ح ص ن

ar-root

ح ص ن • (ḥ-ṣ-n)

related to inaccessibility, protection, fortitude

حَصَانَة

Form I: حَصُنَ (ḥaṣuna, “to be inaccessible, to be unattainable”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَصُنَ (ḥaṣuna, “to be inaccessible, to be unattainable”); Active participle

حَصْن

Form I: حَصُنَ (ḥaṣuna, “to be continent, to be chaste, to keep decor”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَصُنَ (ḥaṣuna, “to be continent, to be chaste, to keep decor”); Active participle

تَحْصِين

Form II: حَصَّنَ (ḥaṣṣana, “to render inaccessible, to make unattainable; to immunize, to vaccinate (that is, to make unattainable for pathogen)”); Verbal noun

مُحَصِّن

Form II: حَصَّنَ (ḥaṣṣana, “to render inaccessible, to make unattainable; to immunize, to vaccinate (that is, to make unattainable for pathogen)”); Active participle

إِحْصَان

Form IV: أَحْصَنَ (ʔaḥṣana, “to protect; to be or remain chaste; to marry”); Verbal noun

مُحْصِن

Form IV: أَحْصَنَ (ʔaḥṣana, “to protect; to be or remain chaste; to marry”); Active participle

تَحَصُّن

Form V: تَحَصَّنَ (taḥaṣṣana, “to fortify oneself, to be protected”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَصِّن

Form V: تَحَصَّنَ (taḥaṣṣana, “to fortify oneself, to be protected”); Active participle

مِحْصَن

lock; iron that embraces or clasps the muzzle of a horse


ق و ف

قَوْف

Form I: قَافَ (qāfa, “to trace, to follow the spoor of, to track; to know the state or the relation of by external sign; to suck the udder of”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَافَ (qāfa, “to trace, to follow the spoor of, to track; to know the state or the relation of by external sign; to suck the udder of”); Active participle

تَقَوُّف

Form V: تَقَوَّفَ (taqawwafa, “to direct in speaking, to follow with corrections in talking; to refuse the give what is owed”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَوِّف

Form V: تَقَوَّفَ (taqawwafa, “to direct in speaking, to follow with corrections in talking; to refuse the give what is owed”); Active participle

اِقْتِيَاف

Form VIII: اِقْتَافَ (iqtāfa, “to follow the steps of”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَاف

Form VIII: اِقْتَافَ (iqtāfa, “to follow the steps of”); Active participle

تَقْيِيف

Form II: قَيَّفَ (qayyafa, “to follow, to investigate”); Verbal noun

مُقَيِّف

Form II: قَيَّفَ (qayyafa, “to follow, to investigate”); Active participle

تَقَيُّف

Form V: تَقَيَّفَ (taqayyafa, “to follow up, to perscrutate”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَيِّف

Form V: تَقَيَّفَ (taqayyafa, “to follow up, to perscrutate”); Active participle

قُوفَة

hair hanging down and covering the nuque

قِيَافَة

inference from external signs, physiognomics, i.e. in ancient societies for determination of filiation and for prognostication; appearance, resemblance, imitation; costume, apparel, garb, guise


ق ف و

قَفْو

Form I: قَفَا (qafā, “to go behind, to follow the track of, to persecute”); Verbal noun

قَافٍ

Form I: قَفَا (qafā, “to go behind, to follow the track of, to persecute”); Active participle

قَفْي

Form I: قَفَى (qafā, “to beat on the kack part of the head”); Verbal noun

قَافٍ

Form I: قَفَى (qafā, “to beat on the kack part of the head”); Active participle

تَقْفِيَة

Form II: قَفَّى (qaffā, “to bit to follow; to make rhyme”); Verbal noun

مُقَفٍّ

Form II: قَفَّى (qaffā, “to bit to follow; to make rhyme”); Active participle

إِقْفَاء

Form IV: أَقْفَى (ʔaqfā, “to cause to follow; to attribute or distribute to; to honour by bestowing; to prefer”); Verbal noun

مُقْفٍ

Form IV: أَقْفَى (ʔaqfā, “to cause to follow; to attribute or distribute to; to honour by bestowing; to prefer”); Active participle

تَقَفٍّ

Form V: تَقَفَّى (taqaffā, “to follow the track of; to receive with distinction; to beat with a rod”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَفٍّ

Form V: تَقَفَّى (taqaffā, “to follow the track of; to receive with distinction; to beat with a rod”); Active participle

اِقْتِفَاء

Form VIII: اِقْتَفَى (iqtafā, “to follow in the tracks of (literally and idiomatically)”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَفٍ

Form VIII: اِقْتَفَى (iqtafā, “to follow in the tracks of (literally and idiomatically)”); Active participle

اِسْتِقْفَاء

Form X: اِسْتَقْفَى (istaqfā, “to beat on the neck”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْفٍ

Form X: اِسْتَقْفَى (istaqfā, “to beat on the neck”); Active participle

قَفِيّ

who follows on the traces of someone else; who receives his visitors with much distinction; repast wherewith one treats someone with distinction; suspicion, accusation, crime; having been hit on the nape of the neck

feminine of قَفِيّ (qafiyy,; qafiyya, who follows; hit on the nape”

قَفِيَّة; superiority wherewith one follows”)


د ف ع

دَفْع

Form I: دَفَعَ (dafaʕa, “to push; to repel; to pay”); Verbal noun

دَافِع

Form I: دَفَعَ (dafaʕa, “to push; to repel; to pay”); Active participle

تَدْفِيع

Form II: دَفَّعَ (daffaʕa, “to drive, to compel”); Verbal noun

مُدَفِّع

Form II: دَفَّعَ (daffaʕa, “to drive, to compel”); Active participle

مُدَافَعَة

Form III: دَافَعَ (dāfaʕa, “to strive to repel; to defend from”); Verbal noun

مُدَافِع

Form III: دَافَعَ (dāfaʕa, “to strive to repel; to defend from”); Active participle

تَدَفُّع

Form V: تَدَفَّعَ (tadaffaʕa, “to press forward, to become impelled or repelled”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَفِّع

Form V: تَدَفَّعَ (tadaffaʕa, “to press forward, to become impelled or repelled”); Active participle

تَدَافُع

Form VI: تَدَافَعَ (tadāfaʕa, “to strive to repel each other, to push one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَافِع

Form VI: تَدَافَعَ (tadāfaʕa, “to strive to repel each other, to push one another”); Active participle

اِنْدِفَاع

Form VII: اِنْدَفَعَ (indafaʕa, “to press forward, to become impelled or repelled”); Verbal noun

مُنْدَفِع

Form VII: اِنْدَفَعَ (indafaʕa, “to press forward, to become impelled or repelled”); Active participle

دُفَّاع

main portion of water that pushes forth with a torrent


yɨkɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto yɨkɨ and Nüpode Huitoto yɨkɨ.


일천

Sino-Korean word from 日淺 (“shallow of days”).

ko-etym-sino

일천하다 일천하다#Korean

Root of 일천하다 (ilcheonhada, “to be new; to be of insufficient duration”). Rarely used alone.


ف ي ء

مُفَيِّئ

Form II: فَيَّأَ (fayyaʔa); Active participle

مُفِيء

Form IV: أَفَاءَ (ʔafāʔa); Active participle

تَفَيُّؤ

Form V: تَفَيَّأَ (tafayyaʔa); Verbal noun

مُتَفَيِّئ

Form V: تَفَيَّأَ (tafayyaʔa); Active participle

اِسْتِفَاءَة

Form X: اِسْتَفَاءَ (istafāʔa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفِيء

Form X: اِسْتَفَاءَ (istafāʔa); Active participle


ف ي ض

مُفِيض

Form IV: أَفَاضَ (ʔafāḍa); Active participle

اِسْتِفَاضَة

Form X: اِسْتَفَاضَ (istafāḍa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفِيض

Form X: اِسْتَفَاضَ (istafāḍa); Active participle

غَيْضٌ مِنْ فَيْضٍ

فَيْضٌ m sg (fayḍun, noun); plural فُيُوض (fuyūḍ)


lajan

(pre-1947, 1947-1972) Superseded spelling of layan.


Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā

Tocharian A: āti

Tocharian B: atiyo

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atãls

Lithuanian: atolas

Old Prussian: attolis

Proto-Slavic: *otava (see there for further descendants)


Latin: at (“but; whereas; moreover”)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬝 (at̰)

*h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati

Latvian: at-

Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)

Old Prussian: et-, at-

Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)

Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ati

q

or directly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ét</i>

>? Latin: at (or directly from *h₂ét)

Venetic: ati-

⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)

Tocharian B: at (“away”)

⇒ *h₂etō

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō

Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂et-o-</i>

>? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)

Tocharian B: ate (“away”)

*h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)

Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)

*h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)

desc

Hittite: [Term?] (/addu/, “but, furthermore”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)

Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa), 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)

>? Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)

Proto-Tocharian:

>? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátas

Sanskrit: अतः (ataḥ, “so, consequently, therefore, hence”)

→ Hindi: अतः (ataḥ) (learned)

→ Nepali: अतः (ataḥ) (learned)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: ἀτ(άρ) (at(ár)) (perhaps)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸(𐌸𐌰𐌽) (aþþan, “then, but, indeed”)


ط و ق

There are no inherited formations or cognates in other Semitic languages, all is denominal from طَوْق (ṭawq, “ring, hoop, collar”); and here, the uncommon form I is derived from the more developed form II, the form I sense “to be capable of or be able to sustain” developed from the form II sense ”to put around the neck, to make bear”.

طَوْق

Form I: طَاقَ (ṭāqa, “to bear, to be capable of or to sustain”); Verbal noun

Form I: طَاقَ (ṭāqa, “to bear, to be capable of or to sustain”); Active participle

تَطْوِيق

Form II: طَوَّقَ (ṭawwaqa, “to put a hoop, ring, collar etc. around; to encircle, to surround; to cramp, to restrict that developments come out from the inner of or encroach upon from the outside, to lock up artistical or with legal power, to close off, to cordon off; to endow or to emburden with; to embrace in a good sense, to hug, to receive with open arms so to say, or perhaps to have someone on the lap”); Verbal noun

مُطَوِّق

Form II: طَوَّقَ (ṭawwaqa, “to put a hoop, ring, collar etc. around; to encircle, to surround; to cramp, to restrict that developments come out from the inner of or encroach upon from the outside, to lock up artistical or with legal power, to close off, to cordon off; to endow or to emburden with; to embrace in a good sense, to hug, to receive with open arms so to say, or perhaps to have someone on the lap”); Active participle

إِطَاقَة

Form IV: أَطَاقَ (ʔaṭāqa, “to be able to bear or to sustain; to master, to be capable to submit”); Verbal noun

مُطِيق

Form IV: أَطَاقَ (ʔaṭāqa, “to be able to bear or to sustain; to master, to be capable to submit”); Active participle

تَطَوُّق

Form V: تَطَوَّقَ (taṭawwaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَطَوِّق

Form V: تَطَوَّقَ (taṭawwaqa); Active participle

طَوْقِيّ

طَوْق (ṭawq, “anything that surrounds another thing, ring-shaped border, hoop, headband, necklace etc.”)


ض ب ب

Probably all derived from the lizard-name, from the idea that the lizard cleaves to the ground, thus a stream that hangs in its bed, a lock latch, and a fog because it locks up sight.

ضَبّ

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to cleave to, to hold to firmly”); Verbal noun

ضَابّ

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to cleave to, to hold to firmly”); Active participle

ضَبّ

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to have a gently or scanty flow, to stream, to discharge sluggish”); Verbal noun

ضَابّ

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to have a gently or scanty flow, to stream, to discharge sluggish”); Active participle

ضَبَب

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to be affected by the disease termed ضَبّ (ḍabb)”); Verbal noun

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to be affected by the disease termed ضَبّ (ḍabb)”); Active participle

ضَبّ

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to milk with five fingers”); Verbal noun

ضَابّ

Form I: ضَبَّ (ḍabba, “to milk with five fingers”); Active participle

تَضْبِيب

Form II: ضَبَّبَ (ḍabbaba, “to clamp or strengthen, to hold or keep by putting a ضَبَّة (ḍabba) around”); Verbal noun

مُضَبِّب

Form II: ضَبَّبَ (ḍabbaba, “to clamp or strengthen, to hold or keep by putting a ضَبَّة (ḍabba) around”); Active participle

إِضْبَاب

Form IV: أَضَبَّ (ʔaḍabba, “to keep to, to cleave to; to grasp, to take possession of; to be or become abundant, to be copiose; to abound with lizards; to be foggy; to make flow; to speak, to express, to exclaim; to be silent, to abstain from talking; to hide, to conceal, to abscond; to cover”); Verbal noun

مُضِبّ

Form IV: أَضَبَّ (ʔaḍabba, “to keep to, to cleave to; to grasp, to take possession of; to be or become abundant, to be copiose; to abound with lizards; to be foggy; to make flow; to speak, to express, to exclaim; to be silent, to abstain from talking; to hide, to conceal, to abscond; to cover”); Active participle

تَضَبُّب

Form V: تَضَبَّبَ (taḍabbaba, “to be or become so fat that the armpits are chapped and the neck is short”); Verbal noun

مُتَضَبِّب

Form V: تَضَبَّبَ (taḍabbaba, “to be or become so fat that the armpits are chapped and the neck is short”); Active participle

اِنْضِبَاب

Form VII: اِنْضَبَّ (inḍabba, “to be packed together thightly”); Verbal noun

مُنْضَبّ

Form VII: اِنْضَبَّ (inḍabba, “to be packed together thightly”); Active participle

اِسْتِضْبَاب

Form X: اِسْتَضَبَّ (istaḍabba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَضِبّ

Form X: اِسْتَضَبَّ (istaḍabba); Active participle

ضَبّ

the spadix of a palm-tree before it cleave open

ضَبّ

a disease in the lip, in consequence of which blood flows from it; tumor in the extremity of the foot of a camel; chapping or cracking in the armpit of a child or camel

مَضَبَّة

land abounding with spiny-tailed lizards


*(s)pénh₁e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πένομαι (pénomai)

*(s)penh₁-ne-ti (ne-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spinnaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)pn̥h₁-ti (zero-grade athematic present)

Old Armenian: հենում (henum)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pínˀtei (see there for further descendants)


nat-

Old Georgian: ნათება (nateba), ნათობა (natoba)

Georgian: ნათება (nateba), ანთია (antia), ანთება (anteba), მნათობი (mnatobi), სანთელი (santeli), ანთებული (antebuli)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *nat-e- (“light”)

Laz: ნოთე (note)

Mingrelian: ნოთე (note)

Old Georgian: ნათელი (nateli)

Georgian: ნათელი (nateli)

→? Old Armenian: անթեղ (antʻeł)

→? Ancient Greek: ἄνθραξ (ánthrax)


ض ع ف

ar-root

ض ع ف • (ḍ-ʕ-f)

ضَعْف

Form I: ضَعُفَ (ḍaʕufa, “to be weak”); Verbal noun

مُضَاعِف

Form III: ضَاعَفَ (ḍāʕafa, “to multiply”); Active participle

إِضْعَاف

Form IV: أَضْعَفَ (ʔaḍʕafa, “to weaken”); Verbal noun

مُضْعِف

Form IV: أَضْعَفَ (ʔaḍʕafa, “to weaken”); Active participle

تَضَعُّف

Form V: تَضَعَّفَ (taḍaʕʕafa); Verbal noun

مُتَضَعِّف

Form V: تَضَعَّفَ (taḍaʕʕafa); Active participle

اِضْطِعَاف

Form VIII: اِضْطَعَفَ (iḍṭaʕafa); Verbal noun

مُضْطَعِف

Form VIII: اِضْطَعَفَ (iḍṭaʕafa); Active participle

اِسْتِضْعَاف

Form X: اِسْتَضْعَفَ (istaḍʕafa, “to deem weak; to oppress”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَضْعِف

Form X: اِسْتَضْعَفَ (istaḍʕafa, “to deem weak; to oppress”); Active participle

تَضْعِيف

Form II: ضَعَّفَ (ḍaʕʕafa, “to double; (phonology) to geminate”); Verbal noun

مُضَعِّف

Form II: ضَعَّفَ (ḍaʕʕafa, “to double; (phonology) to geminate”); Active participle

مُضَاعَفَة

Form III: ضَاعَفَ (ḍāʕafa, “to multiply”); Verbal noun

تَضَاعُف

Form VI: تَضَاعَفَ (taḍāʕafa, “to pretend to be weak; to become double”); Verbal noun

مُتَضَاعِف

Form VI: تَضَاعَفَ (taḍāʕafa, “to pretend to be weak; to become double”); Active participle


숫

Root of 숫하다 (suthada, “to be naïve, to be pure”). Rarely used alone.


