ح ي و

حَيَاة

Form I: حَيِيَ (ḥayiya), حَيَّ (ḥayya); Verbal noun

حَيَاء

Form I: حَيَّ (ḥayya), حَيِيَ (ḥayiya); Verbal noun

اِسْتِحْيَاء

Form X: اِسْتَحْيَا (istaḥyā), اِسْتَحَى (istaḥā); Verbal noun

حَيَوَات

حَيَاة (ḥayāh)

مُحَيٍّ

Form II: حَيَّا (ḥayyā); Active participle

مُحْيٍ

Form IV: أَحْيَا (ʔaḥyā); Active participle

مُسْتَحْيٍ

Form X: اِسْتَحْيَا (istaḥyā), اِسْتَحَى (istaḥā); Active participle


م ي س

مُمِيس

Form IV: أَمَاسَ (ʔamāsa); Active participle

تَمَيُّس

Form V: تَمَيَّسَ (tamayyasa); Verbal noun

مُتَمَيِّس

Form V: تَمَيَّسَ (tamayyasa); Active participle


ق ر د

قَارِد

Form I: قَرَدَ (qarada); Active participle

Form I: قَرِدَ (qarida); Active participle

مُقَرِّد

Form II: قَرَّدَ (qarrada); Active participle

إِقْرَاد

Form IV: أَقْرَدَ (ʔaqrada); Verbal noun

مُقْرِد

Form IV: أَقْرَدَ (ʔaqrada); Active participle

تَقَرُّد

Form V: تَقَرَّدَ (taqarrada); Verbal noun

مُتَقَرِّد

Form V: تَقَرَّدَ (taqarrada); Active participle


ض ر ب

مِضْرَب

instrument wherewith something is beaten

ضَارِب

Form I: ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba); Active participle

Form I: ضَرِبَ (ḍariba); Active participle

مُضَرِّب

Form II: ضَرَّبَ (ḍarraba); Active participle

مُضَارَبَة

Form III: ضَارَبَ (ḍāraba, “to fight”); Verbal noun

مُضَارِب

Form III: ضَارَبَ (ḍāraba, “to fight”); Active participle

إِضْرَاب

Form IV: أَضْرَبَ (ʔaḍraba); Verbal noun

مُضْرِب

Form IV: أَضْرَبَ (ʔaḍraba); Active participle

تَضَرُّب

Form V: تَضَرَّبَ (taḍarraba); Verbal noun

مُتَضَرِّب

Form V: تَضَرَّبَ (taḍarraba); Active participle

تَضَارُب

Form VI: تَضَارَبَ (taḍāraba, “to fight; to conflict”); Verbal noun

مُتَضَارِب

Form VI: تَضَارَبَ (taḍāraba, “to fight; to conflict”); Active participle

اِنْضِرَاب

Form VII: اِنْضَرَبَ (inḍaraba); Verbal noun

مُنْضَرِب

Form VII: اِنْضَرَبَ (inḍaraba); Active participle

اِضْطِرَاب

Form VIII: اِضْطَرَبَ (iḍṭaraba); Verbal noun

مُضْطَرِب

Form VIII: اِضْطَرَبَ (iḍṭaraba); Active participle

اِسْتِضْرَاب

Form X: اِسْتَضْرَبَ (istaḍraba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَضْرِب

Form X: اِسْتَضْرَبَ (istaḍraba); Active participle


ق ح ب

قَاحِب

Form I: قَحَبَ (qaḥaba); Active participle

مُقَحِّب

Form II: قَحَّبَ (qaḥḥaba); Active participle


ح م د

Compare with the cognate Hebrew ח־מ־ד root.

حَمْد

Form I: حَمِدَ (ḥamida, “to praise, to eulogize, to commend, to be angry with”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَمِدَ (ḥamida, “to praise, to eulogize, to commend, to be angry with”); Active participle

مُحَمِّد

Form II: حَمَّدَ (ḥammada); Active participle

إِحْمَاد

Form IV: أَحْمَدَ (ʔaḥmada, “to show oneself praiseworthy”); Verbal noun

مُحْمِد

Form IV: أَحْمَدَ (ʔaḥmada, “to show oneself praiseworthy”); Active participle


ح ص ف

ar-root

ح ص ف • (ḥ-ṣ-f)

Compare with Hebrew root ח־צ־ף (ḥ-ts-p) (see חֻצְפָּה (ḥuṣpā))

related to solidification and compaction

Form I: حَصُفَ (ḥaṣufa); Active participle

Form I: حَصِفَ (ḥaṣifa); Active participle

إِحْصَاف

Form IV: أَحْصَفَ (ʔaḥṣafa); Verbal noun

مُحْصِف

Form IV: أَحْصَفَ (ʔaḥṣafa); Active participle

اِسْتِحْصَاف

Form X: اِسْتَحْصَفَ (istaḥṣafa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْصِف

Form X: اِسْتَحْصَفَ (istaḥṣafa); Active participle


ص ي د

صَيْد

Form I: صَادَ (ṣāda, “to hunt”); Verbal noun

صَائِد

Form I: صَادَ (ṣāda, “to hunt”); Active participle

تَصَيُّد

Form V: تَصَيَّدَ (taṣayyada, “to hunt down”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَيِّد

Form V: تَصَيَّدَ (taṣayyada, “to hunt down”); Active participle

اِصْطِيَاد

Form VIII: اِصْطَادَ (iṣṭāda, “to hunt”); Verbal noun

مُصْطَاد

Form VIII: اِصْطَادَ (iṣṭāda, “to hunt”); Active participle


ر ح ض

ر ح ض • (r-ḥ-ḍ)

رَاحِض

Form I: رَحَضَ (raḥaḍa); Active participle


د ي ر

From the Classical Syriac root ܕ-ܘ-ܪ (d-w-r) through the spread of دَيْر (dayr, “cloister”) on the path of Christianity.

تَدَيُّر

Form V: تَدَيَّرَ (tadayyara, “reside; make one’s domicile”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَيِّر

Form V: تَدَيَّرَ (tadayyara, “reside; make one’s domicile”); Active participle


ن ب ح

نَابِح

Form I: نَبَحَ (nabaḥa); Active participle

إِنْبَاح

Form IV: أَنْبَحَ (ʔanbaḥa); Verbal noun

مُنْبِح

Form IV: أَنْبَحَ (ʔanbaḥa); Active participle

اِسْتِنْبَاح

Form X: اِسْتَنْبَحَ (istanbaḥa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْبِح

Form X: اِسْتَنْبَحَ (istanbaḥa); Active participle


د ق ع

إِدْقَاع

Form IV: أَدْقَعَ (ʔadqaʕa); Verbal noun

Related to being oppressed by poverty or injustice

دَاقِع

Form I: دَقَعَ (daqaʕa); Active participle

Form I: دَقِعَ (daqiʕa); Active participle

مُدْقِع

Form IV: أَدْقَعَ (ʔadqaʕa); Active participle


خ و ف

مُخَوِّف

Form II: خَوَّفَ (ḵawwafa); Active participle

مُخِيف

Form IV: أَخَافَ (ʔaḵāfa); Active participle

تَخَوُّف

Form V: تَخَوَّفَ (taḵawwafa); Verbal noun

مُتَخَوِّف

Form V: تَخَوَّفَ (taḵawwafa); Active participle


غ س ل

غَاسِل

Form I: غَسَلَ (ḡasala); Active participle

مُغَسِّل

Form II: غَسَّلَ (ḡassala); Active participle

تَغَسُّل

Form V: تَغَسَّلَ (taḡassala); Verbal noun

مُتَغَسِّل

Form V: تَغَسَّلَ (taḡassala); Active participle

اِنْغِسَال

Form VII: اِنْغَسَلَ (inḡasala); Verbal noun

مُنْغَسِل

Form VII: اِنْغَسَلَ (inḡasala); Active participle

اِغْتِسَال

Form VIII: اِغْتَسَلَ (iḡtasala); Verbal noun

مُغْتَسِل

Form VIII: اِغْتَسَلَ (iḡtasala); Active participle

مَغْسِلَة

washbasin; laundry, business where laundry takes place


غ س ل

غسيل

Form I: غسل (ḡasal, “to wash something; to do laundry”); Noun Form

تغسّل

to bathe, shower; to wash oneself all over


د و ر

مُدَوِّر

Form II: دَوَّرَ (dawwara); Active participle

مُدَاوِر

Form III: دَاوَرَ (dāwara); Active participle

مُدِير

Form IV: أَدَارَ (ʔadāra); Active participle

تَدَوُّر

Form V: تَدَوَّرَ (tadawwara); Verbal noun

مُتَدَوِّر

Form V: تَدَوَّرَ (tadawwara); Active participle

اِنْدِيَار

Form VII: اِنْدَارَ (indāra); Verbal noun

مُنْدَار

Form VII: اِنْدَارَ (indāra); Active participle

اِسْتِدَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَدَارَ (istadāra); Verbal noun

مُسْتَدِير

Form X: اِسْتَدَارَ (istadāra); Active participle


د و ر

داير

Form I: دار (dār, “to turn, rotate”); Active Participle

مدَوَّر

Form II: دوّر (dawwar, “to turn, rotate; to search”); Passive Participle

مدير

Form IV: أدار (ʔadār, “to manage, administer”); Active Participle


ن ق ص

نَقْص

Form I: نَقَصَ (naqaṣa, “to decrease”); Verbal noun

نَاقِص

Form I: نَقَصَ (naqaṣa, “to decrease”); Active participle

مُنَقِّص

Form II: نَقَّصَ (naqqaṣa); Active participle

مُنَاقَصَة

Form III: نَاقَصَ (nāqaṣa, “to invite bids”); Verbal noun

مُنَاقِص

Form III: نَاقَصَ (nāqaṣa, “to invite bids”); Active participle

إِنْقَاص

Form IV: أَنْقَصَ (ʔanqaṣa); Verbal noun

مُنْقِص

Form IV: أَنْقَصَ (ʔanqaṣa); Active participle

تَنَقُّص

Form V: تَنَقَّصَ (tanaqqaṣa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَقِّص

Form V: تَنَقَّصَ (tanaqqaṣa); Active participle

تَنَاقُص

Form VI: تَنَاقَصَ (tanāqaṣa, “to decrease gradually”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاقِص

Form VI: تَنَاقَصَ (tanāqaṣa, “to decrease gradually”); Active participle

اِنْتِقَاص

Form VIII: اِنْتَقَصَ (intaqaṣa); Verbal noun

مُنْتَقِص

Form VIII: اِنْتَقَصَ (intaqaṣa); Active participle

اِسْتِنْقَاص

Form X: اِسْتَنْقَصَ (istanqaṣa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْقِص

Form X: اِسْتَنْقَصَ (istanqaṣa); Active participle


ض ه د

ضَاهِد

Form I: ضَهَدَ (ḍahada); Active participle

إِضْهَاد

Form IV: أَضْهَدَ (ʔaḍhada); Verbal noun

مُضْهِد

Form IV: أَضْهَدَ (ʔaḍhada); Active participle

اِضْطِهَاد

Form VIII: اِضْطَهَدَ (iḍṭahada); Verbal noun

مُضْطَهِد

Form VIII: اِضْطَهَدَ (iḍṭahada); Active participle


ء و ل

آل (ʔāl, “family”) is probably the original, because one returns to it and manages it, it being but a variant of أَهْل (ʔahl).

تَأَوُّل

Form V: تَأَوَّلَ (taʔawwala, “to explain”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَوِّل

Form V: تَأَوَّلَ (taʔawwala, “to explain”); Active participle

اِئْتِيَال

Form VIII: اِئْتَالَ (iʔtāla, “to administrate well”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَال

Form VIII: اِئْتَالَ (iʔtāla, “to administrate well”); Active participle

مُؤْتَال

أَوْل

Form I: آلَ (ʔāla, “to return”); Verbal noun

آئِل

Form I: آلَ (ʔāla, “to return”); Active participle

تَأْوِيل

Form II: أَوَّلَ (ʔawwala, “to bid to return; to explain”); Verbal noun

مُؤَوِّل

Form II: أَوَّلَ (ʔawwala, “to bid to return; to explain”); Active participle


ج م ل

اِجْمَالِيّ

comprehensive, general, overall; total amount

جَمْل

Form I: جَمَلَ (jamala, “to summarize”); Verbal noun

جَامِل

Form I: جَمَلَ (jamala, “to summarize”); Active participle

مُجَمِّل

Form II: جَمَّلَ (jammala); Active participle

مُجَامِل

Form III: جَامَلَ (jāmala); Active participle

إِجْمَال

Form IV: أَجْمَلَ (ʔajmala, “to add up, treat as a whole, summarize”); Verbal noun

مُجْمِل

Form IV: أَجْمَلَ (ʔajmala, “to add up, treat as a whole, summarize”); Active participle

مُجْمَل

sum, summary, résumé, synopsis, compendium


ج م ل

جَمَال

Form I: جَمُلَ (jamula, “to be beautiful, proper”); Verbal noun

تَجْمِيل

Form II: جَمَّلَ (jammala, “to make beautiful”); Verbal noun

مُجَمِّل

Form II: جَمَّلَ (jammala, “to make beautiful”); Active participle

مُجَامَلَة

Form III: جَامَلَ (jāmala, “to be polite to”); Verbal noun

مُجَامِل

Form III: جَامَلَ (jāmala, “to be polite to”); Active participle

إِجْمَال

Form IV: أَجْمَلَ (ʔajmala, “to act nicely”); Verbal noun

مُجْمِل

Form IV: أَجْمَلَ (ʔajmala, “to act nicely”); Active participle

تَجَمُّل

Form V: تَجَمَّلَ (tajammala, “to make oneself pretty”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَمِّل

Form V: تَجَمَّلَ (tajammala, “to make oneself pretty”); Active participle

تَجَامُل

Form VI: تَجَامَلَ (tajāmala, “to be courteous to each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَامِل

Form VI: تَجَامَلَ (tajāmala, “to be courteous to each other”); Active participle


ف ق ر

إِفْقَار

Form IV: أَفْقَرَ (ʔafqara); Verbal noun

فَاقِر

Form I: فَقَرَ (faqara); Active participle

Form I: فَقُرَ (faqura); Active participle

مُفَقِّر

Form II: فَقَّرَ (faqqara); Active participle

مُفْقِر

Form IV: أَفْقَرَ (ʔafqara); Active participle

اِفْتِقَار

Form VIII: اِفْتَقَرَ (iftaqara); Verbal noun

مُفْتَقِر

Form VIII: اِفْتَقَرَ (iftaqara); Active participle


ر ي ن

مُرِين

Form IV: أَرَانَ (ʔarāna); Active participle


विद्युत्

head

विद्युत् • (vidyut)

sa-root

विद्युत् • (vidyut)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wi
Sanskrit वि- (vi-)
Proto-Indo-European *dyew-der.
Sanskrit द्युत् (dyut)
Sanskrit विद्युत् (vidyut)
वि- (vi-, “away, about, in different directions”) + द्युत् (dyut, “to shine, to flash forth”), an extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *dyew- (“to shine”).

etymon

द्युत्>shine

affix

to flash forth, lighten, shine forth (as the rising sun)


צ־ד־ק

Inherited from a West Semitic root, meaning to be right, righteous, or just; cognate with Arabic ص د ق (ṣ-d-q).

