*mi-méh₁-ti ~ *mi-mh₁-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mimáHti ~ *mimHati

Sanskrit: मिमाति (mímāti)

Sanskrit: मिमीते (mímīte)

Proto-Iranian: *mimáHtī

desc

⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬍𐬨𐬀𐬚𐬁 (framīmaθā, 2pl. ind./subj.)

*meh₁-lo- (“measurement, time”)

Proto-Germanic: *mēlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (se)mel

*mḗh₁-n̥-s (perhaps)

*meh₁-on- ~ *meh₁-en-

Proto-Anatolian: *mǣ́(y)an-

Hittite: [script needed] (mē(i̯)an-, “‘range (of a year), extent”)

*méh₁-ōs (s-stem noun) or *móh₁-s (root noun)

>? Proto-Italic: *mōs

Latin: mōs (“manner, quality, custom, usage”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mḗˀrāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *měra (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mētā

Latin: mēta (see there for further descendants)

*méh₁-ti-s (“measurement”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tiṣ

Sanskrit: माति (māti)

Proto-Albanian: *māti

Albanian: mot

Proto-Germanic: *mēþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗtis

Ancient Greek: μῆτις (mêtis) (Aeolic, possibly Doric)

Proto-Italic: *mētis

⇒ Latin: mētior (denominative) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́tram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́tram

desctree

Sanskrit: मात्र (mātra, from the collective)
→ Bengali: মাত্র (matro)
→ Hindi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Kannada: ಮಾತ್ರ (mātra)
→ Malayalam: മാത്രം (mātraṁ)
→ Marathi: मात्र (mātra)
→ Tamil: மாத்திரம் (māttiram)
→ Telugu: మాత్రం (mātraṁ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μέτρον (métron) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *mantī

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Breton: ment

Cornish: myns

Welsh: maint

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud
Manx: mooad

Gaulish: *mantī

→ Old French: maint
Middle French: maint
French: maint (archaic)

Proto-Albanian: *matja

Albanian: mat (Gheg)

Albanian: mas (Tosk)

Proto-Celtic: *māros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *mōrós

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मेय (méya)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑁂𑀅 (mea), 𑀫𑁂𑀚𑁆𑀚 (mejja)
Marathi: मेज (mej)
⇒ Marathi: मेजणे (mejṇe)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

>? Hittite: 𒍖𒈨𒄯 (meḫur, “time”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Old Lithuanian: mestas (“measure, limit”)

Lithuanian: mãtas (“measure, index; size, quantity”), mẽtas (“time, period; measure, size, quantity”)

Latvian: mȩts (“time, period”)

Old Prussian: mattei (“measure”), mettan (“year”), metthe, mette

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: असमाति (asamāti)


غ ب ر

related to being dusty, lagging; tarried; left behind; recrudescent

غُبُور

Form I: غَبَرَ (ḡabara, “to tarry; to pass, to go away; to be or become dusty”); Verbal noun

غَابِر

Form I: غَبَرَ (ḡabara, “to tarry; to pass, to go away; to be or become dusty”); Active participle

تَغْبِير

Form II: غَبَّرَ (ḡabbara, “to cover with dust”); Verbal noun

مُغَبِّر

Form II: غَبَّرَ (ḡabbara, “to cover with dust”); Active participle

إِغْبَار

Form IV: أَغْبَرَ (ʔaḡbara, “to cover with dust; to be of dust colour”); Verbal noun

مُغْبِر

Form IV: أَغْبَرَ (ʔaḡbara, “to cover with dust; to be of dust colour”); Active participle

تَغَبُّر

Form V: تَغَبَّرَ (taḡabbara, “to be covered with dust”); Verbal noun

مُتَغَبِّر

Form V: تَغَبَّرَ (taḡabbara, “to be covered with dust”); Active participle

اِغْبِرَار

Form IX: اِغْبَرَّ (iḡbarra, “to be dust-coloured”); Verbal noun

مُغْبَرّ

Form IX: اِغْبَرَّ (iḡbarra, “to be dust-coloured”); Active participle


ش ت و

مَشْتَاة

noun of place of شَتَا (šatā); noun of time of شَتَا (šatā)

مُشَتٍّ

Form II: شَتَّى (šattā); Active participle

مُشَاتٍ

Form III: شَاتَى (šātā); Active participle

مُشْتٍ

Form IV: أَشْتَى (ʔaštā); Active participle

مُتَشَتٍّ

Form V: تَشَتَّى (tašattā); Active participle


bard-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Georgian: ბარდი (bardi)
→ Mingrelian: ბარდი (bardi)
→ Abkhaz: а-бард (a-bard)

Zan:

Mingrelian: ბურდი (burdi)

desc

Svan: ბა̈რდ (bärd, “stem, stalk of climbing plants; ivy (Hedera spp.); undergrowth, brush”)


م ح ن

related to experience, to try, to put to the test, to afflict

مَحْن

Form I: مَحَنَ (maḥana, “to hit so as to try, to cure or to make supple”); Verbal noun

مَاحِن

Form I: مَحَنَ (maḥana, “to hit so as to try, to cure or to make supple”); Active participle

تَمْحِين

Form II: مَحَّنَ (maḥḥana, “to hit supple”); Verbal noun

مُمَحِّن

Form II: مَحَّنَ (maḥḥana, “to hit supple”); Active participle

اِمْتِحَان

Form VIII: اِمْتَحَنَ (imtaḥana, “to afflict, to try”); Verbal noun

مُمْتَحِن

Form VIII: اِمْتَحَنَ (imtaḥana, “to afflict, to try”); Active participle


ء ت ي

مَأْتًى

place where something comes from, place where one arrives

إِتْيان

Form I: أَتَى (ʔatā, “to come, to bring, to carry out, to complete”); Verbal noun

آتٍ

Form I: أَتَى (ʔatā, “to come, to bring, to carry out, to complete”); Active participle

مُؤَاتَاة

Form III: آتَى (ʔātā, “to offer, to supply, to suit”); Verbal noun

مُؤَاتٍ

Form III: آتَى (ʔātā, “to offer, to supply, to suit”); Active participle

إِيتَاء

Form IV: آتَى (ʔātā, “to bring, to give”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتٍ

Form IV: آتَى (ʔātā, “to bring, to give”); Active participle

تَأَتٍّ

Form V: تَأَتَّى (taʔattā, “to originate, to result”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَتٍّ

Form V: تَأَتَّى (taʔattā, “to originate, to result”); Active participle

اِسْتِئْتَاء

Form X: اِسْتَأْتَى (istaʔtā, “to ask to come”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْتٍ

Form X: اِسْتَأْتَى (istaʔtā, “to ask to come”); Active participle


Proto-Italic: *paukos

Latin: paucus (see there for further descendants)

Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros

Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)

Greek: φαύλος (fávlos)

Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos

Latin: parvus (see there for further descendants), paullus/paulus

Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits

Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)

Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)

Greek: παιδί (paidí), -παις (-pais)

*peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)

Proto-Italic: *pawoparos

Latin: pauper (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros

Proto-Brythonic: *uwer

Middle Welsh: wyr

Welsh: ŵyr

Proto-Italic: *puweros

Latin: puer (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: palo

Armenian:

Old Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr) (probably an expressive formation)

Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas, *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)

⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)

⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)

Sudovian: paud (“bird”)

Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtica (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”) (see there for further descendants)


*gʷelh₂-gʷl̥h₂ (reduplication)

Proto-Albanian: *gāgul

Albanian: gogël

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gelandis

Proto-Slavic: *želǫdь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glānts < *gʷlānds

Latin: glāns (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīlˀē

Latvian: zīle

Lithuanian: gìlė̃, gỹlė̃

Old Prussian: gile

*gʷĺ̥h₂-nos or *gʷl̥h₂-enos

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կաղին (kałin)
Armenian: կաղին (kałin)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́lanos

Ancient Greek: βᾰ́λᾰνος (bálanos)

*dyew-gʷl̥h₂-eno- (“divine acorn”)

Proto-Armenian: *tukułin ← *tukałin

Old Armenian:

Armenian: տկողին (tkoġin, “hazelnut”)

Hellenic:

desc

Διὸς βάλᾰνος

Ancient Greek: Διὸς βάλᾰνος (Diòs bálanos), διοσβάλᾰνος (diosbálanos, “sweet chestnut”)

Proto-Italic: *djouglānts

Latin: iūglāns (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: गुल (gula, “glans penis, clitoris”) (see there for further descendants)


taw-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: თავი (tavi), თავთავი (tavtavi), თავადი (tavadi), მთავარი (mtavari)
Georgian: თავი (tavi)

Zan:

Laz: თი (ti)

Mingrelian: თი (ti)

Svan: შდა (šda), შტა (šṭa)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *taw-da-

desc

თავდაპირველი

⇒ Georgian: თავდაპირველი (tavdaṗirveli, “first”), თავდაყირა (tavdaq̇ira, “upside down”)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: თუდელე (tudele, “underneath”)

⇒ Mingrelian: თუდოლე (tudole, “underneath”)


berq-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: ფერჴი (perqi), ფეჴი (peqi)
Georgian: ფეხი (pexi)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Mingrelian: ობახე (obaxe, “passage in wattle-fence”), ლაბახუ (labaxu, “id.”), ლაბახა (labaxa, “ancient door or gate made from logs”)

Svan: ბა̈ჴ (bäq, “step”), ბა̄ჴ (bāq), ბა̈̄რჴ (bǟrq), ბრა̈ჴ (bräq)


कीर्त्

head

कीर्त् • (√kīrt)

to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call,

to commemorate, celebrate, praise, glorify


वीर्

वीर् • (√vīr)

sa-root

वीर् • (√vīr)

to be powerful or valiant, display heroism.


मन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *man-, from Proto-Indo-European *men-.

मिमामिषते

mimāmiṣate, Desiderative of Desiderative

मिमानयिषु

mimānayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

मनीषा́

thought, intelligence, concept, prayer, wish

मनन

thoughtful, careful; thinking, reflection, reverence

मति

thought, idea, belief, mind, worship, memory

मन्तु

advisor, arbiter; counsel; understanding

मन्मन्

understanding, intellect, thought, prayer

मन्य

thinking oneself to be, passing for, appearing as

सुम्न

benevolence, grace; devotion, prayer; peace

to remember (especially of forms with mnā-)


हृ

Of uncertain origin.
The traditional derivation by Pokorny from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to want, yearn”) (whence हर्य् (hary, “to like, delight in”)), is not mentioned at all by Mayrhofer, who suggests a partial relation to भृ (bhṛ, “to bear, carry”), as well as contamination by both भृ (bhṛ) and घृ (ghṛ, “to besprinkle, moisten”). He mentions that ascertaining the ultimate origins of हृ (hṛ) is difficult due to the semantic overlap described above.
An alternative theory by de Vaan derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), comparing to Latin cohors (“farmyard, cohort”). It is possible that the potential relations discussed above have all influenced the formation of the Sanskrit root.


