명백

명백하다 명백하다#Korean

Root of 명백하다 (myeongbaekhada, “evident; explicit”). Rarely used alone.

Root of 명백히 (myeongbaekhi, “clearly; unmistakeably”). Rarely used alone.


*h₃rewH-yeti : *h₃ruH-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀtei, *rūˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *řűti (“to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *orūomai

Ancient Greek: ὠρύομαι (ōrúomai)

Greek: ωρύομαι (orýomai, “to howl”)

*h₃rewH-k-yeti : *h₃ruH-k-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀktei; *rūˀktei

Latvian: rûkt

Lithuanian: rū́kti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ruka̋ti, *ryka̋ti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ryčati (see there for further descendants)

desc

Middle High German: ruohen (“to roar; to grunt; to make noise”).

*h₃rewH-mos : *h₃ruH-mos ~ *h₃rewH-mōs : *h₃ruH-mōs

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmas m, *rjauˀmāˀ f; *rūˀmas m, *rūˀmāˀ f

Proto-Slavic: *řumъ m, *řuma f (“noise; crybaby”); *řymъ m, *řyma f (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rjauˀmā́ˀtei; *rūˀmā́ˀtei

Lithuanian: riaumóti, riáumoti (“to scold, to shout, to roar”)

Proto-Slavic: *řumati (“to make a noise”); *rymati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *roumōs

Latin: rūmor (“rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *rawos

Latin: rāvis (“hoarseness”)

Sanskrit: रव (rava, “roaring, howling”)


तन्द्

head

तन्द् • (tand)

sa-root

तन्द् • (tand)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *tand-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tand-, from Proto-Indo-European *tend-.

प्रप्र॑ पू॒ष्णस्तु॑विजा॒तस्य॑ शस्यते महि॒त्वम॑स्य त॒वसो॒ न त॑न्दते स्तो॒त्रम॑स्य॒ न त॑न्दते।
अर्चा॑मि सुम्न॒यन्न॒हमन्त्यू॑तिं मयो॒भुव॑म्।
विश्व॑स्य॒ यो मन॑ आयुयु॒वे म॒खो दे॒व आ॑युयु॒वे म॒खः॥
pra-pra pūṣṇas tuvijātasya śasyate mahitvam asya tavaso na tandate stotram asya na tandate.
arcāmi sumnayann aham antyūtim mayobhuvam.
viśvasya yo mana āyuyuve makho deva āyuyuve makhaḥ.

Seeking felicity I laud him nigh to help, the source, of bliss,
Who, Vigorous one, hath drawn to him the hearts of all, drawn them, the Vigorous One, the God.

Strong Pūṣan's majesty is lauded evermore, the glory of his lordly might is never faint, his song of praise is never faint.


ص و ر

Altered already in Central Semitic from ص ر ر (ṣ-r-r) attesting senses of “tying around” since Akkadian.

مُصَوِّر

Form II: صَوَّرَ (ṣawwara); Active participle

مُصِير

Form IV: أَصَارَ (ʔaṣāra); Active participle

تَصَوُّر

Form V: تَصَوَّرَ (taṣawwara); Verbal noun

مُتَصَوِّر

Form V: تَصَوَّرَ (taṣawwara); Active participle

اِنْصِيَار

Form VII: اِنْصَارَ (inṣāra); Verbal noun

مُنْصَار

Form VII: اِنْصَارَ (inṣāra); Active participle


लुप्

head

लुप् • (lup)

sa-root

लुप् • (lup)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrawp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrawp-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *reufaną and Latin rumpō.


م ل ح

مَالِح

Form I: مَلَحَ (malaḥa); Active participle

Form I: مَلُحَ (maluḥa); Active participle

مُمَلِّح

Form II: مَلَّحَ (mallaḥa); Active participle

مُمَالِح

Form III: مَالَحَ (mālaḥa); Active participle

إِمْلَاح

Form IV: أَمْلَحَ (ʔamlaḥa); Verbal noun

مُمْلِح

Form IV: أَمْلَحَ (ʔamlaḥa); Active participle

تَمَلُّح

Form V: تَمَلَّحَ (tamallaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَمَلِّح

Form V: تَمَلَّحَ (tamallaḥa); Active participle

اِمْتِلَاح

Form VIII: اِمْتَلَحَ (imtalaḥa); Verbal noun

مُمْتَلِح

Form VIII: اِمْتَلَحَ (imtalaḥa); Active participle

اِمْلِحَاح

Form IX: اِمْلَحَّ (imlaḥḥa); Verbal noun

مُمْلَحّ

Form IX: اِمْلَحَّ (imlaḥḥa); Active participle

اِسْتِمْلَاح

Form X: اِسْتَمْلَحَ (istamlaḥa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمْلِح

Form X: اِسْتَمْلَحَ (istamlaḥa); Active participle


م ء ق

Prefixed from و ق ي (w-q-y) to obtain an anatomical noun, from which the rest is denominal. مَأْقًى (maʔqan, “inner corner of the eye”) can actually be directly according to the usual grammar rules from وَقَى (waqā, “to guard ~ to regard ~ to observe”), as مُؤَقَّت (muʔaqqat) equals مُوَقَّت (muwaqqat).

مَأَق

Form I: مَئِقَ (maʔiqa, “to sob”); Verbal noun

Form I: مَئِقَ (maʔiqa, “to sob”); Active participle

إِمْآق

Form IV: أَمْأَقَ (ʔamʔaqa, “to start to sob”); Verbal noun

مُمْئِق

Form IV: أَمْأَقَ (ʔamʔaqa, “to start to sob”); Active participle

اِمْتِئَاق

Form VIII: اِمْتَأَقَ (imtaʔaqa, “to sob; to be cholerous”); Verbal noun

مُمْتَئِق

Form VIII: اِمْتَأَقَ (imtaʔaqa, “to sob; to be cholerous”); Active participle


वर्त्

head

वर्त् • (vart)

sa-root

वर्त् • (vart)


ك د م

كَادِم

Form I: كَدَمَ (kadama); Active participle

مُكَادِم

Form III: كَادَمَ (kādama); Active participle

إِكْدَام

Form IV: أَكْدَمَ (ʔakdama); Verbal noun

مُكْدِم

Form IV: أَكْدَمَ (ʔakdama); Active participle

تَكَدُّم

Form V: تَكَدَّمَ (takaddama); Verbal noun

مُتَكَدِّم

Form V: تَكَدَّمَ (takaddama); Active participle

كُدَامَة

residue of food; peduncle of pear; a sort of pear


*gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s

desc

Proto-Celtic: *boudi (“profit, gain; victory”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷéh₁u-ti ~ *gʷuh₁-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀtei (“to get, obtain, gain”) (levelled from *gjáuˀti ~ *gūˀę́ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáwti ~ *guHánti (“to increase, multiply”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷḗh₁u-s-t ~ *gʷéh₁u-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

Proto-Iranian: *Háǰāwšt ~ *Háǰāwšat

q

>? Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬎𐬱 (gāuš, “to increase”, 3sg.s-aor.inj.) (g- under influence of 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)? Also interpreted as meaning "to commit a sin", from another root.)

*gʷoh₁w-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HabigaHwáyati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷuh₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHnáwti

Proto-Iranian: *guHnáwti

desc

Avestan: 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoti, “to increase”)

Sogdian: [Syriac needed] f (γwnnc, “increasing”, pres.ptc.)

>? *gʷóh₁u-s ~ *gʷéh₁u-s (“cattle”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gáuˀsas

Lithuanian: gausà (“abundance”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHwas

Proto-Iranian: *gaHwah (“an increase”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guHtás

Proto-Iranian: *guHtáh (see there for further descendants)


ط ن ز

ṭ-n-z (romanization)
and in dialects (Arabic Classical)

Cf. غَمَزَ (ḡamaza) / غ م ز (ḡ-m-z), هَمَزَ (hamaza) / ه م ز (h m z), لَمَزَ (lamaza) / ل م ز (l m z), though interestingly claimed exotic or not used amongst genuine Arabs in classical dictionaries (وَأَظَنُّهُ مُوَلَّداً أَو مُعَرَّبًا (waʔaẓannuhu muwalladan ʔaw muʕarraban), Jawharī’s تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية), which apparently means it lacked in the highland dialects which Standard Arabic is based on, though occasionally attested in it.

lang

تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية

تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية

طَنْز

Form I: طَنَزَ (ṭanaza, “to mock, to scoff”); Verbal noun

طَانِز

Form I: طَنَزَ (ṭanaza, “to mock, to scoff”); Active participle

تَطْنِيز

Form II: طَنَّزَ (ṭannaza, “to project, stand off or spurt out forward”); Verbal noun

مُطَنِّز

Form II: طَنَّزَ (ṭannaza, “to project, stand off or spurt out forward”); Active participle

مُطَانَزَة

Form III: طَانَزَ (ṭānaza, “to mock at, to scoff at”); Verbal noun

مُطَانِز

Form III: طَانَزَ (ṭānaza, “to mock at, to scoff at”); Active participle

تَطَنُّز

Form V: تَطَنَّزَ (taṭannaza, “to walk quickly”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَنِّز

Form V: تَطَنَّزَ (taṭannaza, “to walk quickly”); Active participle


ن غ ض

ar-rootbox

ن ع ظ (n ʕ ẓ)

ن غ ش (n ḡ š)

related to vacillation, nodding locomotion or commotion

نَاغِض

Form I: نَغَضَ (naḡaḍa); Active participle

مُنَغِّض

Form II: نَغَّضَ (naḡḡaḍa); Active participle

مُنَاغِض

Form III: نَاغَضَ (nāḡaḍa); Active participle

إِنْغَاض

Form IV: أَنْغَضَ (ʔanḡaḍa); Verbal noun

مُنْغِض

Form IV: أَنْغَضَ (ʔanḡaḍa); Active participle

تَنَغُّض

Form V: تَنَغَّضَ (tanaḡḡaḍa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَغِّض

Form V: تَنَغَّضَ (tanaḡḡaḍa); Active participle

اِنِّغَاض

Form VII: اِنَّغَضَ (innaḡaḍa); Verbal noun

مُنَّغِض

Form VII: اِنَّغَضَ (innaḡaḍa); Active participle

اِسْتِنْغَاض

Form X: اِسْتَنْغَضَ (istanḡaḍa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْغِض

Form X: اِسْتَنْغَضَ (istanḡaḍa); Active participle

نُغْض

male ostrich; cartilage of the shoulderblades, or rotator cuffs


lewd-

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *lutōną (“to conceal”) (perhaps denominal or deadjectival) (see there for further descendants)

*lewd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *leutaz (“deceitful, dishonhest”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Albanian: lut (“to plead”)

Proto-Germanic: *lūtaną (“to bow, stoop”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ (West Germanic) *lūtilaz (“little”, literally “tending to stoop down”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: liūdė́ti (“to be sad”)

>? Lithuanian: liū̃dnas (“sad”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *lȗdъ (“crazy, foolish”) (see there for further descendants)


ء خ ر

ar-root

ء خ ر • (ʔ-ḵ-r)

Verbs

Adjectives

آخر (ʔāḵir, “last, ultimate”)


(s)nerk-

Ancient Greek: νάρκη (nárkē)

Proto-Germanic: *snarhǭ (see there for further descendants)


*(s)kuh₁t-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: quatiō

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάσσω (pássō)


ء ف ك

Cognate to Aramaic ה־פ־כ / ܗ-ܦ-ܟ (h-p-k) where in particular ܗܦܰܟ݂ (hp̄aḵ, “to turn, to revert, to change etc.; to be converted; to be perverted, to renege”)

أَفْك

Form I: أَفَكَ (ʔafaka, “to change one’s state; to turn away or back, to convert or pervert; to beguile, to delude, to lie to”); Verbal noun

آفِك

Form I: أَفَكَ (ʔafaka, “to change one’s state; to turn away or back, to convert or pervert; to beguile, to delude, to lie to”); Active participle

أَفَك

Form I: أَفِكَ (ʔafika, “to lie”); Verbal noun

Form I: أَفِكَ (ʔafika, “to lie”); Active participle

تَأْفِيك

Form II: أَفَّكَ (ʔaffaka, “to lie”); Verbal noun

مُؤَفِّك

Form II: أَفَّكَ (ʔaffaka, “to lie”); Active participle

اِئْتِفَاك

Form VIII: اِئْتَفَكَ (iʔtafaka, “to become subverted or submerged”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَفِك

Form VIII: اِئْتَفَكَ (iʔtafaka, “to become subverted or submerged”); Active participle

أَفِيك

one who is deluded, one who lacks prudence

آفِكَة

a punishment sent by God whereby the dwellings are overturned


ش ل و

شَالٍ

Form I: شَلَا (šalā, “to raise, to uplift; to instigate, to urge”); Active participle

تَشْلِيَة

Form II: شَلَّى (šallā, “to instigate, to urge”); Verbal noun

مُشَلٍّ

Form II: شَلَّى (šallā, “to instigate, to urge”); Active participle

إِشْلَاء

Form IV: أَشْلَى (ʔašlā, “to beckon to the beast for it come; to instigate, to urge”); Verbal noun

مُشْلٍ

Form IV: أَشْلَى (ʔašlā, “to beckon to the beast for it come; to instigate, to urge”); Active participle

اِشْتِلَاء

Form VIII: اِشْتَلَى (ištalā, “to call in order to save from perdition”); Verbal noun

مُشْتَلٍ

Form VIII: اِشْتَلَى (ištalā, “to call in order to save from perdition”); Active participle

اِسْتِشْلَاء

Form X: اِسْتَشْلَى (istašlā, “to call in order to save from perdition”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَشْلٍ

Form X: اِسْتَشْلَى (istašlā, “to call in order to save from perdition”); Active participle


ب و ل

بَوْل

Form I: بَالَ (bāla, “to urinate”); Verbal noun

بَائِل

Form I: بَالَ (bāla, “to urinate”); Active participle

تَبْوِيل

Form II: بَوَّلَ (bawwala, “to water”); Verbal noun

مُبَوِّل

Form II: بَوَّلَ (bawwala, “to water”); Active participle

إِبَالَة

Form IV: أَبَالَ (ʔabāla, “to cause to stale; to be diuretic”); Verbal noun

مُبِيل

Form IV: أَبَالَ (ʔabāla, “to cause to stale; to be diuretic”); Active participle

اِسْتِبَالَة

Form X: اِسْتَبَالَ (istabāla, “to desire letting water”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبِيل

Form X: اِسْتَبَالَ (istabāla, “to desire letting water”); Active participle

بُوَلَة

that discharges much urine; a wineskin that leaks much

مَبَال

a place from where urine is discharged; bladder


ḱwes-

*ḱwés-ti ~ *ḱus-énti (athematic present)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwás-ti ~ *ćus-ánti

⇒ Sanskrit: श्वसिति (śvasiti)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kweseti

Latin: queror (“to complain”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *hwēsaną (“to wheeze”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: श्वासयति (śvāsayati, “to make puff”, causative)

Sanskrit: श्वास (śvāsa, “breath”)

Proto-Iranian: [Term?] f du (“lungs”)

Avestan: 𐬯𐬎𐬱𐬌 (suši)

Khotanese: [script needed] (suvá)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (suš)

Old Ossetic: [script needed] (sūs, sos)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: kwäsnātär (“to bemoan”)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Winter's law

*gʰrébh₂-t ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अग्रभीत् (ágrabhīt)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬠𐬆𐬨 (grabəm)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kar(ap)p-, “lift”)

*gʰr̥b-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥bʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥bʰnáHti

Vedic Sanskrit: गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti)

Classical Sanskrit: गृह्णाति (gṛhṇāti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬡𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (gər^əβnāⁱti)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kar(ap)piezzi, “lifts up”)

Proto-Germanic: *gruppōną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe-gʰróbh₂-e ~ *gʰe-gʰr̥bh₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagrábʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agrábʰa

Sanskrit: जग्रभ (jagrabha)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬁𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬠𐬎𐬱 (jāgər^əbuš)

*gʰróbh₂-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *grabaną (see there for further descendants)

*gʰrobh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Slavic: *grabiti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grábʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grábʰas

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ (grabha), ग्राभ (grābha)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह (graha), ग्राह (grāha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *grobъ

*gʰrébh₂-tus ~ *gʰr̥bh₂-téws

Proto-Germanic: *graftuz

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Slavic: *gretì

Proto-Germanic: *grabą, *grōbō, *grōbiz, *grēbiz, *grubilōną

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *grabʰ-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *grabʰ-

Vedic Sanskrit: ग्रभ् (grabh)

Classical Sanskrit: ग्रह् (grah)


krewH-

*kruH-yé-ti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kŗaut

Lithuanian: krauti

Proto-Slavic: *kryti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hreudaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kruwos (“enclosure”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


swerd-

*swórd-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *swartaz (“black”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárdas

Proto-Iranian: *hwárdah

Northern Kurdish: xwelî (“ashes; dust”)

Persian: خوال (xvâl, “soot”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *sword-ēō

Latin: sordeō (“to be dirty”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *swordo-woris (“black water”, Balkan substrate name for a river)

→ Albanian: Vardar

→ Ancient Greek: Βαρδάριος (Bardários)

→ Macedonian: Вардар (Vardar)

*swórd-is

Proto-Italic: *swordēi(s)

Latin: sordēs


*wréh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént? *wé-wr̥h₁-et? (aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “I find out, acquire”)

*we-wróh₁-e (reduplicated stative)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *wourū
Old Irish: fo·fúair, fo·fríth (preterite forms of fo·gaib)
Irish: fuair (preterite of faigh)
Scottish Gaelic: fhuair (preterite of faigh)
Manx: hooar (preterite of fow)
⇒ Gaulish: tioinuoru (3sg. pret.) (prefixed with tio- and in-)

Proto-Italic: *wourō

desc

Oscan: ϝουρουστ (wouroust, “will have found”)


Proto-Germanic: *akaną (“to ache”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄγος (ágos, “guilt, dread”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: आगस् (āgas, “sin, transgression”)


mewd-

*méwd-e-ti (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máwdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máwdati

Sanskrit: मोदति (modati), मोदते (modate)

*mud-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mudrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mudrás

Sanskrit: मुद्र (mudra, “joyous”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: mudrùs

Latvian: mudrs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mawd-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mawd-

Sanskrit: मुद् (mud)


ऋध्

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eldʰ- and cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλθετο (áltheto).


gʰeldʰ-

*gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)

q

possibly from an earlier root noun <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʰéld</i> in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic

*gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)

Proto-Celtic: *geldom

desctree

Old Irish: gell (“pledge, promise”)
Middle Irish: gell
Irish: geall
Scottish Gaelic: geall
⇒ Middle Irish: gillán

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ر ك ب

forms words related to riding, perpetrate, commiting, striking with/on the knee

Form I: رَكِبَ (rakiba); Active participle

مُرَكِّب

Form II: رَكَّبَ (rakkaba); Active participle

إِرْكَاب

Form IV: أَرْكَبَ (ʔarkaba); Verbal noun

مُرْكِب

Form IV: أَرْكَبَ (ʔarkaba); Active participle

تَرَكُّب

Form V: تَرَكَّبَ (tarakkaba); Verbal noun

مُتَرَكِّب

Form V: تَرَكَّبَ (tarakkaba); Active participle

تَرَاكُب

Form VI: تَرَاكَبَ (tarākaba); Verbal noun

مُتَرَاكِب

Form VI: تَرَاكَبَ (tarākaba); Active participle

اِرْتِكَاب

Form VIII: اِرْتَكَبَ (irtakaba); Verbal noun

مُرْتَكِب

Form VIII: اِرْتَكَبَ (irtakaba); Active participle


mers-

*mérs-t ~ *mr̥s-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: मृष् (mṛṣ, “to forget”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: märs- (“to forget”)

*mors-éye-ti (causative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *marzijaną (“to disturb, impede”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: miršti (“to forget”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: մոռանամ (moṙanam, “to forget”)

Armenian: մոռանալ (moṙanal, “to forget”)


*h₁í-h₁eyǵʰ-ti ~ *h₁í-h₁iǵʰ-enti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Celtic: *yeigeti (“to scream, cry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰχανάω (ikhanáō, “to crave, yearn”) (with analogical suffixation)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HíHȷ́ʰati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *HíHjyati

Avestan: 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬁 (iziiā, pres. 1sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (iziieⁱti, pres. 3sg.), 𐬌𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬙𐬌 (iziiati, pres. 3sg.)

