَ (saḥaba); Active participle

اِنْسِحَاب

Form VII: اِنْسَحَبَ (insaḥaba); Verbal noun

مُنْسَحِب

Form VII: اِنْسَحَبَ (insaḥaba); Active participle


س خ ط

س خ ط • (s-ḵ-ṭ)

Form I: سَخِطَ (saḵiṭa); Active participle

إِسْخَاط

Form IV: أَسْخَطَ (ʔasḵaṭa); Verbal noun

مُسْخِط

Form IV: أَسْخَطَ (ʔasḵaṭa); Active participle

تَسَخُّط

Form V: تَسَخَّطَ (tasaḵḵaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَخِّط

Form V: تَسَخَّطَ (tasaḵḵaṭa); Active participle


س ل خ

سَلْخ

Form I: سَلَخَ (salaḵa, “to skin; to flay”); Verbal noun

سَالِخ

Form I: سَلَخَ (salaḵa, “to skin; to flay”); Active participle

اِنْسِلَاخ

Form VII: اِنْسَلَخَ (insalaḵa, “to shed one’s skin; to pass; to detach”); Verbal noun

مُنْسَلِخ

Form VII: اِنْسَلَخَ (insalaḵa, “to shed one’s skin; to pass; to detach”); Active participle

اِسْلِخَاخ

Form IX: اِسْلَخَّ (islaḵḵa, “to lay oneself with the chest against the ground”); Verbal noun

مُسْلَخّ

Form IX: اِسْلَخَّ (islaḵḵa, “to lay oneself with the chest against the ground”); Active participle


ر ق ب

Form I: رَقِبَ (raqiba); Active participle

رَاقِب

Form I: رَقَبَ (raqaba); Active participle

مُرَاقِب

Form III: رَاقَبَ (rāqaba); Active participle

تَرَقُّب

Form V: تَرَقَّبَ (taraqqaba, “to be vigilant”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَقِّب

Form V: تَرَقَّبَ (taraqqaba, “to be vigilant”); Active participle

اِرْتِقَاب

Form VIII: اِرْتَقَبَ (irtaqaba); Verbal noun

مُرْتَقِب

Form VIII: اِرْتَقَبَ (irtaqaba); Active participle


س ل ف

related to taking, giving and the passing of things

سُلْفَة

something done in advance; tidbit, snack; raked ground; sheepskin

سُلَاف

wine obtained from juice flowing from grapes without pressing them

سَالِفَة

upper part of the neck, where the sideburns are with men

سَلَف

Form I: سَلَفَ (salafa, “to precede, to pass by; to flatten; to smear”); Verbal noun

an interest-free loan, a good deed, an advanced payment; remarkable thing experienced

سَالِف

Form I: سَلَفَ (salafa, “to precede, to pass by; to flatten; to smear”); Active participle

تَسْلِيف

Form II: سَلَّفَ (sallafa, “to have a snack, (with ه (h)) to give a snack to a host; (with ه (h)) to lend money”); Verbal noun

مُسَلِّف

Form II: سَلَّفَ (sallafa, “to have a snack, (with ه (h)) to give a snack to a host; (with ه (h)) to lend money”); Active participle

مُسَالَفَة

Form III: سَالَفَ (sālafa, “(with ه (h)) to surpass, reach; to walk along with; to precede”); Verbal noun

مُسَالِف

Form III: سَالَفَ (sālafa, “(with ه (h)) to surpass, reach; to walk along with; to precede”); Active participle

إِسْلَاف

Form IV: أَسْلَفَ (ʔaslafa, “to flatten, rake; to loan”); Verbal noun

مُسْلِف

Form IV: أَسْلَفَ (ʔaslafa, “to flatten, rake; to loan”); Active participle

تَسَلُّف

Form V: تَسَلَّفَ (tasallafa, “(with من + ه (h)) to get a loan, borrow”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَلِّف

Form V: تَسَلَّفَ (tasallafa, “(with من + ه (h)) to get a loan, borrow”); Active participle

تَسَالُف

Form VI: تَسَالَفَ (tasālafa, “to marry (two men with two sisters)”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَالِف

Form VI: تَسَالَفَ (tasālafa, “to marry (two men with two sisters)”); Active participle

اِسْتِلَاف

Form VIII: اِسْتَلَفَ (istalafa, “to ask for a loan or an advanced sum of money”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَلِف

Form VIII: اِسْتَلَفَ (istalafa, “to ask for a loan or an advanced sum of money”); Active participle

اِسْتِسْلَاف

Form X: اِسْتَسْلَفَ (istaslafa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَسْلِف

Form X: اِسْتَسْلَفَ (istaslafa); Active participle


yek-

*yék-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jehaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yā́čati

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yā́ćati

>? Sanskrit: याचति (yā́cati)

*yék-ti-s ~ *ik-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *jihtiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: juoktis

Proto-Celtic: *yextis (see there for further descendants)

*yók-o-s

Proto-Italic: *jokos

Latin: iocus (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *jehwlą (see there for further descendants)


*léh₁d-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lētaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ληδεῖν (lēdeîn)

Proto-Albanian: *lēda

Albanian: lodh

Proto-Albanian: *ladna

Old Albanian: *lan

Albanian: lë

Proto-Germanic: *lataz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *lassos

Latin: lassus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lādrā

Albanian: lodër


nes-

*nés-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nesaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *néhomai

Ancient Greek: νέομαι (néomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *násatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *násatay

Sanskrit: नसते (násate)

*nos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *nazjaną (see there for further descendants)

*n̥s-tó-s

⇒ *ń̥s-to-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ástam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *nōzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nayyō

Ancient Greek: ναίω (naíō)

Proto-Hellenic: *nahwós

Ancient Greek: ναός (naós)

Proto-Hellenic: *nóstos

Ancient Greek: νόστος (nóstos)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nas-

Tocharian B: nes-


*wélh₃-ti ~ *wl̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒄴𒍣 (walḫzi)

*wl̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *wl̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *welnō

Latin: vellō

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wälläṣtär

Proto-Germanic: *walaz (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *welh₃-wr̥-ti- (a derivative of heteroclitic *welh₃-wr̥/-wen-)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղարդն (gełardn)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

*wlannos

desctree

Middle Irish: flann
Irish: flann
Scottish Gaelic: flann

*wolis (see there for further descendants)

*welīsos

Proto-Brythonic: *gweli

Cornish: goly

Middle Breton: goulyow pl

Breton: gouli

Middle Welsh: gweli

Welsh: gweli

Proto-Germanic: *welwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wala- (“dead”)

desc

Old Norse: valr (“fallen in the battlefield”), Valhǫll (“Valhalla”), valkyrja (“Valkyrie”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οὐλή (oulḗ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai)

Italic:

Latin: vulnus

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: والانه (vâlâne, “wound”) ولانه (valâne, “wound”) (possibly)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *welias, *weliā

Baltic:

Lithuanian: vėlė (“corpse, ghost”)

Lithuanian: veliónis (“dead”)

Latvian: veļi

Slavic:

Czech: válka (“war”)

Polish: walka (“fight, combat”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“to die”)

Tocharian A: walu (“dead one”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


-TEEL

From Proto-Athabaskan *te̓l (“to be wide, broad”).

inh

to be wide, broad
 2. to range, to roam (as a herd, a tribe)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*yéh₂-ti ~ *ih₂-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀtei
East Baltic:
⇒ Latgalian: juot
⇒ Latvian: jāt
⇒ Lithuanian: jóti
Proto-Slavic: *jě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *jě̀xati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHti

Sanskrit: याति (yā́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *yáHti

Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yāⁱti)

*yéh₂-os ~ *yéh₂-es-

Proto-Celtic: *yās

Old Irish: á (“chariot”)

*yéh₂-lo- (“zeal”)

Balto-Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: jȃl/ја̑л (“envy, malice”)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *yālos (“praise, worship”)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl (“prayer, supplication, worship”)

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil (“request, desire”)

Irish: áil

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHma

Sanskrit: यामन् (yā́man)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջան (ǰan, “zeal, effort, labour”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHnam

Sanskrit: यान (yā́na) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jānos

Latin: Iānus, iānua (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ěto (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-tu-s ~ *ih₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yātus (see there for further descendants)

*yéh₂-wēr or *yéh₂-wō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHwā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHwā

Sanskrit: यावन् (yā́van, “rider, invader on horseback”)

Proto-Tocharian: *iyā-

Tocharian A: yā-

Tocharian B: iyā-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ꙗдо (jado, “to travel”)

Ancient Greek: ζητέω (zētéō)

Ancient Greek: ζημία (zēmía)


krep-

*kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s

Proto-Celtic: *krixs

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kriɸmos

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨβ̃ (“strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: crí (“body”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥ps

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥ps

Sanskrit: कृप् (kṛ́p), कृपा (kṛpā́, instr. sg.)