हृ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárH- (“vex; to be upset”), and cognate with Persian آزردن (âzordan, “to annoy, torment”).


ر ء س

Compare the Hebrew word רֹאשׁ (rōš), written with an א indicating the former presence of a glottal stop, as in Arabic.

رَئِيس

head, leader, boss, manager, president, etc.

رِئَاسَة

Form I: رَأَسَ (raʔasa, “to be in charge of, to preside over”); Verbal noun

leadership, management, presidency, supervision

رَائِس

Form I: رَأَسَ (raʔasa, “to be in charge of, to preside over”); Active participle

تَرْئِيس

Form II: رَأَّسَ (raʔʔasa, “to appoint as chief”); Verbal noun

مُرَئِّس

Form II: رَأَّسَ (raʔʔasa, “to appoint as chief”); Active participle

تَرَؤُّس

Form V: تَرَأَّسَ (taraʔʔasa, “to be in charge of, to preside over”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَئِّس

Form V: تَرَأَّسَ (taraʔʔasa, “to be in charge of, to preside over”); Active participle

اِرْتِئَاس

Form VIII: اِرْتَأَسَ (irtaʔasa, “to be or become the chief”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَئِس

Form VIII: اِرْتَأَسَ (irtaʔasa, “to be or become the chief”); Active participle


did-

desctree

Old Georgian: დიდი (didi)
Georgian: დიდი (didi)

Zan:

Laz: დიდი (didi), დიდო (dido)

Mingrelian: დიდი (didi), დიდო (dido)

Klimov points out the possible reduplicated structure and considers this root to be of sound-symbolic origin.


अञ्ज्

head

अञ्ज् • (añj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”). Cognates include Latin ung(u)ō (“I anoint”), Old Armenian օծ (ōc, “chrism”) and Old High German ancho (“butter”).

ब॒भ्रुरेको॒ विषु॑णः सू॒नरो॒ युवा॒ञ्ज्य॑ङ्क्ते हिर॒ण्यय॑म्॥

babhrúréko víṣuṇaḥ sūnáro yúvāñjyàṅkte hiraṇyáyam.

आज्य

butter or an oil and milk mixture used at a sacrifice


इध्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, kindle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō, “I kindle, burn”), Latin aestus (“heat, fire”), Old Irish áed (“fire”), Old English ād (“pyre”), āl (“fire”).


अन्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Latin animus (“life force”), Old Armenian հողմ (hołm, “wind”), Tocharian B āñme, Old English anda (“zeal, anger”), English anime, Old Irish anál (“breath”).


नश्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hnaś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnać-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”). Cognate with Latin nanciscor (“I encounter”), Old Irish (do·)icc (“comes”), Old English ġenōg (whence English enough).


नश्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *naś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nać-, from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”). Cognate with Latin noceō (“to harm, hurt”), Ancient Greek νεκρός (nekrós), Old Irish éc.


अज्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”), Latin agō (“to do”), whence English agent, act and many more.


अद्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Had-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Had-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬛 (ad), Hittite 𒂊𒀉𒈪 (e-id-mi, “I eat”), Ancient Greek ἔδω (édō), Latin edō, Old Armenian ուտեմ (utem, “to eat”), Gothic 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan), Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), Old Irish estir (“he may eat”), English eat.


रुद्

head

रुद् • (√rud)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HrawdH-, from Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH- (“to weep”).


अर्च्

head

अर्च् • (arc)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erkʷ- (“to praise”). See ऋच् (ṛc) for more.


ז־ע־ז־ע

head

ז־ע־ז־ע • (z-ʿ-z-ʿ)

Forming words relating to shock and disruption.


रक्ष्

रक्ष् • (rakṣ)

sa-root

रक्ष् • (rakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrakṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrakš-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to defend”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀλέξω (aléxō, “I defend”), Old Armenian երաշխիք (erašxikʻ) (an Iranian loanword), Old English ealgian (“to protect, defend”).

cog

to protect, guard, watch, take care of, save, preserve

to spare, have regard to (another's feelings)

to guard against, ward off, keep away, prevent, frustrate, injure


zisxl-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: სისხლი (sisxli)
Georgian: სისხლი (sisxli)

Zan:

Laz: დინცხირი (dinʒxiri)

Mingrelian: ზისხირი (zisxiri)

Svan: ზისხ (zisx)


रण्

or रन् (cf. √ रम्) cl.1.4. P. रणति, रण्यति (2. du. रण्यथः RV. i, 112, 18 ; pf. रारण RV. ; aor. अराणिषुः, रणिष्टन ib.), to rejoice, be pleased, take pleasure in (loc., rarely acc.) RV.

to gladden, delight, gratify ib. : Caus. रण्ड्यति, °ते, to cheer, gladden, exhilarate with (instr. or loc.) RV.

to be at ease, be pleased or satisfied with, delight in (loc.) ib. TS. AV. : Intens. (Subj. रारणत्, रारन् ; Impv. रारन्धि, रारन्तु) = Caus. (as well in the trans. as in the intrans. meanings) RV.


राज्

head

राज् • (rāj)

sa-root

राज् • (rāj)


रच्

A late-attested root, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rak- (“to prepare”), and related to Persian رخت (raxt, “tapestry, rugs, goods”), Khotanese [script needed] (raha-, “dress”). The Indo-Iranian root is traditionally derived further from Proto-Indo-European *rek- (“to prepare”), and connected to Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to reckon, count”), Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”), and Lithuanian rė̃kti (“to cry out”). However, some of these potential cognates (particularly 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽) are formally and semantically doubtful.

cog

cl.10 P. (Dhātup. xxxv, 12) रचयति (pf. रचयाम्-आस Kathās. ; irr. fut. रचिष्यति Hariv. [with v.l. करिष्यति] ; and ind.p. रचयित्वा Vet.), to produce, fashion, form, make, construct, complete, cause, effect R. Var. &c. (with चिङ्ताम्, or चिन्ताः, to be anxious Prab.)

to compose, write (a book or any literary work) Ṡak. Var. Pañcat.

to cause to make or do (with double acc.) Uttarar.

to cause to move, put in motion (a horse) MBh.


प्री

head

प्री • (prī)

sa-root

प्री • (prī)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-.

inh+

to please, gladden, delight, gratify, cheer, comfort


नन्द्

head

नन्द् • (nand)

Of uncertain origin. Leumann derives the root from a phonetic dissimilation of मन्द् (mand, “to rejoice, gladden”) after a labial prefix, for example, अभिमन्द् (abhimand, “to gladden”) > अभिनन्द् (abhinand, “to please, rejoice at”).

to be pleased or satisfied with, be glad of


रस्

(cf. √1. रास्) cl.1 P. (Dhātup. xvii, 63) रसति (rarely Ā. °ते ; pf. ररास रेसुः MBh. &c. ; aor. अरासीत् Gr. ; fut. रसिता, रसिष्यति ib. ; inf. रसितुम् ib.), to roar, yell, cry, sound, reverberate ṠBr. &c.

to praise Naigh. iii, 14 : Caus. रासयति (aor. अरीरसत्), Gr.: Desid. रिरसिषति ib. : Intens. रारस्यते (or रारस्ति, Gr.), to cry out loudly, scream aloud Bhaṭṭ.


रस्

(rather Nom. fr. रस below) cl.10 P. (Dhātup. xxxv. 77) rasa4yati (rarely Ā. °ते ep. also रसति and रस्यति), to taste, relish ṠBr. Up. MBh. &c.

to love Dhātup. : Desid. रिरसयिषति, to desire to taste Ṡiṡ.


भृ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-.


temH-

*témH-os ~ témH-es-os

*temH-seh₂ (or < *temH-s-eh₂ from *témHos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temsā́ˀ

Lithuanian: tamsa (“darkness”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *timāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *temtei

Lithuanian: témti (“to grow dark”) (present temstu)

Proto-Slavic: *tomiti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Middle Irish: teim (“dark, grey”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: temen (“dark”)


क्री

क्री • (krī)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-. Cognate with Welsh prynu, Old Irish crenaid, Ancient Greek ἐπριάμην (epriámēn), Proto-Slavic *krьnǫti, Tocharian B käry- (“to buy”), karyor (“buying”).


*h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és

*h₂entí-o-s (“front, forehead”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ā́ntë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hantás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hantás

Sanskrit: अन्त (antá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *antā

Albanian: ândë, ânë (Gheg)

Albanian: anë

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫantezzi, “first”)

Proto-Celtic: *antonos

desctree

Old Irish: étan
Irish: éadan
Manx: eddin
Scottish Gaelic: aodann

Perhaps extended from *h₂en- (“on, onto”).


*préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey

Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai

Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)

Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pərai

Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hay

Sanskrit: पुरे (pure)

*pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́

Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)

Proto-Albanian: *par-

Albanian: parë

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: pris

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás

Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարաւ (haraw) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀rvъ

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀmas

Lithuanian: pirmas

Proto-Germanic: *furwōstaz, *furwistaz

Old English: forwost, forwest

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hwás

Proto-Tocharian: *pä́rwë

Tocharian A: pärwat

Tocharian B: pärweṣṣe

*pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)

Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)


मह्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s.

inh+

to elate; gladden; exalt; arouse; excite

to magnify; esteem highly; honour; revere

to rejoice; delight in (with instrumental or accusative cases)


ग्रह्

head

ग्रह् • (grah)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebh₂-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), English grab (a borrowing from another Germanic language), and Proto-Slavic *gràbiti (“to grab, seize”).

cog

ग्रहणीय

to be accepted as a rule or law, to be taken to heart


ग्रभ्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), English grab (a borrowing from another Germanic language), and Proto-Slavic *gràbiti (“to grab, seize”).


