*térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /tarratta/, 3sg.pres.med.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)

*térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti (u-present)

*tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat

Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)

⇒ Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra)

⇒ Sanskrit: तारयति (tāráyati)

⇒ Sanskrit: तार (tāra)

*tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti ~ *títr̥Hati (see there for further descendants)

*tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títr̥Hsati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *títr̥Hsati

Sanskrit: तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)

*torh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Iranian: *tarHáyati

Old Persian: *tarayati

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /viyatarayam/, 1sg.caus.inj.act.)

*tr̥h₂-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *tra

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *tratja (+ *-atja)

Albanian: tras (“to pull”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Háti

Sanskrit: तिरति (tiráti, “to bring through”) (or dissimilated from *titiráti)

⇒ Sanskrit: तिर (tira)

⇒ Sanskrit: तितिरुर् (titirúr)

>? Proto-Italic: *trō

Latin: *trō

⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

>? Proto-Celtic: *taryati

Proto-Brythonic: *tarðad (“to explode”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /tarnai/)

>? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))

Proto-Hellenic: *néktər

Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH

Sanskrit: तरी (tarī, “boat”)

*térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə

Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀτέραμνος (atéramnos, “hard, stubborn, merciless”)

*térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ

Sanskrit: *tárītu

⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))

*tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-

Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: तीर्ण (tīrṇá)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám

Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović


gʷelH-

*gʷelH-éti (root present)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHti

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)

Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)

Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)

Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)

Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷélH-os

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)

*gʷélH-m̥n-o-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)

Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō

Latin: volō (“to fly”) (possibly)

*gʷl̥H-id-yé-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)

*gʷl̥H-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)

*gʷl̥H-tós

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)

*gʷl̥H-trom

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)

*gʷolH-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)

*gʷolH-mos

Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)

*gʷόlH-os

possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas

Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)

Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)

Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)

Slavic:

Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)

→ Latvian: žēl

→ Russian: жаль (žalʹ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing


*ter-kʷ-

*tr-ey-

*tr-i-to-

Proto-Italic: *tritos

Latin: trītus (for expected tritus perhaps after trīvī)

*tr-ey-ḱo-

Proto-Italic: *trīkos

Latin: trīcae

*tr-ey-dʰlom

Proto-Italic: *treiðlom

Latin: trībulum, trībulō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: triō

⇒ Latin: septentriō (see there for further descendants)

*ter-g-

Proto-Italic: *tergēō

Latin: tergō, tergeō

*tr-ey-gʷ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῑ́βω (trī́bō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρίβος (tríbos)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τριβή (tribḗ)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρώγω (trṓgō), τράγω (trágō), τράγος (trágos)

*tr-ew(H)-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru), τρύω (trúō), ἄτρυτος (átrutos), τρῦμα (trûma), τρύ̄μη (trú̄mē), τρῡτάνη (trūtánē), τιτρώσκω (titrṓskō), τρώω (trṓō), τρῶσις (trôsis), τρῶμα (trôma)/τραῦμα (traûma)

*tr-ew-gʰ-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρύχω (trúkhō)

*tr-ewH?-p-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρῡπάω (trūpáō), τρύ̄πανον (trú̄panon), τρύ̄πη (trú̄pē)

*terh₁- (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *térˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *terti (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: terō (see there for further descendants)

*tér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *téřřō

Ancient Greek: τείρω (teírō)

*tor-ó-

Proto-Hellenic: *torós

Ancient Greek: τορός (torós)

*tór-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *tóros

Ancient Greek: τόρος (tóros), τορεύς (toreús)

*tór-mo-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *þarmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tórmos

Ancient Greek: τόρμος (tórmos)

*tór-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *tórnos

Ancient Greek: τόρνος (tórnos)

Proto-Celtic: *trātos

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)

Breton: treut

Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”)

Proto-Hellenic: *trētós

Ancient Greek: τρητός (trētós)

Proto-Celtic: *taratrom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *téretron

Ancient Greek: τέρετρον (téretron)

Proto-Italic: *tereðrom

Latin: terebrum, terebra

Proto-Italic: *terets

Latin: teres

From *treh₁-

*treh₁- (metathesized root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þreskaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗmə

desctree

Ancient Greek: τρῆμα (trêma)
→ English: trema, -treme
→ French: tréma
Greek: τρήμα (tríma)

Proto-Hellenic: *trḗtis

Ancient Greek: τρῆσις (trêsis)

*tréh₁-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₁-téw-s

Proto-Germanic: *þrēduz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արածեմ (aracem), արաւտ (arawt) (possibly)

Old Armenian: թուր (tʻur)

Old Armenian: թրթուր (tʻrtʻur)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετραίνω (tetraínō)

Indo-Iranian:

desc

Proto-Iranian: *tarH- (“to rub, wipe (?)”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (prtr- /pr-tr-/, “to dry up, wipe off”), ܕܣܦܪܛܪ (ds-pr-tr, “handtowel”)

Italic:

desctree

Latin: trūcta
→ Albanian: troftë
Asturian: trucha
Catalan: truita
→ English: trout
French: truite
Friulian: trute
Italian: trota
Occitan: troita, trocha
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: troita
Portuguese: truta
Romansch: truta
Sicilian: trota, trotta
Spanish: trucha
Venetian: truta


Proto-Italic: *soliðos

Latin: solidus (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) *solh₂o-h₃kʷs (“appearing whole”)

Proto-Italic: *solōks

Latin: solox (“of raw, unwrought wool”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwos

Ancient Greek: ὅλος (hólos), οὖλος (oûlos) — Ionic, Homeric
Greek: όλος (ólos)
→ English: holo-

Proto-Albanian: *salwa

Albanian: gjallë (“alive, unhurt, raw”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sárwas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *salawos

Faliscan: salve

Latin: salvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sarwátaHts

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sarwátaHts

Sanskrit: सर्वताति (sarvátāti)

Proto-Iranian: *harwátaHth

desc

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬝 (haᵘruuatāt̰, “wholeness”)

→ English: Haurvatat

→ Old Persian: *𐏃𐎢𐎽𐎺𐎫𐎠𐎫 (*h-u-ru-v-t-a-t /haurvatāt/)

Middle Persian: (/hōrdād ~ harwadād/, “Hōrdād, Perfection, the fifth Amahraspand, guardian of water; cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭥𐭥𐭣𐭲 (hwrdt)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwrdt')

Manichaean script: 𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫅 (hrwdʾd)

→ Parthian: (/hōrdāt ~ xōrdāδ/)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭄𐭅𐭓𐭃𐭕 (hwrdt)

→ Sogdian: (/artāt/, “cal. 3rd month; 6th day.”)

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐽀𐽂𐼰𐽂 (ʾrtʾt)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫤 (ʾrtʾt)

Arabic script: اردد (/*ardad/) (mentioned in Albiruni's works)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: herwe (“free, gratuitous”)

Central Kurdish: هەروەیی (herweyî, “free, free of charge, gratis”)

Proto-Hellenic: *holwótāts

Ancient Greek: ὁλότης (holótēs)

Proto-Italic: *solnos

Latin: sollus, sollemnis

Proto-Celtic: *slānos

desctree

Old Irish: slán
Irish: slán
Manx: slane
Scottish Gaelic: slàn

Proto-Italic: *salūts (< *solūts)

Latin: salūs

(possibly) *solh₂-u-yo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)
Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)


*h₂él-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂ol-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *aljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *oleō

Umbrian: 𐌖𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (uřetu)

⇒ Latin: adoleō

*h₂él-o-mn-o-s (mediopassive participle)

Proto-Italic: *alomnos

Latin: alumnus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *almentom

Latin: alimentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *almos

Latin: almus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *aldiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *altos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *aldaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *altos

Latin: altus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *aldrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *alwos (perhaps)

Latin: alvus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (ind)olēs, (pr)ōlēs

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλθαίνω (althaínō) ('I heal' LSJ at Perseus)


Proto-Italic: *aliteros (see there for further descendants)

*h₂el-no- ~ *h₂elnós

Proto-Germanic: *allaz

Proto-Italic: *alnos

Oscan: allo (nom. sg. f.)

Proto-Tocharian: *ālle-kä

Tocharian A: ālak

Tocharian B: allek

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háranas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háranas

desc

Sanskrit: अरण (áraṇa, “foreign, distant”)

Proto-Italic: *ols

Latin: uls

Proto-Italic: *olteros

Latin: ulter, ultrā

*h₂ol-no-s ~ *h₂l̥-no-s

Proto-Albanian: *alnā

Albanian: lloj

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *olni (“last year”)

Italic: *olnos

Latin: ollus, olle, ōlim, ille

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: aliai

Proto-Celtic: *olyos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āläm

Tocharian B: ālo


(s)peyk-

Proto-Italic: *peikā

Latin: pīca

Umbrian: peica

*peyk-omnos

Proto-Italic: *Peikomnos

Latin: Pīcumnus

*pik-ós

Proto-Italic: *pikos

q

with long -ī- from <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">pīca</i>

Latin: pīcus (with long -ī- from pīca)

Umbrian: peico, peiqu (abl.sg.)

*spik-tós

Proto-Germanic: *spihtaz, *spehtaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: picle

(perhaps) Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिक (piká)


peys-

*pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pinsō

Latin: pinsō

*pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei

Latvian: pist

Lithuanian: pìsti

Proto-Slavic: *pьxati (see there for further descendants)

*peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s

Proto-Italic: *peisō

Latin: pīsō

*pis-e-no-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena

Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò (see there for further descendants)

*pis-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

desc

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “crushed, ground”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištás

Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)

Proto-Italic: *pistos

Latin: pistus

*pis-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram

Proto-Iranian: *pištram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 n (pištra, “bruise, injury”)

Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā

Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum

*póys-o-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša

Lithuanian: paišaĩ, paĩšos, piẽšos, puišaĩ, puĩšos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, píešas

*poys-to-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista

Latvian: pìesta, piests

Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas

Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिष् (piṣ)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


peyǵ-

*piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *pigēō

Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)

*piǵ-rós

Proto-Italic: *pigros

Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)

*pig-ús

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: pigùs (“cheap”)

*piǵ-wós

Proto-Italic: *pigwos

Latin: piguus (“lazy”)

*poyǵ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)


gleybʰ-

*gléybʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *klībaną

Proto-Germanic: *klibāną

*gleybʰ-os

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glibъ


glew-

*glew-t-

⇒ *gléwt-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *glouts

Latin: glūs

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic:

Slovene: glûta (“lump, swelling”)

⇒ *glowt-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *gloutós

>? Ancient Greek: γλουτός (gloutós, “rump”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléw-ō

Proto-Germanic: *klewô (“clod, lump, mass”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: ग्लौ (gláu-, “swelling, tumor”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gluo

An extension of *gel- (“to ball up, clump”); compare *gley-.


