*h₂i-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *īˀskāˀtei

Latvian: ieskāt

Lithuanian: ieškóti

Proto-Slavic: *jьskati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *iskaną

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aisk (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *aiskōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hišćáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiṣṭás

Sanskrit: इष्ट (iṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (išta)

Proto-Germanic: *aizō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: այց (aycʻ), հայց (haycʻ)

Armenian: հայց (haycʻ)

Proto-Germanic: *aizāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *aizoskāō

Latin: aeruscō

>? Proto-Italic: *aistomāō

Latin: aestimō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Umbrian: eiscurent

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aiˀskāˀ

Latvian: ieska

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


bʰeg-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*bʰég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *begeti (“to break”)

Old Irish: do·beig

*bʰég-t ~ *bʰg-ént (athematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբեկ (ebek, “broke”)

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: բեկանեմ (bekanem, “to break”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bengiú, beñgti (“to break up”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baigtei

Lithuanian: baĩgti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *beigtei

Latvian: bèigt

Lithuanian: beĩgti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰanákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰanákti

Sanskrit: भनक्ति (bhanákti)

*bʰég-n̥to- ~ *bʰg-n̥to-

Proto-Tocharian: *p(ä)känte

Tocharian A: pkänt (“separate”)

Tocharian B: pkante (“obstacle”)

*bʰog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *dī-bogo-

Middle Welsh: di-fo, diuo (“destroying”)

*bʰog-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *boxsman

Middle Irish: boimm (“piece, fragment”)

*bʰog-tós

Proto-Celtic: *boxtos

Old Irish: bocht (“poor”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰeh₂g-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (or from *bʰeh₂g-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-yo-s

Proto-Celtic: *bogyos

desc

Old Irish: ráthbuige (“ramparts builder”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bikjaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *bangōną (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: भङ्ग (bhaṅgá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaǰ-

Proto-Iranian: *baǰ-

(perhaps) Khotanese: bajsīha- (“mortar”)

Persian: سونجه (sunje), [script needed] (vsönǰ-), [script needed] (sönǰ-, “to tear, break”) (Tār dialect)


bʰeg-

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infixed present)

⇒ *bʰeng- (virtual root) (back-formed)

q

⇒? *bʰong-éh₂ (unless from the sense “to break” above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bangā́ˀ

Latvian: bañga, buôga (“multitude, crowd, grove; downpour, cloud”)

desc

Lithuanian: bangà (“billow, wave; multitude”)

⇒ *bʰong-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankiz (“bulge, hillock; bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰong-ō

>? Proto-Germanic: *bankô (“bank; hill”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰéng-ō ~ *bʰn̥g-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: *bunkô (“bump, heap; bunch, crowd”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-i-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakiz (“brook; beach”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰog-o-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *baką (“back”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰóg-ō ~ *bʰg-né-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *bakô, *bakkô

>? Proto-West Germanic: *bakō (“back”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“swamp, bog, marsh”)

>? Lithuanian: bognà

Proto-Slavic: *bagnò (see there for further descendants)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Wojciech Smoczyński

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: hith (with a preserved laryngeal?)

*h₂i-n-dʰ-tór ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-rór (mediopassive nasal-infix imperfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hindᶻdʰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hinddʰáy

Sanskrit: इन्द्धे (inddhé)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti</i>

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“firewood”) (or from *h₂i-né-dʰ-ti ~ *h₂i-n-dʰ-énti)

Tocharian B: intsau (“block of wood”)

*h₂éydʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰō

Ancient Greek: αἴθω (aíthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰati

Sanskrit: एधते (édhate)

*h₂oydʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aidijaną

Old High German: eiten

Middle High German: eiten

*h₂éydʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *aits, *aiðes (gen.)

Latin: aedēs, aedis, ēdis

Proto-Hellenic: *aitʰḗr

Ancient Greek: αἰθήρ (aithḗr) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *aidos or *aidu

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: oaz (“ardor, jealousy”)

Breton: oaz

Welsh: aidd (“ardor”)

Old Irish: áed (“fire”)

Proto-Germanic: *aidaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एध (édha)

*h₂éydʰ-os ~ *h₂éydʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰos

Ancient Greek: αἶθος (aîthos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háydʰas

Sanskrit: एधस् (édhas)

⇒ *h₂éydʰ-l-om

Proto-Germanic: *ailą (see there for further descendants)

pre-Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰəl

Proto-Hellenic: *áitʰalos

Ancient Greek: αἴθαλος (aíthalos) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀲𐀫 (ai-ta-ro /aitʰalo-/)

Proto-Italic: *aissāts

Latin: aestās

*h₂éydʰ-tu-s ~ *h₂idʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *aissus

Latin: aestus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hidᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hiddʰás

Sanskrit: इद्ध (iddhá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háydʰma

Proto-Iranian: *Háydma

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬨𐬀 (aēsma, “firewood”)

Northeastern Iranian

Khwarezmian: ازم (ʾzm /izm/)

Sogdian:

Buddhist Sogdian: [script needed] (zmy /zmē , zmi/)

Southeastern Iranian

Pashto: هېزم (hezám) (perhaps borrowed from Persian)

Northwestern Iranian

Caspian:

Gilaki: هیمه (himə)

Old Mazanderani: همه (hema)

Mazanderani: هیمه (hīme)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ھێزِم (hêzim)

Northern Kurdish: êzing, ezing, hezing, hêzing, hêzîng

Laki: ھێمە (hême)

Southern Kurdish: لێزمە (lêzme) (perhaps) (*hê-> *lê-)

Old Median:

Middle Median:

Kermanic:

Ashtiani: هیمه (hīma)

Zoroastrian Dari: هیزمه (hīzma) (Yazd), ایزمه (īzma) (Kerman)

Old Tati:

Old Azari: هەموم (hamum, “my firewood”)

Talysh:

North Talysh: izem (īzem)

South Talysh: ایزم (īzem)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: هێزمێ (hêzimê)

Zazaki: eyzimi, îzimi

Southwestern Iranian

Larestani: ایمه (īma/ēma)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫖𐫃 (ʿymg /ēmag/)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭩𐭮𐭬 (ʾysm /ēsm/), 𐭰𐭩𐭡𐭠 (CYBA /ēzm/)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *aidza-

⇒ Albanian: jezull

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aidinti

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ey-</i>, for which see the etymology section

>? Proto-Germanic: *aisǭ (“fireplace”) (or from *h₂ey-, for which see the etymology section) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly reanalyzed from a compound or suffixed verb *h₂éydʰh₁eti, from *h₂ey- (“to burn; fire”) + *-dʰh₁- (“to put, set”, later resultative suffix), literally “to put to fire”. For the root, see also *h₂éyos (“(copper?) metal, ore”), *h₂éyr̥ (“day, morning”) and Proto-Germanic *aisǭ (“fireplace”). Alternatively, the root can be identified as *h₁ay- (or *h₄ey-), “to be warm, hot”, but this root is also contested and poorly evidenced.


HrewdH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrawdH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrawdH-

Sanskrit: रुद् (rud)

*HréwdH-ti ~ *HrudH-énti (athematic root present)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *reutaną
Proto-West Germanic: *reutan
Old English: rēotan
Old Saxon: *riotan
Middle Low German: rêten
Old High German: riozan, riuzan
Middle High German: riezen
Old Norse: rjóta
Icelandic: rjóta
Faroese: rjóta, rýta

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráwdHti ~ *Hrúdanti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roudō or *rudō

Latin: rūdō or rudō

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raudà

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûdât

Lithuanian: raudóti

Proto-Germanic: *rautōną

Old Norse: rauta

Icelandic: rauta (obsolete?)

Norwegian: raute, rauta

Swedish: röta (obsolete)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *raudinja

Albanian: ryej

Balto-Slavic:

Old Lithuanian: rausti

Proto-Slavic: *rydati (“to wail, weep”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂réh₁dʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaną (“to decide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāδaⁱti, “to correct”)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-t ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHraHdʰat

Proto-Iranian: *HáHráHdat

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬝 (rādat̰, “to succeed, accomplish”, 3sg.aor.act.subj.)

*h₂réh₁dʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰyati

Sanskrit: राध्यति (rā́dhyati, “to succeed”)

*h₂roh₁dʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rā́ˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: rõdeit(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Latgalian: rõdeitõjs (“significative”)

Latvian: rādīt(i) (“to show, demonstrate”)

Lithuanian: rodyti (“to show, demonstrate”)

Proto-Slavic: *raditi (“care about, heed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rādīti (“to talk”)

Old Irish: ráidid, radid

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambi-rādīti (“to think”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: amraud

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imm-rádi

Proto-Germanic: *rōdijaną (“to speak”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰáyati

Sanskrit: राधयति (rādháyati, “to commit”)

*h₂r̥h₁dʰ-néw-ti ~ *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-nw-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HraHdʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HraHdʰnáwti

Sanskrit: राध्नोति (rādhnóti, “to succeed”)

Proto-Germanic: *rēdaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HráHdʰas

Sanskrit: राधस् (rā́dhas)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HráHdʰaH

Proto-Iranian: *HráHdaH

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬛𐬀 (rāda, “trustee”)

Proto-Germanic: *radō (“row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HdʰáH

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HdáH

Ossetian: рад (rad, “order, row”)

Proto-Germanic: *rēswō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *raðā

Albanian: radhë (“row”)

Latgalian: rẽdeit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: rẽdynis (“sunday best suit”)

Latgalian: rẽdeiba (“order, orderliness”)

Latgalian: rādovoit(i) (“put in order, educate”)

Latgalian: parāds (“order”)

Possible reanalyzed root of *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


*h₁wér-o-s ~ *h₁wér-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éuros

desc

Ancient Greek: εὖρος (eûros, “breadth, width”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwáras

Sanskrit: वरस् (váras, “breadth, expanse, room, wide space”)

*h₁wér-u-s ~ *h₁ur-éw-s


*h₁rém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrámati (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rìmti (present rìmstu)

*h₁rom-éye-ti (causative)

Celtic:

⇒ Old Irish: fo·ruimi

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrāmáyati

Sanskrit: रामयति (rāmáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hrāmáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rāmaiieⁱti)

*h₁rém-os ~ *h₁rém-es-os

Proto-Germanic: *remaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: آرام (ârâm, “quiet, calm”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἤρεμος (ḗremos, “gentle, quiet”)

Greek: ήρεμος (íremos, “quiet, calm”)


א־ז־ן

Ultimately from Proto-Semitic *ʾuðn-. The sense words relating to balancing comes from מאזניים, see there for more.

Forming words relating to ears and hearing.


⇒? Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: κμέλεθρα (kmélethra, “beam”) (but more likely Pre-Greek)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kameros

Latin: camur (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂m-ér-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kmárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kmárati

Sanskrit: क्मरति (kmárati, “to be curved”)

Proto-Iranian: *kamárati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *kamarā- (“something curved”)

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬁 (kamarā, “girdle”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kmr, “girdle”)

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kml /kamar/, “waist; girdle”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭪𐭬𐭫𐭩 (kmly /kamar/, “girdle”)

Manichaean script: 𐫞𐫖𐫡 (qmr /kamar/, “vault”)

→ Old Armenian: կամար (kamar, “girdle; arch, vault”)

→ Old Georgian: კამარაჲ (ḳamaray)

desctree

Georgian: კამარა (ḳamara)
→ Svan: კამრა̈ჲ (ḳamräy)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: καμάρα (kamára, “anything with an arched cover”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: καμαρίς (kamarís, “woman's ornament”)

→ Ge'ez: ቀመር (ḳämär)

קָמַר / קֶמֶר

→ Hebrew: קָמַר / קֶמֶר (qemer, qāmar)

Proto-Hellenic: *kámīnos

>? Ancient Greek: κάμῑνος (kámīnos, “furnace”) (or Pre-Greek)

Extensions

⇒ *kh₂m-dʰ(h₁)-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kamtʰós, *kantʰós

>? Ancient Greek: κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”) (or Pre-Greek)

⇒ *kh₂emp-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kamptas (“corner”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂emp-o-s</i>

>? Lithuanian: kam̃pas (or from *kh₂emp-o-s)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kaN-to-</i>, or borrowed?