ه ر ج

هَرْج

Form I: هَرَجَ (haraja, “to be commote, to be in disorder, to be prolix, to be gassed, to run much, to be in or fall into some state of excitement or sedition; to make out with, to get busy with, to cohabit; to leave open (a door); to kill”); Verbal noun

هَارِج

Form I: هَرَجَ (haraja, “to be commote, to be in disorder, to be prolix, to be gassed, to run much, to be in or fall into some state of excitement or sedition; to make out with, to get busy with, to cohabit; to leave open (a door); to kill”); Active participle

تَهْرِيج

Form II: هَرَّجَ (harraja, “to commote, to impel so that it is in disorder, to make giddy, to make gassed; to jest, to clown, to marlock”); Verbal noun

مُهَرِّج

Form II: هَرَّجَ (harraja, “to commote, to impel so that it is in disorder, to make giddy, to make gassed; to jest, to clown, to marlock”); Active participle

إِهْرَاج

Form IV: أَهْرَجَ (ʔahraja, “to impel to go forth so that it is in disorder”); Verbal noun

مُهْرِج

Form IV: أَهْرَجَ (ʔahraja, “to impel to go forth so that it is in disorder”); Active participle

اِنْهِرَاج

Form VII: اِنْهَرَجَ (inharaja, “to be agitated or giddy, to be in some state of excitement or sedition”); Verbal noun

مُنْهَرِج

Form VII: اِنْهَرَجَ (inharaja, “to be agitated or giddy, to be in some state of excitement or sedition”); Active participle

هَرْجَلَة

Form Iq: هَرْجَلَ (harjala, “to walk with unequal strides”); Verbal noun

مُهَرْجِل

Form Iq: هَرْجَلَ (harjala, “to walk with unequal strides”); Active participle

هَرَّاجَة

a gathering of people talking together confusingly, a company of men who expatiate in discourse


*h₂ems-e-ti (thematic present)

Luwian:

desc

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: *𔓷𔗦𔑣 (/hasati/, “to beget”)

*h₂óms-e-i ~ *h₂m̥s-é-nti

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒅆 (ḫa-a-ši /ḫāši/, “to give birth, to beget”) ~ 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀭𒍣 (ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi /ḫaššanzi/)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-aš-ša-aš /ḫāššaš/, “descendant”)

Luwian:

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔐰𔕒𔓷𔒅𔓉𔗔 (^(INFANS.NEPOS)ha-ma-si-sa /hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Cuneiform script: *𒄩𒄠𒅆𒅖 (/*hamsis/, “grandchild”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒍝𒀸𒊭𒀸 (ḫa-an-za-aš-ša-aš /ḫanzāššaš/, “offspring”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásuras

Hittite: 𒈗𒍑 (ḫa-aš-šu-uš /ḫaššuš/)

Proto-Germanic: *ansuz (see there for further descendants)

Luwian:

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: *𔕒𔓷𔖢𔗔 (*^(NEPOS)ha-su-sa /*hasus/, “family”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hasuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ásuṣ

Sanskrit: असु (ásu)

Proto-Iranian: *Hahuš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎 (aŋhu)


maʔ-

Proto-Berber: *am-an (see there for further descendants)

Chadic:

Guruntum: mā̀

Cushitic:

Aasax: maʔa

Burunge: ma'ay

Dahalo: maʔa

Iraqw: ma'ay

Egyptian: mw (/maw/) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Semitic: *māy- (see there for further descendants)


ن خ ب

نَخْب

Form I: نَخَبَ (naḵaba, “to choose”); Verbal noun

نَاخِب

Form I: نَخَبَ (naḵaba, “to choose”); Active participle

اِنْتِخَاب

Form VIII: اِنْتَخَبَ (intaḵaba, “to chose, select, elect”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَخِب

Form VIII: اِنْتَخَبَ (intaḵaba, “to chose, select, elect”); Active participle


ء ي د

أَيْد

Form I: آدَ (ʔāda, “to be strong”); Verbal noun

تَأْيِيد

Form II: أَيَّدَ (ʔayyada, “to strengthen; to support”); Verbal noun

مُؤَيِّد

Form II: أَيَّدَ (ʔayyada, “to strengthen; to support”); Active participle

تَأَيُّد

Form V: تَأَيَّدَ (taʔayyada); Verbal noun

مُتَأَيِّد

Form V: تَأَيَّدَ (taʔayyada); Active participle


ه ز ز

forms words related to shake, move quickly

هَزّ

Form I: هَزَّ (hazza, “to shake”); Verbal noun

هَازّ

Form I: هَزَّ (hazza, “to shake”); Active participle

تَهْزِيز

Form II: هَزَّزَ (hazzaza, “to move violently”); Verbal noun

مُهَزِّز

Form II: هَزَّزَ (hazzaza, “to move violently”); Active participle

اِهْتِزَاز

Form VIII: اِهْتَزَّ (ihtazza, “to be moved”); Verbal noun

مُهْتَزّ

Form VIII: اِهْتَزَّ (ihtazza, “to be moved”); Active participle


ز م م

زَمّ

Form I: زَمَّ (zamma, “tie together”); Verbal noun

زَامّ

Form I: زَمَّ (zamma, “tie together”); Active participle

تَزْمِيم

Form II: زَمَّمَ (zammama, “to bridle”); Verbal noun

مُزَمِّم

Form II: زَمَّمَ (zammama, “to bridle”); Active participle

اِنْزِمَام

Form VII: اِنْزَمَّ (inzamma, “to be(come) tied”); Verbal noun

مُنْزَمّ

Form VII: اِنْزَمَّ (inzamma, “to be(come) tied”); Active participle


ن ح س

مَنْحُوس

connected to misfortune, being unprosperous or inauspicious

Form I: نَحِسَ (naḥisa, “to be unforuntate”); Active participle

مُنْحِس

Form IV: أَنْحَسَ (ʔanḥasa, “to have much smoke”); Active participle

اِنْتِحَاس

Form VIII: اِنْتَحَسَ (intaḥasa, “to be overthrown, cast-down”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَحِس

Form VIII: اِنْتَحَسَ (intaḥasa, “to be overthrown, cast-down”); Active participle

مُنْتَحَس

connected to difficulty, distress, trouble, fatigue

إِنْحَاس

Form IV: أَنْحَسَ (ʔanḥasa, “to have much smoke”); Verbal noun


जॄ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́arH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́arH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-.


s-tjaŋ

Old Chinese: 上 (OC *djaŋʔ, *djaŋs), 頂 (OC *teːŋʔ), 顛 (OC *tiːn), 巔 (OC *tiːn), 登 (OC *tɯːŋ), 等 (OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ), 承 (OC *ɡljɯŋ), 丞 (OC *ɡljɯŋ, *ɡljɯŋs), 拯 (OC *kljɯŋʔ), 烝 (OC *kljɯŋ, *kljɯŋs), 稱 (OC *tʰjɯŋ, *tʰjɯŋs)

Middle Chinese: 上 (MC dzyangX|dzyangH), 頂 (MC tengX), 顛 (MC ten), 巔 (MC ten), 登 (MC tong), 等 (MC tojX|tongX), 承 (MC dzying), 丞 (MC dzying|dzyingH), 拯 (MC tsyingX), 烝 (MC tsying|tsyingH), 稱 (MC tsyhing|tsyhingH)

Modern Mandarin

Beijing: 上 (shàng), 頂／顶 (dǐng), 顛／颠 (diān), 巔／巅 (diān), 登 (dēng), 等 (děng), 承 (chéng), 丞 (chéng), 拯 (zhěng), 烝 (zhēng), 稱／称 (chēng)

Himalayish

Tibeto-Kanauri

Bodic

Tibetan

Written Tibetan: སྟེང (steng, “upper part”)

Dzongkha: སྟེང (steng, “up; on; above; over”)

Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

Lolo-Burmese

Burmish

desctree

Burmese: တင် (tang, “to put or place above, to elevate, to raise”)
→ Mon: သ္တၚ်

Proto-Karen: *thaŋᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

Pa'o Karen: ထင်း (“to climb”)

desc

S'gaw Karen: ထီၣ် (hṭaẁ, “to ascend; to go up”)

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *stɨng (Coblin, 1986)
** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *diŋ (“top; summit”), *s-tyaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise”) (Matisoff, STEDT)
Related to *l‑t(j)ak (“top; above; climb”) (STEDT).


ع و ذ

ar-root

ع و ذ • (ʕ-w-ḏ)

عَوْذ

Form I: عَاذَ (ʕāḏa, “to seek refuge or protection”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَاذَ (ʕāḏa, “to seek refuge or protection”); Active participle

مُعَوِّذ

Form II: عَوَّذَ (ʕawwaḏa); Active participle

اِسْتِعَاذَة

Form X: اِسْتَعَاذَ (istaʕāḏa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعِيذ

Form X: اِسْتَعَاذَ (istaʕāḏa); Active participle

مُسْتَعَاذ

Form X: اِسْتَعَاذَ (istaʕāḏa)


간절

[ka̠ɲd͡ʑʌ̹ɭ]

간절하다 간절하다#Korean

Root of 간절하다 (ganjeolhada). Rarely used alone.


무탈

무탈하다 무탈하다#Korean

Root of 무탈하다 (mutalhada, “to be safe and sound”) / 무탈히 (mutalhi). Rarely used alone.


सु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *saw-, from Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁- (“to press, push forth; juice, liquid, rain”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”), Younger Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”), Lithuanian sáuja (handful), Proto-West Germanic *sauw (“juice”), Old Irish suth (“juice, milk”).

cog

to press out, extract (especially the juice from the soma plant for libations)

to distill, prepare (wines, spirits, etc.)


*séwh₁-ti ~ *sh₁w-ént (root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHti

Sanskrit: सुतम् (sutám, 2du.act.imp.), सोतन (sotána, “to press”, 2pl.act.imp.)

*sḗwh₁-s-t ~ *séwh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: soa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HásāwHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HásāwHst

Sanskrit: असाविसुर् (asāvisur)

*sh₁u-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHunáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHunáwti

Sanskrit: सुनोति (sunóti, “to press”)

Proto-Iranian: *hHunáwti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”)

*sh₁u-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋗𒌑𒄑𒍣 (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”)

*suh₁-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *suweti (“to turn, wind”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambisuweti (“to turn around”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHáti

Sanskrit: सुवति (suváti, “to impel, set in motion”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *soodak (“to wish, grant”) (see there for further descendants)

*su-né-h₁-ti ~ *su-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sunáHtu

Proto-Iranian: *hunáHti

Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunāⁱti, “to incite, drive”)

q

Proto-Tocharian: *säin- (“to be depressed, despair”) (likely influenced by form from *séwh₁-ye-ti)

Tocharian A: sin-

Tocharian B: sin-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáuˀjāˀ (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Uralic: *suxe- (“to row”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáwHmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáwHmas

Sanskrit: सोम (sóma)

Proto-Iranian: *háwHmah (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ب ت ل

بَتْل

Form I: بَتَلَ (batala, “to cut; to cut-off, to sever; to; to settle, make final and conclusive clinch; to devote one self's to God and sever relations with the mundane; to be pious, chaste, and self-denying; to live in chastity”); Verbal noun

بَاتِل

Form I: بَتَلَ (batala, “to cut; to cut-off, to sever; to; to settle, make final and conclusive clinch; to devote one self's to God and sever relations with the mundane; to be pious, chaste, and self-denying; to live in chastity”); Active participle

تَبَتُّل

Form V: تَبَتَّلَ (tabattala, “to devote one's self to God; to not marry in life”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَتِّل

Form V: تَبَتَّلَ (tabattala, “to devote one's self to God; to not marry in life”); Active participle

مُتَبَتَّل

A person who cuts himself off of people in order to worship God; a person who does not want to get married; a palm whose branches have come down

بَتُولِي

بَتُول (batūl, “chaste, virgin”); also a female given name

بَتِيل

a palm branch severed from the rest of the tree; the flow of water under a mountain

بَتِيلَة

a body part that's perfect and distinguishable from the others

مُبَتَّل

having a perfectly-created body, in which every part (cut) of the body is beautiful on its own; someone who severs himself from society to worship God

تَبْتِيل

worshiping and Devotion to God; perfection in the body in which every part is gorgeous


सम्पद्

to fall or happen well, succeed, prosper, accrue to

to become full or complete (as a number), amount to

to fall together, meet or unite with, obtain, get into, partake of

to be produced, be brought forth, be born, arise


خ ط ط

ar-root

خ ط ط • (ḵ-ṭ-ṭ)

خَاطّ

Form I: خَطَّ (ḵaṭṭa); Active participle

مُخَطِّط

Form II: خَطَّطَ (ḵaṭṭaṭa); Active participle

مُخِطّ

Form IV: أَخَطَّ (ʔaḵaṭṭa); Active participle

اِخْتِطَاط

Form VIII: اِخْتَطَّ (iḵtaṭṭa); Verbal noun

مُخْتَطّ

Form VIII: اِخْتَطَّ (iḵtaṭṭa); Active participle


𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁆

head

*𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁆 (*ummaḍḍ)

inc-ash-root

*𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁆 (*ummaḍḍ)

*𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀢𑀺 (*ummaḍḍati)

Prakrit:

Hindustani:

Hindi: उमड़ना (umaṛnā)

Nepali: उम्रनु (umranu)

desc

Gujarati: ઉમડવું (umaḍvũ, “to overflow”)

Punjabi: ਉਮਡਣਾ (umaḍṇā)

From Sanskrit *उद्मृद् (udmṛd), from उद्- (ud-, “on, above”) + मृद् (mṛd, “to press”).