*(h₁)wéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vójęs

Latvian: vâjêt

Proto-Hellenic: *ewajō (possibly)

Ancient Greek: ἐάω (eáō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHyati (see there for further descendants)

*(h₁)wḗh₂-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Epic Greek: ἔᾱσα (éāsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáwaHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáwaHst

Sanskrit: अवासीत् (ávāsīt)

*(h₁)weh₂-nos or *(h₁)uh₂-nos

Proto-Germanic: *wanaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHnás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wānos (or *wā̆snos < *(h₁)weh₂-snos)

Latin: vānus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wāstos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōstaz, *wōstuz

Proto-West Germanic: *wōstī (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wāstos

Latin: vāstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wakos (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ունայն (unayn)
Armenian: ունայն (unayn)

Proto-Hellenic: (possibly)

Ancient Greek: εὖνις (eûnis, “bereft”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *wānti

Proto-Albanian: *wānā

Albanian: vonë

Proto-Germanic: *wanatōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wanōną (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


gleyH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel

*gléyH-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀtei

Lithuanian: gliejù, gliēti (“to smear, putty”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHiti

Proto-Iranian: *gráHitī

desc

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γrcy-, “to roll; to smear with clay”)

*gli-né-H-ti ~ *gli-n-H-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *glinati (“to glue”)

Proto-Germanic: *klinaną (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀnāˀ (“clay”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléyH-n̥ ~ *gliH-én-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλῑ́νη (glī́nē)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀwāˀ (“slime, fungus”)

Latvian: glīve

Lithuanian: gleīvės

Proto-Slavic: *glìva (“fungus”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liiva (“slime”)

Proto-Germanic: *klīwō

Old High German: klīwa, klīa, klīga

Middle High German: klīwe, klīe

German: Kleie (“bran”)

*gléyH-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHyas

Proto-Iranian: *gráHyah

Shughni: [script needed] (jiray, “pottery clay”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (γuroi, “clay, earth, mud”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γλία (glía, “glue”)

*gl̥Hy-ó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *glьjь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*gl̥Hi-t-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *glittos

Latin: glittus (“sticky, cohesive”)

*gl̥Hi-t-us

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glitus

Latvian: glits, glîts (“slippery”)

Lithuanian: glitùs (“sticky”), (dialectal) glytùs

*gliH-yó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHyás

Proto-Iranian: *griHyáh

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γг’h, “clay, dirt”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (grīha-)

Sogdian: [script needed] (γг’у, “mud, clay, pottery”)

*glóyH-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *klaimaz (“clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *klaimijaną (“to smear with clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-ni-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *glěnь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-t-n̥ ~ *gl̥iH-t-én-s (“slime, glue”)

Proto-Italic: *gloiten (“clay, mortar”)

Latin: glūten (see there for further descendants)

*glóyH-to-m

Proto-Germanic: *klaiþą (see there for further descendants)

*gloyH-wó-s (“sticky; sticky substance”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀwa

Proto-Slavic: *glěvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

Ancient Greek: γλοιός (gloiós) (< earlier *γλοιϝός (*gloiwós) or *γλοιι̯ός (*gloii̯ós) (for which see below))

*gloyH-y-ó-s

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gloh₁i-wó-s</i> above

Proto-Germanic: *klajjaz (“clay”) (or from *gloh₁i-wó-s above) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *klaij (“clay”)

Unsorted formations:

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gley-t-y-</i>

Proto-Albanian: *gleitja (< *gley-t-y-)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-gleitja

Albanian: ngjis (“to stick to, glue”)

Proto-Albanian: *glitja

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-glitja

Albanian: ngjit

Proto-Anatolian:

Lydian: 𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠 (kλida, “earth”) (probably)

>? Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: կաղջին (kaġǰin)


*h₁r̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃t

Lithuanian: ìrti

Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀁 (e-re-e /ereʰen/)

*h₁roh₁-(ye-)-ti (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *rāyeti

Old Irish: ráïd

Proto-Germanic: *rōaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rāmyos

Proto-Brythonic: *rrọβ̃

Middle Breton: reuf

Cornish: rêv

Welsh: rhaw

desctree

Old Irish: rámae
Middle Irish: ráma
Irish: rámh, rámha
Manx: raue
Scottish Gaelic: ràmh

Proto-Italic: *rē(z)mos

Latin: rēmus (“oar”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρέτης (erétēs), ἐρετμός (eretmós), ἐρετμόν (eretmón), ἐρέσσω (eréssō)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀲 (e-re-ta /eretās/)

*h₁réh₁-ti-s ~ *h₁r̥h₁-téy-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἰρεσῐ́α (eiresía)

Ionic Greek: εἰρεσῐ́η (eiresíē)

Proto-Italic: *ratis

Latin: ratis

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: ir̃kls, ir̃klis

Lithuanian: ìrklas

*h₁érh₁-tro-m or *h₁érh₁-tlo-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HárHtram

Sanskrit: अरित्र (arítra, áritra)

Proto-Germanic: *rōþrą (“rudder”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *reˀd-

Proto-Slavic: *rědъkъ (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρῆμος (erêmos)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀩𐀗 (e-re-mo /erēmos/)

Early Attic Greek: ἔρημος (érēmos)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: rets (why short e?)

Lithuanian: rẽtas (why short e?)

Proto-Italic: *rēti-

Latin: rēte


kanH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanH-

Sanskrit: कन् (kan)

Proto-Iranian: *kanH-, *čanH- / *činH-

desc

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬥- (kan-, “to love, take pleasure in”)

qualifier

Shughni: чу̊н (čū̊n, “please; I swear”) (the existence of this word is uncertain)

*kanHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanHati

desc

Sanskrit: कनति (kanati, “to be pleased with, enjoy”)

*čánHas (deverbative noun)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćánHas

Sanskrit: चनस् (cánas, “delight, satisfaction”)

Proto-Iranian: *čínHah, *čánHah

Avestan: -𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (-cinah-), -𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵- (-canah-, “desire, affection”), in the compounds 𐬀𐬱𐬀-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (aša-cinah-, “attached to aša”), 𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (nāⁱri-cinah-, “desiring a woman/women”), 𐬴𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬋-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀𐬵- (ṣ̌aētō-cinah-, “desiring money”), 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀-𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬀- (haoma-cina-, “desiring haoma”), etc.

Old Persian: 𐎨𐎴𐏃 (c-n-h /canah-/, “desire”), in the compound 𐎠𐎿𐎱𐎨𐎴𐎠 (a-s-p-c-n-a /Aspacanāʰ/, “a male given name”, literally “lover of horses”) (see there for further descendants)

Parthian:

Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (šʾdcn /šād-čan, šād-žan/, “happy, glad”)

desc

Sogdian: [script needed] (-cn /-čan/, “a morpheme forming future participles; a suffix with the meaning “inclined to; belonging to””), [script needed] (pʾšcn /pāš-čan/, “showing reverence”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dirsū-jsinä, “wishing to see”), [script needed] (daṃjanai, “building”) ← *dama-čana-ka- (literally “connected with the building”)

Ossetian:

Iron: -дзинад (-ʒinad, “abstract suffix”); -дзӕн (-ʒæn), -дзын (-ʒyn, “future tense marker”)

Digor: -дзийнадӕ (-ʒijnadæ, “abstract suffix”); -дзин (-ʒin, “future tense marker”)

→ Old Armenian: -ճան (-čan)

⇒? Proto-Iranian: *čanHadāru (literally “auspicious tree”)

>? Middle Persian: cynʾl (činar, “oriental plane tree”)

>? Parthian: *čan(a)dār-

desctree

>? Georgian: ჭადარი (č̣adari, “plane tree; poplar”), ჭანდარი (č̣andari) — nonstandard
→ Armenian: ճանդարի (čandari) (Tbilisi)
→ Mingrelian: ჭანდარი (č̣andari), ჭადარი (č̣adari)
→ Abkhaz: a-ҷанда́р (a-čʼandár)
→ Svan: ჭანდა̈რ (č̣andär)

>? Middle Armenian: ճանդարի (čandari, “plane tree”), ճանդար (čandar), ճանտարի (čantari), ջանդարի (ǰandari), ջանտարի (ǰantari)
Armenian: տնջրի (tnǰri, “plane tree; poplar?”), ճանդար (čandar, “log”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: चकान (cakāná), चाकन (cākana)

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬬- (cinv-), 𐬗𐬀𐬐𐬀𐬥- (cakan-), 𐬗𐬁𐬑𐬥- (cāxn-), -𐬐𐬁𐬙𐬀- (-kāta-), 𐬐𐬁𐬚𐬉 (kāθē)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kenh₂- (“to be pleased, enjoy”), infixed nasal stem of *keh₂- (“to like, wish”).


kanH-

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: खन् (khan, “to dig”), चात्वाल (cātvāla, “ceremonial hole”)

desc

Persian: کَندَن (kandan, “to dig”), چال (čâl, “pit, hole”), Persian: آکندن (âkandan, “to fill, bury”)

A root of unclear origin, possibly from a root Proto-Indo-European *kenh₁- (“to dig”); tentatively cognate with Phrygian [script needed] (keneman, “a monument or a part of it”), as well as perhaps Lithuanian kója (“leg”). The unetymological aspiration of the Sanskrit descendants is perhaps from analogy with another word with similar phonetics and semantics, usually assumed to be खा (khā, “source, spring”).


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*swéh₂d-t ~ *suh₂d-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὔαδε (eúade), ἅδε (háde)

*swéh₂d-e-tor (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́domai

Ancient Greek: ἥδομαι (hḗdomai)

Boeotian Greek: ϝᾱ̔́δομαι (whā́domai)

Doric Greek: ᾱ̔́δομαι (hā́domai)

Aeolic Greek: ᾱ̓́δομαι (ā́domai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdatay

Sanskrit: स्वादते (svā́date) (once), स्वदते (svádate) (more often)

*swe-swóh₂d-e ~ *swe-suh₂d-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑᾱδότᾰ (heādóta)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sušúHda

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suṣúHda

Sanskrit: सुषूदिम (suṣū́dima)

*suh₂-né-d-ti ~ *suh₂-n̥-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἁνδᾰ́νω (handánō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHádanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHádanti

Sanskrit: स्वदन्ति (svádanti), सुवदन्ति (suvádanti)

*suh₂d-éye-ti (zero-grade causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHdáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHdáyati

Sanskrit: सूदयति (sūdáyati)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: suādeō

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sū́dyti

*swéh₂d-mn̥ ~ *suh₂d-mén-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdma

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svā́dman)

Sanskrit: स्वादिमन् (svādiman)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Frisian: swētma

Old Swedish: søtme

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHdmā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHdmā́

Sanskrit: स्वाद्मन् (svādmán)

Proto-Iranian: *hwaHdmā́

Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬀 (hudəma)

*swéh₂d-os ~ *swéh₂d-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́dos

Ancient Greek: ἦδος (êdos)

Doric Greek: ἇδος (hâdos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáHdas

Sanskrit: स्वाद (svāda)

Sanskrit: प्रस्वादस् (prásvādas)

Proto-Germanic: *swōtistaz

Old High German: swozisto

Proto-Hellenic: *hwā́distos

Ancient Greek: ἥδῐστος (hḗdistos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHdištʰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *swāre

Tocharian A: swār

Tocharian B: swāre

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaHtˢtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaHttás

Sanskrit: स्वात्त (svāttá)

Proto-Iranian: *xwaHctáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀 (xᵛāsta)

Proto-Italic: *swāssos

Latin: suāsus

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *sūadja

Albanian: shije

Sanskrit: स्वादन (svā́dana)


נ־ש־ק

נ־שׁ־ק (canonical)
n-sh-q (romanization)


س ف ر

Verbs

Nouns

سَفَر (safar, “departure; journey; military expedition”)

سفارة (sifāra, “embassy”)

سَفِير (safīr, “ambassador”)


ל־ב־ש

forms words relating to the wearing or putting on of clothing


spey-

Proto-Italic: *speinā

Latin: spīna

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀 (spinia), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀 (spina), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌉𐌀𐌌𐌀 (spiniama), 𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌌𐌀𐌛 (spinamař)

Proto-Italic: *speikā

Latin: spīca

*spey-ro-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spīrǭ, *spīrō, *spīraz, *spīriz
Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n
Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)
Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire
English: spire
Scots: spyre, spire
Old Frisian: *spīr
Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n
West Frisian: spier c or n
Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)
Middle Low German: spîr m or n
German Low German: Spier m or n
→ German: Spier
Old Dutch: *spīr
Middle Dutch: spier n
Dutch: spier f
Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)
Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)
German: Speier m or f (dialectal)
Old Norse: spíra
Icelandic: spíra
Faroese: spíra
Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir
Swedish: spira
Danish: spir