>? Proto-Slavic: *kǫ̃tъ (or from *kaN-to-, or borrowed?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantos (“corner, rim”) (or from *kaN-to-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kamptos

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*km̥p-ye-</i>

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *kámptō (verb) (or from *km̥p-ye-)

desc

Ancient Greek: κάμπτω (kámptō, “to bend, turn”)

⇒ *kh₂emp-o-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *hamfaz (“maimed”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *kampos (“valley?”)

Latin: campus (“field”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kh₂emp-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kampā́, *kámpā

Ancient Greek: καμπή (kampḗ, “bend”), κάμπη (kámpē, “caterpillar; a kind of ornament”)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καμψός (kampsós)


ḱenk-

*ḱónk-e ~ *ḱn̥k-(ḗr) (root verb with o-grade ablaut)

Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀭𒆠 (kānki ~ kankanzi)

Proto-Germanic: *hanhaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शङ्के (śaṅke)

*ḱénk-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánkatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkatay

Sanskrit: शङ्कते (śáṅkate)

*ḱonk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkáyati

Sanskrit: शङ्कयति (śaṅkáyati, “to render doubtful/uncertain; to cause anxiety”)

*ḱonk-eh₁-(ye)- (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic: *hangāną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱénk-ye-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćánkyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śánkyatay

Sanskrit: शङ्क्यते (śaṅkyate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćankā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śankā́

Sanskrit: शङ्का (śaṅkā)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *sǫčьka (“stick, peg”)

Proto-Italic: *konkitos

⇒ Latin: cūnctor


kelH-

(perhaps) *kl̥-né-H-ti ~ *kl̥-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *kelnō

Latin: *cellō

⇒ celsus (past participle) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ (ante)cellō, (ex)cellō, (prae)cellō (see there for further descendants)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌑𐌄𐌋𐌔𐌉𐌕 (eíelsit)

*kélH-mn̥ ~ *kl̥H-mén-s

⇒ *kl̥H-mṓ (on-stem)

⇒ *kl̥H-mós (thematicized)

Proto-Germanic: *hulmaz (“hill, mound, small island”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelamn̥

Latin: columen, culmen (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Italic: *kolemnā

Latin: columna (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥H-(l)o-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: कूल (kū́la)

*kélH-ō ~ *kl̥H-né-s (n-stem)

⇒ *kl̥H-ní-s (“hill”)

Proto-Germanic: *hulliz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kolnis

Latin: collis (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kl̥H-nó-m

>? Proto-Italic: *kalnom

Latin: callum (“hard thing, covering”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kolH-nó-s (“hill”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀnás

Latgalian: kolns

Latvian: kal̂ns

Lithuanian: kálnas

⇒ *kolH-ōn-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnós

Ancient Greek: κολωνός (kolōnós)

⇒ *kolH-ōn-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *kolōnā́

Ancient Greek: κολώνη (kolṓnē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalˀwāˀ

Latvian: kalva

Lithuanian: kalvà

*kolH-bʰ-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kolopʰōn

Ancient Greek: κολοφών (kolophṓn) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ceļt

Latvian: cel̂t

Lithuanian: kélti

Lithuanian: kìlti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *čelò (“forehead”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käly- (“to stand”)

Tocharian A: käly-

Tocharian B: käly-


desctree

Old Georgian: ვერძი (verʒi)
Georgian: ვერძი (verʒi)

Zan:

Mingrelian: ერჯი (erǯi)

Klimov derives from Proto-Indo-European *wérsēn (“male, ram”) (whence Latin verrēs (“boar”), Ancient Greek ἄρσην (ársēn, “male”), Ossetian уырс (wyrs, “stallion”)).
On the other hand J̌ahukyan and Martirosyan prefer an Armenian origin: compare Old Armenian որձ (orj, “male”), յորձ (yorj, “ram”).


*dl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *dolaō
Latin: dolō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dьliti (see there for further descendants)

*dolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *doleō

Latin: doleō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dalˀeitei

Latvian: dalīt

Lithuanian: dalyti

Proto-Slavic: *odolěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáljāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dolōs

Latin: dolor (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαίδαλος (daídalos), δαιδάλεος (daidáleos)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαιδάλλω (daidállō)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *delěti

Proto-Celtic: *delwā (“image, statue”)

Proto-Brythonic: *delw

Cornish: del

Old Welsh: delu

Middle Welsh: delw

Welsh: delw

desctree

Old Irish: delb
Irish: dealbh
Manx: jalloo
Scottish Gaelic: dealbh

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատաղձ (atałj)

Italic:

Latin: dolium

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: दल (dala)

>? Sanskrit: दाल (dāla)


dʰewp-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *djaupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ďupa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daupāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *dupa (see there for further descendants)


*wn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wunskijaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वांछति (vāṃchati)

*wonh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wanjaną (see there for further descendants)

*wn̥h₁-éh₁ye-ti (essive)

Proto-Germanic: *wunāną (see there for further descendants)

?*wn̥h₁-néw-ti ~ *wn̥h₁-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Germanic: *winnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वनोति (vanoti)

Proto-Germanic: *winiz (see there for further descendants)

*wénh₁-os ~ *wénh₁-es-os

Proto-Italic: *wenos

desc

Latin: venus (“loveliness, charm”), Venus (theonym)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wánas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wánas

Sanskrit: वनस् (vánas)

Proto-Italic: *weneznos

Latin: venēnum

Proto-Germanic: *wundrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wunjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wenjā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *vōnja

Albanian: vuaj (I suffer)

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *un-

Albanian: uni

Albanian: uri


msxal-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: სხალი (sxali)
Georgian: მსხალი (msxali), სხალი (sxali), ფსხალი (psxali) — dialectal
→ Armenian: մսխալի (msxali, “a certain variety of grapevine”)
→ Tsez: цихоли (cixoli, “wild (of apples, pears, and other fruits)”)

Zan:

Laz: მცხული (mʒxuli)

Mingrelian: სხული (sxuli)

desc

Svan: იცხ (icx), უცხ (ucx), უ̂იცხ (ûicx)

Starostin connects the Kartvelian root with controversial Proto-North Caucasian *ʕämćō (“apple”) and Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple”) and derives the latter from North Caucasian.
Kroonen (2016) compares it more specifically with the Proto-Indo-European *(s)m̥h₂l- that he reconstructs as the ancestor of Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), Latin mālum and Hittite 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (šam(a)lu-); he further notes that only a single metathesis is required to derive the Indo-European form from that in Kartvelian.
Fenwick (2016) proposes rather a deformation from Early PK *sxmal- (compare *sxmar- in Proto-Kartvelian *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)), by folk reanalysis as an active participle *m-sx-al- of Proto-Kartvelian *sx- (“to grow, bear fruit”); she further treats Early PK *sxmal- as a loan from Late Proto-Indo-European *(s)h₂émlo- (“apple, tree fruit”), supposing the latter itself to be a metathesised variant of a more archaic *(s)méh₂lo-.


गॄ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *garH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *garH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-.


गॄ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *garH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *garH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃-. Cognate with Latin voro, Ancient Greek βορά (borá), Old English acworren, Russian жрать (žratʹ).


desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: სხჳლი (sxwili), სხუილი (sxuili)
Georgian: მსხვილი (msxvili)

⇒ Old Georgian: განსხუნა (gansxuna)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: ჩხუ (çxu), მჩხუ (mçxu), თიმჩხუ (timçxu), თოლიმჩხუ (tolimçxu)

⇒ Mingrelian: შხუ (šxu), მაშხვა (mašxva), შხუ-შხუ (šxu-šxu), მოშხვე (mošxve)


जि

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷey- (“to win, conquer”).


चि

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to collect, gather, pile, build”). Compare Proto-Slavic *činìti (“to instigate, do”), Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”).


चि

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to observe, perceive”). Compare Ancient Greek τίω (tíō, “to pay honor, respects (to a person)”).

cog

to seek for, investigate, search through


ק־ד־ם

Forming words relating to oldness, antiquity; coming before or precedence.

קָדַם

to precede, to come before, to be first; to take precedence


Proto-Italic: *makēō

Latin: maceō

*méh₂ḱ- ~ *m̥h₂ḱ-

Proto-Celtic: *maketi

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: maguaff

Breton: maezhur, magañ

Cornish: maga

Middle Welsh: magu

Goidelic:

Old Irish: doformaig

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈠𒀝𒆷𒀭𒋫𒀭 (ma-ak-la-an-ta-an, acc.sg.c.)

*méh₂ḱ-os ~ *méh₂ḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kos

Ancient Greek: μῆκος (mêkos)

Doric Greek: μᾶκος (mâkos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (masah)

Proto-Hellenic: *mā́kistos

Ancient Greek: μήκιστος (mḗkistos)

Doric Greek: μᾱ́κιστος (mā́kistos)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (masišta)

Old Persian: [script needed] (maθišta-)

Proto-Italic: *maktos

Latin: mactus (> mactō)

Proto-Celtic: *makʷos

Unsorted forms:

Italic:

macēscō, maciēs, macilentus, macor


⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-os ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-és-

Proto-Italic: *tūβos

Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *túh₂-bʰ-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-Hō ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-Hnés

Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ

Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-k- >? *tewk-

Proto-Italic: / Proto-Celtic: ?

→? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)

→? Umbrian: toco

⇒ *towh₂k-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás

Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *tuh₂-m- >? *tum-

⇒ *tuh₂m-on-

>? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tuh₂-r-g-

>? Proto-Italic: *turgēō

Latin: turgeō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tuHsont- (“thousand”)

*twe-tówh₂-e ~ *twe-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Proto-Iranian: *tutā́wa

Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tutauua, “to be able”)

*towh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

*téwh₂-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat, gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táHuti (with laryngeal metathesis?)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táHuti

Sanskrit: तौति (tauti, “to get strong; to gain authority”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHma

Proto-Iranian: *táwHma

Old Persian: [script needed] (tauman-, “strength, power, wealth”)

*tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (root noun)

⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)

*tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás

Proto-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *tew(h₂)-téh₂ (“crowd, tribe, people”)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: tul (“flesh, pulp; crumb”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tū́las (“several”)

Old Prussian: tūlan (“much”)

Proto-Slavic: *tỳlъ (“occiput, nape”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish:

Middle Irish:

Irish: tulach (“hillock”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: twl

Welsh: twl (“round elevation”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́los

Ancient Greek: τῡ́λος (tū́los), τῡ́λη (tū́lē)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHlas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHlas

Sanskrit: तूल (tūla, “tuft of grass or reeds”)

>? Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: tullius (“gushing water, waterfall”), ? Tullus, Tullius (if not Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tetulos

Latin: tutulus (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-mn̥-to-m or *towh₂-e-mn̥-to-m < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *towamentom

Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumúlas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumúlas

Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula)

Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Ancient Greek: Τῡρώ (Tūrṓ)

⇒? *tuh₂-r-eh₂-yé-ti

Proto-Italic: *tūrāō

Latin: (ob)tūrō, (rē)tūrō (see there for further descendants)

*towh₂-ṓs ~ towh₂-és- (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHā́s

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawHā́s

Vedic Sanskrit: तवस् (tavás)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: Τιτυός (Tituós) (see there for further descendants)

*tuh₂-to-s or *towh₂-e-to- < *towh₂-éye-ti?

Proto-Italic: *tōtos

Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

*túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas

Vedic Sanskrit: तूय (tū́ya)

*tweh₂- (schwebeablaut variant)

⇒ *tweh₂-lo- or *tuh₂-elo-?

Proto-Hellenic: *twálos > *tsálos

Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *tweh₂-wo- (“whole”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: քաւ (kʻaw)
Armenian: քավ (kʻav)

Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos > *tsáwos

Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs)

⇒ *twoh₂-ro-

Proto-Hellenic: *twōrós > *tsōrós

Ancient Greek: σωρός (sōrós) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *twóh₂-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *twṓmə > *tsṓmə

Ancient Greek: σῶμα (sôma) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *twana

Albanian: tërë, tanë

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: թոյն (tʻoyn, “poison”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvìnti (“to rise, swell”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: توان (tavân, “power, ability”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”)


망연

망연하다 망연하다#Korean

Root of 망연하다 (mang'yeonhada, “to be clueless”). Rarely used alone.


아련

아련하다 아련하다#Korean

Root of 아련하다 (aryeonhada) / 아련히 (aryeonhi). Rarely used alone.