𑀥𑀼𑀁𑀠𑁆

*𑀥𑀼𑀁𑀠𑀢𑀺 (*dhuṃḍhati)

desc

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀠𑀼𑀁𑀠𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀤𑀺 (ḍhuṃḍhulladi)

Gujarati: ઢૂંઢવું (ḍhū̃ḍhvũ)

Hindustani:

Hindi: ढूँढना (ḍhūṇḍhnā)

Hindi: ढूँढना (ḍhūṇḍhnā), ढूँढ़ना (ḍhū̃ṛhnā)

Urdu: ڈھونڈنا (ḍhūnḍnā)

Urdu: ڈھونڈنا (ḍhūnḍnā)

Romani: rodel (possibly)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਢੁੰਡਣਾ (ḍhuṇḍṇā)

Possibly from a substrate (compare Sanskrit ढुण्ढ् (ḍhuṇḍh, “to search”), ढुण्ढन (ḍhuṇḍhana, “the act of searching; investigation”)).


신기

신기하다 신기하다#Korean

Root of 신기하다 (sin'gihada, “to be strange and amazing”). Rarely used alone.


신기

신기하다 신기하다#Korean

Root of 신기하다 (sin'gihada, “to be novel”). Rarely used alone.


गुह्

head

गुह् • (guh)

sa-root

गुह् • (guh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰawȷ́ʰ- (“to hide, conceal”). See गूहति (gūhati) for cognates.


خ ط م

ar-root

خ ط م • (ḵ-ṭ-m)

Augmented in Proto-Semitic (also found in Aramaic, Hebrew, Akkadian) from خ ط ط (ḵ-ṭ-ṭ), compare خَشْم (ḵašm) and خُرْطُوم (ḵurṭūm) for this augment.

خ ط ط (ḵ-ṭ-ṭ)

خَاطِم

Form I: خَطَمَ (ḵaṭama, “to tie a rope to a camel's nose; to make a sign on a camel's nose, to brand on the fore part of the face; to strike the middle of the nose”); Active participle

تَخْطِيم

Form II: خَطَّمَ (ḵaṭṭama, “to put the noseband on”); Verbal noun

مُخَطِّم

Form II: خَطَّمَ (ḵaṭṭama, “to put the noseband on”); Active participle

اِخْتِطَام

Form VIII: اِخْتَطَمَ (iḵtaṭama, “to put the noseband on; to cover one’s muzzle”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَطِم

Form VIII: اِخْتَطَمَ (iḵtaṭama, “to put the noseband on; to cover one’s muzzle”); Active participle


ق ع د

قُعُود

Form I: قَعَدَ (qaʕada, “to sit”); Verbal noun

قَاعِد

Form I: قَعَدَ (qaʕada, “to sit”); Active participle

تَقَاعُد

Form VI: تَقَاعَدَ (taqāʕada, “to retire”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَاعِد

Form VI: تَقَاعَدَ (taqāʕada, “to retire”); Active participle

اِقْتِعَاد

Form VIII: اِقْتَعَدَ (iqtaʕada, “to sit on”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَعِد

Form VIII: اِقْتَعَدَ (iqtaʕada, “to sit on”); Active participle


ق ل ب

قَالِب

Form I: قَلَبَ (qalaba); Active participle

مُقَلِّب

Form II: قَلَّبَ (qallaba); Active participle

إِقْلَاب

Form IV: أَقْلَبَ (ʔaqlaba); Verbal noun

مُقْلِب

Form IV: أَقْلَبَ (ʔaqlaba); Active participle

تَقَلُّب

Form V: تَقَلَّبَ (taqallaba); Verbal noun

مُتَقَلِّب

Form V: تَقَلَّبَ (taqallaba); Active participle

اِنْقِلَاب

Form VII: اِنْقَلَبَ (inqalaba); Verbal noun

مُنْقَلِب

Form VII: اِنْقَلَبَ (inqalaba); Active participle


م س ح

Compare Aramaic משח (“to anoint”), Hebrew משח (“to anoint, smear with oil”). Meanings of erasing may be related to a derivation of the source of ن س خ (n-s-ḵ).

cog

مَسْح

Form I: مَسَحَ (masaḥa, “to stroke with the hand or similar, to wipe off, to sweep; to anoint; to smooth, to polish; to wipe off, to wipe out, to cross off, to erase, to scrub, to flush; to wear, to fatigate, to emaciate”); Verbal noun

مَاسِح

Form I: مَسَحَ (masaḥa, “to stroke with the hand or similar, to wipe off, to sweep; to anoint; to smooth, to polish; to wipe off, to wipe out, to cross off, to erase, to scrub, to flush; to wear, to fatigate, to emaciate”); Active participle

مَسْح

Form I: مَسَحَ (masaḥa, “to survey, to scan for proportion by going over, to clear through, to peragrate”); Verbal noun

مَاسِح

Form I: مَسَحَ (masaḥa, “to survey, to scan for proportion by going over, to clear through, to peragrate”); Active participle

تَمْسِيح

Form II: مَسَّحَ (massaḥa, “to wipe off, to anoint”); Verbal noun

مُمَسِّح

Form II: مَسَّحَ (massaḥa, “to wipe off, to anoint”); Active participle

مُمَاسَحَة

Form III: مَاسَحَ (māsaḥa, “to wheedle, to cajole”); Verbal noun

مُمَاسِح

Form III: مَاسَحَ (māsaḥa, “to wheedle, to cajole”); Active participle

تَمَسُّح

Form V: تَمَسَّحَ (tamassaḥa, “to wipe or anoint oneself”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَسِّح

Form V: تَمَسَّحَ (tamassaḥa, “to wipe or anoint oneself”); Active participle

اِمْتِسَاح

Form VIII: اِمْتَسَحَ (imtasaḥa, “to withdraw from the sheath”); Verbal noun

مُمْتَسِح

Form VIII: اِمْتَسَحَ (imtasaḥa, “to withdraw from the sheath”); Active participle

مَسِيح

smooth, polished; much-used piece of cloth; exerted much in coitus; roving about much; liar


ف و ض

From the فِي عِوَض (fī ʕiwaḍ, “instead of”), as putting someone else in one’s stead.

تَفْوِيض

Form II: فَوَّضَ (fawwaḍa, “to entrust, to confer, to commit to”); Verbal noun

مُفَوِّض

Form II: فَوَّضَ (fawwaḍa, “to entrust, to confer, to commit to”); Active participle

مُفَاوَضَة

Form III: فَاوَضَ (fāwaḍa, “to negotiate with, to parley with, to bargain with”); Verbal noun

مُفَاوِض

Form III: فَاوَضَ (fāwaḍa, “to negotiate with, to parley with, to bargain with”); Active participle

تَفَاوُض

Form VI: تَفَاوَضَ (tafāwaḍa, “to negotiate”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاوِض

Form VI: تَفَاوَضَ (tafāwaḍa, “to negotiate”); Active participle

فَوْضَوِيَّة

فَوْضَوِيّ (fawḍawiyy)


ع و ض

ar-root

ع و ض • (ʕ-w-ḍ)

Contracted from عَن وَضْع (ʕan waḍʕ, “in the position of”) or an extinct عَن *وَضْأ (ʕan *waḍʔ, “in ablution of”).

عَوْض

Form I: عَاضَ (ʕāḍa, “to offset, to compensate, to substitute, to replace”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَاضَ (ʕāḍa, “to offset, to compensate, to substitute, to replace”); Active participle

تَعْوِيض

Form II: عَوَّضَ (ʕawwaḍa, “to offset, to compensate, to substitute, to replace, to make up for”); Verbal noun

مُعَوِّض

Form II: عَوَّضَ (ʕawwaḍa, “to offset, to compensate, to substitute, to replace, to make up for”); Active participle

مُعَاوَضَة

Form III: عَاوَضَ (ʕāwaḍa, “to offset, to make up for, to compensate, to substitute”); Verbal noun

مُعَاوِض

Form III: عَاوَضَ (ʕāwaḍa, “to offset, to make up for, to compensate, to substitute”); Active participle

إِعَاضَة

Form IV: أَعَاضَ (ʔaʕāḍa, “to offset, to make up for, to compensate, to substitute”); Verbal noun

مُعِيض

Form IV: أَعَاضَ (ʔaʕāḍa, “to offset, to make up for, to compensate, to substitute”); Active participle

تَعَوُّض

Form V: تَعَوَّضَ (taʕawwaḍa, “to receive or take as a substitute or replacement”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَوِّض

Form V: تَعَوَّضَ (taʕawwaḍa, “to receive or take as a substitute or replacement”); Active participle

تَعَاوُض

Form VI: تَعَاوَضَ (taʕāwaḍa, “to offset one other, to compensate each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَاوِض

Form VI: تَعَاوَضَ (taʕāwaḍa, “to offset one other, to compensate each other”); Active participle

اِعْتِيَاض

Form VIII: اِعْتَاضَ (iʕtāḍa, “to receive as a substitute”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَاض

Form VIII: اِعْتَاضَ (iʕtāḍa, “to receive as a substitute”); Active participle

اِسْتِعَاضَة

Form X: اِسْتَعَاضَ (istaʕāḍa, “to place as a substitute”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعِيض

Form X: اِسْتَعَاضَ (istaʕāḍa, “to place as a substitute”); Active participle


몽롱

몽롱하다 몽롱하다#Korean

Root of 몽롱하다 (mongnonghada). Rarely used alone.


어눌

어눌하다 어눌하다#Korean

Root of 어눌하다 (eonulhada). Rarely used alone.


neyH-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*néyH-e-ti (thematic present)

Hittite: [Term?] (/nēanzi/, 3pl)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náyHati (see there for further descendants)

*niH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *niHtás

Sanskrit: नीत (nītá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *niHtáh

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: [Term?] (/n'yd/)

*niH-lós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *niHlás

Sanskrit: नील (nīla)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *něti (see there for further descendants)

Latvian: paniņas

Neo-root from a reanalysis of *(s)neh₁- (“to turn”) + *-éyti, with the root laryngeal metathesized to after the *-y- suffix.


ز ل م

زَلْم

Form I: زَلَمَ (zalama, “to cut off a bit of, to pare off, to take the edge from, to concinnate by levigating; to fill the water-vessel”); Verbal noun

زَالِم

Form I: زَلَمَ (zalama, “to cut off a bit of, to pare off, to take the edge from, to concinnate by levigating; to fill the water-vessel”); Active participle

تَزْلِيم

Form II: زَلَّمَ (zallama, “to cut off a bit of, to pare off, to take the edge from, to concinnate by levigating; to fill the water-vessel”); Verbal noun

مُزَلِّم

Form II: زَلَّمَ (zallama, “to cut off a bit of, to pare off, to take the edge from, to concinnate by levigating; to fill the water-vessel”); Active participle

اِزْدِلَام

Form VIII: اِزْدَلَمَ (izdalama, “to extirpate, to root up, to amputate”); Verbal noun

مُزْدَلِم

Form VIII: اِزْدَلَمَ (izdalama, “to extirpate, to root up, to amputate”); Active participle

اِزْلِمَام

Form IX: اِزْلَمَّ (izlamma, “to be well-shaped and agile in one’s movements”); Verbal noun

مُزْلَمّ

Form IX: اِزْلَمَّ (izlamma, “to be well-shaped and agile in one’s movements”); Active participle

اِزْلِيمَام

Form XI: اِزْلَامَّ (izlāmma, “to be well-shaped and agile in one’s movements”); Verbal noun

مُزْلَامّ

Form XI: اِزْلَامَّ (izlāmma, “to be well-shaped and agile in one’s movements”); Active participle

زَلَم

arrow without head and feathers; cloven hoof, or the projecting part behind it; hyrax; see there for further derivations


강퍅

Sino-Korean word from 剛愎 (“headstrong, opinionated”).

ko-etym-Sino

강퍅하다 강퍅하다#Korean

Root of 강퍅하다 (gangpyakhada, “to be headstrong, to be opinionated, to be stubborn”). Rarely used alone.


د م س

Compared by Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou to the root د م ث (d-m-ṯ) related to suavity, to Akkadian 𒁕𒈠𒋳 (da-ma-šum /damāšu/, “to cover, to wipe or efface”) and to Ge'ez ደመሰ (dämäsä, “to efface, to destroy”), at which are also listed ደመሰ (dämmäsä, “to bury, to cover, to hide”), ድሙስ (dəmus), ደሙስ (dämus, “dark, clouded”). Compare د م ج (d-m-j) and د ب س (d-b-s) and د ه م (d-h-m), also of darker colour meanings. There is some interference from دَيْمَاس (daymās, “dungeon; mattamore; latibulum”), compare the development of denominal verbs from مَطْمُورَة (maṭmūra, “underground grain cubbyhole”) and نَامُوس (nāmūs).

cog

دُمُوس

Form I: دَمَسَ (damasa, “to be darkish or gloomy”); Verbal noun

دَامِس

Form I: دَمَسَ (damasa, “to be darkish or gloomy”); Active participle

دَامِس

Form I: دَمَسَ (damasa, “to store away, to hide, to bury”); Active participle

تَدْمِيس

Form II: دَمَّسَ (dammasa, “to store away, to hide, to bury”); Verbal noun

مُدَمِّس

Form II: دَمَّسَ (dammasa, “to store away, to hide, to bury”); Active participle

مُدَامَسَة

Form III: دَامَسَ (dāmasa, “to hide”); Verbal noun

مُدَامِس

Form III: دَامَسَ (dāmasa, “to hide”); Active participle

تَدَمُّس

Form V: تَدَمَّسَ (tadammasa, “to besmear oneself”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَمِّس

Form V: تَدَمَّسَ (tadammasa, “to besmear oneself”); Active participle

اِنْدِمَاس

Form VII: اِنْدَمَسَ (indamasa, “to go into the dungeon; to go to the bathhouse”); Verbal noun

مُنْدَمِس

Form VII: اِنْدَمَسَ (indamasa, “to go into the dungeon; to go to the bathhouse”); Active participle

اِدْمِوَّاس

Form XIII: اِدْمَوَّسَ (idmawwasa, “to be covered by sombre clouds”); Verbal noun

مُدْمَوِّس

Form XIII: اِدْمَوَّسَ (idmawwasa, “to be covered by sombre clouds”); Active participle

دِمَاس

masking garment, synonym of حِجَاب (ḥijāb)


خ ل ط

ar-root

خ ل ط • (ḵ-l-ṭ)

Unknown, a cognate root with meanings related to admixture exists but in Aramaic.