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Iranian: *spūkah (perhaps)

desc

Classical Persian: سپوخ (/sipūx/, “sharp point; arrow; sharp blade”)

*spid-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *spitjaz; *spitją; *spitjǭ

Old High German: spizza, spizzī

Middle High German: spitze

German: Spitze

→ English: spitz

*spid-us

Proto-Germanic: *spituz

Old English: spitu

Middle English: spite, spyte, spit

English: spit

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: spit, spet

Low German: spit, spet

→ Danish: spid

→ Swedish: spett

Middle Dutch: spet

Dutch: spit

Old High German: spiz

Middle High German: spiz

German: Spieß

*speyg-o-

Proto-Germanic: *spīkaz

Old Norse: spíkr

Norwegian: spik

Swedish: spik

*speyg-ros

Proto-Germanic: *spīkraz

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: spiker

Middle Low German: spiker

Danish: spiger

Low German: spiker, spieker

→ English: spiker

Norwegian Bokmål: spiker

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Middle High German: spīcher

*spoyg-

Proto-Germanic: *spaikǭ

Old English: spāca

Middle English: spake

English: spoke

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spēke

North Frisian: speak

Middle Dutch: spake, speke

Dutch: spaak

Old Saxon: spēka

Middle Low German: speke

Old High German: speihha

Middle High German: speiche

German: Speiche

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: speigleĩs (“thorns”)

*speyl-os

Proto-Germanic: *spīlaz

Old Frisian:

Eastern Frisian: spyl

North Frisian: spīl

West Frisian: spile

Middle Low German: spīle

Middle Dutch: spīle

Dutch: spijl

→ English: spile

German: Speil

Old Norse:

Danish: spile

*speym-is

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *sɸeimis
Old Irish: séim
Irish: séimh
⇒ Irish: séimhigh
Scottish Gaelic: sèimh


ث ق ب

ثَاقِب

Form I: ثَقَبَ (ṯaqaba); Active participle

مُثَقِّب

Form II: ثَقَّبَ (ṯaqqaba); Active participle

اِنْثِقَاب

Form VII: اِنْثَقَبَ (inṯaqaba); Verbal noun

مُنْثَقِب

Form VII: اِنْثَقَبَ (inṯaqaba); Active participle


ب ل غ

مَبْلَغ

Form I: بَلَغَ (balaḡa, “reach, arrive, be satisfied with; intensify, strengthen; hit puberty”), بَلُغَ (baluḡa, “reach, arrive, be satisfied with; intensify, strengthen; hit puberty”); Verbal noun

بَالِغ

Form I: بَلَغَ (balaḡa, “reach, arrive, be satisfied with; intensify, strengthen; hit puberty”), بَلُغَ (baluḡa, “reach, arrive, be satisfied with; intensify, strengthen; hit puberty”); Active participle

adult, mature, someone who has hit puberty

تَبْلِيغ

Form II: بَلَّغَ (ballaḡa, “inform, tell, bring, deliver”); Verbal noun

مُبَلِّغ

Form II: بَلَّغَ (ballaḡa, “inform, tell, bring, deliver”); Active participle

مُبَالَغَة

Form III: بَالَغَ (bālaḡa, “exaggerate”); Verbal noun

مُبَالِغ

Form III: بَالَغَ (bālaḡa, “exaggerate”); Active participle

إِبْلَاغ

Form IV: أَبْلَغَ (ʔablaḡa, “convey, notify”); Verbal noun

مُبْلِغ

Form IV: أَبْلَغَ (ʔablaḡa, “convey, notify”); Active participle


ص د ر

اِسْتِصْدَار

Form X: اِسْتَصْدَرَ (istaṣdara); Verbal noun

related to being fore, front; to arriving, coming, returning

صَادِر

Form I: صَدَرَ (ṣadara); Active participle

مُصَدِّر

Form II: صَدَّرَ (ṣaddara); Active participle

مُصَادِر

Form III: صَادَرَ (ṣādara); Active participle

تَصَدُّر

Form V: تَصَدَّرَ (taṣaddara); Verbal noun

مُتَصَدِّر

Form V: تَصَدَّرَ (taṣaddara); Active participle

تَصَادُر

Form VI: تَصَادَرَ (taṣādara); Verbal noun

مُتَصَادِر

Form VI: تَصَادَرَ (taṣādara); Active participle

مُسْتَصْدِر

Form X: اِسْتَصْدَرَ (istaṣdara); Active participle

related to the chest (front part of the torso)


dʰwen-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwan-

Sanskrit: ध्वन् (dhvan)

*dʰwén-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dunēt (“to make a noise”) (perhaps)

Slovak: dunieť

Slovene: doneti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwánati

Sanskrit: ध्वनति (dhvánati)

*dʰún-is

Proto-Germanic: *duniz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰúniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰúniṣ

Sanskrit: धुनि (dhúni) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwen-ís

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwaníš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰwaníṣ

Sanskrit: ध्वनि (dhvani) (see there for further descendants)


*méh₂-yos- ~ *méh₂-is- (comparative)

Proto-Celtic: *māyos

Welsh: mwy (“more”)

Germanic: (possibly) *maizô, *maistaz

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (māi-)

Italic:

Latin: mānus, immānis

Italic:

Latin: mānis (> mānī, mānē, mānēs)

Proto-Celtic: *matis

Italic:

Latin: mātūrus

Proto-Slavic: *matorъ (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: Mātūta, mātūtīnus,

Proto-Celtic: *māros

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -μωρος (-mōros, “great”) (ἐγχεσίμωρος (enkhesímōros), ἰόμωροι (iómōroi), σινάμωρος (sinámōros), ὑλακόμωρος (hulakómōros))

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (perhaps) ἀμαυρός (amaurós), μαυρός (maurós) (Suggested to mean weak from not great)


Italic:

Latin: mānō

Proto-Celtic: *mānis

Proto-Brythonic: *mọn

Breton: man

Welsh: mawn

Old Irish: móin (“peat, moss”)
Irish: móin
Manx: moain
Scottish Gaelic: mòine

Proto-Germanic: *mōraz (see there for further descendants)


Hreyǵ-

*Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: réižti

Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)

*Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)

*Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rìžtì

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrinȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrinȷ́áti

desc

Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”) (merger?)

*Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)


Hreyǵ-

*Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)

*Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)

Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną

Old High German: *rickēn

Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)

*Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *rigēō

Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)


leg-

*lég-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lekaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (“to melt”) (see there for further descendants)

*log-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *lakjaną (see there for further descendants)

*lōg-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *lōkiz (see there for further descendants)

*leg-to-s

Proto-Celtic: *lextos

Proto-Brythonic: *leɨθ

Breton: leizh

Welsh: llaith

Old Armenian: լիճ (lič)

Armenian: լիճ (lič)


*dʰi-né-h₁-ti ~ *dʰi-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *dinati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰinā́ti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰinā́ti

⇒ Sanskrit: धिनोति (dhinoti, “to nourish”)

*dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰHáyati

Sanskrit: धयति (dháyati, “to drink mother's milk, to breastfeed”)

Proto-Iranian:

Ossetian: [script needed] (dæj-, “to suck”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dojìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: դիեմ (diem, “to drink mother's milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dêt (“to suck”)

Proto-Germanic: *dēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆσθαι (thêsthai, “to milk out”)

Proto-Italic: *fēmanā

Latin: fēmina (“woman”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fētos

Latin: fētus (“pregnant”)

Proto-Italic: *fētus

Latin: fētus (“offspring”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fēnom

Latin: fēnum (“hay”)

Proto-Italic: *fēnos

Latin: fēnus (“interest (on money)”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θῆλυς (thêlus, “feminine”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θήλεια (thḗleia, “feminine”)

Proto-Italic: *fēlīks

Latin: fēlīx (“happy”)

Proto-Italic: *feiljos (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fēlājō

Latin: fēlō, fellō (“to suck”)

*dʰé-dʰh₁-i (“milk curd”)

Proto-Albanian: *dedi

Albanian: djathë (“cheese”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰHi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dádʰHi

Sanskrit: दधि (dádhi, “coagulated milk, curd”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *dela

Albanian: djalë (“boy”)

Proto-Albanian: *dailjā

Albanian: dele (“sheep”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դալ (dal, “colostrum”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dēls (“son”)

Lithuanian: dėlė (“leech”)

Old Prussian: dadan

Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] (“pregnant”)

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: dieni (“with young”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiineh (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dēˀtis (“child”)

Proto-Slavic: *dětь (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: dínu (“lamb”)

Proto-Germanic: *dajjaną (“to suck, suckle”), *dilō (“nipple”), *dijōną (“to suck, suckle”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θηλή (thēlḗ, “teat”), θεῖος (theîos, “uncle”), τίτθη (títthē, “nurse”), τήθη (tḗthē, “grandmother”), Τηθύς (Tēthús)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáynuš

Proto-Iranian: *dáynuš

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬎 (daēnu)

Northern Kurdish: dê, da, dayik (“mother”)

Middle Persian: dʾyk' (dāyag, “wet nurse”)

Persian: دایه (dâye, “wet nurse”)

→ Old Armenian: դայեակ (dayeak, “wet nurse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰa(H)inúš (“milch cow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: धान्य (dhānya, “corn”) (see there for further descendants)


*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-és

*kréwh₂-s ~ *kruh₂-s-és


q

*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)

⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om

Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō

desc

Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*wer-</i> (“to heed”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))

desc

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /u̯eritit͡si/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)

Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)

*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā

Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)

Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)

Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)

Russian: врать (vratʹ)

Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám

Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wratám

Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)


kres-

*krós-e(-ti) (o-grade stative or present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrasaną

⇒? *hrōzaz (“active, stirring”), *hrōzō (see there for further descendants)

⇒? *hrōzijaną (“to stir”) (or from the adjective) (see there for further descendants)

*kros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krásīˀtei

>? Proto-Slavic: *krasìti (“to decorate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krāsáyati

Proto-Iranian: *krāsáyati

⇒? *fra-krāsáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”)

*krós-neh₂ ~ *kr̥s-néh₂-s

⇒ *kros-néh₂

Proto-Germanic: *hraznō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kros-nós

<i class="Latn mention" lang="sqj-pro">*krasna</i> >

Proto-Albanian: (*krasna >) *krāna

Albanian: krua

Proto-Hellenic: *krosnós

Ancient Greek: κρουνός (krounós)

⇒ *kŕ̥s-neh₂

<i class="Latn mention" lang="grk-pro">*krə́snā</i> >

Proto-Hellenic: (*krə́snā >) *krásnā

Aeolic Greek: κράννᾱ (kránnā)

Attic Greek: κρήνη (krḗnē)

Doric Greek: κρᾱ́νᾱ (krā́nā)


ש־ת־ן

שׁ־ת־ן (canonical)
sh-t-n (romanization)


*-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂- (possibly)

*h₃énh₂-o or *h₃e-h₃nóh₂-ey

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀭𒈾𒄿 (ḫa-an-na-i, “to judge; to sue, charge”)

Northern Luri:

Northern Luri: هِنا کِردِن (hena kerden, “to call”)

*h₃néh₃-mn̥ (“name”) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὄνομαι (ónomai, “impugn, quarrel with”)

to call, summon; to assign (to a role or task) ?


ר־ג־ע

head

ר־ג־ע • (r-g-ʕ)


ד־ר־ש

ד־ר־ש ׁ (canonical)
d-r-sh (romanization)


maika

Cognate with Minica Huitoto maika and Nüpode Huitoto maika.