रूप्

head

रूप् • (rūp)

sa-root

रूप् • (rūp)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: رٟپ (rụ̄p), روٗپ (rūp)

Abstracted from Sanskrit रूप n (rūpá-, “form”).


denḱ-

*denḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tinhaną (“to press upon”), *tinganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dáćati (< *dánćati, *danć- (root))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáśati (*danś- (root))

Sanskrit: दशति (dáśati) (दंश् (daṃś, root)) (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-né-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάκνω (dáknō, “to bite”)

Ancient Greek: δαγκάνω (dankánō)

*donḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tangijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśáyati

Sanskrit: दंशयति (daṃśayati, “to make bite”)

*dénḱ-s (root noun)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δήξ (dḗx, “wood worm”)

Proto-Germanic: *tangō (“tongs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *daknā

Albanian: darë (“tongs”), dang (“bite”)

*dń̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάκος (dákos, “bite, sting, biting animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśas

Sanskrit: दश (daśa, “horsefly”)

*donḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *danćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *danśas

Sanskrit: दंश (daṃśa, literally “stinging insect”)

*dn̥ḱ-tó-s (verbal adjective)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -δηκτός (-dēktós, “bitten”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *daćtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *daśtás

Sanskrit: दष्ट (daṣṭa, “bitten”)

*dénḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆγμα (dêgma, “bite, sting”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśma

Sanskrit: दंश्मन् (daṃśman, “bite”)

*dénḱ-ti-s ~ *dn̥ḱ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῆξις (dêxis, “bite, sting”)

*dénḱ-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dánćtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dánśtram

Sanskrit: दंष्ट्र (daṃṣṭra, “fang”)

Proto-Iranian: *dánctram

⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬲𐬌𐬛𐬄𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (tiži-dąstra-, “with a sharp set of teeth”)

*dónḱ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *tanhuz (“tough”) (see there for further descendants)

*dn̥ḱ-mós

Ancient Greek: δαγμός (dagmós, “bite, sting”)

*dn̥ḱ-e-tóm

Ancient Greek: δακετόν (daketón, “bite, biting animal”)


रुच्

head

रुच् • (ruc)

to shine, be bright or radiant or resplendent


रिच्

रिच् • (ric)

sa-root

रिच् • (ric)

From zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ-.


चर्

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”). Cognates include Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō), Latin colō and Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬍 (carānī, “I move, approach”).

चराचर

movable and immovable, locomotive and stationary

चरित्र

acting, behaving, behaviour, habit, practice, acts

चर्या

going about, wandering, walking or roaming about

चार

movement, motion; one who moves about, spy

चारिन्

moving, walking or wandering about, living, being

चीर्ण

practised, observed (as a vow, austerity)


ɣam-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: ღამე (ɣame), ღამჱ (ɣamē)
Georgian: ღამე (ɣame)

desc

⇒ Georgian: მოღამება (moɣameba, “twilight; living life; growing old”) — Chveneburi

Zan: *ɣoma-

Laz: ღომა (ğoma, “yesterday”)

Mingrelian: ღუმა (ɣuma, “last night”)

⇒ Svan: ლიღამნე (liɣamne, “to wait, waiting”)


מ־ל־א

head

מ־ל־א • (m-l-ʾ)

Forming words relating to fullness or completeness.


*h₃élh₁-ti ~ *h₃l̥h₁-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Italic: *olō

Umbrian: holtu

*h₃élh₁-né-h₃-ti ~ *h₃élh₁-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ólnūmi

desc

Ancient Greek: ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi, “to destroy, lose, ruin”)

*h₃olh₁-eie- ~ *h₃olh₁-eio- (“to bring down”, causative, intensive or iterative formation)

Proto-Italic: *oleō (“to wipe out”)

q

as with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">ab-</i>, see below

⇒ Latin: aboleō (as with prefix ab-, see below)

with prefix <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">de-</i>

⇒ Latin: dēleō (with prefix de-)

Proto-Hellenic: *óletʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄλεθρος (ólethros)

lb

⇒ *h₂po-h₃lh₁- (compound with *h₂pó, or originally with *po-?; sometimes with n-infix)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pult

Lithuanian: pulti (“to fall”)

Old Prussian: aupallai

q

with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*peh₃l-n-é-</i>

Proto-Germanic: *fallaną (with n-infix, via Pre-Germanic *peh₃l-n-é-) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi) (with n-infix, as if ἀπό- (apó-) + ὄλλῡμι (óllūmi))

Italic:

⇒? Latin: aboleō (causative formation, see above) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (hu-ul-la-a-i, “he defeated, destroyed”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: աղէտ (ałēt, “pity, grief, disaster”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: աղունք (ałunkʻ, “bitterness, grief, trouble”)

Old Armenian: եղեռն (ełeṙn, “calamity, disaster”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Old Armenian: եղծ (ełc, “spoilt, fake; refutation”) (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Breton: el-boet (“hunger”)

⇒ Breton: ol-buid (“food shortage”)

⇒ Old Irish: el-tes (“tepidity”) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀλέκω (olékō, “to ruin, destroy, kill”)

q

< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός

(< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)

Ancient Greek: ὀλοός (oloós, “destructive, deadly”) (< *ὀλοϜός < *ὀλεϜός)


भ्रम्

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”). Compare Ancient Greek βρέμω (brémō), Latin fremere, English brim.

inh

cl.1 P. (Dhātup. xx, 20) भ्रमति (ep. also °ते) and cl.4 P. (xxvi, 96), भ्राम्यति (Pot. भ्रम्यात् PārGṛ. ; pf. बभ्राम, 3. pl. बभ्रमुः or भ्रेमुः MBh. Kāv. &c. ; fut. भ्रमिता Gr. ; भ्रमिष्यति MBh. ; aor. अभ्रमीत् ib. ; inf. भ्रमितुम् or भ्रान्तुम् MBh. Kāv. &c. ; ind.p. भ्रमित्वा, भ्रान्त्वा, -भ्राम्य ib.), to wander or roam about, rove, ramble (with देशम्, to wander through or over a country ; with भिक्षाम्, go about begging) MBh. Kāv. &c.

to quiver (as the fetus in the womb) BhP.

to move to and fro or unsteadily, flicker, flutter, reel, totter ṠBr. Kālid. Pur.

to move round, circulate, revolve (as stars) MBh. Hariv. Sūryas.

to waver, be perplexed, doubt, err Bhag. Pur. Siddh. : Pass. aor. अभ्रामि (impers., with ते, ‘you have wandered or roamed about’) R. : Caus. भ्रामयति (mc. also °ते ; aor. अबिभ्रमत्: Pass. भ्राम्यते), to cause to wander or roam, drive or move about, agitate MBh. Kāv. &c.

(with पटहम् or °ह-घोषणाम्), to move a drum about, proclaim by beat of drum Kathās.

with पटहम् or °ह-घोषणाम्

to cause to move or turn round or revolve, swing, brandish Up. MBh. Kāv. &c.

to drive through (acc.) in a chariot Cat.

to move or roam about (aor. अबिभ्रमत् ; B. अबभ्रमत्) R. : Desid. बिभ्रमिषति Gr.: Intens. बम्भ्रमीति, बम्भ्रम्यते (also with pass. meaning) and बम्भ्रान्ति (only Gr.), to roam about repeatedly or frequently, wander through, circumambulate Hariv. Var. Ṡatr.


क्रुध्

head

क्रुध् • (krudh)


gʰerdʰ-

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*gʰerdʰ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

(probably) Proto-Slavic: *žьrdь (“pole”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gurdijaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰórdʰ-os

Proto-Albanian: *garda

Albanian: gardh (“fence”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gárdas (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gardaz (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌 (“city”)

*gʰr̥dʰ-ós

>? Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”)

Luwian: [script needed] (gurta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥dʰás (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gerdō (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥dʰ-el-os

Proto-Germanic: *gurdilaz (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)

Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)


*kh₂éyd-e-ti (root thematic present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *kaiδa

Albanian: qeth

Proto-Italic: *kaidō (see there for further descendants)

*kh₂id-é-ti (tudati-type root athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kʰidáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰidáti

Sanskrit: खिदति (khidáti)

Proto-Germanic: *hittijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *haistaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haistraz

Proto-West Germanic: *haistr (see there for further descendants)

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kh₂ei-t-</i>

*kh₂eyd-t- (or *kh₂ei-t-)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)
Armenian: խայթ (xaytʻ)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)
Armenian: խիթ (xitʻ)

Unsorted formations

Armenian: (unexplained ablaut forms)

Old Armenian: խեթ (xetʻ), խեթեմ (xetʻem), խէթ (xētʻ), խոթեմ (xotʻem), խութ (xutʻ), խօթ (xōtʻ)

Possibly from *(s)kh₂ey- (perhaps whence Proto-Germanic *hajaną (“to pound”)) with an unknown suffix *-d-, possibly reanalyzed from *sekh₂- (“to cut, sever”) + *-éyti.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


ג־ל־ג־ל

From the root ג־ל (g-l) / ג־ל־ל (g-l-l), by repetition of consonants. Compare with גַּל (gal, “wave”). ג־ל־ל (g-l-l). Compare Persian قل (qel, literally “rolling”).

Forming words relating to wheels, rolling, and spinning.


लक्ष्

head

लक्ष् • (lakṣ)

Perhaps an l-form of रक्ष् (rakṣ, “to protect”).

to aim, direct towards, have in view, mean

to suppose of someone that they will (do etc.)

to know, understand, recognize by or as or that

to be perceived or seen, appear, seem, look like


लज्ज्

लज्ज् • (lajj)

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀮𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁆 (lajj), from an l-variant of Sanskrit रज्यते (rajyate, “is reddened”), from the root रज् (raj, “to redden”).


लम्ब्

head

लम्ब् • (lamb)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lembʰ- (“to hang loosely, hang limply”); compare English limp and Latin limbus (“border; hem”). Not related to Lithuanian rambüs (“dull, lazy”). The "support" meanings may have been influenced by the separate root रम्भ् (rambh), a byform of रभ् (rabh).

inh

(cf. √1. रम्ब्) cl.1 Ā. (Dhātup. x, 15) लम्बते (mc. also °ति ; pf. ललम्बे MBh. &c. ; aor. अलम्बिष्ट Gr. ; fut. लम्बिता ib. ; लम्बिष्यति MBh. ; inf. लम्बितुम् ib. ; ind.p. -लम्ब्य ib.), to hang down, depend, dangle, hang from or on (loc.) Suparṇ. MBh. &c.

to sink, go down, decline, fall, set (as the sun) MBh. Kāv. &c.

to be fastened or attached to, cling to, hold or rest on (loc.) ib.

to fall or stay behind, be retarded Sūryas.

to tag, loiter, delay, tarry MBh. : Caus. लम्बयति (aor. अललम्बत्), to cause to hang down or depend, let down Kathās.

to stretch out, extend (the hand) for (dat.) Ragh.

(prob.) to depress, discourage MBh. i, 1445 (C. लङ्घयित्वा for लम्बयित्वा): Desid. लिलम्बिषते, to be about to sink or decline Hcar. v.l. ([cf. Gk. λοβός ; Lat. labi, labare, labes ; Germ. lappa, Lappen ; Eng. lap, limp.])