خَلْط

Form I: خَلَطَ (ḵalaṭa, “to mix”); Verbal noun

خَالِط

Form I: خَلَطَ (ḵalaṭa, “to mix”); Active participle

تَخْلِيط

Form II: خَلَّطَ (ḵallaṭa, “to mix”); Verbal noun

مُخَلِّط

Form II: خَلَّطَ (ḵallaṭa, “to mix”); Active participle

مُخَالَطَة

Form III: خَالَطَ (ḵālaṭa, “to mix oneself into”); Verbal noun

مُخَالِط

Form III: خَالَطَ (ḵālaṭa, “to mix oneself into”); Active participle

إِخْلَاط

Form IV: أَخْلَطَ (ʔaḵlaṭa, “to immix”); Verbal noun

مُخْلِط

Form IV: أَخْلَطَ (ʔaḵlaṭa, “to immix”); Active participle

تَخَالُط

Form VI: تَخَالَطَ (taḵālaṭa, “to commingle together”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَالِط

Form VI: تَخَالَطَ (taḵālaṭa, “to commingle together”); Active participle

اِنْخِلَاط

Form VII: اِنْخَلَطَ (inḵalaṭa, “to be mixed”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَلِط

Form VII: اِنْخَلَطَ (inḵalaṭa, “to be mixed”); Active participle

اِخْتِلَاط

Form VIII: اِخْتَلَطَ (iḵtalaṭa, “to be mixed i.e. admixed or in itself mixed”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَلِط

Form VIII: اِخْتَلَطَ (iḵtalaṭa, “to be mixed i.e. admixed or in itself mixed”); Active participle


𑀘𑀸𑀳𑁆

*𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀢𑀺 (*cāhati)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: চাহ্ (cah)

Assamese: চা (sa)

Bengali: চাওয়া (caōẇa)

Chittagonian: চা (sa)

Kamta: caöa

Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠃꠀ (saua)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀇 (cāhaï)

Old Marathi: cāhaṇe

Devanagari script: चाहणे

Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘮𑘜𑘹

Sauraseni Prakrit: *𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀤𑀺 (*cāhadi)

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: ચાહવું (cāhvũ)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani:

Hindi: चाहना (cāhnā)

desc

Urdu: چَاہْنَا (cāhnā)

Urdu: چَاہْنَا (cāhnā)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚਾਹੁਣਾ (cāhuṇā), ਚਾਹਣਾ (cāhṇā)

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: چاهڻُ (cāhaṇu)

Devanagari script: चाहणु (cāhaṇu)

*𑀧𑁆𑀭-𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀢𑀺 (*pra-cāhati) (possibly)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: पाणे (pāṇe), पाहणे (pāhaṇe), पाहाणे (pāhāṇe)

Modi script: 𑘢𑘰𑘜𑘹 (pāṇe), 𑘢𑘰𑘮𑘜𑘹 (pāhaṇe), 𑘢𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘹 (pāhāṇe)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps derived from an unattested *𑀘𑀸𑀔𑁆 (*cākh), from Sanskrit चक्षते (cakṣate), from चक्ष् (cakṣ, “to see, become visible”), but this raises phonetic issues. Probably not from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); see there for more on the counter-argument.


garȷ́ʰ-

*gárȷ́ʰ-a-ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárźʰati

Sanskrit: गर्हति (gárhati) (see there for further descendants)

*gárždʰi ~ *gr̥ȷ́ʰ-ánti (athematic root present)

Proto-Iranian: *gárždi ~ *gr̥jánti

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋𐬌 (gər^əzōi, 1st person sg. present med), 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬉 (gər^əzē)

*gr̥ȷ́ʰ-á-tay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥źʰátay

Sanskrit: गृहते (gṛhate, 3rd person pl.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥játay

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈 (gər^əzaⁱte, 3rd person sg.pres. thematic med.)

*garȷ́ʰ-áya-ti

*gr̥ȷ́ʰ-yá-ti

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥jyati

Old Persian: *𐎥𐎼𐎭𐎹 (*g-r-d-y /*grad-ya-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (gldystn' /griyistan/)

Persian: گریستن (geristan)

*ǰagárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agarźʰa

Sanskrit: जगर्ह (jagarha, 3sg.perf.med.)

Unsorted formations:

Bactrian: γιρζ- (girz-, “to complain”)

Northern Kurdish: girižīn, girîn

Middle Persian: [script needed] (g(y)lk' /gilag/, “complaint”)

Persian: گلا (gelâ)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गिला (gilā)

Urdu: گلا (gilā)

→ Punjabi: ਗਿਲਾ (gilā)

Parthian: [Term?] (/grzyšn/, “complaint”)

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *galǵʰ-, cognate with Proto-West Germanic *klagu (“complaint, lament”), *klagōn (“to lament, complain”), Proto-Celtic *glagmā (whence Middle Irish glám (“shout, curse”), Scottish Gaelic glaim (“complaint, howling”)), perhaps ultimately of substrate origin.


tel-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Old Georgian: თელ- (tel-)

desc

Georgian: თელავს (telavs, “to trample; to felt”)

Zan:

Laz: ნთალუფს (ntalups, “to press, to crush”)

Mingrelian: თალუას (taluas, “to trample”)

→ Old Armenian: թաղ (tʻał)

Svan: ლი-თელ (li-tel, “touch”), ლი-თლ-ე (li-tl-e, “to tighten, trample”)


ف ق ع

Compare ف ق ء (f-q-ʔ), ف ق ح (f-q-ḥ), ف ق س (f-q-s), ف ق ص (f-q-ṣ), ف ق ش (f-q-š), ف ق ر (f-q-r).

فَاقِع

Form I: فَقَعَ (faqaʕa, “to burst, to pop; to emit sound from the anus, to pass gas, to flatulate; to steal”); Active participle

فَقَع

Form I: فَقِعَ (faqiʕa, “to become red”); Verbal noun

إِفْقَاع

Form IV: أَفْقَعَ (ʔafqaʕa, “to be poor or needy”); Verbal noun

مُنْفَقِع

Form VII: اِنْفَقَعَ (infaqaʕa, “to burst, to pop”); Active participle

فَقْع

Form I: فَقَعَ (faqaʕa, “to burst, to pop; to emit sound from the anus, to pass gas, to flatulate; to steal”); Verbal noun

تَفْقِيع

Form II: فَقَّعَ (faqqaʕa, “to burst, to pop; to emit a crack or whistling sound by striking together; to colour red”); Verbal noun

تَفَاقُع

Form VI: تَفَاقَعَ (tafāqaʕa, “to become cleft, to become fissure; to be or become white or have foul, white matter in oneself”); Verbal noun

اِنْفِقَاع

Form VII: اِنْفَقَعَ (infaqaʕa, “to burst, to pop”); Verbal noun

فُقُوع

Form I: فَقَعَ (faqaʕa, “to be intense yellow or else of lively colour; to grow up, to become active, to adolesce”); Verbal noun

فَاقِع

Form I: فَقَعَ (faqaʕa, “to be intense yellow or else of lively colour; to grow up, to become active, to adolesce”); Active participle

Form I: فَقِعَ (faqiʕa, “to become red”); Active participle

مُفَقِّع

Form II: فَقَّعَ (faqqaʕa, “to burst, to pop; to emit a crack or whistling sound by striking together; to colour red”); Active participle

مُفْقِع

Form IV: أَفْقَعَ (ʔafqaʕa, “to be poor or needy”); Active participle

مُتَفَاقِع

Form VI: تَفَاقَعَ (tafāqaʕa, “to become cleft, to become fissure; to be or become white or have foul, white matter in oneself”); Active participle


ז־ר־ח

head

ז־ר־ח • (z-r-ḥ)

Forming words pertaining to shining, citizenship.


aɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto aɨ and Nüpode Huitoto aɨ.


kʷeys-

*kʷéyst (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáyšt

Proto-Iranian: *čáyšt

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙 (cōišt, 3sg.inj)

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (cōišta, 3pl.inj)

*kʷi-né-s-ti ~ *kʷi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *činásti

Proto-Iranian: *činástī

Avestan:

Old Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯 (cinas, 3sg.inj), 𐬗𐬍𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬵𐬍 (cīšmahī, 3pl.ind)

Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (cinasti, “to decide, determine”, 3sg.ind)

*kʷís-e-ti ~ *kʷís-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷiseti

⇒ Gaulish: pissiumi (“I will see”)

⇒ Old Irish: adcí (“to see, behold”) (+ *h₂éd)

*kʷis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čištás

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćiṣṭás (“message”)

Sanskrit: *चिष्ट (ciṣṭa) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *čištáh

⇒ Middle Persian: nʾmcšt' (/nāmčišt/, “known by name”)

*kʷoys-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kayšás

Proto-Iranian: *kayšás

Avestan: 𐬝𐬐𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (t̰kaēša, “teaching”)

Middle Persian: kyš (/kēš/, “dogma, faith”)

Persian: کیش (kêš, “religion”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *kʷoizā
Latin: cura (see there for further descendants)


wers-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*wers-é-ti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *werzaną (perhaps “to thresh” > “to mix up”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-é-ti ~ *wr̥s-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrťi (“to thresh”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wors-e/o-

Latin: vorrō, verrō (“to sweep clean”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥s-tís

Proto-Germanic: *wurstiz

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wert-</i> (“to turn”)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *wursti (“sausage”) (or from *wert- (“to turn”)) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *varsa

desc

⇒ Albanian: zvarrë (“being dragged on the ground”, adverb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: vârsms (“heap of corn, grain”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: vǫrr (“stroke, pull of an oar”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρύω (erúō, “to drag, pull”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔρρω (érrhō, “to go slowly, limp”)


wers-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *warš- (see there for further descendants)

*wérs-t ~ *wr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आ वृषस्व (ā́ vr̥ṣásva, “pull yourself together!”)

*wr̥s-yé-ti ~ *wr̥s-yó-nti (thematic present with suffix -yé/ó-)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒊍𒍣 (wa-ar-ši-ya-az-zi /waršiye/azi/, “to lift oneself”)

⇒ [script needed] ([wa-a]r-ši-ya-za), 𒉿𒅈𒅆𒅀𒋻 (wa-ar-ši-ya-tar /warsiyatar/, “reconciliation”)

*wérs-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wérhmə

>? Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma, “heap of stones; reef, rock, cliff, hill; foundation”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáršma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáršma

Sanskrit: वर्ष्मन् (várṣman, “height, top”)

*wers-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *werros (“high(er)”)

Old Irish: ferr (“better”) (see there for further descendants)

*we/ors-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: verrūca (“wart; hillock”) (see there for further descendants)

*wors-ó-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *warzaz (“callus”) (see there for further descendants)

*wérs-to

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/warštta(ri)/)

*wr̥s-u-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wíršus (see there for further descendants)


oogo

Cognate with Minica Huitoto oogo and Nüpode Huitoto oogo.
Perhaps related to Tucano ojo.


ח־נ־ה

head

ח־נ־ה • (ḥ-n-h)

Forming words pertaining to declining, laying camp, parking


ש־ב־ע

Forming words pertaining to the number seven.

Forming words pertaining to promises, oaths.


ש־ב־ע

Root
 שׂ־ב־ע (s-b-ʿ)
Compare Arabic شَبِعَ (šabiʕa, “to be satisfied (full of food)”).

cog

Forming words pertaining to satisfaction.


ע־ר־ב

Compare Arabic ع ر ب (ʕ r b), Arabic غ ر ب (ḡ r b).

Forming words pertaining to pleasantness, west, meddling, guarantees.


ز ج ر

From the causative element Proto-Semitic *ša-, *š- (which is to wit found in Arabic in the elative and the verb form IV weakened to the glottal stop and zero (like the conjunction إِن (ʔin)) and as expected س (s) in the verb form X) assimilated to the root ج ر ي (j-r-y), which also happened in ز ج ل (z-j-l) and with a different root e.g. س و ي (s-w-y).

زَجْر

Form I: زَجَرَ (zajara, “to restrain, to hinder especially by speech act, to check, to snub, to chide, to cry out”); Verbal noun

زَاجِر

Form I: زَجَرَ (zajara, “to restrain, to hinder especially by speech act, to check, to snub, to chide, to cry out”); Active participle

تَزَاجُر

Form VI: تَزَاجَرَ (tazājara, “to check or forbid or restrain one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَزَاجِر

Form VI: تَزَاجَرَ (tazājara, “to check or forbid or restrain one another”); Active participle

اِنْزِجَار

Form VII: اِنْزَجَرَ (inzajara, “to be restrained, to be hindered especially by speech act”); Verbal noun

مُنْزَجِر

Form VII: اِنْزَجَرَ (inzajara, “to be restrained, to be hindered especially by speech act”); Active participle

اِزْدِجَار

Form VIII: اِزْدَجَرَ (izdajara, “to be restrained, to be hindered especially by speech act; to chide, to cry out”); Verbal noun

مُزْدَجِر

Form VIII: اِزْدَجَرَ (izdajara, “to be restrained, to be hindered especially by speech act; to chide, to cry out”); Active participle

زَجُور

a camel that does not yield her milk until chidden

مَزْجَر

a place of chiding, a distanced spot as if where is when one is about to be chidden


ע־ב־ר

head

ע־ב־ר • (ʿ-v-r)

Forming words pertaining to movement, crossing, passage.


ק־ר־א

ק־ר־א • (q-r-ʾ)

From Proto-Semitic *ḳ-r-ʔ, possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate to Arabic ق ر ء (q-r-ʔ), Classical Syriac ܩ-ܪ-ܐ (q-r-ʾ). Compare Tamahaq ăɣăr (“read, call”) and Hausa kira (“call, invite”).