Forming words relating to justice and rightness.


pel-

*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés

*pl-ēn-ih₂, *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēnīˀ, *plēnjāˀ, *plēnāˀ (“membrane”)

Latvian: plēne

Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėnìs

Old Prussian: pleynis

Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)

*pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)

*pel-nó-m

Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *palnā

>? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)

*pel-n-i-s

Proto-Italic: *pelnis

Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

*pél-mn̥

⇒? *pel-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
Greek: πέλμα (pélma)

*pél-sḱo-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaska

desc

Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)

*pél-trom

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)

Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lethar

→? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

*pel-k-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)

*pel-t-

q

or substantivized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pol-to-</i>

⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)

or a u-variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pleh₂-</i>?

*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)

⇒ *plēw-eh₂

desc

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)

Lithuanian: plėvė̃

Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m

>? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon

Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-

⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s

Proto-Anatolian:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pleh₂-</i> (“wide, broad, flat”)

>? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))

⇒ *pélh₂-t-

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁rewdʰ-ti-</i>^?

>? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-) (see there for further descendants)


pel-

*pleḱ-

*pl-okos

Proto-Iranian: *frakah

Parthian: (/-frag/, “-fold”)

Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /dōfrag/, “two-fold”) )

Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)

Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect دوپر (dôper, “two-fold”))

*pl-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *-plós

Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))

Proto-Italic: *-plos

Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)

*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *péplos

desc

>? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)

*pel-t-

Proto-Germanic: *falþaną

*pl̥-tu-

Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltu- (“joint”)

Old Irish: alt

Irish: alt

Scottish Gaelic: alt

⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *palā

Albanian: palë

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))


pel-

*pel-d-

*pel-d

Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)

*pel-em-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)

Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō

Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)

Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)

→ Greek: πλήττω (plítto)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei

Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom

Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāgō

Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāngō

Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō

Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)

Proto-Albanian: *plāgā

Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)

Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)

Proto-Italic: *plāgā

Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plēktō

Latin: plēctō

*pol-ye-ti

Proto-Italic: *poljō

Latin: poliō

Proto-Italic: *polāō

Latin: (inter)polō

*pl̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō

Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)

*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti

Proto-Italic: *pelnō

Latin: pellō

*pl̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *plətós

Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)

Proto-Italic: *poltos

⇒ Latin: pultō

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)


pel-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)

Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: puls

Latin: pulvis

Latin: pollen

Proto-Slavic: *pylъ

Polish: pył

Polish: pyłek

Polish: pylić

Polish: pylenie

Polish: pylnik


pel-

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)


u-

*u-wanṯu (“yonder man”)

Kota (India): ஊன் (ūṉ)

Tamil: உவன் (uvaṉ)

*u-waḷ (“yonder woman”)

Kota (India): ஊள் (ūḷ)

Tamil: உவள் (uvaḷ)

*u-war (“yonder persons”)

Kota (India): ஊர் (ūr)

Tamil: உவர் (uvar)

*u-tu (“yonder”)

Tamil: உது (utu)

*u-nta (“yonder”)

Tamil: உந்த (unta)


بوابة

Root ب و ب 0 terms (canonical)
b w b (romanization)


ön-

*ön-ŋ

Chuvan: онынгъ (onyng)

Northern Yukaghir: эну (enu)

Omok: еинонггъ (jeinongg)

Чемо онангъ (Čemo onang, “Kolyma”, literally “big river”)

Southern Yukaghir: унуҥ (unuŋ)

*ön-nte:

Northern Yukaghir: өнҥиэ (önŋie)

Southern Yukaghir: өндиэ (øndie)


ön-

*ön-ńče

Southern Yukaghir: өндьэ (øndʹe)

*ön-čəW

Northern Yukaghir: өнчиэ (önție)

Southern Yukaghir: өнчиэ (ønčie)


kue

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ח־ב־ר

head

ח־ב־ר • (ḥ-b-r)

Compare Arabic خَبَرَ (ḵabara, “to dispatch, announce or be acquainted”)

cog

Forming words pertaining to friendship, to fellowship, or to connection.

Forming words pertaining to the practice of sorcery.


ص و ت

صَوْت

Form I: صَاتَ (ṣāta, “to make a sound”); Verbal noun

صَائِت

Form I: صَاتَ (ṣāta, “to make a sound”); Active participle

تَصْوِيت

Form II: صَوَّتَ (ṣawwata, “to vote”); Verbal noun

مُصَوِّت

Form II: صَوَّتَ (ṣawwata, “to vote”); Active participle

إِصَاتَة

Form IV: أَصَاتَ (ʔaṣāta, “to make a sound”); Verbal noun

مُصِيت

Form IV: أَصَاتَ (ʔaṣāta, “to make a sound”); Active participle


ن ظ ر

نَاظِر

Form I: نَظَرَ (naẓara); Active participle

مُنَظِّر

Form II: نَظَّرَ (naẓẓara); Active participle

مُنَاظِر

Form III: نَاظَرَ (nāẓara); Active participle

إِنْظَار

Form IV: أَنْظَرَ (ʔanẓara); Verbal noun

مُنْظِر

Form IV: أَنْظَرَ (ʔanẓara); Active participle

تَنَاظُر

Form VI: تَنَاظَرَ (tanāẓara); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاظِر

Form VI: تَنَاظَرَ (tanāẓara); Active participle

اِنْتِظَار

Form VIII: اِنْتَظَرَ (intaẓara); Verbal noun

مُنْتَظِر

Form VIII: اِنْتَظَرَ (intaẓara); Active participle


ز ي ي

مُزَيٍّ

Form II: زَيَّا (zayyā); Active participle

مُتَزَيٍّ

Form V: تَزَيَّا (tazayyā); Active participle


ح م ل

The sense “be pregnant” can, of course, be derived from “carry” without any difficulty. Nevertheless consider the phonetic similarity with ح ب ل (ḥ-b-l).

إِحْمَال

Form IV: أَحْمَلَ (ʔaḥmala); Verbal noun

تَحَمُّل

Form V: تَحَمَّلَ (taḥammala); Verbal noun

تَحَامُل

Form VI: تَحَامَلَ (taḥāmala); Verbal noun

اِسْتِحْمَال

Form X: اِسْتَحْمَلَ (istaḥmala); Verbal noun

حَامِل

Form I: حَمَلَ (ḥamala); Active participle

مُحَمِّل

Form II: حَمَّلَ (ḥammala); Active participle

مُحْمِل

Form IV: أَحْمَلَ (ʔaḥmala); Active participle

مُتَحَمِّل

Form V: تَحَمَّلَ (taḥammala); Active participle

مُتَحَامِل

Form VI: تَحَامَلَ (taḥāmala); Active participle

اِنْحِمَال

Form VII: اِنْحَمَلَ (inḥamala); Verbal noun

مُنْحَمِل

Form VII: اِنْحَمَلَ (inḥamala); Active participle

اِحْتِمَال

Form VIII: اِحْتَمَلَ (iḥtamala); Verbal noun

مُحْتَمِل

Form VIII: اِحْتَمَلَ (iḥtamala); Active participle

مُسْتَحْمِل

Form X: اِسْتَحْمَلَ (istaḥmala); Active participle


ح م ل

حمل

Form I: حمل (ḥamal, “to carry”); Noun Form

حامل

Form I: حمل (ḥamal, “to carry”); Active Participle

تحميل

Form 2: حمّل (ḥammal, “to load, burden”); Noun Form

متحمّل

Form 5: تحمّل (tḥammal, “to endure, bear”); Active Participle


א־ב־ד

There are various Semitic cognates. See אבד for more.


ف ت ح

فَاتِح

Form I: فَتَحَ (fataḥa); Active participle

مُفَتِّح

Form II: فَتَّحَ (fattaḥa); Active participle

مُفَاتِح

Form III: فَاتَحَ (fātaḥa); Active participle

تَفَتُّح

Form V: تَفَتَّحَ (tafattaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَفَتِّح

Form V: تَفَتَّحَ (tafattaḥa); Active participle

تَفَاتُح

Form VI: تَفَاتَحَ (tafātaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاتِح

Form VI: تَفَاتَحَ (tafātaḥa); Active participle

اِنْفِتَاح

Form VII: اِنْفَتَحَ (infataḥa); Verbal noun

مُنْفَتِح

Form VII: اِنْفَتَحَ (infataḥa); Active participle

اِفْتِتَاح

Form VIII: اِفْتَتَحَ (iftataḥa); Verbal noun

مُفْتَتِح

Form VIII: اِفْتَتَحَ (iftataḥa); Active participle

اِسْتِفْتَاح

Form X: اِسْتَفْتَحَ (istaftaḥa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفْتِح

Form X: اِسْتَفْتَحَ (istaftaḥa); Active participle


ق و ي

قُوَّة

Form I: قَوِيَ (qawiya, “to be or become strong, powerful”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَوِيَ (qawiya, “to be or become strong, powerful”); Active participle

قِيّ

Form I: قَوِيَ (qawiya, “to be depopulated”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَوِيَ (qawiya, “to be depopulated”); Active participle

قَوًى

Form I: قَوِيَ (qawiya, “to starve, to be withheld”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَوِيَ (qawiya, “to starve, to be withheld”); Active participle

تَقْوِيَة

Form II: قَوَّى (qawwā, “to strengthen, to bolster, to potentiate”); Verbal noun

مُقَوٍّ

Form II: قَوَّى (qawwā, “to strengthen, to bolster, to potentiate”); Active participle

مُقْوٍ

Form IV: أَقْوَى (ʔaqwā); Active participle

مُتَقَوٍّ

Form V: تَقَوَّى (taqawwā); Active participle

مُتَقَاوٍ

Form VI: تَقَاوَى (taqāwā); Active participle

اِقْتِوَاء

Form VIII: اِقْتَوَى (iqtawā); Verbal noun

مُقْتَوٍ

Form VIII: اِقْتَوَى (iqtawā); Active participle

اِسْتِقْوَاء

Form X: اِسْتَقْوَى (istaqwā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْوٍ

Form X: اِسْتَقْوَى (istaqwā); Active participle


ط ب ب

اِسْتِطْبَاب

Form X: اِسْتَطَبَّ (istaṭabba, “to consult a doctor, to ask for medical consultation”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَطِبّ

Form X: اِسْتَطَبَّ (istaṭabba, “to consult a doctor, to ask for medical consultation”); Active participle

مُسْتَطَبّ

forms words relating to curing, to medicine

forms words relating to treating someone gently

طَبّ

Form I: طَبَّ (ṭabba, “to treat medically”); Verbal noun

طَابّ

Form I: طَبَّ (ṭabba, “to treat medically”); Active participle

مُطَبِّب

Form II: طَبَّبَ (ṭabbaba); Active participle

مُطَابّ

Form III: طَابَّ (ṭābba); Active participle

تَطَبُّب

Form V: تَطَبَّبَ (taṭabbaba, “to convalesce; to be treated medically”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَبِّب

Form V: تَطَبَّبَ (taṭabbaba, “to convalesce; to be treated medically”); Active participle


م ر ض

مَرَض

Form I: مَرِضَ (mariḍa, “to be or become sick”); Verbal noun

تَمْرِيض

Form II: مَرَّضَ (marraḍa, “to nurse”); Verbal noun

مُمَرِّض

Form II: مَرَّضَ (marraḍa, “to nurse”); Active participle

إِمْرَاض

Form IV: أَمْرَضَ (ʔamraḍa, “to become diseased; to cause disease”); Verbal noun

مُمْرِض

Form IV: أَمْرَضَ (ʔamraḍa, “to become diseased; to cause disease”); Active participle

تَمَارُض

Form VI: تَمَارَضَ (tamāraḍa, “to pretend to be sick”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَارِض

Form VI: تَمَارَضَ (tamāraḍa, “to pretend to be sick”); Active participle


ت ع ب

Form I: تَعِبَ (taʕiba); Active participle

مُتَعِّب

Form II: تَعَّبَ (taʕʕaba); Active participle

إِتْعَاب

Form IV: أَتْعَبَ (ʔatʕaba); Verbal noun

مُتْعِب

Form IV: أَتْعَبَ (ʔatʕaba); Active participle


ك ل م

مُكَلِّم

Form II: كَلَّمَ (kallama); Active participle

مُكَالِم

Form III: كَالَمَ (kālama); Active participle

تَكَلُّم

Form V: تَكَلَّمَ (takallama); Verbal noun

مُتَكَلِّم

Form V: تَكَلَّمَ (takallama); Active participle

تَكَالُم

Form VI: تَكَالَمَ (takālama); Verbal noun

مُتَكَالِم

Form VI: تَكَالَمَ (takālama); Active participle


د ه ش

Form I: دَهِشَ (dahiša, “to become astonished”); Active participle

مُدَهِّش

Form II: دَهَّشَ (dahhaša); Active participle

إِدْهَاش

Form IV: أَدْهَشَ (ʔadhaša, “to amaze”); Verbal noun

مُدْهِش

Form IV: أَدْهَشَ (ʔadhaša, “to amaze”); Active participle

اِنْدِهَاش

Form VII: اِنْدَهَشَ (indahaša, “to be amazed”); Verbal noun

مُنْدَهِش

Form VII: اِنْدَهَشَ (indahaša, “to be amazed”); Active participle


ص د ع

ar-root

ص د ع • (ṣ-d-ʕ)

Related to cracking, splitting, or cleaving

صَادِع

Form I: صَدَعَ (ṣadaʕa); Active participle

تَصَدُّع

Form V: تَصَدَّعَ (taṣaddaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَصَدِّع

Form V: تَصَدَّعَ (taṣaddaʕa); Active participle

اِنْصِدَاع

Form VII: اِنْصَدَعَ (inṣadaʕa); Verbal noun

مُنْصَدِع

Form VII: اِنْصَدَعَ (inṣadaʕa); Active participle


ف ج ء

فَجْء

Form I: فَجَأَ (fajaʔa, “to ambush”), فَجِئَ (fajiʔa, “to ambush”); Verbal noun

فَاجِئ

Form I: فَجَأَ (fajaʔa, “to ambush”), فَجِئَ (fajiʔa, “to ambush”); Active participle

مُفَاجَأَة

Form III: فَاجَأَ (fājaʔa, “to ambush”); Verbal noun

مُفَاجِئ

Form III: فَاجَأَ (fājaʔa, “to ambush”); Active participle

تَفَاجُؤ

Form VI: تَفَاجَأَ (tafājaʔa, “to be ambushed”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاجِئ

Form VI: تَفَاجَأَ (tafājaʔa, “to be ambushed”); Active participle


ر ق ص

رَقْص

Form I: رَقَصَ (raqaṣa, “to dance”); Verbal noun

رَاقِص

Form I: رَقَصَ (raqaṣa, “to dance”); Active participle

تَرْقِيص

Form II: رَقَّصَ (raqqaṣa, “to make dance, to dandle, to put into gallop”); Verbal noun

مُرَقِّص

Form II: رَقَّصَ (raqqaṣa, “to make dance, to dandle, to put into gallop”); Active participle

مُرَاقِص

Form III: رَاقَصَ (rāqaṣa); Active participle


י־ל־ד

A root forming words relating to children and to childbirth.


ط ب خ

ط ب خ • (ṭ-b-ḵ)

طَابِخ

Form I: طَبَخَ (ṭabaḵa); Active participle

مُطَبِّخ

Form II: طَبَّخَ (ṭabbaḵa); Active participle

اِنْطِبَاخ

Form VII: اِنْطَبَخَ (inṭabaḵa); Verbal noun

مُنْطَبِخ

Form VII: اِنْطَبَخَ (inṭabaḵa); Active participle

اِطِّبَاخ

Form VIII: اِطَّبَخَ (iṭṭabaḵa); Verbal noun

مُطَّبِخ

Form VIII: اِطَّبَخَ (iṭṭabaḵa); Active participle


س ر ع

Form I: سَرُعَ (saruʕa); Active participle

مُسَرِّع

Form II: سَرَّعَ (sarraʕa); Active participle

مُسَارِع

Form III: سَارَعَ (sāraʕa); Active participle

إِسْرَاع

Form IV: أَسْرَعَ (ʔasraʕa); Verbal noun

مُسْرِع

Form IV: أَسْرَعَ (ʔasraʕa); Active participle

تَسَرُّع

Form V: تَسَرَّعَ (tasarraʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَرِّع

Form V: تَسَرَّعَ (tasarraʕa); Active participle

تَسَارُع

Form VI: تَسَارَعَ (tasāraʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَارِع

Form VI: تَسَارَعَ (tasāraʕa); Active participle


ش ر ي

Related to buying (“to obtain for money”)

شِرَاء

Form I: شَرَى (šarā, “to sell, buy”); Verbal noun

شَارٍ

Form I: شَرَى (šarā, “to sell, buy”); Active participle

اِشْتِرَاء

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَى (ištarā, “to buy, sell (usually means buy)”); Verbal noun

مُشْتَرٍ

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَى (ištarā, “to buy, sell (usually means buy)”); Active participle


ن و م

نَوْم

Form I: نَامَ (nāma, “to sleep”); Verbal noun

Form I: نَامَ (nāma, “to sleep”); Active participle

تَنْوِيم

Form II: نَوَّمَ (nawwama, “to put to sleep”); Verbal noun

مُنَوِّم

Form II: نَوَّمَ (nawwama, “to put to sleep”); Active participle

مُنِيم

Form IV: أَنَامَ (ʔanāma); Active participle

تَنَوُّم

Form V: تَنَوَّمَ (tanawwama, “to try to sleep”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَوِّم

Form V: تَنَوَّمَ (tanawwama, “to try to sleep”); Active participle

تَنَاوُم

Form VI: تَنَاوَمَ (tanāwama, “to pretend to sleep”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاوِم

Form VI: تَنَاوَمَ (tanāwama, “to pretend to sleep”); Active participle

اِسْتِنَامَة

Form X: اِسْتَنَامَ (istanāma); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنِيم

Form X: اِسْتَنَامَ (istanāma); Active participle


ن و م

نوم

Form I: نام (nām, “to sleep; to lie down”); Noun Form

نايم

Form I: نام (nām, “to sleep; to lie down”); Active Participle

تنويم

Form II: نوّم (nawwam, “to make someone sleep; to hypnotise”); Noun Form

منوّم

Form II: نوّم (nawwam, “to make someone sleep; to hypnotise”); Active Participle


خ ر ج

خَارِج

Form I: خَرَجَ (ḵaraja); Active participle

إِخْرَاج

Form IV: أَخْرَجَ (ʔaḵraja); Verbal noun

مُخْرِج

Form IV: أَخْرَجَ (ʔaḵraja); Active participle

تَخَرُّج

Form V: تَخَرَّجَ (taḵarraja); Verbal noun

مُتَخَرِّج

Form V: تَخَرَّجَ (taḵarraja); Active participle

تَخَارُج

Form VI: تَخَارَجَ (taḵāraja); Verbal noun

مُتَخَارِج

Form VI: تَخَارَجَ (taḵāraja); Active participle

اِسْتِخْرَاج

Form X: اِسْتَخْرَجَ (istaḵraja); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْرِج

Form X: اِسْتَخْرَجَ (istaḵraja); Active participle


ن س ي

Form I: نَسِيَ (nasiya); Active participle

مُنَسٍّ

Form II: نَسَّى (nassā); Active participle

مُنْسٍ

Form IV: أَنْسَى (ʔansā); Active participle

مُتَنَاسٍ

Form VI: تَنَاسَى (tanāsā); Active participle


ح ر ب

Form I: حَرِبَ (ḥariba); Active participle

مُحَرِّب

Form II: حَرَّبَ (ḥarraba); Active participle

مُحَارَبَة

Form III: حَارَبَ (ḥāraba, “to wage war”); Verbal noun

مُحَارِب

Form III: حَارَبَ (ḥāraba, “to wage war”); Active participle

إِحْرَاب

Form IV: أَحْرَبَ (ʔaḥraba); Verbal noun

مُحْرِب

Form IV: أَحْرَبَ (ʔaḥraba); Active participle

تَحَرُّب

Form V: تَحَرَّبَ (taḥarraba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَرِّب

Form V: تَحَرَّبَ (taḥarraba); Active participle

تَحَارُب

Form VI: تَحَارَبَ (taḥāraba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَارِب

Form VI: تَحَارَبَ (taḥāraba); Active participle

اِحْتِرَاب

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَبَ (iḥtaraba); Verbal noun

مُحْتَرِب

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَبَ (iḥtaraba); Active participle


ل ب س

From Proto-Afroasiatic *(l-)b-s. Cognate with Hebrew ל־ב־ש (“l-b-š”) and Central Atlas Tamazight ⵍⵙ (ls).

Form I: لَبِسَ (labisa); Active participle

لَابِس

Form I: لَبَسَ (labasa); Active participle

مُلَبِّس

Form II: لَبَّسَ (labbasa); Active participle

مُلَابِس

Form III: لَابَسَ (lābasa); Active participle

إِلْبَاس

Form IV: أَلْبَسَ (ʔalbasa); Verbal noun

مُلْبِس

Form IV: أَلْبَسَ (ʔalbasa); Active participle

تَلَبُّس

Form V: تَلَبَّسَ (talabbasa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَبِّس

Form V: تَلَبَّسَ (talabbasa); Active participle

تَلَابُس

Form VI: تَلَابَسَ (talābasa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَابِس

Form VI: تَلَابَسَ (talābasa); Active participle

اِلْتِبَاس

Form VIII: اِلْتَبَسَ (iltabasa); Verbal noun

مُلْتَبِس

Form VIII: اِلْتَبَسَ (iltabasa); Active participle


par-

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ფრენა (prena, “flight”), ფრთე (prte, “wing”), მფრინველი (mprinveli, “bird”)

Zan:

⇒? Laz: ფურ-თ-ინ- (pur-t-in-)

desc

⇒ Mingrelian: ფურინუა (purinua, “flight”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *pr-ial-
Georgian: ფრ-იალ-ი (pr-ial-i)
→ Mingrelian: ფრიალი (priali)
Zan:
Mingrelian: ფ-იორ-ი (p-ior-i)

Onomatopoeic, compare Proto-Kartvelian *ṗer-.


ب ي ع

Related to selling (“to agree to transfer goods or provide services”)

مُبَايِع

Form III: بَايَعَ (bāyaʕa); Active participle

مُبِيع

Form IV: أَبَاعَ (ʔabāʕa); Active participle

تَبَايُع

Form VI: تَبَايَعَ (tabāyaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَبَايِع

Form VI: تَبَايَعَ (tabāyaʕa); Active participle

اِنْبِيَاع

Form VII: اِنْبَاعَ (inbāʕa); Verbal noun

مُنْبَاع

Form VII: اِنْبَاعَ (inbāʕa); Active participle

اِبْتِيَاع

Form VIII: اِبْتَاعَ (ibtāʕa); Verbal noun

مُبْتَاع

Form VIII: اِبْتَاعَ (ibtāʕa); Active participle


ء خ ذ

ar-root

ء خ ذ • (ʔ-ḵ-ḏ)

آخِذ

Form I: أَخَذَ (ʔaḵaḏa); Active participle

مُؤَخِّذ

Form II: أَخَّذَ (ʔaḵḵaḏa); Active participle

مُؤَاخِذ

Form III: آخَذَ (ʔāḵaḏa); Active participle

اِئْتِخَاذ

Form VIII: اِئْتَخَذَ (iʔtaḵaḏa); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَخِذ

Form VIII: اِئْتَخَذَ (iʔtaḵaḏa); Active participle


ق ر ء

Cognate to Hebrew ק־ר־א (q-r-') and Classical Syriac ܩ-ܪ-ܐ (q-r-ʾ), from Proto-Semitic *ḳ-r-ʔ.