लग्

Of uncertain origin.
Burrow derives the root from an earlier form *स्लग्न (slagna), *स्रग्न (sragna), and connects it to *स्रक (sraka, “wreath, garland”), which is usually attested as स्रज (sraja). Mayrhofer tentatively favors these hypothetical proto-forms, though seems to have rejected their connection to स्रज (sraja) by the time of writing the EWAia. He does not, however, propose a particular Indo-European root that the Sanskrit would trace back to.
The root that most closely matches formally is Proto-Indo-European *(s)leg- (“to tire out, slacken”), with semantic shift "to be limp, slack" > "to 'lazily' cling onto" (perhaps in a similar way to how dripping slime tends to not separate easily) > "to adhere". If from this root, then cognate with Latin langueō, Ancient Greek λᾰ́γνος (lágnos), and Proto-Germanic *slakaz (whence English slack). However, the semantic shift required for this is far from trivial.
Another phonetically similar root is Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂gʷ- (“to seize, latch onto”), whence Ancient Greek λάζομαι (lázomai, “to seize, grasp”) and Old English læċċan (whence English latch). This is semantically attractive, as well as temporospatially so given the root's attestation in both an eastern and western branch of Indo-European. However, Indo-European *-eh₂- should become आ (ā) in Sanskrit, while the root displays only a short vowel अ (a) in its various forms. That said, some relatives in modern Indo-Aryan, like Nepali लाग्नु (lāgnu, “to be attached”), show a long ā vowel, lending some feasibility to the derivation.
Older theories tentatively connected the root to रज् (raj), रञ्ज् (rañj, “to redden, dye”); under this derivation, रज् (raj) took on a more specific sense from "to attach" > "to attach color (i.e. to dye)". This is semantically tenuous and without textual evidence. Other theories connecting the word to लक्ष् (lakṣ, “to recognize; mark”) are similarly unconvincing.
It is also worth noting that the root bears a very strong semantic similarity to Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”), whence English ligand. However, the phonetics are mismatched, particularly the palatal *ǵ in the Proto-Indo-European root, and would have to be sufficiently explained, in addition to the existence of *leyǵ- being under question.


tep-

*tép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tápati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tápati

Sanskrit: तपति (tápati)

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tápati (“to warm up, heat”)

Bactrian: ταβ- (tab-, “to impress (a seal); to seal”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (t’BY-, “to heat”)

Khotanese: ttavāre

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: tʾp̄tn' (tāftan), tʾb (tāb-, “to heat, burn (up); to shine”, present stem); tʾp̄k' (tābag) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian:

Manichaean: tʾb- (tāb-, “to shine; to heat”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: تاۆ (tāow)

*tep-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

qual

(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tpē-(h) (analogically reformed after original inchoatives)

Albanian: ftoh (by metathesis)

Proto-Italic: *tepēō (see there for further descendants)

*tep-eh₂-yé-ti (denominative)

Proto-Germanic: *þebōną (see there for further descendants)

*tep-sḱé-ti (inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapsćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tafšáti

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬯𐬀𐬝 (tafsat̰)

Khotanese: ttaus-

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕфсун (tæfsun)

Iron: тӕфсы́н (tæfsýn)

Persian: تفسیدن (tafsidan)

*tḗp-s-t ~ *tép-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátāpst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátāpst

Sanskrit: अताप्सीत् (átāpsīt)

*top-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tapīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *topìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tāpáyati

Sanskrit: तापयति (tāpáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *tāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (tāpaiieⁱti)

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тавун (tavun)

Ossetian: та́вын (távyn)

*tep-e-nt-s (root present participle)

Proto-Celtic: *teɸents

Old Irish: té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tapanti (possibly)

Proto-Iranian: *tapantī- f (“warming”)

Proto-Scythian: *tavitī-

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ταβιτί (Tabití, “a Scythian goddess, equivalent of Hestia”)

*tep-los

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *teplas

Proto-Slavic: *teplъ, *toplъ (see there for further descendants)

*tep-net-s

Proto-Celtic: *teɸnets (see there for further descendants)

*tép-os ~ *tép-es-os

*tép-s-tu-s

Proto-Celtic: *texstus

(perhaps) Continental:

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Tessi-gnius

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌑𐌄𐌑- (aśeś-)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: a tes

Breton: tes

Old Cornish: tes

Middle Welsh: tes

Welsh: tes

Old Irish: tess

Irish: teas

Manx: çhiass

Scottish Gaelic: teas

*tep-tós (past participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *taptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *taptás

Sanskrit: तप्त (taptá)

Proto-Iranian: *taftáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀 (tafta)

Bactrian: ταβδο (tabdo), ταβαδο (tabado)

Khotanese: ttauda-

Ossetian:

Ossetian: тӕвдӕ (tævdæ)

Ossetian: тӕвд (tævd)

Parthian:

Parthian: tft (taft)

Pashto: تود (tod), توده f (tavdá)

Persian: تفت (taft)

Sogdian:

Christian: ܬܒܬܐܟ (tβtʾk)

→ Old Armenian: տաւթ (tawtʻ)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tāpce (“hot”)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: tampr (“taper; torch”)

Irish: tapar (“taper, candle”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


*ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Italic: *pakō

Latin: pacō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pacere) (see there for further descendants)

*ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)

*poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHśáyati

Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśáyati)

Proto-Italic: *pāks

Latin: pāx

Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pakros

Umbrian: pacer

Italic:

Latin: pactum (“settlement”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ


pelH-

*polH-nó-s

Proto-Italic: *polnos

Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)

*pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás

Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥H-kó-s

Proto-Albanian: *plaka

Albanian: plak (old man)

*polH-wos

Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)

? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)

*polH-men-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palmōns

Proto-Slavic: *pòlmy (flame)

*pelH-en

Lithuanian: pelenaĩ (ashes)

Latvian: pelni (ashes)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pelēks

Lithuanian: pelekas, pìlkas

Old Prussian: pelē

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: palleō; pallidus

Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

Derksen takes the original meaning of the root as "to burn, singe", whence secondary senses including "ashes" (the result of burning) and "gray" (the color of ash).
Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).


pesd-

*pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *pezdō

Latin: pēdō

Portuguese: peido

Galician: peido

*psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei

Latvian: bezdêt

Lithuanian: bezdė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti

Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō

Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)

*pésd-is

Proto-Germanic: *festiz

Middle High German: vist

German: Fist (“fart”)

Dutch: veest

Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis

Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

onomatopoeic

imitative

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (perfective)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰat

Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná)

*pléth₂-eti ~ *pléth₂-onti (thematic imperfective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plė̃sti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati

Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)

Proto-Iranian: *práθatī

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)

*ploth₂-éyeti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati

Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn

Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (platamṓn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán

Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)

*pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)

*pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)

*plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos

Old Irish: leithe

desc

Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”) (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plátē)

Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plátā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás

Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plokščia


skel-

*ske-skól-e (perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *skulaną (“shall, be obliged”)

*skel-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelḗˀtei

Lithuanian: skelė́ti (“to owe”)

*skél-ti-s ~ *skl̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skuldiz (“obligation, debt, blame”)

*skél-ont-s (present participle?)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skelants

Old Prussian: skellants (“guilty”)


skeyd-

*skéyd-t ~ *skid-ént (athematic root aorist)

*ski-né-d-ti ~ *ski-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

*skoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skáiˀdīˀtei

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: skaîdît (“to dilute, spill”)

Lithuanian: skáidyti (“to separate, divide, distribute”)

Proto-Slavic: *cědìti (“to strain, filter”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skaydáyati

q

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćaydáyati (leveled with the zero- and e-grade root forms)

desc

Sanskrit: छेदयति (chedáyati, “to (cause to) cut off, split apart”)

*skid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰíďďō

Ancient Greek: σχίζω (skhízō) (with *skʰid- perhaps for *skidʰ, if the extension is with *dʰeh₁-.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sčidyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidyáti

Sanskrit: छिद्यते (chídyate, chidyáte)

*skéyd-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeistei

Latvian: šķiêst

Lithuanian: skíesti (“to separate”)

*skid-i-s, *skid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *skitiz, *skītaz (see there for further descendants)

*skid-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčidnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćidnás

Sanskrit: छिन्न (chinna) (see there for further descendants)

*skeyd-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skeidras

Proto-Slavic: *ščedrъ (“generous”) (see there for further descendants)

*skéyd-ti-s ~ *skid-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰístis

Ancient Greek: σχίσις (skhísis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śčítˢtiš (zero-grade)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śćíttiṣ

Sanskrit: छित्ति (chítti)

*skid-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skī́stas

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: šķîsts (“thin, clear, clean”)

Lithuanian: skýstas (“thin”)

Western Baltic:

Old Prussian: skijstan (“pure”)

Proto-Slavic: *čistъ (“clean, pure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *skʰistós

Ancient Greek: σχιστός (skhistós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ցտեմ (cʻtem)
→ Armenian: ցտել (cʻtel) (learned)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: skėsti (“to spread”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *cěstiti (“to purify, cleanse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: cwys

Proto-Celtic:

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: chwydu

Proto-Tocharian: *kät-

Tocharian A: kät-

Tocharian B: kät-


(s)kelH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*(s)kl̥-né-H-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: քաղեմ (kʻałem)
Armenian: քաղել (kʻałel)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“to split, crack”)

Latvian: šķil̃t

Lithuanian: skìlti (3sg. skil̃na, skỹlna)

*skelH-ye-ti (full grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skélˀtei

Latvian: šķel̂t (1sg. šķeļu)

Lithuanian: skélti (“to split, cleave; to strike fire”) (1sg. skeliù, 3sg. skẽlia)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljaną (“to separate, distinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*skl̥H-yé-ti (zero grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *štšela

Albanian: çel (“bloom, open, sprout”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skílˀtei (“to strike fire”)

Latvian: šķil̃t (1sg. šķiļu)

Lithuanian: skìlti (3sg. skìlia)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *skə́ľľō (or *skə́llō from *(s)kl̥néHti, but with greater difficulty)

Ancient Greek: σκάλλω (skállō)

*skólH-ei ~ *skl̥H-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒅖𒆗𒆷𒄿 (iš-kal-la-i /iskalla-ⁱ/, “to slit, split, tear”)

Proto-Albanian: *skalā

Albanian: halë (“pointed tip; awn; splinter; fishbone; pine”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skalā́ˀ

Lithuanian: skalà (“splinter”)

Proto-Germanic: *skalō (“shell, husk”)

Proto-West Germanic: *skalu

Old English: sċealu (“husk”)

Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)

English: shale

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: scale

Dutch: schaal

desctree

Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)

→ Old French: escale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)

Old Norse:

Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *skal- (“testicle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kólH-ō ~ *(s)kl̥H-nés

Proto-Germanic: *skallô, *skullô

desc

Old Norse: skalli, *skolli (“skull, cranium; bald head”)

desctree

→? Middle English: sculle
English: skull
Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)

Danish: skalle

Icelandic: skalli

Norwegian Bokmål: skalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: skalle

Swedish: skalle, skulle (dialectal)