Forming words relating to calling or reading.


yaw-

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to unite, bind”)

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎 (yu, “to bind, hold”)

desc

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 (niiu, “to (re)bind, hold”)

From Proto-Indo-European *yew- (“to connect”), and cognate with Lithuanian jáuti / jaũti (“to mix, mingle, blend”), Latvian jũtis (“place of joint, crossroads”). Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”) may be an extension of the root.


yaw-

*yu-yáw-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuyáwti

Sanskrit: युयोति (yuyóti)

*yusćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuśćati

Sanskrit: युच्छति (yucchati)

*yutás (“separated”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yutás

desc

Sanskrit: युतद्वेषस् (yutá-dveṣas, “separated from enemies”)

Proto-Iranian: *yutáh

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀 (yūta)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾ /ǰud/)

⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾk' /ǰudāg/)

Persian: جدا (jodâ)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíyutas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíyutas

Sanskrit: वियुत (víyuta)

Proto-Iranian: *wíyutah

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀 (viiūta)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to separate”)

Traditionally considered a secondary derivation from Etymology 1, via the latter's prefixed formations (as a "de-binding"). However, Mayrhofer is skeptical due to the strong semantic divergence from Etymology 1, and separates the two roots. Cheung critiques Mayrhofer's analysis, noting that "many of the derivative formations of yav2 (sic) seem to be (relatively) late, hapax or nonce" (suggesting a secondary derivation), as well as Mayrhofer basing his argument on the supposed existence of a separate root for Etymology 2 in Proto-Indo-European, which does not seem to exist.


س ف ن

Uncertain, potentially borrowed from Middle Persian, compare Persian اپسان (apsân) ~ افسان (afsân) ~ فسان (fasân) prefixed forms of سان (sân, “whetstone”), Arabic سُنْبَاذَج (sunbāḏaj, “whetstone”). Likewise there are native Semitic associations with Akkadian 𒊓𒉺𒉡 (sa-pa-nu /sapānu/, “to level, to even out, to flatten, to smooth out”), Akkadian 𒉌𒌓𒌑𒃻𒋤𒋤 (^(NA₄)U₂.NIG₂.SU₃.SU₃ /sapīnu/, “smoothing-stone, stone used for flattening”), and Aramaic ספנ (səpan, “to fill in empty spaces, to patch up a hold of a ship; hence to pair wood into usable planks”) connected with ship-building, Imperial Aramaic 𐡎𐡐𐡍𐡀 (sp̄enā, “plank”), and Aramaic סְפינִתָּא (sǝp̄īntā, “ship”).

cog

مِسْفَن

adze, paring-knife or other smoothing implement

سَفْن

Form I: سَفَنَ (safana, “to pare, to strip off”); Verbal noun

سَافِن

Form I: سَفَنَ (safana, “to pare, to strip off”); Active participle


(s)keng-

*(s)kéng-e-ti (thematic present)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *kengeti (“to step, tread”)
Old Irish: cingid, ·cing
Irish: cinn

Proto-Germanic: *hinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hinkan (see there for further descendants)

desc

*k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *k⁽ʰ⁾ánȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰánȷ́ati

Sanskrit: खञ्जति (kháñjati, “to limp”)

*(s)kn̥g-yé-ti (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skəďďō

Ancient Greek: σκάζω (skázō, “to limp”)

Greek: σκάζω (skázo)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σκάζων (skázōn) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)keng-et-s

Proto-Celtic: *kengets (“warrior (< one who treads)”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-s-mn̥

Proto-Celtic: *kanxsman (“step, act of stepping”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéng-ō ~ *(s)kn̥g-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *skinkô (“thigh, shank”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skinkō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skunkô

*(s)kóng-ō

Proto-Germanic: *skankô (“that which is bent; thigh, shank”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kong-os

Proto-Germanic: *skankaz (“askew, tilted”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijaną (“to skew, tilt, tip, pour”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skankijô (“pourer of drinks”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *šęgati

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: шегати (šegati, “to make fun of”), шегавъ (šegavŭ, “giddy; fickle”)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: шѧгати (“to joke”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *šęga (“silliness, joke, prank”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skankōną

→? Proto-Finnic: *kenkä (“shoe”)

→? Proto-Samic: *kieŋkē (“sole of a sledge runner or keel”)


و ج ف

وَجْف

Form I: وَجَفَ (wajafa, “to be agitated”); Verbal noun

وَاجِف

Form I: وَجَفَ (wajafa, “to be agitated”); Active participle

إِيجَاف

Form IV: أَوْجَفَ (ʔawjafa, “to cause agitation to; make a steed gallop”); Verbal noun

مُوجِف

Form IV: أَوْجَفَ (ʔawjafa, “to cause agitation to; make a steed gallop”); Active participle

اِسْتِيجَاف

Form X: اِسْتَوْجَفَ (istawjafa, “to incite, to cause come into agitation or palpitation; to delight, to steal someone's heart”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْجِف

Form X: اِسْتَوْجَفَ (istawjafa, “to incite, to cause come into agitation or palpitation; to delight, to steal someone's heart”); Active participle


و ج ع

وَجَع

Form I: وَجِعَ (wajiʕa, “to ache, to feel pain”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَجِعَ (wajiʕa, “to ache, to feel pain”); Active participle

إِيجَاع

Form IV: أَوْجَعَ (ʔawjaʕa, “to cause pain to”); Verbal noun

مُوجِع

Form IV: أَوْجَعَ (ʔawjaʕa, “to cause pain to”); Active participle

تَوَجُّع

Form V: تَوَجَّعَ (tawajjaʕa, “to express or to feel pain”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَجِّع

Form V: تَوَجَّعَ (tawajjaʕa, “to express or to feel pain”); Active participle


ك ب ب

related to going upon a mass in a heated fashion; prostration, rolling over

كَبّ

Form I: كَبَّ (kabba, “to prostrate, to cause to go lie downwards, to spill; to cover with a lid”); Verbal noun

كَابّ

Form I: كَبَّ (kabba, “to prostrate, to cause to go lie downwards, to spill; to cover with a lid”); Active participle

تَكْبِيب

Form II: كَبَّبَ (kabbaba, “to roll into a ball; to roast as in kebab”); Verbal noun

مُكَبِّب

Form II: كَبَّبَ (kabbaba, “to roll into a ball; to roast as in kebab”); Active participle

إِكْبَاب

Form IV: أَكَبَّ (ʔakabba, “to throw prostrate; to throw oneself into, to devote oneself; to cover with a lid”); Verbal noun

مُكِبّ

Form IV: أَكَبَّ (ʔakabba, “to throw prostrate; to throw oneself into, to devote oneself; to cover with a lid”); Active participle

اِنْكِبَاب

Form VII: اِنْكَبَّ (inkabba, “to get down, to fall prostrate; to throw oneself into”); Verbal noun

مُنْكَبّ

Form VII: اِنْكَبَّ (inkabba, “to get down, to fall prostrate; to throw oneself into”); Active participle

كُبَّة

a crowd of humans or horses; a compression, a crowding, a pushing forward as into battle, vehemence; a focal point – such as even of fire

مِكَبَّة

covercle, lid; a lid of plaited straw for covering food


dʰwes-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰews-óm

Proto-Germanic: *deuzą (“animal”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰews-ós

Proto-Germanic: *deuzaz (“wild, fierce, bold”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰows-o-s

>? Proto-Albanian: *dauša (otherwise from *dʰeh₁-l-)

Albanian: dash (“ram”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣas, *dáuṣāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsos f pl (“air; skies; heaven”)

Proto-Slavic: *dȗxъ, *dyxъ? (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dūxàti (or from *duti, from *dʰewh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *dъxnǫti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *dʰows-yo-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣjāˀ

Lithuanian: daũsios f pl

Proto-Slavic: *dušà (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Gaulish: dusios (“phantasm”)

*dʰwés-(e)-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwéstei

Lithuanian: dvė̃sti (“to breathe (out), exhale, blow, sigh; to breathe one's last, perish”)

Latvian: dvèst (“to breathe (heavily), cough”)

>? *dʰus- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: из-дъшє (iz-dŭše, “to breathe one's last, die”)

>? *dʰus-yé-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dust

>? Proto-Slavic: *duxati (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰus-h₁yé-ti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dusêt

Lithuanian: dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily; to gasp; to sob”); ? dusė́ti (“to cough”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *dyšàti (see there for further descendants)

>? *dʰwēs-

>? Proto-Italic: (initial *f expected)

Latin: bēstia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”)

Proto-Germanic: *duskaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fuscus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-wós (“dark, black, brown”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furvus

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-nos

Proto-Celtic: *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dusnaz (“brownish; brown; yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dustą (“dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dvoxati (analogical formation) (or from *dʰewh₂-; cf. also *dūxàti)

Russian: дво́хать (dvóxatʹ, “to breathe heavily; to gasp; to cough loudly”) (dialectal)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dùsti (“to run out of breath, pant, gasp for air; to choke, stifle”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *dʰewh₂-)

Lithuanian: dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dvẽsele (“breath, soul”)

Lithuanian: dvėselė (“soul; (dial.) strength”)

Lithuanian: dvasia (“soul”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”)

Ashokan Prakrit:

Bengali: ধসা (dhośa, “to collapse”)

Nepali: धस्नु (dhasnu, “to pierce”)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀁𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhaṃsadi), 𑀥𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhasadi)

Gujarati: ધસવું (dhasvũ, “to collapse”)

Hindi: धँसना (dhãsnā, “to be submerged, sink drown; to pierce”)

Punjabi: ਢਹਿਣਾ (ḍhahiṇā) / ڈھہنا (ḍhahiṇā, “to fall”)

Seemingly related to *dʰewh₂- (“(to emit) smoke, vapor, mist, haze”), with which there may be confusion in some descendants.


견실

Sino-Korean word from 堅實, from 堅 (“resolute”) + 實 (“honest”)

ko-etym-sino

견실하다 견실하다#Korean

Root of 견실하다 (gyeonsilhada). Rarely used alone.


급격

급격하다 급격하다#Korean

Root of 급격하다 (geupgyeokhada). Rarely used alone.


फल्

Invented as a source for फल (phala, “fruit”).

to bring to maturity, fulfil, yield, grant, bestow

be fruitful, have results or consequences, be fulfilled, result, succeed


फल्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- (“to swell”); see Etymology 1 for more.


दह्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”).

to torment, torture, pain, distress, disturb, grieve

to be consumed by internal heat or grief, suffer pain, be distressed or vexed


समि

From सम्- (sam-, “together with”) + इ (i, “to go”).

pre

to go or come together, meet at, meet with

to come together in sexual union, cohabit

to come to, arrive at, approach, visit, seek, enter upon, begin


अञ्च्

head

अञ्च् • (añc)

sa-root

अञ्च् • (añc)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-.

अन्वञ्च्

→ अनूक (anūka)


संदिह्

head

संदिह् • (saṃdih)

sa-root

संदिह् • (saṃdih)

From Proto-Indo-European *som- (“together, wholly”) + *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, shape”). Equivalent to सम्- (sam-) + दिह् (dih).

inh

to be indistinct, doubtful or uncertain (said of persons and things)

to be smeared over or covered, be confused, confounded with

to make indistinct or uncertain, confuse, perplex


후줄근

후줄근하다 후줄근하다#Korean

Root of 후줄근하다 (hujulgeunhada, “to droop shabbily”). Rarely used alone.


곰실

곰실곰실 곰실곰실#Korean

곰실대다 곰실대다#Korean

곰실거리다 곰실거리다#Korean

Root of 곰실곰실 (gomsilgomsil, “swarmingly”) / 곰실대다 (gomsildaeda, “to swarm”) / 곰실거리다 (gomsilgeorida, “to swarm”). Rarely used alone.


शं

Combining form of शम् (śám) before consonants


प्रेष्

head

प्रेष् • (préṣ)

sa-root

प्रेष् • (préṣ)

to invite, summon, call upon (another priest to commence a recitation or a ceremony)

to send word, send a message to a person


दिह्

head

दिह् • (dih)

sa-root

दिह् • (dih)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰayǰʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, shape”). Cognates include Latin fingō (“shape, fashion”) whence English figment, figure, fiction etc., Proto-Iranian *paridayjah whence (via Ancient Greek) English paradise, and dough.


शम्

śam (romanization)
शन्तुम् (infinitive)
शमित्वा (gerund)
शान्त्वा (gerund)
शामम् (gerund)
शम्य (participle)
शन्तव्य (participle)
शमनीय (participle)
शम्या (participle)
शन्तव्या (participle)
शमनीया (participle)
शमित (participle)
शान्त (participle)
शमिता (participle)
शान्ता (participle)
शमितवत् (participle)
शमितवती (participle)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to toil, to exert oneself”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to labour, to work hard”).

cog

to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (especially in performing ritual acts)

to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet, calm, satisfied or contented

to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle

to kill, slay, destroy, remove, extinguish


मुर्छ्

head

मुर्छ् • (murch)

sa-root

मुर्छ् • (murch)

मूर्छ् मूर्छ्#Sanskrit


मूर्च्छ्

head

मूर्च्छ् • (mūrcch)

sa-root

मूर्च्छ् • (mūrcch)

[muːɾt̚t͡ɕʰ]

/muːɾt̪t͡ɕʰ/

[muːɾt̪̚t͡ɕʰ]

मूर्छ् मूर्छ्#Sanskrit


केल्

head

केल् • (kel)

sa-root

केल् • (kel)


मूर्छ्

head

मूर्छ् • (mūrch)

sa-root

मूर्छ् • (mūrch)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥H-tó-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (“mortal”), and often compared to Ancient Greek βρότος (brótos, “blood from a wound”); blood (a sign of mortality) spreads out from a wound and coagulates (congeals) on the wound. Mayrhofer accepts that the laryngeal dropped under special phonetic conditions in the root's supposed descendants. According to Machek, also related to Czech smrksnouti se (“to shrink”).

cog

to become solid, thicken, congeal, assume shape or substance or consistency, expand, increase, grow, become or be vehement or intense or strong

to fill, pervade, penetrate, spread over

to have power or take effect upon (locative case)

to grow stiff or rigid, faint, swoon, become senseless or stupid or unconscious

to cause to settle into a fixed or solid form, shape

to cause to sound loudly, play (a musical instrument)


रिफ्

to be murmured or spoken in a guttural or burring manner (like the rakāra)

to have or take the pronunciation of the rakāra


व्यायम्

head

व्यायम् • (vyāyam)

sa-root

व्यायम् • (vyāyam)

to struggle or contend about (locative case)

fight together, make efforts, strive, endeavour

to cause to stretch out or struggle, make great effort or exertion, take exercise


आयम्

head

आयम् • (āyam)

sa-root

आयम् • (āyam)

to keep, stop, hold in, draw back, restrain

to stretch one's self or be stretched or strained


무쌍

무쌍하다 무쌍하다#Korean

Root of 무쌍하다 (mussanghada, “to be matchless, to be peerless”). Rarely used alone.