Classifier (linguistics)
Root (linguistics)


q

*neyH- (with metathesis of *-y- extension and the laryngeal)

*(s)néh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *nēaną (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέω (néō)

Proto-Italic: *nēō

Latin: neō

Proto-Celtic: *sniyeti

Middle Breton: nezaff

Old Irish: sníid

Welsh: nyddu

Proto-Celtic: *snīman

Old Irish: sním

Irish: sníomh

Proto-Germanic: *nēþlō (“needle”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)néH-tr̥ (perhaps)

Proto-Hellenic: *nḗtron

desc

Ancient Greek: νῆτρον (nêtron, “spindle”)

*sneh₁-ye-ti (perhaps)

>? Sanskrit: स्नायति (snāyati, “to clothe”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nī́ˀtis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *snātos

Proto-Brythonic: *nọd

Old Breton: notenn

Middle Breton: neut

Breton: neud

Old Irish: snáth

Irish: snáth

Proto-Celtic: *natus (“poem”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *snōdō (“string; rope”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *snutja

Albanian: nus

Proto-Slavic: *snopъ (“sheaf, bundle”) (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *blḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blējaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flēō

Latin: fleō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *blētijaną (see there for further descendants)


*bʰleh₁- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blēaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāō

Latin: flō (underlying /flā/-) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₁-s- (sigmatic aorist or desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *blēsaną (“to blow”) (see there for further descendants)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n</i>?

Proto-Germanic: *blēdrǭ (“bladder; swelling”) (< *bʰleh₁-dʰreh₂-n?) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāðrom

Latin: flābrum (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flāmən

Latin: flāmen (“gust, wind”)

Proto-Albanian: *(s)blèwsa

Albanian: flluskë

From *bʰel- (“to blow”) + *-eh₁-.
This may be a specialization of the root for "to cry". LIV reconstructs a single root meaning "to howl".


ח־ל־ם

head

ח־ל־ם • (ħ-l-m)


כ־נ־ס

Compare Aramaic כְּנַשׁ (“gather, collect”).

Forming words relating to assembly, congregation, gathering or meeting.


*spéh₁-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaHti

desc

Proto-Iranian: *spaHti (“to satisfy, eat one’s fill”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Ossetian:

Digor: ӕфсадун (æfsadun), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Iron: ӕфсадын (æfsadyn), ӕфсад (æfsad, “to nourish”)

Southeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (spaiye, “to satisfy, be satisfied”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (spon-) / [script needed] (spond, “to fill, replenish”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆n-) / [script needed] (s(ə)pā̆nt, “to saturate”)

*sph₁-óy-ey ~ *sph₁-y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (√išpai-ⁱ / √išpi, “to get full, to be filled, to be satiated”):

𒅖𒉺𒀀𒄿 (iš-pa-a-i, 3sg.pres.act.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰā́yati (or rather *spʰáHyati < *sph₁-éh₁-ye-ti)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰā́yati

Sanskrit: स्फायते (sphā́yate, “to grow fat, become bulky, swell, increase, expand”)

*spóh₁-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *spōaną (see there for further descendants)

*spōdiz (see there for further descendants) (< + *-diz)

Latin: spēs (see there for further descendants)

*sph₁-rós (“thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spʰirás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spʰirás

Sanskrit: स्फिर (sphirá, “fat”)

Proto-Italic: *pro-sparos

Latin: prosperus (“prosperous, successful”)

Proto-Slavic: *sporъ (“abundant, lavish”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *swespats

Latin: sospes (“safe and sound”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *spukja

Albanian: fuqi, (archaic) fuki


speḱ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spać-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaś-

Sanskrit: स्पश् (spaś)

Proto-Iranian: *spac-

Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛 (ʿsp)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾyš), [script needed] (ʾspyš), [script needed] (spyš), [script needed] (spxš)

Proto-Tocharian: *päk-

*spéḱ-e-ti (thematic e-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spáśati

Sanskrit: स्पशति (spáśati)

Proto-Iranian: *spácati

Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spaṣ̌iti, “sight; protection”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś, “look”)

Bactrian: σπασο (spaso /spās/, “service”), ασπασο (aspaso /əspās/)

Sogdian: (/(ə)spās/, “service, worship, respect”)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs), 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (spʾs)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾspʾs), [script needed] (spʾs)

Syriac script: ܐܣܦܐܣ (ʾspʾs), ܣܦܐܣ (spʾs)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: سپاس (spas), سوپاس (supas)

Northern Kurdish: spas

Southern Kurdish: سِپاس (sipas)

Parthian: (/(a)spās/, “service”)

Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭎𐭐𐭎𐭉 (spsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʾspʾs)

Middle Persian: (/(i)spās/, “service; thanks, gratitude”)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮𐭩 (spʾsy)

Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘 (ʿspʾs)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (spʾs)

*spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *spacnáwti

Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁 (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)

*spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-perfective)

Proto-Hellenic: *éskēpset

Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspāćšt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspāṭṣat

Sanskrit: अस्पष्ट (áspaṣṭa)

Proto-Italic: *speksai

Latin: spexī

*spéḱ-eh₂-ti (eh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)

*spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *skopéyō

Ancient Greek: σκοπέω (skopéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati

Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)

*spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és

*speḱ-u-s

Proto-Italic: *spekus

Latin: specus

Proto-Italic: *spekjēs

Latin: speciēs

*spoḱ-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *spokós

Ancient Greek: σκοπός (skopós)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *spahō
Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
Old Saxon: *speha
Middle Low German: *spē
Low German: spee
Old Dutch: *spia
Middle Dutch: spie
Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)
Old High German: speha
Middle High German: spehe, spē
German: Spähe
Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)
Old Norse: spá
Icelandic: spá

Proto-Hellenic: *skopā́

Ancient Greek: σκοπή (skopḗ)

*spéḱ-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *spekmen

Latin: specimen (inserted i)

*spéḱ-tis

Proto-Hellenic: *sképtis

Ancient Greek: σκέψις (sképsis)

*spḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spaštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás

Sanskrit: स्पष्ट (spaṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *spaštáh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (auuispašta)

Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʿspyšt)

Proto-Italic: *spektos

Latin: spectus

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)

*spéḱ-tḗr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáštā

Proto-Iranian: *spáštā

desc

Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀𐬭 (spaštar, “protector, guardian; seer”)

*spéḱ-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *spektrom

Latin: spectrum

*spéḱ-tlo-m

Proto-Italic: *spektlom

Latin: speculum, specula


*kh₂n-é-ti ~ kh₂n-ó-nti (tudati-type thematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *kaneti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kanō (see there for further descendants)

*kéh₂n-mn̥ (“song”)

Proto-Italic: *kanmen

Latin: carmen (with dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)

*ke-koh₂n- (“stork”)

Proto-Italic: *kikōniā

Latin: cicōnia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kantlom (“song”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: kanklės (“string musical instrument”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *kaňa (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hanô (“rooster”), *hanjō (“hen”), *hōnaz (“fowl”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καναχέω (kanakhéō), καναχή (kanakhḗ), ἠικανός (ēikanós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Proto-Iranian: *kanati

Northern Kurdish: xwendin

Persian: خواندن (xândan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kanati (or rather *karnati)

Sanskrit: कणति (kaṇati)

Proto-Tocharian: *kene (“melody, tune”) (see there for further descendants)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwō

Ancient Greek: φαῦω (phaûō), φάω (pháō)

Proto-Italic: *fāwēō?

Latin: faveō

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawétʰō

Ancient Greek: φᾰέθω (phaéthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pipʰáwskō

Ancient Greek: πιφαύσκω (piphaúskō)

*bʰéh₂-w-os ~ *bʰéh₂-w-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwos

Ancient Greek: φαῦος (phaûos), φάος (pháos)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰawehnós

Ancient Greek: φάεννος (pháennos), φαεινός (phaeinós), φαείνω (phaeínō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáwtis

Ancient Greek: φαῦσις (phaûsis)

*bʰéh₂-ti ~ *bʰh₂-énti (athematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φάντα (phánta, “shining”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHti (see there for further descendants)

*bʰh₂-n-yé-ti (innovative nasal-infix zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *banja

Albanian: bënj, bëj, bâj

(probably) Armenian:

Old Armenian: բանամ (banam) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰáňňō

Ancient Greek: φαίνω (phaínō) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *βās

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dyew-bʰéh₂-os</i>

⇒ *dju-βās (< *dyew-bʰéh₂-os)

desc

Latin: iubar (“celestial light, splendor”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHmas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *bānos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōnaz

Proto-West Germanic: *bōn (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHnas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHnas

Sanskrit: भान (bhā́na)

Proto-Iranian: *báHnah

Ossetian: бон (bon, “day”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (vuyn, “light, radiance”)

Wakhi: [script needed] (voyn, “fire, light”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaHnúš (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *bandwijaną

Proto-Germanic: *bandwǭ

Proto-Germanic: *baukną

Sanskrit: प्सु (psú, “aspect, appearance, form”)


*bʰn̥h₂-é-ti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰánati

Vedic Sanskrit: भनति (bhánati) (see there for further descendants)

bʰh₂-néw-ti ~ bʰh₂-n̥w-énti (innovative nasal-infixed zero-grade athematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *bannaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰā́mā

Ancient Greek: φήμη (phḗmē)

Proto-Italic: *fāmā

Latin: fāma (“fame”)

*bʰéh₂-os ~ *bʰéh₂-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáHšaH (or from *bʰels-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáHṣaH

Sanskrit: भाषा (bhā́ṣā) (see there for further descendants), भाषति (bhā́ṣati)

Proto-Italic: *fās

Latin: fās

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰōnā́

Ancient Greek: φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice”)

Ancient Greek: φῆμις (phêmis)

Ancient Greek: φῆμα (phêma)

Old Armenian: բան (ban),

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀnis

Proto-Slavic: *basnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōniz (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: φάσκω (pháskō)

*bʰéh₂-ti-s ~ *bʰh₂-téy-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բայ (bay)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰátis

Ancient Greek: φάσις (phásis), φάτις (phátis)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰatós

Ancient Greek: φατός (phatós)

Proto-Italic: *fatos

Latin: fātus

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fatēōr

Latin: fateor

*bʰéh₂-tu-s ~ *bʰh₂-téw-s

Proto-Italic: *fātus

Latin: fātus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀdlis

Proto-Slavic: *badli

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բառ (baṙ, “word, language, speech”), բանկն (bankn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāˀjakāˀ

Proto-Slavic: *bajьka (“fable”)


am-

*am-un

Northern Yukaghir: амун (amun)

Southern Yukaghir: амун (amun)

Chuvan: амунъ (amun)


נ־ד־ב

Compare Arabic نَدَبَ (nadaba, “to accredit, to delegate”)


נ־ד־ד

Forming words relating to wandering or roaming.


rew-

From Proto-Fula-Serer *D/tew, whence also Serer rew/ndew. Possibly cognate with Laalaa leɓ (“woman”).


wor-

From Proto-Fula-Serer *goor (man), whence also Serer koor/goor.
Cognate with Wolof góor, Bidyogo o-gude, Laalaa ƴaal.


ח־ש־ב

ח־שׁ־ב (canonical)
kh-sh-v (romanization)

Cognate with the Arabic root ح س ب (ḥ-s-b), and the Classical Syriac root ܚ-ܫ-ܒ (ħ-ʃ-b), both relating to the concept of thinking or calculating.