*kelH-tro-m

>? Proto-Italic: *koltrom

Latin: culter (“knife”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel(H)-p- (extended)

Proto-Germanic: *skelbǭ

Proto-West Germanic: *skelbā

desc

Old English: sċylfe (“deck of a ship”), *sċielfe, sċilfe (“ledge, shelf”)

Middle English: schelfe

English: shelf

Middle Dutch: scelf

Dutch: schelf

Old Norse: skjálf (“shelf, seat”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκάλοψ (skálops), σκόλοψ (skólops)

Indo-Iranian:

>? Sanskrit: कल्प (kálpa) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: scalpō, scalprum (see there for further descendants)

*skélH-tus > *skelH-tús

>? Proto-Germanic: *skelduz (“shield”) (see there for further descendants)

*skelH-yom

Proto-Germanic: *skilją

Old Norse: skil (“difference”)

*skelH-yōn (more likely formed within Germanic)

Proto-Germanic: *skiljô

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skilja, “butcher”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *skala

Albanian: shkal

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցելում (cʻelum)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: σκαληνός (skalēnós)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλω (skúllō)


*bʰéh₃g-e-ti (full-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰṓgō

Ancient Greek: φώγω (phṓgō)

*bʰéh₃g-eh₂-ti (athematic factitive present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *bagati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₃g-é-ti (zero-grade thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bakaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₃g-os ~ *bʰéh₃g-es-os

Phrygian: βεκος (bekos, “bread”, acc. sg.)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Middle Armenian: բոկեղ (bokeġ)

Armenian: բոկ (bok)

Proto-Slavic: *bažiti (see there for further descendants)


*bʰéh₁-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baþą (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(perhaps) Old Armenian: բով (bov)


bʰergʰ-

*bʰérgʰ-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bergtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *berganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥gʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burgijaną (see there for further descendants)

bʰorgʰ-o-

Proto-Slavic: *borgъ

Polish: bróg

Unsorted formations:

Old Irish: commairge

Proto-Germanic: *burgijô

Old English: byrga

Old Saxon: burgio

desctree

Old High German: burgeo
Middle High German: bürge
German: Bürge
Luxembourgish: Bierg

>? English: burrow

desc

Ossetian: ӕмbӕрзын (æmbærzyn, “to cover”)


bʰelǵʰ-

*bʰélǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *belganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *balgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: bolgaid

*bʰólǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *bolgos (“sack”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *balgiz (“bag”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-is-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰíš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-in-o-s

Old Prussian: balsinis (“pillow”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balźeinas (“support; cross-beam; cushion”)

Baltic

Latvian: bàlziêns

Lithuanian: balžíenas

Old Prussian: balsinis

Proto-Slavic: *bolzina (see there for further descendants)

*bʰolǵʰ-no-s (compare the n-stem below)

Proto-Baltic:

Old Lithuanian: balgnas (“saddle”)

Lithuanian: bal̃nas (“saddle”)

Old Prussian: balgnan (“saddle”)

*bʰélǵʰ-ō, *bʰólǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰl̥ǵʰ-n-és

>? Proto-Germanic: (*belgô, *balgô ~ *bulkkaz > *belkkô, *balkkô >) *belkô, *balkô, *bulkô (“beam”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰelǵʰ-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *belguz

Faroese: bjølgur

Unsorted formations:

Russian: бо́лозень (bólozenʹ, “callus, bump”)

Proto-Germanic: *bulgijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *belg- (“swollen with anger”)

→ Latin: Belgae

Proto-Germanic: *bulstraz (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: follis (see there for further descendants)


dem-

*dém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *temaną (“to fit, suit”)

Proto-Hellenic: *démō

Ancient Greek: δέμω (démō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀕𐀃𐀳 (de-me-o-te)

*dom-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dāmáyati

Proto-Iranian: *dāmáyati

⇒? Khotanese: [script needed] (pa-dīmäte, “might”)

⇒ Proto-Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: damō- (“to build”)

*dṓm (“house”)

*dom-éh₂ (“construction”)

Ancient Greek: δομή (domḗ)

Greek: δομή (domí)

*dém-ti-s ~ *dm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *tumþiz (“agreement”) (see there for further descendants)

*dem-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *timrą (“building, timber”) (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥-tós

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *dantos (“manner”)
Proto-Brythonic: *dant
Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)
Middle Irish: dét

*dm̥-nós

desc

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *damniyom (“material, substance”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *dm̥-pedis

Proto-Germanic: *tumftiz (“foundation (of a building)”) (unless the same as *tumþiz above)

*dḿ̥-pedom (see *ped-)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́pedon

Ancient Greek: δάπεδον (dápedon, “floor”)

Greek: δάπεδο (dápedo)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέμας (démas)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δῶμα (dôma, “house; room, hall”)

→? Albanian: dhomë (“room, chamber”)

>? Albanian: dhomë

Hieroglyphic Luwian: [script needed] (ta+mi-ha)


*bʰrewh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brewwaną (“to brew”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrowh₁- (o-grade)

Proto-Albanian: *brāu

Albanian: mbruaj

*bʰrenw- (nasal infix present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *braudą (“bread”) (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: *brutos (in the masculine)

→ Ancient Greek: βρῦτος (brûtos)

Proto-Celtic: *brutom (in the neuter)

Welsh: brwd

Cornish: bros

Proto-Germanic: *bruþą (“broth”, in the neuter) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frutom (in the neuter)

Latin: dēfrutum, dēfritum

*bʰréwmn̥-

Proto-Albanian: *bruma

Albanian: brumë

*bʰru-tus

Proto-Celtic: *brutus

Old Irish: bruth

Irish: bruth

*bʰerw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *berwos (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *borwos

Gaulish: Boruo

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *britśiā

Albanian: bërsi

Ancient Greek: πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō, “to heave, boil, surge up”)


bʰewgʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *beuganą (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *baugijaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-to-

Proto-Albanian: *bukta

Albanian: butë

*bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)

>? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti, *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti, *bʰúȷ́as

Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti), भुज (bhúja)

Proto-Iranian: *bʰuȷ́áti

Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aⁱpiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); [script needed] (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))

*bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)

Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰúktis</i>

Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowgʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰás

Proto-Iranian: *bʰúȷ́ah

Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)

Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ

desc

Latvian: buoga (“marshy place at a river”)

Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)

*bʰówgʰ-ro-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: baũgurs

Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)

⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)

*bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewg-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰugnás

Sanskrit: भुग्न (bhugná)

*gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: gubt

Lithuanian: gùbti

*gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)


bʰegʷ-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*bʰégʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗˀgtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰégʷomai

desc

Ancient Greek: φέβομαι (phébomai, “to flee”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáȷ́ati

Sanskrit: अभिभजते (abhibhajate, “to flee (towards)”)

*bʰégʷ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bēˀgjā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰogʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyō

Ancient Greek: φοβέω (phobéō, “to cause to flee”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰogʷéyomai

Ancient Greek: φοβέομαι (phobéomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāǰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: भाजयति (bhājáyati, “to cause to flee”)

*bʰógʷ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰógʷos

Ancient Greek: φόβος (phóbos, “fear”)

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰewg-.


bʰredʰ-

*bʰrédʰ-e-ti

Proto-Albanian: *breda

Proto-Albanian: *bredza

Albanian: bredh

*bʰrédʰ-ti ~ bʰr̥dʰ-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bréstei

Latvian: brist

Lithuanian: brìsti

Proto-Slavic: *brestì (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *brodīti

⇒ Old Irish: fris·brudi (“to refuse”)

*bʰrodʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *brádas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьdnǫti

West Slavic:

Czech: břednout

Polish: brnąć


bʰlendʰ-

*bʰlondʰ-o-nom (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blandaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blenstei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlendʰ-i-s or *bʰln̥dʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blendis

Proto-Slavic: *blędь (see there for further descendants)

*bʰln̥dʰ-nó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰradʰnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bradʰnás

Sanskrit: ब्रध्न (bradhná)

Proto-Albanian: *bradma

Albanian: bram (“residue, scoria”)

*bʰlendʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *blindaz (“blind”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blándīˀtei

Latvian: blàndîtiês, blôdîtiês

Lithuanian: blandýtis

Proto-Slavic: *blǭdìti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰlondʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blandas (see there for further descendants)

*bʰl̥ndʰ-os or *bʰlendʰ-os

>? Proto-Germanic: *blundaz

Frankish: *blund

→ Medieval Latin: blondus

Old French: blond, blont

Middle French: blond

→ English: blond

blond, red-haired, ruddy (alternative/contested)


derbʰ-

*dr̥bʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥bʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥bʰáti

Sanskrit: दृभति (dṛbháti)

*dorbʰ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰáyati

Sanskrit: दर्भयति (darbháyati)

*dorbʰ-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: darbas (“bunch of leaves”)

Proto-Slavic: *dorbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darbʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darbʰás

Sanskrit: दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”)

*dr̥bʰ-s

Proto-Germanic: *turbz

Old English: turf

English: turf

Old Frisian: turf

Old Saxon: turf

*dr̥bʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *turbiz

Old English: eþeltyrf

*dr̥bʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *turba- m or n (“turf, peat”)

Middle Low German: torf m

Middle Dutch: torf m, turf m

Old Norse: torf n

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *turbô

Old Frisian: tūra

Middle Dutch: torve


dʰengʰ-

*dʰéngʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰángʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dángʰati

Sanskrit: दङ्घति (dáṅghati)

*dʰéngʰ-t ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: deñgo

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (ye-present)

Lithuanian: deñgti

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (sta-present)

Lithuanian: diñgti

Proto-Germanic: *dungōną (“to cover”) (< *dungōjaną)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungōn

Middle Low German: dungen

Old Norse: *dunga

Faroese: dunga

Swedish: dunga

*dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és

Proto-Germanic: *dungz

Proto-West Germanic: *dung (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dangā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *danga

Albanian: dëng (“full, stuffed”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dangùs

Old Prussian: dangus (“sky, heaven”)


derḱ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darć-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darś-

Sanskrit: दृश् (dṛś)

*dérḱ-t ~ *dr̥ḱ-ént (root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔδρᾰκον (édrakon), δρακείς (drakeís, traditionally analyzed as aor.pass.part. but probably an athematic aorist [Forssman 1964])

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárćam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dárśam

Sanskrit: दर्शम् (dárśam)

Proto-Iranian: *dárćam

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬆𐬨 (dar^əsəm)

*de-dórḱ-e ~ *de-dr̥ḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic: *ad-kom-dark-

perfect of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">ad·cí</i>

Old Irish: ad·condairc (perfect of ad·cí)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">feic</i>

Irish: chonaic (past tense of feic)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gv">faik</i>