(s)teyg-

*(s)tig-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *stiďďō

Ancient Greek: στίζω (stízō)

*(s)téyg-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́atay

Sanskrit: तेजते (téjate)

Proto-Italic: *steigō

Latin: (īn-)stīgō

*(s)tig-e-ti

Proto-Germanic: *stikaną

*(s)téyg-os ~ *(s)téyg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́as

Sanskrit: तेजस् (téjas)

*(s)tig-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tiktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tiktás

Sanskrit: तिक्त (tiktá) (see there for further descendants)

Ossetian: цыхт (cyxt)

*(s)tig-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tigmás

Sanskrit: तिग्म (tigmá)

*(s)tig-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tigrás

Proto-Iranian: *tigráh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬀 (tiγra)

Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼 (t-i-g-r /tigra/)

*(s)téyg-yōs ~ *(s)tig-is-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táyǰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táyȷ́yas

Sanskrit: तेजीयस् (téjīyas)

Proto-Iranian: *táyǰyah

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tyc /tēz/)

Persian: تیز (tiz)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: tîj, tûj

Central Kurdish: تیژ (tîj), تێژ (têj)

(s)téyg-mn̥ ~ *(s)tig-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στῐ́γμᾰ (stígma)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *þistilaz

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tikšnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tikṣṇás

Sanskrit: तीक्ष्ण (tīkṣṇá)


𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑁆

*𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀢𑀺 (*bollati)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (bŏllaï), 𑀩𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (bullaï)
Assamese: বোল (bül)
Awadhi: बोलब (bolab)
Bengali: বলা (bola)
Bhojpuri: बोलल (bōlal)
Bilaspuri: बोलणा (bolṇā)
Old Gujarati: बोलिवउं (bolivaüṃ)
Gujarati: બોલવું (bolvũ)
Hindustani: bolnā
Hindi: बोलना
Urdu: بولنا
Kullu Pahari: बोलणा (bolṇā)
Mandeali: बोलणा (bolṇā)
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: बोलणे (bolaṇe)
Modi script: 𑘤𑘻𑘩𑘜𑘹 (bolaṇe)
Marathi: बोलणे (bolṇe)
Nepali: बोल्नु (bolnu)
Punjabi: ਬੋਲਣਾ (bolṇā)

*𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑁆-𑀅𑀓 (*boll-aka)

→ Classical Sanskrit: बोल्लक (bollaka)

Perhaps from Sanskrit *बूर्यते (būryate), a metathesised form of ब्रूयते (brūyate), from the root ब्रू (brū, “to speak, say”).


शॄ

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to break”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (asar^əta, “unbroken”), 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬌 (sari, “piece, fragment”), Ancient Greek κεραΐζω (keraḯzō, “I tear, destroy”), ακέραιος (akéraios, “whole, intact”), Old Irish do·cer (“he fell”), Tocharian B kärnau (“disabled”).

cog

to be crushed, broken, rent or shattered


k⁽ʷ⁾sewd-

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣáwdati

desc

Sanskrit: क्षोदन्ति (kṣódanti, 3rd pers. pl act.), क्षोदन्ते (kṣódante, 3rd pers. pl. med.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾su-né-d-ti ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾su-n-d-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšunátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣunátti

Sanskrit: क्षुणत्ति (kṣuṇatti)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšawdáyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kṣawdáyati

Sanskrit: अक्षोदयत् (ákṣodayat, 3rd pers. sg. imperf. act.)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sowd-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ksaudás

Proto-Slavic: *xudъ (“small, thin”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-os ~ *k⁽ʷ⁾séwd-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšáwdas (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudrás (“minute, tiny; dispersed”) (see there for further descendants)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšutˢtás

Proto-Iranian: *xšustáh

Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xšusta, “melted”)

*k⁽ʷ⁾sud-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšudnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kṣudnás

Sanskrit: क्षुण्ण (kṣuṇṇa)

Unsorted formations

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/šustan/), [script needed] (šwy /šōy/)

Persian: شستن (šostan)


पराशॄ

head

पराशॄ • (parāśṝ)

sa-root

पराशॄ • (parāśṝ)

/pɐ.ɾɑː.ɕr̩ː/

/pɐˈɾɑː.ɕr̩ː/


संयुज्

head

संयुज् • (saṃyuj)

sa-root

संयुज् • (saṃyuj)

to join or attach together, conjoin, connect, combine, unite

to endow or furnish with (instrumental case)

to place in, fix on, direct towards (locative case)

to meet or fall in with (instrumental case)

to be supplied or furnished with (instrumental case)

to cause to join together, bring together, unite

to hold together, check, control (the senses)

to furnish or endow or present with (instrumental case)


समस्

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + अस् (as, “throw”).

pre

to throw or put together, add, combine, compound, mix, mingle, connect

to be put together or combined (passive voice)

(grammar) to be compounded, form a compound


समस्

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + अस् (as, “to be”).


*h₃neh₂-t (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπόνητο (apónēto)

*h₃n̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₃n̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀνίνημι (onínēmi)

Proto-Germanic: *unnaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted:

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *anawos
Proto-Brythonic: *anaw
Middle Welsh: anaw
⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)
Middle Irish: ana
Classical Gaelic: ana
Gaulish: *Anauos
→ Latin: Anauus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HnaHtʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HnaHtʰás

desc

Sanskrit: नाथ (nātha, “refuge; protector”)


कम्

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire, wish”).


अर्ह्

head

अर्ह् • (arh)

sa-root

अर्ह् • (arh)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to be worth; value; gain”). See अर्हति (arhati) and अर्घ (argha, “price, value”) for more.

अर्ह

meriting, deserving, worthy of; obliged, allowed; proper, fit

to be obliged or required to do anything (accusative)


kwrdeml-

desc

Old Georgian: ქჳრდემლი (kwirdemli), გურდემლი (gurdemli)

Middle Georgian: გრდემლი (grdemli)

Georgian: გრდემლი (grdemli), (dialectal) ქურთემული (kurtemuli), დგვლემი (dgvlemi)

Zan:

Mingrelian: ქულამური (kulamuri), ქულამორი (kulamori)

→ Svan: ქურმილ (kurmil)

Unsorted borrowings

→? Archi: гелден (gelden, “log”)

→? Avar: герен (geren, “small log, block”)

→? Bezhta: герден (gerden, “log”)

→? Bezhta: гердена (gerdena)

→? Lezgi: гирдим (girdim, “block”), гирдили (girdili)

→? Tabasaran: гэрдэм (gerdem, “boulder”)

→? Tsakhur: гирдым

→? Udi: гуьрдуьм (gürdüm, “block”)


उद्गॄ

head

उद्गॄ • (udgṝ)

sa-root

उद्गॄ • (udgṝ)

[ˈud̪̚.ɡr̩ː]


šew-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

Old Georgian: შვა (šva), შობა (šoba, “birth”)

Georgian: შვა (šva), შობა (šoba, “birth”), ნაშობი (našobi)

Zan:

ო-სკ-უ, დო-სქ-უ, ო-სქ-უ, ო-მსქ-უ

Laz: ო-სკ-უ, დო-სქ-უ, ო-სქ-უ, ო-მსქ-უ (o-sǩ-u, do-sk-u, o-sk-u, o-msk-u, “to lay egg”)

Mingrelian: სქუალა (skuala, “to lay eggs”)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *šw-il- (“born, child”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Kartvelian: *m-šw-e- (“child”) (see there for further descendants)


उपार्ज्

head

उपार्ज् • (upārj)

sa-root

उपार्ज् • (upārj)

/ˈu.pɑːɾd͡ʑ/

to convey near, acquire, gain, procure firm


अर्ज्

head

अर्ज् • (arj)

sa-root

अर्ज् • (arj)

Unknown. Original meaning elusive, something like “to allow, carry” and therefore hard to etymologize. Also prone to confusion with Sanskrit ऋज् (ṛj, “to stretch, attain”).


शप्

Likely cognate with Hittite [Term?] (/kappilalli-/, “to curse; hated, loathed”).


अलंकृ

head

अलंकृ • (alaṃkṛ)

sa-root

अलंकृ • (alaṃkṛ)

/ɐˈl̪ɐŋ.kr̩/

to impede, check, violate (genitive case)


यम्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yam-, from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to hold”).

to stretch out, expand, spread, display, show

to hold or keep in, hold back, restrain, check, curb, govern, subdue, control

to give anything in exchange for anything

to give up one’s self to, be faithful to, obey


황당무계

hwangdangmugye (romanization)
荒唐無稽 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 荒唐無稽, from 荒唐 (“preposterous”) + 無稽 (“groundless”)

ko-etym-sino

황당무계하다 황당무계하다#Korean

Root of 황당무계하다 (hwangdangmugyehada). Rarely used alone.


खिद्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“to cut, hew”), whence also Latin caedō (“to cut, strike”).


ster-

*stér-ō ~ *str̥-nés

Proto-Germanic: *sterǭ (see there for further descendants)

*stér-wont-s ~ *str-unt-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárwans

Proto-Iranian: *stárwans

Middle Persian: (“barren, childless”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (stlwn' /starwan/)

desctree

Old Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ, “sterile, barren”), ստերդ (sterd), ըստերջ (əsterǰ)
Armenian: ստերջ (sterǰ)

desc

Ancient Greek: στεῖρα (steîra, “infertile”)


ك ل ف

Univerbation of ك ل ل (k l l) + فِي (fī).

univerbation

كَلَف

Form I: كَلِفَ (kalifa, “to spend zeal, pains and costs, to be eager; to fall in love; to get melasmata”); Verbal noun

Form I: كَلِفَ (kalifa, “to spend zeal, pains and costs, to be eager; to fall in love; to get melasmata”); Active participle

تَكْلِيف

Form II: كَلَّفَ (kallafa, “to trouble with”); Verbal noun

مُكَلِّف

Form II: كَلَّفَ (kallafa, “to trouble with”); Active participle

إِكْلَاف

Form IV: أَكْلَفَ (ʔaklafa, “inspire eagerness or zeal in”); Verbal noun

مُكْلِف

Form IV: أَكْلَفَ (ʔaklafa, “inspire eagerness or zeal in”); Active participle

تَكَلُّف

Form V: تَكَلَّفَ (takallafa, “to charge oneself with the task of”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَلِّف

Form V: تَكَلَّفَ (takallafa, “to charge oneself with the task of”); Active participle

كُلْفَة

trouble, cost; a costly spot on something


भर्त्स्

head

भर्त्स् • (bharts)

sa-root

भर्त्स् • (bharts)

to menace, threaten, abuse, revile, deride


खेल्

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀔𑁂𑀮𑁆- (khĕl-), of substrate origin. See there for more. Related to क्ष्वेल् (kṣvel, “to leap, jump, play”), क्रीड् (krīḍ, “to play; to jest”), and केल् (kel, “to sport”).

to shake, move to and fro, swing, tremble


खिट्

head

खिट् • (khiṭ)

sa-root

खिट् • (khiṭ)

to terrify, alarm, frighten, surprise, scare away


आञ्छ्

head

आञ्छ् • (āñch)

sa-root

आञ्छ् • (āñch)

Uncertain. Artificial coinage, maybe abstracted from a *-sḱéti present of the root अम् (am, “to seize”).

to stretch, draw into the right position, set (a bone or leg)


लाञ्छ्

head

लाञ्छ् • (lāñch)

sa-root

लाञ्छ् • (lāñch)


प्याय्

head

प्याय् • (pyāy)

sa-root

प्याय् • (pyāy)


प्यै

to increase, enlarge, make fat or comfortable


पी

to swell, overflow, be exuberant, abound, increase, grow

to fatten, cause to swell or be exuberant, surfeit


अवरिफ्

/ˈɐ.ʋɐ.ɾipʰ/


आरिफ्

head

आरिफ् • (āriph)

sa-root

आरिफ् • (āriph)


श्वस्

head

श्वस् • (śvas)

sa-root

श्वस् • (śvas)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwes- (“to pant, puff, sigh”). Cognate with Old Norse hvæsa (“to hiss”), English wheeze, and Latin queror (“to complain”), whence English quarrel.


द्युत्

head

द्युत् • (dyut)

sa-root

द्युत् • (dyut)

Sanskrit: ज्युत् (jyut) (via Prakrit)

An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *dyew- (“to be bright, shine”).

to shine, glitter, be bright or brilliant

to cause to appear, make clear or manifest, express, mean


ज्युत्

head

ज्युत् • (jyut)

sa-root

ज्युत् • (jyut)


हिक्क्

head

हिक्क् • (hikk)

sa-root

हिक्क् • (hikk)


सञ्ज्

head

सञ्ज् • (sañj)

sa-root

सञ्ज् • (sañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *seg-, *seng- (“to fasten, attach, touch”). Cognate with Lithuanian sègti (“to fasten, to pin”), Latvian segt (“to cover”), Proto-Slavic *sę̄gnǫ̀ti (“to reach”).

to cling or stick or adhere to, be attached to or engaged in or occupied with

to be attached or fastened, adhere, cling, stick

to be devoted to, intent on or occupied with

to cause to stick or cling to, unite or connect with


तड्

(astronomy) to obscure or eclipse partially


किट्

head

किट् • (kiṭ)

sa-root

किट् • (kiṭ)


प्रतिमन्

to render back in return or in reply, contrast with

to honour, esteem, approve, consider, regard


자잘

[t͡ɕa̠d͡ʑa̠ɭ]

Perhaps reduplication of 잘— (jal-, “to be finely cut, to be small”).

ko-l

자잘하다 자잘하다#Korean

Root of 자잘하다 (jajalhada, “(of multiple objects) to be tiny”). Rarely used alone.


यत्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yat- (“to reach, take position”), from Proto-Indo-European *yet- (“to bring, conform, support”); cognate with Persian فریاد (faryâd, “cry, shout”), Latin nītor (“support oneself, brace oneself”), Tocharian A yät- (“to adorn”), Ancient Greek ὅσιος (hósios, “just, fair”).

cog

to place in order, marshal, join, connect

to keep pace, be in line, rival or vie with

to join, associate with, march or fly together or in line

to seek to join one's self with, make for, tend towards

to endeavour to reach, strive after, be eager or anxious for

to exert one's self, take pains, endeavour, make effort, persevere, be cautious or watchful

to requite, return, reward or punish, reprove


तल्

Probably invented as a source for तल (tála), which is from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“bottom, ground”).


