و ر ط

تَوْرِيط

Form II: وَرَّطَ (warraṭa, “to embroil”); Verbal noun

مُوَرِّط

Form II: وَرَّطَ (warraṭa, “to embroil”); Active participle

إِيرَاط

Form IV: أَوْرَطَ (ʔawraṭa, “to embroil”); Verbal noun

مُورِط

Form IV: أَوْرَطَ (ʔawraṭa, “to embroil”); Active participle

تَوَرُّط

Form V: تَوَرَّطَ (tawarraṭa, “to become embroiled in”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَرِّط

Form V: تَوَرَّطَ (tawarraṭa, “to become embroiled in”); Active participle

اِسْتِيرَاط

Form X: اِسْتَوْرَطَ (istawraṭa, “to become entangled”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْرِط

Form X: اِسْتَوْرَطَ (istawraṭa, “to become entangled”); Active participle


خ ف ي

forms words related to inconspicuousness

Form I: خَفِيَ (ḵafiya); Active participle

مُخْفٍ

Form IV: أَخْفَى (ʔaḵfā); Active participle

مُتَخَفٍّ

Form V: تَخَفَّى (taḵaffā); Active participle

اِخْتِفَاء

Form VIII: اِخْتَفَى (iḵtafā); Verbal noun

مُخْتَفٍ

Form VIII: اِخْتَفَى (iḵtafā); Active participle

اِسْتِخْفَاء

Form X: اِسْتَخْفَى (istaḵfā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْفٍ

Form X: اِسْتَخْفَى (istaḵfā); Active participle

مُسْتَخْفًى

Form X: اِسْتَخْفَى (istaḵfā)


ع ط ل

ar-root

ع ط ل • (ʕ-ṭ-l)

Form I: عَطِلَ (ʕaṭila); Active participle

مُعَطِّل

Form II: عَطَّلَ (ʕaṭṭala); Active participle

تَعَطُّل

Form V: تَعَطَّلَ (taʕaṭṭala); Verbal noun

مُتَعَطِّل

Form V: تَعَطَّلَ (taʕaṭṭala); Active participle


ر ذ ذ

ر ذ ذ • (r-ḏ-ḏ)

رَذّ

Form I: رَذَّ (raḏḏa, “to drizzle”); Verbal noun

رَاذّ

Form I: رَذَّ (raḏḏa, “to drizzle”); Active participle

إِرْذَاذ

Form IV: أَرَذَّ (ʔaraḏḏa, “to drizzle”); Verbal noun

مُرِذّ

Form IV: أَرَذَّ (ʔaraḏḏa, “to drizzle”); Active participle


ص ح ف

ص ح ف • (ṣ-ḥ-f)

Through the borrowing of Ge'ez መጽሐፍ (mäṣḥäf).

forms words related to writing and circulating on paper

مُصَحِّف

Form II: صَحَّفَ (ṣaḥḥafa); Active participle

إِصْحَاف

Form IV: أَصْحَفَ (ʔaṣḥafa); Verbal noun

مُصْحِف

Form IV: أَصْحَفَ (ʔaṣḥafa); Active participle

تَصَحُّف

Form V: تَصَحَّفَ (taṣaḥḥafa); Verbal noun

مُتَصَحِّف

Form V: تَصَحَّفَ (taṣaḥḥafa); Active participle

صُحُفِيّ

صَحِيفَة f (ṣaḥīfa, “leaf”)

صَحَفِيّ

صَحِيفَة f (ṣaḥīfa, “leaf”)


ج ي ش

forms words related to collected armed forces

جَيَشَان

Form I: جَاشَ (jāša, “to be furious”); Verbal noun

Form I: جَاشَ (jāša, “to be furious”); Active participle

تَجْيِيش

Form II: جَيَّشَ (jayyaša, “to gather troops”); Verbal noun

مُجَيِّش

Form II: جَيَّشَ (jayyaša, “to gather troops”); Active participle

اِسْتِجَاشَة

Form X: اِسْتَجَاشَ (istajāša, “to mobilize”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجِيش

Form X: اِسْتَجَاشَ (istajāša, “to mobilize”); Active participle


د و ي

forms words related to medical treatment

تَدَاوٍ

Form VI: تَدَاوَى (tadāwā, “to be under treatment”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَاوٍ

Form VI: تَدَاوَى (tadāwā, “to be under treatment”); Active participle

دَوِيّ

Form I: دَوَى (dawā, “to buzz, to hum”); Verbal noun

دَاوٍ

Form I: دَوَى (dawā, “to buzz, to hum”); Active participle

تَدْوِيَة

Form II: دَوَّى (dawwā, “to resound, to drone”); Verbal noun

مُدَوٍّ

Form II: دَوَّى (dawwā, “to resound, to drone”); Active participle

مُدَاوَاة

Form III: دَاوَى (dāwā, “to treat”); Verbal noun

مُدَاوٍ

Form III: دَاوَى (dāwā, “to treat”); Active participle


و ض ح

و ض ح • (w-ḍ-ḥ)

forms words related to light being spread

وُضُوح

Form I: وَضَحَ (waḍaḥa, “to be clearly visible; to become clearly visible”); Verbal noun

وَاضِح

Form I: وَضَحَ (waḍaḥa, “to be clearly visible; to become clearly visible”); Active participle

تَوْضِيح

Form II: وَضَّحَ (waḍḍaḥa, “to make clear, to clarify”); Verbal noun

مُوَضِّح

Form II: وَضَّحَ (waḍḍaḥa, “to make clear, to clarify”); Active participle

إِيضَاح

Form IV: أَوْضَحَ (ʔawḍaḥa, “to make clear, to clarify”); Verbal noun

مُوضِح

Form IV: أَوْضَحَ (ʔawḍaḥa, “to make clear, to clarify”); Active participle

تَوَضُّح

Form V: تَوَضَّحَ (tawaḍḍaḥa, “to become elucidated”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَضِّح

Form V: تَوَضَّحَ (tawaḍḍaḥa, “to become elucidated”); Active participle

اِتِّضَاح

Form VIII: اِتَّضَحَ (ittaḍaḥa, “to become manifest”); Verbal noun

مُتَّضِح

Form VIII: اِتَّضَحَ (ittaḍaḥa, “to become manifest”); Active participle

اِسْتِيضَاح

Form X: اِسْتَوْضَحَ (istawḍaḥa, “to enquire; to investigate”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْضِح

Form X: اِسْتَوْضَحَ (istawḍaḥa, “to enquire; to investigate”); Active participle


ق ف ر

forms words related to traces of habitation

قَفْر

Form I: قَفَرَ (qafara, “to trace, to track”); Verbal noun

قَافِر

Form I: قَفَرَ (qafara, “to trace, to track”); Active participle

إِقْفَار

Form IV: أَقْفَرَ (ʔaqfara, “to be barren, to be waste; to devastate; to leave desolated”); Verbal noun

مُقْفِر

Form IV: أَقْفَرَ (ʔaqfara, “to be barren, to be waste; to devastate; to leave desolated”); Active participle

اِقْتِفَار

Form VIII: اِقْتَفَرَ (iqtafara, “follow the tracks of”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَفِر

Form VIII: اِقْتَفَرَ (iqtafara, “follow the tracks of”); Active participle


ص غ و

ص غ و • (ṣ-ḡ-w)

صَغْو

Form I: صَغَا (ṣaḡā, “to be inclined”); Verbal noun

صَاغٍ

Form I: صَغَا (ṣaḡā, “to be inclined”); Active participle

إِصْغَاء

Form IV: أَصْغَى (ʔaṣḡā, “to listen to”); Verbal noun

مُصْغٍ

Form IV: أَصْغَى (ʔaṣḡā, “to listen to”); Active participle


ن ج س

نَجَاسَة

Form I: نَجُسَ (najusa, “to be impure”); Verbal noun

Form I: نَجُسَ (najusa, “to be impure”); Active participle

نَجَس

Form I: نَجِسَ (najisa, “to be impure”); Verbal noun

Form I: نَجِسَ (najisa, “to be impure”); Active participle

تَنْجِيس

Form II: نَجَّسَ (najjasa, “to defile, to besmirch”); Verbal noun

مُنَجِّس

Form II: نَجَّسَ (najjasa, “to defile, to besmirch”); Active participle

مُنْجِس

Form IV: أَنْجَسَ (ʔanjasa, “to defile, to besmirch”); Active participle

تَنَجُّس

Form V: تَنَجَّسَ (tanajjasa, “to be blemished, to become blemished”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَجِّس

Form V: تَنَجَّسَ (tanajjasa, “to be blemished, to become blemished”); Active participle


ح د و

حَدْو

Form I: حَدَا (ḥadā, “to spur on, to instigate”); Verbal noun

حَادٍ

Form I: حَدَا (ḥadā, “to spur on, to instigate”); Active participle

تَحَدٍّ

Form V: تَحَدَّى (taḥaddā, “to rival”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَدٍّ

Form V: تَحَدَّى (taḥaddā, “to rival”); Active participle


ب ك ي

forms words relating to weeping, mourning, crying

مُبَكٍّ

Form II: بَكَّى (bakkā); Active participle

مُبْكٍ

Form IV: أَبْكَى (ʔabkā); Active participle

مُتَبَاكٍ

Form VI: تَبَاكَى (tabākā); Active participle

اِسْتِبْكَاء

Form X: اِسْتَبْكَى (istabkā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْكٍ

Form X: اِسْتَبْكَى (istabkā); Active participle


خ س ر

خُسْرَان

Form I: خَسِرَ (ḵasira, “to lose”); Verbal noun

Form I: خَسِرَ (ḵasira, “to lose”); Active participle

خَسْر

Form I: خَسَرَ (ḵasara, “to make lose”); Verbal noun

خَاسِر

Form I: خَسَرَ (ḵasara, “to make lose”); Active participle

تَخْسِير

Form II: خَسَّرَ (ḵassara, “to harm, to damage”); Verbal noun

مُخَسِّر

Form II: خَسَّرَ (ḵassara, “to harm, to damage”); Active participle

إِخْسَار

Form IV: أَخْسَرَ (ʔaḵsara, “to lessen, to shrink”); Verbal noun

مُخْسِر

Form IV: أَخْسَرَ (ʔaḵsara, “to lessen, to shrink”); Active participle

اِسْتِخْسَار

Form X: اِسْتَخْسَرَ (istaḵsara, “to grudge”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْسِر

Form X: اِسْتَخْسَرَ (istaḵsara, “to grudge”); Active participle


ج ه ل

جَهْل

Form I: جَهِلَ (jahila, “to be ignorant”); Verbal noun

Form I: جَهِلَ (jahila, “to be ignorant”); Active participle

تَجْهِيل

Form II: جَهَّلَ (jahhala, “to accuse of ignorance, to attribute stupidity to”); Verbal noun

مُجَهِّل

Form II: جَهَّلَ (jahhala, “to accuse of ignorance, to attribute stupidity to”); Active participle

مُجَاهِل

Form III: جَاهَلَ (jāhala); Active participle

إِجْهَال

Form IV: أَجْهَلَ (ʔajhala); Verbal noun

مُجْهِل

Form IV: أَجْهَلَ (ʔajhala); Active participle

تَجَاهُل

Form VI: تَجَاهَلَ (tajāhala, “to ignore; to pretend to be ignorant”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَاهِل

Form VI: تَجَاهَلَ (tajāhala, “to ignore; to pretend to be ignorant”); Active participle

اِجْتِهَال

Form VIII: اِجْتَهَلَ (ijtahala); Verbal noun

مُجْتَهِل

Form VIII: اِجْتَهَلَ (ijtahala); Active participle

اِسْتِجْهَال

Form X: اِسْتَجْهَلَ (istajhala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجْهِل

Form X: اِسْتَجْهَلَ (istajhala); Active participle


و ص ي

تَوْصِيَة

Form II: وَصَّى (waṣṣā, “to advise; to entrust”); Verbal noun

مُوَصٍّ

Form II: وَصَّى (waṣṣā, “to advise; to entrust”); Active participle

إِيصَاء

Form IV: أَوْصَى (ʔawṣā, “to prescribe; to bequeath”); Verbal noun

مُوصٍ

Form IV: أَوْصَى (ʔawṣā, “to prescribe; to bequeath”); Active participle

تَوَاصٍ

Form VI: تَوَاصَى (tawāṣā, “to enjoin one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاصٍ

Form VI: تَوَاصَى (tawāṣā, “to enjoin one another”); Active participle

اِسْتِيصَاء

Form X: اِسْتَوْصَى (istawṣā, “to adopt, to make one’s concern”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْصٍ

Form X: اِسْتَوْصَى (istawṣā, “to adopt, to make one’s concern”); Active participle


خ س ف

خَسْف

Form I: خَسَفَ (ḵasafa, “to sink”); Verbal noun

خَاسِف

Form I: خَسَفَ (ḵasafa, “to sink”); Active participle

خَسْف

Form I: خَسَفَ (ḵasafa, “to cause to sink”); Verbal noun

خَاسِف

Form I: خَسَفَ (ḵasafa, “to cause to sink”); Active participle

اِنْخِسَاف

Form VII: اِنْخَسَفَ (inḵasafa, “to sink”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَسِف

Form VII: اِنْخَسَفَ (inḵasafa, “to sink”); Active participle


-GIZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢətsʼ (“twist, wring”). Compare Carrier nasguz (“wash wet linen”) and Tanacross nachʼegétth (“wash (especially clothes)”).
In Navajo the momentaneous imperfective stem is attested in the doublet: -géés / -gíís. This root is related with -GEEZ (“to be twisted, crooked”).