Manx: honnick (past tense of faik)

past tense of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gd">faic</i>

Scottish Gaelic: chunnaic (past tense of faic)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δέδορκεν (dédorken)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dadárća, *dádr̥ćay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dadárśa, *dádr̥śay

Sanskrit: ददर्श (dadárśa), ददृशे (dádṛśe) (merged with the past tense of पश्यति (páśyati))

Proto-Iranian: *dadárca

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬀 (dādar^əsa)

*dorḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *tarhijaną (with irregular -h-)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatarhjan)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *darćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *darśáyati

Sanskrit: दर्शयति (darśáyati)

*dérḱ-e-ti (secondary root present)

Proto-Celtic: *derketi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkomai

Ancient Greek: δέρκομαι (dérkomai)

⇒? δράκων (drákōn, “serpent, dragon”)

*dérḱ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *dérkmə

Ancient Greek: δέργμα (dérgma)

*dérḱ-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-és (“eye”, root noun)

⇒ *dr̥ḱ-eh₂

Proto-Celtic: *drikā (“face”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *derḱ-o-s

Proto-Celtic: *derkos

desctree

Old Irish: derc
Middle Irish: derc
Irish: dearc, dearca, deirc
Scottish Gaelic: dearc

⇒ *dŕ̥ḱ-o-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δράκος (drákos)

desc

compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂éḱru</i>

⇒? *dr̥ḱ-h₂eḱru (“tear”, noun, literally “eye-sharp/bitter”) (compound with *h₂éḱru)

*dérḱ-ti-s ~ *dr̥ḱ-téy-s (> *dŕ̥ḱ-ti-s)

Proto-Albanian: *driktā

Albanian: dritë

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥štiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥ṣṭiṣ

Sanskrit: दृष्टि (dṛ́ṣṭi) (see there for further descendants)

*dr̥ḱ-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *turhtaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *turhtōną

Old High German: ougozorhtōn

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥štás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: տեսանեմ (tesanem)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


dʰers-

*dʰr̥s-néw-ti ~ *dʰr̥s-nú-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršnutei

Proto-Slavic: *dьrznǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣnáwti

Sanskrit: धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥šnáwti

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬲𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (upadaržnuuaⁱṇti)

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎭𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎢𐏁 (adaršnauš)

*dʰe-dʰórs-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥s-ḗr (stative)

*dʰr-n̥-s-sḱe-ti (innovated nasal+sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: drį̃sti

*dʰérs-os

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰérsos

Ancient Greek: θάρσος (thársos)

Attic Greek: θάρρος (thárrhos)

Aeolic Greek: θέρσος (thérsos)

*dʰr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: धृष्ट (dhṛṣṭá)

*dʰr̥s-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *diršus

Latvian: drùošs, drùoss

Lithuanian: drąsùs

Old Prussian: dyrsos, dirsos

Proto-Slavic: *dьrzъ (“bold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰrəsús

Ancient Greek: θρᾰσύς (thrasús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥šúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰr̥ṣúṣ

Sanskrit: धृषु (dhṛṣú)

Proto-Albanian: *ən-darsa

Albanian: nder

An *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).


*dʰuh₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fūje-

⇒ Latin: suffiō

⇒ Latin: fimum (see there for further descendants)

*dʰuh₂-oyé-ti (?)

Proto-Anatolian: *duHoyéti

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒀀𒄑𒍣 (túḫ-ḫa-a-iz-zi, “produce smoke”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dúlis (“mist”)

Proto-Celtic:

Irish: dúil (“desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHliš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰuHliṣ

Sanskrit: धूलि (dhūli, “dust”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Northern Luri: تۊز (tuz, “dust”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fūlīgō (see there for further descendants)

q

→? Proto-Uralic: *tuxle or *towle (“wind”) (see Proto-Finnic *tuuli and Udmurt тӧл (töl))

Proto-Indo-European: *dʰuh₂-mó-s (“smoke”)

Proto-Albanian: *ātuma

Albanian: tym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dū́ˀmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰūmós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰuHmás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fūmos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: dujà (“drizzle, mist”)

*dʰuh₂-yo- (?)

Proto-Celtic: *dwīyot-, *dwīyūss ?

Old Irish: dé
Irish: dé

Proto-Germanic: *dawwō (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *daumaz (“vapour, mist”)

Middle Dutch: doom

Old Norse: *daumr

Faroese: deymur

Proto-Germanic: *dauniz

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (dauns)

Proto-Germanic: *daunaz (“smell”)

Old Norse: daunn

Icelandic: daunn

Proto-Germanic: *dawwą (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dawwaz (“dew”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ən-dūja

Albanian: ndyj

Proto-Albanian: *dupsa

Albanian: duf (“anger, impatience”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈭𒄩𒂊 (tuḫḫae, “pant, sigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *dauganą (“to conceal, hide”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *dūnaz (“down (feather)”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“dune”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *dwemaną

⇒? *dwemrą

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr (“vapor; phantom”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θύω (thúō, “burn, immolate, offer in sacrifice”)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τῡ́φω (tū́phō), τῦφος (tûphos), τῡφόω (tūphóō), Τῡφῶν (Tūphôn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धूसर (dhūsara, “dust-colored”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: धूसर (dhūsar)

Urdu: دھوسر

Bengali: ধূসর (dhuśor)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: furō

Seemingly related to *dʰwes- (“breath; dust; dusky color”).


dʰeyǵʰ-

*dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *diganą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáygdʰi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáygdʰi

Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi)

*dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem)

Armenian: դիզել (dizel)

Proto-Celtic: *dingeti

Old Irish: dingid

Celtiberian: ambitinkounei

Hellenic: (unexpected change *nǵʰ > ng)

>? Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)

Greek: Αθίγγανος (Athínganos)

Proto-Italic: *fingō

Faliscan: 𐌅𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌅𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (fiqod, 3pl.perf.)

Latin: fingō

*dʰéyǵʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas, *dʰiȷ́ʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyźʰas, *diźʰás

Sanskrit: देह (déha), देही (dehī́, “surrounding wall”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáyjah, *dijáh

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”)

Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo)

Khwarezmian: dyzʾ

Northern Kurdish: diz (diz)

qual

→ Middle Persian: KLYTA / dc (diz, “fortress”) (borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language); Manichaean: dyz (diz)

Persian: دز (dez), دژ (dež)

Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)

Parthian: dyz (diz)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ẟyz), [script needed] (ẟyzʾ)

⇒ Iranian: *paridayjah (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *feiɣos

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)

*dʰéyǵʰ-os ~ *dʰéyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)

Greek: τείχος (teíchos)

*dʰiǵʰ-rós

Proto-Germanic: *digraz (“big, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰiǵʰ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰigdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *digdʰás

Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá)

Proto-Italic: *fiktos

Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)

Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰóyǵʰ-o-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz) (or from *dʰeyǵʰ-os)

Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /toikʰo-domos/)

Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)

Greek: τοίχος (toíchos)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *daiźjāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)

*dʰoyǵʰ-y-on- or *dʰoyǵʰ-i-Hon-

Proto-Germanic: *daigijǭ (“breadmaker, dairymaid, dey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)

Latin: figulus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: देहि (dehi, “wall”)

*ǵʰéydʰ-y-eh₂-ti (innovative denominative present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeidā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: žiẽsti

Proto-Slavic: *zьdati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰeydʰ-o-s, *ǵʰеydʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źéidas, *źеidis

q

Old Prussian: seydis (i.e. zeydis, with s due to German orthography)

Proto-Slavic: *zidъ, *zьdь (see there for further descendants)


dʰrewgʰ-

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrugʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰruǰʰyáti (“to deceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és

>? Proto-Celtic: *drukos (“bad”) (< *dʰruk-o-s) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *drugą (“delusion”) (< *dʰrugʰ-o-m) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrówgʰ-os

*dʰrówgʰ-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *draumaz (“dream”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰrewgʰ-

*dʰréwgʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *dreuganą (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrewgʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰrowgʰ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *draugás (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰréwgʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *druhtiz (“troop”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *druhtinaz (“leader, lord”) (see there for further descendants)


ǵʰengʰ-

*ǵʰengʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰanǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́anźʰati

Sanskrit: जंहति (jaṃhati)

*ǵʰongʰ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *ganganą (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰengʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źengjetei

Lithuanian: žeñgti

*ǵʰongʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangiz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰongʰ-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *gangaz (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-os ~ *ǵʰéngʰ-es-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánǰʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánźʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: जंहस् (jáṃhas)

*ǵʰéngʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰángʰas (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéngʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ginhtiz

Middle High German: gīht

*ǵʰongʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *ganhtiz (see there for further descendants)


*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei

Latvian: zelt

Lithuanian: žélti

*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és

Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *helos

Old Latin: helus

Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH

Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/zahrag/, “gall, bile”)

Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)

*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gelos (“bright, white”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós

Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)

Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas

Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gel̃tas

Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: žel̃vas

Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰleh₃- (metathesized)

*ǵʰleh₃-(e)-ti (root present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źel-

Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (“green”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: zalts

Latvian: zelts

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: diell


gʰed-

*gʰed- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *getaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰ-né-d- ~ *gʰ-n̥-d- (nasal-infix present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χανδάνω (khandánō) (< *χαδάνω (*khadánō))

Italic:

Latin: *hendō

⇒ Latin: praehendō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *praiɣodā
Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *hedezā

Latin: hedera (see there for further descendants)

*gʰod-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *gatą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *gatwǭ (see there for further descendants)


gʰel-

*gʰol-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galiti (see there for further descendants)

*gʰól-e-ti (o-grade intensive)

Proto-Germanic: *galaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galdraz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galstrą

Old High German: galstar

Middle High German: galster

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlaz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlijaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzgōlaz

*gʰl̥-néh₂-ti (néh₂-present)

Proto-Albanian: *galda

Albanian: galdoj

Proto-Germanic: *gullōną (see there for further descendants)

q

*gʰel-n- (possible back-formed from *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti)

Proto-Germanic: *gellaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰel-gʰel-

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղգեղեմ (gełgełem)
Armenian: գեղգեղել (gełgełel)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (galgal-ināi-, “to make a musical sound”)

*gʰōl-i-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *galьnъ (“cared for, pet”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *galьba (“caress”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գեղ-օն (geł-ōn)
Armenian: գեղոն (gełon)

Greek:

Ancient Greek: χεῖλ-ος (kheîl-os), χῆλος (khêlos) — Doric, χέλλος (khéllos) — Aeolic
Greek: χείλος (cheílos)

Proto-Slavic: *galъ (see there for further descendants)


gʷerH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
de:Brian D. Joseph

*gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay

Sanskrit: जरते (járate)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay

Persian: پراچی جر (parâči jar-)

*gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *barnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti

Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti

desc

𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)

*gʷer-s-

Proto-Albanian: *griś

Albanian: grish

*gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei

Latvian: dzir̃u

Lithuanian: gìrti

Old Prussian: girtwei

Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati

Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)

Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Albanian: *grah

Albanian: grah

(perhaps) *gʷerH-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gẽras

*gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)

Proto-Italic: *grātis

Latin: grātēs

Oscan: brateis, 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις (bratēis), β[ρα]ιτηισ (b[ra]itēis)

Paelignian: brat, brais

Vestinian: brat

*gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-

Proto-Celtic: *brātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grātu-

Latin: grātuītus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)

*gʷorH-no-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno

Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)

Czech: hrany

Slovak: hrana

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hrono

Lower Sorbian: grono

*gʷr̥H-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás

Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)

Proto-Italic: *gʷrātos

Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: βρατωμ (bratōm) (in the neuter)

Paelignian: bratom (in the neuter)

*gʷérH-tōr ~ *gʷr̥H-tr-és (“praiser”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *jarHtā́

Sanskrit: जरिता (jaritā́)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬍-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbī-jar^ətā), 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbi-jar^ətā, “praiser; one who welcomes”).