तल्

From earlier Vedic Sanskrit तॄ (tṝ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-.


कठ्

head

कठ् • (kaṭh)

sa-root

कठ् • (kaṭh)

Has been compared to Ancient Greek κρατερός (kraterós, “strong”) and Old Irish calath (“firm”), but the phonetic variation of the words grouped under this root is difficult to reconcile. In light of this, perhaps borrowed from Dravidian; compare Tamil கட்டு (kaṭṭu, “to build, harden”). Note also Nepali करा (karā, “hard, rough”).


चम्

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷem- (“to swallow”).


ش ر س

An extension of ش ر ر (š-r-r), as also ش ر ش ر (š-r-š-r).

related to being harsh towards something, malignancy

شَرْس

Form I: شَرَسَ (šarasa, “to pull at the rein; to macerate; to utter harsh words against someone; to devour with vehemence”); Verbal noun

شَارِس

Form I: شَرَسَ (šarasa, “to pull at the rein; to macerate; to utter harsh words against someone; to devour with vehemence”); Active participle

شَرَس

Form I: شَرِسَ (šarisa, “to be fierce, to be rabid; to be assiduous or continuous in depasturing”); Verbal noun

Form I: شَرِسَ (šarisa, “to be fierce, to be rabid; to be assiduous or continuous in depasturing”); Active participle

مُشَارَسَة

Form III: شَارَسَ (šārasa, “to treat harshly”); Verbal noun

مُشَارِس

Form III: شَارَسَ (šārasa, “to treat harshly”); Active participle

تَشَارُس

Form VI: تَشَارَسَ (tašārasa, “to treat each other with enmity”); Verbal noun

مُتَشَارِس

Form VI: تَشَارَسَ (tašārasa, “to treat each other with enmity”); Active participle


ن ف ي

مُنَافٍ

Form III: نَافَى (nāfā); Active participle

مُتَنَافٍ

Form VI: تَنَافَى (tanāfā); Active participle

اِنْتِفَاء

Form VIII: اِنْتَفَى (intafā); Verbal noun

مُنْتَفٍ

Form VIII: اِنْتَفَى (intafā); Active participle

اِسْتِنْفَاء

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَى (istanfā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْفٍ

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَى (istanfā); Active participle


Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

*dwéh₂-s-ti ~ *duh₂-s-énti (desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuχːuszi/, “to separate”)

*dwéh₂-m (adverb)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *dwān (< *dwām < (Stang's law) acc.sg. *dwéh₂-m̥)

desc

Ancient Greek: δήν (dḗn, “for a long time”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷom-dām (“some long time ago”)

Latin: quondam (“at one time, formerly”)

⇒ Latin: quīdam (“someone”) (with -dam abstracted to mean "some")

*duh₂-m (adverb)

Proto-Italic: *dūm

q

> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">dum</i> (“when”, conjunction)

Latin: dum (“for a while, still”, adverb) (> dum (“when”, conjunction))

⇒? Proto-Italic: *dū-dūm

Latin: dūdum (“some time ago”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀwē (< *deh₂wéh₁ < (laryngeal metathesis) instr.sg. *dewh₂-éh₁)

Proto-Slavic: *davě (“ago, recently”)

Russian: даве (dave) (dialectal)

Old Church Slavonic: давѣ (davě)

desc

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *davьnъ (“ancient, past”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկայն (erkayn, “long, extended”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dwaHištʰám (“most distant”, adverb)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawHiṣṭʰám (with apparent metathesis)

Sanskrit: दविष्ठम् (daviṣṭhám)

Proto-Iranian: *dwaHištám

Avestan: 𐬛𐬠𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨 (dbōištəm)

Old Persian: 𐎯𐎢𐎺𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎶 (du-u-v-i-š-t-m /duvaištam/)

*dweh₂-ró-s, *duh₂-ró-s (“far, long”) (see there for further descendants)

*dwéh₂-s ~ *duh₂-és

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwa/, “far”) (< loc.sg. *dwéh₂)

⇒ Hittite: [Term?] (/tuwala/, “far from”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duHtás (“messenger, conveyor”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtás

Sanskrit: दूत (dūtá)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duHtáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬏𐬙𐬀 (dūta)

*déwh₂-yo-s (yo-stem adjective)

Proto-Celtic: *dowyos

>? Old Irish: doe (“slow, sluggish”)

*dwéh₂-yōs ~ *duh₂-is-és (yōs-stem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáwHyās (“more distant”) (with apparent metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwHyās

Sanskrit: दवीयस् (dávīyas-)


공번

North Korea standard form of 공변 (gongbyeon, root).


공변

A nativised Sino-Korean word, perhaps from 공반 (公反, gongban). First attested in the Myobeomnyeonhwagyeong eonhae (妙法蓮華經諺解 / 묘법연화경언해), 1463, as Middle Korean 고ᇰ번 (Yale: kwongpen).
In the nineteenth century, the original 공번 (gongbeon) was sometimes misinterpreted as coming from 공변 (公辨, gongbyeon) and hypercorrected accordingly, producing what is now the standard South Korean form. The North Korean standard language continues to use the traditional form.

ko-etym-native

공변되다 공변되다#Korean

Root of 공변되다 (gongbyeondoeda, “to be fair, to be equitable (dated or archaic)”). Rarely used alone.


정교

정교하다 정교하다#Korean

Root of 정교하다 (jeonggyohada, “exquisite; elaborate; delicate”). Rarely used alone.


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwárṣati

Sanskrit: वर्षति (várṣati)

Proto-Hellenic: *eworhéyō

Ancient Greek: οὐρέω (ouréō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: οὖρον (oûron)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣáyati

Sanskrit: वर्षयति (varṣáyati)

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsiyezzi/)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewérsā

Ancient Greek: ἕρση (hérsē, “dew”)

Proto-Celtic: *wrastos

Old Irish: fros (“rain-shower”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: वृष्ट (vṛṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hwr̥štáh

desc

𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌-𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌-𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aⁱβi-var^əšta, “rained upon”)

*h₁wérs-ti-s ~ *h₁wr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwŕ̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: वृष्टि (vṛṣṭi)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*pro-</i> (“forth”)

*pro-h₁wérs ~ *pro-h₁wr̥s-és (with *pro- (“forth”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHwŕ̥š (“rain”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHwŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: प्रावृष् (prāvṛ́ṣ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣám

Sanskrit: वर्ष n or m (varṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: [Term?] (/warsa/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Gurani: [script needed] (wišani), [script needed] (wašt)


ش ر ب

forms words relating to drinking, sipping

Form I: شَرِبَ (šariba); Active participle

مُشَرِّب

Form II: شَرَّبَ (šarraba); Active participle

تَشَرُّب

Form V: تَشَرَّبَ (tašarraba); Verbal noun

مُتَشَرِّب

Form V: تَشَرَّبَ (tašarraba); Active participle


م ز ح

Form I: مَزِحَ (maziḥa); Active participle

مُمَزِّح

Form II: مَزَّحَ (mazzaḥa); Active participle

مُمَازِح

Form III: مَازَحَ (māzaḥa); Active participle

إِمْزَاح

Form IV: أَمْزَحَ (ʔamzaḥa); Verbal noun

مُمْزِح

Form IV: أَمْزَحَ (ʔamzaḥa); Active participle

تَمَازُح

Form VI: تَمَازَحَ (tamāzaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَمَازِح

Form VI: تَمَازَحَ (tamāzaḥa); Active participle


ء ب د

forms words relating to eternity, lasting, staying, permanence

آبِد

Form I: أَبَدَ (ʔabada); Active participle

مُؤَبِّد

Form II: أَبَّدَ (ʔabbada); Active participle

تَأَبُّد

Form V: تَأَبَّدَ (taʔabbada); Verbal noun

مُتَأَبِّد

Form V: تَأَبَّدَ (taʔabbada); Active participle


g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ-

*ge-g⁽ʷ⁾óldʰ-e ~ *ge-g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáldʰa ~ *ǰagr̥dʰā́r

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáldʰa ~ *ȷ́agr̥dʰā́r

desc

Sanskrit: जागृधुर् (jāgṛdhúr, “are greedy”, 3pl.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gil̃dḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьlděti (“to desire”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ét (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágr̥dʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hágr̥dʰat

Sanskrit: अगृधत् (ágṛdhat, “has become greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰyati

Sanskrit: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati, “to be greedy”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾oldʰ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galdás

Proto-Slavic: *gȏldъ (“hunger”) (see there for further descendants)

*g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ró-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥dʰrás (“greedy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥dʰrás

Sanskrit: गृध्र (gṛ́dhra)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥dráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gər^əδa) (< *gərᵊδra)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Iranian: *gard-

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wigard-

Pashto: غوښتل (ǧoẍtël) (غواړي (ǧwâṛí, 3sg.pres.act.)) (from earlier wǧâṛ-)

David Neil MacKenzie
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Nicholas Sims-Williams
Rick Derksen


م ر ق

See what is on مَرَخَ (maraḵa), and م ر ن (m-r-n).

مَرْق

Form I: مَرَقَ (maraqa, “to fill with rich gravy; to pluck or scrape off the macerate wool from (the hide); to pierce fast”); Verbal noun

مَارِق

Form I: مَرَقَ (maraqa, “to fill with rich gravy; to pluck or scrape off the macerate wool from (the hide); to pierce fast”); Active participle

مُرُوق

Form I: مَرَقَ (maraqa, “to pierce, to transfix; to pass by, to stray off”); Verbal noun

مَارِق

Form I: مَرَقَ (maraqa, “to pierce, to transfix; to pass by, to stray off”); Active participle

مَرَق

Form I: مَرِقَ (mariqa, “to lose one’s fruits on one side by reason of disbalanced weight (of a date palm); to go bad, to rot (as of an egg)”); Verbal noun

Form I: مَرِقَ (mariqa, “to lose one’s fruits on one side by reason of disbalanced weight (of a date palm); to go bad, to rot (as of an egg)”); Active participle

تَمْرِيق

Form II: مَرَّقَ (marraqa, “to fill with rich gravy; to bawl, to sing badly; to allow to pierce”); Verbal noun

مُمَرِّق

Form II: مَرَّقَ (marraqa, “to fill with rich gravy; to bawl, to sing badly; to allow to pierce”); Active participle

إِمْرَاق

Form IV: أَمْرَقَ (ʔamraqa, “to fill with rich gravy; to denudate; the time came to pluck off the wool from the macerated hides”); Verbal noun

مُمْرِق

Form IV: أَمْرَقَ (ʔamraqa, “to fill with rich gravy; to denudate; the time came to pluck off the wool from the macerated hides”); Active participle

تَمَرُّق

Form V: تَمَرَّقَ (tamarraqa, “to be pierced; to eat gravy or broth”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَرِّق

Form V: تَمَرَّقَ (tamarraqa, “to be pierced; to eat gravy or broth”); Active participle

اِنْمِرَاق

Form VII: اِنْمَرَقَ (inmaraqa, “to overshoot, to leave by”); Verbal noun

مُنْمَرِق

Form VII: اِنْمَرَقَ (inmaraqa, “to overshoot, to leave by”); Active participle

اِمْتِرَاق

Form VIII: اِمْتَرَقَ (imtaraqa, “to step out fast”); Verbal noun

مُمْتَرِق

Form VIII: اِمْتَرَقَ (imtaraqa, “to step out fast”); Active participle

مَرْق

vulgar song; a kind of disease of a cereal plant where the grain fall off prematurely


치기만만

Sino-Korean word from 稚氣 (“childishness”) + 滿滿 (“full of, brimming with”).

ko-etym-sino

치기만만하다 치기만만하다#Korean

Root of 치기만만하다 (chigimanmanhada, “to be full of childishness”). Rarely used alone.


ungsi

From Javanese ungsi, from Old Javanese ungsī.


خ ث ث

ar-root

خ ث ث • (ḵ-ṯ-ṯ)

Compare Ge'ez ኀሠሠ (ḫäśäśä, “to search, to perscrutate”) and Arabic عَشَّ (ʕašša, “to seek, to collect, to gather”)

m+

تَخْثِيث

Form II: خَثَّثَ (ḵaṯṯaṯa, “to amass”); Verbal noun

مُخَثِّث

Form II: خَثَّثَ (ḵaṯṯaṯa, “to amass”); Active participle

اِخْتِثَاث

Form VIII: اِخْتَثَّ (iḵtaṯṯa, “to be amassed”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَثّ

Form VIII: اِخْتَثَّ (iḵtaṯṯa, “to be amassed”); Active participle

خُثَّة

fresh dung, piece of wood to ignite a fire


*déyh₁-ti ~ *dih₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deiˀti

Latvian: diêt (“to hop, dance”)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: δίω (díō, “to put to flight”)

Ancient Greek: δίεμαι (díemai, “to hunt, pursue; to run”)

*dih₁-néw-ti ~ *dih₁-nw-énti (“new-present”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῑνέω (dīnéō), δῑνεύω (dīneúō, “to whirl around, spin (oneself)”)

*dih₁-sḱé-ti (“sḱe-present”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *en-diska, *en-deiska

Albanian: ndih, ndif (“to help”) (or < *(s)teygʰ-)

*dih₁-yé-ti (“ye-present”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diHyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diHyáti

Sanskrit: दीयन्ति (dīyanti, 3pl.act.), दीयते (dīyate, “to fly away”, 3sg.med.)

Proto-Celtic: *dēnos

Old Irish: dían

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dainā

Latvian: daina

Lithuanian: daina

Sudovian: daina

>? Dacian: *daina

>? Romanian: doină

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


सज्ज्

head

सज्ज् • (sajj)

sa-root

सज्ज् • (sajj)

to cling, adhere, fasten or fix or attach to


कम्प्

head

कम्प् • (kamp)

sa-root

कम्प् • (kamp)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em-p- (“to bend”) from *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”).


भञ्ज्

head

भञ्ज् • (bhañj)

sa-root

भञ्ज् • (bhañj)

→ Punjabi: ਭਾਂਜ (bhāñj)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeng-, nasal-infixed form of *bʰeg- (“to break”).

to break into, make a breach in (a fortress, with accusative)

to rout, put to flight, defeat (an army)

to check, arrest, suspend, frustrate, disappoint


ط ر ق

Related to stamping, knocking, or pounding


פ־ו־ץ

Forming words relating to spread, dissemination.