Forming words relating to thinking and calculating.


c̣am-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: წამი (c̣ami, “moment, second, blink; eyelash”), ⇒ წამწამი (c̣amc̣ami)
Georgian: წამი (c̣ami)
→ Mingrelian: წამი (c̣ami)
Georgian: წამწამი (c̣amc̣ami)
→ Bats: წამწამ (c̣amc̣am, “eyebrow; eyelash”)
→? Chechen: цӏоцкъам (cʼocqʼam, “eyebrow; eyelash”)
→? Ingush: цӏацкъам (cʼacqʼam, “eyebrow; eyelash”)
→ Laz: კამწამი (ǩamǯami)
→ Romani: camcàle

Zan:

desc

Laz: (the form and meaning are uncertain)

Mingrelian: წუმი (c̣umi, “minute, second”), ⇒ აკაწუნს (aḳac̣uns, “in a minute, in a second”)

Svan: წა̈მ (c̣äm, “moment, second, blink”)


yar-

From Proto-Fula-Serer *yɛr, whence also Serer yer.


yar-

Oghur: *čere

Chuvash: ҫара (śara, “naked”)

⇒ Chuvash: ҫарал (śaral, “to get naked”)

⇒ Chuvash: ҫара ҫерҫи (śara ś̬erś̬i, “bat”)

Bashkir: шәрә (şərə, “naked”)

Proto-Turkic: *yar-kānat (“bat (lit. yar-wing)”)

Proto-Oghuz:

East Oghuz:

Turkmen: ýargānat

Karluk:

Chagatai:

Uzbek: yorqanot

Kipchak:

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: жарғанат (jarğanat)

Tatar: ярканат (yarkanat)

West Kipchak:

Kumyk: яркъанат (yarqanat)

South Kipchak:

Karakalpak: jar kanat

Kazakh: жарғанат (jarğanat)

Nogai: ярганат (yarganat)

East Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: жарганат (jarganat)

Southern Altai: јарганат (ǰarganat)

Siberian:

Northern Altai: тьарганат (tʹarganat)

North Siberian:

Yakut: сарыы кынат (sarıı kınat)

South Siberian:

Yenisei:

Khakas: чарханат (çarxanat)

Shor: чарғанат (çarğanat)

Proto-Turkic: *yarïs-

Proto-Turkic: *yarïsgu

Kipchak:

Siberian Tatar: [script needed] (yarıskı)

Karluk:

اَيايَرْسكُو

Chigil Karakhanid: اَيايَرْسكُو (ayāyersgüü)

Oghuz: يَرِسا (yarısa) (Acc. to Kashgarî, some say so, but did not indicate Oghuz)

Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yarasa)

Azerbaijani: yarasa

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: یراسه, یاراسه (yarasa), یارسه (yarasa)
Gagauz: yarasa
Turkish: yarasa

Salar: yarasan

Turkmen: yarasa (dial.)

Siberian:

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yarsko)

South Siberian:

Sayan:

Tuvan: часкы (çaskı)


awang

From Malay awang, from Classical Malay اوڠ (awang), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *awaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *awaŋ (“atmosphere, space between earth and sky”).


wayd-

*ni-wayd-, with *ni- (“down”)

Eastern Iranian:

desc

𐬥𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬨𐬌 (niuuaēδaiiemi, “to invite a deity to the sacrifice, dedicate”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (nwʾyδ- /ni-wēδ-/, “to invite, inform”)

Western Iranian:

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian:

Manichaean: nwyst (*niwist, “invited”); nwydg (*niwēdag, “invitation or good news”)

→ Old Armenian: նուէր (nuēr, “oblation, sacrifice”) ← Middle Iranian *nivēδ

→ Old Armenian: նուիրակ (nuirak, “announcer, messenger, etc.”) ← Middle Iranian: *nivēδāk

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian:

Book Pahlavi: nwstn' (*niwistan), nwyk- / nwyd- (*niwēy-, “to announce, consecrate”); nwyk' (*niwē, “good news”)

*fra-wayd-, with *fra-

→ Old Armenian: հրաւէր (hrawēr), հրաւիրեմ (hrawirem)

→ Old Armenian: հրաւիրակ (hrawirak)

*pati-wayd-, with *pati-

→ Old Armenian: պատուէր (patuēr), պատուիրեմ (patuirem)

→ Old Armenian: պատուիրակ (patuirak)

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛 (vid, “to know”) (𐬬𐬌𐬜 (viδ), 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛 (vaēd), 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜 (vaēδ))

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian:

Manichaean: 𐫇𐫍𐫏𐫆 (whyẖ /wehīh/, “wisdom”) (possibly)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd-.


wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd- (see there for further descendants)


wayd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wayd-

Sanskrit: विद् (vid)

Proto-Iranian: *wayd-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛 (vaēd)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wndʾtn' (“find”)


ǵʰeh₁-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰHnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰHnás

Sanskrit: हीन (hīná) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κιχάνω (kikhánō)

*ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰaHti

Sanskrit: जहाति (jáhāti)

Proto-Iranian: *jájaHti

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zazāⁱti)

*ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰāHst

q

later: <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अहासीत्</i> (áhāsīt)

Sanskrit: अहास् (áhās) (later: अहासीत् (áhāsīt))

*ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰaHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰaHt

Sanskrit: अहात् (áhāt)

*ǵʰh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *gāną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ngah


leyp-

*léyp-os ~ *léyp-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráypas

desc

Sanskrit: रेपस् (répas, “dirty spot, stain”)

*leyp-ó-m

>? Proto-Germanic: *lībą (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-p-ti ~ *li-m-p-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *limpáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *limpáti

Sanskrit: लिम्पति (limpáti, “to smear, pollute”) (see there for further descendants)

*lip-yé-ti (yé-present)

>? Proto-Germanic: *libjaną (“to live, be alive”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laip-

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipìnti, láipioti

Proto-Slavic: *lěpiti (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *laibijaną (“leave behind”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilaibijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *laypáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *laypáyati

Sanskrit: लेपयति (lepáyati, “to smear”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: làipa (“footbridge”)

Slavic:

Polish: lepa (“slush”)

Proto-Germanic: *laibō (“that which remains”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyp-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *lě̑pъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láypas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láypas

Sanskrit: लेप (lepa)

*lip-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipaĩ (“glue, adhesive”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lípos

Ancient Greek: λίπος (lípos, “fat”)

Greek: λίπος (lípos)

*lip-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipnùs (“sticky, adhesive; sociable, likable, friendly”)

Proto-Italic: *lipnos

>? Latin: lippus (“dripping; festering; watery-eyed, drowsy”)

*lip-ró-s

*lip-r-éh₂ f

>? Proto-Germanic: *librō (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riprás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riprás

Sanskrit: रिप्र (riprá-, “dirt, impurity, stain; dirty, filthy, vile, bad”)

*lip-tó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lìptas (“footbridge”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liptás

Sanskrit: लिप्त (liptá-, “smeared”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riptás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *riptás

Sanskrit: रिप्त (riptá-, “stuck, adhering, smeared”)

*lip-ú-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lipus

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: lipùs (“sticky”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ripúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ripúṣ

Sanskrit: रिपु (ripú-, “fraudulent, deceitful, treacherous”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: lipt, laipns

Proto-Slavic: *lьnǫti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (with unexpected voiced Verner alternant) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bilībaną (see there for further descendants)

Germanic: (possibly) *ainalif (“eleven”, literally “one left”), *twalif (“twelve”, literally “two left”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λίπα (lípa, “richly”)

Ancient Greek: λιπαίνω (lipaínō, “to oil, anoint, lubricate, enrich”), λιπάω (lipáō)

Ancient Greek: λιπαρός (liparós, “fatty, rich, oily, greasy, lubricated, shiny”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लेपन (lepana, “smearing; liniment, oil; fat, flesh, meat”)

Sanskrit: लेपिन् (lepin, “smearing”)

Sanskrit: लिपि (lipi, “smear(ing); painting, drawing, writing”)

Sanskrit: लिप्यते (lipyate, “to be stuck, attached, smeared (onto)”)

Sanskrit: रिप् (rip, “deceit, injury; deceiver, injurer, enemy”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lip (“remain”)

Often supposed to be an extension of *ley-, *(s)ley- (“to slip, slide, glide; slimy”).


ب د ل

بَدْل

Form I: بَدَلَ (badala, “to replace, exchange”); Verbal noun

بَادِل

Form I: بَدَلَ (badala, “to replace, exchange”); Active participle

تَبْدِيل

Form II: بَدَّلَ (baddala, “to change, alter, exchange, substitute, replace”); Verbal noun

change, alteration, exchange, substitution, replacement, transposition, compensation

مُبَدِّل

Form II: بَدَّلَ (baddala, “to change, alter, exchange, substitute, replace”); Active participle

مُبَادَلَة

Form III: بَادَلَ (bādala, “to exchange with (someone)”); Verbal noun

مُبَادِل

Form III: بَادَلَ (bādala, “to exchange with (someone)”); Active participle

إِبْدَال

Form IV: أَبْدَلَ (ʔabdala, “to exchange, substitute, replace”); Verbal noun

مُبْدِل

Form IV: أَبْدَلَ (ʔabdala, “to exchange, substitute, replace”); Active participle

تَبَدُّل

Form V: تَبَدَّلَ (tabaddala, “to take in exchange for, be exchanged, be altered”); Verbal noun

taking in exchange, being exchanged, being altered, holiday clothes, permutation

مُتَبَدِّل

Form V: تَبَدَّلَ (tabaddala, “to take in exchange for, be exchanged, be altered”); Active participle

تَبَادُل

Form VI: تَبَادَلَ (tabādala, “to mutually exchange, interchange, (intransitive) alternate, take turns”); Verbal noun

mutual exchange, exchange, interchange, alternation, taking turns, permutation, transposition, reciprocity

مُتَبَادِل

Form VI: تَبَادَلَ (tabādala, “to mutually exchange, interchange, (intransitive) alternate, take turns”); Active participle

اِنْبِدَال

Form VII: اِنْبَدَلَ (inbadala, “to be interchanged”); Verbal noun

مُنْبَدِل

Form VII: اِنْبَدَلَ (inbadala, “to be interchanged”); Active participle

اِسْتِبْدَال

Form X: اِسْتَبْدَلَ (istabdala, “to take in exchange for”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْدِل

Form X: اِسْتَبْدَلَ (istabdala, “to take in exchange for”); Active participle


ب د ل

تبديل

Form II: بدّل (baddal, “to exchange”); Verbal Noun


ش ر ك

شَارِك

Form I: شَرَكَ (šaraka); Active participle

مُشَرِّك

Form II: شَرَّكَ (šarraka); Active participle

مُشَارِك

Form III: شَارَكَ (šāraka); Active participle

إِشْرَاك

Form IV: أَشْرَكَ (ʔašraka); Verbal noun

مُشْرِك

Form IV: أَشْرَكَ (ʔašraka); Active participle

تَشَارُك

Form VI: تَشَارَكَ (tašāraka); Verbal noun

مُتَشَارِك

Form VI: تَشَارَكَ (tašāraka); Active participle

اِشْتِرَاك

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَكَ (ištaraka); Verbal noun

مُشْتَرِك

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَكَ (ištaraka); Active participle

اِسْتِشْرَاك

Form X: اِسْتَشْرَكَ (istašraka); Verbal noun

مُسْتَشْرِك

Form X: اِسْتَشْرَكَ (istašraka); Active participle


ش ر ك

اشتراك

Form VIII: اشترك (ištarak, “to participate; to subscribe”); Noun Form

مشترك

Form VIII: اشترك (ištarak, “to participate; to subscribe”); Active Participle

مشترك

Form VIII: اشترك (ištarak, “to participate; to subscribe”); Passive Participle


ح و ط

ar-root

ح و ط • (ḥ-w-ṭ)

Related to guarding, protecting, taking care.