Sanskrit: ईहति (īhati, “to desire”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayȷ́ʰás

Sanskrit: एह (eha, “desiring, wishing”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas m

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah m

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (aēza)

*h₁éyǵʰ-os ~ *h₁éyǵʰ-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyȷ́ʰas n

Proto-Iranian: *Háyjah n

Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬵 (aēzah)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *eiglā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: իղձ (iłj)


*pérh₃-t ~ *pr̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Vedic Sanskrit: पूर्धि (pūrdhi, “beget, produce”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: parēns (participle)

*pr̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *pr̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥náHti

q

Sanskrit: पृणाति (pṛṇāti, “grants, bestows”) (merged with पृणाति (pṛṇāti, “fills”) from *pleh₁- (“to fill”))

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸarnati
Old Irish: ernaid

*pr̥h₃-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *parjō

Latin: pariō

*pe-pórh₃-e ~ *pe-pr̥h₃-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέπρωμαι (péprōmai)

Proto-Italic: *peparai

Latin: peperī

*pr̥h₃-t-ó-s (past passive participle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Htás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Htás

Sanskrit: पूर्त (pūrta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: partus (“gained”)

*perh₃-ti-s ~ *pr̥h₃-t-éy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Htíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Htíṣ

Sanskrit: पूर्ति (pūrti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párHas

Proto-Iranian: *pāra, *pāraka

Persian: پاره (pâre)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hṣas

q

modified based on <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">मनुष्य</i> (manuṣya)

Sanskrit: पुरुष (puruṣa) (modified based on मनुष्य (manuṣya))

Unsorted formations:

Latin: parō

Proto-Celtic: *artilā

Welsh: erthyl

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parH-

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)


xaz-

desc

attested as <i class="Geor mention" lang="oge">მოხაზულება</i> (moxazuleba)

Old Georgian: *ხაზი (*xazi) (attested as მოხაზულება (moxazuleba))

Georgian: ხაზი (xazi), ⇒ ხაზვა (xazva) (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Armenian: խազ (xaz) (see there for further descendants)

Zan:

Mingrelian: ღოზი (ɣozi), ⇒ ღოზუა (ɣozua)

Compare Hittite [script needed] (ḫazziye/a-, “to pierce, to prick, to stab, to hit (a target), to engrave (a tablet)”); Proto-Semitic *ḫaṭṭ- (“an act of digging or carving out”) whence Arabic خَطّ (ḵaṭṭ); Lezgi хаз (χaz), the imperfective converb of хун (χun, “to break”).


parxw-

desctree

და-ვ-ფხვ-ენ-ი

Georgian: ფხვ-ნ-ა (pxv-n-a, “crumbling”), ფხვ-ნ-ი-ს (pxv-n-i-s, “he is crumbling smth”), და-ვ-ფხვ-ენ-ი (da-v-pxv-en-i, “I crumbled smth.”), ფხვ-იერ-ი (pxv-ier-i, “crumbly”)
→ Mingrelian: ფხვიორი (pxviori)

Zan:

desc

Mingrelian: ფორხვ-ა (porxv-a, “crumbly”), ფორღვ-ა (porɣv-a, id.), ფორღ-ო (porɣ-o)

Unsorted borrowings

→⇒ Old Armenian: փխր-եմ (pʻxr-em)


철저

철저하다 철저하다#Korean

Root of 철저하다 (cheoljeohada). Rarely used alone.


*h₂léybʰ-om ~ *h₂lóybʰ-om

Proto-Italic: *leiβom ~ *loiβom

Latin: lībum (“(consecrated) cake”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄλειφαρ (áleiphar, “unguent, resin”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλοιφή (aloiphḗ, “grease, unguent”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lībō (“I consecrate, pour, libate”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλείφω (aleíphō, “I anoint”)


𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆

Prakrit: 𑀪𑀺𑀟𑀇 (bhiḍaï, “to meet, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Prakrit: 𑀪𑀻𑀟𑀇 (bhīḍaï, “to meet”) (see there for further descendants)

Prakrit: *𑀪𑁂𑀝𑁂𑀇 (*bheṭei)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: [script needed] (bheṛo, “joined”)

Punjabi: ਭੇੜਨਾ (bheṛnā, “to close, compare”)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: भेड़ना (bheṛnā, “to close in”)

Urdu: بھیڑنا

Urdu: بھیڑنا

Prakrit: 𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (bhiṭṭijjaï, “to meet”), 𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀡 (bhiṭṭaṇa, “a present”)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: ভেটা (bheṭa)

Assamese: ভেটিব (bhetibo)

Odia: ଭେଟିବା (bheṭibā)

Maithili: 𑂦𑂵𑂗𑂥 (bheṭab)

Old Awadhi: भेंटइ (bheṃṭaï)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: भेट्नु (bheṭnu), भेटाउनु (bheṭāunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: [script needed] (bheṭaṇu, “to complete”)

Punjabi: ਭੇਟਣ (bheṭaṇ, “procuress”)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: भेटना (bheṭnā)

Urdu: بھیٹْنَا (bheṭnā)

Gujarati: ભેટવું (bheṭvũ)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: भेटणे (bheṭṇe)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸 f (bhiṭṭā, “a present”) (see there for further descendants)

Prakrit: 𑀪𑁂𑀮𑁂𑀇 (bhelei, “to mix”) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí
Sanskrit अभि- (abhi-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt)der.?
Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ)
Uncertain.
Turner suggests a derivation from Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt, “to approach; fight”) (verb अभिवर्तते (abhivartate)), from अभि- (abhi-) + वृत् (vṛt). Presumably, the root is a back-formation from a participle *अभिवृत्त (abhivṛtta) > *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*bhiṭṭa), wherein the rhotic induces retroflexion and the initial is lost. Some parallels to the development exist:
* Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑁂𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁆 (*bhejj, “to send”) < Sanskrit अभ्यज् (abhyaj, “to combine, unite”) < अभि- (abhi-) + अज् (aj).
* Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀬𑀁𑀚𑁆 (*bhiyaṃj, “to wet”) < Sanskrit अभ्यञ्ज् (abhyañj, “to smear, anoint”) < अभि- (abhi-) + अञ्ज् (añj).
Alternatively (and rather speculatively), Kuiper relates the term to:
* *𑀫𑀺𑀟𑁆 (*miḍ), an alternate form of Sanskrit मिलति (milati, “to meet”) (with unknown etymology) with descendants such as Sindhi مِڙَڻُ／मिड़णु (miṛaṇu, “to crowd”), but this could just be a later sound change.
* Sanskrit निबिड (nibiḍa, “thick, dense”).
* Several Munda words, including Santali [script needed] (ibil, “dense, thick”), [script needed] (peṭe-peṭe, “crowded”); but also note Sanskrit पेटक (peṭaka, “multitude, meeting”).
Turner additionally mentions Vedic Sanskrit बीरिट (bī́riṭa, “crowd”).

ncog

مِڙَڻُ//मिड़णु


*h₁é-h₁n̥ḱ-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *enēnke- (from intermediate *h₁ne-h₁n̥ḱe-t)

q

aorist of <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">φέρω</i> (phérō)

Ancient Greek: ἐνεγκεῖν (enenkeîn, infinitive), ἤνεγκα (ḗnenka) (aorist of φέρω (phérō))

*h₁e-h₁nóḱ-e ~ *h₁e-h₁n̥ḱ-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: κατ-ήνοκα (kat-ḗnoka)

Ancient Greek: ἐνήνοχα (enḗnokha) (with secondary reduplication and aspiration)

Unsorted derivations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *neśtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *nosìti (iterative) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

q

with Schwebeablaut; or from the same source as the meaning "barbs of an arrow", viz. from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ónkos</i>

Ancient Greek: ὄγκος (ónkos, “mass, burden”) (with Schwebeablaut; or from the same source as the meaning "barbs of an arrow", viz. from *h₂ónkos)

Conflated with *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”) by Pokorny.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


desc

Ancient Greek: ἀλάομαι (aláomai, “to wander, roam”)

Italic: *alō

Latin: *alō (compound in ambulō)

Ancient Greek: ἄλη (álē, “wandering”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աղամող (ałamoł)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: aluot (“to wander around, to get lost”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀλύω (alúō, “to wander in mind, to roam”)

Italic:

Latin: alucinor

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: āl-

Tocharian B: āl- (“to keep away, check, restrain”)


संवृत्

head

संवृत् • (saṃvṛt)

sa-root

संवृत् • (saṃvṛt)

From सम्- (sam-, “with”) + वृत् (vṛt, “to turn; to move”).


जंह्

head

जंह् • (jaṃh)

sa-root

जंह् • (jaṃh)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰángʰ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰángʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-.


अभिवृत्

head

अभिवृत् • (abhivṛt)

sa-root

अभिवृत् • (abhivṛt)

desc

>? Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ, “to meet, fight”) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí
Sanskrit अभि- (abhi-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt)
From अभि- (abhi-, “towards, to”) + वृत् (vṛt, “to turn”).


*ti-né-h₁-ti ~ *ti-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (zanuᶻⁱ, “to cook”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *autītos (“rare, few”)
Proto-Brythonic: *ọdid
Middle Welsh: odit
Welsh: odid
Old Irish: úathad, óthad, úaithed
Irish: uathadh

Proto-Germanic: *þīdaz

Old Norse: þíðr
Icelandic: þíður
⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: tivær

*téyh₁-tis ~ *tih₁-téys

Proto-Italic: *tītis

⇒ Latin: tītiō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (zēᵃʳⁱ, “to be cooked”)


श्वि

head

श्वि • (śvi)

sa-root

श्वि • (śvi)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *świH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwiH, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-.


उत्सृज्

head

उत्सृज् • (utsṛj)

sa-root

उत्सृज् • (utsṛj)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Proto-Indo-Aryan *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *selǵ-
Sanskrit सृज् (sṛj)
Sanskrit उत्सृज् (utsṛj)
From उद्- (ud-, “out”) + सृज् (sṛj, “let go”).


आवृ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Sanskrit आ (ā)
Sanskrit आ- (ā-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-
Proto-Indo-European *wer-?
Sanskrit वृ (vṛ)
Sanskrit आवृ (āvṛ)
From आ- (ā-) + वृ (vṛ, “to cover”).


alaṅ

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qalaŋ (“obstruct, lie across or athwart”).

inh+

Alternative spelling of halaṅ (“across”)


halaṅ

> Javanese: ꦲꦭꦁ (alang) (inherited)


ačik

Proto-Quechuan: *ačikya-

Quechua: achikyay


ačikya-

Quechua: achikyay

From *ačik (“light”) + *-ya (“transformative suffix”)


qiĉwa

Classical Quechua: qichwa

Quechua: qichwa, qhichwa (see there for further descendants)


ء ص ل

ar-root

ء ص ل • (ʔ-ṣ-l)

أَصِيل

Form I: أَصُلَ (ʔaṣula); Active participle

مُؤَصِّل

Form II: أَصَّلَ (ʔaṣṣala); Active participle

تَأَصُّل

Form V: تَأَصَّلَ (taʔaṣṣala); Verbal noun

مُتَأَصِّل

Form V: تَأَصَّلَ (taʔaṣṣala); Active participle

اِسْتِئْصَال

Form X: اِسْتَأْصَلَ (istaʔṣala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْصِل

Form X: اِسْتَأْصَلَ (istaʔṣala); Active participle


stru-

*stru-yós

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *strujas (“uncle, old man”) (see there for further descendants)

*stru-tis

Proto-Celtic: *strutis (“old, senior”) (see there for further descendants)