إِقْرَاء

Form IV: أَقْرَأَ (ʔaqraʔa); Verbal noun

تَقَرُّؤ

Form V: تَقَرَّأَ (taqarraʔa); Verbal noun

اِسْتِقْرَائِيّ

اِسْتِقْرَاء (istiqrāʔ)

الْقُرْآن

قُرْآن (qurʔān)

قُرْآنِيّ

قُرْآن (qurʔān)

related to reading, uttering, vocalizing, reciting; calling, inviting

قِرَاءَة

Form I: قَرَأَ (qaraʔa, “to read, to recite”); Verbal noun

مَقْرُوء

related to drawing together, matching, collecting, joining together pieces

related to study, investigation, discovery, reviewing, citing, recollecting, bringing back, holding on especially to information

قَارِئ

Form I: قَرَأَ (qaraʔa, “to read, to recite”); Active participle

مُقَرِّئ

Form II: قَرَّأَ (qarraʔa); Active participle

مُقَارِئ

Form III: قَارَأَ (qāraʔa); Active participle

مُقْرِئ

Form IV: أَقْرَأَ (ʔaqraʔa); Active participle

مُتَقَرِّئ

Form V: تَقَرَّأَ (taqarraʔa); Active participle

اِنْقِرَاء

Form VII: اِنْقَرَأَ (inqaraʔa, “to be read”); Verbal noun

مُنْقَرِئ

Form VII: اِنْقَرَأَ (inqaraʔa, “to be read”); Active participle

اِقْتِرَاء

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَأَ (iqtaraʔa); Verbal noun

مُقْتَرِئ

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَأَ (iqtaraʔa); Active participle

اِسْتِقْرَاء

Form X: اِسْتَقْرَأَ (istaqraʔa, “to examine, to investigate”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْرِئ

Form X: اِسْتَقْرَأَ (istaqraʔa, “to examine, to investigate”); Active participle

مُسْتَقْرَأ

related to timing, especially reoccurring, continuing, periodic


ر ء ي

Related to seeing (“to perceive with the eyes”)

رَاءٍ

Form I: رَأَى (raʔā, “to see”); Active participle

مُرَاءٍ

Form III: رَاءَى (rāʔā); Active participle

مُرٍ

Form IV: أَرَى (ʔarā); Active participle

مُتَرَأٍّ

Form V: تَرَأَّى (taraʔʔā); Active participle

مُتَرَاءٍ

Form VI: تَرَاءَى (tarāʔā); Active participle

اِرْتِئَاء

Form VIII: اِرْتَأَى (irtaʔā); Verbal noun

مُرْتَأٍ

Form VIII: اِرْتَأَى (irtaʔā); Active participle

اِسْتِرْآء

Form X: اِسْتَرْأَى (istarʔā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَرْءٍ

Form X: اِسْتَرْأَى (istarʔā); Active participle

مُسْتَرْأًى

Form X: اِسْتَرْأَى (istarʔā)


ف ر س

فَرْس

Form I: فَرَسَ (farasa, “to prey upon and tatter”); Verbal noun

فَارِس

Form I: فَرَسَ (farasa, “to prey upon and tatter”); Active participle

مُفَرِّس

Form II: فَرَّسَ (farrasa); Active participle

إِفْرَاس

Form IV: أَفْرَسَ (ʔafrasa); Verbal noun

مُفْرِس

Form IV: أَفْرَسَ (ʔafrasa); Active participle

تَفَرُّس

Form V: تَفَرَّسَ (tafarrasa, “to examine, to look through thoroughly”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَرِّس

Form V: تَفَرَّسَ (tafarrasa, “to examine, to look through thoroughly”); Active participle

اِفْتِرَاس

Form VIII: اِفْتَرَسَ (iftarasa, “to rape”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَرِس

Form VIII: اِفْتَرَسَ (iftarasa, “to rape”); Active participle


פ־ש־ט

Forming words pertaining to undressing, skinning, simplification


bel-

*beLe (“crow”)

Basque: bele

*beletz (“dark, black”)

Basque: beltz


bel-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βελτίων (beltíōn)

Proto-Slavic: *boľьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bálas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bálam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: dēbilis


ح م ر

Inner-Arabic extension of the root ح م م (ḥ-m-m), and of حِمَار (ḥimār, “donkey”).

اِحْمِيرَار

Form XI: اِحْمَارَّ (iḥmārra); Verbal noun

مُحَمِّر

Form II: حَمَّرَ (ḥammara); Active participle

اِحْمِرَار

Form IX: اِحْمَرَّ (iḥmarra); Verbal noun

مُحْمَرّ

Form IX: اِحْمَرَّ (iḥmarra); Active participle

مُحْمَارّ

Form XI: اِحْمَارَّ (iḥmārra); Active participle

حَمير

حِمَار (ḥimār)

حُمُر

حِمَار (ḥimār)

أَحْمِرَة

حِمَار (ḥimār)

حَمَائِر

حِمَارَة (ḥimāra)


med-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*mḗd-eti ~ *méd-eti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *metaną (“to measure”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *mētiz (“estimable”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *mōtaną (from a secondary perfect *me-mṓd-e)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: μέδω (médō, “to protect”)

Ancient Greek: μέδομαι (médomai, “to provide for”)

Ancient Greek: μήδομαι (mḗdomai, “to deliberate, estimate”)

*med-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *medēōr (“to heal”)

Latin: medeor (see there for further descendants)

*mēd-yé-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *medyetor (“to measure, judge”)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðɨd
Old Cornish: medhes
Middle Welsh: meðu
Welsh: meddu

Old Irish: midithir

Proto-Tocharian: *meim

Tocharian A: mem

Tocharian B: maim

*méd-tus

Proto-Celtic: *messus

Old Irish: mess (“judgement”)

*mḗd-os ~ *méd-os

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: միտ (mit, “mind, intellect”)

Proto-Germanic: *mētō (“measure, size”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *metōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *metōduz (“god”)

Old English: metod, meted, metud, meotod, meotud

Old Saxon: metod

Old Norse: mjǫtuðr

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗdeha

Ancient Greek: μήδεα (mḗdea)

*mod-ós

Proto-Italic: *modos

Latin: modus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *matśi

Albanian: mas

Proto-Germanic: *metaþs (“measure”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬛 (vīmad, “physician”)

Old Persian: [script needed] (azdā, “known”)

Western Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pîvan


د و ل

دَوْلَة

Form I: دَالَ (dāla, “to change periodically, to alternate, to rotate”); Verbal noun

alternation, change; state (sovereign entity)

دَائِل

Form I: دَالَ (dāla, “to change periodically, to alternate, to rotate”); Active participle

مُدَاوَلَة

Form III: دَاوَلَ (dāwala, “to alternate”); Verbal noun

مُدَاوِل

Form III: دَاوَلَ (dāwala, “to alternate”); Active participle

تَدَاوُل

Form VI: تَدَاوَلَ (tadāwala, “to confer, to negotiate”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَاوِل

Form VI: تَدَاوَلَ (tadāwala, “to confer, to negotiate”); Active participle


ح ز ب

حَزْب

Form I: حَزَبَ (ḥazaba, “a”); Verbal noun

حَازِب

Form I: حَزَبَ (ḥazaba, “a”); Active participle

مُحَزِّب

Form II: حَزَّبَ (ḥazzaba); Active participle

مُحَازِب

Form III: حَازَبَ (ḥāzaba); Active participle

تَحَزُّب

Form V: تَحَزَّبَ (taḥazzaba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَزِّب

Form V: تَحَزَّبَ (taḥazzaba); Active participle

حِزْبِيّ

حِزْب (ḥizb)

حِزْبِيَّة

حِزْب (ḥizb)


ق ص د

قَاصِد

Form I: قَصَدَ (qaṣada); Active participle

إِقْصَاد

Form IV: أَقْصَدَ (ʔaqṣada, “to have forked blossoms; to make aim”); Verbal noun

مُقْصِد

Form IV: أَقْصَدَ (ʔaqṣada, “to have forked blossoms; to make aim”); Active participle

تَقَصُّد

Form V: تَقَصَّدَ (taqaṣṣada, “to intend, to aim at”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَصِّد

Form V: تَقَصَّدَ (taqaṣṣada, “to intend, to aim at”); Active participle

اِنْقِصَاد

Form VII: اِنْقَصَدَ (inqaṣada, “to be broken”); Verbal noun

مُنْقَصِد

Form VII: اِنْقَصَدَ (inqaṣada, “to be broken”); Active participle

اِقْتِصَاد

Form VIII: اِقْتَصَدَ (iqtaṣada); Verbal noun

مُقْتَصِد

Form VIII: اِقْتَصَدَ (iqtaṣada); Active participle


ر ف ع

Related to raising, to height, to increasing.

رَافِع

Form I: رَفَعَ (rafaʕa); Active participle

مُرَفِّع

Form II: رَفَّعَ (raffaʕa); Active participle

مُرَافِع

Form III: رَافَعَ (rāfaʕa); Active participle

تَرَفُّع

Form V: تَرَفَّعَ (taraffaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَفِّع

Form V: تَرَفَّعَ (taraffaʕa); Active participle

تَرَافُع

Form VI: تَرَافَعَ (tarāfaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَافِع

Form VI: تَرَافَعَ (tarāfaʕa); Active participle

اِرْتِفَاع

Form VIII: اِرْتَفَعَ (irtafaʕa); Verbal noun

مُرْتَفِع

Form VIII: اِرْتَفَعَ (irtafaʕa); Active participle


س ه ل

مُسَهِّل

Form II: سَهَّلَ (sahhala); Active participle

إِسْهَال

Form IV: أَسْهَلَ (ʔashala); Verbal noun

مُسْهِل

Form IV: أَسْهَلَ (ʔashala); Active participle

تَسَاهُل

Form VI: تَسَاهَلَ (tasāhala); Verbal noun

مُتَسَاهِل

Form VI: تَسَاهَلَ (tasāhala); Active participle


ث ن ي

مَثْنَى

two at a time, in a group of two, in twos

ثَانٍ

Form I: ثَنَى (ṯanā, “to fold”); Active participle

تَثْنِيَة

Form II: ثَنَّى (ṯannā, “to double”); Verbal noun

إِثْنَاء

Form IV: أَثْنَى (ʔaṯnā, “to praise or blame”); Verbal noun

أَثْنَاءَ

ثِنْي (ṯiny), أَثْنَاء (ʔaṯnāʔ)

ثَنْي

Form I: ثَنَى (ṯanā, “to fold”); Verbal noun

تَثَنٍّ

Form V: تَثَنَّى (taṯannā, “to be folded”); Verbal noun

مُثَنٍّ

Form II: ثَنَّى (ṯannā, “to double”); Active participle

مُثَانٍ

Form III: ثَانَى (ṯānā); Active participle

مُثْنٍ

Form IV: أَثْنَى (ʔaṯnā, “to praise or blame”); Active participle

مُتَثَنٍّ

Form V: تَثَنَّى (taṯannā, “to be folded”); Active participle

مُتَثَانٍ

Form VI: تَثَانَى (taṯānā); Active participle

اِنْثِنَاء

Form VII: اِنْثَنَى (inṯanā, “to be folded”); Verbal noun

مُنْثَنٍ

Form VII: اِنْثَنَى (inṯanā, “to be folded”); Active participle

اِثِّنَاء

Form VIII: اِثَّنَى (iṯṯanā, “to be folded”); Verbal noun

مُثَّنٍ

Form VIII: اِثَّنَى (iṯṯanā, “to be folded”); Active participle

اِسْتِثْنَاء

Form X: اِسْتَثْنَى (istaṯnā, “to except, exclude”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَثْنٍ

Form X: اِسْتَثْنَى (istaṯnā, “to except, exclude”); Active participle


wel-

*wél-e-ti ~ *wl-én-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weleti (“to see”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *weless (“seer, poet”) (+ *-ess ~ *-etos) (see there for further descendants)

*wḗl-s-t ~ *wél-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *yels-

Tocharian B: yel- (“to investigate”)

*wléy-ti (ey-aktionsart)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *wley- (reanalysed root)

⇒ *wléy-de-ti (de-present)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (perhaps more likely from a contaminated *weyd- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

*wél-tu-s ~ *wl̥-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *woltus

Latin: voltus (“(facial) expression”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գեղ (geł, “beauty; (beautiful) appearance, look”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ح س ن

مُحَسِّن

Form II: حَسَّنَ (ḥassana); Active participle

إِحْسَان

Form IV: أَحْسَنَ (ʔaḥsana); Verbal noun

مُحْسِن

Form IV: أَحْسَنَ (ʔaḥsana); Active participle

تَحَسُّن

Form V: تَحَسَّنَ (taḥassana); Verbal noun

مُتَحَسِّن

Form V: تَحَسَّنَ (taḥassana); Active participle

اِسْتِحْسَان

Form X: اِسْتَحْسَنَ (istaḥsana); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْسِن

Form X: اِسْتَحْسَنَ (istaḥsana); Active participle


ك ب ر

related to being big, large, old, great.

Nouns borrowed from other Semitic languages

كِبْر

glory, majesty, highness; pride, greed for glory; greatest share in anything

كَبْر

Form I: كَبَرَ (kabara, “to be older than”); Verbal noun

كَابِر

Form I: كَبَرَ (kabara, “to be older than”); Active participle

كِبَر

Form I: كَبُرَ (kabura, “to be or become big, important, proud, difficult”); Verbal noun

تَكْبِير

Form II: كَبَّرَ (kabbara, “to make bigger, exaggerate, praise”); Verbal noun

مُكَبِّر

Form II: كَبَّرَ (kabbara, “to make bigger, exaggerate, praise”); Active participle

مُكَابَرَة

Form III: كَابَرَ (kābara, “to treat with disdain, contend with, oppose, renounce”); Verbal noun

مُكَابِر

Form III: كَابَرَ (kābara, “to treat with disdain, contend with, oppose, renounce”); Active participle

إِكْبَار

Form IV: أَكْبَرَ (ʔakbara, “to consider great or important, praise”); Verbal noun

مُكْبِر

Form IV: أَكْبَرَ (ʔakbara, “to consider great or important, praise”); Active participle

تَكَبُّر

Form V: تَكَبَّرَ (takabbara, “to be haughty”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَبِّر

Form V: تَكَبَّرَ (takabbara, “to be haughty”); Active participle

تَكَابُر

Form VI: تَكَابَرَ (takābara, “to be haughty”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَابِر

Form VI: تَكَابَرَ (takābara, “to be haughty”); Active participle

اِسْتِكْبَار

Form X: اِسْتَكْبَرَ (istakbara, “to deem great or important, to be haughty”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكْبِر

Form X: اِسْتَكْبَرَ (istakbara, “to deem great or important, to be haughty”); Active participle


ז־מ־ן

Used to form words relating to inviting or arranging.


kais

Inherited from Malay kais, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kais (“to scrape, scratch”) (compare Khmer កែះ (keh, “to scratch”), Vietnamese kẻ (“to draw (line)”)).


פ־ט־ר

Compare Classical Syriac ܦ-ܛ-ܪ (p-ṭ-r), whence ܦܛܝܪܐ.