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*(s)kḗwh₁-s-t ~ *(s)kéwh₁-s-n̥t (root s-aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjautei

Proto-Slavic: *čuti (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuh₁-é-ti (thematic "tudati"-type root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kuHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kuHáti

Sanskrit: आकुवते (ākuváte, “to intend”)

*(s)kowh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kowéjō

Ancient Greek: κοέω (koéō)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kaweō
Latin: caveō
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌖𐌕𐌄𐌚 (kutef) (present participle of stative verb derived from the past participle)

*(s)kowh₁-éh₂-(ye)-ti (iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *k(j)auwāˀtei

Lithuanian: kavoti

Proto-Slavic: *čuvati

Proto-Germanic: *skawwōną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kewsḱ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցոյց (cʻoycʻ)
Armenian: ցույց (cʻuycʻ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káwHiš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skauniz

Proto-Germanic: *skawaz

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: θυο-σκόος (thuo-skóos)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: qyr (< *kewira)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *skyvati (“to take a look at”)

Ancient Greek: κῦδος (kûdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ā́kuHtam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ā́kuHtam

Sanskrit: आकूत (ā́kūta)


शूल्

head

शूल् • (śūl)


घृष्

घृष् • (ghṛṣ)

Punjabi: ਘਿਸ (ghis, “rub”)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gʰarṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰarš-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrs-u-, a zero-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to rub, scrape, scratch”) in accordance with Weise's law. Compare perhaps Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō, “to sharpen”), Proto-Slavic *gorxъ (“pea”), Tocharian B kärweñe (“stone”).


प्रभा

head

प्रभा • (prabhā)

sa-root

प्रभा • (prabhā)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- + *bʰeh₂-. By surface analysis, प्र- (pra-) + भा (bhā).

surf

to shine forth, begin to become light, shine, gleam


ǵwelH-

ǵwolH- (charcoal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ar-

Proto-Iranian: *jar-

Avestan: 𐬯𐬐𐬀𐬭- (skar-, “charcoal”), 𐬯𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬥𐬀 (skarana, “burned things”)

Pashto: سکاره (skārə́)

Persian: زغال (zoğâl, “charcoal”), ذغال (zoğâl), ژگال (žogâl), شگال (šogâl), سکار (sakâr)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: خەڵووز (xellûz), زوخاڵ (zuxall)

Northern Kurdish: xelûz

Laki: ئِسکڵ (iskill)

desc

Old Azari: زوال (zuwāl, “charcoal; blaze”)

*ǵwélH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́wálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́wálati

Sanskrit: ज्वलति (jválati) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵwl̥H-é-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žvìlti

*ǵwl̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *kulą (see there for further descendants)

*ǵowlH-o-s (post-PIE schwebeablaut variant)

Proto-Celtic: *goulos

desctree

Middle Irish: gúal
Irish: gual
Manx: geayl
Scottish Gaelic: gual


bʰerH-

*bʰer-dʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρθω (pérthō)

*bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bárˀtei
Latvian: bãrt
Lithuanian: bárti
Proto-Slavic: *bòrti (see there for further descendants)

q

with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wéryeti</i>

*bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)

desc

Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)

Albanian: bie, bjerr

Proto-Italic: *ferjō

Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)

Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰorH-ye-ti</i> above?

Proto-Italic: *forāō (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)

Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-ano-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բերան (beran, “mouth”)
Armenian: բերան (beran)

*bʰorH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: bora

*bʰr̥H-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)

Old English: bor

Old Saxon: *bor

Middle Low German: bor

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *birjā

desc

Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)

Proto-Albanian: *brima

Albanian: brimë (“hole”)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: բիր (bir)
Armenian: բիր (bir)

>? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)


bʰerH-

q

*bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”))

Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰerH-o-s

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening)

Lithuanian: bė́ras

Latvian: bȩ̃rs

*bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s (possibly)

q

⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)

Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás

Sanskrit: *भ्रूर (bhrūra)

Hindi: भूरा (bhūrā, “brown”)

Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)

Ossetian: (“yellow”)

Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)

Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)

Sogdian: (/βōr/, “blonde”)

Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)

Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)

Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)

Baluchi: بور (/bōr/, “bay horse”)

Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)

Middle Persian: (/bōr/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)

q

⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”) (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)


wreyt-

*wréyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīþaną (see there for further descendants)

*writ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present?)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rist

Lithuanian: rìsti

Proto-Slavic: *rьtь

Proto-Slavic: *rьtǫtь (see there for further descendants)

*wréyt-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rìest

Lithuanian: riẽsti (riečiù)

*wreyt-eh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rietė́ti

*wróyt-os

Proto-Germanic: *wraiþaz (see there for further descendants)


wendʰ-

*wéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *windaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wendō

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌕𐌖 (vetu), prefixed also 𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌃𐌖 (ahauendu), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌖𐌄𐌍𐌃𐌖 (preuendu)

*wondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գինդ (gind)

Proto-Germanic: *wandilaz (see there for further descendants)

*wondʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wanduz (see there for further descendants)

*wondʰ-éh₂ (innovative abstract)

Proto-Albanian: *wandā

Albanian: unazë (“ring”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wandʰúras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wandʰúras

desc

Sanskrit: वन्धुर (vandhúra, “chariot driver's box”)

Proto-Iranian: *wandúrah

→ Old Armenian: վանդակ (vandak, “plaited net”)


wreyḱ-

*wréyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: perrēist (prefixed)

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhaną

*wriḱ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wrićyáti

Proto-Iranian: *wricyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬌𐬀 (uruuisia)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ríeša

Proto-Italic: *reikā

Latin: rīca

*wriḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *wriknós

Ancient Greek: ῥικνός (rhiknós, “crooked, shriveled”)

*wréyḱ-ō ~ *wriḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *wrīhô

*wreyḱ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ríešas

*wróyḱ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wraihaz

Proto-Hellenic: *wroykós

Ancient Greek: ῥοικός (rhoikós)


weḱ-

*wéḱ-ti ~ *uḱ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-ek-zi /wēkzi/), [script needed] (ú-ek-zi /wekzi/, 3.sg.act)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wášti, *ućánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáṣṭi, *uśánti

Sanskrit: वष्टि (váṣṭi), उशन्ति (uśánti, 3.pl.act)

Proto-Iranian: *wáštī, *ucánti

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬍 (vaštī)

*wé-woḱ-e ~ *we-wk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-wa-ak-ki /wewakki/) (functioning as an intensive verb)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáwaća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáwaśa

Sanskrit: ववक्षि (vavákṣi) (possibly)

*wéḱ-ont-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑκών (hekṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ućánts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uśánts

Sanskrit: उशन्त् (uśánt)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκηλος (hékēlos), εἰκῇ (eikêi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wašnas

Proto-Iranian: *wašnah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬵 (vasah), 𐬭𐬈-𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀 (re-uuasna, “desire”)

Old Persian: 𐎺𐏁𐎴 (v-š-n /vašna/, “will”)

→ Old Armenian: վասն (vasn)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἕκητι (hékēti)


preg-

*prog-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pražiti

South Slavic:

Slovene: pražiti

West Slavic:

Polish: prażyć

*preg-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frekaz (see there for further descendants)

*prog-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *frakaz

Old English: fræc

Old Dutch: *frak

Middle Dutch: vrac

*preg-yo-s

Celtic:

Welsh: rhewydd

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pragnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: prahnout

Polish: pragnąć

Celtic:

Old Breton: rogedou


*Hréth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *reteti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *retō

q

Latin: rotundus (< gerund *reto-ndo-s with -o- from noun) (see there for further descendants)

*Hroth₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *rotīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rotā

Latin: rota (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *rraθī

Albanian: rreth (or < *rata + diminutive/collective *-ts)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rats

Lithuanian: rãtas

→ Proto-Finnic: *rat'as (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rotos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raþą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrátʰas (see there for further descendants)

*Hróth₂-wr̥ ~ *Hréth₂-n̥s

Proto-Germanic: *raduraz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: Rhys

Pictish: *ᚏᚓᚄᚐᚇ

Brill Publishers
Vladimir Orel
de:Brian D. Joseph


पुष्

head

पुष् • (puṣ)

sa-root

पुष् • (puṣ)

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *(h₃)pews- (“to blow”), and compared with Lithuanian pũsti (“to blow”), pūslė̃ (“blister, bladder”), Norwegian føysa (“to swell”), Proto-Slavic *puxàti (“to blow”), and Latin pustula (“bubble”), though Mayrhofer and Rix express reservations on the existence of such a root. It is also likely that all these languages innovated their own forms of this seemingly-onomatopoeic root.

inh

to be nourished, to thrive, flourish, prosper

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Pushan


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

(perhaps) *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mádati

Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)

Proto-Iranian: *mádati

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (madaⁱte, “to become intoxicated”)

(perhaps) *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)

Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
Breton: mezañ
Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)

Old Irish: maidid

>? Proto-Germanic: *matjaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́dyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́dyati

Sanskrit: माद्यति (mā́dyati)

(perhaps) *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)

Celtic:

Old Irish: ro·mmemaid

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda

Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)

*m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *madēō

Latin: madeō

(perhaps) *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati

Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *maHdáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀 (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matˢtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *madarós

Ancient Greek: μᾰδᾰρός (madarós, “wet”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *madHrás

Sanskrit: मदिर (madirá, “intoxicating”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Albanian: *mazdnja (“to fatten; feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”), մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)

(perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *mada

South Slavic:

Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)

West Slavic:

Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)

Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μᾰδάω (madáō)


Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մօտ (mōt)

Old Armenian: մատչիմ (matčʻim)

Armenian: մատչել (matčʻel)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mōtijaną (see there for further descendants)


gʷey-

*gʷéy-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéy-t ~ *gʷy-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जेष् (jéṣ), जितम् (jitám, 2d.ipv.)

*gʷe-gʷóy-e ~ *gʷe-gʷy-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰigā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igā́ya

Sanskrit: जिगाय (jigā́ya)

*gʷéy-onts

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyans (see there for further descendants)

*gʷey-ós

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷiā

Ancient Greek: βῐ́ᾱ (bíā)

Ionic Greek: βῐ́η (bíē)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áyas

Sanskrit: जय (jayá, “conquering, winning”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷi-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰitás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́itás

Sanskrit: जित (jitá) (see there for further descendants)


प्रविश्

head

प्रविश् • (praviś)

sa-root

प्रविश् • (praviś)

प्र- (pra-) + विश् (viś), with the latter part from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayć-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-.


*pélh₂-t ~ *pl̥h₂-ént (athematic perfective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto), πλῆντο (plênto)

Proto-Italic:

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔𐌕 (apelust), 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌔 (apelus, “to bring near”, 3sg.fut.perf) (+ *am-)

*pl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₂-énti (*né-infix imperfective)

Proto-Albanian: *pelna

Albanian: pjell

Proto-Celtic: *ɸalnati

Proto-Brythonic: *alnad (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·ella
Middle Irish: aidlid

Proto-Hellenic: *pəlnaō, *pəlnamai

Ancient Greek: πιλνάω (pilnáō), πίλνᾰμαι (pílnamai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬈 (pər^əne)

Proto-Italic: *pelnaō

Latin: appellō, compellō, interpellō

*pe-pólh₂-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεπλημένος (peplēménos)

Proto-Italic: *pepolai

Latin: pepulī

Proto-Hellenic: *pélas

Ancient Greek: πέλᾰς (pélas)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́n (< *pléh₂-m̥?)

Ancient Greek: πλήν (plḗn)

Aeolic Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Doric Greek: πλᾱ́ν (plā́n)

Proto-Hellenic: *plātos

Ancient Greek: πλᾱτός (plātós), ἄπλητος (áplētos)

Epic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Ionic Greek: ἄπλᾱτος (áplātos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pelatās

Ancient Greek: πελάτης (pelátēs)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελάτις (pelátis), πλᾶτις (plâtis), πλησίος (plēsíos), πλήτης (plḗtēs)


शूर्प्

head

शूर्प् • (śūrp)

sa-root

शूर्प् • (śūrp)


nebʰ-

*nébʰ-eti ~ *nébʰ-onti (thematic imperfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *népʰō

Ancient Greek: σῠννέφει (sunnéphei), σῠννέφω (sunnéphō)

*ne-nóbʰ-e ~ *ne-mbʰ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *nenopʰa

Ancient Greek: σῠννένοφᾰ (sunnénopha)

*nébʰ-o-s (see there for further descendants)

*nebʰ-e-lo-s

Proto-Germanic: *nebulō, *nebulaz, *nebalaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nepʰélā

Ancient Greek: νεφέλη (nephélē)

Proto-Italic: *neβelā

Latin: nebula (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-ró-s (see there for further descendants)

*n̥bʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nabʰtás

Proto-Iranian: *nabtás

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (napta, “moist, wet”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (nβdk), [script needed] (nβc), [script needed] (nβdc)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫜𐫤 (nft)

Pashto: [script needed] (nūnd), [script needed] (nūmd)

Old Persian: *naftah (“moist, wet”)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܢܒܬܐܟ, ܢܒܬܟ

Manichaean: Sogdian: 𐫗𐫂𐫎𐫏𐫏 (nβṯyy), 𐫗𐫂𐫤𐫏𐫏 (nβtyy)

(possibly) *nébʰ-tu-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Neptūnus


-DÍÍN

From Proto-Athabaskan *denʸ (“light shines”). Always occurs with di- thematic "fire" in associated verb bases.
The root -díín is irregular, since *-dį́ would be expected. -díín is invariable in shape (i.e., there are no other forms for different aspects or tenses), although a distinction between imperfective and perfective could be made. According to Young (1992), bases containing prefix yíní- (“directed at”) have neuter imperfective stems, while the rest have neuter perfective.


-CHʼIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʼʷičʼʷ (“to be rough, chapped”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna atsʼiis (“it is chapped”), Chipewyan dɛts’iz (“it is rough and hard”).
Related to -CHʼÍÍZH (“make a dry rustling sound”).


-CHĮ́

come into being
be born
(-∅-) there is birth, to be born.

come into being
be born
there is birth, to be born.

(-ł- causative) to bring into being, to give birth; to make, to build.

(-l- passive) to be born; to be related by clan.

come into being
be born
to be born; to be related by clan.

(-l- causative-reflexive) to cause oneself to be, to bring oneself into being; to feign, to pretend.

(ʼakʼiʼa- + -ł- transitive) to write, to mark, to tattoo.

come into being
write
to write, to mark, to tattoo.

(ʼakʼiʼa- + -l- reflexive) to tattoo oneself.

come into being
write
to tattoo oneself.

collect (maybe original meaning?)
(-ł-) to collect money, donations.

collect (maybe original meaning?)
to collect money, donations.

crowd (maybe a different root?)
(-l-) to gather, to form a crowd.

crowd (maybe a different root?)
to gather, to form a crowd.

(-l-) (uncertain derivation) to have a nightmare.


-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇an (“to make plural objects, to kill plural objects”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna esghaan (“I am killing them”).


-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊn (“to snore, to growl”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yutnełghan (“he growled at him”).


-GHAZH

Closely related to root -GHÁÁZH, "to gnaw".


-LĮ́Į́ʼ

Closely related to -LǪ́.
This root seems to only take si-Perfectives in all verb bases.

(a-) an event happens; to bring about an event.

(ho-) to come into being, to come up, to be born.

(ani-) to be of value; to set a high price.

become
to be of value; to set a high price.


-DIZ

(-∅- or -ł- ) to twist it, to spin it, to wrap it, to bandage.

(-l- reflexive) to roll dirt off of oneself.

(-d- or -l- passive) to be tangled, snarled, to wind around.

twist
to be tangled, snarled, to wind around.

(-ł-) to clean one's gun (by twisting the cleaning patch back out).

(-ł-) to catch a rabbit (by twisting it out of its hole), to go rabbit hunting.

(di- "legs" + -l- causative-reflexive) to move with swift short steps (as in throwing a javelin).


-TSʼÓÓZÍ

Cognate found in Chipewyan chʼude (“narrow”).
The stem of this root has variable shape, such as -tsʼóóz, -tsʼózí or -tsʼósí. Generally absolutive and comparative aspectual bases are not clearly distinguished.


-DLOʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *də-ləqʼʷ > *dlʊ̓q’ (“to laugh”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna dloqʼ (“laughter”), Carrier dlo, Chipewyan dloɣ. See also Navajo dloh (“laughter”).


-DLĄ́Ą́ʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *də-nanʸ (“to drink”).


-TʼEʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼe (“to be thus”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ntʼae (“it is”), neltʼeʼ (“there are many”), Chipewyan bénɛłtʼɛ (“you're like him”).

tʼááłah diltʼéhé
tʼááłah diltʼéhé#Navajo

to be
 2. Various meanings depending on thematic prefix


-TʼEʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼə̓qʼ (“animate or stick-like object moves”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tiiłtʼak (“I threw it away (a stick)”), Koyukon kʼəltʼəx (“to hit something with a stick”).
Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme related to hopping (literally, to “throw” oneself successively).

cog

to propel a slender stiff object (SSO) or animate object (AnO)


-ZHIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *džičʼ (“to dance”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼscʼaldziitsʼ (“we danced”).
Occurs in Navajo in a number of disparate meanings, of uncertain derivation.

to poke, to jab, to stick
 2. to rise, to increase, to reach a level
 3. to dance
 4. time passes


-ʼĮĮD

The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root -YAA.
Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as ∅-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *∅-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using ∅/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

(ʼá-) to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.

(-d-) to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).

(ni- + -ł-) to take possession of, to make something one's own.

(ʼá-/kó- + ha- + -d-) to happen, to take place.

(tí-) to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.

act
Misc. thematic
(choini-) to be useful; to use.

act
Misc. thematic
to be useful; to use.

(yiní-) to discuss, to bother, to harass.

act
Misc. thematic
to discuss, to bother, to harass.

(ʼáhodi-) to pretend, to fake, to play like.

act
Misc. thematic
to pretend, to fake, to play like.

act
Misc. thematic
(ʼááhoo-) to quit, to surrender.

act
Misc. thematic
to quit, to surrender.

wealthy (root -TʼĮĮD?)
(-d- thematized) to be wealthy.

(-∅-) to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.

dislike
to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.

(-d-) to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).


-ʼĮĮD

Probably related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to see, to look”.


-GHAAZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʷa̓ž ~ *ɣ̇ʊš (“to make a bubbling noise”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases of disparate meanings related to “bubbling”, “shouting” and “sleeping”, probably originating in distinct roots that merged in shape.
These meanings are found in parts in other Athabaskan languages too:
* in Ahtna tnelghots (“it is boiling”), telghaas (“fish started swimming (bubbling?)”), delghos (“they are shouting”);
* in Koyukon nilɣos (“melted”), dəlɣʊs (“they are making noise”);
* in Chipewyan nɛ́sɣáz (“my face swole up”), níłxáz (“I boiled it”), dɛlɣus (“it barks”), ɛ’ɛłxus (“he snored”);
* in Mattole ’iłgwóxw (“you snore, are sound asleep”).

inh

*ɣ̇ʷa̓ž ~ *ɣ̇ʊš

cog

to bubble, to boil
 2. to shout
 3. to sleep


-YĄ́Ą́ʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *hanʸ (“to eat”).
The first consonant fuses with the preceding consonant from classifiers or subject prefixes, resulting in various alternations : YĄ́Ą́ʼ, DĄ́Ą́ʼ, SĄ́Ą́ʼ, SHĄ́Ą́ʼ, ZĄ́Ą́ʼ.
Compare also Navajo dą́ą́ʼ (“food, corn”).


-CHĄĄʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʷanʼ ~ *čʷənʼ (“to defecate”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tsaanʼ (“excrement”), estsenʼ (“I defecate”), Gwich'in tryąʼ (“excrement”).

inh

*čʷanʼ ~ *čʷənʼ

to defecate, to cover with filth, to masturbate


-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ča(nʸ) ~ *čʷa(nʸ) (“to become exhausted”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nininitsaan (“he came exhausted”), Chipewyan nínįtsąʼ (“he is tired”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to “fleeing” and “running”.


-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *čən (“to smell, to stink”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ukoltsen (“it smells”), Gwich'in yahtsan (“he smells it”).


-GHÁÁZH

Closely related to root -GHAZH, "to bite".


-DĮĮD

(ʼá- + -∅- thematic) to disappear, to become non-existent, to die.

(ʼá- + -ł- causative) to get rid of, to destroy.

(-ł- thematic) (to stand it, found only in the negative) to be bored, to dislike, to despise.

(ʼa- 3rd person + -ł- thematic) to survive, to live.

(ʼa- 3rd person + -l- mediopassive) to enjoy.


-YAA

From Proto-Athabaskan *haɢ (“to do, to make”) in the perfective, from Proto-Athabaskan *ni (“to do, to make”) in the imperfective, future and optative, and from Proto-Athabaskan *enˀ (“to do, to make”) in the iterative (see -ʼĮĮD).
The stem initial undergoes a number of special alternations in presence of ł-classsifier and d-effect (see Stem Set section below).

áánííł áánííł#Navajo

áánííł áánííł#Navajo

to do, to make, to happen
 2. various meanings depending on thematic prefix


*h₂welh₁-t ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (“I ruled”, 1sg past tense)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants) (back formation)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)

*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *walnāti

Old Irish: follnaithir (“to rule, govern”)

*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)

Proto-Slavic: *volsti

Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)

Proto-Italic: *walēō

Latin: valeō (“to be well”)

Proto-Celtic: *walatros

Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr

Welsh: gwaladr (“ruler”)

q

*h₂wol-neh₂-mō ~ *h₂wl̥-neh₂-m̥n-és (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)

⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)

Tocharian B: walo (“king”)

Proto-Celtic: *walos (“prince”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (“sovereignty”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂woldʰ-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂woldʰ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vàldît

Lithuanian: valdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)

Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan

desctree

Old English: wieldan, wildan
English: wield
Scots: wield

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis

Lithuanian: valstybė

Latvian: valsts

Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walˀdjāˀ

Lithuanian: valdžia

Proto-Slavic: *volďa

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”), but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.


*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic:

Old English: wlōh

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: valaĩ

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts

Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: varúk

Prasuni: vórik

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: vorṓk

Waigali: vërëk

Italic:

Latin: vellus, villus

Latin: *ulos

Latin: adūlor

Proto-Slavic: *voldь

Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)

→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)

(?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka

Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*h₃reyH-dʰh₁é-ti (dʰh₁-present)

⇒ *h₃réy(H)dʰh₁eti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *reideti

desctree

Old Irish: réidid (“to ride, drive”)
Middle Irish: réidid

desc

Proto-Germanic: *rīdaną (“to ride; to move, rock, swing”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roydʰh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráidīˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: raĩdît, raîdît (“to send hastily, urge, hurry”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-éh₁(ye)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *reidḗˀtei?