ح ط م

ar-root

ح ط م • (ḥ-ṭ-m)

حَطْم

Form I: حَطَمَ (ḥaṭama, “to break something”); Verbal noun

حَاطِم

Form I: حَطَمَ (ḥaṭama, “to break something”); Active participle

تَحْطِيم

Form II: حَطَّمَ (ḥaṭṭama, “to shatter”); Verbal noun

مُحَطِّم

Form II: حَطَّمَ (ḥaṭṭama, “to shatter”); Active participle

تَحَطُّم

Form V: تَحَطَّمَ (taḥaṭṭama, “to break apart”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَطِّم

Form V: تَحَطَّمَ (taḥaṭṭama, “to break apart”); Active participle

اِنْحِطَام

Form VII: اِنْحَطَمَ (inḥaṭama, “to break apart”); Verbal noun

مُنْحَطِم

Form VII: اِنْحَطَمَ (inḥaṭama, “to break apart”); Active participle


वस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *was-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *was-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to dress, clothe, wear”).

inh

to put on, invest, wear (clothes etc.), assume (a form etc.), enter into


वस्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“to become light; to dawn”).

to shine, grow bright (esp. applied to the dawn)

(with दूरे (dūre)) to drive away by shining


वस्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell, reside”).

to remain or keep on or continue in any condition

to stay, stay put, remain, stop (at a place)


س ل ح

سَلْح

Form I: سَلَحَ (salaḥa, “to excrete”); Verbal noun

سَالِح

Form I: سَلَحَ (salaḥa, “to excrete”); Active participle

تَسْلِيح

Form II: سَلَّحَ (sallaḥa, “to arm”); Verbal noun

مُسَلِّح

Form II: سَلَّحَ (sallaḥa, “to arm”); Active participle

إِسْلَاح

Form IV: أَسْلَحَ (ʔaslaḥa, “to make excrete”); Verbal noun

مُسْلِح

Form IV: أَسْلَحَ (ʔaslaḥa, “to make excrete”); Active participle

تَسَلُّح

Form V: تَسَلَّحَ (tasallaḥa, “to arm oneself”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَلِّح

Form V: تَسَلَّحَ (tasallaḥa, “to arm oneself”); Active participle

تَسَالُح

Form VI: تَسَالَحَ (tasālaḥa, “to cross weapons”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَالِح

Form VI: تَسَالَحَ (tasālaḥa, “to cross weapons”); Active participle


ض م ن

forms words for things or persons as they are seen in the relationship they have by reaching into the concerns of other things or persons

Form I: ضَمِنَ (ḍamina, “to offer security as a bailsman or as an insurance”); Active participle

تَضْمِين

Form II: ضَمَّنَ (ḍammana, “to make something subject to security; to insert”); Verbal noun

مُضَمِّن

Form II: ضَمَّنَ (ḍammana, “to make something subject to security; to insert”); Active participle

تَضَمُّن

Form V: تَضَمَّنَ (taḍammana, “to comprise”); Verbal noun

مُتَضَمِّن

Form V: تَضَمَّنَ (taḍammana, “to comprise”); Active participle

تَضَامُن

Form VI: تَضَامَنَ (taḍāmana, “to be responsible for each other; to be solidary”); Verbal noun

مُتَضَامِن

Form VI: تَضَامَنَ (taḍāmana, “to be responsible for each other; to be solidary”); Active participle


ز ر ع

زَرْع

Form I: زَرَعَ (zaraʕa, “to sow; to plant”); Verbal noun

زَارِع

Form I: زَرَعَ (zaraʕa, “to sow; to plant”); Active participle

تَزْرِيع

Form II: زَرَّعَ (zarraʕa, “to agriculturalize”); Verbal noun

مُزَرِّع

Form II: زَرَّعَ (zarraʕa, “to agriculturalize”); Active participle

إِزْرَاع

Form IV: أَزْرَعَ (ʔazraʕa, “to get seeds; to make cultivate”); Verbal noun

مُزْرِع

Form IV: أَزْرَعَ (ʔazraʕa, “to get seeds; to make cultivate”); Active participle

اِنْزِرَاع

Form VII: اِنْزَرَعَ (inzaraʕa, “to be sown”); Verbal noun

مُنْزَرِع

Form VII: اِنْزَرَعَ (inzaraʕa, “to be sown”); Active participle

اِزْدِرَاع

Form VIII: اِزْدَرَعَ (izdaraʕa, “to sow”); Verbal noun

مُزْدَرِع

Form VIII: اِزْدَرَعَ (izdaraʕa, “to sow”); Active participle

اِسْتِزْرَاع

Form X: اِسْتَزْرَعَ (istazraʕa, “to use as acreage, to promise oneself subsistence from”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَزْرِع

Form X: اِسْتَزْرَعَ (istazraʕa, “to use as acreage, to promise oneself subsistence from”); Active participle


ج ر ف

Compare the Syriac root ܓ-ܪ-ܦ (ɡ-r-p) with analogous usage.

جَرْف

Form I: جَرَفَ (jarafa, “to sweep; to shovel”); Verbal noun

جَارِف

Form I: جَرَفَ (jarafa, “to sweep; to shovel”); Active participle

تَجْرِيف

Form II: جَرَّفَ (jarrafa, “to dredge; to curette”); Verbal noun

مُجَرِّف

Form II: جَرَّفَ (jarrafa, “to dredge; to curette”); Active participle

إِجْرَاف

Form IV: أَجْرَفَ (ʔajrafa, “to reach and wash against”); Verbal noun

مُجْرِف

Form IV: أَجْرَفَ (ʔajrafa, “to reach and wash against”); Active participle

تَجَرُّف

Form V: تَجَرَّفَ (tajarrafa, “to take much and carry off”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَرِّف

Form V: تَجَرَّفَ (tajarrafa, “to take much and carry off”); Active participle

اِنْجِرَاف

Form VII: اِنْجَرَفَ (injarafa, “to be swept off; to be abraded, to erode”); Verbal noun

مُنْجَرِف

Form VII: اِنْجَرَفَ (injarafa, “to be swept off; to be abraded, to erode”); Active participle

اِجْتِرَاف

Form VIII: اِجْتَرَفَ (ijtarafa, “to take away”); Verbal noun

مُجْتَرِف

Form VIII: اِجْتَرَفَ (ijtarafa, “to take away”); Active participle


ب ه ج

بَهْج

Form I: بَهِجَ (bahija, “to rejoice in”); Verbal noun

Form I: بَهِجَ (bahija, “to rejoice in”); Active participle

بَهَاجَة

Form I: بَهُجَ (bahuja, “to be delightful”); Verbal noun

Form I: بَهُجَ (bahuja, “to be delightful”); Active participle

تَبْهِيج

Form II: بَهَّجَ (bahhaja, “to embellish, to adorn, to cheer up”); Verbal noun

مُبَهِّج

Form II: بَهَّجَ (bahhaja, “to embellish, to adorn, to cheer up”); Active participle

مُبَاهَجَة

Form III: بَاهَجَ (bāhaja, “to boast of greater beauty”); Verbal noun

مُبَاهِج

Form III: بَاهَجَ (bāhaja, “to boast of greater beauty”); Active participle

إِبْهَاج

Form IV: أَبْهَجَ (ʔabhaja, “to delight, to cheer up”); Verbal noun

مُبْهِج

Form IV: أَبْهَجَ (ʔabhaja, “to delight, to cheer up”); Active participle

تَبَهُّج

Form V: تَبَهَّجَ (tabahhaja, “to be cheerful”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَهِّج

Form V: تَبَهَّجَ (tabahhaja, “to be cheerful”); Active participle

تَبَاهُج

Form VI: تَبَاهَجَ (tabāhaja, “to be adorned”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَاهِج

Form VI: تَبَاهَجَ (tabāhaja, “to be adorned”); Active participle

اِنْبِهَاج

Form VII: اِنْبَهَجَ (inbahaja, “to rejoice”); Verbal noun

مُنْبَهِج

Form VII: اِنْبَهَجَ (inbahaja, “to rejoice”); Active participle

اِبْتِهَاج

Form VIII: اِبْتَهَجَ (ibtahaja, “to be cheerful over, to exult at”); Verbal noun

مُبْتَهِج

Form VIII: اِبْتَهَجَ (ibtahaja, “to be cheerful over, to exult at”); Active participle

اِسْتِبْهَاج

Form X: اِسْتَبْهَجَ (istabhaja, “to be cheerful over, to exult at”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْهِج

Form X: اِسْتَبْهَجَ (istabhaja, “to be cheerful over, to exult at”); Active participle


स्तन्

head

स्तन् • (stan)

sa-root

स्तन् • (stan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”).


ق ن ط ر

forms words related to a maximum of material possessions

قَنْطَرَة

Form Iq: قَنْطَرَ (qanṭara, “to amass wealth”); Verbal noun

مُقَنْطِر

Form Iq: قَنْطَرَ (qanṭara, “to amass wealth”); Active participle


ق ن ط ر

قَنْطَرَة

Form Iq: قَنْطَرَ (qanṭara, “to vault, to arch over”); Verbal noun

مُقَنْطِر

Form Iq: قَنْطَرَ (qanṭara, “to vault, to arch over”); Active participle

تَقَنْطُر

Form IIq: تَقَنْطَرَ (taqanṭara, “to fall down in a curve like an arch”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَنْطِر

Form IIq: تَقَنْطَرَ (taqanṭara, “to fall down in a curve like an arch”); Active participle


-CHIŁ

to glitter, to glisten (like the sunlight, a jewel or a pearl)


-TSʼĮĮL

In today's Navajo this root is obsolete and appears to be related to -TSʼÍLÍ (“to be clear”).


-NÁÁŁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *-nαɣ̇αɬ (“be in one's presence”). Compare also Navajo anááʼ (“eye”).
This quasi-verb root is alway bounded with possessive prefixes indicating the subject, like in the phrase shinááł, meaning “I witness” (literally, “it is in my presence”).

to witness, to watch, to be in one's presence


ق ر ص ن

قَرْصَنَة

Form Iq: قَرْصَنَ (qarṣana, “to cruise as a pirate”); Verbal noun

مُقَرْصِن

Form Iq: قَرْصَنَ (qarṣana, “to cruise as a pirate”); Active participle


ش ي ط

ar-root

ش ي ط • (š-y-ṭ)

شَيْط

Form I: شَاطَ (šāṭa, “to burn”); Verbal noun

شَائِط

Form I: شَاطَ (šāṭa, “to burn”); Active participle

تَشْيِيط

Form II: شَيَّطَ (šayyaṭa, “to singe”); Verbal noun

مُشَيِّط

Form II: شَيَّطَ (šayyaṭa, “to singe”); Active participle

مُشِيط

Form IV: أَشَاطَ (ʔašāṭa); Active participle

مُشَاط

Form IV: أَشَاطَ (ʔašāṭa)

تَشَيُّط

Form V: تَشَيَّطَ (tašayyaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَشَيِّط

Form V: تَشَيَّطَ (tašayyaṭa); Active participle

اِسْتِشَاطَة

Form X: اِسْتَشَاطَ (istašāṭa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَشِيط

Form X: اِسْتَشَاطَ (istašāṭa); Active participle

مُسْتَشَاط

Form X: اِسْتَشَاطَ (istašāṭa)


م ط ر

مَطْر

Form I: مَطَرَ (maṭara, “to rain upon, to pour out”); Verbal noun

مَاطِر

Form I: مَطَرَ (maṭara, “to rain upon, to pour out”); Active participle

إِمْطَار

Form IV: أَمْطَرَ (ʔamṭara); Verbal noun

مُمْطِر

Form IV: أَمْطَرَ (ʔamṭara); Active participle

اِسْتِمْطَار

Form X: اِسْتَمْطَرَ (istamṭara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمْطِر

Form X: اِسْتَمْطَرَ (istamṭara); Active participle


ء س ر

pl. أُسَر and أُسْرَات and أُسَرَات and أُسُرَات

أَسْر

Form I: أَسَرَ (ʔasara, “to chain, to take as captive”); Verbal noun

آسِر

Form I: أَسَرَ (ʔasara, “to chain, to take as captive”); Active participle

اِسْتِئْسَار

Form X: اِسْتَأْسَرَ (istaʔsara, “to let oneself be captured”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْسِر

Form X: اِسْتَأْسَرَ (istaʔsara, “to let oneself be captured”); Active participle


ن ه ض

نَهْض

Form I: نَهَضَ (nahaḍa, “to rise”); Verbal noun

نَاهِض

Form I: نَهَضَ (nahaḍa, “to rise”); Active participle

مُنَاهَضَة

Form III: نَاهَضَ (nāhaḍa, “to be contrary; to oppose”); Verbal noun

مُنَاهِض

Form III: نَاهَضَ (nāhaḍa, “to be contrary; to oppose”); Active participle

إِنْهَاض

Form IV: أَنْهَضَ (ʔanhaḍa, “to raise”); Verbal noun

مُنْهِض

Form IV: أَنْهَضَ (ʔanhaḍa, “to raise”); Active participle

تَنَاهُض

Form VI: تَنَاهَضَ (tanāhaḍa, “to stand up”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاهِض

Form VI: تَنَاهَضَ (tanāhaḍa, “to stand up”); Active participle

اِنْتِهَاض

Form VIII: اِنْتَهَضَ (intahaḍa, “to stand up”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَهِض

Form VIII: اِنْتَهَضَ (intahaḍa, “to stand up”); Active participle

اِسْتِنْهَاض

Form X: اِسْتَنْهَضَ (istanhaḍa, “to stimulate”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْهِض

Form X: اِسْتَنْهَضَ (istanhaḍa, “to stimulate”); Active participle


ز ه ر

Due to the restricted meaning, suspected to be loaned from the Aramaic root ז־ה־ר / ܙ-ܗ-ܪ (z-h-r) which is more generally used for “to shine, to glow”, as well as in the specific meaning of “to flourish”, and in Classical Syriac ܙܗܪܐ (zahrā) both “bright light”, “splendor” and “bright or fully-bloomed flower”, as opposed to the restricted Arabic زَهْر (zahr, “flowers”), which was thus probably the particular term borrowed from which other meanings were back-formed, not without acquaintance with or reminiscence, that is later influence, of the general meanings in the Aramaic root. This reminds also of more specific plant names like شَفَلَّح (šafallaḥ) and رَيْحَان (rayḥān) being borrowed from Aramaic roots expressing ideas of things opening themselves for emission.

related to flowers, blossoms (by extension) to flourish, to prosper

زُهُور

Form I: زَهَرَ (zahara, “to shine; to expand blossoms”); Verbal noun

زَاهِر

Form I: زَهَرَ (zahara, “to shine; to expand blossoms”); Active participle

تَزْهِير

Form II: زَهَّرَ (zahhara, “to make bloom”); Verbal noun

مُزَهِّر

Form II: زَهَّرَ (zahhara, “to make bloom”); Active participle

إِزْهَار

Form IV: أَزْهَرَ (ʔazhara, “to expand blossoms; to gleam”); Verbal noun

مُزْهِر

Form IV: أَزْهَرَ (ʔazhara, “to expand blossoms; to gleam”); Active participle

اِزْدِهَار

Form VIII: اِزْدَهَرَ (izdahara, “to shine brightly; to blossom; to flourish”); Verbal noun

مُزْدَهِر

Form VIII: اِزْدَهَرَ (izdahara, “to shine brightly; to blossom; to flourish”); Active participle

اَلزَّهْرَاء

زَهْرَاء f (zahrāʔ)

a title of Fatima bint Muhammad

زَهْرَاء f (zahrāʔ)


ب ر ء

related to absolution from accusations or maladies


ز ح ف

زَحْف

Form I: زَحَفَ (zaḥafa, “to creep; to encroach”); Verbal noun

زَاحِف

Form I: زَحَفَ (zaḥafa, “to creep; to encroach”); Active participle


-TʼÉ

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼe (“roast, cook”).


-CHʼĮ́Į́DÍ

Probably derived from the root -CHʼĮ́Į́D (“to be reduced”) + -í (nominalizer). Cognates found in Carrier ntsʼid (“be few”) and Hupa -chʼid (“die, become exhausted”).


-CHʼĮ́Į́D

This root only occurs in a neuter perfective base which serves as an enclitic word attached to a noun stem. The original meaning of this root appears to be reduced or abbreviated, but nowadays it refers to the hoarseness and stubbiness of ears and horns of animals, and to the change of voice during adolescence. Probably cognate with -CHʼĮ́Į́DÍ (“to be few”).


-CHʼĮ́Į́D

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʼʷenʸ (“be jealous”). It only occurs in neuter imperfective bases.


ل ح ن

Unknown. Also, the meaning of quickwittedness is much rarer than sound meanings and etymologically separate; it is not possible to derive it from the sense of an overtone or veiled hint only the intelligent would grasp because this is a transferred technical sense postdating it by centuries.