Proto-Iranian: *kŕ̥pš

Avestan: 𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨 (kəhrpə̄m, acc. sg.)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (klp /kirb/)

→ Old Armenian: կերպ (kerp)

*krép-os ~ *krép-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *hrefaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *korpos (The change in the stem vowel may be a conflation of the *s-stem noun with the root noun *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s)

Latin: corpus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *krepa

Albanian: krep

Proto-Albanian: *kurpna

Albanian: kurm

Armenian:

Old Armenian: որովայն (orovayn)

>? Proto-Celtic: *krittā (unlikely) (see there for further descendants)


चन्द्

head

चन्द् • (cand)

sa-root

चन्द् • (cand)

From the Proto-Indo-European *(s)kand- (“to glow, shine”).


ली

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂liH-, the zero-grade of *h₂leyH- (“to smear”). Compare Latin līmus (“slime”), Irish lean (“to follow; to endure”), Hittite [script needed] (ú-li-iš-ta, “hide oneself”).

cog

to cling or press closely, stick or adhere to

to hide or cower down in, disappear, vanish


արթ-

Either from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥tʰ-, whence հարթնում (hartʻnum), or from Proto-Indo-European *ar-tʰ-, from *h₃er- (“to move, to stir; to rise, to spring”), whence Ancient Greek ἐρέθω (eréthō) with a similar extension.


रम्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hram-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to rest”). Compare रमते (ramate, “to stay, rest”).

रामयति

to cause to stay, rest; to bring delight


शुच्

head

शुच् • (śuc)

sa-root

शुच् • (śuc)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćawk- (“shines, glares, gleams”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“white”). Cognate with Persian سوگ (sug, “grief, sorrow”) (further related to سوختن (suxtan, “to burn”), سرخ (sorx, “red”), and سوگند (sowgand, “oath”)), Gilaki سوتن (sutən), Talysh سوته (sute), Baluchi سوچگ (sóčag), Mazanderani بسوتن (basuten), Central Kurdish سوتان (sutan), Old Armenian սուգ (sug, “grief”), and Proto-Baltic *šuktas (“lit, ignited”).


पच्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pać-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pač-, from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-.


मुह्

head

मुह् • (muh)

sa-root

मुह् • (muh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ- ~ *mawgʰ- (“to err, to be foolish, to deviate”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬴𐬆-𐬨𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (əṣ̌ə-maoγa, “teacher of false doctrines”), Middle Persian 'hl-mwg'n (“heretics”).


ईड्

From Vedic Sanskrit ईळ् (īḷ), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hayẓḍ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hayžd-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eysd-.


जीव्

head

जीव् • (jīv)

sa-root

जीव् • (jīv)

From the zero-grade (*ǰiHw-) of Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰayHw-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-.

जिजीवयिषु

jijīvayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


क्रम्

head

क्रम् • (kram)

sa-root

क्रम् • (kram)

A re-analyzing of Proto-Indo-Iranian *krā́mHti as a Sanskritic root; see there for more.


यभ्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hyabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃yebʰ- (“to copulate” < “to enter, penetrate”).


daH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daH-

Sanskrit: दा (dā)

Proto-Iranian: *daH-

*dá-dah-ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*dáH-nam (“gift”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáHnam

Sanskrit: दान (dāna)

*dáH-tā (“giver”)

*dáH-tiš (“giving”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dítiṣ (from zero-grade?)

Sanskrit: दिति (díti)

*dítsati (desiderative)?

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dítsati

Sanskrit: दित्सति (dítsati)


lewg-

*lu-né-g-ti ~ *lu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *lungeti (see there for further descendants)

*lug-o-

Proto-Germanic: *luką (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λύγος (lúgos), λυγίζω (lugízō)

*lug-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *luktos

Proto-Italic: *luktāōr

Latin: luctor (see there for further descendants)

*lug-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rugnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rugnás

desc

Sanskrit: रुग्ण (rugṇá, “bent, crooked”)

*lug-so-s

Proto-Italic: *luksos

Latin: luxus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *awa-luga

Albanian: vlug

Proto-Germanic: *lūkaną (see there for further descendants)


-GIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢəž (“to act with a stick, to be forked”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delggez (“it is forked”), gges (“skewer”).
Found in Navajo in a number of disparate themes related to cutting, to forked or gapped shape, to seeping/spreading, and to acting with a stick or gestures.
Also found in a base related to flashing, probably a corruption of the root -GĘZH, of similar meaning (see -KĘ́Ę́Z/-KÉÉZ for a similar situation).

inh

to cut, to incise; to be forked, to have a gap
 2. to soak, to seep, to spread
 3. to act with a stick or gestures
 4. to flash


-KʼAII

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʼ'a̓ɣ̇ (“fat, to be fat”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna lkʼaax (“it is fat”).


조용

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 종용(從容) (jong'yong, “calm, unhurried, leisurely”).

ko-etym-nativised

조용하다 조용하다#Korean

Root of 조용하다 (joyonghada, “quiet”) / 조용히 (joyonghi, “quietly”). Rarely used alone.


neyk-

*néyk-eti

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to winnow”)

Latvian: niẽkât

Lithuanian: niekóti

Proto-Hellenic: *niknā́ (“winnowed”)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *niknáō (“to winnow”)

Ancient Greek: *νικνάω (*niknáō), *νικμάω (*nikmáō), λικμάω (likmáō), ἰκμάω (ikmáō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: εὐνίκμητον (euníkmēton)

⇒ Ancient Greek: *νίκνον (*níknon), νίκλον (níklon)

*nik-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *nixtos (“winnowed; wheat”) (see there for further descendants)


tens-

*téns-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þinsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánsati

Sanskrit: तंसति (táṃsati), तंसते (táṃsate)

*téns-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenstei

Latvian: tìest

Lithuanian: tę̃sti

Old Prussian: tiēnstwei

*te-tons-e ~ te-tn̥s-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Germanic:

Gothic: -𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-þans)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tatasráy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tatasráy

Sanskrit: ततस्रे (tatasré)

*tons-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tanseitei

Lithuanian: tąsýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tansáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tansáyati

Sanskrit: तंसयते (taṃsáyate)

*tóns-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tąsus

Extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


*tn̥h₁-yé-tor (passive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāHyátay

Sanskrit: तायते (tāyáte)

*ténh₂-mn̥ ~ *tenh₂-món-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tánHmā

Sanskrit: तनिमन् (tániman, “shallowness, weakness”)

*ténh₂-us (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnás

Sanskrit: उत्तान (uttāná)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (ustāna)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtaHnáȷ́ʰastas (“with hands outstretched”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uttaHnáźʰastas

Sanskrit: उत्तानहस्त (uttānáhasta)

Proto-Iranian: *ustaHnájástah

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (ustānazasta)

Possibly an extended form of *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tend-

Albanian: tend

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tándati

Sanskrit: तन्दते (tándate, “become relaxed”)

Proto-Iranian: *tándati (“to languish, faint”)

Parthian: tnd (tand, “faint, languishing”)

Proto-Italic: *tendō

Latin: tendō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖 (ustentu), 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (ustetu), ostendu, 𐌖𐌔𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌀 (ustentuta), ostensendi

*tn̥d-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *tensos

Latin: tensus

*ténd-u-s ~ *tn̥d-éw-s:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tandùs (“lazy, sloppy”)

Probably from the synonymous *ten-, but with an uncertain suffix *-d(H)-.


tend-

*ténd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *tendeti (“to break, cut”)

Old Irish: teinnid

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τένδω (téndō, “to gnaw at”)

*tond-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *tondeō

Latin: tondeō (“to cut, shear”)

*tn̥-né-d-ti ~ *tn̥-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: -tenn

*te-tónd-e ~ *te-tn̥d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tethainn

Proto-Italic:

Latin: totondī

Proto-Celtic: *tondā (“skin, surface”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonnenn

Breton: tonnenn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

Old Irish: tonn

Possibly an extension of *temh₁- (“to cut”).