Forming words relating to solution, to resolution, or to ending.


car-

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: აღცრაჲ (aɣcray), გაცრაჲ (gacray)

Zan:

ო-ნცორ-უ,ო-ნცი(რ)-უ

Laz: ო-ნცორ-უ,ო-ნცი(რ)-უ (o-nʒor-u,o-nʒi(r)-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ცირუა (cirua), გოცირუა (gocirua)

Unsorted borrowings

→? Old Armenian: ցրեմ (cʻrem), ցրուեմ (cʻruem)

→? Chechen: цац (cac), цаца (caca), цоц (coc), цо̄цо (cooco)

→? Ingush: цаца (caca)

→? Bats: ცაც (cac)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *lʿa-car- (“sieve”)
Old Georgian: საცერი (saceri) (← *სა-ცარ- (*sa-car-))
Georgian: საცერი (saceri)
→ Mingrelian: საცირი (saciri)
→ Ossetian: сасир (sasir)
→ Udi: сацер (sacer)
Zan:
⇒ Laz: ონცორუ (onʒoru)


ط و ع

ar-root

ط و ع • (ṭ-w-ʕ)

مُطَوِّع

Form II: طَوَّعَ (ṭawwaʕa); Active participle

مُطَاوِع

Form III: طَاوَعَ (ṭāwaʕa); Active participle

مُطِيع

Form IV: أَطَاعَ (ʔaṭāʕa); Active participle

مُطَاع

Form IV: أَطَاعَ (ʔaṭāʕa)

تَطَوُّع

Form V: تَطَوَّعَ (taṭawwaʕa), اِطَّوَّعَ (iṭṭawwaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَطَوِّع

Form V: تَطَوَّعَ (taṭawwaʕa), اِطَّوَّعَ (iṭṭawwaʕa); Active participle

اِسْتِطَاعَة

Form X: اِسْتَطَاعَ (istaṭāʕa, “to be able to, can”), اِسْطَاعَ (isṭāʕa, “to be able to, can”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَطِيع

Form X: اِسْتَطَاعَ (istaṭāʕa, “to be able to, can”), اِسْطَاعَ (isṭāʕa, “to be able to, can”); Active participle


կար-

The origin is uncertain. Moreover, the two senses (“necessity” and “sorrow”) may be etymologically distinct.

կարիք

կարեւոր

անկար

կարօտ

կարիք

կարեկից


צ־ל־ם

Forming words relating to images and photos.


ב־ו־א

Forming words relating to coming or bringing.


ج ر ح

جَرْح

Form I: جَرَحَ (jaraḥa, “to wound”); Verbal noun

جَارِح

Form I: جَرَحَ (jaraḥa, “to wound”); Active participle

تَجْرِيح

Form II: جَرَّحَ (jarraḥa, “to wound intensely”); Verbal noun

مُجَرِّح

Form II: جَرَّحَ (jarraḥa, “to wound intensely”); Active participle

اِنْجِرَاح

Form VII: اِنْجَرَحَ (injaraḥa, “to be wounded”); Verbal noun

مُنْجَرِح

Form VII: اِنْجَرَحَ (injaraḥa, “to be wounded”); Active participle

اِجْتِرَاح

Form VIII: اِجْتَرَحَ (ijtaraḥa, “to perform, to commit”); Verbal noun

مُجْتَرِح

Form VIII: اِجْتَرَحَ (ijtaraḥa, “to perform, to commit”); Active participle

اِسْتِجْرَاح

Form X: اِسْتَجْرَحَ (istajraḥa, “to be corrupted”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجْرِح

Form X: اِسْتَجْرَحَ (istajraḥa, “to be corrupted”); Active participle


ج ر ح

جرح

Form I: جرح (jaraḥ, “to wound, injure”); Noun Form

جارح

Form I: جرح (jaraḥ, “to wound, injure”); Active Participle

مجروح

Form I: جرح (jaraḥ, “to wound, injure”); Passive Participle


ḱley-

*ḱléy-tis ~ *ḱli-téys

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: šlitìs (“shove-shed”)

*ḱloyw-ó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlaiwaz (“shelter”), now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hlaiw

*ḱli-tó-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlidą

*ḱli-tó-s (“covered, sheltered”)

Reanalysed root of *ḱléyti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


ḱley-

*ḱléy-t ~ *ḱli-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अश्रेत् (áśret)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬯𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬀 (nisrīta, “to bring to, assign”, 3sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Italic: *klient- (“who supports, who depends”, act.ptc.)

Latin: cliēns

*ḱléy-e-ti (“to lean”, thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-né-y-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-y-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱli-néw-ti ~ *ḱli-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrináwti (“to lean”)

Proto-Iranian: *crináwtī

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌 (nisrinaomi, “to lean”, 1sg.pres.)

*ḱe-ḱlóy-e ~ *ḱe-ḱli-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέκλιται (kéklitai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćićrā́ya

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śiśrā́ya

Sanskrit: शिश्राय (śiśrā́ya)

*ḱléy-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *klímə

Ancient Greek: κλίμα (klíma, “slope, inclination; clime”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱléy-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *kliyos (“left side”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱley-wó-s (“sloped”)

*ḱli-tós (“leaning, sloped”)

*ḱlóy-dʰro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlaidrijō (“ladder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *klaina

Albanian: qye (“peak, summit”)

*ḱloy-w-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *hlaiwą (“hill, burial mound”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱleyn-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լինիմ (linim, “to be”) (perhaps)

Armenian: լինել (linel)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լեառն (leaṙn, “mountain”)
Armenian: լեռ (leṙ)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: clēmēns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: श्रि (śri)

Reanalysed root of *ḱléyti, from *ḱel- (“to incline”) + *-éyti (*éy-present suffix).


ع ل م

desc

Egyptian Arabic: عالمة (ʕalma, “female singer; belly dancer”)

عِلْم

Form I: عَلِمَ (ʕalima, “to know”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَلِمَ (ʕalima, “to know”); Active participle

تَعْلِيم

Form II: عَلَّمَ (ʕallama, “to teach”); Verbal noun

مُعَلِّم

Form II: عَلَّمَ (ʕallama, “to teach”); Active participle

إِعْلَام

Form IV: أَعْلَمَ (ʔaʕlama, “to inform”); Verbal noun

مُعْلِم

Form IV: أَعْلَمَ (ʔaʕlama, “to inform”); Active participle

تَعَلُّم

Form V: تَعَلَّمَ (taʕallama, “to learn”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَلِّم

Form V: تَعَلَّمَ (taʕallama, “to learn”); Active participle

تَعَالُم

Form VI: تَعَالَمَ (taʕālama); Verbal noun

مُتَعَالِم

Form VI: تَعَالَمَ (taʕālama); Active participle

اِسْتِعْلَام

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَمَ (istaʕlama); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْلِم

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَمَ (istaʕlama); Active participle

عِلْمِيَّة

عِلْمِيّ (ʕilmiyy)

مَعْلَمَة

مَعْلَم (maʕlam)

مَعْلُومَات

مَعْلُومَة (maʕlūma)


ع ل م

تعليم

Form II: علّم (ʕallam, “to teach”); Noun Form

متعلّم

Form V: تعلّم (tʕallam, “to learn”); Active Partiple

تعلّم

Form V: تعلّم (tʕallam, “to learn”); Noun Form


س ك ن

سَاكِن

Form I: سَكَنَ (sakana); Active participle

مُسَكِّن

Form II: سَكَّنَ (sakkana); Active participle

مُسَاكِن

Form III: سَاكَنَ (sākana); Active participle

إِسْكَان

Form IV: أَسْكَنَ (ʔaskana); Verbal noun

مُسْكِن

Form IV: أَسْكَنَ (ʔaskana); Active participle

تَسَكُّن

Form V: تَسَكَّنَ (tasakkana); Verbal noun

مُتَسَكِّن

Form V: تَسَكَّنَ (tasakkana); Active participle

تَسَاكُن

Form VI: تَسَاكَنَ (tasākana); Verbal noun

مُتَسَاكِن

Form VI: تَسَاكَنَ (tasākana); Active participle

اِسْتِكَان

Form VIII: اِسْتَكَنَ (istakana); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكِن

Form VIII: اِسْتَكَنَ (istakana); Active participle


ben-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: შებნევა (šebneva)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ობინუ (obinu)

⇒ Mingrelian: ბინუა (binua)

⇒ Svan: ლიბნე (libne)


ك س ل

Possibly related to Hebrew כ־שׁ־ל (“related to stumbling”)


כ־ו־ן

From Proto-Semitic *kawan- (“to be in a place, to happen or occur, to be present”). Compare Aramaic כַּוֵּן (“to be straightened, to be made right”), Arabic ك و ن (k-w-n, “root relating to existence”),
Akkadian 𒄀 (kânum, “to be firm, to hold true”), Ge'ez ኮነ (konä, “to be”), Old South Arabian 𐩫𐩥𐩬 (kwn, “to occur, to exist”), Ugaritic 𐎋𐎐 (kn, “to be”).

cog

Forming words relating to firmness, establishment.

מְכוֹנָה

base; place where animal await slaughter

נָכוֹן

Nif'al: נָכוֹן (nakhón, “to be prepared”); Participle

מְכוֹנֵן

Pi'el: כּוֹנֵן (konén, “to establish; to direct”); Participle

כּוֹנָן

Pi'el: כּוֹנֵן (konén, “to establish; to direct”); Verbal noun

כּוֹנְנוּת

Pi'el: כּוֹנֵן (konén, “to establish; to direct”); Derived noun

הָכֵן

Hif'il: הֵכִין (heikhín, “to establish, to secure, to arrange”); Absolute infinitive

מְכִינָה

Hif'il: הֵכִין (heikhín, “to establish, to secure, to arrange”); Participle

הֲכָנָה

Hif'il: הֵכִין (heikhín, “to establish, to secure, to arrange”); Derived noun

תְּכוּנָה

Hif'il: הֵכִין (heikhín, “to establish, to secure, to arrange”); Verbal noun

arrangement; character; preparation; astronomy

מוּכָנוּת

Participle: מוּכָן (mukhán, “ready”); Derived noun


כ־ו־ן

Specialised from Etymology 1, under influence from Aramaic כַּוֵּן (“to be straightened”).

Forming words relating to straightness, direction.

כיוון

Pi'el: כיוון / כִּוֵּן (kivén, “to straighten; to determine”); Verbal noun

כוון

Pi'el: כיוון / כִּוֵּן (kivén, “to straighten; to determine”); Derived noun

מכוון

Pu'al: כוון / כֻּוַּן (kuván, “to be straightened; to be made to correspond”); Participle

כוונה

Pu'al: כוון / כֻּוַּן (kuván, “to be straightened; to be made to correspond”); Derived noun

הכוון

Hif'il: הכווין / הִכְוִין (hikhvín, “to adjust, to tune”); Verbal noun (male hektel substantivation after absolute infinitive)

התכוונות

Hitpa'el: התכוון / הִתְכַּוֵּן (hitkavén, “to intend”); Verbal noun

כ־ו־נ־ן

k-w-n-n, derived root relating to adjustment


י־ב־ש

י־ב־ש ׁ (canonical)
y-b-sh (romanization)


פ־ת־ח

head

פ־ת־ח • (p-t-ḥ)

Forming words relating to opening or developing.


संज्ञा

संज्ञा • (saṃjñā)

sa-root

संज्ञा • (saṃjñā)

/sɐɲd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

/ˈs̪ɐɲd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

From सम्- (sam-, “with”) + ज्ञा (jñā, “to know”).

pre

to agree together, be of the same opinion, be in harmony with

to appoint, assign, intend (for any purpose), destine

to acknowledge or claim as one's own, take possession of

to cause to be of the same opinion or agree together

to cause to acquiesce or agree in (euphemistically said of a sacrificial victim, which ought not to be led forcibly to its death but made to resign itself)

to make to be understood or known, cause to understand

to make signs to, communicate or make anything known by signs


ט־ל־פ־ן

Extracted from the noun טלפון (télefon, “telephone”).


nem-

*ném-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nemtei

Latvian: ņemt (“take”)

Proto-Germanic: *nemaną (“take”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *némō

desc

Ancient Greek: νέμω (némō, “dispense, distribute”)

Proto-Hellenic: *nomā́

Ancient Greek: νομή (nomḗ, “pasture”)

*ném-es-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nomezos

Latin: numerus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *nemehā

Ancient Greek: Νεμέα (Neméa)

*nóm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *nómos

Ancient Greek: νόμος (nómos, “custom, law”)

*nom-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *nomós

Ancient Greek: νομός (nomós, “pasture, habitation, province”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *námas

Sanskrit: नम (náma, “pasture-ground”)

*ném-tis ~ *nm̥-téys

Proto-Germanic: *numþiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *namā

Albanian: nëmë

Proto-Albanian: *nemska

Albanian: njeh

Proto-Celtic: *neman (< *nem-mn̥ with degemination}}

desctree

Old Irish: neim (“poison”)
Irish: nimh
Manx: nieu
Scottish Gaelic: nimh

Proto-Celtic: *nemetom (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *nantos (< *nm̥-tos) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: Νέμεσις (Némesis, “Nemesis, goddess of retribution”)

Possibly related to *h₁em- (“to take, to distribute”).


nem-

*ném-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *námati (“to bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ném-os ~ *ném-es-os (see there for further descendants)

From Etymology 1, with semantic shift "to distribute" > "to worship, sacrifice" > "to bend".


ג־ב־ה

head

ג־ב־הּ • (g-b-h)

ג־ב־ה ּ (canonical)
g-b-h (romanization)


נ־כ־ר

Used to form words relating to recognizing.


ח־מ־ם

ח־מ־ם • (ḥ-m-m)


ס־ע־ד

Cognate with Arabic س ع د (s ʕ d, “help, assist”).


कृप्

कृप् • (kṛp)

sa-root

कृप् • (kṛp)

Often taken to be inherited from Proto-Indo-European *krep-, *kʷrep- (“to be grumpy; to moan”), and compared with Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬥 (karapan, “anti-Zoroastrian priest, teacher”), Khwarezmian [script needed] (krb-, “to moan, mumble, babble”), Parthian [script needed] (kyrbg, “pious”), Middle Persian [script needed] (krpk /kirbag/, “virtue, good deed”), Latin crepō (“to crack, creak”), and Russian кропота́ть (kropotátʹ, “to grumble, be grumpy”). The semantic divergence of these words is difficult to explain, however.


ש־כ־נ־ע

From the preformative שׁ־ (sh-) + the root כ־נ־ע (k-n-`).

Forming words relating to convincing or persuasion.


ח־מ־ץ

head

ח־מ־ץ • (ḥ-m-ṣ)

Compare Aramaic ח־מ־ע / ܚ-ܡ-ܥ (ḥ-m-ʿ) and Arabic ح م ض (ḥ m ḍ).


ס־ב־ך

Forming words relating to complexity or complication.


siar

Back-formation from pesiar (“to travel in leisure”), from Portuguese passear (“to travel in leisure”), from Latin passus (“step”), from pandō (“I stretch”).


נ־ו־ח

head

נ־ו־ח \ נ־ח • (n-w-ḥ / n-ḥ)

נ־ו־ח \ נ־ח (canonical)
n-w-ḥ (romanization)
n-ḥ (romanization)

Forming words relating to resting, non-motion, or comfort.


ח־ז־ר

ח־ז־ר • (ḥ-z-r)

Used to form words relating to returning.


հի-

Old Armenian: ի- (i-) (at a later stage)

Armenian: խի (xi)

հի՞մ

հի՛կէն


sneygʷʰ-

*snéygʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *snīwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *snáyǰʰati

Proto-Iranian: *snáyǰati

desc

Avestan: 𐬯𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (snaēžaⁱti, “to snow”)

*snigʷʰ-e-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νίφω (níphō)

*sni-né-gʷʰ-ti ~ *sni-n-gʷʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: ningit/ninguit

*snigʷʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *snigʷyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sniǰʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sníźʰyati

Sanskrit: स्निह्यति (sníhyati, “to be adhesive or sticky; to remain, stick”)

*snéygʷʰ-s (“snow”)

*snóygʷʰ-o-s (“snow”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: snigt

Lithuanian: snìgti

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Shughni: жиниҷ (žiniǰ)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śiñcatstse (“snowy”) (< nominalized *śiñce (“snow”) < *snigʷʰēn)


dadar

From Javanese ꦢꦢꦂ (dadar, “to examine, to test”).


dadar

> Javanese: ꦢꦢꦂ (dadar) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)


ב־ד־ל

Forming words relating to separation or distinction.


kansel

From English cancel, from Middle English cancellen, from Anglo-Norman canceler (“to cross out with lines”), from Latin cancellare (“to make resemble a lattice”), from cancelli (“a railing or lattice”), diminutive of cancer (“a lattice”).


خ ر ق

خَرْق

Form I: خَرَقَ (ḵaraqa, “to pierce, break”); Verbal noun

خَارِق

Form I: خَرَقَ (ḵaraqa, “to pierce, break”); Active participle

تَخْرِيق

Form II: خَرَّقَ (ḵarraqa, “to tear up”); Verbal noun

مُخَرِّق

Form II: خَرَّقَ (ḵarraqa, “to tear up”); Active participle

تَخَرُّق

Form V: تَخَرَّقَ (taḵarraqa, “to be torn, to tear”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَرِّق

Form V: تَخَرَّقَ (taḵarraqa, “to be torn, to tear”); Active participle

اِنْخِرَاق

Form VII: اِنْخَرَقَ (inḵaraqa, “to tear, be torn”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَرِق

Form VII: اِنْخَرَقَ (inḵaraqa, “to tear, be torn”); Active participle

اِخْتِرَاق

Form VIII: اِخْتَرَقَ (iḵtaraqa, “to perforate”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَرِق

Form VIII: اِخْتَرَقَ (iḵtaraqa, “to perforate”); Active participle


ר־ח־ץ

Forming words relating to trust and security.


ר־ח־ץ

head

ר־ח־ץ • (r-ḥ-ts)


sem-

*sḗm (“one”)

*sm̥- (“one”)

*sēm-i (“half”)

*sem-ǵʰo-

Proto-Albanian: *semdza

Albanian: gjithë

Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi

Latin: singulī

*som-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱóm-som-

>? Proto-Hellenic: *ksun (possibly)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)

desc

Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún) — Homeric, Old Attic, σούν (soún) — Boeotian (see there for further descendants)

*som-H-ós (“same”)

*sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)

*sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)

Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’) — apocopic, ἁμᾶ (hamâ) — Laconian, Doric
Greek: άμα (áma)

Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)

Old Irish: samail, amal

Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal

Welsh: fel

Cornish: avel

Breton: evel

Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)

Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥- (compounding stem)

*sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)

q

or with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂el-</i> (“ale”)?

*sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)

>? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sm̥mo-

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)

*sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)

Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros

Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)

Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)

Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)

*sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)

Proto-Armenian: *hangi-

Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʻim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʻel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʻyal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-

Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-

Alanic:

desc

Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sin-

Proto-West Germanic: *sin-

Old English: sin-, sine-

Old Saxon: sin-

Old High German: sin-

Old Norse: sí-

Faroese: sí-

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád

desctree

Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
Pali: saha
→ Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
→ Marathi: सह (sah)

Sanskrit: सुमत् (sumát), स्मत् (smát, “with”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: simītū


क्रुञ्च्

head

क्रुञ्च् • (kruñc)

sa-root

क्रुञ्च् • (kruñc)


աւ-

աւիմ ― *awim ― I am deranged, crazy

աւեալ

աւանդիմ ― *awandim ― I am deranged, crazy

աւանդող


աւել-

Armenian: ավել (avel)

→ Aghwan: 𐔰𐕛𐔴𐔾 (avel)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰel-; cognate with Ancient Greek ὀφέλλω (ophéllō, “to increase”), ὄφελμα (óphelma, “increase”), ὄφελος (óphelos, “advantage, profit”).


उपनिषद्

head

उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)

sa-root

उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)

From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).


सद्

From Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Cognates include Latin sedeō, Old Church Slavonic сѣдѣти (sěděti), Old English sittan (whence English sit).

सिसादयिषु

sisādayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

योनि॒मेक॒ आ स॑साद॒ द्योत॑नो॒ऽन्तर्दे॒वेषु॒ मेधि॑रः॥

One (Agni) intelligent, resplendent among the gods, is seated in his place (the altar).

yóniméka ā́ sasāda dyótanoʼntárdevéṣu médhiraḥ.


प्रज्ञा

head

प्रज्ञा • (prajñā)

sa-root

प्रज्ञा • (prajñā)

Prakrit: *𑀧𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀺𑀢 (*paṇṇita)

⇒ Sanskrit: पण्डित (paṇḍita)

/pɾɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑ́ː/

/ˈpɾɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

From प्र- (pra-, “towards, pro-”) + ज्ञा (√jñā, “to know”).

af

to know, understand (esp. a way or mode of action), discern, distinguish, know about, be acquainted with


स्वर्

head

स्वर् • (svar)

sa-root

स्वर् • (svar)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to resound; whistle; shout loudly; swear”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svãrъ (“quarrel, strife, trouble”); Latin sermō; English swear, (an)swer.


կոճ-

The origin is uncertain. Similar development of senses (see կոճ (koč)) is found in Latin truncus and Ancient Greek ἀστράγαλος (astrágalos). Martirosyan assumes the basic meaning to be ‘to beat, break’ and derives կոճ- (koč-) from կոծ- (koc-, “to beat”).
Akin to Georgian კოჭი (ḳoč̣i), Laz კონჭი (ǩonç̌i), Mingrelian კონჭი (ḳonč̣i).

Laz კონჭი (ǩonç̌i)

կոճեմ ― *kočem ― to strike; to break; to cut off

կոշկոճեմ

to break; to chop off, to lop off, to cut off

կոճ

կոճղ

կոճ ― koč ― anklebone, knucklebone

protruding bony part on the body (because of the likeness to a rough piece of wood or to a trunk of a tree)

կոճակ

կոճղէզ

կոճ վրացի ― koč vracʻi ― hellebore

կոճապղպեղ

կոճակ


कृत्

head

कृत् • (kṛt)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-t-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).

inh+

⇒ कण्ट

कृन्तति (kṛntati, “to cut, tear, divide”)

⇒ कार्त्तिक

कृतिका (kṛtikā), कृत्तिका (kṛttikā, “cutter”)


कृत्

head

कृत् • (kṛt)

Of uncertain origin. Probably related to Hittite [script needed] (kar-za, kar-za-na-aš, “a weaver's tool for making thread”). Comparisons to Ancient Greek κάρταλλος (kártallos, “a basket with a pointed bottom”) and Latin crātis (“wickerwork”) have also been made.


sel-

*sél-t ~ *sl-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἆλτο (âlto, Epic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: असरत् (asarat), सरति (sarati) (thematicized) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

→ Ancient Greek: Σαρματίᾱ (Sarmatíā)

*sí-sel-ti ~ *sí-sl-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: सिसर्ति (sísarti)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἱάλλω (hiállō), ἰάλλω (iállō)

*sl̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *həľľomai

Ancient Greek: ἅλλομαι (hállomai, “to leap, jump”)

Proto-Italic: *saljō

Latin: salio (“to jump”) (see there for further descendants)

*se-sól-e ~ *se-sl-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́ra

Sanskrit: ससार (sasā́ra)

Tocharian B: [Term?] (salamo)

Tocharian A: [Term?] (salat)

*sol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sāráyati

Sanskrit: सारयति (sāráyati) (see there for further descendants)

*sl̥-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sr̥tás

Sanskrit: सृत (sṛtá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: saltus

*sél-trom (instrument noun)

Proto-Celtic: *saltrom (see there for further descendants)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


כ־ס־ה

Forming words relating to hiding, concealing and covering.


कृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kar-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-.

ईकृ

especially after adjectives in the sense -ize

चिकारयिषु

cikārayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

कृत्रिम

made artificially, factitious, artificial

पुत्रकृथ

bringing forth or procreation of children

चिकीर्षा

intention or desire to make or do or perform


कृ

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *kreH- (“to shout”); cognate with Proto-Germanic *hrōmiz (“fame”), whence German Ruhm (“fame, glory”).

to commemorate, honor, treat with respect, make mention of, praise, speak highly of


מ־ל־ך

See Proto-Semitic *malk-; cognate with Arabic م ل ك (mlk, “to reign, to possess”)


वह्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *waźʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.


दृश्

head

दृश् • (dṛś)

sa-root

दृश् • (dṛś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-
Sanskrit दृश् (dṛś)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *darś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *darć-, from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).

etymon

दिदर्शयिषति

didarśayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


ḱer-

>? *ḱer-h₂-

Italic:

Latin: creō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: crēscō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: crēber (see there for further descendants)

*ḱór-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kóros

Ancient Greek: κόρος (kóros)

*ḱor-wo-s

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kórwos
Ancient Greek: κόρος (kóros)
Doric Greek: κῶρος (kôros)
Ionic Greek: κοῦρος (koûros)
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀒𐀺 (ko-wo /kórwos/)

*ḱer-ēs (< **ḱer-es-s)

Proto-Italic: *Kerēs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սեր (ser), սերեմ (serem), սերիմ (serim), սեռ (seṙ), սերմն (sermn), (possibly) սերտ (sert) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hirsijô

Old High German: hirso (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)


ḱer-

*ḱr̥H-

Albanian: thur

*ḱr̥-ti-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: սարդ (sard) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱorH-ko-

Proto-Albanian: *tsarka

Albanian: thark

*ḱr̥s-tí-s

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sьrstь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: սարիք (sarikʻ), սարք (sarkʻ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καῖρος (kaîros)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: शृङ्खल (śṛṅkhala) (see there for further descendants)


विश्

head

विश् • (viś)

sa-root

विश् • (viś)

Denominalized root derived from Etymology 1.

to enter, enter in or settle down on, go into, pervade

(astronomy) to come into conjunction with

(with अग्निम्, ज्वलनम् etc.) to enter the fire (i.e. ascend the funeral pyre)

with अग्निम्

(with अपस्) to sink or be immersed in the water

(of rivers and armies etc.) to flow into (and join with)

to flow or redound to, fall to the share of

to fall or get into any state or condition


죄송

죄송하다 죄송하다#Korean

Root of 죄송하다 (joesonghada). Rarely used alone.


ח־מ־ד

Forming words pertaining to delight, pleasantness, preciousness, loveliness


כ־ת־ב

From Proto-West Semitic *katab- "to prick, cut, scratch, scrape"; the meaning "write" is secondary and spread through diffusion rather than inheritance. Cognate with Arabic root ك ت ب (k-t-b).