لَحْن

manner of speech; melody; overtone, hint; barbarism in language

مَلَاحِن

equivocations, using the same term in distinct meanings

لُحَنَة

somebody who mispronounces regularly or employs barbarisms

also لَحَّان and even pro masculino لَحَّانَة

أَلْحَن

speaking worse; singing better; quicker-witted

مُلَاحَنَة

Form III: لَاحَنَ (lāḥana, “to hint at or to”); Verbal noun

إِلْحَان

Form IV: أَلْحَنَ (ʔalḥana, “to give someone to understand, to hint to; to give to, to provide with”); Verbal noun

تَلَاحُن

Form VI: تَلَاحَنَ (talāḥana, “to employ barbarism in speaking with each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَاحَن

related to rendering sounds by which something or someone is recognized

لَحْن

Form I: لَحَنَ (laḥana, “to smatter”); Verbal noun

لَاحِن

Form I: لَحَنَ (laḥana, “to smatter”); Active participle

لَحَن

Form I: لَحِنَ (laḥina, “to have a good grasp”); Verbal noun

Form I: لَحِنَ (laḥina, “to have a good grasp”); Active participle

تَلْحِين

Form II: لَحَّنَ (laḥḥana, “to make music; to accuse of mispronouncing or employ barbarism in speaking”); Verbal noun

مُلَحِّن

Form II: لَحَّنَ (laḥḥana, “to make music; to accuse of mispronouncing or employ barbarism in speaking”); Active participle

مُلَاحِن

Form III: لَاحَنَ (lāḥana, “to hint at or to”); Active participle

مُلْحِن

Form IV: أَلْحَنَ (ʔalḥana, “to give someone to understand, to hint to; to give to, to provide with”); Active participle

مُتَلَاحِن

Form VI: تَلَاحَنَ (talāḥana, “to employ barbarism in speaking with each other”); Active participle


कू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kew-. Cognate with Lithuanian kaukti, and possibly English howl and Ancient Greek κωκῡ́ω (kōkū́ō, “shriek, wail”).


कू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁-. Compare Latin caveō.


س ر ب

From the root س ي ب (s-y-b), from whence also سَابَ (sāba, “to flow”). Compare دَاسَ (dāsa, “to crush, to trample”) and دَرَسَ (darasa, “to thresh, to flail”) with same derivation pattern.

سَرَب

Form I: سَرِبَ (sariba, “to leak”); Verbal noun

Form I: سَرِبَ (sariba, “to leak”); Active participle

تَسْرِيب

Form II: سَرَّبَ (sarraba, “to leak”); Verbal noun

مُسَرِّب

Form II: سَرَّبَ (sarraba, “to leak”); Active participle

تَسَرُّب

Form V: تَسَرَّبَ (tasarraba, “to leak”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَرِّب

Form V: تَسَرَّبَ (tasarraba, “to leak”); Active participle

اِنْسِرَاب

Form VII: اِنْسَرَبَ (insaraba, “to hole up”); Verbal noun

مُنْسَرِب

Form VII: اِنْسَرَبَ (insaraba, “to hole up”); Active participle


*h₁él-h₁ēn or *h₁él-h₁en-i

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եղն (ełn, “hind”)

Armenian: եղնիկ (eġnik, “doe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *elenias

Latvian: alnis (“elk, moose”)

Lithuanian: élnias, élnis, álnis (“deer”)

Proto-Slavic: *eleňь (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ól-h₁n-ih₂ ~ *h₁él-h₁n-ih₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alˀnīˀ

Lithuanian: álnė, élnė

Old Prussian: alne

Proto-Slavic: *òlni (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elanī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *elantī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *yälä

Tocharian A: yäl

Tocharian B: yal

Proto-Hellenic: *éləpʰos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”)

Greek: ελάφι (eláfi)

Proto-Hellenic: *elnós

Ancient Greek: ἐλλός (ellós)

*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is

Proto-Germanic: *algiz, *elhaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: ἄλκη (álkē)

→ Latin: alcēs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alśis

Proto-Slavic: *ȏlsь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥śyas

Vedic Sanskrit: ऋश्य (ṛ́śya)

→ elephant

various tree species with bright bark, e.g. alder, elm, fir


س ي ل

سَيْل

Form I: سَالَ (sāla, “to flow”); Verbal noun

سَائِل

Form I: سَالَ (sāla, “to flow”); Active participle

تَسْيِيل

Form II: سَيَّلَ (sayyala, “to make flow, to liquidize”); Verbal noun

مُسَيِّل

Form II: سَيَّلَ (sayyala, “to make flow, to liquidize”); Active participle

إِسَالَة

Form IV: أَسَالَ (ʔasāla, “to liquefy; to pour forth”); Verbal noun

مُسِيل

Form IV: أَسَالَ (ʔasāla, “to liquefy; to pour forth”); Active participle

تَسَايُل

Form VI: تَسَايَلَ (tasāyala, “to fight each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَايِل

Form VI: تَسَايَلَ (tasāyala, “to fight each other”); Active participle


ع ر ك

عَرْك

incision, cut; vulva; dung of a beast or bird of prey

عَرِك

being a wave or man etc. that prostrates often

Form I: عَرِكَ (ʕarika, “to be tough”); Active participle

عَرَاك

Form I: عَرَكَ (ʕaraka, “to suffer menstruation”); Verbal noun

عَارِك

Form I: عَرَكَ (ʕaraka, “to suffer menstruation”); Active participle

إِعْرَاك

Form IV: أَعْرَكَ (ʔaʕraka, “to suffer menstruation”); Verbal noun

مُعْرِك

Form IV: أَعْرَكَ (ʔaʕraka, “to suffer menstruation”); Active participle

تَعَارُك

Form VI: تَعَارَكَ (taʕāraka, “to fight each other”); Verbal noun

اِعْتِرَاك

Form VIII: اِعْتَرَكَ (iʕtaraka, “to fight each other”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَرَك

عَرْك

Form I: عَرَكَ (ʕaraka, “to rub, to scrub; to toughen”); Verbal noun

عَارِك

Form I: عَرَكَ (ʕaraka, “to rub, to scrub; to toughen”); Active participle

مُعَارَكَة

Form III: عَارَكَ (ʕāraka, “to make rub against, to crowd together; to fight against”); Verbal noun

مُعَارِك

Form III: عَارَكَ (ʕāraka, “to make rub against, to crowd together; to fight against”); Active participle

مُتَعَارِك

Form VI: تَعَارَكَ (taʕāraka, “to fight each other”); Active participle

مُعْتَرِك

Form VIII: اِعْتَرَكَ (iʕtaraka, “to fight each other”); Active participle


ج ل ب ب

جَلْبَبَة

Form Iq: جَلْبَبَ (jalbaba, “to dress”); Verbal noun

مُجَلْبِب

Form Iq: جَلْبَبَ (jalbaba, “to dress”); Active participle

تَجَلْبُب

Form IIq: تَجَلْبَبَ (tajalbaba, “to be dressed”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَلْبِب

Form IIq: تَجَلْبَبَ (tajalbaba, “to be dressed”); Active participle


و ر د

وَارِدة

one who descends; group that descends to a watering place; road

وَرُود

Form I: وَرَدَ (warada, “to arrive”); Verbal noun

وَارِد

Form I: وَرَدَ (warada, “to arrive”); Active participle

تَوْرِيد

Form II: وَرَّدَ (warrada, “to import”); Verbal noun

مُوَرِّد

Form II: وَرَّدَ (warrada, “to import”); Active participle

إِيرَاد

Form IV: أَوْرَدَ (ʔawrada, “to adduce”); Verbal noun

مُورِد

Form IV: أَوْرَدَ (ʔawrada, “to adduce”); Active participle

تَوَارُد

Form VI: تَوَارَدَ (tawārada, “to come in succession, to be consecutive”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَارِد

Form VI: تَوَارَدَ (tawārada, “to come in succession, to be consecutive”); Active participle

اِسْتِيرَاد

Form X: اِسْتَوْرَدَ (istawrada, “to import”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْرِد

Form X: اِسْتَوْرَدَ (istawrada, “to import”); Active participle


و ر د

related to roses, flowers, or some of their aspects

تَوْرِيد

Form II: وَرَّدَ (warrada, “to bloom; to apply red rouge or paint”); Verbal noun

مُوَرِّد

Form II: وَرَّدَ (warrada, “to bloom; to apply red rouge or paint”); Active participle

تَوَرُّد

Form V: تَوَرَّدَ (tawarrada, “to take on a rosy color”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَرِّد

Form V: تَوَرَّدَ (tawarrada, “to take on a rosy color”); Active participle


ق س و

قَسْوَة

Form I: قَسَا (qasā, “to be harsh”); Verbal noun

قَاسٍ

Form I: قَسَا (qasā, “to be harsh”); Active participle

تَقْسِيَة

Form II: قَسَّى (qassā, “to harden”); Verbal noun

مُقَسٍّ

Form II: قَسَّى (qassā, “to harden”); Active participle

مُقَاسَاة

Form III: قَاسَى (qāsā, “to endure”); Verbal noun

مُقَاسٍ

Form III: قَاسَى (qāsā, “to endure”); Active participle

إِقْسَاء

Form IV: أَقْسَى (ʔaqsā, “to harden”); Verbal noun

مُقْسٍ

Form IV: أَقْسَى (ʔaqsā, “to harden”); Active participle


خ ي ط

ar-root

خ ي ط • (ḵ-y-ṭ)

خَيْط

Form I: خَاطَ (ḵāṭa, “to sew”); Verbal noun

خَائِط

Form I: خَاطَ (ḵāṭa, “to sew”); Active participle

تَخْيِيط

Form II: خَيَّطَ (ḵayyaṭa, “to sew, to tailor”); Verbal noun

مُخَيِّط

Form II: خَيَّطَ (ḵayyaṭa, “to sew, to tailor”); Active participle

اِخْتِيَاط

Form VIII: اِخْتَاطَ (iḵtāṭa); Verbal noun

مُخْتَاط

Form VIII: اِخْتَاطَ (iḵtāṭa); Active participle


ج ل ب

جَلْب

Form I: جَلَبَ (jalaba, “to bring, to fetch”); Verbal noun

جَالِب

Form I: جَلَبَ (jalaba, “to bring, to fetch”); Active participle

تَجْلِيب

Form II: جَلَّبَ (jallaba, “to be noisy”); Verbal noun

مُجَلِّب

Form II: جَلَّبَ (jallaba, “to be noisy”); Active participle

إِجْلَاب

Form IV: أَجْلَبَ (ʔajlaba, “to gain, to acquire”); Verbal noun

مُجْلِب

Form IV: أَجْلَبَ (ʔajlaba, “to gain, to acquire”); Active participle

اِسْتِجْلَاب

Form X: اِسْتَجْلَبَ (istajlaba, “to bring in, to import, to call forth”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجْلِب

Form X: اِسْتَجْلَبَ (istajlaba, “to bring in, to import, to call forth”); Active participle


م و ل

تَمْوِيل

Form II: مَوَّلَ (mawwala, “to make rich, to finance”); Verbal noun

مُمَوِّل

Form II: مَوَّلَ (mawwala, “to make rich, to finance”); Active participle

تَمَوُّل

Form V: تَمَوَّلَ (tamawwala, “to become rich, to be financed”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَوِّل

Form V: تَمَوَّلَ (tamawwala, “to become rich, to be financed”); Active participle

اِسْتِمَالَة

Form X: اِسْتَمَالَ (istamāla, “to become rich”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمِيل

Form X: اِسْتَمَالَ (istamāla, “to become rich”); Active participle


ج ل س

جُلُوس

Form I: جَلَسَ (jalasa, “to take seat”); Verbal noun

جَالِس

Form I: جَلَسَ (jalasa, “to take seat”); Active participle

مُجَالَسَة

Form III: جَالَسَ (jālasa, “to sit with”); Verbal noun

مُجَالِس

Form III: جَالَسَ (jālasa, “to sit with”); Active participle

إِجْلَاس

Form IV: أَجْلَسَ (ʔajlasa, “to cause to sit”); Verbal noun

مُجْلِس

Form IV: أَجْلَسَ (ʔajlasa, “to cause to sit”); Active participle

تَجَالُس

Form VI: تَجَالَسَ (tajālasa, “to sit with each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَالِس

Form VI: تَجَالَسَ (tajālasa, “to sit with each other”); Active participle

اِسْتِجْلَاس

Form X: اِسْتَجْلَسَ (istajlasa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجْلِس

Form X: اِسْتَجْلَسَ (istajlasa); Active participle


خ ر ب

خَرْب

Form I: خَرَبَ (ḵaraba, “to ruin”); Verbal noun

خَارِب

Form I: خَرَبَ (ḵaraba, “to ruin”); Active participle

خَرَاب

Form I: خَرِبَ (ḵariba, “to be ruined; to become ruined”); Verbal noun

Form I: خَرِبَ (ḵariba, “to be ruined; to become ruined”); Active participle

تَخْرِيب

Form II: خَرَّبَ (ḵarraba, “to ruin, to wreck”); Verbal noun

مُخَرِّب

Form II: خَرَّبَ (ḵarraba, “to ruin, to wreck”); Active participle

إِخْرَاب

Form IV: أَخْرَبَ (ʔaḵraba, “to ruin, to wreck”); Verbal noun

مُخْرِب

Form IV: أَخْرَبَ (ʔaḵraba, “to ruin, to wreck”); Active participle

تَخَرُّب

Form V: تَخَرَّبَ (taḵarraba, “to be ruined; to become ruined”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَرِّب

Form V: تَخَرَّبَ (taḵarraba, “to be ruined; to become ruined”); Active participle


ب غ ي

بُغَاء

Form I: بَغَى (baḡā, “to wish”); Verbal noun

بَاغٍ

Form I: بَغَى (baḡā, “to wish”); Active participle

بَغْي

Form I: بَغَى (baḡā, “to fornicate; to violate”); Verbal noun

بَاغٍ

Form I: بَغَى (baḡā, “to fornicate; to violate”); Active participle

اِنْبِغَاء

Form VII: اِنْبَغَى (inbaḡā, “to beseem”); Verbal noun

مُنْبَغٍ

Form VII: اِنْبَغَى (inbaḡā, “to beseem”); Active participle

اِبْتِغَاء

Form VIII: اِبْتَغَى (ibtaḡā, “to long for, to desire”); Verbal noun

مُبْتَغٍ

Form VIII: اِبْتَغَى (ibtaḡā, “to long for, to desire”); Active participle


ه د ي

هَدْي

Form I: هَدَى (hadā, “to guide”); Verbal noun

هَادٍ

Form I: هَدَى (hadā, “to guide”); Active participle

مُهَادَاة

Form III: هَادَى (hādā, “to exchange present”); Verbal noun

مُهَادٍ

Form III: هَادَى (hādā, “to exchange present”); Active participle

إِهْدَاء

Form IV: أَهْدَى (ʔahdā, “to submit”); Verbal noun

مُهْدٍ

Form IV: أَهْدَى (ʔahdā, “to submit”); Active participle

تَهَدٍّ

Form V: تَهَدَّى (tahaddā, “to be guided”); Verbal noun

مُتَهَدٍّ

Form V: تَهَدَّى (tahaddā, “to be guided”); Active participle

تَهَادٍ

Form VI: تَهَادَى (tahādā, “to give present to each other; to reel, to stagger”); Verbal noun

مُتَهَادٍ

Form VI: تَهَادَى (tahādā, “to give present to each other; to reel, to stagger”); Active participle

اِهْتِدَاء

Form VIII: اِهْتَدَى (ihtadā, “to be directed”); Verbal noun

مُهْتَدٍ

Form VIII: اِهْتَدَى (ihtadā, “to be directed”); Active participle

اِسْتِهْدَاء

Form X: اِسْتَهْدَى (istahdā, “to seek the right path”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَهْدٍ

Form X: اِسْتَهْدَى (istahdā, “to seek the right path”); Active participle


ج ر ب

جَرَب

Form I: جَرِبَ (jariba, “to have mange; to be rusty”); Verbal noun

Form I: جَرِبَ (jariba, “to have mange; to be rusty”); Active participle

تَجْرِيب

Form II: جَرَّبَ (jarraba, “to experience, try, conduct a trial”); Verbal noun

مُجَرِّب

Form II: جَرَّبَ (jarraba, “to experience, try, conduct a trial”); Active participle

إِجْرَاب

Form IV: أَجْرَبَ (ʔajraba, “to have mangy cattle, to infect with mange”); Verbal noun

مُجْرِب

Form IV: أَجْرَبَ (ʔajraba, “to have mangy cattle, to infect with mange”); Active participle


ر ف ق

رَافِق

Form I: رَفَقَ (rafaqa, “to be gentle”); Active participle

Form I: رَفِقَ (rafiqa, “to be gentle”); Active participle

إِرْفَاق

Form IV: أَرْفَقَ (ʔarfaqa, “to join, to attach”); Verbal noun

تَرَفُّق

Form V: تَرَفَّقَ (taraffaqa, “to proceed gently”); Verbal noun

اِرْتِفَاق

Form VIII: اِرْتَفَقَ (irtafaqa, “to take advantage”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَفَق

رِفْق

Form I: رَفَقَ (rafaqa, “to be gentle”); Verbal noun

رَفَق

Form I: رَفِقَ (rafiqa, “to be gentle”); Verbal noun

مُرَافَقَة

Form III: رَافَقَ (rāfaqa, “to accompany, to assist”); Verbal noun

مُرَافِق

Form III: رَافَقَ (rāfaqa, “to accompany, to assist”); Active participle

مُرْفِق

Form IV: أَرْفَقَ (ʔarfaqa, “to join, to attach”); Active participle

مُتَرَفِّق

Form V: تَرَفَّقَ (taraffaqa, “to proceed gently”); Active participle

تَرَافُق

Form VI: تَرَافَقَ (tarāfaqa, “to accompany each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَافِق

Form VI: تَرَافَقَ (tarāfaqa, “to accompany each other”); Active participle

مُرْتَفِق

Form VIII: اِرْتَفَقَ (irtafaqa, “to take advantage”); Active participle


ر د ي

related to being in air, falling or hanging

Form I: رَدِيَ (radiya); Active participle

مُرَدٍّ

Form II: رَدَّى (raddā); Active participle

مُرْدٍ

Form IV: أَرْدَى (ʔardā); Active participle

مُتَرَدٍّ

Form V: تَرَدَّى (taraddā); Active participle

اِرْتِدَاء

Form VIII: اِرْتَدَى (irtadā); Verbal noun

مُرْتَدٍ

Form VIII: اِرْتَدَى (irtadā); Active participle


و ط ء

و ط ء • (w-ṭ-ʔ)

وَطْء

Form I: وَطِئَ (waṭiʔa, “to tread, to trample”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَطِئَ (waṭiʔa, “to tread, to trample”); Active participle

تَوْطِئَة

Form II: وَطَّأَ (waṭṭaʔa, “to even; to smooth; to make preparations”); Verbal noun

مُوَطِّئ

Form II: وَطَّأَ (waṭṭaʔa, “to even; to smooth; to make preparations”); Active participle

مُوَاطِئ

Form III: وَاطَأَ (wāṭaʔa); Active participle

إِيطَاء

Form IV: أَوْطَأَ (ʔawṭaʔa, “to lower, to transpose; to make someone step on”); Verbal noun

مُوطِئ

Form IV: أَوْطَأَ (ʔawṭaʔa, “to lower, to transpose; to make someone step on”); Active participle

تَوَاطُؤ

Form VI: تَوَاطَأَ (tawāṭaʔa, “to collude”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاطِئ

Form VI: تَوَاطَأَ (tawāṭaʔa, “to collude”); Active participle

اِسْتِيطَاء

Form X: اِسْتَوْطَأَ (istawṭaʔa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْطِئ

Form X: اِسْتَوْطَأَ (istawṭaʔa); Active participle


-ZÉÍ

From Proto-Athabaskan *saxʸ ~ *zay (“sand, to crumble”). Compare Navajo séí (“sand”).
Cognates found in Tanacross thaayh (“sand”) and also Tlingit xagw (“sand”).

inh

to crumble, be crumbly (as soft sandstone)


-TSĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸan (“rain”). Possibly related to the root -TSĄĄD (“to be pregnant”).
Navajo níłtsą́ (“rain”) originates from this root. Other cognates are found in Ahtna caan (“rain”), Dena'ina kun (“rain”), Koyukon konh (“rain”) and Hupa kyangkyoh (“hailstorm”).


م د ن

Denominal from Aramaic-borrowed مَدِينَة (madīna, “town, city”).

تَمْدِين

Form II: مَدَّنَ (maddana, “to found cities; to civilize; to urbanize”); Verbal noun

مُمَدِّن

Form II: مَدَّنَ (maddana, “to found cities; to civilize; to urbanize”); Active participle

تَمَدُّن

Form V: تَمَدَّنَ (tamaddana, “to become civilize, to become urbanize”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَدِّن

Form V: تَمَدَّنَ (tamaddana, “to become civilize, to become urbanize”); Active participle


ح ق د

حَاقِد

Form I: حَقَدَ (ḥaqada, “to hate, to be rancorous towards someone”); Active participle

إِحْقَاد

Form IV: أَحْقَدَ (ʔaḥqada, “to promote rancor, to elicit hatred”); Verbal noun

مُحْقِد

Form IV: أَحْقَدَ (ʔaḥqada, “to promote rancor, to elicit hatred”); Active participle

تَحَاقُد

Form VI: تَحَاقَدَ (taḥāqada, “to hold a grudge, to abhor”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاقِد

Form VI: تَحَاقَدَ (taḥāqada, “to hold a grudge, to abhor”); Active participle

اِحْتِقَاد

Form VIII: اِحْتَقَدَ (iḥtaqada, “(of rain) to be lacking”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَقِد

Form VIII: اِحْتَقَدَ (iḥtaqada, “(of rain) to be lacking”); Active participle


ب ه م

إِبْهَام

Form IV: أَبْهَمَ (ʔabhama, “to make murky, to make confused, to make dubious”); Verbal noun

مُبْهِم

Form IV: أَبْهَمَ (ʔabhama, “to make murky, to make confused, to make dubious”); Active participle

تَبَهُّم

Form V: تَبَهَّمَ (tabahhama, “to be murky, to be confused, to be dubious”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَهِّم

Form V: تَبَهَّمَ (tabahhama, “to be murky, to be confused, to be dubious”); Active participle

اِسْتِبْهَام

Form X: اِسْتَبْهَمَ (istabhama, “to be murky, to be confused, to be dubious”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْهِم

Form X: اِسْتَبْهَمَ (istabhama, “to be murky, to be confused, to be dubious”); Active participle


ه ي ء

Apparently denominal from هَيْئَة (hayʔa), compare طَرْز (ṭarz) for an equal development. The Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou suggests an Old South Arabian borrowing, in view of Sabaean 𐩠𐩺𐩲 (hyʿ /hayaʿa/, “to flow, to run; to extend (boundary); to carry out, to implement or accomplish (construction)”), which is indeed with a voiced pharyngeal fricative instead of a voiceless glottal plosive here and in derivations, and possibly related to ش ي ع (š-y-ʕ) related to spreading.

ar-root

ش ي ع (š-y-ʕ)

forms words related to shapes, shaping and comeliness

هَيْئَة

Form I: هَاءَ (hāʔa, “to be beautifully shaped”); Verbal noun

هَاءٍ

Form I: هَاءَ (hāʔa, “to be beautifully shaped”); Active participle

تَهْيِيء

Form II: هَيَّأَ (hayyaʔa, “to set, to arrange, to array”); Verbal noun

مُهَيِّئ

Form II: هَيَّأَ (hayyaʔa, “to set, to arrange, to array”); Active participle

مُهَايَأَة

Form III: هَايَأَ (hāyaʔa, “to adapt, convene, conform”); Verbal noun

مُهَايِئ

Form III: هَايَأَ (hāyaʔa, “to adapt, convene, conform”); Active participle

تَهَيُّؤ

Form V: تَهَيَّأَ (tahayyaʔa, “to be ready, to be possible, to be properly dressed”); Verbal noun

مُتَهَيِّئ

Form V: تَهَيَّأَ (tahayyaʔa, “to be ready, to be possible, to be properly dressed”); Active participle

هَيْئَة

هَيِّئ (hayyiʔ, “properly shaped, beautiful”)


(s)poH(y)-

*(s)poHy-m-os

Proto-Germanic: *faimaz m or n (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: spūma f (see there for further descendants)

*(s)póHy-nh₂-os, *(s)pHóy-nh₂-os (metathesized variant)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pʰáynas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pʰáynas

Sanskrit: फेन m or n (phéna) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)páiˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: pūmex (“pumice”) (see there for further descendants)

De Vaan and Lubotsky suggest that this may be derived from a y-extension of *speh₁- (“to be filled to the brim”).


ط ح ن

ط ح ن • (ṭ-ḥ-n)

طَحْن

Form I: طَحَنَ (ṭaḥana, “to grind”); Verbal noun

طَاحِن

Form I: طَحَنَ (ṭaḥana, “to grind”); Active participle

تَطَاحُن

Form VI: تَطَاحَنَ (taṭāḥana, “to clash against each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَاحِن

Form VI: تَطَاحَنَ (taṭāḥana, “to clash against each other”); Active participle


गा

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to step”).


ء ل ف

أَلْف

Form I: أَلِفَ (ʔalifa, “to be used to”); Verbal noun

Form I: أَلِفَ (ʔalifa, “to be used to”); Active participle

تَأْلِيف

Form II: أَلَّفَ (ʔallafa, “to compose”); Verbal noun

مُؤَلِّف

Form II: أَلَّفَ (ʔallafa, “to compose”); Active participle

تَأَلُّف

Form V: تَأَلَّفَ (taʔallafa, “to be composed”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَلِّف

Form V: تَأَلَّفَ (taʔallafa, “to be composed”); Active participle

تَآلُف

Form VI: تَآلَفَ (taʔālafa, “to harmonize”); Verbal noun

مُتَآلِف

Form VI: تَآلَفَ (taʔālafa, “to harmonize”); Active participle

اِئْتِلَاف

Form VIII: اِئْتَلَفَ (iʔtalafa, “to coalesce, to unite”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَلِف

Form VIII: اِئْتَلَفَ (iʔtalafa, “to coalesce, to unite”); Active participle

اِسْتِئْلَاف

Form X: اِسْتَأْلَفَ (istaʔlafa, “to try to get acquainted with”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْلِف

Form X: اِسْتَأْلَفَ (istaʔlafa, “to try to get acquainted with”); Active participle


و ث ق

ثِقَة

Form I: وَثِقَ (waṯiqa, “to trust”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَثِقَ (waṯiqa, “to trust”); Active participle

وَثَاقَة

Form I: وَثُقَ (waṯuqa, “to be sure”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَثُقَ (waṯuqa, “to be sure”); Active participle

تَوْثِيق

Form II: وَثَّقَ (waṯṯaqa, “to reinforce”); Verbal noun

مُوَثِّق

Form II: وَثَّقَ (waṯṯaqa, “to reinforce”); Active participle

مُوَاثَقَة

Form III: وَاثَقَ (wāṯaqa, “to agree to”); Verbal noun

مُوَاثِق

Form III: وَاثَقَ (wāṯaqa, “to agree to”); Active participle

إِيثَاق

Form IV: أَوْثَقَ (ʔawṯaqa, “to bind”); Verbal noun

مُوثِق

Form IV: أَوْثَقَ (ʔawṯaqa, “to bind”); Active participle

تَوَثُّق

Form V: تَوَثَّقَ (tawaṯṯaqa, “to be firm”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَثِّق

Form V: تَوَثَّقَ (tawaṯṯaqa, “to be firm”); Active participle

تَوَاثُق

Form VI: تَوَاثَقَ (tawāṯaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاثِق

Form VI: تَوَاثَقَ (tawāṯaqa); Active participle

اِسْتِيثَاق

Form X: اِسْتَوْثَقَ (istawṯaqa, “to assure oneself; to have confidence in”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْثِق

Form X: اِسْتَوْثَقَ (istawṯaqa, “to assure oneself; to have confidence in”); Active participle


ن ت ن

نَتْن

Form I: نَتَنَ (natana, “to stink of decay”), نَتِنَ (natina, “to stink of decay”); Verbal noun

نَاتِن

Form I: نَتَنَ (natana, “to stink of decay”), نَتِنَ (natina, “to stink of decay”); Active participle

نَتَانَة

Form I: نَتُنَ (natuna, “to stink of decay”); Verbal noun

Form I: نَتُنَ (natuna, “to stink of decay”); Active participle

تَنْتِين

Form II: نَتَّنَ (nattana, “to cause to stink of decay”); Verbal noun

مُنَتِّن

Form II: نَتَّنَ (nattana, “to cause to stink of decay”); Active participle

إِنْتَان

Form IV: أَنْتَنَ (ʔantana, “to stink of decay”); Verbal noun

مُنْتِن

Form IV: أَنْتَنَ (ʔantana, “to stink of decay”); Active participle


bʰiš-

Proto-Iranian: *biš (“healing”)

Avestan:

desc

Old Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱 (biš, “healing, remedy”)

𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬌𐬱 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬋

Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬌 (paⁱti biši, “medicinal”), 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬌𐬱 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬋 (bišiš framātō, “skilled in medicine”)

*bʰišaȷ́- (“to heal”, root)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰiṣaȷ́-

Sanskrit: भिषक्ति (bhiṣákti), भिषज्यति (bhiṣajyáti)

Proto-Iranian: *bišaj-

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (bišaziiāt̰), 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬌𐬱 (bišaziiōiš, 2nd person optative singular), 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬥𐬌 (bišazāni)

Middle Persian: (/bišāzēnīdan, bišāz-/, “to heal, cure”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫗 (byšʾzynydn), 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫉- (byšʾz-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (byšʾcynytn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (byšʾc-)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰišáȷ́ (“doctor, physician”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰiṣáȷ́

Sanskrit: भिषज् (bhiṣáj, “healer, physician”)

Proto-Iranian: *bišáj

Middle Persian: (/bišāz/, “doctor, healer, physician”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫉 (byšʾz), 𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫀𐫝 (byšʾc)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *bišajkah (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰayšaȷ́ás (“curative, healing”)

Of obscure origin. Mayrhofer tentatively connects this to Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂-s (“to speak”); however, Cheung leaves the origin open, and speculates a borrowing from an unidentified non-Indo-European substrate language.


भिषज्

head

भिषज् • (bhiṣaj)

/bʱi.ʂɐ́d͡ʑ/

/ˈbʱi.ʂɐd͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰišáȷ́ (“physician, healer”), from the root *bʰiš- (“medicine, healing”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰- (bišaz-), Northern Kurdish bijişk (“doctor”), Persian پزشک (pezešk, “doctor”).


י־ח־ד

Forming words pertaining to one / unity.


ל־ח־ם

head

ל־ח־ם • (l-ḥ-m)

לוחם

לָחַם (“fight”)

לחימה

לָחַם (“fight”)

Forming words pertaining to war / struggle.

פשע מלחמה

מלחמה (“war”)

Forming words pertaining to bread / food.

בית לחם

לֶחֶם (“bread”)

לַחְמָנִיָּה

לֶחֶם (“bread”)

Forming words pertaining to joining / welding.


dʰawgʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawźʰ-

Sanskrit: दुह् (duh, “to milk”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dawgʰ-

Sanskrit: दुघ् (dugh, “to milk”) (Vedic)

*dʰáwgdʰi ~ *dʰuǰʰánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáwgdʰi

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá, “milk”)

Proto-Iranian: *dáwgdi

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dáwgah

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to prepare”).


ف ص ل

An extension of ف ص ص (f-ṣ-ṣ) dating to Central Semitic. Compare later development of ح ص ل (ḥ-ṣ-l) from ح ص ص (ḥ-ṣ-ṣ) and even later قَصَلَ (qaṣala).

ar-root

ف ص ص (f-ṣ-ṣ)

ح ص ل (ḥ-ṣ-l)

ح ص ص (ḥ-ṣ-ṣ)

فَاصِلَة

mussel which parts into two; interval; a kind of metrical foot

فَصْل

Form I: فَصَلَ (faṣala, “to shed”); Verbal noun

فَاصِل

Form I: فَصَلَ (faṣala, “to shed”); Active participle

تَفْصِيل

Form II: فَصَّلَ (faṣṣala, “to subdivide”); Verbal noun

مُفَصِّل

Form II: فَصَّلَ (faṣṣala, “to subdivide”); Active participle

مُفَاصَلَة

Form III: فَاصَلَ (fāṣala, “to secede from”); Verbal noun

مُفَاصِل

Form III: فَاصَلَ (fāṣala, “to secede from”); Active participle

اِنْفِصَال

Form VII: اِنْفَصَلَ (infaṣala, “to detach, to secede”); Verbal noun

مُنْفَصِل

Form VII: اِنْفَصَلَ (infaṣala, “to detach, to secede”); Active participle

اِفْتِصَال

Form VIII: اِفْتَصَلَ (iftaṣala, “to ablactate; to transplant”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَصِل

Form VIII: اِفْتَصَلَ (iftaṣala, “to ablactate; to transplant”); Active participle


ف ص ل

فصل

Form I: فصل (faṣal, “to separate; to dismiss”); Noun Form

فاصل

Form I: فصل (faṣal, “to separate; to dismiss”); Active Participle

تفصيل

Form II: فصّل (faṣṣal, “to detail”); Noun Form

مفصّل

Form II: فصّل (faṣṣal, “to detail”); Passive Participle

منفصل

Form VII: انفصل (infaṣal, “to be separated”); Passive Participle


خ ر ط

خ ر ط • (ḵ-r-ṭ)

خَرَط

a disease in camels where the milk coagulates

خَرْط

Form I: خَرَطَ (ḵaraṭa, “to strip”); Verbal noun

خَارِط

Form I: خَرَطَ (ḵaraṭa, “to strip”); Active participle

مُخَرِّط

Form II: خَرَّطَ (ḵarraṭa); Active participle

اِنْخِرَاط

Form VII: اِنْخَرَطَ (inḵaraṭa, “to be subject to turnery”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَرِط

Form VII: اِنْخَرَطَ (inḵaraṭa, “to be subject to turnery”); Active participle

اِخْتِرَاط

Form VIII: اِخْتَرَطَ (iḵtaraṭa, “to unsheathe”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَرِط

Form VIII: اِخْتَرَطَ (iḵtaraṭa, “to unsheathe”); Active participle

اِسْتِخْرَاط

Form X: اِسْتَخْرَطَ (istaḵraṭa, “to whine pertinaciously”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْرِط

Form X: اِسْتَخْرَطَ (istaḵraṭa, “to whine pertinaciously”); Active participle

اِخْرِوَّاط

Form XIII: اِخْرَوَّطَ (iḵrawwaṭa, “to be entangled, to be long”); Verbal noun

مُخْرَوِّط

Form XIII: اِخْرَوَّطَ (iḵrawwaṭa, “to be entangled, to be long”); Active participle


س ل ط

تَسْلِيط

Form II: سَلَّطَ (sallaṭa, “to give power to”); Verbal noun

مُسَلِّط

Form II: سَلَّطَ (sallaṭa, “to give power to”); Active participle

تَسَلُّط

Form V: تَسَلَّطَ (tasallaṭa, “to overpower”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَلِّط

Form V: تَسَلَّطَ (tasallaṭa, “to overpower”); Active participle

سُلْطَان

سُلْطَة (sulṭa, “power, authority”); pl. سُلُطَات (suluṭāt), سُلَط (sulaṭ)


و ر ث

وِرْث

Form I: وَرِثَ (wariṯa, “to inherit”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَرِثَ (wariṯa, “to inherit”); Active participle

تَوْرِيث

Form II: وَرَّثَ (warraṯa, “to make heir”); Verbal noun

مُوَرِّث

Form II: وَرَّثَ (warraṯa, “to make heir”); Active participle

إِيرَاث

Form IV: أَوْرَثَ (ʔawraṯa, “to make heir”); Verbal noun

مُورِث

Form IV: أَوْرَثَ (ʔawraṯa, “to make heir”); Active participle

تَوَارُث

Form VI: تَوَارَثَ (tawāraṯa, “to inherit from each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَارِث

Form VI: تَوَارَثَ (tawāraṯa, “to inherit from each other”); Active participle


س ج د

Deriving from Common Aramaic סְגִד (“to bow down in respect”), likely via or at least semantically influenced by Classical Syriac ܣ-ܓ-ܕ (s-ɡ-d).

der

related to bowing down, especially before God

سُجُود

Form I: سَجَدَ (sajada, “to bow down; to revere”); Verbal noun

سَاجِد

Form I: سَجَدَ (sajada, “to bow down; to revere”); Active participle

مَسْجُود

relate to bending, yielding, and complying


ق م ع

قَمْع

Form I: قَمَعَ (qamaʕa, “to quell, to repress”); Verbal noun

قَامِع

Form I: قَمَعَ (qamaʕa, “to quell, to repress”); Active participle

مُقَمِّع

Form II: قَمَّعَ (qammaʕa); Active participle

إِقْمَاع

Form IV: أَقْمَعَ (ʔaqmaʕa); Verbal noun

مُقْمِع

Form IV: أَقْمَعَ (ʔaqmaʕa); Active participle


ح و ك

حَوْك

Form I: حَاكَ (ḥāka, “to weave, to knit, to sew”); Verbal noun

حَائِك

Form I: حَاكَ (ḥāka, “to weave, to knit, to sew”); Active participle


ن د و

تَنْدِيَة

Form II: نَدَّى (naddā, “to bedew”); Verbal noun

مُنَدٍّ

Form II: نَدَّى (naddā, “to bedew”); Active participle

إِنْدَاء

Form IV: أَنْدَى (ʔandā, “to bedew”); Verbal noun

مُنْدٍ

Form IV: أَنْدَى (ʔandā, “to bedew”); Active participle

تَنَدٍّ

Form V: تَنَدَّى (tanaddā, “to be bedew”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَدٍّ

Form V: تَنَدَّى (tanaddā, “to be bedew”); Active participle

مُتَنَادٍ

Form VI: تَنَادَى (tanādā, “to club together”); Active participle

نَدْو

Form I: نَدَا (nadā, “to call”); Verbal noun

نَادٍ

Form I: نَدَا (nadā, “to call”); Active participle

مُنَادَاة

Form III: نَادَى (nādā, “to call out”); Verbal noun

مُنَادٍ

Form III: نَادَى (nādā, “to call out”); Active participle

تَنَادٍ

Form VI: تَنَادَى (tanādā, “to club together”); Verbal noun

اِنْتِدَاء

Form VIII: اِنْتَدَى (intadā, “to gather”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَدٍ

Form VIII: اِنْتَدَى (intadā, “to gather”); Active participle

نُدُوّة

Form I: نَدِيَ (nadiya, “to be moist”); Verbal noun

Form I: نَدِيَ (nadiya, “to be moist”); Active participle


و غ ر

وَغْر

Form I: وَغَرَ (waḡara, “to be aboil, to rage”), وَغِرَ (waḡira, “to be aboil, to rage”); Verbal noun

وَاغِر

Form I: وَغَرَ (waḡara, “to be aboil, to rage”), وَغِرَ (waḡira, “to be aboil, to rage”); Active participle

إِيغَار

Form IV: أَوْغَرَ (ʔawḡara, “to enrage”); Verbal noun

مُوغِر

Form IV: أَوْغَرَ (ʔawḡara, “to enrage”); Active participle

تَوَغُّر

Form V: تَوَغَّرَ (tawaḡḡara, “to be enraged; to become enraged”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَغِّر

Form V: تَوَغَّرَ (tawaḡḡara, “to be enraged; to become enraged”); Active participle


و ع ي

related to physical or mental containment

مُوَعٍّ

Form II: وَعَّى (waʕʕā); Active participle

مُوعٍ

Form IV: أَوْعَى (ʔawʕā); Active participle

مُتَوَعٍّ

Form V: تَوَعَّى (tawaʕʕā); Active participle


ذ خ ر

ar-root

ذ خ ر • (ḏ-ḵ-r)

ذَخْر

Form I: ذَخَرَ (ḏaḵara, “to keep, to save up”); Verbal noun

ذَاخِر

Form I: ذَخَرَ (ḏaḵara, “to keep, to save up”); Active participle

تَذْخِير

Form II: ذَخَّرَ (ḏaḵḵara, “to load (a gun)”); Verbal noun

مُذَخِّر

Form II: ذَخَّرَ (ḏaḵḵara, “to load (a gun)”); Active participle

اِذِّخَار

Form VIII: اِدَّخَرَ (iddaḵara, “to store, to preserve”); Verbal noun

مُذَّخِر

Form VIII: اِدَّخَرَ (iddaḵara, “to store, to preserve”); Active participle


한가

한가하다 한가하다#Korean

Root of 한가하다 (han'gahada). Rarely used alone.


م ك ن

مَكَانَة

Form I: مَكُنَ (makuna, “to have power”); Verbal noun

Form I: مَكُنَ (makuna, “to have power”); Active participle

تَمْكِين

Form II: مَكَّنَ (makkana, “to empower”); Verbal noun

مُمَكِّن

Form II: مَكَّنَ (makkana, “to empower”); Active participle

إِمْكَان

Form IV: أَمْكَنَ (ʔamkana, “to empower”); Verbal noun

مُمْكِن

Form IV: أَمْكَنَ (ʔamkana, “to empower”); Active participle

تَمَكُّن

Form V: تَمَكَّنَ (tamakkana, “to gain power”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَكِّن

Form V: تَمَكَّنَ (tamakkana, “to gain power”); Active participle

اِسْتِمْكَان

Form X: اِسْتَمْكَنَ (istamkana, “to gain foot; to gain power”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمْكِن

Form X: اِسْتَمْكَنَ (istamkana, “to gain foot; to gain power”); Active participle


غ و ر

غَوْر

Form I: غَارَ (ḡāra, “to enter deeply; to fall in; to seep away”); Verbal noun

غَائِر

Form I: غَارَ (ḡāra, “to enter deeply; to fall in; to seep away”); Active participle

مُغَوِّر

Form II: غَوَّرَ (ḡawwara); Active participle

مُغَاوَرَة

Form III: غَاوَرَ (ḡāwara, “to raid”); Verbal noun

مُغَاوِر

Form III: غَاوَرَ (ḡāwara, “to raid”); Active participle

إِغَارَة

Form IV: أَغَارَ (ʔaḡāra, “to make sink; to raid”); Verbal noun

مُغِير

Form IV: أَغَارَ (ʔaḡāra, “to make sink; to raid”); Active participle

تَغَوُّر

Form V: تَغَوَّرَ (taḡawwara, “to go into more depressed terrain”); Verbal noun

مُتَغَوِّر

Form V: تَغَوَّرَ (taḡawwara, “to go into more depressed terrain”); Active participle

تَغَاوُر

Form VI: تَغَاوَرَ (taḡāwara, “to raid each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَغَاوِر

Form VI: تَغَاوَرَ (taḡāwara, “to raid each other”); Active participle

اِغْتِيَار

Form VIII: اِغْتَارَ (iḡtāra, “to obtain advantage from”); Verbal noun

مُغْتَار

Form VIII: اِغْتَارَ (iḡtāra, “to obtain advantage from”); Active participle

اِسْتِغَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَغَارَ (istaḡāra, “to desire to descend into; to ask, to beg”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغِير

Form X: اِسْتَغَارَ (istaḡāra, “to desire to descend into; to ask, to beg”); Active participle

غَارِيّ

غَار (ḡār, “cavern; palate”); pl. أَغْوَار (ʔaḡwār) and غِيرَان (ḡīrān)


و ع د

وَعِيد

Form I: وَعَدَ (waʕada, “to threaten with”); Verbal noun

تَوَعُّد

Form V: تَوَعَّدَ (tawaʕʕada, “to threaten”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَعَّد

وَاعِد

Form I: وَعَدَ (waʕada, “to promise”); Active participle

وَاعِد

Form I: وَعَدَ (waʕada, “to threaten with”); Active participle

مُوَاعَدَة

Form III: وَاعَدَ (wāʕada, “to agree on a meeting with, to date”); Verbal noun

مُوَاعِد

Form III: وَاعَدَ (wāʕada, “to agree on a meeting with, to date”); Active participle

مُوعِد

Form IV: أَوْعَدَ (ʔawʕada, “to promise, to threaten with”); Active participle

مُتَوَعِّد

Form V: تَوَعَّدَ (tawaʕʕada, “to threaten”); Active participle

تَوَاعُد

Form VI: تَوَاعَدَ (tawāʕada, “to come to terms”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاعِد

Form VI: تَوَاعَدَ (tawāʕada, “to come to terms”); Active participle

اِتِّعَاد

Form VIII: اِتَّعَدَ (ittaʕada, “to agree upon”); Verbal noun

مُتَّعِد

Form VIII: اِتَّعَدَ (ittaʕada, “to agree upon”); Active participle

وَعْد

Form I: وَعَدَ (waʕada, “to promise”); Verbal noun

إِيعَاد

Form IV: أَوْعَدَ (ʔawʕada, “to promise, to threaten with”); Verbal noun


ش ن ق

شَنْق

Form I: شَنَقَ (šanaqa, “to strangle”); Verbal noun

شَانِق

Form I: شَنَقَ (šanaqa, “to strangle”); Active participle

شَنَق

Form I: شَنِقَ (šaniqa, “to snuggle”); Verbal noun

Form I: شَنِقَ (šaniqa, “to snuggle”); Active participle

مُشَنِّق

Form II: شَنَّقَ (šannaqa); Active participle

مُشَانِق

Form III: شَانَقَ (šānaqa); Active participle

إِشْنَاق

Form IV: أَشْنَقَ (ʔašnaqa); Verbal noun

مُشْنِق

Form IV: أَشْنَقَ (ʔašnaqa); Active participle


परी

head

परी • (parī)

sa-root

परी • (parī)

to go or flow round, circumambulate, surround, include, grasp, span

(with मनसा (manasā)) to perceive, ponder


ل ج ء

لَجْء

Form I: لَجَأَ (lajaʔa, “to take refuge”); Verbal noun

لَاجِئ

Form I: لَجَأَ (lajaʔa, “to take refuge”); Active participle

لَجَأ

Form I: لَجِئَ (lajiʔa, “to take refuge”); Verbal noun

Form I: لَجِئَ (lajiʔa, “to take refuge”); Active participle

تَلْجِئَة

Form II: لَجَّأَ (lajjaʔa, “to coerce; to transfer (a right towards a thing), to consider someone as a refuge of”); Verbal noun

مُلَجِّئ

Form II: لَجَّأَ (lajjaʔa, “to coerce; to transfer (a right towards a thing), to consider someone as a refuge of”); Active participle

إِلْجَاء

Form IV: أَلْجَأَ (ʔaljaʔa, “to coerce to take refuge; to protect, to shelter, to provide refuge; to transfer (a right towards a thing), to consider someone as a refuge of”); Verbal noun

مُلْجِئ

Form IV: أَلْجَأَ (ʔaljaʔa, “to coerce to take refuge; to protect, to shelter, to provide refuge; to transfer (a right towards a thing), to consider someone as a refuge of”); Active participle

تَلَجُّؤ

Form V: تَلَجَّأَ (talajjaʔa, “to take refuge”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَجِّئ

Form V: تَلَجَّأَ (talajjaʔa, “to take refuge”); Active participle

اِلْتِجَاء

Form VIII: اِلْتَجَأَ (iltajaʔa, “to flee to”); Verbal noun

مُلْتَجِئ

Form VIII: اِلْتَجَأَ (iltajaʔa, “to flee to”); Active participle


خ ب ء

ar-root

خ ب ء • (ḵ-b-ʔ)

خَبْء

Form I: خَبَأَ (ḵabaʔa, “to hide, to conceal, to cloak”); Verbal noun

خَابِئ

Form I: خَبَأَ (ḵabaʔa, “to hide, to conceal, to cloak”); Active participle

تَخْبِيء

Form II: خَبَّأَ (ḵabbaʔa, “to cover up”); Verbal noun

مُخَبِّئ

Form II: خَبَّأَ (ḵabbaʔa, “to cover up”); Active participle

إِخْبَاء

Form IV: أَخْبَأَ (ʔaḵbaʔa, “to hide”); Verbal noun

مُخْبِئ

Form IV: أَخْبَأَ (ʔaḵbaʔa, “to hide”); Active participle

تَخَبُّؤ

Form V: تَخَبَّأَ (taḵabbaʔa, “to become hidden”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَبِّئ

Form V: تَخَبَّأَ (taḵabbaʔa, “to become hidden”); Active participle

اِنْخِبَاء

Form VII: اِنْخَبَأَ (inḵabaʔa, “to be hidden”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَبِئ

Form VII: اِنْخَبَأَ (inḵabaʔa, “to be hidden”); Active participle

اِخْتِبَاء

Form VIII: اِخْتَبَأَ (iḵtabaʔa, “to hide; to hide oneself; to have in reserve”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَبِئ

Form VIII: اِخْتَبَأَ (iḵtabaʔa, “to hide; to hide oneself; to have in reserve”); Active participle

اِسْتِخْبَاء

Form X: اِسْتَخْبَأَ (istaḵbaʔa, “to conceal”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْبِئ

Form X: اِسْتَخْبَأَ (istaḵbaʔa, “to conceal”); Active participle


ء س و

أَسًى

Form I: أَسِيَ (ʔasiya, “to be grieved”); Verbal noun

تَأْسِيَة

Form II: أَسَّى (ʔassā, “to consolate”); Verbal noun

Form I: أَسِيَ (ʔasiya, “to be grieved”); Active participle

مُؤَسٍّ

Form II: أَسَّى (ʔassā, “to consolate”); Active participle

تَأَسٍّ

Form V: تَأَسَّى (taʔassā, “to constrain oneself to be patient, to be consolated; to take as a model”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَسٍّ

Form V: تَأَسَّى (taʔassā, “to constrain oneself to be patient, to be consolated; to take as a model”); Active participle

تَآسٍ

Form VI: تَآسَى (taʔāsā, “to consolate each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَآسٍ

Form VI: تَآسَى (taʔāsā, “to consolate each other”); Active participle

اِئْتِسَاء

Form VIII: اِئْتَسَى (iʔtasā, “to imitate”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَسٍ

Form VIII: اِئْتَسَى (iʔtasā, “to imitate”); Active participle

اِسْتِئْسَاء

Form X: اِسْتَأْسَى (istaʔsā, “to beseech for consolation”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْسٍ

Form X: اِسْتَأْسَى (istaʔsā, “to beseech for consolation”); Active participle

أَسْو

Form I: أَسَا (ʔasā, “to treat, to pacify”); Verbal noun

آسٍ

Form I: أَسَا (ʔasā, “to treat, to pacify”); Active participle

مُؤَاسَاة

Form III: آسَى (ʔāsā, “to be beneficial to someone, to express condolence to someone; to treat”); Verbal noun

مُؤَاسٍ

Form III: آسَى (ʔāsā, “to be beneficial to someone, to express condolence to someone; to treat”); Active participle


غ ر د

Presumably of onomatopoeic origin, compare German gurren, girren.

غَرَد

Form I: غَرِدَ (ḡarida, “to sing, to chirp”); Verbal noun

Form I: غَرِدَ (ḡarida, “to sing, to chirp”); Active participle

تَغْرِيد

Form II: غَرَّدَ (ḡarrada, “to tweet, to warble; to fluctuate in frequency”); Verbal noun

مُغَرِّد

Form II: غَرَّدَ (ḡarrada, “to tweet, to warble; to fluctuate in frequency”); Active participle

تَغَرُّد

Form V: تَغَرَّدَ (taḡarrada, “to sing, to tweet”); Verbal noun

مُتَغَرِّد

Form V: تَغَرَّدَ (taḡarrada, “to sing, to tweet”); Active participle

اِسْتِغْرَاد

Form X: اِسْتَغْرَدَ (istaḡrada, “to incite to tweet”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغْرِد

Form X: اِسْتَغْرَدَ (istaḡrada, “to incite to tweet”); Active participle


ن س ق

Denominal from نَسَق (nasaq), which originates as a borrowing from a Middle Iranian noun equal to Persian نسک (nask, “one of the books of the Avesta”).

cog

نَاسِق

Form I: نَسَقَ (nasaqa); Active participle

مُنَسِّق

Form II: نَسَّقَ (nassaqa); Active participle

مُنَاسِق

Form III: نَاسَقَ (nāsaqa); Active participle

إِنْسَاق

Form IV: أَنْسَقَ (ʔansaqa); Verbal noun

مُنْسِق

Form IV: أَنْسَقَ (ʔansaqa); Active participle

تَنَسُّق

Form V: تَنَسَّقَ (tanassaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَسِّق

Form V: تَنَسَّقَ (tanassaqa); Active participle

تَنَاسُق

Form VI: تَنَاسَقَ (tanāsaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاسِق

Form VI: تَنَاسَقَ (tanāsaqa); Active participle

اِنْتِسَاق

Form VIII: اِنْتَسَقَ (intasaqa); Verbal noun

مُنْتَسِق

Form VIII: اِنْتَسَقَ (intasaqa); Active participle


*kyeh₂-yé-ti ~ *kyeh₂-yó-nti (yé present)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: διαττάω (diattáō, prefixed with δια-)

*ki-né-h₂-ti ~ *ki-n-h₂-é-nti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ki-na-iz-zi /kinaezi/)

*kyéh₂-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ťḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: σήθω (sḗthō)


ǵem-

*ǵm̥-is (“marriage”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́miš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌 (zāmi, “giving birth”)

*ǵm̥-rós (“son in law”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵem-tēr</i>

>? Proto-Albanian: *dzanra (or from *ǵem-tēr)

desc

Albanian: dhëndër, dhëndërr, dhandër — Gheg

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: γαμβρός (gambrós), γαβρός (gabrós), γαμρός (gamrós), γαββρός (gabbrós), γαμερός (gamerós)
Greek: γαμπρός (gamprós)

Proto-Italic: *genros

Latin: gener (see there for further descendants)

*ǵém-ti-s ~ *ǵm̥-téy-s (“matrimony”)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mtiš

Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬨𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zāmiti, “child-birth”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (“son-in-law”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γᾰ́μος (gámos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

⇒ γαμέω (gaméō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ā́mātā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

ȷ́ā́ra, ȷ́ārá

Sanskrit: जार (ȷ́ā́ra, ȷ́ārá, “paramour, lover, intimate companion”)

Sanskrit: जार्य (jāryá, “intimacy; companionship”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “wife”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जामि (ȷ́āmí, “female relative; daughter-in-law; consanguinity”)


ح ص و

ar-root

ح ص و • (ḥ-ṣ-w)


Proto-Germanic: *wetmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀdná

Proto-Slavic: *vě̑no (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ewednon

Ancient Greek: ἕδνον (hédnon)


ك ر ث

كَرْث

Form I: كَرَثَ (karaṯa, “to aggrieve”); Verbal noun

كَارِث

Form I: كَرَثَ (karaṯa, “to aggrieve”); Active participle

إِكْرَاث

Form IV: أَكْرَثَ (ʔakraṯa, “to aggrieve”); Verbal noun

مُكْرِث

Form IV: أَكْرَثَ (ʔakraṯa, “to aggrieve”); Active participle

اِكْتِرَاث

Form VIII: اِكْتَرَثَ (iktaraṯa, “to care about”); Verbal noun

مُكْتَرِث

Form VIII: اِكْتَرَثَ (iktaraṯa, “to care about”); Active participle


ح ص ي

ح ص ي • (ḥ-ṣ-y)

related to pebbles and associated actions

حَصَيْت

Form I: حَصَى (ḥaṣā, “to toss pebbles at; (passive) to have a urinary calculus”); Verbal noun

حَاصٍ

Form I: حَصَى (ḥaṣā, “to toss pebbles at; (passive) to have a urinary calculus”); Active participle

مَحْصِيّ

Form I: حَصِيَ (ḥaṣiya, “to leave a mark on something; to be full of pebbles”); Active participle

تَحْصِيَة

Form II: حَصَّى (ḥaṣṣā, “to protect”); Verbal noun

مُحَصٍّ

Form II: حَصَّى (ḥaṣṣā, “to protect”); Active participle

إِحْصَاء

Form IV: أَحْصَى (ʔaḥṣā, “to enumerate”); Verbal noun

مُحْصٍ

Form IV: أَحْصَى (ʔaḥṣā, “to enumerate”); Active participle

تَحَصٍّ

Form V: تَحَصَّى (taḥaṣṣā, “to be numerous”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَصٍّ

Form V: تَحَصَّى (taḥaṣṣā, “to be numerous”); Active participle


व्याख्या

head

व्याख्या • (vyākhyā)

sa-root

व्याख्या • (vyākhyā)

/ʋjɑːkʰ.jɑː/

/ˈʋjɑːkʰ.jɑː/

to explain in detail, tell in full, discuss


twerH-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*turH-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *turētei

Latvian: turēt (“to hold, keep”)

Lithuanian: turėti (“to have”)

*twérH-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: tvert (“to grab, seize”)

Lithuanian: tvérti

*tworH-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twárīˀtei

Latvian: tvarstīt (“to snap, to catch”)

Lithuanian: tvárstyti (“to bandage”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvorìti (“to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*twōr (root noun)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tvora (“fence”)

Proto-Slavic: *tvarь (see there for further descendants)

*tworH-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *twaras

Lithuanian: ap-tvaras (“fence”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tworós

Ancient Greek: σορός (sorós, “coffin, urn”)

*twérH-ō ~ *turH-nés

>? Proto-Germanic: *þwerō; *þurraz

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *þurruk (“hold (of a ship)”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tseřřā́

Ancient Greek: σειρά (seirá), σειρή (seirḗ), σηρᾱ́ (sērā́)


ذ ر ع

ar-root

ذ ر ع • (ḏ-r-ʕ)

مِذْرَاع

settlement placed in the center of a region

ذَرْع

Form I: ذَرَعَ (ḏaraʕa, “to stretch out the arm; to be sped up; to measure; to intercede”); Verbal noun

ذَارِع

Form I: ذَرَعَ (ḏaraʕa, “to stretch out the arm; to be sped up; to measure; to intercede”); Active participle

تَذْرِيع

Form II: ذَرَّعَ (ḏarraʕa, “to put the arm around”); Verbal noun

مُذَرِّع

Form II: ذَرَّعَ (ḏarraʕa, “to put the arm around”); Active participle

مُذَارَعَة

Form III: ذَارَعَ (ḏāraʕa, “to do business with someone by using a cubit”); Verbal noun

مُذَارِع

Form III: ذَارَعَ (ḏāraʕa, “to do business with someone by using a cubit”); Active participle

إِذْرَاع

Form IV: أَذْرَعَ (ʔaḏraʕa, “to take with the arm”); Verbal noun

مُذْرِع

Form IV: أَذْرَعَ (ʔaḏraʕa, “to take with the arm”); Active participle

تَذَرُّع

Form V: تَذَرَّعَ (taḏarraʕa, “to measure with a cubit; to use as a pretext”); Verbal noun

مُتَذَرِّع

Form V: تَذَرَّعَ (taḏarraʕa, “to measure with a cubit; to use as a pretext”); Active participle

اِنْذِرَاع

Form VII: اِنْذَرَعَ (inḏaraʕa, “to take much time in going one’s path”); Verbal noun

مُنْذَرِع

Form VII: اِنْذَرَعَ (inḏaraʕa, “to take much time in going one’s path”); Active participle

اِذِّرَاع

Form VIII: اِذَّرَعَ (iḏḏaraʕa, “to go ahead, to make headway”); Verbal noun

مُذَّرِع

Form VIII: اِذَّرَعَ (iḏḏaraʕa, “to go ahead, to make headway”); Active participle

اِسْتِذْرَاع

Form X: اِسْتَذْرَعَ (istaḏraʕa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَذْرِع

Form X: اِسْتَذْرَعَ (istaḏraʕa); Active participle


س ج ن

The root derives from the noun سِجْن (sijn), which is borrowed from Byzantine Greek σίγνον (sígnon), from Latin sīgnum, so called because the Roman field standard (sīgnum), as well as the war chests and soldiers’ savings, were kept in the aedēs, in the center of the headquarters (principia). The eagle token being central to Roman ideology and religion, the warden of these monies was called sīgnifer and aquilifer and anything deposited there was brought ad signum. As this cellared building was well guarded, arrestees where brought thither – in Constantinople the praetōrium of the eparch of the city –, so the colloquial Greek attested from the 4th to 7th century used the phrase ἐν τοῖς σίγνοις (en toîs sígnois) for “into prison”.
Accordingly the Arabic سِجْن (sijn) is first attested by an (albeit like many possibly forged) verse of Umayya ibn Abī ṣ-Ṣalt أَيُّمَا شَاطِنٍ عَصَاهُ عَكَاهُ … ثُمَّ يُلْقَى فِي ٱلسِّجْنِ وَٱلْأَْكْبَالِ (ʔayyumā šāṭinin ʕaṣāhu ʕakāhu … ṯumma yulqā fī s-sijni wal-ʔakbāli), then in the Umayyad era by brigand-poets. That is because the nomadic Arabs, obviously, had no prisons, which were only known in the periphery settled by Byzantines, instead the outer punishment was exclusion from the tribal community which was likely to entail death. The other words دِيمَاس (dīmās) and مَطْمُورَة (maṭmūra) meaning places to lock up miscreants were Aramaic loanwords too.
As the occurrences of the word and derivatives in the Qurʾān are all from the Sūra Yūsuf and in 26:29 again about the Pharaoh threating with imprisonment, the term has been repeatedly suggested as mediated via Coptic, where the word also occurs, however it is just that the Pharaonic Egypt was imagined like the recent Greco-Roman Egypt, while Coptic was limited to Egypt, unlikely to lend any loanwords to Arabic before its Arab colonization, unlike Aramaic, where the Greek plural was borrowed, possibly heard by Arabs as its emphatic state to be clipped into the state سِجْن (sijn). But since Arabs were in Byzantine military service and its command language was Latin, till the 7th century ending bilingualism, it could well have been borrowed from either Greek or Latin directly.

Aquila (Roman)
Su'luk
Yusuf (surah)
de:Umaiya ibn Abī s-Salt
eparch of the city

f. سَجِينَة and pl. سُجَنَاء and سَجْنَى

سَاجِنَة

path in which water flows from the mountain

سَجْن

Form I: سَجَنَ (sajana, “to throw into gaol”); Verbal noun

سَاجِن

Form I: سَجَنَ (sajana, “to throw into gaol”); Active participle

مُسَجِّن

Form II: سَجَّنَ (sajjana); Active participle


ص م م

صَمَم

Form I: صَمَّ (ṣamma, “to be deaf; to become deaf”); Verbal noun

Form I: صَمَّ (ṣamma, “to be deaf; to become deaf”); Active participle

صَمّ

Form I: صَمَّ (ṣamma, “to stopple”); Verbal noun

صَامّ

Form I: صَمَّ (ṣamma, “to stopple”); Active participle

تَصْمِيم

Form II: صَمَّمَ (ṣammama, “to deafen; to resolve; to design”); Verbal noun

مُصَمِّم

Form II: صَمَّمَ (ṣammama, “to deafen; to resolve; to design”); Active participle

إِصْمَام

Form IV: أَصَمَّ (ʔaṣamma, “to make deaf”); Verbal noun

مُصِمّ

Form IV: أَصَمَّ (ʔaṣamma, “to make deaf”); Active participle

تَصَامّ

Form VI: تَصَامَّ (taṣāmma, “to pretend to be deaf”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَامّ

Form VI: تَصَامَّ (taṣāmma, “to pretend to be deaf”); Active participle


ق ض ي

قَضْي

Form I: قَضَى (qaḍā, “to destine, to stipulate, impose upon; to fulfil; to redeem; to liquidate; to decide”); Verbal noun

قَاضٍ

Form I: قَضَى (qaḍā, “to destine, to stipulate, impose upon; to fulfil; to redeem; to liquidate; to decide”); Active participle

تَقْضِيَة

Form II: قَضَّى (qaḍḍā, “to carry out”); Verbal noun

مُقَضٍّ

Form II: قَضَّى (qaḍḍā, “to carry out”); Active participle

مُقَاضَاة

Form III: قَاضَى (qāḍā, “to haul before the court”); Verbal noun

مُقَاضٍ

Form III: قَاضَى (qāḍā, “to haul before the court”); Active participle

إِقْضَاء

Form IV: أَقْضَى (ʔaqḍā, “to charge with”); Verbal noun

مُقْضٍ

Form IV: أَقْضَى (ʔaqḍā, “to charge with”); Active participle

تَقَضٍّ

Form V: تَقَضَّى (taqaḍḍā, “to be done, to pass”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَضٍّ

Form V: تَقَضَّى (taqaḍḍā, “to be done, to pass”); Active participle

تَقَاضٍ

Form VI: تَقَاضَى (taqāḍā, “to process against; to litigate on”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَاضٍ

Form VI: تَقَاضَى (taqāḍā, “to process against; to litigate on”); Active participle

اِنْقِضَاء

Form VII: اِنْقَضَى (inqaḍā, “to become finished, to run out”); Verbal noun

مُنْقَضٍ

Form VII: اِنْقَضَى (inqaḍā, “to become finished, to run out”); Active participle

اِقْتِضَاء

Form VIII: اِقْتَضَى (iqtaḍā, “to lay claim to, to demand”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَضٍ

Form VIII: اِقْتَضَى (iqtaḍā, “to lay claim to, to demand”); Active participle

اِسْتِقْضَاء

Form X: اِسْتَقْضَى (istaqḍā, “to demand”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْضٍ

Form X: اِسْتَقْضَى (istaqḍā, “to demand”); Active participle


ء و ي

إِوِيّ

Form I: أَوَى (ʔawā, “to seek shelter; to receive hospitably”); Verbal noun

آوٍ

Form I: أَوَى (ʔawā, “to seek shelter; to receive hospitably”); Active participle

تَأْوِيَة

Form II: أَوَّى (ʔawwā, “to shelter”); Verbal noun

مُؤَوٍّ

Form II: أَوَّى (ʔawwā, “to shelter”); Active participle

إِيوَاء

Form IV: آوَى (ʔāwā, “to take refuge at”); Verbal noun

مُؤْوٍ

Form IV: آوَى (ʔāwā, “to take refuge at”); Active participle

مُتَأَوٍّ

Form V: تَأَوَّى (taʔawwā); Active participle

تَآوٍ

Form VI: تَآوَى (taʔāwā, “to become congregated”); Verbal noun

مُتَآوٍ

Form VI: تَآوَى (taʔāwā, “to become congregated”); Active participle

اِئْتِوَاء

Form VIII: اِئْتَوَى (iʔtawā, “to receive hospitably”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَوٍ

Form VIII: اِئْتَوَى (iʔtawā, “to receive hospitably”); Active participle

اِسْتِئْوَاء

Form X: اِسْتَأْوَى (istaʔwā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْوٍ

Form X: اِسْتَأْوَى (istaʔwā); Active participle

مُسْتَأْوًى

Form X: اِسْتَأْوَى (istaʔwā)


ح ن ف

حَنْف

Form I: حَنَفَ (ḥanafa, “to bend”); Verbal noun

حَانِف

Form I: حَنَفَ (ḥanafa, “to bend”); Active participle

حَنَف

Form I: حَنِفَ (ḥanifa, “to bend”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَنِفَ (ḥanifa, “to bend”); Active participle

مُحَنِّف

Form II: حَنَّفَ (ḥannafa); Active participle

تَحَنُّف

Form V: تَحَنَّفَ (taḥannafa); Verbal noun

مُتَحَنِّف

Form V: تَحَنَّفَ (taḥannafa); Active participle


ن س ء

نَسْء

Form I: نَسَأَ (nasaʔa, “to postpone”); Verbal noun

نَاسِئ

Form I: نَسَأَ (nasaʔa, “to postpone”); Active participle

مُنَسِّئ

Form II: نَسَّأَ (nassaʔa); Active participle

إِنْسَاء

Form IV: أَنْسَأَ (ʔansaʔa, “to postpone”); Verbal noun

مُنْسِئ

Form IV: أَنْسَأَ (ʔansaʔa, “to postpone”); Active participle

اِنْتِسَاء

Form VIII: اِنْتَسَأَ (intasaʔa, “to retrocede”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَسِئ

Form VIII: اِنْتَسَأَ (intasaʔa, “to retrocede”); Active participle

اِسْتِنْسَاء

Form X: اِسْتَنْسَأَ (istansaʔa, “to ask for postponement”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْسِئ

Form X: اِسْتَنْسَأَ (istansaʔa, “to ask for postponement”); Active participle


ق ط ف

قَطْف

Form I: قَطَفَ (qaṭafa, “to pluck”); Verbal noun

قَاطِف

Form I: قَطَفَ (qaṭafa, “to pluck”); Active participle

تَقْطِيف

Form II: قَطَّفَ (qaṭṭafa, “to pluck”); Verbal noun

مُقَطِّف

Form II: قَطَّفَ (qaṭṭafa, “to pluck”); Active participle

إِقْطَاف

Form IV: أَقْطَفَ (ʔaqṭafa); Verbal noun

مُقْطِف

Form IV: أَقْطَفَ (ʔaqṭafa); Active participle

اِقْتِطَاف

Form VIII: اِقْتَطَفَ (iqtaṭafa, “to pick out”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَطِف

Form VIII: اِقْتَطَفَ (iqtaṭafa, “to pick out”); Active participle


rayš-

*ríšyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ríṣyati

Sanskrit: रिष्यति (ríṣyati)

Proto-Iranian: *ríšyati

Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (ⁱrišiieⁱti)

*rayšás (“wound, injury”) (see there for further descendants)

*rayšáyati (“to hurt, cause injury”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayṣáyati

Sanskrit: रेषयति (reṣáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *rayšáyati

desc

*𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: *𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (*raēšaiieⁱti)

⇒ Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (raēšaiiāt̰)

*rištás (“hurt, wounded, damaged”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riṣṭás

Sanskrit: रिष्ट (riṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *rištáh

Avestan: 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (ⁱrišta)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Iranian:

Ossetian: рыст (ryst, “pain”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)rey-s, an s-extension of *rey- (“to scratch, cut, tear”), and connected to Sanskrit लिख् (likh, “to write”), Old Norse rista (“to cut, carve”) and Lithuanian risums (“fissure, slit”). However, Cheung appears to be skeptical of this.

to be hurt, to be wounded, to suffer injury


ك و ت

This is a claimed root by some historians and grammarians to the origin of the word for Kuwait; however, it is not attested in a sufficient manner. Nowadays, it is used to form some words related to Kuwait.

مُكَوِّت

Form II: كَوَّتَ (kawwata); Active participle

تَكَوُّت

Form V: تَكَوَّتَ (takawwata); Verbal noun

مُتَكَوِّت

Form V: تَكَوَّتَ (takawwata); Active participle


selǵ-

*sélǵ-e-ti

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒊭𒀠𒀝𒍣 (ša-al-ak-zi /šalkzi/, “knead, mix”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *selkaną (“to fall in drops; dribble; droop”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárȷ́ati (“to let go”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *selgā (see there for further descendants)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
w:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


gẓʰar-

Sanskrit: क्षर् (kṣar)

Pali: ghar

*gẓʰárati

Sanskrit: क्षरति (kṣarati)

→ Pali: kharati

→ Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀭𑀇 (kharaï)

Gujarati: ખરવું (kharvũ)

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀛𑀭𑀢𑀺 (*jharati)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀛𑀭𑀇 (jharaï)

Marathi: झरणे (j̈harṇe)

Konkani: झर्चे (j̈harce, “to wear off”)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: झड़ना (jhaṛnā, “to fall off (said of hair)”)

Gujarati: ઝરવું (jharvũ, “to drip, trickle”)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: ঝরা (jhora)

*pragẓʰárati

Pali: paggharati

*udgẓʰárati

Pali: uggharati

*gẓʰaras (“flowing, melting”)

Sanskrit: क्षर (kṣara)

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀛𑀭 (*jhara)

→ Sanskrit: झर (jhara)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: झरा (zharā)

*gẓʰaranam

Sanskrit: क्षरण (kṣaraṇa)

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀛𑀭𑀡 (*jharaṇa, “waterfall”)

Bengali: ঝরনা (jhorna)

Hindi: झरना (jharnā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-
Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰár, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-.


rać-

*raćanáH < *rać-m̥-náH?

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raśanáH

Sanskrit: रशना (raśanā́, “rope; rein”)

Proto-Iranian: *racanā̆

Mazanderani: رسن (rasën)

Parthian:

Manichaean: [script needed] (rsn /rasan/)

→ Old Armenian: առասան (aṙasan)

*raćmíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raśmíṣ

Sanskrit: रश्मि (raśmí, “rope”)

*raćmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raśmā́

Sanskrit: रश्मन् (raśmán)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *reśmä

Proto-Samic: *reačmē (see there for further descendants)

Mordvinic: *riśmə

Erzya: рисьме (ŕiśme)

Moksha: рисьме (ŕiśme)

*rāćíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rāśíṣ

Sanskrit: राशि (rāśí)

From Proto-Indo-European *reḱ- (“to bind”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *rakkō (“parrel”) (whence Old English racca, Old Norse rakki), *rakindjaz (“chain”) (whence Old Norse rekendi).


ע־ש־ה

head

ע־ש־ה • (ʿ-s-h)

Forming words pertaining to doing or making.


-GĄĄZH

Unknown. The underlying meaning is also obscure. According to Young and Morgan, it is related to the noun íígąsh (“semen”).


लभ्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *labʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lebʰ- (“to work, harvest, gain, profit”). Compare perhaps Lithuanian lõbis (“treasure, wealth”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́φῡρᾰ (láphūra, “spoils of war, booty”).


pres-

*pres-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *pressai

Latin: pressī

*pres-lo-m

Proto-Italic: *preslom

Latin: prēlum

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *premō

Latin: premō (on the model of tremō)

Possibly an extension of *per- (“to attempt, try, risk”), but this is guesswork.


-TʼĮ́Į́H

Possibly a cognate with the root -ʼĮĮD (“to bark”), which in turn appears to be related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ (“to see, look”).
It only occurs in the neuter imperfective mode.

to practice witchcraft, be a witch or a wizard


-YÉÉʼ

to be dreadful, be terrifying, be menacing


-WOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̣əš (“thorn”). The noun hosh (“cactus”) comes from this root.


-WOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ətšʼ (“to tickle”).


-KʼǪSH

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʼutšʼ (“to be sour, rancid”).
In Northern Athabaskan languages, the stem Proto-Athabaskan *qʼəž, with the same meaning, is derived from Proto-Athabaskan *qʼəš (“alder”), whence Navajo kʼish (“alder”).

inh

to be sour, be rancid, be bitter, be salty


-YĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸanʸ (“to be wise, be aged”). Nouns such as są́ (“old aged”) and sání (“elderly, old one”) both belong to this root.
Possibly related to the root -YĄ́ (“to grow”).


-TʼÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼetšʼ (“to blacken with charcoal”). Compare also Navajo tʼeesh (“charcoal”).


-CHĮĮD

The noun áháchįʼ (“anger”) derives from the contraction of the neuter imperfective verb hachįʼ (“it is nasty”) and the postposition á (“for someone”).
The momentaneous perfective stem of this root is either -chįįd or -chįʼ.


-CHĮĮD

Compare Carrier -tsin (“to be weak”).
This root is attested only in the durative aspect.


Hyawdʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰ-

Sanskrit: युध् (yudh) (zero grade)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyawd-

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬜- (yūδ-)

desc

Persian: جستن (jostan, “to search, seek”)

*Hyáwdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwdʰati

Sanskrit: योधति (yodhati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwdati

Old Persian: [script needed] (yaudatīy)

*Hyúdʰyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati

Sanskrit: युध्यति (yudhyati), युध्यते (yudhyate)

Pali: yujjhati

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: যুঁজা (zũza)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (jujjhaï)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀤𑀺 (jujjhadi)

Gujarati: ઝૂઝવું (jhūjhvũ)

Hindi: जूझना (jūjhnā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)

*Hyudʰyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰyás

Sanskrit: युध्य (yudhyá)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: যুঝা (jujha)

Middle Assamese: যুঝ (zuzh)

Assamese: যুঁজ (zũz)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛 (jujjha)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindi: जूझ (jūjh)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyudyáh

Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (yudiia)

*Hyudᶻdʰás (“fought”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰdʰás

Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)

Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (juddha)

*Hyawdʰás (“warrior”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰás

Sanskrit: योध (yodhá)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyawdáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬁-𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aspā-iiaoδa, “horse warrior”)

Unsorted formations:

Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀚𑀼𑀯𑁆- (juv-, “to fight”)

Parthian: yws- (“to battle”), ywd- (“to strive for”)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“to move, to be agitated”).


-TSʼĮĮD

From Proto-Athabaskan *də·tsʼən (“to be bony, hard”). Navajo atsʼin (“bone”) originates from this root.

to be bony, be hard, be mature, be expert


-CHʼÍÍʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšʼikʸʼ (“be peppery, hot”).

to burn, inflame, irritate, be peppery, be hot, be bitter


-TSIZ

Possibly from two different stems, later confused, mainly Proto-Athabaskan *tsəz (“to become extinguished”) and Proto-Athabaskan *tsa̓z (“to be apprehensive, fearful”).
Compare also -TSEED (“sink, soak”), which may be cognate with this root.


-LID

From Proto-Athabaskan *ləd (“to burn, smoke”). Compare Navajo łid (“smoke”).


-TSʼÍLÍ

Cognate with Dena'ina chʼul, Koyukon tsʼəł, both meaning “to be bright, clear”.
Apparently related to the root -TSʼĮĮL (“to be clear”).


bʰenǵʰ-

*bʰénǵʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰati

desc

Sanskrit: बंहते (báṃhate, “to increase, grow”)

Proto-Iranian: *bánjati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bązaⁱti)

*bʰénǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-éw-s (“thick”)

*bʰénǵʰ-yōs ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-is-és (“thicker”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: πάσσων (pássōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰyas

Sanskrit: बंहीयस् (báṃhīyas)

*bʰénǵʰ-istʰ-os (“thickest”)

Ancient Greek: πάχιστος (pákhistos)

*bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰištʰas

*bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bánźʰiṣṭʰas

Sanskrit: बंहिष्ठ (báṃhiṣṭha)

*bʰónǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰn̥ǵʰ-n-és (“swelling”) (with secondary o-grade?)

Proto-Germanic: (originally) *bangô ~ *bunkkaz

*bungô ~ *bunkaz, ⇒? *bunkô (“heap, lump”), *bankô (“hill; bank”) (back-formed) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *bungō

Old High German: bungo (“swelling, tuber”)

Middle High German: bunge

German: Bunge

⇒ *bank-iz (“bulge, hill; slope, bank, bench”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *bung-jô

Frankish: *bungjō

q

or from Gaulish <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">*bunia</i>?

Old French: bugne, buyne, bigne (“lump, swelling”) (or from Gaulish *bunia?)

French: bugne

desc

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *poŋka (“protuberance, unevenness; knot, knob, tuber”)

Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: pung

Proto-Ugric:

Hungarian: bog

*bʰénǵʰ-os ~ *bʰénǵʰ-es-os (“thickness”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχος (pákhos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánȷ́ʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bánjah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵 (bązah)

*bʰn̥ǵʰ-tó-s (“thickened”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baẓḍʰás

desctree

Sanskrit: बाढ (bāḍhá)
Assamese: বাৰু (baru)


-LĮ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *lənʸ (“to flow”), possibly from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *ɬ-hənʸ. The original *-ł- classifier fused with the following segment and, due to a subsequent sonorization, has been reinterpreted as the initial consonant of the stem.
This root occurs almost exclusively in the neuter perfective mode, although the repetitive stem -lį́į́h (< -d- + -łį́į́h) is apparently attested in the toponym Tó Nehelį́į́h (literally “where water customarily flows one time after another to a stopping point”), derived from the usitative form of neheezlį́ (Young & Morgan, 1991).


Hyewdʰ-

*Hyúdʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati

Sanskrit: युध्यति (yúdhyati), युध्यते (yúdhyate)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)

*Hyowdʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)

*Hyowdʰ-ó-s

Proto-Celtic: *youdos

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð
Middle Welsh: ut, ud, udd
Welsh: udd

*Hyudʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)

Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-

Tocharian A: yutkatār (“to worry”)

*Hyudʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás

Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)

Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)

Proto-Italic: *jussos

Latin: iussus

*Hyudʰ-(s)mós (“warrior”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ojьminъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: ὑσμίνη (husmínē, “battle”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudʰmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás

Sanskrit: युध्म (yudhmá, “warrior”)

*Hyéwdʰ-tōr ~ *Hyudʰ-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā

Sanskrit: योद्धृ (yoddhṛ)

*Hyéwdʰ-tu-s ~ *Hyudʰ-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *jussus

Latin: iussus

*Hyéwdʰ-u-s ~ *Hyudʰ-éw-s

Ancient Greek: εὐθύς (euthús), ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthús) — Ionic, Epic

*Hyéwdʰ-r̥

>? Ancient Greek: *εὖθαρ (*eûthar), εἶθαρ (eîthar)

>? Latin: iubar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰ- (see there for further descendants)

A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”), most likely with *-dʰh₁eti.

moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


-CHÍÍL

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšitɬʼ (“snow”). Compare Navajo chííl (“snowstorm”). The root often appears with the emphatic infix -x-.
The verb yíchííł translates as “a snowstorm arrives” in the imperfective mode, while in the perfective mode it means “it snows”.


*h₃ni-né-d-ti ~ h₃ni-n-d-én-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: निन्दति (níndati) (thematicised) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nḗyd-s-t ~ *h₃néyd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: անէծ (anēc)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHnāytˢt

Proto-Iranian: *HáHnāyst

Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬯𐬙 (nāist)

*h₃noyd-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *naitijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nid-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₃nid-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: níedėti

Latvian: nîdêt

Proto-Hellenic: *oneidos

Ancient Greek: ὄνειδος (óneidos)


-TIH

Derivation unknown. Compare Hupa tigy (“to pinch, squeeze”).


-TIH

Derivation unknown. This root is apparently related to the noun hastiin (“man”).


sengʷ-

*séngʷ- ~ *sn̥gʷ- (aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: անկաւ (ankaw)

*séngʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sinkwaną (see there for further descendants)

*songʷ-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընկենում (ənkenum)


Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: ūss

Latvian: osis

Lithuanian: uosis

Proto-Albanian: *aksa

Albanian: ah (“beech”)

Proto-Germanic: *askaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian: *hoskíyā

Old Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Armenian: հացի (hacʻi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀsenas

Proto-Slavic: *àsenь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *osnos (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: uinnius
⇒ Irish: fuinseog
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: uinnseann

Welsh: onn

Italic:

Latin: ornus (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


tews-

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝáti

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬯𐬆𐬥 (tusən, 3.pl.inj)

*tows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌 (taošaiieti, 3.sg.pres.ind)

*tus-sḱ-yós (“empty”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tuskjas (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćyás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuśćyás

Vedic Sanskrit: तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty”)

Proto-Iranian: *tuŝyás

Khotanese: tuśśaa (“empty”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (twhyg /tuhīg/)

Persian: تهی (tohi, “empty”)

Parthian: [script needed] (twsyg, “empty”)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: tesqua (“desert”)

Proto-Germanic: *þustaz (“manure”)


tews-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tu-uš-ki-ez-zi /tuškezzi/, “to be happy”)

*tus-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuṣyáti

desctree

Sanskrit: तुष्यति (túṣyati) (metrically तुष्यते (túṣyate))
Pali: tussati

*tows-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawṣáyati

Sanskrit: तोषयति (toṣáyati)

Unsorted formations

desc

Proto-Slavic: *tušiti (“to make still, to quench”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þusiþaz (“silent”) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: तूष्णीम् (tūṣṇīm, “silently”)

Old Prussian: tusnan (“still”)

Probably an extension of *tewH- (“to favour”).


*h₁érs-ti ~ *h₁r̥s-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔérsti

Hittite: 𒀀𒅈𒀸𒍣 (a-ar-aš-zi /ʔárštˢi/), 𒅈𒀸𒍣 (ar-aš-zi)

Luwian: 𒀀𒅈𒅆𒅀𒀭𒁺 (a-ar-ši-ya-an-du, 3.pl.imp.act)

*h₁érs-e-ti ~ *h₁érs-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háršati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárṣati

Sanskrit: अर्षति (árṣati)

*h₁irs-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaną (see there for further descendants)

*h₁ers-eh₂ye/o-ti (stative?)

Proto-Italic: *erzāō

Latin: errō (“to err”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *irzijaz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aršùs

Lithuanian: įširsti

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: इरस्यति (irasyati)

Sanskrit: ईर्ष्यति (īrṣyati)


p(t)erH-

*p(t)rH-tis

Proto-Celtic: *ɸratis (see there for further descendants)

*p(t)orH-no-

*po-p(t)orH-tis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: paparde

Lithuanian: papartis

Proto-Slavic: *paportь (see there for further descendants)


*h₂éysd-e-ti ~ h₂éysd-o-nti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἴδομαι (aídomai, “to be ashamed; to honour, respect”)

*h₂isd-sḱé-ti ~ *h₂isd-sḱó-nti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hiždŝćáti

Proto-Iranian: *Hiždŝáti

Avestan: 𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬁 (išasā, 1.sg.subj)

*h₂eysd-éh₁ye-ti ~ *h₂eysd-éh₁ye-nti (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *aistāną (see there for further descendants)

*h₂i-h₂éysd-ti ~ *h₂í-h₂isd-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHáyšti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HiHáyṣṭi

Sanskrit: ईट्टे (ī́ṭṭe)

*h₂óysd-e ~ *h₂isd-ḗr (root perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hížday

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Híẓḍay

Vedic Sanskrit: ईळे (ī́ḷe) (probably synchronically formed)

Sanskrit: ईडे (ī́ḍe)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: αἰδώς (aidṓs)


pewH-

*péwH-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páwHati

Sanskrit: पवते (pávate)

*pu-né-H-ti ~ *pu-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *punáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *punáHti

Sanskrit: पुनाति (punā́ti)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀡𑀇 (puṇaï)

Pali: punāti

*powH-éye-ti (“to purify, to clean”, éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHáyati

Sanskrit: पवयति (paváyati)

Proto-Germanic: *fawjaną (see there for further descendants)

*pḗwH-s-t ~ *péwH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HápāwHšt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HápāwHṣṭ

Sanskrit: अपविष्ट (ápaviṣṭa), अपाविषुर् (ápāviṣur)

*pewH-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHás

Sanskrit: पव (pavá)

*pewH-eno-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHanas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHanas

Sanskrit: पवन (pávana)

*puH-ró-s

Proto-Celtic: *ɸūros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pūros

Latin: pūrus (see there for further descendants)

*puH-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHtás

desctree

Sanskrit: पूत (pūtá)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀽𑀅 (pūa)

→ Proto-Finnic: *puhtas (“clean”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *putos

Latin: putus

⇒ Latin: putō (see there for further descendants)

*puH-yó-s (“purifying”)

Proto-Italic: *pwījos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawHākás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawHākás

Sanskrit: पावक (pāvaká) (metrically पवाक (pavāká))

Proto-Iranian: *pawHākáh

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (pā̮, “pure”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پاک (pāk)

Northern Kurdish: pak (pāk), paqij (pāqīž)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: پاک (pāk)

Old Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Mazanderani: پاک (pāk)

Old Median:

Harzani: پوک (pök)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: پاک (pāk)

Zazaki: pak (pāk)

Parthian: (/pawāg/, “pure; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pw'g)

Middle Persian: (/pāk/, “pure; clean; free; holy”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (pʾk), [Manichaean needed] (pʾq)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾk'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (DKYA)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pawara or *pūra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pawara or *pūra

Northwest Pashayi: pūr (“bonfire”)

Shumashti: pōr (“burning embers”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHitíkas

Proto-Iranian: *puHitíkah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬐𐬀 (pūⁱtika)

→ Middle Persian: (/Pūidīg/, “Persian Gulf”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pwytyk')


س ء ل

سُؤَال

Form I: سَأَلَ (saʔala, “to ask”); Verbal noun

سَائِل

Form I: سَأَلَ (saʔala, “to ask”); Active participle

مُسَائِل

Form III: سَاءَلَ (sāʔala); Active participle

تَسَاؤُل

Form VI: تَسَاءَلَ (tasāʔala); Verbal noun

مُتَسَائِل

Form VI: تَسَاءَلَ (tasāʔala); Active participle


س ء ل

مسؤول

Form I: سأل (saʔal, “to ask”); Passive Participle


ع ت ق

عَتَاقَة

age (especially the wine's), excellence, nobility, freedom

تَعْتِيق

Form II: عَتَّقَ (ʕattaqa, “to ripen; to free, to emancipate”); Verbal noun

عَتْق

Form I: عَتَقَ (ʕataqa, “to be worthy or meritorious; to be free or emancipated”); Verbal noun

عَاتِق

Form I: عَتَقَ (ʕataqa, “to be worthy or meritorious; to be free or emancipated”); Active participle

مُعَتِّق

Form II: عَتَّقَ (ʕattaqa, “to ripen; to free, to emancipate”); Active participle

إِعْتَاق

Form IV: أَعْتَقَ (ʔaʕtaqa, “to manumit”); Verbal noun

مُعْتِق

Form IV: أَعْتَقَ (ʔaʕtaqa, “to manumit”); Active participle

اِنْعِتَاق

Form VII: اِنْعَتَقَ (inʕataqa, “to be freed or manumitted”); Verbal noun

مُنْعَتِق

Form VII: اِنْعَتَقَ (inʕataqa, “to be freed or manumitted”); Active participle


-YĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸanʸ (“to grow”). Possibly from the same source of the root -YĄĄD (“to be wise, experienced”).
The meaning of this root refers either to physical maturity of humans or to an increment in size of plants and vegetation.
The initial consonant of the root is subjected to the following irregular phonetic alterations:
* In the theme ni + ∅ + -YĄ́ (“to grow up, mature, accumulate”, intransitive)
# when preceded by the voiceless fricative -sh-, the marker of the first person singular, it surfaces as y (IPA: [j̝])
#: e.g., nishyé (“I grow up”, imperfective), dínéeshyééł (“I will grow up”, future) and nóshyééł (“I would grow up”, optative)
# in the first person duoplural, due to the d-effect, it is realized as g (IPA: [k])
#: e.g., niigé (“we (two) grow up”, imperfective), díníigééł (“we (two) will grow up”, future) and noogééł (“we (two) would grow up”, optative)
* In the theme O + ni + ł + -YĄ́ (“to raise O, bring O up”, transitive)
# it merges with the ł-classifier, producing s (IPA: [s])
#: e.g., yinisé (“s/he raises him/her”, imperfective), yidínóosééł (“s/he will raise him/her”, future), yinósééł (“s/he would raise him/her”, optative)
# it becomes z (IPA: [z]) after l (< d + ł-classifier, by d-effect), especially in passive themes (ni + l + -YĄ́, “to be raised, reared”, passive)
#: e.g., nilzé (“it is raised”, passive of the preceding base, imperfective)
The momentaneous imperfective stem has two shapes, mainly -yééh and -yé. The latter, however, is identical to the conclusive imperfective stem of the same root.

to grow up, mature, grow in size, accumulate


ه د م

هِدْم

a tattered piece of clothing; decrepit old man

هَدْم

Form I: هَدَمَ (hadama, “to demolish, to make crumble, to crush someone's spine”); Verbal noun

هَادِم

Form I: هَدَمَ (hadama, “to demolish, to make crumble, to crush someone's spine”); Active participle

تَهْدِيم

Form II: هَدَّمَ (haddama, “to crumble completely, to collapse on itself”); Verbal noun

مُهَدِّم

Form II: هَدَّمَ (haddama, “to crumble completely, to collapse on itself”); Active participle

تَهَدُّم

Form V: تَهَدَّمَ (tahaddama); Verbal noun

مُتَهَدِّم

Form V: تَهَدَّمَ (tahaddama); Active participle

اِنْهِدَام

Form VII: اِنْهَدَمَ (inhadama); Verbal noun

مُنْهَدِم

Form VII: اِنْهَدَمَ (inhadama); Active participle

اِسْتِهْدَام

Form X: اِسْتَهْدَمَ (istahdama); Verbal noun

مُسْتَهْدِم

Form X: اِسْتَهْدَمَ (istahdama); Active participle