불가피

불가피하다 불가피하다#Korean

Root of 불가피하다 (bulgapihada). Rarely used alone.


*kéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaHyati

Sanskrit: कायमान (kā́yamāna, “desiring”, ptc.med.)

Proto-Iranian: *kaHyati

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 (kaiiā, “to please”)

*ke-kóh₂-e ~ *ke-kh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakáy

Sanskrit: चके (caké, “to desire, like”)

Proto-Iranian: *čakáy

Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬈 (cakuše, “demanding”, ptc.pf.act.)

*k-né-h₂-ti ~ *k-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanHti (“to love, take pleasure in”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-ró-s, *kh₂-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kāˀras

Latvian: kārs (“lustful, desirous”)

⇒ Latvian: kārot, kāruôt (“to desire”)

Proto-Celtic: *karos (“desired, loved”)

Proto-Germanic: *hōraz (“adulterer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kāros (“dear”) (see there for further descendants)

*keh₂-tó-s, *kh₂-tó-s (“desired”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaHtás

Proto-Iranian: *kaHtáh

Avestan: 𐬐𐬁𐬙𐬀 (kāta, “desired”, ppp.)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *kaHtakah

Khotanese: [script needed] (kʾt, “game”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾtk' /kādag/, “game, joke”)

Parthian: 𐫀𐫀𐫃𐫀𐫅𐫃 (ʾʾgʾdg /āɣādaɣ/)

Sogdian: 𐼸𐼰𐽂𐼰𐼸 (kʾtʾk, “game, play”)

→ Tajik: кота (kota)

→ Shughni: кота̄ (kōtā)

*kéh₂-wr̥ ~ *kh₂-wéns

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kauras

Proto-Slavic: *kurъ

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *kury (“whore”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóh₂-mo-s (“desire”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kṓmos

>? Ancient Greek: κῶμος (kômos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káHmas m (“wish, desire”) (see there for further descendants)


ten-

*ten-d-

*ten-gʰ-

*ten-s-

(possibly) *ten-h₂-

*tn̥-néw-ti ~ *tn̥-nw-énti (new-present)

*tén-t ~ *tn-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *tenti

Old Irish: téit

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátant

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátant

Sanskrit: अतन् (átan)

*te-tón-e ~ *te-tn-ḗr (stative)

*ti-tn̥-yé-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *titə́ňňō

Ancient Greek: τιταίνω (titaínō)

*tn̥-é-ti (innovative zero-grade, thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintei

Latvian: tît

Lithuanian: tìnti

*tén-ye-ti (innovative ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *en-tenja

Albanian: ndej

Proto-Hellenic: *téňňō

Ancient Greek: τείνω (teínō)

*ton-éye-ti (causative)

*tn̥-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tenḗˀtei

Lithuanian: tenė́ti (“thicken; clot”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: donēn

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tenēō
Faliscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌕 (tenet)
Latin: teneō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌕𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (tenitu)

*tén-os ~ *tén-es-

*tén-tis

*tén-tlo-m, *tn̥-tló-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tintla-

Latvian: tìkls

Lithuanian: tiñklas

⇒ Old Prussian: sasintinklo

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántram

Sanskrit: तन्त्र (tántra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *tánθram ~ *tā́nθram

Persian: تار (târ)

Tajik: тор (tor)

Yidgha: [script needed] (tūr)

Pashto: تور (tōr)

*tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tántuṣ

Sanskrit: तन्तु (tántu)

Proto-Italic: *tentos

Latin: tentus (see there for further descendants)

*ton-sl-i

Proto-Italic: *tonslis

Latin: tōlēs, tonsillae

*tón-os

*-tn̥-nó-s, *-tn̥-nis (suffix denoting extent of time)

*tn̥-tós

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *tenetò (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


बाध्

head

बाध् • (bādh)

sa-root

बाध् • (bādh)

Probably inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ-. The forms with long ā can be explained as an irregular development of earlier *ay < *ey/*oy.


व्यस्

head

व्यस् • (vyas)

sa-root

व्यस् • (vyas)

to throw or cast asunder or about or away, throw (effort) into, divide, separate, dispose, arrange.


negʷ-

*nogʷ-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nōˀgás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāgás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāgás

desc

Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá, “elephant”, literally “the hairless one”)

⇒ *nogʷ-éh₂-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *nakwōną (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-edʰ-o-s

Proto-Italic: *nogʷedos (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-ónt-

Proto-Germanic: *nakwadaz (see there for further descendants)

*nogʷ-nó-s

⇒? Proto-Armenian: *tukno-

Armenian: տկլոր (tklor) (highly hypothetical)

>? Proto-Germanic: *nakʷnaz

⇒ Old Norse: nakinn

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gonʷ-nó-s</i>

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷomnós (< *gonʷ-nó-s)

Ancient Greek: γυμνός (gumnós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nagnás (see there for further descendants)

*negʷ-m-ont-

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒈠𒀭𒍝 (ne-ku-ma-an-za)

*nogʷ-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *noxtos (“naked”) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*nógʷt-s</i>

(possibly) *nókʷt-s (“night”) (< *nógʷt-s, see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *negʷ-ro-s

Pre-Armenian: *megʷ-ro-s

Old Armenian: մերկ (merk)

(perhaps) negʷ-no-s

Old Armenian: լերկ (lerk)


분명

분명하다 분명하다#Korean

Root of 분명하다 (bunmyeonghada) / 분명히 (bunmyeonghi). Rarely used alone.


परीक्ष्

head

परीक्ष् • (parīkṣ)

sa-root

परीक्ष् • (parīkṣ)

From परि- (pari-, “around”) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ, “to see”, root).

pre

to examine, look at or scrutinize carefully


खन्

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH- (“to dig”), though the aspiration is unexplained: probably either spurious/onomatopoeic or due to contamination from the unrelated root of खा (khā́, “spring, source”).

to dig, dig up, delve, turn up the soil, excavate, root up


*h₁ru-né-g-ti ~ *h₁ru-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐρῠγγᾰ́νω (erungánō, “I belch”)

*h₁réwg-(e)-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ráuˀgtei

Latvian: raûgt (“to pickle”)

Lithuanian: ráugti (“to leaven, pickle”)

Proto-Germanic: *reukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “I belch”)

Proto-Italic: *rougō

⇒ Latin: (ē)rūgō

Proto-Italic: *rougjō

Latin: rūgiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rauˀgas

Latvian: raûgs

Lithuanian: ráugas

Proto-Italic: *roug(s)mən ~ *rug(s)mən

Latin: rūmen (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ործամ (orcam), ործկամ (orckam, “vomit”)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առիւծ (aṙiwc, “lion”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀgā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *rygati (“to belch”), *rigati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rū́ˀgtei

Latvian: rûgt (“to ferment”)

Lithuanian: rū́gti (“to turn sour, to regurgitate acid”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: raûgâtiês (“to belch”)

Lithuanian: ráugėti, riáugėti, ráugti, riáugti (“to belch”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: riáugėti, riáugsti (“to turn sour”)

Proto-Germanic: *rukatjaną

Old English: rocettan

Proto-Germanic: *raukijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *raukiz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀρυμαγδός (orumagdós)

Ancient Greek: ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Persian: آروغ (“belch”)


*h₁lengʰ- (root present)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒅅𒍣 (li-ik-zi, “I swear”)

Germanic:

Old High German: antlingen (“I answer”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐλέγχω (elénkhō, “I revile, disgrace”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लङ्घति (laṅghati, “offend, injure, slight, violate”)


ف و ز

مُفَوِّز

Form II: فَوَّزَ (fawwaza); Active participle

مُفِيز

Form IV: أَفَازَ (ʔafāza); Active participle

تَفَاوُز

Form VI: تَفَاوَزَ (tafāwaza); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاوِز

Form VI: تَفَاوَزَ (tafāwaza); Active participle

اِسْتِفَازَة

Form X: اِسْتَفَازَ (istafāza); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفِيز

Form X: اِسْتَفَازَ (istafāza); Active participle


क्लिश्

head

क्लिश् • (kliś)

sa-root

क्लिश् • (kliś)

From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)leyḱ- (“to press, squeeze; suffer”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *klěšča (“claw, pincer”).