حَوْط

Form I: حَاطَ (ḥāṭa, “to guard, to protect”); Verbal noun

حَائِط

Form I: حَاطَ (ḥāṭa, “to guard, to protect”); Active participle

تَحْوِيط

Form II: حَوَّطَ (ḥawwaṭa, “to wall in, to encircle, surround”); Verbal noun

مُحَوِّط

Form II: حَوَّطَ (ḥawwaṭa, “to wall in, to encircle, surround”); Active participle

مُحَاوَطَة

Form III: حَاوَطَ (ḥāwaṭa, “to try to outsmart, to mislead, seduce”); Verbal noun

مُحَاوِط

Form III: حَاوَطَ (ḥāwaṭa, “to try to outsmart, to mislead, seduce”); Active participle

مُحِيط

Form IV: أَحَاطَ (ʔaḥāṭa, “to surround, encircle, ring”); Active participle

تَحَوُّط

Form V: تَحَوَّطَ (taḥawwaṭa, “to guard, protect”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَوِّط

Form V: تَحَوَّطَ (taḥawwaṭa, “to guard, protect”); Active participle

اِحْتِيَاط

Form VIII: اِحْتَاطَ (iḥtāṭa, “to be careful”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَاط

Form VIII: اِحْتَاطَ (iḥtāṭa, “to be careful”); Active participle

إِحَاطَة

Form IV: أَحَاطَ (ʔaḥāṭa, “to surround, encircle, ring”); Verbal noun


ص ح ح

ص ح ح • (ṣ-ḥ-ḥ)

تَصْحِيح

Form II: صَحَّحَ (ṣaḥḥaḥa, “to heal, correct, rectify, legalize, sign”); Verbal noun

تَصَحُّح

Form V: تَصَحَّحَ (taṣaḥḥaḥa, “to be corrected, rectified”); Verbal noun

أَصَحّ

صَحِيح (ṣaḥīḥ)

صِحِّيّ

صِحَّة (ṣiḥḥa)

forms word related to right order, rectification

صِحَّة

Form I: صَحَّ (ṣaḥḥa, “to be healthy, in order, strong, correct, faultless, unblemished, unshakable, permissible, true; to recover”); Verbal noun

صَاحّ

Form I: صَحَّ (ṣaḥḥa, “to be healthy, in order, strong, correct, faultless, unblemished, unshakable, permissible, true; to recover”); Active participle

مُصَحِّح

Form II: صَحَّحَ (ṣaḥḥaḥa, “to heal, correct, rectify, legalize, sign”); Active participle

مُتَصَحِّح

Form V: تَصَحَّحَ (taṣaḥḥaḥa, “to be corrected, rectified”); Active participle

forms words relating to health and truth

اِسْتِصْحَاح

Form X: اِسْتَصَحَّ (istaṣaḥḥa, “to regain health, recover”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَصِحّ

Form X: اِسْتَصَحَّ (istaṣaḥḥa, “to regain health, recover”); Active participle


ع ر ب

forms words relating to Arabic and Arabs


ع ر ب

Given the antiquity of the ethnonym, the possibility that it derives from some obscure nickname cannot be ruled out. A plausible derivation, however, is the root given below, whose original meaning of “to enter”, under the influence of the trading culture, became “to do business with”, “to show economic interest”, and “caravan”, “carriage”. It is thus an open question whether the meaning of أَعْرَبَ (ʔaʕraba, “to clearly declare, to proclaim”) derives from such economic usage, or from the association of the Arabic language with intelligibility.

forms words related to forceful behavior

تَعْرِيب

Form II: عَرَّبَ (ʕarraba, “to make Arabic, translate into Arabic, express”); Verbal noun

Arabicizing, Arabization, translation into Arabic, adoption of loanword into Arabic

مُعَرِّب

Form II: عَرَّبَ (ʕarraba, “to make Arabic, translate into Arabic, express”); Active participle

مُعَرَّب

Arabicized, translated into Arabic, loanword

إِعْرَاب

Form IV: أَعْرَبَ (ʔaʕraba, “to make Arabic, give an Arabic form to, express clearly, declare, proclaim; to use the grammatical endings”); Verbal noun

declaration, proclamation, expression, grammatical endings

مُعْرِب

Form IV: أَعْرَبَ (ʔaʕraba, “to make Arabic, give an Arabic form to, express clearly, declare, proclaim; to use the grammatical endings”); Active participle

تَعَرُّب

Form V: تَعَرَّبَ (taʕarraba, “to become an Arab, assimilate or naturalize to the Arab”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَرِّب

Form V: تَعَرَّبَ (taʕarraba, “to become an Arab, assimilate or naturalize to the Arab”); Active participle

اِسْتِعْرَاب

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَبَ (istaʕraba, “to become an Arab, assimilate or naturalize to the Arab”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْرِب

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَبَ (istaʕraba, “to become an Arab, assimilate or naturalize to the Arab”); Active participle

عَرَّابَة

عَرَّاب (ʕarrāb, “godfather; translator into Arabic”)


ر ت ب

إِرْتَاب

Form IV: أَرْتَبَ (ʔartaba); Verbal noun

تَرَتُّب

Form V: تَرَتَّبَ (tarattaba); Verbal noun

رَاتِب

Form I: رَتَبَ (rataba); Active participle

مُرَتِّب

Form II: رَتَّبَ (rattaba); Active participle

مُرْتِب

Form IV: أَرْتَبَ (ʔartaba); Active participle

مُتَرَتِّب

Form V: تَرَتَّبَ (tarattaba); Active participle


ح ض ر

ح ض ر • (ḥ-ḍ-r)

حَاضِر

Form I: حَضَرَ (ḥaḍara); Active participle

تَحْضِير

Form II: حَضَّرَ (ḥaḍḍara, “to prepare, to make ready”); Verbal noun

مُحَضِّر

Form II: حَضَّرَ (ḥaḍḍara, “to prepare, to make ready”); Active participle

مُحَاضِر

Form III: حَاضَرَ (ḥāḍara); Active participle

إِحْضَار

Form IV: أَحْضَرَ (ʔaḥḍara, “to bring, to summon, to prepare, to run”); Verbal noun

مُحْضِر

Form IV: أَحْضَرَ (ʔaḥḍara, “to bring, to summon, to prepare, to run”); Active participle

تَحَضُّر

Form V: تَحَضَّرَ (taḥaḍḍara); Verbal noun

مُتَحَضِّر

Form V: تَحَضَّرَ (taḥaḍḍara); Active participle

اِحْتِضَار

Form VIII: اِحْتَضَرَ (iḥtaḍara); Verbal noun

مُحْتَضِر

Form VIII: اِحْتَضَرَ (iḥtaḍara); Active participle

اِحْتِضَار

Form VIII: اُحْتُضِرَ (uḥtuḍira); Verbal noun

اِسْتِحْضَار

Form X: اِسْتَحْضَرَ (istaḥḍara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْضِر

Form X: اِسْتَحْضَرَ (istaḥḍara); Active participle


ع م ل

مُعَامَلَة

Form III: عَامَلَ (ʕāmala, “to treat”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَمِلَ (ʕamila, “to work, do”); Active participle

تَعْمِيل

Form II: عَمَّلَ (ʕammala, “to pay wages, make an administrator”); Verbal noun

مُعَمِّل

Form II: عَمَّلَ (ʕammala, “to pay wages, make an administrator”); Active participle

مُعَامِل

Form III: عَامَلَ (ʕāmala, “to treat”); Active participle

إِعْمَال

Form IV: أَعْمَلَ (ʔaʕmala, “to cause to work”); Verbal noun

مُعْمِل

Form IV: أَعْمَلَ (ʔaʕmala, “to cause to work”); Active participle

تَعَمُّل

Form V: تَعَمَّلَ (taʕammala, “to strive, toil”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَمِّل

Form V: تَعَمَّلَ (taʕammala, “to strive, toil”); Active participle

تَعَامُل

Form VI: تَعَامَلَ (taʕāmala, “to treat each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَامِل

Form VI: تَعَامَلَ (taʕāmala, “to treat each other”); Active participle

اِنْعِمَال

Form VII: اِنْعَمَلَ (inʕamala, “to be in the process of being done”); Verbal noun

مُنْعَمِل

Form VII: اِنْعَمَلَ (inʕamala, “to be in the process of being done”); Active participle

اِعْتِمَال

Form VIII: اِعْتَمَلَ (iʕtamala, “to do the work oneself”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَمِل

Form VIII: اِعْتَمَلَ (iʕtamala, “to do the work oneself”); Active participle

اِسْتِعْمَال

Form X: اِسْتَعْمَلَ (istaʕmala, “to use, ask to work”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْمِل

Form X: اِسْتَعْمَلَ (istaʕmala, “to use, ask to work”); Active participle


ع م ل

استعمال

Form X: استعمل (istaʕmal, “to use”); Verbal Noun

عامل

Form I: عمل (ʕimil, “to do; to make”); Active participle


و ف ي

وَفَاء

Form I: وَفَى (wafā, “fulfill, compensate fully”); Verbal noun

وَافٍ

Form I: وَفَى (wafā, “fulfill, compensate fully”); Active participle

تَوْفِيَة

Form II: وَفَّى (waffā, “to treat fully, complete”); Verbal noun

مُوَفٍّ

Form II: وَفَّى (waffā, “to treat fully, complete”); Active participle

مُوَافَاة

Form III: وَافَى (wāfā, “to provide for in full”); Verbal noun

مُوَافٍ

Form III: وَافَى (wāfā, “to provide for in full”); Active participle

إِيفَاء

Form IV: أَوْفَى (ʔawfā, “to fulfill, exceed”); Verbal noun

مُوفٍ

Form IV: أَوْفَى (ʔawfā, “to fulfill, exceed”); Active participle

تَوَفٍّ

Form V: تَوَفَّى (tawaffā, “to receive in full”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَفٍّ

Form V: تَوَفَّى (tawaffā, “to receive in full”); Active participle

تَوَفٍّ

Form V: تُوُفِّيَ (tuwuffiya, “to die”); Verbal noun

اِسْتِيفَاء

Form X: اِسْتَوْفَى (istawfā, “to exhaust, fulfill”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْفٍ

Form X: اِسْتَوْفَى (istawfā, “to exhaust, fulfill”); Active participle


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱél-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ḱl̥-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *huljaną (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárma

Sanskrit: शर्मन् (śárman)

*ḱél-mō

Proto-Germanic: *helmô (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-mos

Proto-Germanic: *helmaz (“helmet”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-nó- ~ *ḱol-nó-

Proto-Germanic: *hallō (“hall”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelnā

Latin: cella (see there for further descendants)

*ḱēl-is

Proto-Germanic: *hēliz (“deceitful”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱél-ōs ~ *ḱél-es-

Proto-Germanic: *hulisō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kelōs (“outside, aspect”)

Latin: color (see there for further descendants)

*ḱol-es-o-

desctree

Ancient Greek: κολεός (koleós), κουλεός (kouleós)
Greek: κολεός (koleós)
→ Latin: cōleus (see there for further descendants)

*ḱel-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“netherworld”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *keljom

Latin: cilium (“eyelid”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klām

Latin: clam (“secretly”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Baltic:

Old Prussian: kelmis

Lithuanian: šálmas

Proto-Germanic: [Term?] (“to conceal”)

Old English: *hellan, helian

Middle English: helen (merger with helan)

English: hele, heel

Scots: heil

Old Frisian: *hella, *hiella (attested in bihella, bihiella (“to cover, hide”))

Old Saxon: hellian (bihellian)

Old High German: hellen

Middle High German: *heln (attested in entheln (“to uncover”))