ब्रू

head

ब्रू • (brū)

sa-root

ब्रू • (brū)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mlewH- (“to say”).


व्यवस्था

head

व्यवस्था • (vyavasthā)

sa-root

व्यवस्था • (vyavasthā)

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs.tʰɑː/

/ʋjɐˈʋɐs̪.t̪ʰɑː/

to be settled, be (logically) true or tenable

to settle, arrange, establish, determine, prove to be (logically) tenable


श्रु

head

श्रु • (śru)

sa-root

श्रु • (śru)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-
Sanskrit श्रु (śru)
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlu-, zero-grade of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

etymon

शिश्रावयिषति

śiśrāvayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

शुश्रावयिषति

śuśrāvayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


saw-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *su-

Sanskrit: सु- (su-)

Proto-Iranian: *hu-

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎- (hu-)

*sunáwti (“he presses out”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sunáwti

Sanskrit: सुनोति (sunóti)

*súrā (“nectar, wine”) (see there for further descendants)

*sáwHmas (“soma, haoma”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma)

*sutás (“pressed”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sutás

Sanskrit: सुत (sutá)

Proto-Iranian: *hutáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬙𐬀 (huta)

From Proto-Indo-European *sew-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕω (húō), Latin sucus.


वश्

From Proto-Indo-European *weḱ- (“to wish”).

to desire, wish, long for, be fond of, like


*h₁réyp-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rīfaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρείπω (ereípō, “to ruin, tear down”)

*h₁rip-néh₂-ti ~ *h₁reyp-n̥h₂-énti (*néh₂-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: ре́пнуть (répnutʹ, “to burst”) (dialectal)

Proto-Celtic: *rēbbāti

Middle Irish: répaid

Proto-Germanic: *rippōną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁réyp-eh₂ (“steep slope”)

Proto-Germanic: *rīpō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reipā

Latin: rīpa (“river bank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raupā

Albanian: repë (“desert”)

Compare also *Hrewp- (“to break, tear (up)”).


ح م ق

حَمَاقَة

Form I: حَمِقَ (ḥamiqa, “to be stupid”); Verbal noun

تَحْمِيق

Form II: حَمَّقَ (ḥammaqa, “to consider (someone) stupid”); Verbal noun

مُحَمِّق

Form II: حَمَّقَ (ḥammaqa, “to consider (someone) stupid”); Active participle

اِسْتِحْمَاق

Form X: اِسْتَحْمَقَ (istaḥmaqa, “to find stupid”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْمِق

Form X: اِسْتَحْمَقَ (istaḥmaqa, “to find stupid”); Active participle

مُسْتَحْمَق

Form I: حَمِقَ (ḥamiqa, “to be stupid”); Active participle

تَحَامُق

Form VI: تَحَامَقَ (taḥāmaqa, “to pretend to be stupid, feign stupidity”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَامِق

Form VI: تَحَامَقَ (taḥāmaqa, “to pretend to be stupid, feign stupidity”); Active participle

اِنْحِمَاق

Form VII: اِنْحَمَقَ (inḥamaqa, “to become angry, furious”); Verbal noun

مُنْحَمِق

Form VII: اِنْحَمَقَ (inḥamaqa, “to become angry, furious”); Active participle


ك ر م

The Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou speculates that the West-Semites have come to use this root because of the excelling suitability of the vine-plant, كَرْمة (karma), for the production of fermented beverages.

كَرَم

Form I: كَرُمَ (karuma, “to be noble”); Verbal noun

تَكْرِيم

Form II: كَرَّمَ (karrama, “to call (someone) noble”); Verbal noun

مُكَرِّم

Form II: كَرَّمَ (karrama, “to call (someone) noble”); Active participle

مُكَارَمَة

Form III: كَارَمَ (kārama, “to vie (someone) in generosity; to treat with generosity”); Verbal noun

مُكَارِم

Form III: كَارَمَ (kārama, “to vie (someone) in generosity; to treat with generosity”); Active participle

إِكْرَام

Form IV: أَكْرَمَ (ʔakrama, “to honor, to make comfortable”); Verbal noun

مُكْرِم

Form IV: أَكْرَمَ (ʔakrama, “to honor, to make comfortable”); Active participle

تَكَرُّم

Form V: تَكَرَّمَ (takarrama, “to show one's generous side, to be so kind (على) in behalf of someone”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَرِّم

Form V: تَكَرَّمَ (takarrama, “to show one's generous side, to be so kind (على) in behalf of someone”); Active participle

تَكَارُم

Form VI: تَكَارَمَ (takārama, “to show with generosity to each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَارِم

Form VI: تَكَارَمَ (takārama, “to show with generosity to each other”); Active participle


*dʰérh₃-ti ~ *dʰr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *durˀtei (“to stab, prick”)

Lithuanian: dùrti

Latvian: dur̃t

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔθορον (éthoron, “to leap”)

*dʰorh₃-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *darjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *darjan (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥h₃-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θρῴσκω (thrṓiskō, “to spring, leap”)

*dʰr̥h₃-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *daryeti (“to bull, force oneself, leap upon”)

Old Irish: dairid

Irish: doir

Proto-Germanic: *darō (“injury”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́raH (“edge, blade; gush”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́raH

Sanskrit: धारा (dhā́rā)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́raH

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā)

→ Old Armenian: դար (dar)


Hwas-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwas-

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)

Proto-Iranian: *wah-

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵 (vaŋh, “to dwell, remain”)

Ossetian: уат (wat, “room; bed; place”)

*Hwásati (see there for further descendants)


kagʰ-

*kágʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *kageti (“to get, receive”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cael

Welsh: cael

*kagʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *kaɣeō

Latin: incohō (< *in-kaɣeō) (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌃 (kahad, 3s.pr.cj.)

Umbrian: cehefi (inf.ps.)

*kagʰ-yó-m (“enclosure”)

*kagʰ-yo-s (cf. above)

Proto-Germanic: *hagjaz

Old Norse: heggr (“bird cherry”) (see there for further descendants)

*kágʰ-l̥-eh₂ ~ *kagʰ-én-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kaɣela (“small hole”)

Latin: caulae (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) Oscan: kaíla (acc.sg.)

*kágʰ-r̥ ~ *kagʰ-éns (“enclosure, pasture; hedge”)

⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”) (see there for further descendants)

q

from the presumed genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hakkaz</i>

⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m

⇒? Proto-Armenian: (with a prefix)

desc

Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< collective(?) <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kagʰ-néh₂</i>

Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn

Welsh: caen

Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn

Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)

Old High German: hagan (“briar”)

⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨr

Middle Breton: ker

Cornish: caer

Middle Welsh: cair

Welsh: caer

*kágʰ-so-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa, “secluded forest, wooded recess; clearing; room, apartment”) (see there for further descendants)

that which encloses: fence, hedge, barrier


bʰaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaH-

Sanskrit: भा (bhā)

*bʰáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáH

Sanskrit: भा (bhā́)

*bʰáHti (“to be bright”)

*bʰáHas (“light, splendor, brilliance”)

*bʰáHmas

*bʰaHnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰaHnam

Sanskrit: भान (bhāna)

Proto-Iranian: *baHnam

Ossetian: бон (bon, “day”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (vuyn, “light, radiance”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (voyn, “fire, light”)


*h₂réh₁-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

⇒ *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to think; to arrange”)

*h₂reh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *rēōr (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂r̥h₁-éy-ti (ey-present)

⇒ *h₂rey- (“to count; to arrange”, reanalyzed root)

Proto-Hellenic: *aréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀρέσκω (aréskō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *araréskō

Ancient Greek: ἀραρίσκω (ararískō)

Proto-Hellenic: *aretā́

Ancient Greek: ἀρετή (aretḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ratōr

q

or derived from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ratus</i>

Latin: rator (“thinker”) (or derived from ratus)

Proto-Italic: *ratos
Latin: ratus

*h₂reh₁-tis ~ *h₂rh₁-téys

⇒ *h₂rh₁-ti-Hō

Proto-Italic: *ratjō

Latin: ratiō

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raþjǭ (“account, reasoning”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *rānja

Albanian: rroj

Reanalyzed root of *h₂er- (“to join; to prepare”) + *-éh₁ti.


*h₂rey-dʰ(h₁)- (“to put in order”)

*h₂réy-dʰ-t ~ *h₂ri-dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist (“to put in order”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *raidaz (“ready, arranged”), *raidijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raids (“ready”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rināti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rīmā (“number, count”) (< *h₂réy-meh₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rīmą (“number, calculation”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂réy-tus ~ *h₂ri-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rītus

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νήριτος (nḗritos, “countless”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rendas (“row”)

Lithuanian: rindà

Latvian: rinda

Proto-Slavic: *rędъ (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *h₂réyti, from *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


spewd-

*spéwd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπεύδω (speúdō)

*spéwd-os

Proto-Germanic: *speutaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spaudā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spaudà

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σπουδή (spoudḗ)

*spowd-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Lithuanian: spáusti (“to press, squeeze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spūˀdā́ˀ

Lithuanian: spūdà


kʷey-

*kʷéy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáyati

Sanskrit: चयते (cáyate, “to take revenge on”)

Proto-Slavic: *kàjati

*kʷi-néw-ti ~ *kʷi-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷínō

Ancient Greek: τίνω (tínō), τί̄νω (tí̄nō)

*kʷey-no-s

Proto-Slavic: *činъ (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷítis

Ancient Greek: τίσις (tísis)


kʷey-

*kʷeyt-

*kʷeys-

*kʷé(h₁)y-e-ti (e-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Slavic: *čàjati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáHyati

Sanskrit: चायति (cāyati)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τίω (tíō, “to esteem, to respect”)

*kʷ(h₁)i-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćináwti

Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti, “it observes”)

Proto-Iranian: *čináwtī

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙- (cinuuaṇt-, present active participle)

*kʷe-kʷó(h₁)y-e ~ *kʷe-kʷ(h₁)y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikā́ya

Sanskrit: चिकाय (cikāya)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῑμή (tīmḗ)

*kʷé(h₁)y-ti-s ~ *kʷ(h₁)i-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (citi, “understanding”), अपचिति (ápa-citi, “reverence”)


kʷey-

*kʷey-t (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háčayt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háčayt

Vedic Sanskrit: अचेत् (acet)

*kʷi-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *čináwti

Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti, “it gathers”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čináwti

Northern Kurdish: çinîn (“to reap”), çandin (“to plant”)

Central Kurdish: چنین (çnîn, “to reap”), چاندن (çandin, “to plant”)

Proto-Slavic: *činǫti, *činìti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷoywós

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷoiwós, *kʷoiwéyō

Ancient Greek: ποιϝέω (poiwéō, Doric), ποιέω (poiéō)

*kʷóyos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́yas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́yas

Sanskrit: काय (kāya)

*kʷéy-ti-s ~ *kʷi-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čítis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćítis

Sanskrit: चिति (citi, “a layer”)


smar-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smar-

Sanskrit: स्मृ (smṛ)

*smarás (“recollection”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smarás

Sanskrit: स्मर (smará)

*smárati


stew-

*stéw-e ~ *stéw-ēr (root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáway

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stáway

Sanskrit: स्तवे (stáve)

*stḗw-ti ~ *stéw-nti (narten-type root athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στεῦται (steûtai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stā́wti (see there for further descendants)

*stéw-tōr ~ *stu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stawtā́ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-du-u̯a-a-ri /ištuāri/, “to be manifest; be announced”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staw-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staw-

Sanskrit: स्तु (stu) (from zero-grade)


ع ي ر

تَعْيِير

Form II: عَيَّرَ (ʕayyara, “to blame”); Verbal noun

مُعَيِّر

Form II: عَيَّرَ (ʕayyara, “to blame”); Active participle

تَعَايُر

Form VI: تَعَايَرَ (taʕāyara, “to revile each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَايِر

Form VI: تَعَايَرَ (taʕāyara, “to revile each other”); Active participle

مُتَعَايَر

Form I: عَارَ (ʕāra, “to roam, to wander”); Active participle

مُعَايَرَة

Form III: عَايَرَ (ʕāyara, “to measure; to weigh”); Verbal noun

مُعَايِر

Form III: عَايَرَ (ʕāyara, “to measure; to weigh”); Active participle

مُعَايَر

related to measurement and standardization


ع و ر

related to exposure (especially of an eye socket)

عَوَر

Form I: عَوِرَ (ʕawira, “to lose an eye”); Verbal noun

تَعْوِير

Form II: عَوَّرَ (ʕawwara, “to deprive of an eye”); Verbal noun

مُعَوِّر

Form II: عَوَّرَ (ʕawwara, “to deprive of an eye”); Active participle

مُعَاوَرَة

Form III: عَاوَرَ (ʕāwara, “to lend”); Verbal noun

مُعَاوِر

Form III: عَاوَرَ (ʕāwara, “to lend”); Active participle

إِعَارَة

Form IV: أَعَارَ (ʔaʕāra, “to lend, loan”); Verbal noun

مُعِير

Form IV: أَعَارَ (ʔaʕāra, “to lend, loan”); Active participle

اِسْتِعَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَعَارَ (istaʕāra, “to borrow”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعِير

Form X: اِسْتَعَارَ (istaʕāra, “to borrow”); Active participle


ع ر ي

عُرْي

Form I: عَرِيَ (ʕariya, “to be bare, to be naked”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَرِيَ (ʕariya, “to be bare, to be naked”); Active participle

تَعْرِيَة

Form II: عَرَّى (ʕarrā, “to disrobe, to unclothe”); Verbal noun

مُعَرٍّ

Form II: عَرَّى (ʕarrā, “to disrobe, to unclothe”); Active participle

مُعَارٍ

Form III: عَارَى (ʕārā); Active participle

مُعْرٍ

Form IV: أَعْرَى (ʔaʕrā); Active participle

مُتَعَرٍّ

Form V: تَعَرَّى (taʕarrā); Active participle

اِسْتِعْرَاء

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَى (istaʕrā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْرٍ

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَى (istaʕrā); Active participle

مُسْتَعْرًى

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَى (istaʕrā)

اِعْرِيرَاء

Form XII: اِعْرَوْرَى (iʕrawrā); Verbal noun

مُعْرَوْرٍ

Form XII: اِعْرَوْرَى (iʕrawrā); Active participle


ل ء ل ء

ar-root

ل ء ل ء • (l-ʔ-l-ʔ)

related to flashing, glittering, sparkling, twinkling, or pearls.

لَأْلَأَة

Form Iq: لَأْلَأَ (laʔlaʔa, “to flash, to glitter, to sparkle, to twinkle”); Verbal noun

مُلَأْلِئ

Form Iq: لَأْلَأَ (laʔlaʔa, “to flash, to glitter, to sparkle, to twinkle”); Active participle

تَلَأْلُؤ

Form IIq: تَلَأْلَأَ (talaʔlaʔa, “to flash, to glitter, to sparkle, to twinkle”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَأْلِئ

Form IIq: تَلَأْلَأَ (talaʔlaʔa, “to flash, to glitter, to sparkle, to twinkle”); Active participle


सि

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *saH- (“to bind, fasten, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (iš-hi-an-zi, “they bind”), Latvian sìet (“to bind”).


و ج د

وُجُود

Form I: وَجَدَ (wajada, “to appear”); Verbal noun

وَاجِد

Form I: وَجَدَ (wajada, “to appear”); Active participle

وُجُود

Form I: وُجِدَ (wujida, “to exist”); Verbal noun

إِيجَاد

Form IV: أَوْجَدَ (ʔawjada, “to produce”); Verbal noun

مُوجِد

Form IV: أَوْجَدَ (ʔawjada, “to produce”); Active participle

تَوَجُّد

Form V: تَوَجَّدَ (tawajjada, “to be passionately in love, to grieve”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَجِّد

Form V: تَوَجَّدَ (tawajjada, “to be passionately in love, to grieve”); Active participle

تَوَاجُد

Form VI: تَوَاجَدَ (tawājada, “to turn up, to appear”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاجِد

Form VI: تَوَاجَدَ (tawājada, “to turn up, to appear”); Active participle


ز و ج

From Ancient Greek ζεῦγος (zeûgos, “pair”), from Proto-Indo-European *yewg-. Cognate with Hebrew ז ו ג, Aramaic ז ו ג.

تَزْوِيج

Form II: زَوَّجَ (zawwaja, “to couple, to marry off”); Verbal noun

مُزَوِّج

Form II: زَوَّجَ (zawwaja, “to couple, to marry off”); Active participle

تَزَوُّج

Form V: تَزَوَّجَ (tazawwaja, “to get married”); Verbal noun

مُتَزَوِّج

Form V: تَزَوَّجَ (tazawwaja, “to get married”); Active participle

تَزَاوُج

Form VI: تَزَاوَجَ (tazāwaja, “to couple”); Verbal noun

مُتَزَاوِج

Form VI: تَزَاوَجَ (tazāwaja, “to couple”); Active participle

اِزْدِوَاج

Form VIII: اِزْدَوَجَ (izdawaja, “to be in pairs”); Verbal noun

مُزْدَوِج

Form VIII: اِزْدَوَجَ (izdawaja, “to be in pairs”); Active participle


हन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰan-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to strike, hit, kill”).


Proto-Albanian: *daja

Albanian: daj

Proto-Hellenic: *dayomai

Ancient Greek: δαίομαι (daíomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyatay

Sanskrit: दयते (dáyate)

Proto-Hellenic: *dā́mos

Ancient Greek: δῆμος (dêmos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dālom (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: दया (dayā)

desc

>? Northern Kurdish: dêman (“inhabitant”)


नी

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *neyH-. Compare Avestan 𐬌𐬙𐬈𐬫𐬀𐬥 (iteyan, “to bring, lead”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎴𐎹 (a-n-y /anaya/, “he was leading, bringing”), Middle Persian [script needed] (nītan, “to lead, drive”), Hittite 𒈾𒄿𒉈 (nāine, “to guide”).


س و ء

سُوء

Form I: سَاءَ (sāʔa, “to act badly, maltreat, injure”); Verbal noun

سَاءٍ

Form I: سَاءَ (sāʔa, “to act badly, maltreat, injure”); Active participle

إِسَاءَة

Form IV: أَسَاءَ (ʔasāʔa, “to harm, to treat badly, to misjudge”); Verbal noun

مُسِيء

Form IV: أَسَاءَ (ʔasāʔa, “to harm, to treat badly, to misjudge”); Active participle

اِسْتِيَاء

Form VIII: اِسْتَاءَ (istāʔa, “to be offended by”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَاء

Form VIII: اِسْتَاءَ (istāʔa, “to be offended by”); Active participle


Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίς (daís)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτύς (daitús)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτυμών (daitumṓn)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιτρός (daitrós), δαιτρόν (daitrón)

*déh₂i-mō ~ *dh₂i-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *tīmô (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίμων (daímōn)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαΐζω (daḯzō)

Ancient Greek: δαίνῡμι (daínūmi)

Ancient Greek: δαίω (daíō, “to share”)

Extension of *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


ز ي ن

زَيْن

plural أَزْيَان (ʔazyān); زَيْنَات (zaynāt)

زَيْن

Form I: زَانَ (zāna, “to adorn”); Verbal noun

زَائِن

Form I: زَانَ (zāna, “to adorn”); Active participle

مُزَيِّن

Form II: زَيَّنَ (zayyana); Active participle

تَزَيُّن

Form V: تَزَيَّنَ (tazayyana), اِزَّيَّنَ (izzayyana); Verbal noun

مُتَزَيِّن

Form V: تَزَيَّنَ (tazayyana), اِزَّيَّنَ (izzayyana); Active participle

اِزْدِيَان

Form VIII: اِزْدَانَ (izdāna); Verbal noun

مُزْدَان

Form VIII: اِزْدَانَ (izdāna); Active participle


다락

다락다락 다락다락#Korean

Root of 다락다락 (darakdarak, “importunately”). Rarely used alone.


ksnew-

*ksnow-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnawáyati

Proto-Iranian: *xšnawáyatī

desc

𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (xšāuuaiieⁱti, “to satisfy”)

*ksnḗw-s-t ~ *ksnéw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnā́wšt

Proto-Iranian: *xšnā́wšt

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬁𐬏𐬱 (xšāūš, “to listen”)

Proto-Italic: *(ks)nowātlā

Latin: novācula (“razor”)

*ksnéw-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnáwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇáwtram

Sanskrit: क्ष्णोत्र (kṣṇótra, “whetstone”)

*ksnow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Germanic: *snaw-waz (“bald”)

Old Norse: snǫggr, snøggr (< *snawwiz)

Icelandic: snöggur

Swedish: snygg

*ksnéw-tu-s ~ *ksnu-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *snauþuz (“naked, poor”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksnu-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣṇutás

Sanskrit: क्ष्णुत (kṣṇutá, “sharpened”)

Proto-Iranian: *xšnutáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬙𐬀 (xšnuta)

Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎵𐎢𐎫 (x-š-nu-u-t /xšnuta/)

Reanalysed root of *ksnéwti, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-néwti (*néw-present suffix).


ksew-

*kséw-ti ~ *ksu-énti (athematic present)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skutei (“to shave”) (metathesis)

Latvian: skũt, skuvu (1sg.pret.)

Lithuanian: skutù, skùsti

*ksu-yé-ti (*yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksuyō

Ancient Greek: ξύω (xúō, “to shave, smooth, scratch”)

*ksḗw-s-t ~ *kséw-s-n̥t (*s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ξέσαι (xésai)

*ksow-éye-ti (“to scrape”, éye-causative)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawejō

Latin: sauciō (“I wound; I trim”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksów-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *ksównon

Ancient Greek: ξόανον (xóanon)

*ksow-ó-s (“scraping”)

Proto-Italic: *(k)sawos (“wound”)

Latin: saucius (< *sawVkio- < *ksow-Vk-) (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ksurón

Ancient Greek: ξυρόν (xurón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšurás (see there for further descendants)

*ksu-lo-

Proto-Hellenic: *ksúlon

Ancient Greek: ξύλον (xúlon)

>? Proto-Celtic: *skutā (with metathesis)

desctree

Old Irish: scoth (“point, tip, edge”)
Middle Irish: scoth
Irish: scoth
⇒ Middle Irish: scothaid (“to cut, lop off”)

Extensions

desc

>? *ksew-d- (“to crush into pieces, disintegrate”)

Reanalysed root of *kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-us.


kes-

Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)

Proto-West Germanic: *heʀdā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-ti ~ *ks-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒆠𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ki-ša-an-da, 3pl.pret.act.), 𒆠𒊭𒄠𒈠 (ki-ša-am-ma /kišama/, part.)

Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒍣 (ki-iš-zi, “to comb, card”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*ks-néw-ti ~ *ks-nw-énti (*néw-present) (see there for further descendants)

*kes-/*kos-yé-ti (yé-fientive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *késtei

Lithuanian: kàsti

Proto-Slavic: *česàti (“to scratch, comb”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *kositi (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s

*ksen- (reanalysed root)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kasra > *kāra

Albanian: korr (“to harvest, reap”)

⇒ *ke-ks-r-éh₂ (with reduplication of the root)

>? Proto-Celtic: *kīsrā (“comb”) (possibly < *kēsrā < *kexsrā)

Old Irish: cír (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kes-ró-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *hērą (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kés-s ~ *ks-és

*kses- (reanalysed root)

*ksés-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kséhō

Ancient Greek: ξέω (xéō, “to shave, carve, smooth, polish”)

*kses-tós (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksestós

Ancient Greek: ξεστός (xestós, “smoothed, polished, wrought”)

*kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s

*ksew- (reanalysed root)

Proto-Albanian: *kaxā (“plaited hair”)

Albanian: kezë (“woman’s head-dress, bonnet, hair-net”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀ

Latvian: kasa (“braid”)

Lithuanian: kasà (“braid”)

Old Prussian: kexti (“braided hair”)

Proto-Slavic: *kosà (“hair, braided hair”) (see there for further descendants)

*kos-eh₂-yé-ti ~ *kos-eh₂-yónti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀtei

Latvian: kàsît

Lithuanian: kasýti

Proto-Slavic: *kasati (see there for further descendants)

*kós-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasmas

Proto-Slavic: *kosmъ (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *kos-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *kaxa (“ox”)

Albanian: ka

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


ksen-

*ksén-e-ti ~ *ksén-onti (“thematic root present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšanánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣanánti

Sanskrit: वि अक्षणन् (vi akṣaṇan, 3pl.impf.act.), विक्षणत् (vi-kṣaṇat, “to card”, ptc.act.)

*ksn̥-yé-ti ~ *ksn̥-yonti (“zero-grade *yé-present”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ksəňňō

Ancient Greek: ξαίνω (xaínō, “to card; to scratch”)

*ksén-ti-s ~ ksn̥-téy-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentis (“thorn”) (see there for further descendants)

*ksén-tu-s ~ ksn̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sentus (“thorny”) (see there for further descendants)

Reanalysed root of *kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s, from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) + *-r̥ (n-stem).


सन्

From Proto-Indo-European *senh₂- (“to seek, accomplish, work on, succeed”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνύω (anúō, “cause, accomplish”), the source of English authentic (see αὐθέντης (authéntēs)), as well as Hittite [script needed] (sanh-, “to intend; to strive for; to seek”).

cog

to gain, acquire, obtain as a gift, possess, enjoy

to gain for another, procure, bestow, give, distribute

to be successful, be granted or fulfilled


ع د و

تَعْدِيَة

Form II: عَدَّى (ʕaddā, “to transgress, to go over”); Verbal noun

مُعَادَاة

Form III: عَادَى (ʕādā, “to be hostile to, to treat as an enemy”); Verbal noun

إِعْدَاء

Form IV: أَعْدَى (ʔaʕdā, “to infect”); Verbal noun

تَعَادٍ

Form VI: تَعَادَى (taʕādā, “to be foes”); Verbal noun

اِسْتِعْدَاء

Form X: اِسْتَعْدَى (istaʕdā, “to incite”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْدًى

مُعَدٍّ

Form II: عَدَّى (ʕaddā, “to transgress, to go over”); Active participle

مُعَادٍ

Form III: عَادَى (ʕādā, “to be hostile to, to treat as an enemy”); Active participle

مُعْدٍ

Form IV: أَعْدَى (ʔaʕdā, “to infect”); Active participle

تَعَدٍّ

Form V: تَعَدَّى (taʕaddā, “to exceed”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَدٍّ

Form V: تَعَدَّى (taʕaddā, “to exceed”); Active participle

مُتَعَادٍ

Form VI: تَعَادَى (taʕādā, “to be foes”); Active participle

اِنْعِدَاء

Form VII: اِنْعَدَى (inʕadā, “to become infected”); Verbal noun

مُنْعَدٍ

Form VII: اِنْعَدَى (inʕadā, “to become infected”); Active participle

اِعْتِدَاء

Form VIII: اِعْتَدَى (iʕtadā, “to aggress”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَدٍ

Form VIII: اِعْتَدَى (iʕtadā, “to aggress”); Active participle

مُسْتَعْدٍ

Form X: اِسْتَعْدَى (istaʕdā, “to incite”); Active participle


ه ن د س

From هَنْدَسَة (handasa, “geometry, architecture, engineering”), from earlier هَنْدَزَة (handaza), from هَنْدَاز (handāz), borrowed from Middle Persian handʾc- (handāz-), hndʾhtn' (handāxtan, “to plan, to allot, to reckon, to judge”), or hndʾck' (handāzag, “measure, manner”) (> Persian اندازه (andâza)).

هَنْدَسَة

Form Iq: هَنْدَسَ (handasa, “to engineer”); Verbal noun

مُهَنْدَس

مُهَنْدِس

Form Iq: هَنْدَسَ (handasa, “to engineer”); Active participle


*pléh₃w-e-ti (thematic present) or *pléh₃-we-ti (*we-present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pláuˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plṓ(w)ō

Ancient Greek: πλώω (plṓō)

*ploh₃w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (see there for further descendants)

*pléh₃-tu-s ~ *pl̥h₃-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *flōduz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plauˀtá (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

(perhaps) Latin: plōrō

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plū́ˀtei (zero grade with secondary long vowel) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ح ر ك

حَرَكَة

Form I: حَرُكَ (ḥaruka, “(intransitive) to move”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَرُكَ (ḥaruka, “(intransitive) to move”); Active participle

تَحْرِيك

Form II: حَرَّكَ (ḥarraka, “to put in motion”); Verbal noun

مُحَرِّك

Form II: حَرَّكَ (ḥarraka, “to put in motion”); Active participle

تَحَرُّك

Form V: تَحَرَّكَ (taḥarraka); Verbal noun

مُتَحَرِّك

Form V: تَحَرَّكَ (taḥarraka); Active participle


ه و ل

هَوْل

Form I: هَالَ (hāla, “to frighten”); Verbal noun

Form I: هَالَ (hāla, “to frighten”); Active participle

تَهْوِيل

Form II: هَوَّلَ (hawwala, “to horrify”); Verbal noun

مُهَوِّل

Form II: هَوَّلَ (hawwala, “to horrify”); Active participle

اِسْتِهَالَة

Form X: اِسْتَهَالَ (istahāla, “to consider terrific”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَهِيل

Form X: اِسْتَهَالَ (istahāla, “to consider terrific”); Active participle


غ ر ب

Related to Aramaic עָרַב (ʿāraḇ), Classical Syriac ܥܪܶܒ (ʿreḇ, “to go down, to set”), Hebrew עֶרֶב (ʿereḇ, “evening”).

cog

غَارِب

Form I: غَرَبَ (ḡaraba); Active participle

مُغَرِّب

Form II: غَرَّبَ (ḡarraba); Active participle

إِغْرَاب

Form IV: أَغْرَبَ (ʔaḡraba); Verbal noun

مُغْرِب

Form IV: أَغْرَبَ (ʔaḡraba); Active participle

تَغَرُّب

Form V: تَغَرَّبَ (taḡarraba); Verbal noun

مُتَغَرِّب

Form V: تَغَرَّبَ (taḡarraba); Active participle

اِغْتِرَاب

Form VIII: اِغْتَرَبَ (iḡtaraba); Verbal noun

مُغْتَرِب

Form VIII: اِغْتَرَبَ (iḡtaraba); Active participle

اِسْتِغْرَاب

Form X: اِسْتَغْرَبَ (istaḡraba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغْرِب

Form X: اِسْتَغْرَبَ (istaḡraba); Active participle


परिषद्

head

परिषद् • (pariṣad)

sa-root

परिषद् • (pariṣad)

परि- (pari-) + सद् (sad, “to sit down before”, root)


담백

담백하다 담백하다#Korean

Root of 담백하다 (dambaekhada). Rarely used alone.


담박

dambak (romanization)
淡泊 (hanja)
澹泊 (CJK)

담박하다 담박하다#Korean

Root of 담박하다 (dambakhada). Rarely used alone.


ك ذ ب

كَاذِب

Form I: كَذَبَ (kaḏaba); Active participle

مُكَذِّب

Form II: كَذَّبَ (kaḏḏaba); Active participle

مُكَاذِب

Form III: كَاذَبَ (kāḏaba); Active participle

إِكْذَاب

Form IV: أَكْذَبَ (ʔakḏaba); Verbal noun

مُكْذِب

Form IV: أَكْذَبَ (ʔakḏaba); Active participle

تَكَذُّب

Form V: تَكَذَّبَ (takaḏḏaba); Verbal noun

مُتَكَذِّب

Form V: تَكَذَّبَ (takaḏḏaba); Active participle

تَكَاذُب

Form VI: تَكَاذَبَ (takāḏaba); Verbal noun

مُتَكَاذِب

Form VI: تَكَاذَبَ (takāḏaba); Active participle


ع ق م

عَقْم

Form I: عَقَمَ (ʕaqama, “to be infertile”), عَقُمَ (ʕaquma, “to be infertile”); Verbal noun

تَعْقِيم

Form II: عَقَّمَ (ʕaqqama, “to defertilize”); Verbal noun

مُعَقِّم

Form II: عَقَّمَ (ʕaqqama, “to defertilize”); Active participle

مُعَاقِم

Form III: عَاقَمَ (ʕāqama); Active participle

إِعْقَام

Form IV: أَعْقَمَ (ʔaʕqama); Verbal noun

مُعْقِم

Form IV: أَعْقَمَ (ʔaʕqama); Active participle

عَاقِم

Form I: عَقَمَ (ʕaqama, “to be infertile”), عَقُمَ (ʕaquma, “to be infertile”); Active participle


س ل س ل

مُسَلْسِل

Form Iq: سَلْسَلَ (salsala, “to enchain”); Active participle

تَسَلْسُل

Form IIq: تَسَلْسَلَ (tasalsala); Verbal noun

مُتَسَلْسِل

Form IIq: تَسَلْسَلَ (tasalsala); Active participle


ع ي ن

From Proto-Semitic *ʿayn-, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʕayVn-.

مُعَيِّن

Form II: عَيَّنَ (ʕayyana); Active participle

مُعَايَنَة

Form III: عَايَنَ (ʕāyana, “to inspect”); Verbal noun

مُعَايِن

Form III: عَايَنَ (ʕāyana, “to inspect”); Active participle

مُعِين

Form IV: أَعَانَ (ʔaʕāna); Active participle

تَعَيُّن

Form V: تَعَيَّنَ (taʕayyana); Verbal noun

مُتَعَيِّن

Form V: تَعَيَّنَ (taʕayyana); Active participle

اِعْتِيَان

Form VIII: اِعْتَانَ (iʕtāna); Verbal noun

مُعْتَان

Form VIII: اِعْتَانَ (iʕtāna); Active participle


tewk-

*túk

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túk, *túč

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túk, *túć

Sanskrit: तुक् (túk, “boy”), तुच् (túc, “offspring, children (only attested in RV dat. fem. तुचे (tucé))”)

*tewk-ós

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhą (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Latgalian: tauks

Lithuanian: taukaĩ pl

Latvian: tàuki pl

Old Prussian: taukis

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawkás

desc

Sanskrit: तोक (toká, “offspring, including of animals”)

Ossetian: тог (tog, “blood”) (Digoron)

Ossetian: туг (tug, “blood”) (Iron)

*téwk-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táwkmas

Sanskrit: तोक्म (tókma, “a young shoot, offspring”)

*téwk-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwkma (see there for further descendants)

*tewk-tḗr

Proto-Germanic: *þeuhtēr (“descendant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: tyukt' (“to plump, to swell”)

Latgalian: tuklys (“portly, fat, plumpy”)

Latgalian: tyucis (“cloud, crowd”)

Proto-Celtic: *tuknā (< *tuk-mn̥) (possibly)

Old Irish: tón (“anus”)

Scottish Gaelic: tòin (“anus, arse”)

Irish: tóin (“anus, buttocks”)

Proto-Celtic: ? / Proto-Italic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

Compare *tewh₂- (“to swell, crowd, be strong”). Possibly analyzed as *tewh₂-k- or *tewH-k-, though the evidence is unclear. Superficially similar to *(s)tewk- (“to strike, hit”) but unclear whether semantically related.


ف ر غ

فَرَاغ

Form I: فَرَغَ (faraḡa, “to be empty”), فَرِغَ (fariḡa, “to be empty”); Verbal noun

فَارِغ

Form I: فَرَغَ (faraḡa, “to be empty”), فَرِغَ (fariḡa, “to be empty”); Active participle

تَفْرِيغ

Form II: فَرَّغَ (farraḡa, “(transitive) to empty”); Verbal noun

مُفَرِّغ

Form II: فَرَّغَ (farraḡa, “(transitive) to empty”); Active participle

إِفْرَاغ

Form IV: أَفْرَغَ (ʔafraḡa, “(transitive) to empty”); Verbal noun

مُفْرِغ

Form IV: أَفْرَغَ (ʔafraḡa, “(transitive) to empty”); Active participle

تَفَرُّغ

Form V: تَفَرَّغَ (tafarraḡa, “to be unoccupied”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَرِّغ

Form V: تَفَرَّغَ (tafarraḡa, “to be unoccupied”); Active participle

اِسْتِفْرَاغ

Form X: اِسْتَفْرَغَ (istafraḡa, “(transitive) to empty”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفْرِغ

Form X: اِسْتَفْرَغَ (istafraḡa, “(transitive) to empty”); Active participle


sperdʰ-

*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati

Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)

Proto-Iranian: *spárdati (uncertain)

Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)

*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/)

*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant

Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)

*spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-

Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)

Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)


लोक्

head

लोक् • (lok)

sa-root

लोक् • (lok)

From a denominalization of लोक (loka, “space, world, sight”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“light”) in the sense of "illuminating" and connected to रुच् (ruc, “to shine, illuminate”).


خ ب ر

From the root خ ب ر • (ḵ-b-r) inherited from Proto-Semitic, denoting being well associated or integrated with, to be fully involved with, to know a matter or a group inside and out, to be able to give information about them; cognates with Aramaic חבר (“to associate with, to join”) and Hebrew חָבַר (“to join, to be friends with, to associate with, to be acquainted”).

مَخْبُرَة

Form I: خَبَرَ (ḵabara, “to try; to experience”); Verbal noun

خَابِر

Form I: خَبَرَ (ḵabara, “to try; to experience”); Active participle

تَخْبِير

Form II: خَبَّرَ (ḵabbara, “to inform, to notify”); Verbal noun

تَخَبُّر

Form V: تَخَبَّرَ (taḵabbara, “to inquire, to ask”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَبِّر

Form V: تَخَبَّرَ (taḵabbara, “to inquire, to ask”); Active participle

تَخَابُر

Form VI: تَخَابَرَ (taḵābara, “to inform one another, to notify one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَابِر

Form VI: تَخَابَرَ (taḵābara, “to inform one another, to notify one another”); Active participle

اِسْتِخْبَار

Form X: اِسْتَخْبَرَ (istaḵbara); Verbal noun

to be thoroughly informed or familiar with, to be an expert in or about

مُخَبِّر

Form II: خَبَّرَ (ḵabbara, “to inform, to notify”); Active participle

إِخْبَار

Form IV: أَخْبَرَ (ʔaḵbara, “to inform, to notify; to communicate, to report”); Verbal noun

مُخْبِر

Form IV: أَخْبَرَ (ʔaḵbara, “to inform, to notify; to communicate, to report”); Active participle

اِخْتِبَار

Form VIII: اِخْتَبَرَ (iḵtabara, “to research; to explore; to examine”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَبِر

Form VIII: اِخْتَبَرَ (iḵtabara, “to research; to explore; to examine”); Active participle

مُخْتَبَر

to be privy to inside or true information about

مُخَابَرَة

Form III: خَابَرَ (ḵābara, “to write to, to negotiate”); Verbal noun

مُخَابِر

Form III: خَابَرَ (ḵābara, “to write to, to negotiate”); Active participle

مُسْتَخْبِر

Form X: اِسْتَخْبَرَ (istaḵbara); Active participle

to have news, information, or the scoop about


용이

용이하다 용이하다#Korean

Root of 용이하다 (yong'ihada, “to be easy”). Rarely used alone.


*ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáćwaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáśwaHt

q

Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))

Proto-Iranian: *HášwaHt

desc

Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, 3sg.aor.act.inf.)

*ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćuHā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśuHā́

Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”)

*ḱí-ḱewh₁-ti ~ *ḱí-ḱuh₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ

Sanskrit: शिशु (śíśu, “child, infant”)

*ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)

Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)

*ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti

Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti

Ossetian:

Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)

Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)

*ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ or *ḱuh₁-o-dʰ-ó-h₁ (dual)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰaH or *ćuHādʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdaH (“army”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kūmə (“a swell, wave”)
Ancient Greek: κῦμα (kûma)

*n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)

>? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂

Proto-Celtic: *kawanā

Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)

Old English: *hūn

⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel

Middle Dutch: hune

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Faroese: húnn

Norwegian: hun, hune (dialectical)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás

Sanskrit: शुन (śuná, “thriving”)

q

or the nouns are thematicized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ḱéwh₁-r̥</i>?

*ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”) (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)

Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)

desc

Ancient Greek: κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)

*ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és

⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas

Sanskrit: शवस् (śávas, “strength, power”)

Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah

Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)

⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma

Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)

⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás

Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)

Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cyw

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwamH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwamH-

Sanskrit: *śvám

Sanskrit: शम् (śam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)


ط ر ف

forms words related to sides, extremes, blinking or extraordinary affairs

طِرْف

a person noble from the maternal and paternal side

طَرْف

Form I: طَرَفَ (ṭarafa, “to blink, to wink”); Verbal noun

طَارِف

Form I: طَرَفَ (ṭarafa, “to blink, to wink”); Active participle

تَطْرِيف

Form II: طَرَّفَ (ṭarrafa, “to border, to circumvent”); Verbal noun

مُطَرِّف

Form II: طَرَّفَ (ṭarrafa, “to border, to circumvent”); Active participle

إِطْرَاف

Form IV: أَطْرَفَ (ʔaṭrafa, “to close the eyes”); Verbal noun

مُطْرِف

Form IV: أَطْرَفَ (ʔaṭrafa, “to close the eyes”); Active participle

تَطَرُّف

Form V: تَطَرَّفَ (taṭarrafa, “to go to the extreme, to be an extremist”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَرِّف

Form V: تَطَرَّفَ (taṭarrafa, “to go to the extreme, to be an extremist”); Active participle

اِسْتِطْرَاف

Form X: اِسْتَطْرَفَ (istaṭrafa, “to be considered new or unusual”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَطْرِف

Form X: اِسْتَطْرَفَ (istaṭrafa, “to be considered new or unusual”); Active participle


د ب ر

دَابِر

Form I: دَبَرَ (dabara, “to turn the back, to elapse”); Active participle

Form I: دَبِرَ (dabira, “to have galls in the back, to have sores in the back”); Active participle

مُدَابَرَة

Form III: دَابَرَ (dābara, “to die”); Verbal noun

مُدَابِر

Form III: دَابَرَ (dābara, “to die”); Active participle

إِدْبَار

Form IV: أَدْبَرَ (ʔadbara, “to turn the back, to escape; to cause to follow”); Verbal noun

مُدْبِر

Form IV: أَدْبَرَ (ʔadbara, “to turn the back, to escape; to cause to follow”); Active participle

تَدَبُّر

Form V: تَدَبَّرَ (tadabbara, “to ponder, to consider, to meditate”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَبِّر

Form V: تَدَبَّرَ (tadabbara, “to ponder, to consider, to meditate”); Active participle

مُتَدَابِر

Form VI: تَدَابَرَ (tadābara, “to turn the back one upon another, to be opposed”); Active participle

دِبْرَة

the way or direction of turning the back

دَبِير

twist turned backwards, twine turned to the behind by twisting

دُبُور

Form I: دَبَرَ (dabara, “to turn the back, to elapse”); Verbal noun

دَبَر

Form I: دَبِرَ (dabira, “to have galls in the back, to have sores in the back”); Verbal noun

تَدَابُر

Form VI: تَدَابَرَ (tadābara, “to turn the back one upon another, to be opposed”); Verbal noun

اِسْتِدْبَار

Form X: اِسْتَدْبَرَ (istadbara, “to turn the back to, to pursue the opposite direction”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَدْبِر

Form X: اِسْتَدْبَرَ (istadbara, “to turn the back to, to pursue the opposite direction”); Active participle

مُسْتَدْبَر

forms words related to arranging, planning

تَدْبِير

Form II: دَبَّرَ (dabbara, “to scheme, to plan, to devise, to arrange”); Verbal noun

مُدَبِّر

Form II: دَبَّرَ (dabbara, “to scheme, to plan, to devise, to arrange”); Active participle


ج ز ع

forms words related to crossing, cutting and affliction

جَازِع

Form I: جَزَعَ (jazaʕa, “to cross, to wade / to worry”); Active participle

تَجْزِيع

Form II: جَزَّعَ (jazzaʕa, “to cut, to snip / to comfort, to console”); Verbal noun

مُجَزِّع

Form II: جَزَّعَ (jazzaʕa, “to cut, to snip / to comfort, to console”); Active participle

إِجْزَاع

Form IV: أَجْزَعَ (ʔajzaʕa, “to afflict, to cause anguish”); Verbal noun

مُجْزِع

Form IV: أَجْزَعَ (ʔajzaʕa, “to afflict, to cause anguish”); Active participle

تَجَزُّع

Form V: تَجَزَّعَ (tajazzaʕa, “to be breaking (into pieces), to be cleaving”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَزِّع

Form V: تَجَزَّعَ (tajazzaʕa, “to be breaking (into pieces), to be cleaving”); Active participle

اِجْتِزَاع

Form VIII: اِجْتَزَعَ (ijtazaʕa, “to break, to cleave”); Verbal noun

مُجْتَزِع

Form VIII: اِجْتَزَعَ (ijtazaʕa, “to break, to cleave”); Active participle

مُجَزَّع

(said of minerals and precious stones) streaked, veined


ك ت ل

forms words related to forming clusters or clumps

كَتْل

Form I: كَتَلَ (katala, “to amass, to agglomerate”); Verbal noun

كَاتِل

Form I: كَتَلَ (katala, “to amass, to agglomerate”); Active participle

تَكْتِيل

Form II: كَتَّلَ (kattala, “to amass, to agglomerate”); Verbal noun

مُكَتِّل

Form II: كَتَّلَ (kattala, “to amass, to agglomerate”); Active participle

تَكَتُّل

Form V: تَكَتَّلَ (takattala, “to clump up; to form a bloc”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَتِّل

Form V: تَكَتَّلَ (takattala, “to clump up; to form a bloc”); Active participle


दा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-
Sanskrit दा (dā)
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”).

etymon

दातृ

dā́tṛ, dātṛ́

दावन्

(dative) in order to give or receive; giving, granting


दा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *daH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


ش ج ع

ar-root

ش ج ع • (š-j-ʕ)

شَجْع

Form I: شَجَعَ (šajaʕa, “to surpass in boldness”); Verbal noun

شَاجِع

Form I: شَجَعَ (šajaʕa, “to surpass in boldness”); Active participle

شَجَاعَة

Form I: شَجُعَ (šajuʕa, “to be bold”); Verbal noun

Form I: شَجُعَ (šajuʕa, “to be bold”); Active participle

تَشْجِيع

Form II: شَجَّعَ (šajjaʕa, “to encourage, to support”); Verbal noun

مُشَجِّع

Form II: شَجَّعَ (šajjaʕa, “to encourage, to support”); Active participle

تَشَجُّع

Form V: تَشَجَّعَ (tašajjaʕa, “to pluck up courage”); Verbal noun

مُتَشَجِّع

Form V: تَشَجَّعَ (tašajjaʕa, “to pluck up courage”); Active participle


ل ق ن

لَقَانَة

Form I: لَقِنَ (laqina, “to grasp”); Verbal noun

Form I: لَقِنَ (laqina, “to grasp”); Active participle

تَلْقِين

Form II: لَقَّنَ (laqqana, “to inculcate”); Verbal noun

مُلَقِّن

Form II: لَقَّنَ (laqqana, “to inculcate”); Active participle

تَلَقُّن

Form V: تَلَقَّنَ (talaqqana, “to grasp; to learn about a specific fact”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَقِّن

Form V: تَلَقَّنَ (talaqqana, “to grasp; to learn about a specific fact”); Active participle