उच्छ्वस्

head

उच्छ्वस् • (ucchvas)

sa-root

उच्छ्वस् • (ucchvas)

/ˈut̪.t͡ɕʰʋɐs̪/

[ˈut̪̚.t͡ɕʰʋɐs̪]

Derived from उद्- (ud-, “upwards”) + श्वस् (śvas, “to breathe”).

pre

to breathe again, get breath, recover, rest


उन्नम्

head

उन्नम् • (unnam)

sa-root

उन्नम् • (unnam)

to bend upwards, raise one's self, rise, ascend


संलक्ष्

head

संलक्ष् • (saṃlakṣ)

sa-root

संलक्ष् • (saṃlakṣ)

/ˈs̪ɐ̃.l̪ɐkʂ/

to distinguish by a mark, characterise, mark distinctly

to observe, see, perceive, feel, hear, learn

to be marked or observed or perceived, appear


ܒ-ܪ-ܟ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ب ر ك (b r k), Hebrew ב־ר־ך (b-r-k).


ل ه ب

لَهَب

Form I: لَهِبَ (lahiba, “to burn”); Verbal noun

Form I: لَهِبَ (lahiba, “to burn”); Active participle

تَلْهِيب

Form II: لَهَّبَ (lahhaba, “to ignite”); Verbal noun

مُلَهِّب

Form II: لَهَّبَ (lahhaba, “to ignite”); Active participle

إِلْهَاب

Form IV: أَلْهَبَ (ʔalhaba, “to ignite”); Verbal noun

مُلْهِب

Form IV: أَلْهَبَ (ʔalhaba, “to ignite”); Active participle

تَلَهُّب

Form V: تَلَهَّبَ (talahhaba, “to flare up”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَهِّب

Form V: تَلَهَّبَ (talahhaba, “to flare up”); Active participle

اِلْتِهَاب

Form VIII: اِلْتَهَبَ (iltahaba, “to flare up”); Verbal noun

مُلْتَهِب

Form VIII: اِلْتَهَبَ (iltahaba, “to flare up”); Active participle


و ب ل

From Proto-Semitic *wabal- (“to carry, to bear”).

der

related to vehemence exerted in the mode of a pressurizing force

وَبْل

Form I: وَبَلَ (wabala, “to carry much rain, to rain violently, heavily; to run passionately; to throw, to beat with the batlet”); Verbal noun

وَابِل

Form I: وَبَلَ (wabala, “to carry much rain, to rain violently, heavily; to run passionately; to throw, to beat with the batlet”); Active participle

وَبَالَة

Form I: وَبُلَ (wabula, “to be heavy, oppressive, insalubrious”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَبُلَ (wabula, “to be heavy, oppressive, insalubrious”); Active participle

مُوَابَلَة

Form III: وَابَلَ (wābala, “to be assiduous, to perseverate”); Verbal noun

مُوَابِل

Form III: وَابَلَ (wābala, “to be assiduous, to perseverate”); Active participle

اِسْتِيبَال

Form X: اِسْتَوْبَلَ (istawbala, “to deem vehement or insalubrious”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْبِل

Form X: اِسْتَوْبَلَ (istawbala, “to deem vehement or insalubrious”); Active participle

وَبْلَى

(being a female) copiously emitting milk

وَبَلَة

vehemence, gravity; sexual appetite of a sheep

مَيْبَل

a kind of strap plaited from straps and attached to a piece of wood to beat camels

مِيبَلَة

a thing to beat such as the nerve of an ox


적나라

[t͡ɕʌ̹ŋna̠ɾa̠]

적나라하다 적나라하다#Korean

Root of 적나라하다 (jeongnarahada). Rarely used alone.


س ي س

Derived from سِيَاسَة (siyāsa, “politics”), from the root س و س (s-w-s).

تَسْيِيس

Form II: سَيَّسَ (sayyasa, “to make political, to politicize”); Verbal noun

مُسَيِّس

Form II: سَيَّسَ (sayyasa, “to make political, to politicize”); Active participle

تَسَيُّس

Form V: تَسَيَّسَ (tasayyasa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَيِّس

Form V: تَسَيَّسَ (tasayyasa); Active participle


𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁆

*𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢𑀺 (*thukkati, “spits”, present form)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (thukkaï)
Gujarati: થૂંકવું (thū̃kvũ)
Hindustani:
Hindi: थूकना (thūknā)
Urdu: تُھوکْنَا (thūknā)
Old Marathi: thuṃkaṇe
Devanagari script: थुंकणे
Modi script: 𑘞𑘳𑘽𑘎𑘜𑘹
Marathi: थुंकणे (thuṅkṇe)
Nepali: थुक्नु (thuknu)
Odia: ଥୁକିବା (thukibā)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਥੁੱਕਣਾ (thukkaṇā)
Shahmukhi script: تُھکّݨا (thukkṇā)
Sindhi: thukaṇu
Arabic script: ٿُڪَڻُ
Devanagari script: थुकणु

*𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*thukka, “spit; saliva”, noun)

Prakrit: 𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (thukka)

Assamese: থু (thu)

Gujarati: થૂંક (thū̃k)

Hindustani: thūk

Hindi: थूक

Urdu: تُھوک (thūk)

Marathi: थूक (thūk)

Nepali: थुक् (thuk)

Odia: ଥୁକ (thuka)

Punjabi: thukk

Gurmukhi script: ਥੁੱਕ

Shahmukhi script: تُھکّ

Sindhi: thuka

Arabic script: ٿُڪَ

Devanagari script: थुक

Onomatopoeic. Compare Sanskrit थूथू (thūthū), ष्ठ्यूत (ṣṭhyūta, “spit out, ejected; the act of spitting”, past participle; noun).


पत्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peth₂-
Sanskrit पत् (pat)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *patH-, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out, fly”).


पठ्

head

पठ् • (paṭh)

sa-root

पठ् • (paṭh)

Likely a "school-speak" derivative of प्रथ् (prath, “to spread”), perhaps as a "spreading out" of rehearsed text during an oral recitation, and/or because books and scrolls are spread out when they are read.

to read or repeat aloud, recite, rehearse

to repeat or pronounce the name of a god, to invoke

to read or repeat or recite to one's self, to peruse, study

to teach, cite, quote, mention, express, declare


gem-

*gém-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémō

Ancient Greek: γέμω (gémō)

>? Proto-Italic: *gemō

Latin: gemō

*gém-t ~ *gm-ént (root thematic aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gémtei (present stem: *gim-)

Proto-Slavic: *žęti (“to press”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gémto

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: γέντο (génto, “grasped”)

*ge-góm-e ~ *ge-gm-ḗr (reduplicated root stative)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: kāmat

Tocharian B: kamāte

*góm-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gómos

Ancient Greek: γόμος (gómos, “cargo”)


क्षुभ्

head

क्षुभ् • (kṣubh)

sa-root

क्षुभ् • (kṣubh)

From Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sewbʰ- (“shake”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *xybàti (“to sway, perturb”).

cog

to shake, tremble, be agitated or disturbed, be unsteady, waver, stumble

चुक्षोभयिषु

*चुक्षोभयिषति (cukṣobhayiṣati, “to wish/intend to disturb/shake/waver”, desiderative)


आयत्

head

आयत् • (āyat)

sa-root

आयत् • (āyat)


संलग्

head

संलग् • (saṃlag)

sa-root

संलग् • (saṃlag)

/ˈs̪ɐ̃.l̪ɐɡ/


संस्कृ

head

संस्कृ • (saṃskṛ)

sa-root

संस्कृ • (saṃskṛ)

संस्कार

putting together, forming well, making perfect

संस्कृत

put together, well constructed; Sanskrit

to put together, form well, join together, compose

to prepare, make ready, dress, cook (food)

to form or arrange according to sacred precept, consecrate, hallow

to adorn, embellish, refine, elaborate, make perfect


वीड्

head

वीड् • (vīḍ)

sa-root

वीड् • (vīḍ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weys-d- (“to raise”) and related to विष् (viṣ).

der

to make strong or firm, strengthen, fasten


m-w-t

Cognate with Arabic م و ت (m-w-t) and Biblical Hebrew מ־ו־ת (m-w-t).


ع ب ب

The meaning of gulping or chugging may be just onomatopoeic, as an alternative form غَبَّ (ḡabba) suggests, however the root is aptly described as the Aramaic reflex of the Arabic root ض ب ب (ḍ-b-b) related to sticking, density, tumorosity, see Classical Syriac ܥܒܐ (ʾāḇā, “thicket; spiny-tailed lizard”).

cog

related to having it abundant and pouring forth

عَبّ

Form I: عَبَّ (ʕabba, “to gulp down, to chug”); Verbal noun

عَابّ

Form I: عَبَّ (ʕabba, “to gulp down, to chug”); Active participle

تَعَبُّب

Form V: تَعَبَّبَ (taʕabbaba, “to drink عَبِيبَة (ʕabība)”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَبِّب

Form V: تَعَبَّبَ (taʕabbaba, “to drink عَبِيبَة (ʕabība)”); Active participle


𑀳𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁆

*𑀳𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀢𑀺 (*hiccati)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi:

Marathi: हिसकणे (hisakṇe)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: હીંચકવું (hī̃cakvũ), હીંચકો (hī̃cko)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani:

Hindi: हिचकना (hicaknā)

Urdu: ہِچَکْنَا (hicaknā)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਹਿਚਕਣਾ (hickaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: ہِچکݨا (hickṇā)

*𑀳𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘-𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*hicca-kka)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Old Bengali: *হিঁচক (hĩcaka)

Bengali: হেঁচকা (hẽcka), হেঁচকি (hẽcki)

Possibly onomatopoeic (compare Sanskrit हिक्क् (hikk)).


बुक्क्

head

बुक्क् • (bukk)

sa-root

बुक्क् • (bukk)


유치

유치하다 유치하다#Korean

Root of 유치하다 (yuchihada, “to be childish”). Rarely used alone.


खणखणाय

/kʰɐ.ɳɐ.kʰɐ.ɳɑː.jɐ/

/kʰɐ.ɳɐ.kʰɐˈɳɑː.jɐ/

to utter or give out any peculiar sound, tick, tinkle, crack


Proto-Celtic: *garyeti

Ancient Greek: γῆρυς (gêrus)

Proto-Germanic: *karō

Proto-Celtic: *garsman

Old Irish: gairm

Irish: gairm

Scottish Gaelic: gairm

desc

Proto-Germanic: *karmaz, *karmiz (< *karzmaz)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: garrio

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *gerh₂- ~ *ǵerh₂-, with which there is some confusion.


सन्धा

head

सन्धा • (sandhā)

sa-root

सन्धा • (sandhā)


संधा

head

संधा • (saṃdhā)

sa-root

संधा • (saṃdhā)

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + धा (dhā, “to put, place”, root). Related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *sámdas, whence Proto-Slavic *sǫdъ (court of law).

pre

to join, bring together, unite, combine, put together, compound, mix

to treat with, form friendship or alliance with, make peace with

to unite in friendship, reconcile, make a friend of

to fit to or place upon the bow (as a missile, arrow)


आशी

From आ- (ā-) + शी (śī, “to sleep”, root).


ض و ي

related to retreating to something small

ضَيّ

Form I: ضَوَى (ḍawā, “to have recourse, to retreat, to seek refuge; to inform oneself of a fuss”); Verbal noun

ضَاوٍ

Form I: ضَوَى (ḍawā, “to have recourse, to retreat, to seek refuge; to inform oneself of a fuss”); Active participle

ضَوًى

Form I: ضَوِيَ (ḍawiya, “to be or become macilent”); Verbal noun

Form I: ضَوِيَ (ḍawiya, “to be or become macilent”); Active participle

إِضْوَاء

Form IV: أَضْوَى (ʔaḍwā, “to be scrawny; to give forth or give birth to in a macilent form; to render scrawny, to debilitate”); Verbal noun

مُضْوٍ

Form IV: أَضْوَى (ʔaḍwā, “to be scrawny; to give forth or give birth to in a macilent form; to render scrawny, to debilitate”); Active participle

اِنْضِوَاء

Form VII: اِنْضَوَى (inḍawā, “to retreat”); Verbal noun

مُنْضَوٍ

Form VII: اِنْضَوَى (inḍawā, “to retreat”); Active participle


छृद्

head

छृद् • (chṛd)

sa-root

छृद् • (chṛd)


विशिष्

head

विशिष् • (viśiṣ)

sa-root

विशिष् • (viśiṣ)

to distinguish, make distinct or different, particularise, specify, define

to be pre-eminent, excel, be better than or best among


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)

No certain cognates outside of Indo-Iranian. Compare Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “should move away”). Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeys- (“to leave behind”).


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ح ق ب

إِحْقَاب

Form IV: أَحْقَبَ (ʔaḥqaba, “gird a camel with a حَقَب”); Verbal noun

مُحْقَب

حَقَب

Form I: حَقَبَ (ḥaqaba, “to be suppressed, delayed, withheld”); Verbal noun

حَاقِب

Form I: حَقَبَ (ḥaqaba, “to be suppressed, delayed, withheld”); Active participle

مُحْقِب

Form IV: أَحْقَبَ (ʔaḥqaba, “gird a camel with a حَقَب”); Active participle

اِحْتِقَاب

Form VIII: اِحْتَقَبَ (iḥtaqaba, “bind a bag (حَقِيبَة) behind a camel or horse; carry something behind oneself; bear or carry something”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَقِب

Form VIII: اِحْتَقَبَ (iḥtaqaba, “bind a bag (حَقِيبَة) behind a camel or horse; carry something behind oneself; bear or carry something”); Active participle


ض ح و

ar-root

ض ح و • (ḍ-ḥ-w)

ضُحُوّ

Form I: ضَحَا (ḍaḥā, “to become visible, appear”); Verbal noun

ضَاحٍ

Form I: ضَحَا (ḍaḥā, “to become visible, appear”); Active participle

ضَحْو

Form I: ضَحَا (ḍaḥā, “to be struck by the sun's rays”); Verbal noun

ضَاحٍ

Form I: ضَحَا (ḍaḥā, “to be struck by the sun's rays”); Active participle

تَضْحِيَة

Form II: ضَحَّى (ḍaḥḥā, “to sacrifice, offer up, immolate”); Verbal noun

مُضَحٍّ

Form II: ضَحَّى (ḍaḥḥā, “to sacrifice, offer up, immolate”); Active participle

إِضْحَاء

Form IV: أَضْحَى (ʔaḍḥā, “to be, become; (with following imperfect: begin, start commence)”); Verbal noun

مُضْحٍ

Form IV: أَضْحَى (ʔaḍḥā, “to be, become; (with following imperfect: begin, start commence)”); Active participle

اضحى

slaughter animals, blood sacrifices, immolations

اُضْحية

slaughter animal, blood sacrifice, immolation

ضاحية

surroundings, vicinity, outskirts, suburb


ri'ba'

precategorial root expressing flying movement