ر ه ل

رَهَل

Form I: رَهِلَ (rahila, “to be or become tremulous or flabby”); Verbal noun

Form I: رَهِلَ (rahila, “to be or become tremulous or flabby”); Active participle

تَرْهِيل

Form II: رَهَّلَ (rahhala, “to tender tremulous or flabby”); Verbal noun

مُرَهِّل

Form II: رَهَّلَ (rahhala, “to tender tremulous or flabby”); Active participle

تَرَهُّل

Form V: تَرَهَّلَ (tarahhala, “to be tremulous or flabby”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَهِّل

Form V: تَرَهَّلَ (tarahhala, “to be tremulous or flabby”); Active participle


잔원

잔원하다 잔원하다#Korean

Root of 잔원하다 (janwonhada). Rarely used alone.


적연

Sino-Korean word from 寂然, from 寂 (“quiet, tranquil”) + 然 (“adjective-deriving suffix”).

ko-etym-sino

[t͡ɕʌ̹ɡjʌ̹n]

적연하다 적연하다#Korean

Root of 적연하다 (jeogyeonhada, “to be quiet; to be tranquil”) / 적연히 (jeogyeonhi, “tranquilly, quietly”). Rarely used alone.


단란

단란하다 단란하다#Korean

Root of 단란하다 (dallanhada). Rarely used alone.


개창

[ke̞t͡ɕʰa̠ŋ]

개창하다 개창하다#Korean

Root of 개창하다 (gaechanghada). Rarely used alone.


ܥ ܒ ܪ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ע־ב־ר (ʿ-b-r) and Arabic ع ب ر (ʕ b r).

ܥܸܒ݂ܪܝܼܬ

ܥܸܒ݂ܪܵܝܵܐ (ˁiḇrāyā, “Hebrew”)

Forming words pertaining to crossing, passing


지극

지극하다 지극하다#Korean

Root of 지극하다 (jigeukhada) / 지극히 (jigeukhi). Rarely used alone.


q-b-r

Cognate with Arabic ق ب ر (q-b-r) and Biblical Hebrew ק־ב־ר (q-b-r).


m-k-r

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew מ־כ־ר (m-k-r, “related to selling”) and Arabic م ك ر (m-k-r, “related to plotting”) which was restricted in meaning.


א־ב־ק

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א־ב־ק • (ʾ-b-q)

The “dust” meaning is cognate to Aramaic א־ב־ק (ʾ-b-q, “dust”). Compare also Arabic ء ب ق (ʔ b q, “fleeing, evaporating”), but the semantic link may be considered tenuous.
Various connections between the “dust” and “wrestling” senses have been proposed, but some sources treat them as separate roots. The latter may relate to ח־ב־ק (ḥ-b-q, “embracing”); compare Aramaic אבק (“to attach”).


ע־ד־ר

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ע־ד־ר • (ʿ-d-r)


א־ג־ר

א־ג־ר • (ʾ-g-r)

The "letter" sense may be borrowed from Akkadian 𒂊𒄈𒌅 (egertu).
The "roof" sense may be from Aramaic, from Akkadian 𒂍𒋞 (igārum, “wall”).


ע־ל־ם

ע־ל־ם • (ʿ-l-m)


ע־ק־ד

ע־ק־ד • (ʿ-q-d)


ע־ג־ן

ע־ג־ן • (ʿ-g-n)

Perhaps from Ancient Greek ὄγκινος (ónkinos), which has the same ultimate source as English anchor.


ע־מ־ת

ע־מ־ת • (ʿ-m-ṯ)

The "friendship" sense is a backformation from עמית, itself related to Aramaic עֲמִיתָא (“friend”) and Akkadian emūtu (“family, company”), and the root ע־מ־ה.

Related to friendship, association, joining.


ע־ל־ה

ע־ל־ה • (ʿ-l-h)


א־ח־ז

א־ח־ז • (ʾ-kh-z)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔaḫaḏ-. Compare Arabic ء خ ذ (ʔ ḵ ḏ), Classical Syriac ܐ-ܚ-ܕ (ʾ-ḥ-d).


א־ב־ן

א־ב־ן • (ʾ-b-n)

Presumably denominative from אֶבֶן (éven, “stone”), eventually from Proto-Semitic *ʔabn-.


א־ב־ר

א־ב־ר • (ʾ-b-r)


ע־מ־ם

ע־מ־ם • (ʿ-m-m)


ד־ב־ר

Related to conducting, guiding, following.

Related to plague, pestilence, destruction.


א־ה־ב

א־ה־ב • (ʾ-h-b)

See Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γᾰπᾰ́ω (agapáō) and Arabic ح ب ب (ḥ-b-b) for some possibilities.


א־ו־ר

א־ו־ר • (ʾ-w-r)

The “light” sense of course, in so far as one considers where light could intrude in an ancient house—a مَنْوَر (manwar)—, are related to “cave” and “cavity” senses, which are borne mainly by غ و ر (ḡ-w-r) in Arabic, although ع و ر (ʕ-w-r) is also related to something bared. To either Ugaritic 𐎜𐎗 (ủr, “warmth; heat”), Arabic أُوَار (ʔuwār, “heat or blaze of fire”), Akkadian 𒌓𒁕 (urrum, “day”) seem unrelated, although it is plausible that in Hebrew related forms close to the idea of “fire”—also a main source of light—merged into this root.
When the Hebrew and Aramaic verb forms and Ugaritic 𐎀𐎗 (ảr) mean “to shine”, these are independent denominatives; the CAL even reckons this particular meaning an error for ח־ו־ר (ḥ-w-r, “to look”). Note that *nūr- is accepted as the Proto-Semitic term for “light” and “fire”; a *ʔūr- or *ʔur-, as it is said, would come from secondary analysis later in the individual languages, there having been a n- derivational prefix barely seen as productive in historical times, say in ن ظ م (n-ẓ-m) or نَتَنَ (natana) against وَتِين (watīn) and نَوْرَج (nawraj) (see them).
The “air” sense is denominative from אֲוִיר (ʾăwîr). Also see א־ו־ר־ר (ʾ-w-r-r), a reduplicated extension of the root.


א־ל

The "God" sense is from אֵל (el, “god”), from Proto-Semitic *ʔil-. Compare Arabic ء ل ه (ʔ l h).


א־ח־ר

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א־ח־ר • (ʾ-kh-r)

Proto-Semitic, also found in Arabic ء خ ر (ʔ-ḵ-r), Akkadian uḫḫuru etc.

ar-root

ء خ ر (ʔ-ḵ-r)

Related to coming after, being behind, lateness, posteriority.


א־מ־ן

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א־מ־ן • (ʾ-m-n)

For the "belief" sense, compare Arabic ء م ن (ʔ m n).
The "amine" sense is a recent innovation; see ammonia for more.

Related to arts, crafts, skills, learning.

(modern) Related to amines (organic compounds).


ق ب ح

قُبْح

Form I: قَبُحَ (qabuḥa, “to become ugly”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَبُحَ (qabuḥa, “to become ugly”); Active participle

تَقْبِيح

Form II: قَبَّحَ (qabbaḥa, “to make ugly”); Verbal noun

مُقَبِّح

Form II: قَبَّحَ (qabbaḥa, “to make ugly”); Active participle

اِسْتِقْبَاح

Form X: اِسْتَقْبَحَ (istaqbaḥa, “to consider ugly”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْبِح

Form X: اِسْتَقْبَحَ (istaqbaḥa, “to consider ugly”); Active participle


א־ר־ן

א־ר־ן • (ʾ-r-n)


א־ר־ץ

א־ר־ץ • (ʾ-r-ts)

ar-root

ء ر ض (ʔ-r-ḍ)


א־מ־ר

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א־מ־ר • (ʾ-m-r)

The "speech" sense is cognate to Arabic ء م ر (ʔ-m-r).
The "fringe" sense is of uncertain origin.

Related to rising, climbing, increasing.

(in Arabic loans to modern Hebrew) Related to princes, rulers, emirs.


א־ס־ר

א־ס־ר • (ʾ-s-r)

Cognate with Arabic ء س ر (ʔ-s-r). The "prohibition" sense derives from the primary "binding" sense.

Related to binding, tying, imprisonment.

Related to banning, prohibition, forbiddenness.


ב־ר־א

ב־ר־א • (b-r-ʾ)

Related to clearing woods, cutting trees.


ב־כ־ר

Related to first ripening, firstborns, seniority.


ב־ח־ן

For the "testing" sense, compare Arabic م ح ن (m-ḥ-n).
The "tower" sense may be from, or related to, Egyptian bḫnt.

Related to testing, examination, inspection.


ב־י־ת

ב־י־ת • (b-y-ṯ)

From Proto-Semitic *bayt-. Compare Arabic ب ي ت (b-y-t).


ב־ר־ך

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ب ر ك (b-r-k), Classical Syriac ܒ-ܪ-ܟ (b-r-k).


ב־ן

From Proto-Semitic *bin- (“son”), *bint- (“daughter”); compare Arabic ب ن و (b-n-w).
A connection with ב־נ־ה (b-n-h, “to build”) has been proposed (see Klein).


ג־ל־ה

Cognate with Arabic ج ل و, ج ل ي (j l w, j l y).

cog

ج ل و, ج ل ي

Related to exposing, uncovering, discovering.


ג־נ־ן

Proto-Semitic (compare with Arabic ج ن ن (j-n-n)); the root is known in all branches.
The “etiquette” sense is likely a loan from Ancient Greek γενναῖος (gennaîos).


ב־ע־ל

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ב־ע־ל • (b-ʿ-l)

Related to ownership, lordship, marriage.


ז־מ־ר

The "singing" sense is from Proto-Semitic *zamar-. Compare Arabic ز م ر (z-m-r).


ד־י־ן

Related to judgement, deliberation, law.


ח־ו־ץ

Related to outsideness, externality, exclusion.


א־ב־ל

א־ב־ל • (ʾ-b-l)


א־ג־ד

א־ג־ד • (ʾ-g-d)


א־ב־ך

א־ב־ך • (ʾ-b-k)

According to Klein, perhaps related to הפך (hafákh, “to turn”) / ה־פ־ך (h-p-k).

(modern, physics) Related to interference of waves.


א־ג־ן

א־ג־ן • (ʾ-g-n)

Perhaps from Akkadian 𒌓𒅗𒁇 (UD.KA.BAR /agannu/).


א־ג־ר־ף

א־ג־ר־ף • (ʾ-g-r-p)

Denominal from אֶגְרוֹף (egróf, “fist, punch”). An extension of ג־ר־ף (g-r-p).


א־ד־ה

א־ד־ה • (ʾ-d-h)


א־ד־ם

א־ד־ם • (ʾ-d-m)

Possibly from the same ultimate root as ד־מ־ם (d-m-m, “related to blood”). See אָדָם (adám) for extensive discussion.

Related to humanity, mankind, personhood.


א־ה־ד

א־ה־ד • (ʾ-h-d)

Coined by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda based on Arabic [script needed] (hā́wada).


א־ו־ה

א־ו־ה • (ʾ-w-h)


א־ה־ל

א־ה־ל • (ʾ-h-l)

The "tent" sense is presumably denominal from אוהל (óhel, “tent”), from Proto-Semitic *ʔahl-.
The "aloe" sense is thought to be ultimately from a Dravidian language. See aloe.


א־ו־ת

א־ו־ת • (ʾ-w-ṯ)


א־ז־ל

א־ז־ל • (ʾ-z-l)

Related to departure, depletion, exhaustion.


א־ט־ט

א־ט־ט • (ʾ-ṭ-ṭ)


א־ט־ם

א־ט־ם • (ʾ-ṭ-m)


ח־ת־ם

ח־ת־ם • (kh-ṯ-m)

Denominal from חוֹתָם.
Compare Arabic خ ت م (ḵ-t-m).


א־ר־ר

א־ר־ר • (ʾ-r-r)


א־ש־ך

א־שׁ־ך • (ʾ-sh-k)

א־שׁ־ך (canonical)
ʾ-sh-k (romanization)


א־ת־ר

א־ת־ר • (ʾ-ṯ-r)

Denominal from Aramaic אתרא. Compare Akkadian 𒆠 (ašrum), Arabic أَثَر (ʔaṯar), Ge'ez አሰር (ʾäsär).


א־ש־ש

א־שׁ־שׁ • (ʾ-sh-sh)

א־שׁ־שׁ (canonical)
ʾ-sh-sh (romanization)

The "fire" sense is denominal from אֵשׁ (esh, “fire”), from Proto-Semitic *ʔiš-.


א־ש־ם

א־שׁ־ם • (ʾ-sh-m)

א־שׁ־ם (canonical)
ʾ-sh-m (romanization)

ar-root

ء ث م (ʔ-ṯ-m)


א־מ־ד

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א־מ־ד • (ʾ-m-d)

Related to estimation, assessment, appraisement.


א־ר־ע

א־ר־ע • (ʾ-r-ʿ)


ב־א־ר

ב־א־ר • (b-ʾ-r)


ב־ד־ד

Related to solitude, isolation, aloneness.


א־ר־ך

א־ר־ך • (ʾ-r-k)

The "date" sense is denominal from תַּאֲרִיךְ (ta'aríkh), a loanword from an Arabic word originally corresponding to the Hebrew root י־ר־ח (y-r-k) / יָרֵחַ (yaréakh, “moon”).


א־נ־ס

א־נ־ס • (ʾ-n-s)


א־נ־ק

א־נ־ק • (ʾ-n-q)


א־פ־ר

א־פ־ר • (ʾ-p-r)

Related to ash, (by extension) greyness.

Related to bandages, masks, (by extension) make-up.


א־פ־ל

א־פ־ל • (ʾ-p-l)

The "darkness" sense is cognate to Arabic ء ف ل (ʔ-f-l).


ḳwed-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

desc

Laz: იკვანს (iǩvans, “to beg”), აკვანს (aǩvans)

⇒ Svan: ლიკუ̂ედ (liḳûed, “to wish, desire”)


वीज्

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वीज् • (vīj)

sa-root

वीज् • (vīj)

Denominal root from व्यजन (vyajana, “fan”); see there for more.


ف ز ع

Form I: فَزِعَ (faziʕa); Active participle

مُفَزِّع

Form II: فَزَّعَ (fazzaʕa); Active participle

إِفْزَاع

Form IV: أَفْزَعَ (ʔafzaʕa); Verbal noun

مُفْزِع

Form IV: أَفْزَعَ (ʔafzaʕa); Active participle


egr-

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: ეგრისი (egrisi, “Egrisi”), ეგრი (egri)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *m-egr-el- (“Mingrelian”)
Old Georgian: მეგრელი (megreli)
Georgian: მეგრელი (megreli)
→ Laz: მეგრელი (megreli)
Zan:
Mingrelian: მარგალი (margali)
→ Laz: მარგალი (margali)

referred to Western Kartvelian tribes, namely Mingrelians


ה־ל־ך

From Proto-Semitic *halak-. Cognate to Akkadian '-l-k (“related to going”), Arabic ه ل ك (h l k, “related to perishing”).


ḳwes-

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: კუესი (ḳuesi, “firestriker”), კვესება (ḳveseba, “to strike fire”), ნაკვესი (naḳvesi, “spark”)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: კვასუა (ḳvasua, “to strike fire”)


⇒ Old Georgian: მოკუესვაჲ (moḳuesvay, “embossing”), მოკუესილი (moḳuesili, “framed, set, embossed”)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: კვაშუა (ḳvašua, “to hammer in, wedge”), კვაშილი (ḳvašili, “hammered in, wedged in”)


-NÍÍʼ

to be in charge, have authority or control over


-LÁÁʼ

Possibly Proto-Athabaskan *la̓G (“make”)


ח־ז־ק

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ח־ז־ק • (ḥ-z-q)

Cognate to Classical Syriac ܚ-ܙ-ܩ (ḥ-z-q) and Arabic ح ز ق (ḥ-z-q) as found in حَزَقَ (ḥazaqa, “to constrict”).


א־כ־ל

א־כ־ל • (ʾ-k-l)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔakal-. Compare Arabic ء ك ل (ʔ-k-l), Akkadian '-k-l.


ב־ט־א

ב־ט־א • (b-ṭ-ʾ)


א־ס־ף

א־ס־ף • (ʾ-s-p)

Related to gathering, collecting, reaping.


ז־ר־ק

Related to throwing, tossing, sprinkling.


ד־ר־ג

Compare Arabic د ر ج (d-r-j), Classical Syriac ܕ-ܪ-ܓ (d-r-ɡ).
The second sense is a semantic extension of the first, denominated from מַדְרֵגָה (madregá, “step”).


ח־ט־א

ח־ט־א • (ḥ-ṭ-ʾ)

ar-root

خ ط ء (ḵ-ṭ-ʔ)


ח־ט־א

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ח־ט־א • (ḥ-ṭ-ʾ)

Compare Arabic ح ظ و (ḥ-ẓ-w). According to Klein the root of הִתְחַטֵּא.

ar-root

ح ظ و (ḥ-ẓ-w)


ב־ד־ח

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ב־ד־ח • (b-d-ḥ)

According to Klein, from Aramaic בּֽדַח.


ב־ד־ק

According to Klein, most scholars believe the "test" sense is related to the "repair" sense.

Related to checking, testing, examining.


ח־צ־ה

ח־צ־ה • (ḥ-ṣ-h)

Related to dividing into two, bisecting, splitting.


ח־צ־ה

ח־צ־ה • (ḥ-ṣ-h)

According to Klein, a secondary form of ח־צ־ץ (ḥ-ṣ-ṣ), ultimately related to the root above.


ג־ל־ח

ג־ל־ח • (g-l-ḥ)


א־פ־ה

א־פ־ה • (ʾ-p-h)


א־פ־ה

א־פ־ה • (ʾ-p-h)

Denominated from אופי / אֹפִי (ófi, “character”), related to Aramaic אוֹפִיתָא (“nature, disposition”). Further etymology unknown.

cog

Related to character, nature, disposition.


ג־נ־ז

Denominal from גְּנָזִים (g'nazím), ultimately from Persian گنج (ganj, “treasure”).

Related to storing, stashing, concealing.


ב־ק־ע

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ב־ק־ע • (b-q-ʿ)

Likely extended from a biconsonantal root surfacing in Arabic as ب ق ق (b-q-q), note فَقَعَ (faqaʕa) in variation with فَقَأَ (faqaʔa) from an even more famous biliteral root ف ق ق (f-q-q); juxtaposed with a more minute kind of splicing – with a second-position plosive articulated by the smaller opening of the mouth – Proto-West Semitic *patat- (“to make disintegrate, to cut piecemeal”) (ف ت ت (f-t-t)) whence *pataw-.

cog

Related to cleaving, splitting, breaking.


협착

[çʌ̹p̚t͡ɕʰa̠k̚]

협착하다 협착하다#Korean

Root of 협착하다 (hyeopchakhada, “to be narrow; to be cramped”). Rarely used alone.


𐬠𐬀𐬭

From Proto-Iranian *bar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Cognate with Persian بار (bâr) and Sanskrit भृ (bhṛ).


ḳwet-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

განსაკუეთელი

⇒ Old Georgian: კუეთს (ḳuets, “to cut (something)”), მოკუეთა (moḳueta, “cutting off”), ნაკუეთი (naḳueti, “lot, part, husk”), საკუთარი (saḳutari, “one's own; very own (something)”), გაკუეთილი (gaḳuetili, “portion, dissection”), განსაკუეთელი (gansaḳueteli, “reward”)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ო-კვათ-უ (o-ǩvat-u, “to cut; cutting”)

⇒ Mingrelian: კვათუა (ḳvatua, “to cut; cutting”), ნაკვათა (naḳvata, “wounded, injured”)

⇒ Svan: ლიკუ̂თურე (liḳûture, “cut in thin pieces”), მეკუ̂ეშდ (meḳûešd, “short”)


ד־כ־א

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ד־כ־א • (d-k-ʾ)

Related to oppression, suppression, depression.


ח־ג־ג

ח־ג־ג • (ḥ-g-g)


ז־ק־ף

Related to standing straight, being raised, being erect.

Related to charging credit (to an account).


ז־ר־ז

Related to girding on, saddling up, equipping oneself.

Related to speeding up, hastening, expediting.


א־י־ם

א־י־ם • (ʾ-y-m)


ב־ג־ר

Related to maturation, growing up, adulthood.


ב־ח־ר

ב־ח־ר • (b-ḥ-r)


ב־ט־ל

ב־ט־ל • (b-ṭ-l)

Related to ceasing, cancelling, being idle.


ח־נ־ך

ח־נ־ך • (ḥ-n-k)

Apparently denominal from חֵךְ (khékh, “palate, roof of the mouth”), evolved into sense of teaching via training a horse by applying force to its palate (lpossibly through Arabic ح ن ك (ḥ n k), see تحنيك (taḥnīk)), compare Egyptian ḥnk.


ז־נ־ח

ז־נ־ח • (z-n-ḥ)

Compare Arabic [script needed] (zanaḥa, “to repulse”), Arabic نَزَحَ (nazaḥa, “to be distant”, via metathesis), and Akkadian zinū (“to be angry”).

cog

Related to rejection, abandonment, negligence.


ב־ט־ח

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ב־ט־ח • (b-ṭ-ḥ)


ב־ט־ח

ב־ט־ח • (b-ṭ-ḥ)

See אֲבַטִּיחַ.


-TʼOH

to shoot an arrow, to throw or stab with a spear


-TʼOH

Possibly related to -TʼÓÓD (“to smoke”).


י־צ־א

י־צ־א • (y-ṣ-ʾ)

Compare Ge'ez ወፅአ (wäṣ́ʾä), Akkadian 𒉿𒍪𒌑𒌝 (waṣûm) and Ugaritic 𐎊𐎕𐎀 (yṣả).

cog

Ge'ez ወፅአ (wäṣ́ʾä)


ח־ל־ק

head

ח־ל־ק • (ḥ-l-q)

Related to division, distribution, sharing.


ח־ל־ק

ח־ל־ק • (ḥ-l-q)


ח־ל־ק

ח־ל־ק • (ḥ-l-q)

Denominated from חָלוּק. Further etymology unclear. Perhaps related to the "smoothness" root above.


י־ו־ם

Denominative from יוֹם, from Proto-Semitic *yawm-. Compare Arabic ي و م (y w m).


נ־ה־ג

Compare Arabic نَهِجَ (nahija), Akkadian nagāgu (“to shout”).


ג־ב־ל

Denominated from גְּבוּל. Compare Arabic جَبَل (jabal, “mountain”) in the sense of serving as a boundary between two flatlands.


ג־ב־ל

Compare Arabic جَبَلَ (jabala, “to mold, knead, create”), from the root ج ب ل (j-b-l).


נ־ע־ם

head

נ־ע־ם • (n-ʿ-m)

Compare Arabic نَعَمَ (naʕama) from the root ن ع م (n-ʕ-m).

Related to being pleasant, nice, agreeable.


נ־ע־ם

נ־ע־ם • (n-ʿ-m)


נ־ע־ם

נ־ע־ם • (n-ʿ-m)

See נַעֲמִית, Arabic نَعَام (naʕām), Classical Syriac ܢܥܡܐ. Possibly derived from the "pleasant" sense above.


-GHAAL

From Proto-Athabaskan *ghiłʼ (“beat with a stick; stick-like object falls abruptly”).

inh

to bat, club, beat
 2. to become worn out, tired
 3. to wrap
 4. area is smooth


-DZID

From Proto-Athabaskan *gʸud (“be rotten; amorphous substance [odor] moves”).

be rotten; amorphous substance 􂀿odor􂁀 moves


Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: rėpti, Lithuanian: aprėpti

Proto-Germanic: *rafjaną

Old English: *reffan or *rafan (only the non-present stem is known, berōfon)

(possibly) Latin: rapiō (or *h₁rp-ye-, with secondary zero-grade)

(possibly) Ancient Greek: ἐρέπτομαι (eréptomai) (or *h₁rep-ye-)


ǯoš-

desc

Georgian: ჯოში (ǯoši, “something badly sewn”) — Guria

Zan: *ǯguš-

⇒ Mingrelian: ჯგვიშუა (ǯgvišua, “to sew badly; to puncture, spear, poke, prick”)

→ Georgian: ჯგუშვა (ǯgušva, “to sew badly”) — Imereti


ṭurṭ-

⇒ Georgian: ტუტუნი (ṭuṭuni, “mumbling, muttering, murmuring”), (Pshavi) ტურტური (ṭurṭuri)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ტურტინუა (ṭurṭinua, “mumbling, muttering, murmuring”), ტურტურუე (ṭurṭurue, “turtle dove; Caucasian grouse”)


מ־ס־ר

Related to delivering, transmitting, handing over.


י־נ־ק

Related to sucking, nursing, breastfeeding.


מ־צ־א

head

מ־צ־א • (m-ṣ-ʾ)


י־ח־ס

י־ח־ס • (y-ḥ-s)

Related to relationship, connection, association.


כ־א־ב

כ־א־ב • (k-ʾ-b)

Compare Arabic ك ء ب (k-ʔ-b), Classical Syriac ܟ-ܐ-ܒ (k-ʾ-b).


נ־ב־א

נ־ב־א • (n-b-ʾ)

Related to prediction, prophesy, proclaiming.


מ־כ־ר

Compare Akkadian m-k-r (“related to commerce”), Arabic م ك ر (m-k-r, “related to scheming, planning”).

cog

Related to selling oneself, devotion, addiction.


מ־ו־ת

From Proto-Semitic *mawut-. Compare Classical Syriac ܡ-ܘ-ܬ (m-w-t), Arabic م و ت (m-w-t), Akkadian m-w-t.


ت ل ف

From Old South Arabian 𐩩𐩡𐩰 (tlf, “to perish”), 𐩠𐩩𐩡𐩰 (htlf, “to ruin”), metathetical to لَفَتَ (lafata, “to twist”).

forms words related to perishing, annihilation

تَلَف

Form I: تَلِفَ (talifa, “to perish, to become marred, to be spoiled, to suffer annihilation”); Verbal noun

Form I: تَلِفَ (talifa, “to perish, to become marred, to be spoiled, to suffer annihilation”); Active participle

تَتْلِيف

Form II: تَلَّفَ (tallafa, “to ruin”); Verbal noun

مُتَلِّف

Form II: تَلَّفَ (tallafa, “to ruin”); Active participle

إِتْلَاف

Form IV: أَتْلَفَ (ʔatlafa, “to cause to perish”); Verbal noun

مُتْلِف

Form IV: أَتْلَفَ (ʔatlafa, “to cause to perish”); Active participle

اِنْتِلَاف

Form VII: اِنْتَلَفَ (intalafa, “to perish”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَلِف

Form VII: اِنْتَلَفَ (intalafa, “to perish”); Active participle


נ־ס־ע

head

נ־ס־ע • (n-s-ʿ)

Compare Arabic ن ز ع (n-z-ʕ) and the cognates listed therein.

Related to pulling out, departing, travelling, transporting.


נ־ת־ן

Compare Akkadian n-d-n and less certainly Arabic ن ت ن (n-t-n). See נָתַן for more.
The "citizenship" sense comes from נָתִין (“servant of the temple”, literally “given (to the temple)”).


ب ل س

Sometimes theorized to be a denominal root from إِبْلِيس (ʔiblīs), from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos, “devil, accuser, slanderer”).

m+

بَالِس

Form I: بَلَسَ (balasa); Active participle

مُبَلِّس

Form II: بَلَّسَ (ballasa); Active participle

إِبْلَاس

Form IV: أَبْلَسَ (ʔablasa); Verbal noun

مُبْلِس

Form IV: أَبْلَسَ (ʔablasa); Active participle

تَبَلُّس

Form V: تَبَلَّسَ (taballasa); Verbal noun

مُتَبَلِّس

Form V: تَبَلَّسَ (taballasa); Active participle

اِسْتِبْلَاس

Form X: اِسْتَبْلَسَ (istablasa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْلِس

Form X: اِسْتَبْلَسَ (istablasa); Active participle


शिक्ष्

head

शिक्ष् • (śikṣ)

sa-root

शिक्ष् • (śikṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćikš-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Desiderative of शक् (śak, “to be able”); see there for more.

der

to learn, acquire knowledge, study, practice, learn from


ḱes-

ḱésmi (first-person indicative present singular)
ḱésm̥ (first-person indicative past singular)
ḱésoh₂ (first-person singular subjunctive)
ḱsyéh₁m̥ (first-person optative singular)
ḱési (indicative present second-person singular)
ḱés (indicative past second-person singular)
ḱés (imperative second-person singular)
ḱsdʰí (imperative second-person singular)
ḱésesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḱésti (indicative present singular third-person)
ḱést (indicative past singular third-person)
ḱéstu (imperative singular third-person)
ḱéseti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḱswós (dual first-person indicative present)
ḱswé (dual first-person indicative past)
ḱésowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present second-person)
ḱstóm (dual indicative past second-person)
ḱstóm (dual imperative second-person)
ḱésetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḱstés (dual indicative present third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
ḱstā́m (dual imperative third-person)
ḱésetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḱsmós (first-person indicative plural present)
ḱsmé (first-person indicative past plural)
ḱésomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḱsté (indicative plural present second-person)
ḱsté (indicative past plural second-person)
ḱsté (imperative plural second-person)
ḱésete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḱsénti (indicative plural present third-person)
ḱsént (indicative past plural third-person)
ḱséntu (imperative plural third-person)
ḱésonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḱsónts (indicative participle present)

Proto-Italic: *kazēō

Latin: careō

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-ewl-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjaulas

Proto-Slavic: *šulъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sūliz (“beam, post”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli (“pillar”) (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: sūl

*ḱs-to-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: castus

*ḱs-so-?

Proto-Italic:

Latin: cassus

*ḱs-trom

Proto-Albanian: *tsatrā

Albanian: thadër

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćastrám

desctree

Sanskrit: शस्त्र (śastra)
→ Hindi: शस्त्र (śastra) (learned)
→ Odia: ଶସ୍ତ୍ର (śastra) (learned)
→ Old Javanese: śastra
→ Balinese: ᬲᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (sastra, “arrow”)
→⇒ Telugu: శస్త్రము (śastramu)
→⇒ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (śastar)

desc

Proto-Italic: *kastrom (“knife; cut-off part”)

Latin: castrum (“castle, fortress”)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *kastrāō

Latin: castrō (“I prune, castrate”)


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ომჯვენუ (omcvenu, “aging, growing old”)

⇒ Svan: ჯუ̂ინელ (ǯûinel, “old”), ლიჯუ̂ნა̈ლე (liǯûnäle, “aging, growing old”)

From Proto-Kartvelian *ʒ₁w- (“to be old”).


ʒ₁w-

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *ʒ₁w-el- (“old, decrepit”)
Old Georgian: ძუელი (ʒueli)
Georgian: ძველი (ʒveli)
Zan:
⇒ Laz: ჯვეში (cveşi), ჯუ̂ე (cûe), მჯვეში (mcveşi), ნჯვეში (ncveşi)
⇒ Mingrelian: ჯვეში (ǯveši)

⇒ Proto-Kartvelian: *ʒ₁w-en- : *ʒ₁w-in- (“to become old”)
Proto-Georgian-Zan:
Zan:
⇒ Laz: ომჯვენუ (omcvenu, “aging, growing old”)
⇒ Svan: ჯუ̂ინელ (ǯûinel, “old”), ლიჯუ̂ნა̈ლე (liǯûnäle, “aging, growing old”)


berg-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

Laz: ო-ბერგ-უ (o-berg-u, “to hoe”) ⇒ Laz: ბერჯი (berci, “hoe”), Laz: ბერგი (bergi, “pickaxe”)
→ Armenian: փերգ (pʻerg)

desc

⇒ Mingrelian: ბერგი (bergi, “hoe”), ბარგუა (bargua, “hoeing, hacking”)

⇒ Svan: ბერგ (berg, “hoe”), ბე̄რგ (bērg), ლიბე̄რგე (libērge, “hoeing, hacking”), ლიბჷრჯე (libərǯe, “hoeing, hacking; any kind of digging”)

Compare Chechen берг (berg, “pickaxe”), зӏок-берг (zˀok-berg), Ingush барг (barg), Bats ბრაგ (brag), Lak бург (burg, “sledge hammer”), Rutul буркӏ (“hammer”), Archi буркӏ (burkʼ, “hammer”).


dʰlegʰ-

*dʰlḗg-s-t ~ *dʰlég-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Celtic: *dlīxst

Old Irish: dlicht, dlecht

*dʰl̥gʰ-é-ti ("tudati" type thematic root present) or *dʰlégʰ-ti ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *dligeti (“to owe, be indebted to”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dligetom (“debt, duty”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰlégʰ-s ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-és

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *dʰl̥gʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dilgas

Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (“debt”) (or borrowed from Gothic) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *dulgaz (“debt”)
Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (possibly, if not inherited)
→ Proto-Samic: *tuolkō (see there for further descendants)


-KÁÁL

From Proto-Athabaskan *kal (“spread out, stretch out”).


-TŁʼIN

become firm, packed down (but not hard and dry)


비범

비범하다 비범하다#Korean

Root of 비범하다 (bibeomhada, “extraordinary”). Rarely used alone.


저대

[ˈt͡ɕɘ(ː)dɛ]

저대하다 저대하다#Korean

Root of 저대하다 (jeodaehada). Rarely used alone.


glaǯ-

glaǯ- : *gleǯ- : *gliǯ- : *glǯ- (canonical)

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: გლეჯა (gleǯa)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: ოგლიჯუ (oglicu, “tearing, shredding”), ოგურჯოლუ (ogurcolu, “grinding (of teeth)”)

⇒ Mingrelian: გურჯონუა (gurǯonua), გირჯონუა (girǯonua)

⇒ Svan: გჷლა̈ჯ (gəläǯ)

⇒ Svan: გჷლა̈ჯ (gəläǯ)


pšwen-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: ფშვნა (pšvna)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოფუშქონუ (opuşkonu), ოფუშონუ (opuşonu)

ლიფურსგუ̂ი̄ნე

ლიფურშგუ̂ი̄ნე

⇒ Svan: ლიფურსგუ̂ი̄ნე (lipursgûīne), ლიფურშგუ̂ი̄ნე (lipuršgûīne), ფურშკუ̂ინ (puršḳûin)


krows-

*krows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraušī́ˀtei (“to strike, smash, crush”, literally “to cause to collapse?”) (see there for further descendants)

q

o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from static <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(ke-)króws-e</i>

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *króuhō (o-grade root back-formed from the causative, or perhaps from static *(ke-)króws-e)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: κρούω (kroúō, “to strike, stamp, knock”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krušā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *hreusaną (“to fall, collapse; to shudder?”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly an extended form of *krew(H)- as found in Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną (“to be/make sad, regret, rue”) and Proto-Tocharian *krun- (“to strike, hit”). Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō) may reflect either root.


ṭus-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: ტუსვაჲ (ṭusvay)

Zan: *ṭuc-

desc

⇒ Laz: ოტუცანუ (oťuʒanu), ტუცა (ťuʒa)

⇒ Laz: ოტუცანუ (oťuʒanu), ტუცა (ťuʒa)

⇒ Mingrelian: ტუცუა (ṭucua)

⇒ Svan: ლიტუ̄სე (liṭūse)


č̣eč̣ḳ-

⇒ Georgian: ჭეჭკვა (č̣eč̣ḳva)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოჭაჭკუ (oç̌aç̌ǩu)

⇒ Laz: ოჭაჭკუ (oç̌aç̌ǩu)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭკაჭკუა (č̣ḳač̣ḳua)


ʒanʒ-

⇒ Georgian: დაძანძვა (daʒanʒva), დაძანძული (daʒanʒuli) (Guria, Imereti, Lechkhumi)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: დოძონძუა (doʒonʒua), დოძონძილი (doʒonʒili)


क्रीड्

head

क्रीड् • (krīḍ)

sa-root

क्रीड् • (krīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kriẓḍ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *križd-, of uncertain further origin. Mayrhofer traces the root back to a Proto-Indo-European *krisd- (“to move about, frolic”), and tentatively compares Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), but this is semantically tenuous.


cel-

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: ცელი (celi, “scythe”), ცელვაჲ (celvay, “scything, mowing”)

desctree

Georgian: ცელი (celi)
→⇒ Andi: харисел (xarisel), хъалиссели (qˣalisseli), ххърцен (xqˣrcen), хъариса (qˣarisa), харицел (xaricel)
→⇒ Avar: харицел (xaricel), харилчер (xarilčer), хирисен (xirisen)
→ Bats: ცელ (cel)
→⇒ Bezhta: халисен (xalisen), харцел (xarcel), харицел (xaricel)
→ Chechen: цел (cel, “hoe”)
→ Ingush: цел (cel, “hoe”)
→ Khvarshi: цел (cel, “hoe”)
→ Udi: цел (cel) (dialectal)

Georgian: ცელვა (celva)

Zan:

Laz: ო-ნცალ-უ (o-nʒal-u)

desc

⇒ Mingrelian: ცელი (celi, “scythe”), ცეი (cei), ცალი (cali), ცალუა (calua, “scything, mowing”)


lek-

Unsorted formations:

Latin: locusta (“locust”)

Proto-Germanic:

Norwegian: lakka (“to hop, patter about”)

>? Middle High German: lecken (“to hop”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lekt-

Proto-Slavic: *letěti (“to fly”)

Latvian: lèkt (“to spring, jump”)

Ancient Greek: ληκάω (lēkáō, “to dance to music”)

Proto-Albanian: *awa-laka

Albanian: flak (“to throw, fling, eject”)


lewǵ-

*luǵ-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ruȷ́áti

Sanskrit: रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”)

Lithuanian: lū́žti (“to fracture”)

Latvian: lauzt (“to break, fracture”)

Proto-Germanic: *leukaną (see there for further descendants)

*luǵrós

Ancient Greek: λυγρός (lugrós, “baneful, mournful”)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “hiccup”)

Ancient Greek: λευγαλέος (leugaléos, “sad, wretched”)

Latin: lugeo (“to mourn, grieve, lament”)

Old Armenian: լուծանեմ (lucanem)

Tocharian B: lakle (“pain, suffering”)

Proto-Celtic: *luxtus (“contents, crowd, people”) (see there for further descendants)


dʰerǵʰ-

*dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti

Proto-Germanic: *drūgiz (“hard, solid, dry”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥ǵʰtós (“strong, firm, hard”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰr̥ždʰás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: dir̃žas (“belt, strap”)

Latvian: dir̂ža (“leather girdle”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žnas (“firm, strong”)

⇒ Old Prussian: dīrstlan (“stately”)

Lithuanian: dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”)

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”)

Proto-Germanic: *druknaz (“dry”)

Possibly an extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


gew-

*gewd- (“bag, stomach”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūtiz (“bag, stomach, gut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gudóm (“intestines”)

*gugā

German: Kugel (“ball, orb”)

Russian: гугля (guglja, “bump, lump”)

Lithuanian: gugà (“hump, hill”)

*gewl- (“vessel, cub”)

Proto-Germanic: *kiulijǭ, *kūlǭ (“bump, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

English: kile (“ulcer, sore”)

German: Keule (“club”)

Proto-Germanic: *kūliz (“round vessel, ball, bag, sack”)

*gewlos (“vessel, bowl”)

Proto-Germanic: *keulaz (“ship”) (see there for further descendants)

*gewp- ~ *gup- (“round object, knoll; cavity”)

Proto-Albanian: *gāupā

Albanian: gop

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gjaupāˀ

>? Proto-Slavic: *župa (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: γῡ́πη (gū́pē)

Proto-Germanic: *kubô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kubnáz > *kuppaz (“round object, bowl, skull, knoll”) (see there for further descendants)

*gup-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *guptás

Sanskrit: गुप्त (gupta)

*gewt- (“pouch, sack”)

Proto-Germanic: *keudō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kuddô (“bag, pod, sack, purse”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kudilǭ (“cuttlefish, squid, cephalopod”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kweþuz (“belly,stomach, womb”) (via inversion *gewt- > *gʷet-?) (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) *gówr̥ (“curl”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-ro-s (“lock of hair”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gauras

Latvian: gauri pl (“pubes”)

Lithuanian: gauraĩ pl (“curls of hairs”)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *guriti (“to hunch, to bow”) (possibly)

Proto-Germanic:

Norwegian: kaure (“curly lock of hair”)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *gow-no-s (“furry, shaggy”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gawnám (“fur”)

→ Proto-Slavic: *guna, *guňa (“coat, rag”) (could also be native)

→ Byzantine Greek: γούνα (goúna, “fur, fur garment”)

→ Latin: gunna (see there for further descendants)

*gu-r-nos (“back”)

Old Armenian: կուռն (kuṙn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gur̃nas (“ankle, hip, bone”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կոր (kor, “curved, crooked”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Proto-Slavic: *guja (“serpent”) (see there for further descendants)

Germanic:

q

Proto-Germanic: *gut- (“gut, entrail, intestine”) (perhaps via archaic phonology, as *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”) doesn't make much sense)

English: gut

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γυρός (gurós, “round”)

desc

Ancient Greek: γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”) (substantivized)

→ Latin: gyrus (see there for further descendants)


ḳar-

⇒ Old Georgian: კრვა (ḳrva, “binding, tying up”), ⇒ შე-ვ-კარ (še-v-ḳar, “I joined”), კერ-ვ-ა (ḳer-v-a, “sewing”)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ო-კორ-უ (o-ǩor-u, “to bind”), კორ-უმ-ს (ǩor-um-s)

⇒ Mingrelian: კირ-უ-ა (ḳir-u-a), კჷრ-უ-ა (ḳər-u-a, “to bind”)

→ Old Armenian: կարեմ (karem)

From Proto-Kartvelian *ḳar- (“to bind”). The root meaning "to strike, beat" probably developed from the basic meaning via wrestling. Both senses are found in the Armenian loanword կռուիմ (kṙuim). For the sense development compare dialectal Armenian կպնել (kpnel, “to stick to, to touch; to wrestle”).


ḳar-

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: კრვა (ḳrva, “striking, beating”), და-ვ-კარ-ი (da-v-ḳar-i, “[I] strike”)
Georgian: კრვა (ḳrva)
→ Old Armenian: կռուիմ (kṙuim), կռուեմ (kṙuem), ⇒ կռիւ (kṙiw)
Armenian: կռվել (kṙvel)
Armenian: կռիվ (kṙiv)
→ Georgian: კრივი (ḳrivi)

Zan:

Laz:

desc

⇒ ონკორუ (onǩoru, “striking, beating”), ვ-კირ-უფ (v-ǩir-up, “[I] strike”)

⇒? ონკორუ (onǩoru, “rumination”)

Mingrelian:

⇒ გინოკირაფა (ginoḳirapa, “kicking, punching, striking a blow”)

⇒? ნკორუა (nḳorua, “rumination”)


ḳel-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: კლებაჲ (ḳlebay, “decline, decrease (in numbers)”), დაკლებაჲ (daḳlebay, “depriving, losing, loss”), მაკლს (maḳls, “[I] lack”)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: დორკინუ (dorǩinu, “decline, decrease”)

⇒ Mingrelian: დორკაფა (dorḳapa, “depriving, losing, loss”)

⇒ Svan: ლიკლი (liḳli, “depriving, losing, loss”), ხოკლი (xoḳli, “[he, she, it] lacks (something)”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *m-ḳl-e- (“deprived, lacking, short”)
Old Georgian: მოკლჱ (moḳlē, “short”)
Georgian: მოკლე (moḳle), მკლე (mḳle) — Khevsureti
Zan:
Laz: მკულე (mǩule, “short”)
⇒ Mingrelian: ხე-კულე (xe-ḳule, “deprived of hand(s)”)


ḳel-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: კელობაჲ (ḳelobay, “limping”), მკელობელი (mḳelobeli, “lame”), მკელობრებაჲ (mḳelobrebay, “lameness”)

Zan: *ḳal-

→? Old Armenian: կաղ (kał)

⇒ Svan: მჷკლი (məḳli, “lame, limping”), იკლი (iḳli, “[he, she, it] limps”), ლა̈ჲკილა (läyḳila, “[he, she, it] limped”)


ḳel-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: დაკელვა (daḳelva, “to press, twist together”)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: დონკალუა (donḳalua, “stuffing, cramming full”)

⇒ Svan: ხენკე̄ლი (xenḳēli, “[it's] stuck, crammed, imprisoned”), ხენკლი (xenḳli)


ת־ו־ך

Related to centrality, middleness, betweenness.


ר־ח־ב

head

ר־ח־ב • (r-ḥ-b)


ר־ג־ש

ר־ג־שׁ • (r-g-š)

ר־ג־ש ׁ (canonical)
r-g-š (romanization)

Related to excitation, feeling, perception.


ע־ש־ר

ע־שׂ־ר • (ʿ-ś-r)


ע־ש־ר

ע־שׁ־ר • (ʿ-š-r)


ש־מ־ע

שׁ־מ־ע • (š-m-ʿ)

Related to meaning, significance, understanding.


ק־ד־ש

ק־ד־שׁ • (q-d-š)

ק־ד־ש ׁ (canonical)
q-d-š (romanization)

Related to holiness, sanctity, sacredness.


ת־ק־ן

Related to straightness, rightness, being repaired.


-YOOD

Proto-Athabaskan *ghʸuʼd (“chase, drive”)


ء م م

Derived from أُمّ (ʔumm, “mother”).
Compare Hebrew א־מ־ם.

related to preceding, leading, or heading in a direction

إِمَّة

state, condition, form; imitation of an example

أَمِيم

having suffered a percussion on the head; stone by which someone has been hit on the head

أَمِيمَة

stone by which someone is hit on the head

إِمَامَة

Form I: أَمَّ (ʔamma, “to lead, to direct, to betake, to repair to”); Verbal noun

آمّ

Form I: أَمَّ (ʔamma, “to lead, to direct, to betake, to repair to”); Active participle

أُمُومَة

Form I: أَمَّ (ʔamma, “to become mother”); Verbal noun

آمّ

Form I: أَمَّ (ʔamma, “to become mother”); Active participle

تَأْمِيم

Form II: أَمَّمَ (ʔammama, “to nationalize”); Verbal noun

مُؤَمِّم

Form II: أَمَّمَ (ʔammama, “to nationalize”); Active participle

تَأَمُّم

Form V: تَأَمَّمَ (taʔammama, “to pop over, to repair to”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَمِّم

Form V: تَأَمَّمَ (taʔammama, “to pop over, to repair to”); Active participle

اِئْتِمَام

Form VIII: اِئْتَمَّ (iʔtamma, “to imitate, to follow the model of”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَمّ

Form VIII: اِئْتَمَّ (iʔtamma, “to imitate, to follow the model of”); Active participle


bâl-

Omotic:

Bench: bal

Proto-Semitic: *ball-

Arabic: ب ل ل (b l l)


ruk-

Proto-Cushitic: *ruk- (“to turn”)

Somali: ruug (“kneecap”)

Egyptian: rkrk (“to creep”)

Proto-Semitic: *rkb-

Arabic: ركبة (“knee”)


dûm-

Cushitic:

Somali: dundun (“argument”)

desc

Egyptian: dm (“to proclaim, to name, to mention”)

Proto-Semitic: *damdam-

Arabic: د م د م (d m d m)


dâb-

Proto-Cushitic: *dab-/*dib-

Somali: dabar (“back”)

Omotic:

Bench: dab (“to follow”)

Proto-Semitic: *dbr-

Arabic: د ب ر (d b r)


dăr-

Cushitic:

Somali: dar (“to add”)

Omotic:

Bench: dorg (“fat, strong”)

Proto-Semitic:

Arabic: د ر ر (d r r)

Old South Arabian: 𐩵 𐩧 𐩧 (d r r)


ruub-

Cushitic:

Afar: ruub (“to send”)

Egyptian: nb (“master, lord”)

Proto-Semitic: *rabb-

Arabic: ر ب ب (r b b)


د ر ر

دَارّ

Form I: دَرَّ (darra, “to flow copiously; to be abundant”); Active participle


د م د م

دَمْدَمَة

Form Iq: دَمْدَمَ (damdama, “to speak angrily; to mutter”); Verbal noun

مُدَمْدِم

Form Iq: دَمْدَمَ (damdama, “to speak angrily; to mutter”); Active participle


ر ب ب

From Proto-Semitic *rabb-, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ruub-.

رَابّ

Form I: رَبَّ (rabba, “to be master, to have authority over, to grow”); Active participle

تَرْبِيب

Form II: رَبَّبَ (rabbaba, “to foster, to idolize”); Verbal noun

مُرَبِّب

Form II: رَبَّبَ (rabbaba, “to foster, to idolize”); Active participle


ب ل ل

From Proto-Afroasiatic *bâl-, cognate with Bench bal (“menses”).

بَالّ

Form I: بَلَّ (balla, “to moisten, wet”); Active participle

تَبْلِيل

Form II: بَلَّلَ (ballala, “to moisten, wet”); Verbal noun

مُبَلِّل

Form II: بَلَّلَ (ballala, “to moisten, wet”); Active participle

تَبَلُّل

Form V: تَبَلَّلَ (taballala); Verbal noun

مُتَبَلِّل

Form V: تَبَلَّلَ (taballala); Active participle

اِنْبِلَال

Form VII: اِنْبَلَّ (inballa); Verbal noun

مُنْبَلّ

Form VII: اِنْبَلَّ (inballa); Active participle

اِبْتِلَال

Form VIII: اِبْتَلَّ (ibtalla); Verbal noun

مُبْتَلّ

Form VIII: اِبْتَلَّ (ibtalla); Active participle


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: კეცავს (ḳecavs), შეკიცვაჲ (šeḳicvay), კეცა (ḳeca), ორკეცი (orḳeci)

Georgian: კეცავს (ḳecavs)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: კიჩუა (ḳičua), კჷჩუა (ḳəčua)

⇒ Svan: იკჩე (iḳče), იკიჩი (iḳiči)

Unsorted borrowings

→ Old Armenian: կից- (kicʻ-)


bandɣ-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: (Guria, Imereti) ბანდღი (bandɣi, “spiderweb”), ბანდღვა (bandɣva, “web spinning”), (Racha) ფანთხი (pantxi, “spiderweb”)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ბონდღი (bondɣi, “spiderweb”), ბონდღუა (bondɣua, “web spinning, sew basting”)

>? Svan: ფა̈̄ნთხ (pǟntx, “spiderweb”) (or borrowed from Racha Georgian)


band-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: ბანდვა (bandva, “to strap up a shoe”), გაბანდვა (gabandva, “to plait, interlace”), ბანდული (banduli, “bast shoe, boot”)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ბონდი (bondi, “plaited, braided; wattled suspended bridge”), ბონდილი (bondili, “net”)

⇒ Svan: ლიბა̄ნდე (libānde, “to patch up, darn, mend”), ლჷბა̄ნდე (ləbānde, “patched up”)


ṭanṭal-

მიტონტმანება

მი-ტონტ-მან-ება

⇒ Old Georgian: მი-ტონტ-მან-ება (mi-ṭonṭ-man-eba)

Georgian: ტანტალი (ṭanṭali), ტანტალებს (ṭanṭalebs)

→ Mingrelian: ტანტალი (ṭanṭali)

→⇒? Svan: ლიტჷრტა̄ნ (liṭərṭān)

→⇒? Svan: ლიტჷრტა̄ნ (liṭərṭān)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ტინტოლი (ṭinṭoli)

Has been compared to Old Armenian դանդաղիմ (dandałim).


ḳod-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Old Georgian:

⇒ Old Georgian: კოდვაჲ (ḳodvay, “to hew, cut, castrate, wound”)

Georgian: კოდვა (ḳodva)

Georgian: კოდი (ḳodi, “wooden vessel”) (see there for further descendants)

Zan:

Laz: კოდი (ǩodi, “wooden vessel”)

Mingrelian: კოდი (ḳodi, “wooden vessel”)

⇒ Svan: კუ̂ადა̈ლ (ḳûadäl, “rod, cane, stick, whip ← *cut, chopped off”), კუ̂ედ (ḳûed, “wooden vessel”)

Unsorted borrowings

→ Svan: კუ̂იდო̄ლ (ḳûidōl, “wooden vessel”)

Proto-Georgian-Zan: *ḳod-(al-?) (“woodpecker”)

⇒ Georgian: კოდალა (ḳodala)

Zan: *ḳud-

Laz: მკუდი (mǩudi)

⇒ Mingrelian: კიდუ (ḳidu, “woodpecker”), კიდუა (ḳidua, “to hew, cut, castrate, wound; to partition”)


tewH-

Proto-Italic: *toweōr

Latin: tueor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *towto- (“left, north”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”)

>? Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: *tāwa/i (“eye”)

>? Proto-Indo-European: *tews- (see there for further descendants)


bɣwer-

⇒ Georgian: ბღვერა (bɣvera)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ღვირინუა (ɣvirinua), ნდღვირინი (ndɣvirini)


م ر س

Probably from reanalysis of a one or more preformant derivations of ر س و (r-s-w), and some ideas may be derived from مَرَسَة (marasa, “rope, hawser”).

مَرْس

Form I: مَرَسَ (marasa, “to steep, to soak, to macerate”); Verbal noun

مَارِس

Form I: مَرَسَ (marasa, “to steep, to soak, to macerate”); Active participle

تَمَرُّس

Form V: تَمَرَّسَ (tamarrasa, “to rub; to have trouble or deal with; to pursue, to practice, to work in”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَرِّس

Form V: تَمَرَّسَ (tamarrasa, “to rub; to have trouble or deal with; to pursue, to practice, to work in”); Active participle

مُمَارَسَة

Form III: مَارَسَ (mārasa, “to practice”); Verbal noun

مُمَارِس

Form III: مَارَسَ (mārasa, “to practice”); Active participle

تَمَارُس

Form VI: تَمَارَسَ (tamārasa, “to struggle against each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَارِس

Form VI: تَمَارَسَ (tamārasa, “to struggle against each other”); Active participle


xanč̣-

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ხონჭკუა (xonč̣ḳua), ხონჭკება (xonč̣ḳeba)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *xanč̣-el- (“(semi) ripe”)
Georgian: *ხანჭელი (*xanč̣eli)
→ Laz: ხანჭელი (xanç̌eli, “semi ripe”), ხანჭენი (xanç̌eni)
Zan:
Laz: ხონჭკალი (xonç̌ǩali, “ripe”)
Mingrelian: ხონჭკა (xonč̣ḳa, “semi ripe”)
→ Georgian: ხონჭკა (xonč̣ḳa) — Guria, Imereti


⇒ Old Georgian: ბრძანებაჲ (brʒanebay)

Georgian: ბრძანება (brʒaneba)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ობურჯუ (oburcu)


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Old Georgian: ბრძ-ოლ-ა-ჲ (brʒ-ol-a-y)
Georgian: ბრძოლა (brʒola)

Georgian: ი-ბრძ-ვ-ი-ს (i-brʒ-v-i-s)

Zan:

desc

Mingrelian: ბურჯ-აფ-ი (burǯ-ap-i), ი-ბურჯ-ან-ს (i-burǯ-an-s)

ლი-ბურჯ-იე̄ლ

ხ-ე-ბურჯ-იე̄ლ

Svan: ლი-ბურჯ-იე̄ლ (li-burǯ-iēl), ხ-ე-ბურჯ-იე̄ლ (x-e-burǯ-iēl)


swergʰ-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svorga (“bane, infelicity, severity”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sir̃gti

Latvian: sìrgt

Proto-Germanic: *surgō (“worry, care, sorrow”)


가불

가불거리다 가불거리다#Korean

가불대다 가불대다#Korean

Root of 가불거리다 (gabulgeorida) / 가불대다 (gabuldaeda). Rarely used alone.


kel-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कलयति (kalayati, “to drive, impel”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: kelti (“to drive animals”)

Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, keep”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: hallita

→ Estonian: haldama

Proto-Hellenic: *kelomai < *kel-etor

Ancient Greek: κέλομαι (kélomai)

Proto-Hellenic: *keľľō < *kel-yeti

Ancient Greek: κέλλω (kéllō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: celer (“swift, fast”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: käl-


영리

영리하다 영리하다#怜悧

Root of 영리하다 (yeongnihada). Rarely used alone.


자욱

자욱하다 자욱하다#Korean

Root of 자욱하다 (jaukhada). Rarely used alone.


pekw-

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *pkw-il- (“flour”)
Old Georgian: ფქვილი (pkvili)
Georgian: ფქვილი (pkvili)
Zan:
Laz: მქვერი (mkveri), მქირი (mkiri), მქიი (mkii), მქიჲი (mkiyi), მქვირი (mkviri), ქირი (kiri) — Khopa–Batumi, Chkhala
Mingrelian: ქვირი (kviri), ქირი (kiri)
→⇒? Svan: ლე-ქუ̂ერ (le-kûer, “mill”)

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: ფქვა (pkva, “to grind, mill”), მფქველი (mpkveli, “millstone, grinder, miller”)

Zan:

desc

ო-მქ-უ, ო-მქვინ-უ

⇒ Laz: ო-მქ-უ, ო-მქვინ-უ (o-mk-u, o-mkvin-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ქუალა (kuala, “to grind, mill”)

Svan: ფექ (pek, “flour”), ⇒ ლაფა̈ქ (lapäk, “flour chest”)


ɣob-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ღობჱ (ɣobē, “fence”)
Georgian: ღობე (ɣobe)
→ Armenian: ղոբի (ġobi)
→ Bats: ღობ (ɣob)

desc

⇒ Georgian: ღობვა (ɣobva, “to fence, enclose, (Guria) to plait”)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ღობერი (ğoberi, “fence”), ოღობუ (oğobu, “to fence, enclose, weave, plait”)

⇒ Mingrelian: ღობერი (ɣoberi, “fence”), ღობუა (ɣobua, “to fence, enclose, weave, plait”)

→ Georgian: ღობერი (ɣoberi, “fence”) (Guria)

⇒ Svan: ღუ̂ებ (ɣûeb, “beehive; wooden trough, tub”), ღობ (ɣob)


ܚ ܫ ܒ

head

ܚ ܫ ܒ • (ḥ š b)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ح س ب (ḥ s b), Hebrew ח־שׁ־ב (kh-sh-v).

ܡܸܬܚܲܫܒ݂ܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ

mitḥašḇānūtā

ܚܫܵܒ݂ܬܵܐ

ܚܵܫܹܒ݂ (ḥāšēḇ, “to think”); Instance noun

ܡܲܚܫܲܒ݂ܬܵܐ

ܡܲܚܫܸܒ݂ (maḥšiḇ, “to account, to cause to think”); Verbal noun

ܚܲܫܒܲܢܬܵܐ

ܚܲܫܒܸܢ (ḥašbin, “to calculate”); Verbal noun


진정

[t͡ɕiɲd͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]

진정하다 진정하다#眞正

Root of 진정하다 (jinjeonghada, “to be true, to be genuine”). Rarely used alone.


(s)gʷes-

*(s)gʷés-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰásyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ásyati

desc

Sanskrit: जस्यति (jásyati, “to be exhausted”)

*(s)gʷés-t ~ *(s)gʷₑs-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σβέσαι (sbésai), σβέσσαι (sbéssai)

⇒ Ancient Greek: σβέννυμι (sbénnumi, “to quench, extinguish”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰast

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: दसत् (dasat, “to be languished”, 3sg.aor.inj.) (thematicised)

Proto-Tocharian: *käs- (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷos-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰāsáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́āsáyati

Sanskrit: जासयति (jāsayati, “to exhaust”)

*(s)gʷṓs-ye-ti (lengthened causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gōsīˀtei

Latvian: dzēst

Lithuanian: gesýti

Proto-Slavic: *gasiti (“to extinguish”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)gʷés-ti-s ~ *(s)gʷs-téys

Proto-Germanic: *kwistiz (“damage, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: dzist (“to be extinguished”)

Lithuanian: gesti (“to be extinguished”)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷeh₂-</i> (“to go”)

Proto-Celtic: *bāstom (“death”) (or from *gʷeh₂- (“to go”))

Middle Irish: bás

Irish: bás

Manx: baase

Scottish Gaelic: bàs


ܟ ܢ ܫ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ك ن س (k n s), Hebrew כ־נ־ס (k-n-s).

ܟܘܼܢܵܫ ܓܵܙܪܵܬܹ̈ܐ

kūnāš gāzrātē

forming words pertaining to gathering, assembling, collecting


kart-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: ქართლი (kartli, “Kartli”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Svan: ქა̈რთ (kärt, “Tbilisi, eastern Georgia”), მჷქა̈რთ (məkärt, “eastern Georgian (person)”), ლჷქა̈რთუ (ləkärtu, “eastern Georgian (of non-humans)”)

Unsorted borrowings

→⇒? Laz: ოქართალუ (okartalu, “to be polite, act well ← *to be a townsman (to be civilized)?”)

→⇒ Mingrelian: ქართი (karti, “Tbilisi”), ქართალი (kartali, “Tbilisian (person), townsman”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *kart(w)-el- (“Georgian (person)”)

⇒ Old Georgian: ქართველი (kartveli, “Georgian”), საქართველო (sakartvelo, “Georgia”) (see there for further descendants)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ქორთუ (kortu, “Georgian”), ქორთო (korto), ქორთოლონა (kortolona, “Georgia”), (ო)ქორთურა ((o)kortura), ოქორთუე (okortue)

⇒ Mingrelian: ქორთუ (kortu, “Georgian”), საქორთუო (sakortuo, “Georgia”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Georgian-Zan: *kart-ul- (“Georgian (of non-humans)”)

Old Georgian: ქართული (kartuli) (see there for further descendants)

Zan:

Laz: ქორთული (kortuli)

Mingrelian: ქორთული (kortuli)


⇒ Old Georgian: წუიმს (c̣uims)

Old Georgian: წვიმს (c̣vims)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: მჭიმს (mç̌ims)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭვინს (č̣vins)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *c̣₁wim-a- (“rain”)

desctree

Old Georgian: წჳმაჲ (c̣wimay), წუმაჲ (c̣umay)
Georgian: წვიმა (c̣vima)

Zan:

desc

Laz: ჭიმა (ç̌ima), მჭვიმა (mç̌vima), ჭვიმა (ç̌vima), მჭიმა (mç̌ima)

Mingrelian: ჭვიმა (č̣vima), ჭვემა (č̣vema)


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Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éiˀwāˀ

East Baltic:

Latvian: iẽva (“bird cherry”)

Lithuanian: ievà (“bird cherry”); jievà, íeva (dialectal)

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: iuwis (“yew”)

Proto-Slavic: *jь̀va (“willow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *īwō

Proto-Germanic: *īhwaz, *īgwō, *īwaz (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *iwos, *īwos (“yew”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *oiwa

Ancient Greek: ὄᾱ (óā), ὄη (óē, “service tree”), οἴη (oíē)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ūva (“bunch of grapes; raisins”)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: *այգ (*ayg, “grapes, vine”)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: այգի (aygi, “grapevine; vineyard”)
Armenian: այգի (aygi)
→ Arabic: أَيْك (ʔayk)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (GIŠ-e(y)a(n)-, “yew (?)”)


א־ל־ף

head

א־ל־ף • (ʾ-l-p)

Cognate with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܝ-ܠ-ܦ (y-l-p).


ܝ ܠ ܦ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew א־ל־ף (ʾ-l-p).

forming words pertaining to learning, teaching

ܝܠܵܦܬܵܐ

ܝܵܠܸܦ (yālip, “to learn”); Instance Noun

ܝܠܝܼܦܵܐ

ܝܵܠܸܦ (yālip, “to learn”); Past Participle

ܡܘܼܠܦܵܐ

ܡܲܠܸܦ (mallip, “to teach”); Past Participle

ܡܲܠܦܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ

Active Noun: ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ (malpānā, “teacher”)

ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܵܐ

ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܐ (yulpānā, “education, science”)


grʒ-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: განგრძობაჲ (gangrʒobay, “to continue, prolong”)

Georgian: განგრძობა (gangrʒoba)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოგინძანუ (oginżanu, “to lengthen, continue”)

⇒ Mingrelian: გინძარება (ginʒareba, “to lengthen, continue”), გინძორება (ginʒoreba)

⇒ Svan: ლიგძჷნე (ligʒəne, “to stretch, pull”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *grʒ-el- (“long, high”)
Old Georgian: გრძელი (grʒeli)
Georgian: გრძელი (grʒeli)
⇒ Old Georgian: სიგრძჱ (sigrʒē, “length”), სიგრძოჲ (sigrʒoy)
Georgian: სიგრძე (sigrʒe)
Zan:
Laz: გუნძე (gunże)
Mingrelian: გინძე (ginʒe), გჷნძე (gənʒe), გირძე (girʒe), გჷძე (gəʒe), გიძე (giʒe)


maɣ-

*maɣ-l

Northern Yukaghir: маҕил (mahil)

Southern Yukaghir: маҕил (mahil)


𐬔𐬀𐬨

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gam-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-. Cognate with Persian گام (gâm).


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Georgian: მძუვნობა (mʒuvnoba), მძუნაობა (mʒunaoba)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: მე-ნჟულ-უ, მე-ჟუნდ-უ, მე-ნჯუდ-უ, მე-ჯუნდ-უ (me-njul-u, me-jund-u, me-ncud-u, me-cund-u, “kiss”)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჯუნა (ǯuna, “kiss”), ჯუნაფა (ǯunapa) — Zugdidi–Samurzakano, ჯუდა (ǯuda), ჯვიდა (ǯvida) — Senaki

⇒ Svan: ლიჯუ̂ა̈ნი (liǯûäni)

⇒ Svan: ლიჯუ̂ა̈ნი (liǯûäni)


공활

공활하다 공활하다#Korean

Root of 공활하다 (gonghwalhada, “(of the sky) empty, high and clear”). Rarely used alone.


공활

공활하다 공활하다#Korean

Root of 공활하다 (gonghwalhada, “spacious, broad, wide, empty, clear”). Rarely used alone.


𐬛𐬁

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-.Cognate with Sanskrit दा (dā).


c̣on-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: წონა (c̣ona)

desctree

Georgian: წონა (c̣ona)
→ Bats: წონ (c̣on)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოწონუ (oǯonu), წონუმს (ǯonums)

desc

⇒ Mingrelian: წონუა (c̣onua), წონუნს (c̣onuns)

⇒ Svan: წჷნ (c̣ən), ლიწნი (lic̣ni), ლიწუ̂ნე (lic̣ûne), ონწონ (onc̣on)

Unsorted borrowings

→⇒? Old Armenian: ծանր (canr)


raṭq̇-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: შეირტყა (šeirṭq̇a), სარტყელი (sarṭq̇eli), ცისარტყელა (cisarṭq̇ela)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: გოტკუ (goťǩu), ოტკაფუ (oťǩapu), ცაშოტკაპუ (ʒaşoťǩap̌u)

⇒ Mingrelian: რტყაფა (rṭq̇apa), ორტყაფუ (orṭq̇apu), ცაშორტყაფუ (cašorṭq̇apu)

დეცა̈ლა̈̄რტყ

⇒ Svan: ლა̈რტყ (lärṭq̇), ლა̄რტყა (lārṭq̇a), დეცა̈ლა̈̄რტყ (decälǟrṭq̇)


خ ب ز

خَبْز

Form I: خَبَزَ (ḵabaza, “to bake”); Verbal noun

خَابِز

Form I: خَبَزَ (ḵabaza, “to bake”); Active participle

تَخْبِيز

Form II: خَبَّزَ (ḵabbaza, “to breadify”); Verbal noun

مُخَبِّز

Form II: خَبَّزَ (ḵabbaza, “to breadify”); Active participle

اِخْتِبَاز

Form VIII: اِخْتَبَزَ (iḵtabaza, “to bake”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَبِز

Form VIII: اِخْتَبَزَ (iḵtabaza, “to bake”); Active participle


ṗrṭq̇-

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *brṭq̇-el- (“flat”)
Old Georgian: ბრტყელი (brṭq̇eli), ტრყპელი (ṭrq̇ṗeli), ⇒ სიბრტყე (sibrṭq̇e)
Georgian: ბრტყელი (brṭq̇eli), პრტყელი (ṗrṭq̇eli), პტყელი (ṗṭq̇eli), ტყრპელი (ṭq̇rṗeli), ტყელ (ṭq̇el) — Ingilo, მტყელი (mṭq̇eli) — Lechkhumi, Khevsureti, ტყეილი (ṭq̇eili) — Fereydan
→ Svan: ტყელ (ṭq̇el)
Zan:
Mingrelian: ბირტყა (birṭq̇a), ⇒ ლაპარტყია (laṗarṭq̇ia)

desc

⇒? Svan: ლიპტყჷნე (liṗṭq̇əne), აპტყჷნე (aṗṭq̇əne)


desctree

Old Georgian: ფიცი (pici), ⇒ ფუცვა (pucva)
Georgian: ფიცი (pici)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოფუჩუ (opuçu), ოფურჩუ (opurçu)

desc

Mingrelian: ფუჩი (puči), ⇒ ფუჩაფა (pučapa)


pet-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: ფთილა (ptila, “carded wool”), ფრთილა (prtila)

⇒ Svan: ლიფთი (lipti, “carding of wool”), ლიფეთე (lipete), ა̈ფთი (äpti, “cards wool”), ლა̈ფთი̄რ (läptīr, “card for disentagling the fibres of wool”), ლაფეთირ (lapetir)


반듯

반듯하다 반듯하다#Korean

Root of 반듯이 (bandeusi) / 반듯하다 (bandeuthada). Rarely used alone.


bɣaw-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: ბღავილი (bɣavili), ბღავის (bɣavis)

Zan:

⇒? Laz: ბღორინი (bğorini), ომღორუ (omğoru)

→ Georgian: ბღორინი (bɣorini) — Adjara, Chveneburi, Guria, Imereti

⇒ Svan: ლიბღუ̄ლი (libɣūli)


č̣ed-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ჭედვა (č̣edva), ჭედავს (č̣edavs)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: ჭკადუმს (ç̌ǩadums)

⇒ Laz: ჭკადუმს (ç̌ǩadums)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭკადუა (č̣ḳadua), ჭკადუნს (č̣ḳaduns)

⇒ Svan: ლიშკა̈̄დი (lišḳǟdi), აშკა̈̄დი (ašḳǟdi), მჷშკა̈̄დი (məšḳǟdi)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Kartvelian: *m-č̣ed-el- (“smith, blacksmith”)
Proto-Georgian-Zan:
Old Georgian: მჭედელი (mč̣edeli)
Georgian: მჭედელი (mč̣edeli) (see there for further descendants)
Zan:
Laz: მჭკადუ (mç̌ǩadu)
Mingrelian: ჭკადუ (č̣ḳadu)
Svan: მჷშკიდ (məšḳid)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *č̣ed-il- (“forged, wrought”)


c̣₁ac̣₁-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Georgian: წაწალი (c̣ac̣ali), წაწლობა (c̣ac̣loba)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ჭოჭოლი (ç̌oç̌oli, “young girl / boy”)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭუჭუა (č̣uč̣ua, “to kiss (typically of small things)”)

⇒ Svan: ლიჭა̈̄ჭი (lič̣ǟč̣i), ჭა̈̄ჭი̄ლარ pl (č̣ǟč̣īlar)


*kwáth₂-e-ti (“to bubble, foam”, thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwátʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwátʰati

Sanskrit: (Vedic) क्वथन्त् (kváthant-), (Classical) क्वथते (kváthate)

*kwoth₂-éye-ti (“to let bubble”, causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kwātʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kwātʰáyati

Sanskrit: क्वाथयति (kvātháyati)

Proto-Germanic: *hwaþjaną

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ƕaþjan, “to foam”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷotamós (“river”)

Ancient Greek: ποταμός (potamós)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷētʰus (sea goddess)

Ancient Greek: Τηθῡ́ς (Tēthū́s)

>? Ancient Greek: τήθεα (tḗthea, “sea squirt”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *kvȃsъ (“leaven, fermented drink”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Latin: cāseus (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źjáuˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-West Germanic: *kauā (“jaw”)

Middle English: *chawe

English: chawe (“jaw”), chaw (“jaw”) (en, obsolete)

Middle English: jawe, jowe, geowe (enm, alteration)

English: jaw

Middle Dutch: kauwe (“fish jaw”), kouwe (“mouth cavity”)

German: Käu, Keu (“jaw, donkey jowl”) (de, dialectal)

Proto-Slavic: *žuka

Italic:

Latin: gingīva

Proto-Slavic: *žuti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kewwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰyawH-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywtn’ /jūdan/)

Persian: جویدن (“to chew”)

Pashto: ژول (žovạl, “to gnaw”)

Baluchi: جایگ (jáyag)

Parthian:

Northern Kurdish: cûtin (“to chew”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: śuwaṃ (“to eat”)


kʷem-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čam-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *čam-

Sanskrit: चम् (cam)


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: ტისნა (ṭisna), ტიზვნა (ṭizvna)

Zan:

ო-ტიშინ-უ, ო-ტიშონ-უ

⇒ Laz: ო-ტიშინ-უ, ო-ტიშონ-უ (o-ťişin-u, o-ťişon-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ტიშონუა (ṭišonua)

or derived from <i class="Geor mention" lang="sva">ტიშ</i> (ṭiš)

⇒? Svan: ატშულე (aṭšule), იტშულა̄ლ (iṭšulāl) (or derived from ტიშ (ṭiš))

Related to/from Proto-Kartvelian *ṭilʿ- (“louse”).


अट्

A later form of the Vedic root अत् (at, “to go constantly, walk, run”). अण्ठ् is a Buddhist-preferred variant of अट्.

(frequently used of religious mendicants) to roam, wander about

अटन

roaming about, act or habit of wandering about

अटाय

to enter upon a roaming life, become a religious mendicant

अट्या

roaming about, one of the ten faults resulting from an excessive fondness for pleasure


*h₂élgʷʰ-e-ti (root thematic)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárǰʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *algā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ἀλφή (alphḗ)


अर्थ्

head

अर्थ् • (arth)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ert-.

अत्यर्थ

beyond the proper worth: exorbitant, excessive

अन्वर्थ

following in meaning; intelligible, clear

अर्थ

cause, motive, reason; advantage, utility; thing, object; substance, wealth; etc

अर्थघ्न

destroying advantage, causing loss or damage

अर्थचर्या

doing business, promoting another's affais

अर्थतस्

in fact, really, truly; for the profit of

अर्थद

conferring advantage, profitable, munificent

अर्थदान

donation of money, present; a present given with a (selfish) purpose

अर्थबन्ध

a word or sentence (binding the sense together)

अर्थमात्र

property, money; being only the matter itself

अर्थहीन

deprived of wealth, poor; meaningless, nonsensical

अर्थात्

according to the sense, that is to say, as a matter of fact

गुर्वर्थ

deep meaning, important; anything related to one's guru

गुर्वर्थम्

for or on account of one's guru; for one's parents

व्यर्थ

useless, unprofitable, vain, unavailing; devoid of property or money; unmeaning, inconsistent

समर्थ

connected in se+nse, having a similar object; ability


ʒ₁iʒ₁g-

desc

⇒ Georgian: ძიძგილი (ʒiʒgili), ძიძგილაობა (ʒiʒgilaoba)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოჯიჯგილუ (ocicgilu)


ʒgib-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: გაძგიბვა (gaʒgibva) — Meskheti

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოძგიფუ (ożgipu), ძგიფერი (żgiperi)

⇒ Svan: აბძგე (abʒge)


č̣am-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ჭამა (č̣ama), ჭამს (č̣ams)
Georgian: ჭამა (č̣ama)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: ოჭკომუ (oç̌ǩomu), ოშკომუ (oşǩomu)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭკომუა (č̣ḳomua), ჭკუმუა (č̣ḳumua), ჭკუნს (č̣ḳuns)

⇒ Svan: აჭკჷმე (ač̣ḳəme)

⇒ Svan: აჭკჷმე (ač̣ḳəme)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *lʿa-č̣m-el- (“food”)


krews-

*krustós (“hardened”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic:

Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)

>? Proto-Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)
Belarusian: кры́га (krýha)
→ Polish: kryha
Carpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
Ukrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
→ Slovak: kryha
→ Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa

Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to thicken, make hard”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)

Tocharian A: kᵤraś

Tocharian B: krośce

be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка


अधी

head

अधी • (adhī́)

sa-root

अधी • (adhī́)

to turn the mind towards, observe, understand

to go over, study, to learn from (a teacher's mouth)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harč-

Sanskrit: अर्च् (arc)

Sanskrit: ऋच् (ŕc)

Old Armenian: երգ (erg, “sing”)

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (ārku-ᶻⁱ, “to sing”)

Proto-Celtic: *erkw-

Old Irish: erc (“sky, heaven”)

Proto-Celtic: *su-erkwis

Middle Irish: suairc (“pleasant, beautiful, radiant”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: yärk

Tocharian B: yarke

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Harčati

Sanskrit: अर्चति (arcati)

Khotanese: [script needed] (āljis)

Hittite: [script needed] (arkuwanzi)


*ḱeh₁s-ti (athematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáHsti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaHstram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaHstram

Sanskrit: शास्त्र (śāstrá, “teaching; order, command; precept, rule”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *käṣṣī (“teacher, master”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *hazjaną

Old Armenian: սաստ (sast)


गद्

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say, speak”). Cognate with English quoth.


शास्

head

शास् • (śās)

sa-root

शास् • (śās)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to teach, indicate; instruct”). Compare Albanian them (“to say”).

शास्त्र

order, command, precept, rule; instruction, teaching


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)taHyúš (“thief”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)taHyúṣ

Sanskrit: स्तायु (stāyu), तायु (tāyu)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬙𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (tāiiu)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *stāyä (“secret”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: táid (“thief”)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τητάω (tētáō, “to deprive”), τηΰσιος (tēǘsios)

Hittite: [script needed] (tāyezzi) [script needed] (tāyazzi, “to steal”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tajiti (“to hide, conceal”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьnъ (“secret”, adjective)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tajьna (“secret”, abstract noun)

ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич


अक्ष्

head

अक्ष् • (akṣ)

sa-root

अक्ष् • (akṣ)


भज्

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”). See also भजति (bhájati) and भग (bhága).

inh

to divide, distribute, allot, apportion, share


कन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH- (“to love, take pleasure in”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kenh₂- (“to be pleased, enjoy”), infixed nasal stem of *keh₂- (“to like, wish”).


*h₁régʷos (nominalization) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *erkent

Tocharian A: arkant

Tocharian B: erkent

*h₁régʷti (athematic root present)

Proto-Slavic: *regti


अम्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃emh₃- (“to seize, take hold; swear”). Cognate with Old Norse ama (“to bother, wound”) and possibly Latin amō (“to love”).


इल्

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elh₂- (“to drive, move, go”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive”), Latin alacer (“lively, active, brisk”), Proto-Germanic *alaną (“to spurn, drive”), *lanō (“lane”)).


ईक्ष्

head

ईक्ष् • (īkṣ)

sa-root

ईक्ष् • (īkṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃i-h₃kʷs, a secondary present formation of *h₃ókʷs (“eye”), the latter whence अक्षि (akṣi, “eye”).

ईक्षेण्य

to be seen, to be beheld; deserving of notice


अव्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewH- (“to help, protect”). Cognate with Latin iuvō (“to help”), Old Irish con·oí (“to protect, preserve”).


आप्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to take, seize”); compare perhaps Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /ʔéptsi/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /pāi/, “gives, hands over, pays”), as well as Latin apīscor (“I try to seize”) and co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”).


ܛ ܫ ܐ

head

ܛ ܫ ܐ • (ṭ-š-ʾ)


अश्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, attain”). Cognate with English enough.

inh

तद॑स्य प्रि॒यम॒भि पाथो॑ अश्यां नरो॒ यत्र॑ देव॒यवो॒ मद॑न्ति।
उ॒रु॒क्र॒मस्य॒ स हि बन्धु॑रि॒त्था विष्णो॑: प॒दे प॑र॒मे मध्व॒ उत्स॑:॥
tádasya priyámabhí pā́tho aśyāṃ naro yátra devayávo mádanti.
urukramásya sá hí bándhuritthā́ víṣṇo: padé paramé mádhva útsa:.

May I attain his favourite path, in which god-seeking men delight; the path of that wide-stepping Viṣṇu, in whose exalted station there is a perpetual flow of felicity; for to such a degree is he the friend of the pious.

अ॒ग्निना॑ र॒यिम्अश्नव॒त्पोष॑मे॒व दि॒वेदि॑वे।
य॒शसं॑ वी॒रव॑त्तमम्॥
agnínā rayímáśnávatpóṣamevá divédive.

Through Agni the worshipper obtains that affluence which increases day by day, which is the source of fame and multiplier of mankind.


अश्

From a putative Proto-Indo-Iranian *HaćH- (“to eat”), with further origin uncertain; compare perhaps Persian آش (âš, “a thick type of soup”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱh₃- (“to eat”), with tentative cognates including Old Norse æja (“to graze, rest and eat”) and agn (“fish bait”), as well as Ancient Greek ἄκολος (ákolos, “morsel”).


उक्ष्

head

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

sa-root

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“wet, moist”).


उक्ष्

head

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

sa-root

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“enlarge, augment”).


कष्

From a colloquial form of the root कृष् (kṛṣ, “to draw, pull, drag”). Pokorny's original derivation from a supposed Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”) (for which he cites Proto-Slavic *korsta (“scab”), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”), and English harsh) is obsolete.


कास्

head

कास् • (kās)

sa-root

कास् • (kās)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Compare कासते (kāsate, “to cough”).
Cognate with Latvian kāss, Russian ка́шель (kášelʹ), Irish casacht, Old English hwōsan.


kʷels-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कृष् (kṛṣ)

*kʷéls-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *kʷélseti

q

Hittite: 𒄢𒀸𒍣 (gul-aš-zi /kʷlStˢi/, “to scratch, carve, engrave”), 𒄢𒊭𒀭𒍣 (gul-ša-an-zi /kʷlSantˢi/, 3pl.pres.act.) (apparently generalized from the weak forms)

desc

⇒ Luwian: [script needed] (*gulza/i-, “engraving”)

→ Hittite: [script needed] (gulzi-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *káršati

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (karšaⁱti)

Persian: کشیدن (kašidan)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárṣati

Sanskrit: कर्षति (karṣati, “draw, pull, drag”)

*kʷéls-o-m

q

otherwise from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷél(h₁)-es-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélson (otherwise from *kʷél(h₁)-es-)

desc

>? Ancient Greek: τέλσον (télson, “end, limit”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian: [script needed] (gulzā(i)-, “to draw”)


क्रन्द्

head

क्रन्द् • (krand)

sa-root

क्रन्द् • (krand)

Backformed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *krándati, from Proto-Indo-European *kléh₁-nd-, from *kelh₁- (“to call, cry, shout”).


कल्

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin celer (“fast”) whence English accelerate, and English hold.


कल्

Of uncertain origin.
Monier-Williams compares the root to Latin calculō (“to calculate”), while Mayrhofer makes no mention of this particular meaning and thus implicitly equates it with Etymology 1.
However, Turner separates this "sound, count" meaning from the above "impel, incite" meaning and derives the former from Dravidian; compare Tamil கல் (kal, “to learn, study”).


क्रुश्

head

क्रुश् • (kruś)

sa-root

क्रुश् • (kruś)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawć- (“to cry, to call out”).


कृष्

head

कृष् • (kṛṣ)

sa-root

कृष् • (kṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷels- (“to pull, drag, turn”).

आकृष्

→ आकर्षित (ākarṣita); आकृष्ट (ākṛṣṭa)

to draw into one’s power, become master of, overpower

to pull to and fro; to cause pain, torture, torment


क्षद्

head

क्षद् • (kṣad)

sa-root

क्षद् • (kṣad)

क्षत्तृ

a carver, one who cuts or carves or divides anything


क्लिद्

head

क्लिद् • (klid)

sa-root

क्लिद् • (klid)


क्वथ्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et- (“to boil, foam”). Cognate with Latvian kūsāt (“to boil”), Old English hwaþerian (“to foam, surge, roar”), Swedish hvå (“foam”), Latin cāseus (“cheese”). See also kvass.


क्षन्

head

क्षन् • (kṣan)

sa-root

क्षन् • (kṣan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱen- (“strike”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτείνω (kteínō, “kill, slay”).


dʰgʷʰer-

Ancient Greek: φθείρω (phtheírō)

Avestan: 𐬖𐬲𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (γžaraⁱti)

desctree

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit: क्षर् (kṣar)
Pali: ghar


क्षर्

head

क्षर् • (kṣar)

sa-root

क्षर् • (kṣar)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-
Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit क्षर् (kṣar)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-.


गर्ह्

head

गर्ह् • (garh)

sa-root

गर्ह् • (garh)


ख्या

head

ख्या • (khyā)

sa-root

ख्या • (khyā)

Phonetic variant of क्शा (kśā), itself a metathesis of काश् (kāś, “to appear”).


ग्रस्

head

ग्रस् • (gras)

sa-root

ग्रस् • (gras)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour”).

der

to swallow, devour, seize with the mouth


क्षिप्

head

क्षिप् • (kṣip)

sa-root

क्षिप् • (kṣip)

From Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to throw”).

inh

to put or place anything on or in, pour on, scatter, fix or attach to

to utter abusive words, insult, revile, abuse

"to disdain", i.e. to excel, beat, outvie

to pass or while away (the time or night)


ग्रन्थ्

head

ग्रन्थ् • (granth)

sa-root

ग्रन्थ् • (granth)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grantH- (“to tie (a knot)”), cognate to Persian گره (gereh, “knot”), with further origin uncertain. The traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gre(n)tH- (“to tie”) (itself a hypothetical extension of Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to twist”)) would make the root cognate with Proto-Germanic *kradô (“wicker basket”), whence English cradle; however, this is not certain, as the Germanic word could very well be of substrate origin instead.

inh

to string together, arrange, connect in a regular series

to string words together, compose (a literary work)


गै

From Proto-Indo-European *geH- (“to sing, cry”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā, “form of strophe, metre, namely the collections of Zarathustra's songs, the Gathas”).


गाह्

head

गाह् • (gāh)

sa-root

गाह् • (gāh)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ- / *gʷʰāh₂ǵʰ- (“to wade”); cognate with Persian آغاز (âğâz, “beginning, start”), Slovene gáziti (“to wade”).

inh

*g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ-

inh+

*g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ-


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

From Proto-Indo-European *tk-éh₂- (“acquisition”), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand; to receive, obtain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”), Persian شاه (šâh, “king, shah”).

cog

to possess, have power over, rule, govern, be master of


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tḱey- (“to settle, dwell”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτίζω (ktízō, “to people; to establish”), English home.


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰi-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to perish, destroy”).


गुप्

head

गुप् • (gup)

sa-root

गुप् • (gup)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws
Proto-Indo-Iranian *gā́wš
Sanskrit गो (go)
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-
Sanskrit पा (pā)
Sanskrit -प (-pa)
Sanskrit गोप (gopa)
Sanskrit गुप् (gup)
Back-formation from गोप (gopa, “protector of cows; protector, guardian”).

जुगुप्सिषते

jugupsiṣate, Desiderative of Desiderative


ग्लै

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH-.

to languid or weary, feel tired or exhausted


gʰrem-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō

Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati

Proto-Iranian: *grámati

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)

*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)

*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati

Proto-Iranian: *grámyati

Sogdian:

Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (ɣryntq /ɣrintē/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)

Middle Persian:

Persian: غرمیدن (ğarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)

Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)

*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)

q

or denominative from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*gramaz</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: grumė́ti

*gʰrem-no-s

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰróm-o-s

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)

An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.


घुष्

head

घुष् • (ghuṣ)

sa-root

घुष् • (ghuṣ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-.


घ्रा

head

घ्रा • (ghrā)

sa-root

घ्रा • (ghrā)

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰʷreh₂, whence Ancient Greek ὀσφραινομαι (osphrainomai, “I smell, perceive”) (compare Greek όσφρηση (ósfrisi, “(sense of) smell”); however, this is controversial.
Alternatively, Seebold compares the root to Old English brǣþ (“smell; steam”), whence English breath.
Another theory compares the root to Latin frōns (“brow, front”); noses are frontal organs responsible for smelling and breathing.


घस्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰas- (“to eat, gorge”), of unknown origin, with numerous unconvincing attempts to connect the root to terms including Latin hostia (“sacrifice”) and Tocharian B kest (“hunger”). Within Iranian, cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵 (gah, “to gorge”), Pashto غاښ (ǧâx̌, “tooth”).


च्युत्

head

च्युत् • (cyut)

sa-root

च्युत् • (cyut)


चेष्ट्

head

चेष्ट् • (ceṣṭ)

sa-root

चेष्ट् • (ceṣṭ)


चिन्त्

head

चिन्त् • (cint)

sa-root

चिन्त् • (cint)

A nasal-infixed variant of चित् (cit); see there for more.


छद्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćad-, related to Prasuni vëzëlë (“goatskin boot, shoe”) (< *upascada), with further origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”); compare English shade and shadow. Compare also Old English hæteru (“clothing”).


चुम्ब्

head

चुम्ब् • (cumb)

sa-root

चुम्ब् • (cumb)

Borrowed from Dravidian. Compare Tamil சூம்பு (cūmpu, “to suck, fondle with the lips”), Kumarbhag Paharia [script needed] (cumqe, “to kiss”).


च्यु

head

च्यु • (cyu)

sa-root

च्यु • (cyu)

From Proto-Indo-European *kyew- (“to set in motion”). Cognate with Old Armenian չու (čʻu, “journey, road”) and չուեմ (čʻuem, “to set out”), whence Armenian չվել (čʻvel, “to migrate (of birds, a group)”), Northern Kurdish çûn (“to go”), Classical Persian شدن (šudan, “to go”), and Ancient Greek σεύω (seúō, “put in quick motion, drive”).

cog

to move to and fro, stir, go away, turn off


जप्

to whisper, mutter, utter in a low voice, especially prayers or incantations


जम्भ्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ- (“to bite”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *zǫ̑bъ (“tooth”) whence Polish ząb, and English comb.


जृम्भ्

head

जृम्भ् • (jṛmbh)

sa-root

जृम्भ् • (jṛmbh)


तक्ष्

head

तक्ष् • (takṣ)

sa-root

तक्ष् • (takṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to create; cut”). Cognate with Latin texō (“weave”) whence English text, textile; Ancient Greek τέχνη (tékhnē) whence English techno-, and Serbo-Croatian те̏сла (tesla, “adze”).

inh

इन्द्र॒ ब्रह्म॑ क्रि॒यमा॑णा जुषस्व॒ या ते॑ शविष्ठ॒ नव्या॒ अक॑र्म ।
वस्त्रे॑व भ॒द्रा सुकृ॑ता वसू॒यू रथं॒ न धीरः॒ स्वपा॑ अतक्षम् ॥
índra bráhma kriyámāṇā juṣasva yā́ te śaviṣṭha návyā ákarma.

O, mighty Indra, accept the prayers which we are about to offer, and the present praises which we repeat; firm, doing pious acts, and desirous of wealth; I have made acceptable and pious works like rich garments, and chariots.

vástreva bhadrā́ súkṛtā vasūyū́ ráthaṃ ná dhī́raḥ svápā atakṣam.

to fashion, form (out of wood etc.), make, create


ܝ ܕ ܐ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew י־ד־ה (y-d-).


जुष्

head

जुष् • (juṣ)

sa-root

जुष् • (juṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to taste, try”). Cognates include Latin gustus, Persian دوست (dust, “friend”), Old English ċēosan (whence English choose).

जुष्ट

juṣṭá or júṣṭa


तुज्

head

तुज् • (tuj)

sa-root

तुज् • (tuj)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push, hit”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“stump, stick”) whence English stock.


lib-

Proto-Berber: *ulβ (see there for further descendants)

Egyptian: jb (/jib/)

Proto-Semitic: *libb- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Highland East Cushitic: *lubb-


तृद्

head

तृद् • (tṛd)

sa-root

तृद् • (tṛd)

From Proto-Indo-European *terd- (“to drill, bore, split”); compare Lithuanian trandė́ti (“to thresh, grind, (of worms) to bite”) and trandìs (“woodworm”), as well as Old Church Slavonic тродь (trodĭ, “tree sponge”).


तिज्

head

तिज् • (tij)

sa-root

तिज् • (tij)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp”).
Cognates include Latin (īn-)stīgō whence English instigate, Ancient Greek στῐ́γμᾰ (stígma, “a mark from a pointed instrument”), and English stick and thistle.


तुल्

head

तुल् • (tul)

sa-root

तुल् • (tul)

From Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“to bear, undergo, endure”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek τᾰ́λαντον (tálanton, “balance, scale”) whence English talent, Latin tolerō (“bear, endure”) whence English tolerate. Further possible cognates include Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas, “the 'bearer' of heaven”) and therefore Ἀτλαντίς (Atlantís).

cog

to determine the weight of something by lifting it up


Proto-Tocharian: *iäkre (“empty”) (possibly)

*āikäre

Tocharian A: ekär

Tocharian B: aikare

Proto-Celtic: *anextlom

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *anegeti (“to protect”)

Old Irish: aingid (“to protect”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic:

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ekla (“scarcity”)

Icelandic: ekla

Proto-Italic:

Latin: egeo (“to need, lack”)

Oscan: egmo (“need, lack”) (noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäk- (“to neglect”)

Tocharian A: yäk-

Tocharian B: yäk-


तृष्

head

तृष् • (tṛṣ)

sa-root

तृष् • (tṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Cognates include Latin torrēns (“scorching”) whence English torrent, Latin terra and English thirst.


दक्ष्

head

दक्ष् • (dakṣ)

sa-root

दक्ष् • (dakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right side, dexter”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek δεξῐός (dexiós, “right(hand), fortunate, able”), Old Church Slavonic деснъ (desnŭ, “right(side)”).


त्रस्

head

त्रस् • (tras)

sa-root

त्रस् • (tras)

From Proto-Indo-European *tres- (“to tremble (with fear)”). Cognate with Latin terreō whence English terror, terrible, etc.


तृह्

head

तृह् • (tṛh)

sa-root

तृह् • (tṛh)

Probably from Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)tarjʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *sterģʰ; compare Hittite [script needed] (istark-, “to become sick”) and [script needed] (istarni(n)k-, “to torment, make sick”).


दभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰebʰ- (“to harm, deceive”). Cognate with Persian فریفتن (fariftan, “to deceive”), Old Armenian դաւ (daw, “deceit, conspiracy”) (an Iranian borrowing), Hittite [script needed] (tepnu-, “to decrease, to humble”), and perhaps Ancient Greek ἀτέμβω (atémbō, “to maltreat; to be bereft of”).


त्वर्

head

त्वर् • (tvar)

sa-root

त्वर् • (tvar)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to stir, agitate”). Cognate with English stir, steer and possibly storm, as well as perhaps Ancient Greek ὀτρῡ́νω (otrū́nō, “to stir up, rouse; to hasten”).


तृप्

head

तृप् • (tṛp)

sa-root

तृप् • (tṛp)

From Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to satisfy”).


दस्

Uncertain. According to Pokorny, from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


दल्

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to split, divide”), and thus cognate with Latvian dalīt (“to split, divide”), Latin dolor.
However, Mayrhofer is skeptical of the above etymology, due to the root's lack of attestation in Vedic texts, and instead derives it from an l-form of दॄ (dṝ, “to tear, split”).


원만

Sino-Korean word from 圓滿, from 圓 (“circle”) + 滿 (“full”).

ko-etym-sino

원만하다 원만하다#Korean

Root of 원만하다 (wonmanhada) / 원만히 (wonmanhi). Rarely used alone.


만만

만만하다 만만하다#Korean

Root of 만만하다 (manmanhada, “to be weak, easy to manipulate, easily giving in”) / 만만히 (manmanhi). Rarely used alone.


만만

만만하다 만만하다#Korean

Root of 만만하다 (manmanhada, “to be full of”) / 만만히 (manmanhi). Rarely used alone.


दाश्

head

दाश् • (dāś)

sa-root

दाश् • (dāś)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take, offer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δόξᾰ (dóxa, “opinion, judgement”) whence English orthodox etc., Ancient Greek δόγμᾰ (dógma), Latin decet (“fitting”) whence English decent, Latin decus whence decorum, Latin discō (“learn”), Latin doceō (“teach”) whence English doctrine etc., Latin dignus.


दीक्ष्

head

दीक्ष् • (dīkṣ)

sa-root

दीक्ष् • (dīkṣ)

A desiderative form of दाश् (dāś) from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take, offer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δόξᾰ (dóxa, “opinion, judgement”) whence English orthodox etc., Ancient Greek δόγμᾰ (dógma), Latin decet (“fitting”) whence English decent, Latin decus whence decorum, Latin discō (“learn”) whence English disciple etc., Latin doceō (“teach”) whence English doctrine etc., Latin dignus.

दीक्षितृ

consecrator, initiator; instructor; spiritual father


दी

From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (“to shine, be bright”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δῆλος (dêlos, “visible, conspicuous”) and possibly Lithuanian dìdis (“large”).


दी

From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁- (“to chase (away)”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δῐ́ω (díō, “flee”), Lithuanian dainà (“song”).


दुष्

head

दुष् • (duṣ)

sa-root

दुष् • (duṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-) whence English dys-.


दृप्

head

दृप् • (dṛp)

sa-root

दृप् • (dṛp)

to be extravagant, wild, arrogant, proud


दृभ्

head

दृभ् • (dṛbh)

sa-root

दृभ् • (dṛbh)

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to spin, twist”). Cognate with Lithuanian darbas (“bunch of leaves”), Proto-Germanic *tarbijaną (“to wind, spin”) whence English (topsy)-turvy, and turf.

cog

to string or tie together, tie in a bunch


दिश्

head

दिश् • (diś)

sa-root

दिश् • (diś)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to point out, show”). Cognates include Ancient Greek δείκνῡμῐ (deíknūmi, “show, point out”), δεῖγμᾰ (deîgma, “sample, pattern”) whence English paradigm, Ancient Greek δῐ́κη (díkē, “custom; order, law”), Latin dicō and dictum whence English dictate etc., Latin index (“pointer, indicator”), Latin digitus (“pointer, finger”), English token and teach.

cog

to produce, bring forward (as witness in court)


द्विष्

head

द्विष् • (dviṣ)

sa-root

द्विष् • (dviṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dweys- from *dwey- (“to fear”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós, “fearful”) whence English dino-, Latin dīrus whence English dire.


ध्वन्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwen- (“to make a noise, sound”). Cognate with English din.


द्रा

head

द्रा • (drā)

sa-root

द्रा • (drā)

From Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to run”); compare Ancient Greek αποδιδράσκω (apodidráskō, “to depart secretly, escape”).

cog

दरिद्र

running hither and thither, in need or poor


द्रा

head

द्रा • (drā)

sa-root

द्रा • (drā)

From Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to sleep”); compare Latin dormiō (“to sleep”).


धृष्

head

धृष् • (dhṛṣ)

sa-root

धृष् • (dhṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold, dare”) from an *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrzъ (“daring”), Ancient Greek θρᾰσῠ́ς (thrasús, “daring, reckless”) and English dare.


नभ्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *nebh- (“to burst”).


धम्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH- (“to smoke, blow”). Cognate with Lithuanian dùmti (“to blow”), Polish dąć (“to blow”), English damp.

inh

to melt or manufacture (metal) by blowing


पण्

From Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to buy, make money”).


नेद्

head

नेद् • (ned)

sa-root

नेद् • (ned)

From Proto-Indo-European *neyd- (“to flow, stream”).


नर्द्

head

नर्द् • (nard)

sa-root

नर्द् • (nard)


पर्द्

head

पर्द् • (pard)

sa-root

पर्द् • (pard)

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart (loudly)”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέρδομαι (pérdomai), Lithuanian pérsti, Russian пердеть (perdetʹ), Old English feortan (whence fart).


त्यज्

head

त्यज् • (tyaj)

sa-root

त्यज् • (tyaj)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tyegʷ- (“to leave alone, give up; retreat”).


पिश्

head

पिश् • (piś)

sa-root

पिश् • (piś)

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to hew, cut out; adorn; paint”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьsati (“to write”); Latin pingō (“paint”) whence pigment, picture, paint.

inh

to hew out, carve, prepare, especially meat


नद्

From Proto-Indo-European *ned- (“to sound, roar, bellow”), which might be sound-symbolic. Mayrhofer adduces Proto-Indo-European *nedo- (“reed”) (that is, a "resonator (plant)" > "reed"), whence नड (naḍa, “reed”) and its relatives, as descendants. Other derivatives include नदी (nadī, “river”).


ध्वंस्

head

ध्वंस् • (dhvaṃs)

sa-root

ध्वंस् • (dhvaṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwe-n-s-, nasal-infixed form of *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), probably with influence from the possibly related term *dʰewh₂- (“(to produce) smoke, mist, haze”), with further semantic shift to mean destruction (perhaps as allusions to natural phenomena like volcanism or storms, which involve smoke and haze).

to fall to pieces or to dust, decay, be ruined, perish


नुद्

head

नुद् • (nud)

sa-root

नुद् • (nud)

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to push”), a *-d- extension of *new- (“to push, nod”).

8. ප්රමාදමප්රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ්ඩිතඃ
ප්රඥාප්රසාදමාරුහ්ය ත්වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්රජාම්
පර්වතස්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්ෂතෙ

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate


ध्वृ

head

ध्वृ • (dhvṛ)

sa-root

ध्वृ • (dhvṛ)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“to harm, injure, damage”); cognate with Hittite [script needed] (duwarne-, “to break, injure”).


पिष्

head

पिष् • (piṣ)

sa-root

पिष् • (piṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *peys- (“to grind, crush”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьxati (“push, shove”), Lithuanian pìsti (“to fuck”); Latin pinsō (“beat, pound”) whence ultimately English pestle (via a French borrowing), pesto.


पीड्

head

पीड् • (pīḍ)

sa-root

पीड् • (pīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-European *pisd- (“to squeeze”) from *pi- + the zero-grade of *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῐέζω (piézō, “to squeeze”) whence English piezo-.

cog

to hurt, harm, injure, oppress, vex, torment, harass

(astrology) to cover (esp. with something inauspicious), to eclipse, obscure


पूय्

head

पूय् • (pūy)

sa-root

पूय् • (pūy)

From Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to be foul, rotten; stink”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῦον (pûon), Latin pūs (“pus”), Latin putridus (“putrid”), Lithuanian pū́ti (“to rot”), Old English fūl whence English foul.


पूज्

head

पूज् • (pūj)

sa-root

पूज् • (pūj)

Of unclear origin. Possibly from an early Prakritic form of the root पृच् (pṛc, “to mix, fill, give lavishly”), via a series of sound changes (illustrated for its derivatives) पृच् (pṛc) > *पृञ्चा (pṛñcā, “presentation of the mixed potion”) > पूजा (pūjā, “worship, respect, reverence”), as well as *पृञ्चन (pṛñcana, “mixing (for a guest of honor)”) > पूजन (pūjana, “honoring, hospitable reception”). This derivation has the advantage of not having to derive पूजन (pūjana) from the later-attested पूजा (pūjā). Other less likely theories derive the root from Dravidian (unlikely given the root's Vedic presence and high usage frequency), or from an unattested *पूर्या (pūryā), from the root पॄ (pṝ, “to give, grant”), which is likely related to पृच् (pṛc) regardless.

to worship, revere, honor, respect, regard


फण्

head

फण् • (phaṇ)

sa-root

फण् • (phaṇ)


प्लुष्

head

प्लुष् • (pluṣ)

sa-root

प्लुष् • (pluṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to fry, burn, radiate, sprinkle”). Cognate with some or all of Latin pruina (“rime, hoarfrost”), pruna (“burning coal”), pruriō (“to itch”) whence English prurient; English freeze, frost.


प्रुष्

head

प्रुष् • (pruṣ)

sa-root

प्रुष् • (pruṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to sprinkle, radiate, freeze”). Cognate with Latin pruina (“rime, hoarfrost”), pruna (“burning coal”), pruriō (“to itch”) whence English prurient; English freeze, frost.


प्रथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”). Cognates include Ancient Greek πλᾰτῠ́ς (platús, “flat, broad”) whence ultimately place, plaza, plate, platter, plateau; Lithuanian plėsti (“to expand”); Proto-Slavic *pleťè (“shoulder”); English flat, fold, field.

cog

to spread, extend, become larger or wider


भाष्

head

भाष् • (bhāṣ)

sa-root

भाष् • (bhāṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak, say”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bàjati (“to tell”), *bajьka (“fable”); Ancient Greek φημί (phēmí, “say”), φᾰ́σῐς (phásis, “utterance”), Latin fātum (“spoken”) whence fate, Latin fābula whence fable, Latin fateor, fassus whence confess, Latin fāma (“fame”); English ban.

भाष्य

speaking, talking; exposition, commentary


पृच्

head

पृच् • (pṛc)

sa-root

पृच् • (pṛc)

Of uncertain origin. Probably an extension of पॄ (pṝ, “to fill”).

to mix, mingle, put together with, unite, join

to give lavishly, grant bountifully, bestow anything, bestow richly upon


प्रछ्

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”). Cognate with Russian (во)прос ((vo)pros, “question”), Latin prex whence, via French, English pray.


पा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-
Sanskrit पा (pā)
From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”); Cognate with Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (pādiy), Latin pascō (“to feed, maintain”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀕 (po-me). Probably not related to पाल (pāla, “guard”), despite popular folk etymology; see there for more.

inh

to protect (a country), i.e. rule, govern


पा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-
Sanskrit पा (pā)
From Proto-Indo-European *peh₃- (“to drink”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis) whence symposium (“drinking together”); Latin pōtō whence English potion and poison; Proto-Slavic *pivo (“beer”). Also compare the noun पात्र (pātra, “drinking vessel, goblet”).

etymon

(figuratively) to imbibe, draw in, appropriate, enjoy, feast upon (with the eyes, ears, etc.)


पा

Probably related to Hittite [script needed] (pippa-, “to overturn”), [script needed] (pa-i-mi-, “goes”). Burrow and Whitney's derivations of the root as a semantic specialization of Etymology 2 ("to drink") are less likely.


충분

Sino-Korean word from 充分 (“abundant, sufficient”).

ko-etym-sino

충분하다 충분하다#Korean

Root of 충분하다 (chungbunhada) / 충분히 (chungbunhi). Rarely used alone.


भ्रज्ज्

head

भ्रज्ज् • (bhrajj)

sa-root

भ्रज्ज् • (bhrajj)

[bʱɾɐd̪̚d͡ʑ]

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵ- (“to fry, roast”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φρῡ́γω (phrū́gō) and Latin frigō whence fry. The double -jj- is irregular and probably influenced Middle Indo-Aryan (where bhajja- < *bharjya-).


Proto-Celtic: *nowinyos (see there for further descendants)

*nuh₂-eh₂ (verbal stem)

Proto-Tocharian: *näut- (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: onuwaññe (“immortality”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nā́ˀwis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *nawiz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nwām (“sick”)


भ्राज्

head

भ्राज् • (bhrāj)

sa-root

भ्राज् • (bhrāj)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“shining, white”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φλέγω (phlégō, “burn, scorch”), φλέγμᾰ (phlégma, “flame, phlegm”); Latin flagrō (“burn, blaze”) whence flagrant, Proto-Italic *flāgmā whence Latin flamma (“flame”).


मथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *meth₂-, *menth₂- (“to stir, mix up”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sъ·metana (“smetana”).


मज्ज्

head

मज्ज् • (majj)

sa-root

मज्ज् • (majj)

From Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to dip, sink”). Cognate with Latin mergō (“dip, immerse”), Lithuanian mazgóti (“to wash”), Latvian mazgât (“to wash”), Russian Москва́ (Moskvá, “Moscow”).


मिश्

head

मिश् • (miś)

sa-root

मिश् • (miś)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μίγνυμι (mígnumi, “to mix”), Proto-Slavic *mě̄sìti, Lithuanian mišti and maišyti (“to mix”); Latin misceō whence English mixture, miscellaneous; English mix, mash.


मोक्ष्

head

मोक्ष् • (mokṣ)

sa-root

मोक्ष् • (mokṣ)

Desiderative of मुच् (muc), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to release, slip”).


मिथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”) an extension of *mey- (“to exchange”). Cognate with Latin mutō whence English mutate, mutual; Latin mittō (“send”) whence English emit, mission, etc.; Proto-Slavic *mьstь (“revenge, vengeance”); English mis-, miss.
Also cf. Mitra, the Indo-Iranian god of contracts.


मुष्

head

मुष् • (muṣ)

sa-root

मुष् • (muṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *mews- (“to steal, take; move”) from *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”). Cognate with Latin moveō (“move”) whence English move, motion, etc. Connected with Sanskrit मूष (mūṣa, “mouse, i.e., stealer”).


मिक्ष्

head

मिक्ष् • (mikṣ)

sa-root

मिक्ष् • (mikṣ)

Probably desiderative of मिश् (miś). From Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μίγνυμι (mígnumi, “to mix”), Proto-Slavic *mě̄sìti, Lithuanian mišti and maišyti (“to mix”); Latin misceō whence English mixture, miscellaneous; English mix, mash.


मृड्

head

मृड् • (mṛḍ)

sa-root

मृड् • (mṛḍ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥žd- (“to forgive, spare, to pity”).


म्लुच्

head

म्लुच् • (mluc)

sa-root

म्लुच् • (mluc)


म्रुच्

head

म्रुच् • (mruc)

sa-root

म्रुच् • (mruc)


मृश्

head

मृश् • (mṛś)

sa-root

मृश् • (mṛś)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *melk- or *melǵ-; compare Latin mulceō (“to stroke, touch lightly”).

cog

to touch mentally, consider, reflect, deliberate


म्लेछ्

head

म्लेछ् • (mlech)

sa-root

म्लेछ् • (mlech)

Thought to be from a substrate language. Possibly related to Akkadian 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luḫ-ḫa) or Sumerian 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luh-haᴷᴵ /Melukhkha, Meluḫḫa/).

cog

to speak indistinctly (like a barbarian, one who does not speak Sanskrit)


मृष्

head

मृष् • (mṛṣ)

sa-root

मृष् • (mṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *mers- (“to bother, anger, forget”). Cognate with Lithuanian miršti (“to forget, lose, become oblivious”), Latvian aizmirst (“to forget”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan, “to annoy, bother, disturb, offend”), Tocharian A märs- (“to forget”), Lithuanian miršti, Old Armenian մոռանամ (moṙanam), English mar.


मृध्

head

मृध् • (mṛdh)

sa-root

मृध् • (mṛdh)

Uncertain. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *méldʰ-e-ti (“to abandon”); or from *mel-dʰeh₁- an extension of *(s)mel- (“false, bad”); or from an extension of *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”) (see there).

inh

Monier Williams
w:Monier Monier-Williams

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


याच्

head

याच् • (yāc)

sa-root

याच् • (yāc)

An enlargement of the root या (yā, “to request, implore”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to utter”).


मृज्

head

मृज् • (mṛj)

sa-root

मृज् • (mṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ- (“to wipe”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmi, “to wipe”).


यु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaw- (“to bind, hold”).

inh

to unite, attach, harness, yoke, bind, fasten

to draw towards one's self, take hold or gain possession of, hold fast


यु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaw- (“to separate”).

to separate, keep or drive away, ward off

to keep aloof, to be or remain separated from


짠

Root of 짠하다 (jjanhada). Rarely used alone.


रभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *lebʰ- (“to profit, gain”). Compare perhaps Lithuanian lõbis (“treasure, wealth”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́φῡρᾰ (láphūra, “war spoils, booty”).


रास्

head

रास् • (rās)

sa-root

रास् • (rās)

From an extension of Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to cry, bellow”). Cognate with English roar.


रा

From Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to cry, bellow”). Cognate with English roar.


रुष्

head

रुष् • (ruṣ)

sa-root

रुष् • (ruṣ)

Uncertain. Compare λύσσα (lússa, “rage, fury”).


रिख्

From Proto-Indo-European *reyk- (“scratch, line”), an extension of *rey- (“scratch”). Cognate with English row.


वध्

From Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to push, hit, strike”). Possibly cognate with Ancient Greek ὠθέω (ōthéō, “to push”).


लोच्

head

लोच् • (loc)

sa-root

लोच् • (loc)


वक्ष्

head

वक्ष् • (vakṣ)

sa-root

वक्ष् • (vakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to grow, increase”). Cognate with Lithuanian áukštas (“high, tall”); Latin augustus, augur, augeō whence English augment; English eke.


वज्

From a merger of:
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“fresh, strong”). Compare Latin vegeō (“excite, arouse; be lively”) whence English vegetation; Latin vigeō (“thrive, be alive”) whence vigil, vigor; English wake, watch.
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hawǰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase”). Compare Latin augeō and English augment.


रुज्

head

रुज् • (ruj)

sa-root

रुज् • (ruj)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break off, shatter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λῠγρός (lugrós, “mournful”), Latin lugeō whence English lugubrious; Old English lūcan (“to pluck out, pull up”), whence English louk.


लिख्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyḱ- (“scratch, line”), an extension of *h₁rey- (“scratch”). Cognate with English row, Ancient Greek ἐρείκω (ereíkō, “to rend, bruise, pound”), Lithuanian riekti (“to slice”).


वाञ्छ्

head

वाञ्छ् • (vāñch)

sa-root

वाञ्छ् • (vāñch)

From an *-sk- extension of Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”). Cognate with English wish.


विप्

head

विप् • (vip)

sa-root

विप् • (vip)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to shake, tremble, agitate; swing away; turn”). Cognate with Old Norse veifa (“flag”), Old English wifer (“missile”), Latin vibrō whence English vibrate, veer; English weave (“to wander”), wave, wipe.

inh

to tremble, shake, shiver, vibrate, quiver, be stirred, etc.


विच्

head

विच् • (vic)

sa-root

विच् • (vic)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayč- (“to sift, separate”) (compare Persian بیختن (bixtan, “to sift, sieve”)), traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to separate, choose, set aside”), an extension of *wey- (“to separate”) (though Cheung and Mayrhofer find this doubtful). If so, then cognate with Proto-Germanic *wīhaz (“sacred, holy”), Old Norse vé (“temple, sanctuary”), Latin victima, English witch.

inh

to sift, separate (esp. grain from chaff by winnowing)


शुन्ध्

head

शुन्ध् • (śundh)

sa-root

शुन्ध् • (śundh)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱew-n-dʰ- (“clean”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”).


शा

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃(i)- (“to sharpen”). Cognate with Latin catus (“clever, cunning, sharp”), cuneus (“wedge”) whence English coin; Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos) whence English cone; English hone.


वृज्

head

वृज् • (vṛj)

sa-root

वृज् • (vṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂werg- (“to turn”). Cognate with Latin vergō, the source of English converge etc.


शुष्

head

शुष् • (śuṣ)

sa-root

शुष् • (śuṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“dry”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sȗxъ (“dry”), Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Proto-Germanic *sauzaz (“dry”) whence English sear.


श्लाघ्

head

श्लाघ् • (ślāgh)

sa-root

श्लाघ् • (ślāgh)

desc

→ Malayalam: ശ്ലാഘിക്കുക (ślāghikkuka) (learned)

→ Tamil: சிலாகி (cilāki)


श्लिष्

head

श्लिष् • (śliṣ)

sa-root

श्लिष् • (śliṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćRayš (“to adhere, attach”); cognate with Persian سِریشُم (serišom, “glue”). Further origin is uncertain; perhaps related to Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”).

inh

to result, be the consequence of anything


सच्

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Cognate with Old Persian 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered (the ruler Achaemenes)”), Latin sequor (“follow”) whence English sequence etc., Latin socius, Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“warrior, retainer”).

cog

to be associated with, familiar with, have to do with


medʰi-

*medʰ-ero- (comparative)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“southern”)

Tocharian A: mäcriṃ

Tocharian B: omutruññaiṣṣe

*médʰyos (“middle”) (see there for further descendants)

From the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) + *-dʰi (locative particle).


श्वित्

head

श्वित् • (śvit)

sa-root

श्वित् • (śvit)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱweyt- (“bright, shine; white”), an extension of *ḱwey-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (spaēta), Persian سفید (safêd), Proto-Slavic *světъ (“light, world”), Old English hwīt (whence English white).


श्रि

head

श्रि • (śri)

sa-root

श्रि • (śri)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “lean”), giving κλῖμᾰξ (klîmax, “ladder, staircase; climax”), κλῐ́μᾰ (klíma, “slope”) whence English climate; Latin clīnō (“lean”) whence English incline etc; English lean, Proto-Germanic *hlaidrijō whence English ladder.


ष्ठीव्

head

ष्ठीव् • (ṣṭhīv)

sa-root

ष्ठीव् • (ṣṭhīv)

From Proto-Indo-European *sp(t)yewH- (“to spit, spew”) (with metathesis of *-iwH- to *-iHw-, thus reflecting a pre-form *sp(t)iHw-), compare *(s)ptyēw-. Cognate with Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Persian تف (tof, “spittle”), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “I spit out”), Latin spuo (whence English sputum), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (plĭvati), Russian плевать (plevatʹ), Old English spīwan (whence English spew).