ש־ר־ש

שׁ־ר־שׁ (canonical)
sh-r-sh (romanization)


या

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go”).

to go, proceed, move, walk, set out, march, advance, travel, journey

to go towards or against, go or come to, enter, approach, arrive at, reach


या

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to beg, request”). Cognate with Tocharian B yāsk- (“to beg”), Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal, ardor”), Old Irish áilid (“wishes strongly, implores”). याच् (yāc) is likely an enlargement of the root.

cog

to go to for any request, implore, solicit


א־ו־ץ

head

א־ו־ץ • (ʾ-v-ts)

forming words pertaining to haste, acceleration


हस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰas- (“to laugh”). Compare the reduplicated root जक्ष् (jakṣ). There is a wide variety of variation in Indo-Aryan forms, as well as in a possible connection to Iranian. An attempt is made to explain their development below. The best way to formally reconcile these varied forms is to reconstruct Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes-. This root's descendants have only been found in Indo-Iranian, and it may have origins as a natural exclamation, though this is difficult to prove.
* Sanskrit जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive): Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰā́-źʰas-ya-tay → *źā́źʰasyatay well described by Grassmann's law. This offers initial evidence for the initial consonant of the root being *źʰ.
* Vedic Sanskrit जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ, masculine plural present participle), Pali jagghati (reduplicated thematic present):
*: PIE: *gʰé-gʰz-o-
*: → pre-PII: *ǰʰágʰza-
*: → PII: *ǰʰágžʰa- (assimilation of aspiration; may have occurred earlier)
*: → PIA: *źʰágẓʰa- (TST assimilation)
*: → OIA: *źágẓʰa- (Grassman's law)
*: → Vedic: जक्ष- (jákṣa-); MIA: jaggha-
* Vedic Sanskrit जज्झतीः (jájjhatīḥ, feminine plural present participle), a dialectal form in the Rigveda, albeit formally cognate with जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ), is difficult to fit into this paradigm. Perhaps metathesis can explain it.
*: PIE: *gʰé-zgʰ-o-
*: → pre-PII: *ǰʰázǵʰa-
*: → PII: *ǰʰázȷ́ʰa-
*: → PIA: *źʰáźȷ́ʰa-
*: → OIA: *źáźȷ́ʰa-
*: → Vedic: *जज्झ- (jájjha-)
* Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬐𐬁 (jahikā, “prostitute”), 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬍 (jahī) is often tied to this root, given the similar Sanskrit हस्रा (hasrā́, “prostitute”) from this root. This is not uncontroversial. Tentatively, it is possible that this is a feminine diminutive nominal Proto-Iranian *ǰahikā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-ikā.
* Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) has been interpreted to mean "laughable" and is mentioned as the formal cognate of हास्य (hāsya) but this interpretation is uncertain. Moreover, there are formal problems as 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) reflects a Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰas- from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.

cog

DP 01.0822

Grassmann's law
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


दीप्

head

दीप् • (dīp)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂p-, an extension of *deyh₂- (“to shine, be bright”). Related to दय् (day, “to shine”); outside of Indic, compare Persian دیبا (dêbâ, “brocade”), Old Armenian դէպ (dēp, “accident, case, suitable”) (an Iranian borrowing), Ancient Greek δῆλος (dêlos, “visible”), Lithuanian dìdelis (“big, large”).

cog

to blaze, flare, shine, be luminous or illustrious


घट्

head

घट् • (ghaṭ)

sa-root

घट् • (ghaṭ)

Probably from a vernacular form of ग्रथ् (grath) / ग्रन्थ् (granth, “to arrange, string together”), via a series of sound changes ग्रथ् (grath) > *गठ् (gaṭh) > घट् (ghaṭ), with a metathesis of the consonant being aspirated.


घट्

head

घट् • (ghaṭ)

sa-root

घट् • (ghaṭ)

घट्ट् घट्ट्#Sanskrit


*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn

Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt

Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)

Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)

*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi

Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti

Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)

*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagáHyaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agáHyaHt

Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt)

Proto-Celtic: *bayeti

Old Irish: baïd

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

(ἀμφισ)βητέω

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)

Proto-Celtic: *batos

Old Irish: at·bath

Old Irish: bath (“death”)

Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)

*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷḗmə

Ancient Greek: βῆμα (bêma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gā́ma

⇒ Sanskrit: प्रगामन् (pragā́man, “step, gait”)

Proto-Iranian: *gā́ma

Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (gāman)

Baluchi: گام (gám)

Persian: گام (gâm)

Northern Kurdish: gav (“step”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós

Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)

*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)

Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas

Proto-Slavic: *gazъ (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.


gerbʰ-

*gérbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kerbaną (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpʰō (see there for further descendants)

*gr̥bʰ-tó-s

*gérbʰ-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *grəpmə

Ancient Greek: γράμμα (grámma)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žerbъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *žerbьjь (see there for further descendants)


(s)tewp-

*(s)téwp-e-ti ~ *(s)téwp-o-nti (simple thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)táwpati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)táwpati

Sanskrit: तोपति (tópati)

Proto-Iranian: *stáwpatī

desc

Middle Persian: stwbynytn' (/stōwēnīdan/, “to defeat”)

*(s)tup-yé-ti ~ *(s)tup-yó-nti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian:

⇒ Albanian: përtyp (“to chew”), shtyp (“to press”)

Proto-Hellenic: *túpťō

Ancient Greek: τύπτω (túptō)

*(s)tup-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *stupēō

Latin: stupeō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *stuppōną (“to stop, close; to stop up, plug, stuff”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stoppōn (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *stuppijan (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *stupros (“struck, hit > dishonoured”)

⇒ Latin: stuprum (“dishonour”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tup-os

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τύπος (túpos)

*(s)tup-os ~ *(s)tup-es-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στύπος (stúpos)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tъpati

Old Church Slavonic: тъпати (tŭpati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *staupaz (“steep”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *steupa- (“step-”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δοῦπος (doûpos), ἐρίγδουπος (erígdoupos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Middle Persian: stwb' (/stō/, “distressed, defeated”)

Classical Persian: ستوه (sutōh, “struck by strong negative emotion”)

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).


klep-

*klép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hlefaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klepō (see there for further descendants)

*klép-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *klépťō
Ancient Greek: κλέπτω (kléptō)
Greek: κλέβω (klévo)
Mariupol Greek: клэ́фту (kléftu)
⇒ English: kleptomania
⇒ French: cleptomanie

*klṓp-s

Proto-Hellenic: *klṓps ~ ?

Ancient Greek: κλώψ (klṓps), Κύκλωψ (Kúklōps) (< *pḱú-klōps)

Italic:

Oscan: 𐌊𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌖 (kulupu) (gen. pl.)

Proto-Hellenic: *klopā́

Ancient Greek: κλοπή (klopḗ)

*klép-tu-s ~ *kl̥p-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *hleftuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *klepa

Albanian: qep, qafë


*kʷélh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *tšela
Albanian: sjell

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō

Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷelō

Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)

*kʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ kʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷalnati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō

Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō

Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)

*kʷl̥h₁-ét ~ *kʷl̥h₁-ónt (thematic root aorist)

Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend

Albanian: qe

*kʷélh₁-os ~ *kʷélh₁-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos

Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷélus

Latin: colus

Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)

Middle Irish: cul

Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā

Latin: -cola

Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos

Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Prussian: kelan

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos

Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
Greek: πόλος (pólos)
→ Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)

*kʷólh₁-os ~ *kʷólh₁-es-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas

Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *halsaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kʷolsom

Latin: collum (see there for further descendants)

*kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis

desctree

Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (páli)
Greek: πάλι (páli)
→ Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: եղանիմ (ełanim) (perhaps)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-

desc

Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos)

Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)

Ancient Greek: -πόλος (-pólos)

Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चल (cala)

Proto-Tocharian: *käl-

Tocharian A: käl-

Tocharian B: käl-

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: klutk-

→? Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: चर् (car), चल् (cal)

to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell


jiro

Cognates include Minica Huitoto jiro and Nüpode Huitoto jiro.


(s)ker-

*(s)kerb-

*(s)kerdʰ-: see *(s)kérdʰh₁eti

*ker-p-

*(s)ker-s-

Proto-Tocharian: *kärst-

Tocharian A: kärṣt-

Tocharian B: kärst-

*(s)ker-t-

Proto-Italic: *kertsnā (“portion; meal”)

Latin: cēna (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: kersnu

Umbrian: śesna

*(s)kr̥t-ó-m (or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)

Proto-Italic: *skortom

Latin: scortum, scrōtum, (possibly) scrautum (see there for further descendants)

>? *(s)kort-ek-s

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥t-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ttás

Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)

Unsorted formations

desctree

Proto-Albanian: *štšertja
Albanian: çars

Sanskrit: कर्तति (kartati, “cut”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Sanskrit: कृन्तते (kṛntáte, “cut”), कृन्तति (kṛntati)

Sanskrit: कर्तनी (kartanī, “scissors”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kertte (“sword”)

*skr-éy-ti

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-bʰ-

⇒ *(s)kr-ey-p-

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skrīpât

*(s)kr-ew-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūta

*(s)kr-ew-p-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: scrūpus

*skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *skarati (“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)

*sker-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Albanian: *skera
Albanian: shqerr

Proto-Germanic: *skeraną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker(H)-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skírˀtei (with evidence of a laryngeal?)

Latvian: sķir̃t

Lithuanian: skìrti (“to separate, distinguish”)

Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō

Ancient Greek: κείρω (keírō)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *karā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skarā́ˀ

Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarō (“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Germanic: *skaraz

Old English: scear

English: share

Old High German: skar

German: Schar

*(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kér-mō

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kremō (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *kremy (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-mós

Proto-Hellenic: *kormós

desctree

Ancient Greek: κορμός (kormós)
Greek: κορμός (kormós)

*(s)kér(H)-ō

Proto-Italic: *karō
Latin: carō (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: karneis (genitive singular)
Umbrian: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu)

*(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *skurdiz (“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

Proto-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *krъtъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kortos

Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártas

Proto-Slavic: *kõrtъ

q

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-ъkъ</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortъkъ (formed with *-ъkъ)

formed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*-iti</i>

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kortiti (formed with *-iti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kartás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)kartás

desc

Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)

*skēr-is

Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kor-yo-

Proto-Italic: *korjom

Latin: corium (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: çjerr, harr, thërras

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: քերեմ (kʻerem), քերծեմ (kʻercem), քերթեմ (kʻertʻem), քորեմ (kʻorem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirst

Lithuanian: kirsti

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: cirvis

Lithuanian: kirvis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kirves (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skirmiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurtijǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”)

desctree

Old Norse: skor
Danish: skår
Icelandic: skora
Norwegian: skòr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skår
Swedish: skåra
→ Old English: scoru
Middle English: score, scoore, skore
English: score
Yola: score

Proto-Germanic: *skuriz

Old Dutch: *skuri

Middle Dutch: schore, schuere

Dutch: scheur


(s)ker-

*(s)kr̥-tós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυρτός (kurtós)

*(s)kr̥-wós

Proto-Italic: *korwos

Latin: curvus (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)

Proto-Italic: *karkros, *kankros

Latin: carcer, cancer (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-k- (extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos), κρίκος (kríkos) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: circus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)

>? Proto-Italic: *korteinā

Latin: cortīna (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ker-ew- (extended)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κορωνός (korōnós), κορώνη (korṓnē)

*(s)kor-os

Proto-Celtic: *koros

Old Irish: cor

⇒ Old Irish: ·cuirethar, fo·ceirt
Middle Irish: cuirid
Irish: cuir
Manx: cur, cuirr
Scottish Gaelic: cuir

*(s)kre-i- (extended)

Proto-Italic: *skreiniom

Latin: scrīnium (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kre-i-s- (extended)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crīnis, crista, crispus

*(s)kre-u-k- (extended)

Proto-Italic: *kruks

Latin: crux

*(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)

Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)

Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)

Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)


Hyekʷ-

*Hyékʷr̥


विधा

head

विधा • (vidhā)

sa-root

विधा • (vidhā)

Compound of वि- (vi-, “apart”) + धा (dhā, “to place”).

com+

to put in order, arrange, dispose, prepare, make ready

to ordain, direct, enjoin, settle, appoint

to form, create, build, establish, found

to perform, effect, produce, cause, occasion, make, do