Active participle: כּוֹתֵב Passive participle: כָּתוּב


צ־ו־ה

head

צ־ו־ה • (ṣ-w-h)


sek-

*sek-eh₂-yé-ti or *sek-h₁-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sekā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sěkati

Proto-Italic: *sekajō

Latin: secō (see there for further descendants)

*sk-éy-ti (*éy-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ensek-

Middle Irish: eiscid (“cuts off”)

*sék-no-m

Proto-Italic: *seknom

Latin: signum (see there for further descendants)

Albanian: shat (“hoe, mattock”)

*sḗk-ti ~ *sék-n̥ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sektei

Proto-Slavic: *sěťi (“to cut”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: secula (see there for further descendants)

*sek-ūr-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sekyra (“axe”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: secūris (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sekets

Middle Irish: seiche (“skin, hide”)

*sek-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *segją (“hard skin”)

Old Norse: sigg

Proto-Germanic: *sagō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker- (perhaps)

*(s)kh₂-éy-d(H)- (perhaps)

*sek-s-

Proto-Celtic: *sexskā, *sexskis (“rushes, sedge”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: hesk

Breton: hesq

Cornish: heschen, hesc

Middle Welsh: hescenn

Middle Irish: seise

*séks-u-s

Proto-Italic: *seksus

Latin: sexus (see there for further descendants)

*soks-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *sahsą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *saksom

Latin: saxum

Unsorted formations

Latin: sacēna

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *seglą (see there for further descendants)


*déh₃-t ~ *dh₃-ént (athematic root aorist)

*dé-deh₃-ti ~ *dé-dh₃-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*déh₃-ti-s ~ *dh₃-téy-s

*déh₃-tōr ~ *dh₃-tr-és

*dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥s

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(e)ðaśa (< earlier *edasa)

Albanian: dhashë

Proto-Albanian: *dhu̯onti

Albanian: dhunti

>? Albanian: dhuroj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տամ (tam)

Armenian: տալ (tal)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daHmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daHmā́

Sanskrit: दामन् (dāmán, “giver; gift”)

→? Proto-Uralic: *toxe-


krey-

*kreyn- (reformed root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrīnaną (see there for further descendants)

*kr̥-né-y- ~ *kr̥-n-i- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kriniti

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: crenaff

Cornish: crenna, krena

Middle Welsh: crynu

Welsh: crynu

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ɸarekriniti

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrgrɨnɨd

Welsh: ergryn

Old Irish: ara·chrin

*kri-n-ye- (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kríňňō

desctree

Ancient Greek: κρῑ́νω (krī́nō), κρίννω (krínnō) — Aeolic
Greek: κρίνω (kríno)
Mariupol Greek: крину (krinu)

*kri-né-h₁- ~ *kri-n-h₁- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *krinō

Latin: cernō (see there for further descendants)

*kroyh₁-eye- (causative/iterative present)

Proto-Slavic: *krojìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krida

Upper Sorbian: křida (“sieve”)

Lower Sorbian: kśida (“sieve”)

*krey-dʰrom (“sieve”, instrument)

Proto-Italic: *kreiðrom

Latin: crībrum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hrīdrą (see there for further descendants)

*krey-trom

Proto-Celtic: *kreitros (“sieve”) (see there for further descendants)

*kréy-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *kréimə

Ancient Greek: κρῖμα (krîma)
Greek: κρίμα (kríma)

Proto-Italic: *kreimən

Latin: crīmen (see there for further descendants)

*kri-tós

Proto-Hellenic: *kritós

Ancient Greek: κριτός (kritós)

Proto-Italic: *kritos

Latin: certus, crētus (see there for further descendants)

*kroyn-is

Proto-Germanic: *hrainiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *kràjь (see there for further descendants)


kap-

*kap-yé-ti (“to be grasping”, ye-present)

*kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kápā

Ancient Greek: κάπη (kápē, “crib”)

⇒? Ancient Greek: καπᾱ́να (kapā́na, “wagon”)

*kap-nó-s (“harbour”)

Proto-Celtic: *kawnos

Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *habnō (< *kapn-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)

*káp-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *hafnaz (“vessel, pot”)

Old Saxon: haban, havan

Old High German: havan

Middle High German: haven

*kap-e-ló-s

Proto-Italic: *kapelos (“one who takes”)

⇒? Latin: dis-cipulus (“disciple, pupil; cadet”) (see there for further descendants)

*kap-tós (“seized, held”)

*káp-u-ko-s

Proto-Celtic: *kaɸukos (“cup”)

Proto-Brythonic: *kọg

Welsh: cawg

Old Irish: cuäch, cuach, cúach

Irish: cuach

Scottish Gaelic: cuach

→ Ancient Greek: καῦκος (kaûkos)

→ Latin: caucus

>? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os

Albanian:

Albanian: (“garden”) (+ -shtë)

Old Gheg Albanian: kopësht, kopështë

Tosk Albanian: kopsht

Proto-Hellenic: *kāpos

Ancient Greek: κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard, plantation”)

⇒ *kā́p-eh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hōbō (see there for further descendants)

>? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓpā

Ancient Greek: κώπη (kṓpē, “grip, handle”)

Possibly a non-Indo-European loanword. Perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”) as so-called "chiming roots".


kap-

*káp-s ~ *k(a)p-és (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *kaps

>? Latin: *caps, -ceps (only for nom.sg.) (only in compounds)

q

derived like <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰébʰōl</i> ?

*káp-ōl ~ *k(a)p-l-és (derived like *gʰébʰōl ?)

desc

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)

*káp-ut ~ *k(a)p-wét-s (“head”)

*kap-u-lon-

Proto-Germanic: *habulô

Proto-West Germanic: *habulō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; may be the same as the verbal root in *kap- (Etymology 1) above, particularly if it developed figuratively from the sense “cup, bowl” as retained in Proto-Celtic *kaɸukos and perhaps Sanskrit कपाल (kapā́la). Otherwise, sound-symbolic or borrowed from a substrate, as evidenced by the a-grade.


*h₁éd-ti ~ *h₁d-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hādáyati

Sanskrit: आदयति (ādáyati)

*h₁ōd-e/o- (a lengthened grade of disputed origin)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ուտեմ (utem)

Proto-Germanic: *ēsaz (“food, carrion, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yats (“skin”)

Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”)

*h₁éd-tōr (“eater”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अत्तृ (attṛ́)

Proto-Italic: *essōr

Latin: ēsor

Proto-Hellenic: *ayerīston

Ancient Greek: ᾱ̓́ρῑστον (ā́rīston)

*h₁éd-nom (“eaten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádnam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánnam

Sanskrit: अन्न (ánna) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁éd-wr̥ ~ *h₁d-wén-s

Proto-Germanic: *etunaz (from thematicized *h₁ed-un-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

from <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">*ἔδϝαρ</i> (*édwar)

Ancient Greek: εἶδαρ (eîdar) (from *ἔδϝαρ (*édwar))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: *अद्वर (*advará) (from thematicized *h₁ed-wer-os)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: व्यद्वर (vyadvará, “rodent”)

*n̥-h₁d-ti- (“having no eating”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: նաւթի (nawtʻi, “hungry”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νῆστις (nêstis, “not eating, fasting, sober (jejune)”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *eda

Albanian: ha (“I eat”) (with preservation of the laryngeal?)

Anatolian:

Luwian: 𒀀𒁺𒈾 (aduna)


भी

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *bʰíHs, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰíHs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéyh₂-s ~ *bʰih₂-és, from *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”). Cognate with Old English bifian (whence English bive), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬥𐬙𐬈 (bayente, “they are afraid”), Persian بیم (bim, “fear”).

cog

मृत्योर्बिभेषि किं बाल न स भीतं विमुञ्चति; रावणाद्बिभ्यतीं भृशम् Bk.8.7; Śi.3.45.

Boy, why are you afraid of death ? Death does not release this anger; he was scared of Ravana.

mṛtyorbibheṣi kiṃ bāla na sa bhītaṃ vimuñcati; rāvaṇādbibhyatīṃ bhṛśam Bk.8.7; Śi.3.45.

(parasmaipada) to fear, dread, be afraid of

(ātmanepada) to be anxious or solicitous about


werǵ-

*wérǵ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *wregeti (see there for further descendants) (through schwebeablaut)

*wr̥ǵ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

*wérǵ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wirkijaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔρδω (érdō, “I do”)

Ancient Greek: ῥέζω (rhézō, “I do”) (< *wreǵ-ye- with secondary e-grade)

Proto-Celtic: *wergā (“anger”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Hellenic: *worgā́ (“temper; anger, passion”)

desctree

Ancient Greek: ὀργή (orgḗ)
Greek: οργή (orgí)

*werǵ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *wergos (adj.) (see there for further descendants)

*worǵ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *worgós, *-worgós (“worker, maker”)

Ancient Greek: -ουργός (-ourgós)

Mycenaean Greek: -𐀺𐀒 (-wo-ko /-worgos/)

*wérǵ-o-m

*wr̥ǵ-tó-s

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: argëtoj, argëtim

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄργανον (órganon) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ὄργιον (órgion), ὄργῐᾰ (órgia)

desc

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀫𐀑𐀍𐀚𐀍 (wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo /worgioneios/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warȷ́-

Proto-Iranian: *warj- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swawr̥šti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swawr̥ṣṭi

Sanskrit: स्ववृष्टि (svávṛṣṭi, “doing his own work, epithet of Indra”)

Proto-Tocharian: *wärk-

Tocharian A: wärkṣäl

Tocharian B: warkṣäl


wekʷ-

*wékʷ-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wákti

Sanskrit: वक्ति (vákti)

Proto-Iranian: *wáxti

⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)

⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-

*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (see there for further descendants)

*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)

*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti

Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)

*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)

*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)

*wṓkʷ-s

*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os

Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos

Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)

*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís

Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)

*wokʷ-tló-m

Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám

Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)

*wókʷ-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz

Old Norse: váttr (“witness”)

Faroese: váttur

*wokʷ-smn̥

Proto-Celtic: *woxsman

Middle Irish: fúaimm

Irish: fuaim

Scottish Gaelic: fuaim

Proto-Hellenic: *woťťa

Ancient Greek: ὄσσα (óssa), ὄττα (ótta)

*ukʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)

*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā

Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)

Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: ves

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)


ḱlew-

*ḱléw-se-ti (se-desiderative)

⇒ *ḱlews-

*ḱléw-t ~ *ḱl̥w-ént (athematic root aorist)

*ḱlows-

Proto-Albanian: *klāusnja

Albanian: quaj

*ḱléw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kleyyō

Ancient Greek: κλείω (kleíō), κλέω (kléō)

*ḱlḗw-s-t ~ *ḱléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *klyeus- (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-né-w-ti ~ *ḱl̥-n-w-énti (nasal-infix present)

*ḱlow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrāwáyati

desctree

Sanskrit: श्रावयति (śrāváyati)
Kashmiri: ہاوُن (hāvun, “to show”)

Proto-Iranian: *crāwáyati

desc

𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (srāuuaiieⁱti)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: slwtn' (/srūdan/, “to sing, recite, play”), slʾd- (/srāy-/, present stem)

Persian: سرودن (sorudan, “to sing”)

Parthian: srʾwyyd (/srāwēd/, “to sing”, impv.pl.)

*ḱe-ḱlów-e ~ *ḱe-ḱl̥w-ḗr (stative)

*ḱl̥w-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ

Latvian: sluvêt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥wáHti

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥wáHti

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬉 (sruiiē)

Proto-Italic: *kluēō (“to be known”)

Latin: clueō

Messapic: [script needed] (klaohi /klauhi/, “listen, hear”)

*ḱlew-eto-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κλειτός (kleitós)

*ḱléw-mn̥ ~ *ḱlu-mén-s

Proto-Germanic: *hleumô (“hearing”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwma

Proto-Iranian: *cráwma

Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀𐬥 (sraoman, “hearing”)

⇒ *ḱléw-mn̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *hleumundaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwmatam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwmatam

Sanskrit: श्रोमत (śrómata, “good fame”)

*ḱléw-os ~ *ḱléw-es-os

*ḱlew-ēs (< **ḱlew-es-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *kléwēs

Ancient Greek: -κλέης (-kléēs, “fame, glory”), -κλῆς (-klês), used in Greek male given names, such as Ἡρακλῆς (Hēraklês), Περικλῆς (Periklês)

*ḱlēw-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślṓˀwāˀ (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlow-ro- or *ḱlu-ro-

desctree

Old Armenian: լուր (lur)
Armenian: լուր (lur)

*ḱlú-ti-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćrútiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śrútiṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुति (śrúti, “hearing, listening”)

*ḱlu-tó-s (“heard, famous”)

*ḱléw-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *hleuþrą (“noise”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćráwtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śráwtram

Sanskrit: श्रोत्र (śrótra, “ear”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Northern Kurdish: stirîn (“to sing”)

From *ḱel- (“to incline”) according to Pokorny.
A relation with Proto-Uralic *kuwle- (“to hear”) (with metathesis of 'l' and 'w') has been suggested.


swep-

*sup-ór

desctree

Proto-Anatolian: *supó
Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri /šuppāri/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

*swép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *swefaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápati

Vedic Sanskrit: स्वपति (svápati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *hwápati (see there for further descendants)

*swop-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *swabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swapáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swapáyati

Sanskrit: स्वपयति (svapáyati), स्वापयति (svāpáyati, “to put to sleep, lull; to put to death”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sōpiō

*swép-ye-ti or *swṓp-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: sǿfa (“to kill”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sōpiō

*swép-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swábdʰHati

Proto-Iranian: *hwábdHati

desc

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬠𐬛𐬀- (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”)

*swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s or *swép-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós or *swóp-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós

*súp-r̥ (generalized zero-grade)

⇒ *sup-r̥-wént-s

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-wánt-s

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /supparwanz(a)/, “sleepy(?)”)