>? Proto-Germanic: *hallō (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: καλύπτω (kalúptō), Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ), καλύβη (kalúbē), κέλυφος (kéluphos), κελέβη (kelébē), κάλπις (kálpis)

Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto), καλύβι (kalývi), καλύβα (kalýva), κέλυφος (kélyfos), κάλπη (kálpi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaranás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaranás

Sanskrit: शरण (śaraṇá)

Proto-Iranian: *caranáh

>? Persian: سرمه (sorme)

Latin: cālīgō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: cēlō (see there for further descendants)


ḱel-

*ḱley-

*ḱlew-

*h₂eus-ḱl̥-t-eh₂-ye-ti (thematic ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *auskoltāō

Latin: auscultō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *halþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱl̥-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *hulþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱól-i-s

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: šalìs

Latvian: salis


ر د د

أَرَدّ

more useful, more profitable, most useful, most profitable

رَدّ

refusal, repulse, refutation, hindrance, restitution, return, reply restoration to a former state

رَدّ

Form I: رَدَّ (radda, “return, reply”); Verbal noun

رَادّ

Form I: رَدَّ (radda, “return, reply”); Active participle

تَرْدِيد

Form II: رَدَّدَ (raddada, “to repeat”); Verbal noun

مُرَدِّد

Form II: رَدَّدَ (raddada, “to repeat”); Active participle

مُرَادَّة

Form III: رَادَّ (rādda, “to return, oppose”); Verbal noun

مُرَادّ

Form III: رَادَّ (rādda, “to return, oppose”); Active participle

تَرَدُّد

Form V: تَرَدَّدَ (taraddada, “to be made to go back, hesitate”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَدِّد

Form V: تَرَدَّدَ (taraddada, “to be made to go back, hesitate”); Active participle

تَرَادّ

Form VI: تَرَادَّ (tarādda, “to return little by little, reverse”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَادّ

Form VI: تَرَادَّ (tarādda, “to return little by little, reverse”); Active participle

اِرْتِدَاد

Form VIII: اِرْتَدَّ (irtadda, “to revert, recover”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَدّ

Form VIII: اِرْتَدَّ (irtadda, “to revert, recover”); Active participle

اِسْتِرْدَاد

Form X: اِسْتَرَدَّ (istaradda, “to demand back, take back, revert”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَرِدّ

Form X: اِسْتَرَدَّ (istaradda, “to demand back, take back, revert”); Active participle


ق ر ض

مُقْتَرِض

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَضَ (iqtaraḍa, “to borrow money”); Active participle

مُسْتَقْرِض

Form X: اِسْتَقْرَضَ (istaqraḍa, “to ask to borrow money”); Active participle

تَقْرِيض

Form II: قَرَّضَ (qarraḍa, “to cut, gnaw, blame”); Verbal noun

مُقَرِّض

Form II: قَرَّضَ (qarraḍa, “to cut, gnaw, blame”); Active participle

مُقَرَّض

related to lending (because one "cuts" from his own property to lend)

قَارِض

Form I: قَرَضَ (qaraḍa, “cut, gnaw, lend money, die”); Active participle

مُقَارَضَة

Form III: قَارَضَ (qāraḍa, “to lend money”); Verbal noun

مُقَارِض

Form III: قَارَضَ (qāraḍa, “to lend money”); Active participle

إِقْرَاض

Form IV: أَقْرَضَ (ʔaqraḍa, “to lend money”); Verbal noun

مُقْرِض

Form IV: أَقْرَضَ (ʔaqraḍa, “to lend money”); Active participle

تَقَارُض

Form VI: تَقَارَضَ (taqāraḍa, “to lend money to each other, exchange (something) with each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَارِض

Form VI: تَقَارَضَ (taqāraḍa, “to lend money to each other, exchange (something) with each other”); Active participle

اِقْتِرَاض

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَضَ (iqtaraḍa, “to borrow money”); Verbal noun

اِسْتِقْرَاض

Form X: اِسْتَقْرَضَ (istaqraḍa, “to ask to borrow money”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْرَض

Form I: قَرِضَ (qariḍa, “die”), قَرُضَ (qaruḍa, “die”); Active participle

اِنْقِرَاض

Form VII: اِنْقَرَضَ (inqaraḍa, “to go extinct”); Verbal noun

مُنْقَرِض

Form VII: اِنْقَرَضَ (inqaraḍa, “to go extinct”); Active participle


س و ي

See ه و ي (h-w-y) for derivation and cognates.

سَوِيّ

equal, symmetrical, proportional, parallel

أَسْوَى

more equal, more symmetrical, most equal, most symmetrical

سِوًى

Form I: سَوِيَ (sawiya, “to be equal”); Verbal noun

Form I: سَوِيَ (sawiya, “to be equal”); Active participle

تَسْوِيَة

Form II: سَوَّى (sawwā, “to level, smooth”); Verbal noun

مُسَوٍّ

Form II: سَوَّى (sawwā, “to level, smooth”); Active participle

مُسَاوَاة

Form III: سَاوَى (sāwā, “to equal”); Verbal noun

مُسَاوٍ

Form III: سَاوَى (sāwā, “to equal”); Active participle

تَسَاوٍ

Form VI: تَسَاوَى (tasāwā, “to be equal”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَاوٍ

Form VI: تَسَاوَى (tasāwā, “to be equal”); Active participle

اِسْتِوَاء

Form VIII: اِسْتَوَى (istawā, “to be equivalent to”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوٍ

Form VIII: اِسْتَوَى (istawā, “to be equivalent to”); Active participle

مُنَاخ اِسْتِوَائِيّ

اِسْتِوَائِيّ (istiwāʔiyy, “tropical”, adjective)


Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)

*ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpāgō

*ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *pangō

Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: pactus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)

Italic:

⇒ Latin: prōpagmen

Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pāgos

Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)

*péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)

Hellenic:

⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)

Proto-Italic: *pākslā

Latin: pāla

Proto-Italic: *pākslos

Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)

Proto-Italic: *pākslolos

Latin: paxillus

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)

→ Latin: pessulus

Italic:

⇒ Latin: repāgulum

(possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)

Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja

Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)

Celtic:

Welsh: aelod (“a member”)

Italic:

Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)

⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)


wed-

*u-né-d-ti ~ *u-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *unátˢti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *unátti

Sanskrit: उनत्ति (unátti, “to wet”)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *undā

Latin: unda (“wave”)

⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wandō (“water”) (see there for further descendants)

*wod-sḱé-ti (o-grade sḱe-present)

Proto-Germanic: *waskaną (“to wash”) (see there for further descendants)

*wēd-o-s (“wet”)

Proto-Germanic: *wētaz

*wód-r̥ ~ *wéd-n̥-s (“water”)

*ud-ri-s

Proto-Italic: *udri-

q

or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ὑδρία</i> (hudría)

Latin: uter (“leather bag”) (or via Etruscan from Ancient Greek ὑδρία (hudría))

*wed-ro-m

Proto-Italic: *wedrom

Latin: vitrum (“glass”)

*ud-ró-s (“otter”)

*wéd-os ~ *wéd-es-os (“water”)

Old Armenian: գետ (get, “river”)

Unsorted formations:

Illyrian: *adur

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: उद्र (udra, “water”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌 (vaⁱδi, “watercourse”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (vaⁱri, “lake”)

→ Middle Persian: (/war/, “lake”)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wl)

Avestan: 𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aoδa, “water spring”)

→ Middle Persian: (/ōdāy/, “water spring”) (just in some Zend texts)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwdʾd)

Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬀 (usa, “well”)

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *wete, the source of Finnish vesi and Hungarian víz. The nature of the relationship is unclear and controversial; the word may have been borrowed from Proto-Indo-European into Proto-Uralic, or the reverse. A minority of linguists suggests a common origin from an even earlier proto-language, Indo-Uralic, but this is not generally accepted.
In Proto-Indo-European, the active elemental *wed- (“water”) was contrasted with the passive *h₂ep- (“body of water”), similar to the opposition of the active "fire" *h₁n̥gʷnis with the passive *péh₂wr̥.


ṭep-

ṭep- : *ṭp- (canonical)
Fähnrich–Sarǯvelaʒe (Klimov)

Proto-Georgian-Zan: *ṭp-il-

Old Georgian: ტფილი (ṭpili)

Georgian: თბილი (tbili)

Zan:

Laz: ტუბუ (ťubu)

Mingrelian: ტუბუ (ṭubu)

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: ტფების (ṭpebis)

Georgian: თბება (tbeba)

Zan:

ო-ტუბ-უ, ო-ტიბ-უ

Laz: ო-ტუბ-უ, ო-ტიბ-უ (o-ťub-u, o-ťib-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ოტიბუანს (oṭibuans)

⇒ Svan: ტებიდ (ṭebid)

According to Klimov borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *tep-; according to Schmidt the similarity is accidental.


ṗaṗ-

Laz: პაპული (p̌ap̌uli)

Mingrelian: პაპუ (ṗaṗu)

Old Georgian: პაპა (ṗaṗa)

Georgian: პაპა (ṗaṗa)

Probably a native Georgian-Zan nursery term.


leḳw-

desctree

Old Georgian: ლეკჳ (leḳwi), ლეკუი (leḳui)
Georgian: ლეკვი (leḳvi)

Zan:

desctree

⇒ Laz: ლაკოტი (laǩoťi, “puppy”), ლაკი (laǩi, “dog”), ლაქი (laki), ლაგი (lagi), ლაჭი (laç̌i), ლაჲჭი (layç̌i)
→ Middle Armenian: լակոտ (lakot)
Armenian: լակոտ (lakot)

Mingrelian: ლაკვი (laḳvi)


*bʰléh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *blōaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰléh₃-mō ~ *bʰl̥h₃-m̥n-és

Proto-Germanic: *blōmô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *flōs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *blōdiz, *blēdiz (“blossom, sprout”)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdi, *blādi

Old English: blēd, blǣd
Middle English: blede, bled
English: blead
Scots: bleed

Old High German: bluot

Middle High German: bluot

⇒ Middle High German: blüete (plural)

German: Blüte (singular)

Proto-Celtic: *blātus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bladą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pält

Tocharian B: pilta

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠ́λλον (phúllon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: folium (see there for further descendants)

>? *bʰl̥h₃rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: फुल्ल (phulla) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բող (boł), բողիկ (bołik) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Armenian: բողբոջ (bołboǰ)
Middle Armenian: բողբուճ (bołbuč), բողբոճ (bołboč)


les-

*lés-ti ~ *l̥s-énti (athematic root present) or *léseti (thematic root present)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒇷𒅖𒊭𒀭𒍣 (li-iš-ša-an-zi /liššanzi/, 3pl.pres.act.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lestei

Latvian: lest

Lithuanian: lèsti

Proto-Germanic: *lesaną

?*los-éye-ti (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lasýti


strengʰ-

*strongʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *strangijaną (see there for further descendants)

*strongʰ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strangas

Latvian: strangs (“brave, brisk, fresh”)

Proto-Germanic: *strangaz (see there for further descendants)

*strn̥gʰ-os

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: στραγγός (strangós)

*strongʰ-is

Proto-Germanic: *strangiz (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *sterh₃- (“to spread, to extend”).


Proto-Germanic: *helą

Old Norse: hjal (“babbling, chit-chat”)

⇒ Icelandic: hjala (“to babble”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krándati

Sanskrit: क्रन्दति (krándati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *klándati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *klándati

Sanskrit: क्लन्दति (klandati)

Proto-Hellenic: *kəlḗyō

Ancient Greek: καλέω (kaléō)

Proto-Italic: *kalēō

Latin: kalendae

Proto-Germanic: *halōną, *hulōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kalāō

Latin: calō

*kel-yo-

Proto-Italic: *keliom

Latin: (con)cilium

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κληδών (klēdṓn)

Proto-Italic: *klāssis

Latin: classis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał), ագաղաղ (agałał), այգաղաղ (aygałał), աքալալ (akʻalal)
→ Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał)
⇒ Armenian: աքլոր (akʻlor)

Proto-Italic: *klāros

Latin: clārus (“loud, clear”) (see there for further descendants)

*kl̥h₁-meh₂ (?)