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: riedė́ti (“to roll”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-os

Proto-Celtic: *reidos (“ride”, noun)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸoreidos (“horse”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ríad (“riding, driving, voyage”)

Gaulish: rēda (“chariot”)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *raidō (“ride, journey”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₃roy(H)dʰh₁-ó-s or *h₃roydʰh₁-u-s (adj.)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raidás or *raidus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: raidù (“swift, quick”)

⇒ *h₃rey(H)dʰh₁-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *reidsman (> *reissman)

Old Irish: réimm (“movement, course”)

*h₃ri-né-H-ti ~ *h₃ri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Albanian: *rinja

Albanian: rij

Gheg Albanian: rîj

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rìnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rinnaną (see there for further descendants) (or from *h₃ri-néw-ti)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρῑ́νω (orī́nō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HrináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HrináHti

Sanskrit: रिणाति (riṇā́ti)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *h₃ri-n-H-o-s (or =*h₃riH-nó-s; see below)

Proto-Albanian: *rina

*h₃réy(H)-ti-s ~ *h₃riH-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *rīþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HriHtíṣ

Sanskrit: रीति (rītí)

Proto-Celtic: *reyatrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *rě̄kà (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *ròjь (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráyas

Sanskrit: रय (ráya)

*h₃riH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHyáti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HriHmás

Proto-Iranian: *HriHmáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rrīma)

Middle Persian:

Persian: ریم (rim)

Sogdian: [script needed] (rym)

Pashto: [script needed] (rəma), [script needed] (rima)

Proto-Celtic: *reinos (“river, waterway”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rītos

⇒ Latin: irrītō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réy(H)-t-os ~ *h₃réy(H)-t-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráytas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráytas

Sanskrit: रेतस् (rétas)

Proto-Italic: *rīwos

Latin: rīvus (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃royH-e-ti

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rě̀jati (“to move quickly, push forward?”) (see there for further descendants)

>? *h₃riH-n-do-s

Proto-Celtic: *rinnos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: rynny

Middle Welsh: rin

Middle Irish: renn

to flow, stream (of water); to pour, rain


mreǵʰ-

*mréǵʰ-us

*mréǵʰ-yōs ~ *mr̥ǵʰ-is-és

Proto-Hellenic: *brə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: βρᾰ́σσων (brássōn), (later) βραχίων (brakhíōn)

Aeolic Greek: βρόσσων (bróssōn)

Proto-Italic: *breɣʷiōs (see there for further descendants)


-NIIʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni̓gʸ, from pre-Proto-Athabaskan *niʼg, a root with many disparate meanings, perhaps resulting in the merger of originally distinct roots.
A first meaning involves action with the hand (squeeze, touch). Another meaning relates to the passing of an invisible or hazy entity, as an epidemic, a cold wave, a fad, a swarm, and also relates to pain, ache. A last meaning relates to mental actions as to know, to be aware, to remember.
-NIIʼ shares many stems with the roots -NÍÍʼ, -NIID, -NÍÍD, -NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.
Maybe as a consequence, the themes in this root often do not behave as neatly as with other roots (classifiers, aspect, conjugations may follow irregular alternations).

to act with the hand
 2. to hurt, to be painful
 3. a wave passes or spreads (epidemic, a heat wave, a crowd, a swarm, a fad)
 4. to know, to be aware


bʰrews-

*bʰrus-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bruseti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *brausijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-tó-s (“broken”)

Proto-Italic: *frustom (“piece broken off”)

Latin: frustum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *brauša

Albanian: breshër

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *brusnati
Old Irish: bronnaid
Irish: bronn
Scottish Gaelic: bronn, pronn

Proto-Celtic: *brustniyos

desc

Old Irish: brosnae (“bundle of firewood”)

Proto-Germanic: *breustą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *brusts (see there for further descendants)


ה־ל־ל

Forming words relating to being clear and shining.

Forming words relating to boasting and praising.

Forming words relating to acting foolishly or madly, to raving, to celebrating.


-CHʼIL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čʷ’ə̓tɬ’ (“to shrivel”), with multiple extended meanings.
Cognate roots found in Ahtna naʼugheltsʼetlʼ (“it shrank”), yiłtsʼetlʼ (“he scorched it”), neltsʼetlʼ (“he has his eyes closed”), deltsʼetlʼ (“fire pops”), Koyukon tsʼetł (“shrubs, small willows”), Gwich'in diltrʼal (“fire crackled”), niltrʼal (“he had his eyes closed”), trʼał (“brush, undergrowth”).

cog

to curl, to shrivel
 2. firecrackles
 3. plant


-JOOL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *džəɣ̇ʷətɬ’ (“ball”).

NCM moves
(∅) NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.

NCM moves
NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.

(ł) to handle or propel NCM, to keep NCM at rest.

Classificatory root for non-compact matter as hair, a wig, or hay, and by extension, smoke, steam, dust, or a stench. The base ∅-classifier theme is intransitive and applies to NCM's independent motion or state, while the ł-classifier theme is transitive-causative and applies to the handling (carry, bring, give...) and propelling (throw, toss, drop,...) of NCM.

to be ball-shaped, globular, round, plump.

to huddle, to draw oneself together, to bend, to sneak.


tekʷ-

*tékʷ-ti ~ *tkʷ-énti (athematic root verb) or *tékʷ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Albanian: *en-teka

Albanian: ndjek

(perhaps) Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒉿𒀜𒆪𒍖𒍣 (wa-at-ku-uz-zi /watkuzi/) (< *wé-tkʷ-ti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latvian: tecêt

Lithuanian: tekė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *teťi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákti, *tákati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákti, *tákati

Sanskrit: तक्ति (tákti), तकति (tákati)

Proto-Iranian: *táxti, *tákati

Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fratacaⁱti), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frataciṇti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mndxs-)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫝𐫏𐫅 (tcyd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazēd/)

Persian: تاختن (tâxtan, “to attack, to run”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾntxst)

*tokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *awa-takja

Albanian: vdes

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *točiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takáyati

Proto-Iranian: *takáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (tācaiieⁱṇti)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tʾcynd /tāzēnd/)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫀𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫅 (tʾcynd)

*tékʷ-onts

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táčints

Proto-Iranian: *táčinth

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬗𐬌𐬧𐬙 (taciṇt)

Middle Persian: 𐫎𐫉𐫀𐫗 (ṯzʾn) (Manichaean)

(perhaps) Tocharian: *cäke

Tocharian B: cake

*tékʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tekas

Latvian: tęks

Proto-Slavic: *tekъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tekʷos

⇒ Old Irish: intech (“road”)

*tekʷ-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þewaz (< *þegwaz or *þehwaz) (see there for further descendants)

*tékʷ-u-s ~ *tkʷ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tákuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tákuṣ

Sanskrit: तकु (táku)

*tkʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taktás

Sanskrit: तक्त (taktá)

Proto-Iranian: *taxtáh

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬝𐬐𐬎𐬱 (tācait̰kuš)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tcyt /tazīd/)

*tokʷ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *takas

Latvian: taks

Lithuanian: tãkas

Proto-Slavic: *tȏkъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *takas

Proto-Iranian: *takas

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬐𐬀 (taka)


mesg-

*mésg-e-ti (thematic root imperfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máẑǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźȷ́ati

Sanskrit: मज्जति (májjati)

Proto-Italic: *mezgō

Latin: mergō

*mosg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maẑǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *maźȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मज्जयति (majjáyati)

*mosg-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *masg-, *mask- (denominative)

East Baltic:

Latvian: mazgāt (“to wash”)

Lithuanian: mazgóti (“to wash”)

Proto-Slavic: *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”)

desctree

Old East Slavic: *Москꙑ (*Mosky)
⇒ Old East Slavic: Москъвь (Moskŭvĭ), Московь (Moskovĭ)
Old Ruthenian: Москва́ (Moskvá)
Belarusian: Масква́ (Maskvá)
Carpathian Rusyn: Москва́ (Moskvá)
Ukrainian: Москва́ (Moskvá)
Russian: Москва́ (Moskvá)
→ Armenian: Մոսկվա (Moskva)
→ Belarusian: Масква (Maskva)
→ Czech: Moskva
Czech: moskva (“rye bread”) (uncommon)
→ Dungan: Москва (Moskva)
→ Greek: Μόσχα (Móscha)
→ Hebrew: מוסקבה (moskvá)
→ Hungarian: Moszkva
→ Ingrian: Moskova
→ Italian: Mosca
→ Japanese: モスクワ (Mosukuwa)
→ Karaim: Москва (Moskva)
→ Korean: 모스크바 (moseukeuba)
→ Kyrgyz: Москва (Moskva)
→ Latvian: Maskava
→ Norwegian Bokmål: Moskva
→ Polish: Moskwa
→ Romanian: Moscova
→ Slovak: Moskva
→ Vietnamese: Mát-xcơ-va
→ Yiddish: מאָסקווע (moskve)
→ Latin: Moscovia
→ English: Moscow
→ French: Moscou
→ German: Moskau
→ Dutch: Moskou
→ Tatar: Мәскәү (Mäskäw)
→ Bashkir: Мәскәү (Məskəw)
→ Kazakh: Мәскеу (Mäskeu)

Slovak: mozga (“puddle”)

Polish: mazgać; Mozgawa


[Term?]

Proto-Albanian: *en-iuwo-ma

Albanian: ndihmë, ndihmoj

*h₁éwHeti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *oweti

⇒ Old Irish: con·oí

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly merged with *h₂ew-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

Sanskrit: अवति (ávati)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬨𐬍 (auuāmī)

*h₁íh₁ewHeti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *iowaō
Latin: iuvō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *iūtos

Latin: iūtus


जन्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”). Compare Latin gignō, genus, Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai), English kind.

जनुस्

birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind

जनुषा

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

जनिमन्

generation, birth, origin; offspring; creature; genus

(sa, Class 1) to generate, beget, produce, create, cause.

(sa, Class 4) to be born or produced, come into existence.


tetḱ-

*tḗtḱ-ti ~ *tétḱ-n̥ti (Narten imperfective)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *téśtei
Latvian: test
Proto-Slavic: *tesàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́ćšti, *táćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tā́ṭṣṭi, *táṭṣati

Sanskrit: ताष्टि (tā́ṣṭi), तक्षति (tákṣati, 3pl.)

Proto-Iranian: *tā́šti, *tášati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙𐬌 (auui tāšti), 𐬙𐬁𐬱𐬙 (tāšt)

desc

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎫𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎡𐎹 (h-t-x-š-t-i-y /haᵐtaxšataiy/)

Proto-Nuristani: *táscati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: taćë́-

Kativiri: sëćé-

Southern Nuristani:

Ashkun: tō̃́ćie-

Proto-Italic: *teksō (perhaps) (or from *teḱ-s-e-ti)

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāks-

*totḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tašýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣáyati

Sanskrit: तक्षयति (takṣáyati)

*tétḱ-ō ~ *tḱ-nés (“carpenter”) (see there for further descendants)

*tetḱ-(dʰ)lo- (“adze”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tesla, *teslò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāxslos

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚐᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (talagni) (perhaps)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

Proto-Germanic: *þehslō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: tēla, tēlum (or from Proto-Indo-European *tend-)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsō

Old English: þeox

Old High German: dehsa

Middle High German: dehse

German: Dechse

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: τέχνη (tékhnē)
Greek: τέχνη (téchni)
→ Latin: techna
English: techno-

*tₔtḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taćšṭás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taṭṣṭás

Sanskrit: तष्ट (taṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *taštáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (tašta)

Middle Persian: tšt' (tašt), [script needed] (tʾšytk /tāšīdag/) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian: [script needed] (tʾst /tāst/), [script needed] (tʾstg /tāstag/)

→ Persian: طاس (tâs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: տաշեմ (tašem)
Armenian: տաշել (tašel)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: testa

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *tēkslā

Proto-Albanian: *tāslā

Albanian: tollë

Proto-Albanian: *taksjā

Albanian: teshë

Reanalyzed reduplication from *teḱ- (“to sire, beget”).


teḱ-

*téḱ-t (perfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *tékon

Ancient Greek: τέκον (tékon), ἔτεκον (étekon)

*té-tḱ-ti (“to create, produce, cut, hew”, reduplicated athematic)

*te-tóḱ-e (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *tétoka

Ancient Greek: τέτοκα (tétoka)

*tí-tḱ-e-ti (i-reduplicated thematic)

Proto-Hellenic: *tíktō

Ancient Greek: τίκτω (tíktō)

*tḱ-éy-ti (“to settle, live, dwell, cultivate”, *éy-present)

*téḱ-no-m

Proto-Hellenic: *téknon

Ancient Greek: τέκνον (téknon)

*tóḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tókos

Ancient Greek: τόκος (tókos), τοκεύς (tokeús)

*téḱ-os ~ *téḱ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *tékos

Ancient Greek: τέκος (tékos)

*tḱ-tis

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tíśtis

Proto-Slavic: *tь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

tek-

possibly conflated with *teḱ- in some branches


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tektei

Latvian: tikt

Lithuanian: tèkti

Proto-Celtic: *teketi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tizaff

Old Irish: ad·teich (see there for further descendants)

*tek-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *þigjaną (see there for further descendants)

*tk-e-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšatrám (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: κτάομαι (ktáomai)

Ancient Greek: κτέανον (ktéanon)

Ancient Greek: κτῆμα (ktêma)

Ancient Greek: κτῆνος (ktênos)

Ancient Greek: κτῆσις (ktêsis)

*tk-éy-ti (athematic present (imperfective))

⇒? *tkey- (reanalyzed root)

⇒ *tkéy-e-ti (thematicized present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáyati (“to rule, have power over, control”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáyati

Sanskrit: क्षयति (kṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *xšáyati

desctree

⇒ Old Persian: 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”)
Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (MLKA /šāh/)
Persian: شاه (šâh) (see there for further descendants)
Tajik: шоҳ (šoh)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Celtic: (or borrowed from Germanic?)

desc

Old Irish: taca (“prop, support, peg”, noun)

Irish: taca

Scottish Gaelic: taca


tek-

*ték-e-ti

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թեքեմ (tʻekʻem)
Armenian: թեքել (tʻekʻel)

*ték-seti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒆠𒅖𒍣 (tákkišzi)

Proto-Germanic: *þehsaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *teksō

Latin: texō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

q

perhaps by conflation with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)tegʰ-</i> (“to stitch”) or another root

>? Old Armenian: թեզան (tʻezan) (perhaps by conflation with *(s)tegʰ- (“to stitch”) or another root) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Slavic: *kyvati (see there for further descendants)

*keh₁w-éye-ti (*e-grade iterative)

Proto-Italic: *kēweō

Latin: cēveō

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


wleykʷ-

*wléykʷ-ti ~ *wlikʷ-énti

⇒ Proto-Italic: *wleikʷōr

Latin: līquor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *lik-

Tocharian A: lyīktsi (“to wash”)

*wlikʷ-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *wlikʷēō

Latin: liqueō (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-o-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlikʷos (see there for further descendants)

*wlikʷ-s-o/eh₂- (perhaps from an s-stem)

>? Proto-Celtic: *wlixsos, *wliksos m

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨx

Welsh: gwlych

Proto-Italic: *liksos

Latin: lixa f (“(washing) water; lye”)

Latin: ēlixus (“boiled; sodden”)

desc

Latin: prōlixus (“extended, broad; comprehensive; fortunate”)

Unsorted formations:

Tocharian B: laikanaträ (“washes”)

Tocharian B: likṣan- (“washes”)


*lóh₃w-ey ~ *l̥h₃w-énti

Proto-Anatolian: *lóHʷei

>? Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒄷𒄿 (la-a-ḫu-i, “to pour; to (over)flow”)

⇒? Luwian: [script needed] (lā(ḫ)un(a)i-, “to wash”)

*léwh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: laj

Proto-Hellenic: *léwoō

Ancient Greek: λούω (loúō), λοέω (loéō), λόω (lóō) (see there for further descendants)

*(le-)lówh₃-ti (reduplicated o-grade present)

Proto-Italic: *lawō (see there for further descendants)

*lówh₃-tro-m, *léwh₃-tro-m

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: լոգանամ (loganam) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam) (or < *plew-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laugō (see there for further descendants)

Old Latin: lavē- (transitive)


Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒂊𒃷 (e-kán /ʔekán/, “ice”)

*h₁óyg-s ~ *h₁ig-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háykš

Proto-Iranian: *Háyxam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *yegis (“ice”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁yég-ō ~ *h₁ig-nés

Proto-Germanic: *jekô (“piece of ice, hoarfrost”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jekulaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáǰas

Proto-Nuristani: *yája (“cold”) (irregular *j for expected *ǰ)

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: ǘć

Kativiri: yúz

Prasuni: yǘzu, ǘzu

Southern Nuristani:

Waigali: yoz

→ Kalasha: [script needed] (yoz)

→ Khowar: [script needed] (yoz)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Iranian: *HyāǰáH

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *yǣǰǽ

Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *yǣ́ǰ́

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *yø̄́z

Sarikoli: yoz (“glacier”)

→ Wakhi: yaz


*kéh₃-tu-s ~ *kh₃-téw-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κότος (kótos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: котора (kotora, “quarrel”)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: शत्रु (śatru, “enemy, foe”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *gladaz (see there for further descendants)

*gʰl̥h₂-n̥-dʰ-ó-s (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glandaz (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *ɣlaðros

>? Latin: glaber (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glā́ˀdus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gladā

Albanian: gledhë

Possible reanalyzed root of *gʰleh₂- + *-dʰh₁eti, metathesized from *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”).


ǵʰley-

*ǵʰlí-e-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlíō

>? Ancient Greek: χλίω (khlíō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “to warm; to soften”)

*ǵʰley-mós (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Germanic: *glīmô

Proto-West Germanic: *glīmō

Old English: gleomu (“splendor”)

Old Saxon: glīmo (“shine”)

Old High German: glīmo, gleimo, glīm (“glow-worm”)

Old Norse:

Norwegian Nynorsk: glim (dialectal)

Old Swedish: glim, glimma

→ Middle English: glimme

English: glim

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glīmaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glaimiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰley-nós (“bright, clear”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēnos

Proto-Brythonic: *-gluɨn

Welsh: try-lwyn

Old Irish: gléinech

*ǵʰley-wós (“shining, sparkling”)

Proto-Celtic: *gleiwos (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gliwēną or *glijō(ja)ną

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: glīa (“to glitter”)

Old Norse: gljá (“to glitter”)

Faroese: glíggja

Icelandic: gljá

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵʰleh₃-</i>?

>? Lithuanian: žlėjà (“twilight; dusk, darkness”) (or from *ǵʰleh₃-?)

*ǵʰley-s-

*ǵʰleys-to-s (“shine, brightness”)

Proto-Celtic: *glēstos

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨs

Old Breton: glois, gloes

Welsh: glwys

Old Irish: glésse, glése, gléisse, gléise

Gaulish: glīso-

*ǵʰlis-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *glisnaz

Proto-Germanic: *glisnōną

Proto-West Germanic: *glisnōn

Old English: glisnian (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *glisna

Norwegian: glisna

Swedish: glesna

*ǵʰley-d-

*ǵʰléyd-e-ti

desc

Proto-Germanic: *glītaną (“to shine, sparkle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰli-n-d-e-ti (“to shine, glint”, nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *glintaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-í-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitiz

Proto-West Germanic: *glit

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *glitinōn

Old English: glitenian

Old High German: glizinōn

Middle High German: glitzenen

German: glitzen

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlidā́

>? Ancient Greek: χλιδή (khlidḗ, “effeminacy, luxury, haughtiness, riches”)

*ǵʰlid-mn̥ (“shine”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmô (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ǵʰlid-mn̥-ye-ti (“to shine, sparkle”)

Proto-Germanic: *glitmunjaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰlid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *glitraz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *glitrōną (see there for further descendants)


मञ्ज्

head

मञ्ज् • (mañj)

Compared with Ancient Greek μάγγανον (mánganon, “charm”), Romanian mângâia (“to caress”).


treb-

Proto-Celtic: *trebā (“settlement”) (see there for further descendants)

*treb-nos

Proto-Celtic: *trebnos

Proto-Brythonic: *treβn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: trefn (“room, house”)

Proto-Italic: *trebno- (possibly)

desc

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌌𐌍𐌖 (tremnu, “place from where the augur observes the birds”, abl.sg.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: trobà (“cottage, farmhouse”)

Latvian: trāba (“hut, hovel”)

*tr̥b-om

Proto-Germanic: *þurpą (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥b-s

Proto-Italic: *trabs

Latin: trabs (“wooden beam”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *trabs

Latvian: trabs (“pole”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: trevë (“region, province”)

Proto-Italic: *trēbarkāō

𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌌

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌅𐌞𐌌 (tríbarakavúm, “to build”, inf.), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌌𐌔 (tríbarakattms, 3p.pf.sb), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌀𐌕𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕 (tríbarakattuset, 3p.fut.pf)

Proto-Italic: *trēbarkiōns or *trēbarkiūns

𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌊𐌉𐌖𐌚

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌊𐌉𐌖𐌚 (tríbarakkiuf, “building”, nom.sg.)

Proto-Italic: *trebēō or *trebiō

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌁𐌄𐌉𐌕 (trebeit, “lives, dwells”, 3s.pr.)

Proto-Italic: *treb-

Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌝𐌁𐌞𐌌 (trííbúm, “house”, acc.sg.), 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌁𐌖𐌃 (tríbud, abl.sg.)


س ب ب

سَابّ

Form I: سَبَّ (sabba); Active participle

مُسَبِّب

Form II: سَبَّبَ (sabbaba); Active participle

مُسَابّ

Form III: سَابَّ (sābba); Active participle

تَسَبُّب

Form V: تَسَبَّبَ (tasabbaba); Verbal noun

مُتَسَبِّب

Form V: تَسَبَّبَ (tasabbaba); Active participle

تَسَابّ

Form VI: تَسَابَّ (tasābba); Verbal noun

مُتَسَابّ

Form VI: تَسَابَّ (tasābba); Active participle

اِسْتِبَاب

Form VIII: اِسْتَبَّ (istabba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبّ

Form VIII: اِسْتَبَّ (istabba); Active participle

سَبَّابّة

سَبَّاب (sabbāb)


ر س ل

Form I: رَسِلَ (rasila); Active participle

مُرَاسِل

Form III: رَاسَلَ (rāsala); Active participle

إِرْسَال

Form IV: أَرْسَلَ (ʔarsala); Verbal noun

مُرْسِل

Form IV: أَرْسَلَ (ʔarsala); Active participle

تَرَسُّل

Form V: تَرَسَّلَ (tarassala); Verbal noun

مُتَرَسِّل

Form V: تَرَسَّلَ (tarassala); Active participle

تَرَاسُل

Form VI: تَرَاسَلَ (tarāsala); Verbal noun

مُتَرَاسِل

Form VI: تَرَاسَلَ (tarāsala); Active participle

اِسْتِرْسَال

Form X: اِسْتَرْسَلَ (istarsala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَرْسِل

Form X: اِسْتَرْسَلَ (istarsala); Active participle

رَسُولِيّ

رَسُول (rasūl)


ق و م

مُقَوِّم

Form II: قَوَّمَ (qawwama); Active participle

مُقَيِّم

Form II: قَيَّمَ (qayyama); Active participle

مُقَاوِم

Form III: قَاوَمَ (qāwama); Active participle

مُقِيم

Form IV: أَقَامَ (ʔaqāma); Active participle

اِسْتِقَامَة

Form X: اِسْتَقَامَ (istaqāma); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقِيم

Form X: اِسْتَقَامَ (istaqāma); Active participle

قَائِمَّقَامِيَّة

قَائِمَّقَام (qāʔimmaqām, noun)


غ ي ر

مُغَيِّر

Form II: غَيَّرَ (ḡayyara); Active participle

مُغَايِر

Form III: غَايَرَ (ḡāyara); Active participle

مُغِير

Form IV: أَغَارَ (ʔaḡāra); Active participle

تَغَيُّر

Form V: تَغَيَّرَ (taḡayyara); Verbal noun

مُتَغَيِّر

Form V: تَغَيَّرَ (taḡayyara); Active participle

تَغَايُر

Form VI: تَغَايَرَ (taḡāyara); Verbal noun

مُتَغَايِر

Form VI: تَغَايَرَ (taḡāyara); Active participle

غَيْرِيّ

غَيْر (ḡayr)


غ ي ر

تغيير

Form II: غيّر (ḡayyar, “to change something”); Verbal Noun

تغيّر

Form V: تغيّر (tḡayyar, “to change”); Verbal Noun


ك ث ر

Form I: كَثُرَ (kaṯura); Active participle

كَاثِر

Form I: كَثَرَ (kaṯara); Active participle

مُكَثِّر

Form II: كَثَّرَ (kaṯṯara); Active participle

مُكَاثِر

Form III: كَاثَرَ (kāṯara); Active participle

إِكْثَار

Form IV: أَكْثَرَ (ʔakṯara); Verbal noun

مُكْثِر

Form IV: أَكْثَرَ (ʔakṯara); Active participle

تَكَاثُر

Form VI: تَكَاثَرَ (takāṯara); Verbal noun

مُتَكَاثِر

Form VI: تَكَاثَرَ (takāṯara); Active participle

اِسْتِكْثَار

Form X: اِسْتَكْثَرَ (istakṯara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكْثِر

Form X: اِسْتَكْثَرَ (istakṯara); Active participle

أَكْثَرِيَّة

أَكْثَر (ʔakṯar)


ب ع د

مُبَعِّد

Form II: بَعَّدَ (baʕʕada); Active participle

مُبَاعِد

Form III: بَاعَدَ (bāʕada); Active participle

إِبْعَاد

Form IV: أَبْعَدَ (ʔabʕada); Verbal noun

مُبْعِد

Form IV: أَبْعَدَ (ʔabʕada); Active participle

تَبَاعُد

Form VI: تَبَاعَدَ (tabāʕada); Verbal noun

مُتَبَاعِد

Form VI: تَبَاعَدَ (tabāʕada); Active participle

اِبْتِعَاد

Form VIII: اِبْتَعَدَ (ibtaʕada); Verbal noun

مُبْتَعِد

Form VIII: اِبْتَعَدَ (ibtaʕada); Active participle

اِسْتِبْعَاد

Form X: اِسْتَبْعَدَ (istabʕada); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْعِد

Form X: اِسْتَبْعَدَ (istabʕada); Active participle


ب ن ي

مُبَنٍّ

Form II: بَنَّى (bannā); Active participle

مُبَانٍ

Form III: بَانَى (bānā); Active participle

مُبْنٍ

Form IV: أَبْنَى (ʔabnā); Active participle

مُتَبَنٍّ

Form V: تَبَنَّى (tabannā); Active participle

مُتَبَانٍ

Form VI: تَبَانَى (tabānā); Active participle

اِنْبِنَاء

Form VII: اِنْبَنَى (inbanā); Verbal noun

مُنْبَنٍ

Form VII: اِنْبَنَى (inbanā); Active participle

اِبْتِنَاء

Form VIII: اِبْتَنَى (ibtanā); Verbal noun

مُبْتَنٍ

Form VIII: اِبْتَنَى (ibtanā); Active participle

بِنْيَوِيّ

بِنْيَة (binya), بُنْيَة (bunya, “structure”)


ح ق ق

حَقَّة

Form I: حُقَّ (ḥuqqa, “to be necessary, to be obligatory, to be imperative”); Verbal noun

حَقَّة

Form I: حَقَّ (ḥaqqa, “to be true, to be confirmed”); Verbal noun

حَاقّ

Form I: حَقَّ (ḥaqqa, “to be true, to be confirmed”); Active participle

حَقّ

Form I: حَقَّ (ḥaqqa, “to ascertain, to make sure, to recognize, to identify”); Verbal noun

حَاقّ

Form I: حَقَّ (ḥaqqa, “to ascertain, to make sure, to recognize, to identify”); Active participle

تَحْقِيق

Form II: حَقَّقَ (ḥaqqaqa, “to make come true”); Verbal noun

مُحَقِّق

Form II: حَقَّقَ (ḥaqqaqa, “to make come true”); Active participle

مُحَاقَّة

Form III: حَاقَّ (ḥāqqa, “to sue, to litigate”); Verbal noun

مُحَاقّ

Form III: حَاقَّ (ḥāqqa, “to sue, to litigate”); Active participle

إِحْقَاق

Form IV: أَحَقَّ (ʔaḥaqqa, “to tell the truth, to be right, to enforce”); Verbal noun

مُحِقّ

Form IV: أَحَقَّ (ʔaḥaqqa, “to tell the truth, to be right, to enforce”); Active participle

تَحَقُّق

Form V: تَحَقَّقَ (taḥaqqaqa, “to come true, to materialize, to be fulfilled”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَقِّق

Form V: تَحَقَّقَ (taḥaqqaqa, “to come true, to materialize, to be fulfilled”); Active participle

اِسْتِحْقَاق

Form X: اِسْتَحَقَّ (istaḥaqqa, “to be worthy, to deserve, to merit”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحِقّ

Form X: اِسْتَحَقَّ (istaḥaqqa, “to be worthy, to deserve, to merit”); Active participle

أَحَقِّيّ

أَحَقّ (ʔaḥaqq)

حَقِيقِيّ

حَقِيقَة (ḥaqīqa)

حَقَّانِيَّة

حَقَّانِيّ (ḥaqqāniyy)


ح ق ق

تحقيق

Form II: حقّق (ḥaʔʔaʔ, “to investigate; to achieve”); Verbal Noun

محقّق

Form II: حقّق (ḥaʔʔaʔ, “to investigate; to achieve”); Active Participle

استحقاق

Form X: استحقّ (istaḥaʔʔ, “to deserve”); Verbal Noun


ب ي ن

تَبَيُّن

Form V: تَبَيَّنَ (tabayyana, “to become intelligible, turn out, be explained, be clearly distinguished, try to find out, scrutinize, perceive”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَيِّن

Form V: تَبَيَّنَ (tabayyana, “to become intelligible, turn out, be explained, be clearly distinguished, try to find out, scrutinize, perceive”); Active participle

مُتَبَيَّن

تَبْيِين

Form II: بَيَّنَ (bayyana, “to make evident or clear, to show, explain, differentiate”); Verbal noun

مُبَيِّن

Form II: بَيَّنَ (bayyana, “to make evident or clear, to show, explain, differentiate”); Active participle

مُبَايَنَة

Form III: بَايَنَ (bāyana, “to go away, differ, contradict, conflict”); Verbal noun

مُبَايِن

Form III: بَايَنَ (bāyana, “to go away, differ, contradict, conflict”); Active participle

إِبَانَة

Form IV: أَبَانَ (ʔabāna, “to explain, distinguish, speak clearly”); Verbal noun

مُبِين

Form IV: أَبَانَ (ʔabāna, “to explain, distinguish, speak clearly”); Active participle

تَبَايُن

Form VI: تَبَايَنَ (tabāyana, “to differ, vary widely”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَايِن

Form VI: تَبَايَنَ (tabāyana, “to differ, vary widely”); Active participle

بَيَان

Form I: بَانَ (bāna, “to be or become evident or clear; to be separated”); Verbal noun

Form I: بَانَ (bāna, “to be or become evident or clear; to be separated”); Active participle

اِسْتِبَانَة

Form X: اِسْتَبَانَ (istabāna, “to be or become evident or clear, to make clear, perceive”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبِين

Form X: اِسْتَبَانَ (istabāna, “to be or become evident or clear, to make clear, perceive”); Active participle

بَيَانِيّ

بَيَان (bayān, “clearness, information, explanation”)


ح ك م

حُكْم

Form I: حَكَمَ (ḥakama, “to judge, sentence, adjudge, govern, command, decide”); Verbal noun

حَاكِم

Form I: حَكَمَ (ḥakama, “to judge, sentence, adjudge, govern, command, decide”); Active participle

حَكْم

Form I: حَكَمَ (ḥakama, “to restrain, to bridle”); Verbal noun

حَاكِم

Form I: حَكَمَ (ḥakama, “to restrain, to bridle”); Active participle

تَحْكِيم

Form II: حَكَّمَ (ḥakkama, “to appoint as ruler”); Verbal noun

مُحَكِّم

Form II: حَكَّمَ (ḥakkama, “to appoint as ruler”); Active participle

مُحَاكَمَة

Form III: حَاكَمَ (ḥākama, “to prosecute, interrogate, put on trial”); Verbal noun

مُحَاكِم

Form III: حَاكَمَ (ḥākama, “to prosecute, interrogate, put on trial”); Active participle

إِحْكَام

Form IV: أَحْكَمَ (ʔaḥkama, “to tighten, to clench, (in a bysense, and so translatable) to consolidate, to increase in strength; to get hold of, to seize, to bring or maintain under control, to grab tightly on [with عَلَى (ʕalā)]; to master, to know well or to be proficient in, to be able in”); Verbal noun

مُحْكِم

Form IV: أَحْكَمَ (ʔaḥkama, “to tighten, to clench, (in a bysense, and so translatable) to consolidate, to increase in strength; to get hold of, to seize, to bring or maintain under control, to grab tightly on [with عَلَى (ʕalā)]; to master, to know well or to be proficient in, to be able in”); Active participle

تَحَكُّم

Form V: تَحَكَّمَ (taḥakkama, “to have one's own way, pass judgement, dominate”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَكِّم

Form V: تَحَكَّمَ (taḥakkama, “to have one's own way, pass judgement, dominate”); Active participle

تَحَاكُم

Form VI: تَحَاكَمَ (taḥākama, “to bring one another before a judge”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاكِم

Form VI: تَحَاكَمَ (taḥākama, “to bring one another before a judge”); Active participle

اِحْتِكَام

Form VIII: اِحْتَكَمَ (iḥtakama, “to act according to one's own judgment”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَكِم

Form VIII: اِحْتَكَمَ (iḥtakama, “to act according to one's own judgment”); Active participle

اِسْتِحْكَام

Form X: اِسْتَحْكَمَ (istaḥkama, “to be strong, become stronger, become ingrained”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْكِم

Form X: اِسْتَحْكَمَ (istaḥkama, “to be strong, become stronger, become ingrained”); Active participle

أَحْكَم

حَكِيم (ḥakīm, “wise”)


ء م ن

أَمَانَة

Form I: أَمُنَ (ʔamuna, “to be faithful, to be reliable”); Verbal noun

أَمْن

Form I: أَمِنَ (ʔamina, “to be safe”); Verbal noun

Form I: أَمِنَ (ʔamina, “to be safe”); Active participle

تَأْمِين

Form II: أَمَّنَ (ʔammana, “to reassure”); Verbal noun

مُؤَمِّن

Form II: أَمَّنَ (ʔammana, “to reassure”); Active participle

إِيمَان

Form IV: آمَنَ (ʔāmana, “to believe (in)”); Verbal noun

مُؤْمِن

Form IV: آمَنَ (ʔāmana, “to believe (in)”); Active participle

اِئْتِمَان

Form VIII: اِئْتَمَنَ (iʔtamana); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَمِن

Form VIII: اِئْتَمَنَ (iʔtamana); Active participle

اِسْتِئْمَان

Form X: اِسْتَأْمَنَ (istaʔmana, “to entrust”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْمِن

Form X: اِسْتَأْمَنَ (istaʔmana, “to entrust”); Active participle


ء م ر

إِمَارَة

the state of someone being a commander (أَمِير (ʔamīr))

تُؤْمُور

a sign of piled stones to show the way in the desert

آمِر

Form I: أَمَرَ (ʔamara); Active participle

Form I: أَمُرَ (ʔamura); Active participle

Form I: أَمِرَ (ʔamira); Active participle

مُؤَمِّر

Form II: أَمَّرَ (ʔammara); Active participle

مُؤَامِر

Form III: آمَرَ (ʔāmara); Active participle

مُؤْمِر

Form IV: آمَرَ (ʔāmara); Active participle

تَأَمُّر

Form V: تَأَمَّرَ (taʔammara); Verbal noun

مُتَأَمِّر

Form V: تَأَمَّرَ (taʔammara); Active participle

تَآمُر

Form VI: تَآمَرَ (taʔāmara); Verbal noun

مُتَآمِر

Form VI: تَآمَرَ (taʔāmara); Active participle

اِئْتِمَار

Form VIII: اِئْتَمَرَ (iʔtamara); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَمِر

Form VIII: اِئْتَمَرَ (iʔtamara); Active participle

اِسْتِئْمَار

Form X: اِسْتَأْمَرَ (istaʔmara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْمِر

Form X: اِسْتَأْمَرَ (istaʔmara); Active participle

أَمِيرَة

أَمِير (ʔamīr)

أَمِيرِيّ

أَمِير (ʔamīr)


ع ظ م

ar-root

ع ظ م • (ʕ-ẓ-m)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯ̣m-, doublet of ع ص م (ʕ ṣ m).

عَظَمَة

Form I: عَظُمَ (ʕaẓuma, “to be or become great, huge, difficult”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَظُمَ (ʕaẓuma, “to be or become great, huge, difficult”); Active participle

تَعْظِيم

Form II: عَظَّمَ (ʕaẓẓama, “to make great or greater, to exalt”); Verbal noun

aggrandizement, glorification, exaltation, military salute

مُعَظِّم

Form II: عَظَّمَ (ʕaẓẓama, “to make great or greater, to exalt”); Active participle

مُعَظَّم

glorified, exalted, august, splendid, magnificent

إِعْظَام

Form IV: أَعْظَمَ (ʔaʕẓama, “to make great or greater, to exalt; to regard as great, huge, difficult”); Verbal noun

مُعْظِم

Form IV: أَعْظَمَ (ʔaʕẓama, “to make great or greater, to exalt; to regard as great, huge, difficult”); Active participle

تَعَظُّم

Form V: تَعَظَّمَ (taʕaẓẓama, “to be proud, to boast, to be arrogant; to ossify”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَظِّم

Form V: تَعَظَّمَ (taʕaẓẓama, “to be proud, to boast, to be arrogant; to ossify”); Active participle

تَعَاظُم

Form VI: تَعَاظَمَ (taʕāẓama, “to be arrogant, great, huge; to equal in greatness, to be serious”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَاظِم

Form VI: تَعَاظَمَ (taʕāẓama, “to be arrogant, great, huge; to equal in greatness, to be serious”); Active participle

اِسْتِعْظَام

Form X: اِسْتَعْظَمَ (istaʕẓama, “to be arrogant, to regard as great”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْظِم

Form X: اِسْتَعْظَمَ (istaʕẓama, “to be arrogant, to regard as great”); Active participle

عَظِيمَة

عَظِيم (ʕaẓīm, “great, strong, glorious, enormous, distressing”)


ع د د

عَدّ

Form I: عَدَّ (ʕadda, “count, enumerate, calculate, consider”); Verbal noun

عَادّ

Form I: عَدَّ (ʕadda, “count, enumerate, calculate, consider”); Active participle

مَعْدُود

countable, calculable, limited in number, few

تَعْدِيد

Form II: عَدَّدَ (ʕaddada, “to count off, lament, multiply”); Verbal noun

مُعَدِّد

Form II: عَدَّدَ (ʕaddada, “to count off, lament, multiply”); Active participle

مُعَادّ

Form III: عَادَّ (ʕādda); Active participle

إِعْدَاد

Form IV: أَعَدَّ (ʔaʕadda, “to prepare, get ready, adapt, adjust, arrange, draw up”); Verbal noun

preparation, readying, arranging, drawing up

مُعِدّ

Form IV: أَعَدَّ (ʔaʕadda, “to prepare, get ready, adapt, adjust, arrange, draw up”); Active participle

تَعَدُّد

Form V: تَعَدَّدَ (taʕaddada, “to be or become numerous, to multiply, increase in number”); Verbal noun

variety, diversity, multiplicity, plurality, multitude

مُتَعَدِّد

Form V: تَعَدَّدَ (taʕaddada, “to be or become numerous, to multiply, increase in number”); Active participle

manifold, numerous, various, diverse, multi-, poly-

تَعَادّ

Form VI: تَعَادَّ (taʕādda); Verbal noun

مُتَعَادّ

Form VI: تَعَادَّ (taʕādda); Active participle

اِعْتِدَاد

Form VIII: اِعْتَدَّ (iʕtadda, “to regard, deem, rely on”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَدّ

Form VIII: اِعْتَدَّ (iʕtadda, “to regard, deem, rely on”); Active participle

اِسْتِعْدَاد

Form X: اِسْتَعَدَّ (istaʕadda, “to get ready, prepare oneself, be ready”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعِدّ

Form X: اِسْتَعَدَّ (istaʕadda, “to get ready, prepare oneself, be ready”); Active participle

عَدَدِيّ

عَدَد (ʕadad, “number, numeral, figure, digit, cipher, quantity”)


ح د ث

ح د ث • (ḥ-d-ṯ)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥdṯ-. Cognate with Biblical Hebrew ח־ד־ש (ḥ-d-š) and Akkadian '-d-š.

حَدَث

new thing, novelty, innovation, event, phenomenon, misfortune, excrement, young man

حَدِيث

speech, chat, conversation, talk, discussion, interview, gossip, report, account, tale, narrative, Hadith

أُحْدُوثَة

speech, discussion, talk, conversation, chatter, fibbing, topic, gossip, rumor

حَادِثَة

occurrence, event, happening, plot, incident, episode, accident, mishap

حُدُوث

Form I: حَدَثَ (ḥadaṯa, “to happen, occur, take place, come to pass”); Verbal noun

occurrence, incidence, incident, happening

حَادِث

Form I: حَدَثَ (ḥadaṯa, “to happen, occur, take place, come to pass”); Active participle

occurring, happening, taking place, occurrence, incident, event, episode, case (law), accident

تَحْدِيث

Form II: حَدَّثَ (ḥaddaṯa, “to tell, relate, report, speak or talk to”); Verbal noun

مُحَدَّث

derivatively related to talking or informing (about news).

Form I: حَدُثَ (ḥaduṯa, “to be new, recent, young”); Active participle

مُحَدِّث

Form II: حَدَّثَ (ḥaddaṯa, “to tell, relate, report, speak or talk to”); Active participle

speaker, talker, spokesman, conversation partner, narrator, phonograph

مُحَادَثَة

Form III: حَادَثَ (ḥādaṯa, “to speak, talk, discuss, converse, negotiate, address, call up”); Verbal noun

discourse, conversation, discussion, talk

مُحَادِث

Form III: حَادَثَ (ḥādaṯa, “to speak, talk, discuss, converse, negotiate, address, call up”); Active participle

إِحْدَاث

Form IV: أَحْدَثَ (ʔaḥdaṯa, “to bring forth, produce, create, originate, establish, bring about, cause, provoke”); Verbal noun

production, creation, invention, origination, causation

مُحْدِث

Form IV: أَحْدَثَ (ʔaḥdaṯa, “to bring forth, produce, create, originate, establish, bring about, cause, provoke”); Active participle

مُحْدَث

new, novel, recent, late, modern, upstart

تَحَدُّث

Form V: تَحَدَّثَ (taḥaddaṯa, “to speak, talk, converse, chat”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَدِّث

Form V: تَحَدَّثَ (taḥaddaṯa, “to speak, talk, converse, chat”); Active participle

تَحَادُث

Form VI: تَحَادَثَ (taḥādaṯa, “to talk with one another, have a conversation, chat”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَادِث

Form VI: تَحَادَثَ (taḥādaṯa, “to talk with one another, have a conversation, chat”); Active participle

اِسْتِحْدَاث

Form X: اِسْتَحْدَثَ (istaḥdaṯa, “to renew, buy new, introduce, start, invent, originate, create”); Verbal noun

invention, creation, production, origination

مُسْتَحْدِث

Form X: اِسْتَحْدَثَ (istaḥdaṯa, “to renew, buy new, introduce, start, invent, originate, create”); Active participle

مُسْتَحْدَث

newly made, newfangled, novelty, innovation, neologism

أَحْدَث

حَدِيث (ḥadīṯ, “new, novel, recent, late, modern”); plurals حِدَاث (ḥidāṯ), حُدَثَاء (ḥudaṯāʔ)


ع ق ل

عَاقِلَة

a Bedouin clan committed to pay bloodwite

مَعْقُولِيَّة

comprehensibility, intelligibility; logical, rational, or reasonable character; comprehension; common sense

عَقْل

Form I: عَقَلَ (ʕaqala, “to hobble a camel, to arrest; to pay blood money; to have intelligence, be reasonable; to realize, understand”); Verbal noun

blood money; sense, sentience, reason, understanding, comprehension, discernment, insight, rationality, mind, intellect, intelligence

عَاقِل

Form I: عَقَلَ (ʕaqala, “to hobble a camel, to arrest; to pay blood money; to have intelligence, be reasonable; to realize, understand”); Active participle

understanding, reasonable, sensible, rational, discerning, intelligent, prudent, wise, in full possession of one's mental faculties

مَعْقُول

reasonable, sensible, intelligible, plausible, logical, rational

تَعْقِيل

Form II: عَقَّلَ (ʕaqqala, “to make reasonable, bring to reason”); Verbal noun

مُعَقِّل

Form II: عَقَّلَ (ʕaqqala, “to make reasonable, bring to reason”); Active participle

تَعَقُّل

Form V: تَعَقَّلَ (taʕaqqala, “to be or become reasonable, sensible, rational, intelligent, prudent, wise; to comprehend, grasp”); Verbal noun

understanding, discernment, prudence, wisdom

مُتَعَقِّل

Form V: تَعَقَّلَ (taʕaqqala, “to be or become reasonable, sensible, rational, intelligent, prudent, wise; to comprehend, grasp”); Active participle

تَعَاقُل

Form VI: تَعَاقَلَ (taʕāqala, “to jointly pay bloodwit; to feign intelligent, wisdom, understanding”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَاقِل

Form VI: تَعَاقَلَ (taʕāqala, “to jointly pay bloodwit; to feign intelligent, wisdom, understanding”); Active participle

اِعْتِقَال

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَلَ (iʕtaqala, “to arrest, apprehend, detain; to seize, impound”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَقِل

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَلَ (iʕtaqala, “to arrest, apprehend, detain; to seize, impound”); Active participle

عَقْلِيَّة

عَقْلِيّ (ʕaqliyy, “reasonable, rational, mental, intellectual; rationalist, intellectual”)

أَعْقَل

عَقُول (ʕaqūl, “understanding, reasonable, sensible, discerning, intelligent”)


शुध्

head

शुध् • (śudh)

sa-root

शुध् • (śudh)

Pali: sudh

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew-dʰ- (“clean”), an extension of *(s)ḱew- (“to shine”). Probably related to शोण (śoṇa, “red, crimson”) and शुच् (śuc, “to shine”).


ع ق د

عُقْدَة

knot, inch, joint, splice, node, nodule, problem, riddle

عَقِيد

party to a contract, colonel, lieutenant; inspissated, thickened

مَعْقِد

place where something is knotted, junction, joint, seam

عَقَد

Form I: عَقِدَ (ʕaqida, “to have an impediment”); Verbal noun

عَقَدِيّ

عَقِيدَة (ʕaqīda, “creed, doctrine, dogma, belief, conviction”), plural عَقَائِد (ʕaqāʔid)

related to knotting or bringing together

عَقْد

Form I: عَقَدَ (ʕaqada, “to knot, tie, contract, come together, convene”); Verbal noun

عَاقِد

Form I: عَقَدَ (ʕaqada, “to knot, tie, contract, come together, convene”); Active participle

مَعْقُود

knit, knotted; joined, interlocking, arched, vaulted, curdled

Form I: عَقِدَ (ʕaqida, “to have an impediment”); Active participle

تَعْقِيد

Form II: عَقَّدَ (ʕaqqada, “to knot, tie, pile up, cluster, complicate”); Verbal noun

complication, entanglement, involvement, intricacy, complexity, confusion

مُعَقِّد

Form II: عَقَّدَ (ʕaqqada, “to knot, tie, pile up, cluster, complicate”); Active participle

مُعَقَّد

knotted, gnarled, thickened, complicated, snarled, involved, confused

مُعَاقَدَة

Form III: عَاقَدَ (ʕāqada, “to contract with”); Verbal noun

مُعَاقِد

Form III: عَاقَدَ (ʕāqada, “to contract with”); Active participle

إِعْقَاد

Form IV: أَعْقَدَ (ʔaʕqada, “to congeal, coagulate, thicken”); Verbal noun

مُعْقِد

Form IV: أَعْقَدَ (ʔaʕqada, “to congeal, coagulate, thicken”); Active participle

تَعَقُّد

Form V: تَعَقَّدَ (taʕaqqada, “to be knit or knotted together, be intricate or complicated, congeal, coagulate, thicken”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَقِّد

Form V: تَعَقَّدَ (taʕaqqada, “to be knit or knotted together, be intricate or complicated, congeal, coagulate, thicken”); Active participle

تَعَاقُد

Form VI: تَعَاقَدَ (taʕāqada, “to be interlinked, to make a contract, reach agreement”); Verbal noun

conclusion of a contract, contractual obligation; contract, treaty

مُتَعَاقِد

Form VI: تَعَاقَدَ (taʕāqada, “to be interlinked, to make a contract, reach agreement”); Active participle

اِنْعِقَاد

Form VII: اِنْعَقَدَ (inʕaqada, “to be knit or knotted together, entangled, to become contracted, to congeal, coagulate, thicken, to amass, to be concluded or effected, to be assembled”); Verbal noun

مُنْعَقِد

Form VII: اِنْعَقَدَ (inʕaqada, “to be knit or knotted together, entangled, to become contracted, to congeal, coagulate, thicken, to amass, to be concluded or effected, to be assembled”); Active participle

اِعْتِقَاد

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَدَ (iʕtaqada, “to firmly believe”); Verbal noun

belief, faith, trust, confidence, conviction; creed, doctrine

مُعْتَقِد

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَدَ (iʕtaqada, “to firmly believe”); Active participle

مُعْتَقَد

believed; article of faith, creed, doctrine, dogma, conviction, belief, opinion

اِسْتِعْقَاد

Form X: اِسْتَعْقَدَ (istaʕqada, “to desire to copulate”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْقِد

Form X: اِسْتَعْقَدَ (istaʕqada, “to desire to copulate”); Active participle


ع ق د

معقّد

Form II: عقّد (ʕaʔʔad, “to complicate”); Passive Participle

اعتقاد

Form VIII: اعتقد (iʕtaʔad, “to believe, to consider”); Verbal Noun