⇒ *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑𒅀𒉡𒌦 (šu-up-pa-ri-i̯a-nu-un /suppariyanun/, 1sg.pret.act.)

Proto-Hellenic: *húpər

Ancient Greek: ὕπᾰρ (húpar, “reality”)

*sup-n-ó-s

⇒ *súp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: съниѥ (sŭnije)

>? Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: sänmetse (“in a trance”)

*swép-n-o-s

*swop-n-o-s

⇒ *swóp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”) (cf. *súpni(y)om above)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sapnỹs (“sleep, dream”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápniyam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápniyam

Sanskrit: स्वप्न्यम् (svápnyam, “vision in a dream”)

>? Proto-Italic: *swopnjom

Latin: somnium (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քուն (kʻun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swepnos

Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)

>? *swép-os-

Proto-Italic: *swepōs

q

Latin: sopor (alternatively from *swópr̥, or from a root noun)

*sup-tó-

Proto-Anatolian: *suptós

⇒ Proto-Anatolian: *suptór (verb)

desc

Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒋫𒊑 (šu-up-ta-ri /šuptari/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sъpati (see there for further descendants)


ג־ד־ל

Forming words relating to largeness or growth.


weyd-

*wéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *weideti (“to tell, relate”) (see there for further descendants)

q

>? Proto-Germanic: *wlītaną (“to see, look”) (#wl contamination perhaps from *wel- ~ *wl- (“to see”)) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlaitōną (“to search”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wlitiz (“sight, appearance, face”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wītaną (“to direct the attention to, to scold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidō

Ancient Greek: εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to be seen, appear”)

*wid-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եգիտ (egit, “to find”)

Proto-Hellenic: *widon

Ancient Greek: εἶδον (eîdon)

Proto-Italic: *woidai (third person singular: *woide(d))

Latin: vīdī (third person singular: vīdit)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *widēō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwidat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwidat

Sanskrit: अविदत् (ávidat)

Proto-Iranian: *Háwidat

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬝 (vīdat̰)

*wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գտանեմ (gtanem)
Armenian: գտնել (gtnel)

Proto-Celtic: *windeti

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: ro·finnadar (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *winátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विन्दति (vindáti) (thematicised from weak stem)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (vīnastī)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (vinasti)

desc

Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wyndynd /windēnd/, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫅 (wyndyd /windēd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Northern Kurdish: -bîn-/-wîn-

*wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr (“to have seen, to know”, stative)

*woyd-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Celtic:

Old Irish: foídid

Proto-Germanic: *waitijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydáyati

Sanskrit: वेदयति (vedáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *waydáyati

Old Avestan: 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (āuuaēδaiiamahī, 1pl.pres.caus.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (vaēδaiiemi, 1sg.pres.caus.)

*wéyd-se-ti (“to want to see”, desiderative)

*widónts (“seeing”)

*wéyd-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wéiˀdas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *weidos (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-os ~ *wéyd-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *wéidos

Ancient Greek: εἶδος (eîdos, “appearance; sight”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेदस् (védas, “knowledge, science”)

Proto-Iranian: *wáydah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬵 (vaēδah)

*wóyd-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáydas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáydas

Sanskrit: वेद (véda, “knowledge”)

Proto-Hellenic: *weidālimos

Ancient Greek: εἰδάλιμος (eidálimos)

Proto-Hellenic: *əweidelos

Ancient Greek: ἀείδελος (aeídelos)

*wéyd-ih₂ ~ *wid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waydyáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waydyáH

Sanskrit: वेद्या (vedyā́, “knowledge; art”)

Proto-Hellenic: *weidōlon

Ancient Greek: εἴδωλον (eídōlon)

*wéyd-ti-s ~ *wid-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waiˀstis

Latvian: vēsts

Proto-Slavic: *vě̏stь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वित्ति (vítti)

*weyd-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *wīsaz (“wise”) (see there for further descendants)

*wéyd-tōr ~ *wid-tr-és (“viewer, witness”)

*wéyd-tu-s ~ *wid-téw-s (“(act of) seeing, knowledge”)

Proto-Celtic: *wissus (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: vīsus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidās

Ancient Greek: Ἀΐδης (Aḯdēs)

Proto-Hellenic: *widéhā

Ancient Greek: ἰδέᾱ (idéā)

*n̥-wid-ḗs (<*n̥-wid-és-s)

Proto-Hellenic: *əwidḗs

Ancient Greek: ἀϊδής (aïdḗs)

*né-wid-s

Proto-Hellenic: *néwits

Ancient Greek: νῆις (nêis)

Proto-Hellenic: *idmōn

Ancient Greek: ἴδμων (ídmōn)

*wid-ri-s

Proto-Hellenic: *widris

Ancient Greek: ἴδρις (ídris)

*wid-ró-s

Proto-Germanic: *witraz (see there for further descendants)

*wid-tó-s

*wid-yó-s

Proto-Germanic: *witją (“knowledge; reason, sense, understanding; wit”)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wid-y-éh₂</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *widyáH (from *wid-y-éh₂)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *widyáH

desc

Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā́, “knowledge, science; scholarship”)

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Albanian: *vidsa

Albanian: vizë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գիւտ (giwt)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weiˀdēˀtei (probably a secondary formation)

Latgalian: veidētʹ (“to be visible”)

Latvian: viedêt

Lithuanian: veizdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *vìděti (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: vaizdas

Old Prussian: widdai

Proto-Germanic: *wīsǭ (“manner, way”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀΐδηλος (aḯdēlos)

Phrygian: wit-

Proto-Tocharian: *wäwén- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wiäime (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)


*wemh₁-ti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámHti

Sanskrit: वमिति (vámiti)

*wemh₁-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wámati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wámati

desctree

Sanskrit: वमति (vámati)
Dardic:
Kalasha: bómik
Assamese: বমি (bomi)
Bengali: বমি (bomi)

Kashmiri: ومُن (wamun)

Proto-Italic: *wemō

Latin: vomō (see there for further descendants)

*wemh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vem̃t

Lithuanian: vémti

Proto-Italic: *wematos

Latin: vomitus

Proto-Hellenic: *wémetos

Ancient Greek: ἔμετος (émetos)

Proto-Germanic: *wammaz, *wammijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wamā

Albanian: *umë

Albanian: umas

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėmalai

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐμέω (eméō)

Iranian: + -ār

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: bîvêr ('sick, ill')

Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭩𐭬𐭠𐭫 (wēmār) ('sick, ill')

Persian: بیمار (bīmār) ('sick, ill')


skey-

*skey-(e)-ti (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škeit' (“to pluck”)

Proto-Celtic: *skeyeti (“to vomit”)
Old Irish: sceïd
Irish: sceith
Scottish Gaelic: sgeith
Manx: skeeah
→ Old Norse: skjaðak
>? Norwegian Nynorsk: skjæraks
Swedish: skäde

*ski-yé-ti (yé-present)

desc

Proto-Italic: *skijō (“to distinguish, discern”)

Latin: sciō (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)

*skey-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: škīts

Latvian: šķiets

Lithuanian: skietas

Proto-Slavic: *ščítъ (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *skeitos (“shield, cover”) (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skeyt-ó-m</i>

*skey-t-ó-m (or *skeyt-ó-m)

Proto-Germanic: *skīdą (“stick”) (see there for further descendants)

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*skoyt-o-m</i>

*skoy-to-m (or *skoyt-o-m)

Proto-Italic: *skoitom

>? Latin: scūtum (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skeitsā

Albanian: shqisë

Proto-Celtic: *skiyenā (“knife”)

desctree

Old Irish: scían
Middle Irish: scian
Irish: scian
Manx: skynn
Scottish Gaelic: sgian
→ Middle English: skene, sceyne
English: skean, skene, skeyn
→ Old Welsh: *scien
Middle Welsh: ysgien
Welsh: ysgien

*skey-d-

*skey-bʰ-, *skey-p-, *skey-b-?

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: škibît (“to cut, lop (off)”)

Lithuanian: skiẽbti (“to rip up”)

⇒ *skibʰ-on- or *skip-ón-

desc

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skībǭ (“slice, thin layer”)

⇒ *skib-o-m?

>? Proto-Germanic: *skipą (“hollow(ed-out) object; ship”) (see there for further descendants)

*skey-t-

⇒ *skóyt-e-ti (o-grade present)

Proto-Germanic: *skaiþaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *skaiþiz (“carved-out hollow; sheath, vessel”) (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from a reanalysis of *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éy-.


weǵʰ-

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰ- (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*wḗǵʰ-s-t ~ *wéǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*woǵʰ-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wáźīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wokʰéyomai

q

Ancient Greek: ὀχέομαι (okhéomai, “to be borne or carried”) (confused with ὀχέω (okhéō) < *soǵʰ-éye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: वाहयति (vāhayati)

*woǵʰ-lo-s

Ancient Greek: ὄχλος (ókhlos)

*weǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Celtic: *wegnos (see there for further descendants)

*woǵʰ-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *wagnaz (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *wegaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wextā (see there for further descendants)

*wéǵʰ-tis ~ *uǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰíṣ

Sanskrit: ऊढि (ūḍhí)

Proto-Italic: *wektis

Latin: vectis (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-tós (“carried”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: ऊढ (ūḍhá)

*weǵʰ-tlom / *weǵʰ-s-lom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźsla

Proto-Slavic: *veslò (“oar”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Italic: *wekslom

Latin: vēlum (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-í-tlom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waȷ́ʰítram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waźʰítram

Sanskrit: वहित्र (vahítra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *weɣitlom

Latin: vehiculum (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *waźas

Proto-Slavic: *vȏzъ (“wagon, chariot”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *wókʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄχος (ókhos, “carriage, cart, chariot”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀏 (wo-ka /wokha/, “vehicle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *wā́źʰas

Sanskrit: वाह (vā́ha)

*wéǵʰ-tōr ~ *uǵʰ-tr-és (“carrier”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáždʰā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wektōr

Latin: vector (see there for further descendants)

*weǵʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *wigją (“horse”, literally “carrier”) (see there for further descendants)

*uǵʰ-éh₂

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *uj́ā-

Albanian: udhë

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *wedza

Albanian: vjedh

Italic: (possibly) *wijā

Latin: via (see there for further descendants)


*h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp

Sanskrit: अप् (áp)

Proto-Hellenic: *opā́

>? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀞 (o-pa) (unless < *h₃erbʰ-?)

*h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s

Proto-Italic: *opis

Latin: ops, ⇒ cōpia

⇒? Oscan:

Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /ḫappinanta/)

(perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)

Latin: opulentus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *opnis
Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: úinim

*h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápnas

Sanskrit: अप्नस् (ápnas)

*h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas

Sanskrit: अपस् (ápas)

q

compounded with <i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*Hsu-</i>

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *opos

Latin: opus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō

Latin: operor

Oscan:

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)

οπσανω (opsanō, gerundive.acc.pl.n.)

𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)

𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (oupsens, 3p.pf.)

𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)

Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)

South Picene:

·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (pesaú m, inf.)

·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (psút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (psúq, 3s.pf.)

Umbrian:

osatu (3s.ipv.II)

oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)

Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)

*h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /ḫāppar/)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus

desc

Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)

Albanian: punë

Armenian: (perhaps)

Old Armenian: *աւն (*awn)

Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)

>? Ancient Greek: ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “nourishment”) (most likely Pre-Greek)


ǵʰewH-

*ǵʰéwH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwati

Vedic Sanskrit: हवते (hávate)

Proto-Iranian: *jawHati (“to call on, invoke”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ɣwy-)

Ossetian:

Digor: аргъаун (arǧawn), аргъуд (arǧud)

Iron: а́ргъауын (árǧawyn), а́ргъуыд (árǧwyd)

*ǵʰwé-ye-ti (ye-present, metathesized from older *ǵʰéw-ye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰwáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-ǵʰuH-e-ti (reduplicated)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwȷ́ʰuHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwźʰuHyati

Sanskrit: जोहूयते (jóhūyate, “to call on, invoke”)

*ǵʰuH-e-ti (zero-grade root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: zavêt (“to cast a spell”)

Lithuanian: žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”)

Proto-Slavic: *zъvati (“to call”) (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kuwā-, kwā- (“call, invite”)

*ǵʰuH-tus

Celtic: *gutus (“voice”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *dzulā

Albanian: zulë

Albanian: zulmë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to praise oneself, boast”)

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *gewH-.


leǵ-

*léǵ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *ledza (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *légō

Ancient Greek: λέγω (légō)

Doric Greek: ἐλώγη (elṓgē)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *legō
Latin: legō (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: *läk- (“to look at, see”, literally “to gather (with the eyes)”)

Tocharian A: läk-

Tocharian B: läk-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*lōkōjaną</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *lōkōną (< *lōkōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōkōn (“to look”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lōgā́yō

Doric Greek: λωγάω (lōgáō)

*lḗǵ-s ~ léǵ-es (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *lēks

Latin: lēx (see there for further descendants)

Marrucinian: lixs

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: स्रज् (sraj, “wreath”)

*leǵ-no-m

Proto-Italic: *lignom

Latin: lignum (see there for further descendants)

*leǵ-mn̥

⇒? Proto-Italic: *legūmen (with insertion)

Latin: legūmen (see there for further descendants)

*loǵ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lógos

Ancient Greek: λόγος (lógos) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lazūr, “forest”) (possibly)

to gather, collect, with derivatives meaning to speak by carefully selecting one's words.


*h₂óy-u ~ *h₂y-éw- n (“long time, lifetime”)

⇒? *h₂ey-t-to-

Proto-Celtic: *aissā (see there for further descendants)