Proto-Italic: *klāmā

⇒ Latin: clāmō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: clāmōsus

Proto-Germanic: *hlōaną (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kel- (with s mobile)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: skaļš (“loud, noisy”)

desc

Lithuanian: skãlyti (“to bark, roar, yell, whine”), skalùs (“loud, (of a dog) often barking”), skalìkas (“hound”), kalė̃ (“bitch”)

Russian: скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellaną

Middle Dutch: scellen

Old High German: skellan

Alemannic German: schälle

German: schellen (“to sound”)

Old Norse: skjalla (“to clash, clatter”) ⇒ skjallr (“loud”)

Icelandic: skella (“to crash, bang”), skjalla (“to flatter”)

Proto-Germanic: *skaljaną (causative)

Old English: scillen

Old High German: skellen (“to make sound”)

Middle High German: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella (“to slamp, slap”)

Norwegian: skjelle (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: scal

Middle High German: schal

German: Schall (“sound, clang”)

Middle Dutch: scal

Dutch: schal (“a resonating sound or noise”)

Swedish: skall (“bark (of a dog or wolf)”)

Proto-Germanic: *skellō

Old High German: skella

Middle High German: schelle

German: Schelle (“bell”)

Middle Dutch: scelle

Dutch: schel

*(s)kel-dʰ-

Proto-Germanic: *skeldaną

German: schelten (“to scold”)

Proto-Germanic: *skalda- (“skald, poet”) (perhaps)

Old Norse: skald

Icelandic: skáld

→ English: scold (“person of ribald speech, clamourous woman”)

*(s)kol-, *(s)kulu-

Old Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”), also in the forms κύλλα (kúlla) and σκύλος (skúlos, “puppy, dog”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλιον (skúlion, “type of shark”)

Ancient Greek: σκύλλα (skúlla, “type of fish”), Σκύλλα (Skúlla, “the Bitch (?)”)

Ancient Greek: σκυλλίς (skullís, “vine branch”)

Ancient Greek: σκύμνος (skúmnos, “lion cub”) (?)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kalgalinai-, “to clang, clash”), [script needed] (kalleš-, kalliš-, “to evoke, summon”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kaļuot

Lithuanian: kalba

Proto-Slavic: *kolkolъ

Russian: ко́локол (kólokol, “bell”)

Proto-Celtic: *kalyākos (“rooster”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *halliz

Dutch: hel

German: hell

Proto-Germanic: *hellaną (see there for further descendants)


ḳad-

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოკოდუ (oǩodu), ოკიდუ (oǩidu), კოდუმს (ǩodums), მკიდალე (mǩidale)

⇒ Mingrelian: კიდუა (ḳidua), კიდუნს (ḳiduns)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *ḳad-el- (“wall”)
Old Georgian: კედელი (ḳedeli)
Georgian: კედელი (ḳedeli)
Zan:
Laz: კოდა (ǩoda), კიდა (ǩida)
Mingrelian: კიდალა (ḳidala)


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Old Georgian: კაცი (ḳaci)
Georgian: კაცი (ḳaci)

Zan:

Laz: კოჩი (ǩoçi)

Mingrelian: კოჩი (ḳoči)

desc

Svan: ჭაშ (č̣aš), ჭა̈შ (č̣äš)

Svan: ჭაშ (č̣aš), ჭა̈შ (č̣äš)


ɣamort-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: ღმერთი (ɣmerti)
Georgian: ღმერთი (ɣmerti)

Zan:

Laz: ღორმოთი (ğormoti)

Mingrelian: ღორონთი (ɣoronti)

Svan: ღე̄რბეთ (ɣērbet) (or borrowed from Georgian)


*weh₂dʰ- (full-grade root present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գամ (gam)
Armenian: գալ (gal)

Proto-Italic: *wāðō
Latin: vādō (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ- (zero-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wadaną (“to wade”) (see there for further descendants)

*uh₂dʰ-om (“shallow water, ford”) (Unclear; long ū would be expected in the Germanic and Italic branches. Perhaps w- was restored by analogy with the verb?)

>? Proto-Albanian: *wa(d)

Albanian: va

Proto-Germanic: *wadą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *waðom
Latin: vadum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *wadmi

Albanian: *wem

Albanian: vete

Anatolian:

Hittite: >? Hittite: to come (uwami)

Celtic:

Welsh: go-di-wawd (“overtook”)


weǵ-

*woǵ- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *wakaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *wahtwō (see there for further descendants)

*woǵ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wegeō
Latin: vegeō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāȷ́áyati (“impel”)

Indo-Aryan *wāȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वाजयति (vājáyati)

*weǵ-eh₁-(ye)- or *woǵ-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *wakāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wegēō
Latin: vigeō (see there for further descendants)

*weǵ-dʰlis

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vigil (see there for further descendants)

*wóǵos

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ȷ́as (“strength, energy”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ȷ́as

Sanskrit: वाज (vā́ja)

*wóǵ-ros

Proto-Germanic: *wakraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ras (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Germanic: *wōdaz (“mad, furious, possessed”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáHtas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáHtas

Sanskrit: वात (vā́ta, “attacked, assailed, injured, hurt”)

Proto-Celtic: *wātis (“soothsayer, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wātis

Latin: vātēs (“seer, poet, prophet”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wātus (“poetic inspiration”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōþuz

Old Norse: óðr (“mind, soul; poetry, poem”)

Icelandic: óður

Proto-Germanic: *wōþō

Old English: wōþ (“song”)

>? Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: գութ (gutʻ), գոյթ (goytʻ) — rare, post-Classical
Armenian: գութ (gutʻ)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *wōþijaz (“pleasant”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *Wōdanaz (“Odin”) (see there for further descendants)


*welh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *welō (see there for further descendants)

*wélh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Lithuanian: viltis (“to hope”)

Proto-Germanic: *wiljaną (see there for further descendants)

*wl̥h₁-yé-ti (ye-present)

Ancient Greek: λῶ (lô, “to wish”)

*wolh₁-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *voliti

Proto-Germanic: *waljaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥nHtáy

Sanskrit: वृणीते (vṛṇīté, “to choose”)

Proto-Iranian: *wr̥nHtáy

Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬉 (vərəṇtē, “to choose”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vará)

Proto-Germanic: *walō (< *wolh₁-eh₂)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *walā

Albanian: vallë (maybe, wishfully)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náHti

Sanskrit: वृणाति (vṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇoti) (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: գեղձ (gełj)

Proto-Slavic: *velěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wellos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wlidā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wela (see there for further descendants)


wedʰ-

*wedʰ- (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)

Latvian: vest

Lithuanian: vèsti

Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)

Old Irish: feidid

Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)

Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: wetan

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)

→ Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wédʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s

Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh

Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)

→ Middle Persian: (/xwēdōdah/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)

*wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs

Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Khwarezmian: ود (wd /wud/), وذ (wδ /waδ, wuδ/)

Proto-Sogdic:

Sogdian: (/waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)/, “wife”)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (wδ),

Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)

Northwestern Iranian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)

Laki: بەوی (bewî)

Northern Kurdish: bûk

Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)

Harzani: ویی (viyi)

Karingani: وی (vay)

Talysh: (/vayo/)

Arabic script: ویو

Latin script: vəyo

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)

Zazaki: veyve

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/wayōg/)

Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')

*wódʰ-s

Proto-Italic: *woss

Latin: vas (“surety”)

*wodʰ-yom

Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti

Celtic:

Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)

Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)

Proto-Celtic: *wedesman

Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)


yes-

*yés-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jesaną (“to ferment”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dzehō

Ancient Greek: ζέω (zéō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yásati

Sanskrit: यसति (yásati)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäs-

Tocharian A: yäs (“boil”)

*yé-ys-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáyšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáyṣati

Sanskrit: येषति (yeṣati)

*yós-e-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *jasaną

Old Norse: *asa

Icelandic: asa

Faroese: asa

Norwegian: ase

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsiz

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *jōsijaną (see there for further descendants)

*yos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *jazjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāsáyati

Sanskrit: यासयति (yāsáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *yāsáyati

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yaēšiieⁱti, “boil”)

Persian: جوشیدن (jušidan, “to boil”)

*yés-tu-s ~ *is-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *yestus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jestuz (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *jēzō


leyǵʰ-

*léyǵʰ-ti ~ *liǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*léyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyȷ́ʰati

Proto-Iranian: *láyjati (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *li-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *lingō

Latin: lingō (see there for further descendants)

*lḗyǵʰ-s-t ~ *léyǵʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λεῖξαι (leîxai)

*liǵʰ-néh₂-ti ~ *liǵʰ-n̥h₂-énti

Proto-Germanic: *likkōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *likkraz (see there for further descendants)

*loyǵʰ-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láiźīˀtei

Latvian: làizît

Lithuanian: laižýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰáyati

Sanskrit: लेहयति (leháyati, “to cause to lick”)

*léy-loyǵʰ-ti ~ *léy-liǵʰ-n̥ti (intensive) (or only formed in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyrayždʰi ~ *ráyriȷ́ʰáti (see there for further descendants)

*loyǵʰ-eH-ti

Proto-Germanic: *laigōną

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (*laigōn) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌽 (bilaigōn))

*loyǵʰ-o-, *leyǵʰ-eh₂ (thematic nouns)

Proto-Celtic: *leigā (“spoon”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *layȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *layźʰas

Sanskrit: लेह (leha, “licker, sipper; that which is licked or sipped, syrup, food”)

*liǵʰ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *líkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λίχνος (líkhnos, “gluttonous, lustful, covetous; desirable, delicious”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λιχνεύω (likhneúō, “to lick, taste by stealth; to crave”)

*liǵʰ-tó-s (“licked”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *liždʰás, *riždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *liẓḍʰás, *riẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: रीळ्ह (rīḷha), लीढ (līḍha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *riždáh

Khotanese: [script needed] (rräṣṭe, ptc.trans.)

*líǵʰs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *líćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *líṭṣ

Sanskrit: लिह् (lih)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: sleikja

Faroese: sleikja

Icelandic: sleikja

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


gʷʰer-

*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja

Albanian: ziej, zie

Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti

⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō

Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)

*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)

Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti

Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti) (root घृ (ghṛ))

*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti

Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)

*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)

*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Albanian: *grāja

Albanian: ngroh

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō

Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)

*gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os

q

the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰer(H)-</i> (“to boil, ferment”)

*gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)
Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷʰér-mō</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷʰér-men-tom</i>

>? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)

desc

Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰer-mó-s

Proto-Albanian: *džerma

Albanian: zjarr, zjarm, ζηᾶρμ, (perhaps) zjarrë

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós

Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)

Greek: θερμός (thermós)

Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)

*gʷʰór-os

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros
Proto-Brythonic: *gwor
Middle Breton: gor
Welsh: gôr
Middle Irish: gor
Irish: gor

*gʷʰor-mó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas

Old Prussian: gorme (warm, heat), gormapada

Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *formos
Latin: formus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás

Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *garmáh

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)

Western Iranian:

Northwestern Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: germ

Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)

Southwestern Iranian:

Persian: گرم (garm)

*gʷʰor-nó-s

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: gorn

*gʷʰr̥-nó-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas

Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás

Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos

Latin: furnus, fornus (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov