Proto-Hellenic: *ainúmai

Ancient Greek: αἴνυμαι (aínumai)

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐁁𐀝𐀕𐀜 (ai-nu-me-no /Ainumenos/, given name)

⇒? *h₂ey-ty-eh₂ or *h₂ey-t-teh₂

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αἶσα (aîsa)

Proto-Italic: *aitis

Oscan: aeteis (“part (of a possession)”, gen.sg.)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *αἶτος (*aîtos, “something given, portion”)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ *αἰτάω (*aitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ διαιτάω (diaitáō)

⇒ αἰτέω (aitéō), αἴτημι (aítēmi) — Aeolic

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ αἴτιος (aítios)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

⇒ ἔξαιτος (éxaitos)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haytas (“part, share?”)

Proto-Iranian: *Haytah

Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (aēta, “punishment”)

⇒? *h₂óytos (a poetic or spiritual term, literally “that which is given”)

>? Proto-Celtic: *oitos

Old Irish: óeth (“oath”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (“oath”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: οἶτος (oîtos, “fate, doom”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āi- (“to give, pay out; (mp.) to take”)

Tocharian A: e-

Tocharian B: ai-

(mediopassive) to be given; to receive, take


*h₂éy-eri (“early, in the morning”)

*h₂óy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-ns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Proto-Iranian: *Háyr̥

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆 (aiiar^ə, “day”)


Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾱκέω (lākéō), ληκέω (lēkéō)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάσκω (láskō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lakerós

Ancient Greek: λακερός (lakerós)

Proto-Italic: *lank?nō

Latin: lancinō

Proto-Italic: *lakeros

Latin: lacer, lacerō

Proto-Hellenic: *lakíds

Ancient Greek: λᾰκίς (lakís), λᾰκίζω (lakízō)

*léh₂-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráHyati

Sanskrit: रायति (rā́yati)

Proto-Iranian: *ráHyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙 (raiiaṇt, “shouting”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lálos

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́λος (lálos)

Proto-Italic: *lālo-

⇒ Latin: lallō

Proto-Hellenic: *lāros

Ancient Greek: λῆρος (lêros)

Proto-Italic: *lāmentom

Latin: lāmentum

Proto-Italic: *lātrom

⇒ Latin: lātrō

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *lah-

Albanian: leh

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰō

Ancient Greek: λᾱ́θω (lā́thō), λήθω (lḗthō)

Proto-Hellenic: *lantʰánō

Ancient Greek: λανθάνω (lanthánō)

*leh₂-dʰ-os ~ *leh₂-dʰ-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰos

Ancient Greek: λᾶθος (lâthos), λῆθος (lêthos)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰā

Ancient Greek: λήθη (lḗthē)

Proto-Hellenic: *lā́tʰrā

Ancient Greek: λάθρῃ (láthrēi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: λαθι(κηδής) (lathi(kēdḗs))

*l̥h₂-tós (“hidden”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Italic: *latēō (“be hidden”)
Latin: lateō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒆷𒂊 (u-la-e)

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

desc

Old Church Slavonic: лаяти (lajati, “to lie in wait for”)

Czech: lákat (“make advances, pursue”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: lómr (“betrayal, deceit”)

Old High German luog (“cave”)

Middle High German: luo (“lair of an animal”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *láyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *láyatay

Sanskrit: लयते (láyate)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: lät (“go after”)

Tocharian B: lät (“go after”)


Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mandrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manzdʰHrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: mund (“can, win”)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mandijaną

Old Saxon: mendian

Old High German: menden

Middle High German: menden

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazdʰáH (“wisdom, discernment, reasoning”) (see there for further descendants)

A compound root from *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put”).


leb-

*léb-ti ~ *l̥b-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *lébti

Hittite: 𒇷𒅁𒍣 (le-ep-zi)

*leb-oyé-ti?

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇷𒉺𒀀𒄑𒍣 (le-pa-a-iz-zi)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *lepô, *lipjô (“lip”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: lafa

Icelandic: lafa

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek (possibly) λοβός (lobós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lap-

Proto-Iranian: *lap-

Middle Persian: [script needed] (lab)

Persian: لب (lab, “lip”)

Lurish:

Northern Luri: ڵۋ (łü)

Bakhtiari: لۋ (lü)

Southern Luri: لۋ (lü)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: lêv (“lip”), liv (“movement, act of moving”)

Central Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Southern Kurdish: لێو (lêw, “lip”)

Zazaki: lew (“lip”)

Italic: *l̥b-yóm, *l̥b-róm?

Proto-Italic: *labjom, *labrom

Latin: labium, labrum (“lip”)

*lh₂b- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *lapaną (“to lick”)

Old High German: laffan

*lh₂-né-b(ʰ)- ~ *lh₂-m-b(ʰ)- (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: lambō (“to lick”)

Proto-Germanic: *lapilaz (“spoon”)

Dutch: lepel

Old High German: leffil

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lap (“to lick up water”)

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: լափեմ (lapʻem, “to lap up, lick up; to eat up greedily, devour”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: lapènti (“to eat greedily”)

Slavic:

East Slavic:

Russian: ло́пать (lópatʹ, “to gobble up”)

(possibly) Russian: лобзать (lobzatʹ, “to kiss”)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: лапам (lapam, “to eat greedily”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λάπτω (láptō, “to lick”)

Ancient Greek: λαφύσσω (laphússō, “to devour”)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₁léngʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root verb)

Proto-Celtic: *lengʷeti

Old Irish: lingid, ·ling

Proto-Germanic: *lingwaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hránǰʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hránźʰati

Sanskrit: रंहति (ráṃhati), रंहते (ráṃhate)

Proto-Iranian: *Hránǰati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (rəṇjaⁱti)

Albanian: lehtë (< *lexta)

Proto-Germanic: *linhtaz (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʰ-u-s ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-éw-s

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́kʰistos

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́χιστος (elákhistos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰištʰas (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léngʷʰ-yōs ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-is-és

Proto-Celtic: *lagyūs

Old Irish: laigiu (“smaller”)

Welsh: llai (“smaller”)

Proto-Hellenic: *elə́ťťōn

Ancient Greek: ἐλᾰ́σσων (elássōn)

Attic Greek: ἐλᾰ́ττων (eláttōn)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlágʰyas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ieh₂-

Old Armenian: լանջք (lanǰkʻ, “breast”)

Illyrian: lembus "light vehicle" < h₁lengʷh-os

Tocharian: *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ti̯o

Tocharian B: lankᵤtse


bʰewdʰ-

*bʰéwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰu-né-dʰ-ti ~ *bʰu-n-dʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *bundeti

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: dogurbonnue (2sg.pres.subj.)

Old Irish: ad·boind

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πυνθάνομαι (punthánomai)

*bʰe-bʰówdʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰudʰ-ḗr (perfect)

*bʰudʰ-yé-tor (deponent yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *budʰyátay

Sanskrit: बुध्यते (budhyáte)

Proto-Iranian: *budyátay

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (būⁱδiiaēta, 3sg.opt.med.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*bʰowdʰ-éye-ti (causative)

*bʰowdʰ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro-bowdos

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰawdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bawdʰas

Sanskrit: बोध (bodhá)

Proto-Iranian: *bawdas

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬛𐬀 (baoda)

q

denominative, or < <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰewdʰ-os</i>

Proto-Tocharian: *pāut- (denominative, or < *bʰewdʰ-os)

Tocharian A: pot-

Tocharian B: paut-

*bʰéwdʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰudʰ-téy-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: bust

Lithuanian: bùsti

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῠ́στῐς (pústis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: बुद्धि (búddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *búzdiš

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬎𐬯𐬙𐬌 (busti)

*bʰewdʰ-os

Proto-Germanic: *beudaz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰudʰ-o-

Proto-Celtic: *budos

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: both (“will”)

Welsh: bodd (“free will, consent”)

Proto-Germanic: *budą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúdʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *búdʰa

Sanskrit: बुध (búdha)

*bʰudʰ-tó-s

*bʰudʰ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *budras

Old Lithuanian: budras

Lithuanian: budrùs

Proto-Slavic: *bъ̀drъ, *bъ̀dřь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudʰrás

Proto-Iranian: *budráh

Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬌𐬠𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (zaēnibudra)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


lewk-

*luk-tó ~ *luk-ró (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒅗𒊑 (lu-uk-ka-ri)

*léwk-e-tor (deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráwćatay

Sanskrit: रोचते (rócate)

Proto-Iranian: *ráwčatay

Central Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬙- (raocant-, “shining”)

desc

Northern Luri: لٛںکر (łəker, “The white woman”)

*léwk-ye-ti

Proto-Hellenic: *leúťťō

Ancient Greek: λεύσσω (leússō, “to look upon, I look upon”)

*luk-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒆠𒄑𒍣 (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi)

*lowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *láukīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lučìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawčáyati, *rawčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawćáyati, *rawćáyati

Sanskrit: लोचयति (locáyati), रोचयति (rocáyati, “to make shine, illuminate”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raocaiieⁱti, “to make shine”)

Proto-Italic: *loukeō (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *loukēō (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-s-t (sigmatic aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: *լոյց- (*loycʻ-)

desctree

⇒ Old Armenian: լուցանեմ (lucʻanem)
Armenian: լուցել (lucʻel)

*léwk-s (“light”)

Proto-Hellenic: *lukā

Ancient Greek: (ἀμφι)λύκη ((amphi)lúkē), λυκά(βας) (luká(bas)), λυκό(φως) (lukó(phōs)), Λυκαῖος (Lukaîos), λύκειος (lúkeios)

*lowk-í-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukis

Old Prussian: luckis

Proto-Slavic: *lučь (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *laugiz (“flame, blaze”) (see there for further descendants)

*léwk-mn̥

Proto-Germanic: *leuhmô (see there for further descendants)

*luk-mó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rukmás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rukmás

Sanskrit: रुक्म (rukmá)

*lewk-ó-s

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լոյս (loys)
Armenian: լույս (luys)

Proto-Celtic: *loukos (“white”)

Proto-Hellenic: *leukós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rawkás

Sanskrit: रोक (roká, “light”)

Proto-Iranian: *rawkáh

desc

Northern Kurdish: rok (“day; light; sun”)

*lowk-ó-s (“open space, clearing”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukás

Latvian: lauks (“field”)

Lithuanian: laũkas (“field, open space”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawkás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawkás

Sanskrit: लोक (loká, “free space”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *loukos

Old Latin: loucos

Latin: lūcus (“sacred grove, wood”) (see there for further descendants)

*lówk-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *lauhaz (“clearing, open space”) (see there for further descendants)

*lewk-o-dʰro- or *lewk-o-bʰro-?

Proto-Italic: *loukoðro- or *loukoβro-

Latin: lūcubrō

*léwk-os ~ *léwk-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčas (see there for further descendants)

*luk-s-ḱós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás

Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh

Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon”)

Proto-Italic: *lukskos

Latin: luscus

*léwk-s-mn̥ ~ *luk-s-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *louksmən

Latin: lūmen

*lowk-s-neh₂ (“moon”)

*lúk-s-no-s

Proto-Hellenic: *lúkʰnos

Ancient Greek: λύχνος (lúkhnos)

*léwk-so-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhsaz, *leuhsą

*lowk-s-tro-m

Proto-Italic: *loukstrom

Latin: lūstrum, lūstrō

*lewk-to-s

Proto-Germanic: *leuhtaz, *leuhtą

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *leukā

Albanian: lekë

Proto-Albanian: *laukura

Albanian: lakur (“naked”)

Proto-Albanian: *lāuka

Albanian: loqe, gloq (“rheum”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒇻𒊌 (lu-uk /luk(k)-/)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ)
Armenian: → լուսան (lusan) (learned), > (Karabakh) լո̈ւսէմնը (lüsēmnə) (inherited), > (Ghazakh) լիսամ (lisam) (inherited)

Old Armenian: լուսն (lusn)
Armenian: լուսն (lusn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lū́ˀśis

Latvian: lūsis (“lynx”)

Lithuanian: lūšis (“lynx”)

Proto-Slavic: *rỳsь (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luchair (“shine”)

Welsh: llug (“shimmer”)

Proto-Celtic: *lukato-

Breton: lagad

Cornish: lagas

Welsh: llygad

Proto-Germanic: *lugô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *luhsaz (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lúnks

Ancient Greek: λύγξ (lúnx, “lynx”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: lucerna

Proto-Tocharian: *luk-

Tocharian A: luk-

Tocharian B: luk-

Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc)


legʰ-

*légʰ-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *légtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *legeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰomai

Ancient Greek: λέχομαι (lékhomai)

Proto-Italic: *leɣō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

desc

Tocharian B: lyäk- (“to lie (down)”, v.it.)

*légʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*logʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆷𒀀𒆠 (la-a-ki)

Proto-Celtic: *logīti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ložiti (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-s (root noun)

Proto-Tocharian: *li̯äk (“thief”)

Tocharian A: lyäk

Tocharian B: lyak

⇒ Tocharian B: lykuññe (“thief”, adj.)

*lógʰ-o-s

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lag

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *logъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lagą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *lókʰos

Ancient Greek: λόχος (lókhos)

Proto-Tocharian: *leke

Tocharian A: lak (“bottom (of a river)”)

Tocharian B: leke (“resting place, bed”)

⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *lekäi (“resting place, bed; rest”)

Tocharian A: lake

Tocharian B: leki

*légʰ-os ~ *légʰ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *lékʰos

Ancient Greek: λέχος (lékhos)

*legʰ-ro-m

Proto-Germanic: *legrą (see there for further descendants)

*legʰ-to-s

Proto-Italic: *lektos

Faliscan: lēta (“bed”)

Latin: lectus (“bed”) (see there for further descendants)

*légʰ-tro-m

Proto-Germanic: *lehtrą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *léktron

desctree

Ancient Greek: λέκτρον (léktron)
Greek: λέκτρο (léktro)

*legʰ-yo-m

Proto-Celtic: *legyom

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-legyom

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: gueli

Middle Breton: guele

Breton: gwele

Old Welsh: gueli

Welsh: gwely

→ Irish: golighe (obsolete)

Proto-Celtic: *legyā

Gaulish: *legā, *ligā

→ Latin: Liger

→ Old English: Ligeraceaster

English: Leicester

French: Loire

Medieval Latin: lias

Old French: lies

*logʰ-yo-m

Proto-Slavic: *lože (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: lasto (< *logʰ-sth₂-eh₂?)

Proto-Germanic: *lēgaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lōgą (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: lest

Tocharian B: lesto

Tocharian: (< *lēgʰ-)

Tocharian A: lyāk

Tocharian B: lyāk (possibly borrowed from Tocharian A)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *lyśalyñe

⇒ Tocharian B: lyśalyñeṣṣe


preḱ-

*pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*prḗḱ-s-t ~ *préḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्राक्षीत्</i> (áprākṣīt)

(later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अप्राट् (áprāṭ) (later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬍 (frašī, 1sg.inj.mid.)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: prakäs

Tocharian B: preksa

*proḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*préḱ-s

Celtic:

Brythonic:

Welsh: rheg

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ

Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)

Proto-Iranian: *prā́š

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)

Proto-Italic: *preks

desctree

Latin: prex
Italian: prece
Portuguese: prece

⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)

*proḱ-o-

Proto-Italic: *prokos

Latin: procus
Portuguese: proco

⇒ Latin: procō

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)

Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)

Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-

Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)

Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)

Italic:

>? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk-

Tocharian B: pärk-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


leyǵ-

*lig-eh₂-ye- (factitive)

Italic:

Latin: ligō (“to tie, bind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: lidh (“to tie”)


smeyt-

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Slavic:

Russian: мета́ть (metátʹ)

Bulgarian: мятам (mjatam)

Polish: miotać (“to throw”)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬀 (hamista, “oppressed”), 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬚- (maēθ-, “throw”)

Italic:

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*meytH-</i>

>? Latin: mittō (or from *meytH-) (see there for further descendants)


bʰruHg-

*bʰruHg-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brūkaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰruHg-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *frūgjōr

Latin: fruor

*bʰruHg-s

Proto-Italic: *frūks

Latin: frūx

*bʰruHg-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktos

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-tu-s

Proto-Italic: *frūktus

Latin: frūctus

*bʰruHg-mn̥

Proto-Italic: *frūgmen

Latin: frūmen

*bʰruHg-mn̥-to-m

Proto-Italic: *frūgməntom

Latin: frūmentum

Unsorted formations:

desc

Ancient Greek: φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”)

Old Armenian: երբուծ (erbuc, “breast, chest (of animals)”)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *raHíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raHíṣ

Sanskrit: रै (raí), रायस् (rā́yas), रयि (rayí)

Proto-Iranian: *raHíš

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬙 (raēvant)

→ Proto-Slavic: *rajь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *reis (see there for further descendants)


geH-

g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂- (canonical)
g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃- (canonical)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-

Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement.

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati

Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati

Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)

Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)

Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)

Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHsi

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHsi

Sanskrit: गासि (gā́si)

*g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰáH

Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gāthā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH

Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)

Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)

*g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram

Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)

*g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás

Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)


*h₃réǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃rḗǵ-ti ~ *h₃réǵ-n̥ti (narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrā́šti ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrā́ṣṭi ~ *Hráȷ́ati

Sanskrit: राष्टि (rā́ṣṭi), राजति (rā́jati)

*h₃roǵ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

*h₃r̥-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃r̥-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rénˀźtei

Lithuanian: rę́žti (“to stretch”)

Latvian: rìezt (“to protrude”) < *ren̂zt

Proto-Germanic: *rinkaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *rankaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥nȷ́áti

Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: rēgula (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: regimen (with epenthetic -i-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rextus (see there for further descendants)

*h₃réǵ-u-s ~ *h₃r̥ǵ-éw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥ȷ́úš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *rigus

Old Irish: *riug

⇒ Old Irish: díriuch (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *rakaz

English: rake (“trail, path”)

Proto-Italic: *rogos

Latin: rogus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: rogō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: redzēt (“to see”)

Lithuanian: règti (“to begin to see”)

Lithuanian: regė́ti (“to see”)

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: राजि (rā́ji, “streak, line, row, range”)

Central Kurdish: رێک (rêk, “straight”)

Northern Kurdish: raye (“authority, sovereignty; office”)


*h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: *ārtk-

*h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti

Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)

*h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti

Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)

*h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s

Proto-Germanic: *ardugaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *arðōs

Latin: arbor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥dᶻdʰiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hŕ̥ddʰiṣ

Sanskrit: ऋद्धि (ṛ́ddhi) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás

Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)

⇒ Sanskrit: समृद्ध (sámṛddha)

Proto-Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)

Old Irish: ard

Irish: ard

Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Breton: arz

Cornish: arth

Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰwós

Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /ortʰwo-/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”) (see there for further descendants) (< laryngeal metathesis *r̥h₃dʰ-wó-s)

Proto-Italic: *arðwos

Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ortʰros

Ancient Greek: ὄρθρος (órthros)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *orstъ (“growth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: orto

Possibly reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) + *-dʰh₁eti (resultative verbal suffix).


dʰer-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*dʰerǵʰ- (“strong, robust”)

*dʰers- (“to be bold”)

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta

Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s)

Iranian: *Hádr̥ta

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dər^ətā, 3sg.med.inj.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.med.opt.)

*dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: derêt

Lithuanian: derė́ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰárati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰídʰārti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dídʰārti

Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)

Proto-Iranian: *dídarti

(perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδār^əmna-)

*dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰártay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰártay

Sanskrit: दधार (dadhā́ra) / दाधार (dādhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)

Proto-Iranian: *dādártay

Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)

Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)

*dʰor-éyeti

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: darît

Lithuanian: darýti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāráyati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰér-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármā

Sanskrit: धर्मन् (dhárman)

*dʰér-mos

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas

Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)

Lithuanian: darna

Proto-Italic: *fermos

Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰer-o-

Proto-Italic: *feros, *feramos

Latin: ferē, fermē

Proto-Italic: *frēnom

Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frētos

Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)

Germanic:

>? Proto-West Germanic: *darnī

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)

Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)

Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)

Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)


sed-

*sédt ~ *sdént (athematic root aorist)

*sí-sd-e-ti (thematic i-reduplicated present)

*séd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sedeti (see there for further descendants)

*sed-s- (sigmatic aorist)

⇒ Old Armenian: հեծանիմ (hecanim)

Armenian: հեծնել (hecnel)

*séd-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sod-éye-ti (“to set”, causative)

*sed-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sedēō < earlier *sedējō (see there for further descendants)

*sed-éh₂-ye-ti (eh₂-factitive)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *sědati

Czech: sedat

Polish: siadać

Serbo-Croatian: sedati, sjedati

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sēdō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱye-sd-é-ti (< perhaps originally meaning sit/set here)

Proto-Italic: *kezdō

Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

*sēd-s, *sed-es (root noun)

⇒? Proto-Italic: *sēdis

Latin: sēdēs (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: (dē)ses, (prae)ses

*sed-ti-

Proto-Hellenic: *hétstis

Ancient Greek: ἕσις (hésis)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sessiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*séd-os ~ *séd-es

Proto-Hellenic: *hédos

Ancient Greek: ἕδος (hédos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sádas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sádas

Sanskrit: सदस् (sádas)

Welsh: hedd (“peace”)

Proto-Germanic: *setiz (“seat”)

Old Norse: setr (“seat, residence”)

*sod-ó- (< with affected meanings perhaps similar to set out)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xodъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hodós

Ancient Greek: ὁδός (hodós)

Greek: οδός (odós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādás

Sanskrit: साद (sādá)

Proto-Germanic: *satą

Old English: gesæt (“sitting”)

*sōd-o-

Welsh: sawdd (“sinking, immersion”)

Proto-Germanic: *sōtą (“soot”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-yom (“seat”)

Proto-Celtic: *sodyom

Old Irish: suide

Irish: suí

Scottish Gaelic: suidhe

Welsh: sedd

Proto-Italic: *sodjom

Latin: solium (“throne, bath-tub, sarcophagus”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-dʰo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sādas

Lithuanian: sodas

Proto-Slavic: *sadъ (“grove; garden”)

*sed-lo- (“seat”)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ետղ (etł), տեղ (teł)

Proto-Celtic: *sedlom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *setlaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *héllā

Ancient Greek: ἕλλα (hélla)

Proto-Italic: *sedlā

Latin: sella (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *sědlo (see there for further descendants)

*sé(d)-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *seþlą

Proto-West Germanic: *seþl (“seat, sitting”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tlóm ~ *sed-tróm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtrám (“sacrificial gathering”) (see there for further descendants)

*sod-tlō-

Proto-Germanic: *sadulaz (see there for further descendants)

*sed-tós (“seated”) (see there for further descendants)

*sed-ro-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -εδρος (-edros), ἕδρα (hédra)

Proto-Albanian: *sedjā

Albanian: gjazë (“riverside forest”)

*ni-sd-ós (“nest”)

*pí-sd-eh₂ (“vulva”)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

(possibly) Old Armenian: զիստ (zist)

(possibly) Old Armenian: առիճ (aṙič)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: segli

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἱδρύω (hidrúō)

Proto-Germanic: *sētiz (“possible to sit on”) (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Italic: *akēō

Latin: aceō

Proto-Hellenic: *akís

Ancient Greek: ἀκίς (akís)

*h₂eḱ-i-l-o- or *h₂eḱ-l-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ասեղն (asełn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśilos or *aśelos

Proto-Slavic: *osьla̋ or *osla̋

East Slavic:

Russian: осело́к (oselók)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: осла (osla, “whetstone”)

West Slavic:

Slovak: osla (“whetstone”)

Slovene: ósla

Polish: osełka (“whetstone”)

Proto-Germanic: *agilaz (“awn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *agil (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *agjō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: aciēs, acia (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ašus

Latvian: ass (“sharp”), ašs (“swift”)

Proto-Italic: *akus

Latin: acus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: acuō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: akwam

Tocharian B: akwatse

*h₂ḱ-ró-s (“sharp”)

*h₂óḱ-ri-s (“sharp edge, protrusion”)

*h₂eḱ-ru (“tear (of the eyes)”)

*h₂éḱ-mō ~ *h₂ḱ-m̥n-és (“stone”)

Proto-Hellenic: *akmā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκμή (akmḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahanō ~ *aganō (“awn, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: agna (“blade/ear of grain”)

*h₂ḱ-éh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *akā́

Ancient Greek: ἀκή (akḗ)

*h₂éḱ-os ~ *h₂éḱ-es-os (s-stem)

Proto-Italic: *akos

Latin: acus (“bran, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ákos

Ancient Greek: -ήκης (-ḗkēs)

⇒ Ancient Greek: τανυήκης (tanuḗkēs, “having a long/thin edge/point”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āke

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āke

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀξύς (oxús)

Greek: οξύς (oxýs)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstis or *aśtis

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: aksts (“prickle, sharp point”)

Lithuanian: akstìs (“spit, thorn, prick”)

Proto-Slavic: *ȏstь (“sharp point, spike; awn; fishbone”)

East Slavic:

Russian: ость (ostʹ)

West Slavic:

Czech: osť (dialectal)

Polish: ość

Slovak: osť

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian: ȍsti (pl.), ȍstve (pl.)

Slovene: ǫ̂st

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *akstinas or *aśtinas (“sharp point, prickle; pointed stick for driving cattle”)

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: akstins

Lithuanian: ãkstinas

Proto-Slavic: *ostь̀nъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīno- (“furze, gorse”)

Old Irish: aitten

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *akstīnā (collective)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: ethin

Old Cornish: eythin

Cornish: eythin

Welsh: eithin

Breton: bezhin

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āśce (possibly)

>? Proto-Italic: *akstus

Latin: astus

⇒ Latin: astūtus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óḱ-et-s (“harrow”)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: ath, eh, thua

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հասկ (hask) (possibly)

Armenian: ոսի (osi) (possibly)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (asūra, “point”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (aśäjä, “sharp; stony”)

Parthian: (/bōδāžār/, “sharp-smell; spices”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (bwdʾcʾr)

Persian: آچار (âčâr, “pickle, marinade”)

Pashto: اښار (āẍār, “acidic; sour; pickle; sadman”)

Classical Persian: آژیخ (āžīx, “solid tears, rheum”) (perhaps from *āsikah)

Classical Persian: آژدف (āždaf, “an acidic fruit, medlar”), ازدف (azdaf)


ǵʰer-

*ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰor-o-

>? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")

*ǵʰor-yo-

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)


ǵʰer-

Latin: hernia (“protruded viscus”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*ǵʰor-neh₂ (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")

Proto-Albanian: *dźārnā

Albanian: zorrë (“gut”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źárˀna

Lithuanian: žarnà (“intestine, hose”)

Latgalian: zorna (“intestine, hose”)

Latvian: zar̂na (“intestine, hose”)

Proto-Germanic: *garnō (“intestines”) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Ancient Greek: χορδή (khordḗ, “gut, string”) (< *χορνή (*khornḗ)?) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: हिरा (hirā́, “vein”)

*ǵʰórH-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰóryon

>? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥H-os

Sanskrit: हिर (híra, “band”)

Proto-Iranian: *ĵʰr̥H-oh

Pashto: ځير (źir, “thin string”)

Classical Persian: زیر (zīr, “string; cord; any tiny thing such as string”)

*ǵʰr̥H-u-

⇒ Proto-Italic: *haruspeks (“diviner”)

Faliscan: 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌗 (haraspex), 𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌐𐌉𐌗 (haraspix)

Latin: haruspex (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *hario-

Latin: hariolus

>? Latin: hīra (“intestine”) (see there for further descendants)


*seh₂- (root present) or *sh₂-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄω (áō)

Proto-Celtic: *sāssāti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sadaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sā́ˀtas (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: satis (adverb) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *sātis (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ատ-ոք (at-okʻ, “full-grown, ripe”)

Armenian: ատ-ոք (at-okʻ)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἅδην (hádēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिन्व (sinvá), असिन्व (asinvá, “insatiable”)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ó-s

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
Proto-Brythonic: *erx
Middle Welsh: erch
Welsh: (obsolete) erch
Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
Irish: earc (“lizard”)
Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)

Proto-Hellenic: *perkós

Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)

→ Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)

*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás

Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)

*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *porḱw-ó-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)

*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx

Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokás)

Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “roe deer”)

*pr̥ḱ-nó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade)

Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)

Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)

Proto-Albanian: *prikna

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā

Albanian: *prënjë

⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)

⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂

Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ

Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)

Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš

Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)

Mazanderani: برجی (barji)

*pr̥ḱ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *porkros

q

>? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer, but disputed)

Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)


perḱ-

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és

Proto-Germanic: *ferhô

Old Norse: *feri

desc

Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)

*pórḱ-ono-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas

Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)

*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā

Middle Irish: etarche

Proto-Italic: *porkā

Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)

>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és

Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)


dʰregʰ-

*dʰrégʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρέχω (trékhō)

Doric: τράχω (trákhō)

*dʰōrgʰ (nominative), *dʰrogʰs (genitive singular)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դուրգն (durgn, “potter's wheel”)

Armenian: դուրգ (durg)

Proto-Celtic: *drokos

Old Irish: droch (“wheel”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τροχός (trokhós, “wheel; potter's wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: padróžti

Latvian: drāžu

>? Proto-Slavic: *droga (“rail, shaft (of cart)”)

Proto-Germanic: *draganą (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դարձ (darj, “return”)

Armenian: դարձ (darj)

Unknown; some of the forms listed here as descendants have been argued to be either from unrelated roots, or to be related by means of being post-IE loanwords.


*ǵi-ǵneh₃-ti (reduplicated present stem)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō

Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)

*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)

*ǵnéh₃-ti (root present)

Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: *ծան- (*can-)
Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis

Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)

*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)

→ Latin: grōma

Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
→ English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
→ Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gnōriā

Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

q

formed with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ιμος</i> (-imos)

⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))

Italic: *gnāros, *engnāros, *engnārāō, *gnārāō

Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)

→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /Zand/, “Zand of Avesta”)

Indic:

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)

Italic: *gnōtiō

Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: gnāvus

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
Old Norse: kyn
Icelandic: kyn
→ Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
Finnish: kone (“machine”)
Karelian: koneh

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)

Old Irish: gnúis
Irish: gnúis
Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
Manx: grooish

Proto-Brythonic: *gnis

Middle Welsh: gnis

desc

apparently from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ǵneh₁-</i>, of unknown origin

Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)


peyḱ-

*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)

*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *finhaną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)

Proto-Iranian: *pinášti

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti

q

Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.) (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)

Proto-Italic:

desc

Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)

Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))

Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))

*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati

Proto-Iranian: *páycati

𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀

⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)

*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)

q

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)

Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)

Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)

Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)

*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)

*piḱ-ró-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras

Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós

desc

Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”)

Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)

>? Lusitanian:

→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)

*piḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás

Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)

Proto-Iranian: *pištáh

⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)

Middle Persian:

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)

Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)

⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian:

Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)

Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)

Proto-Italic: *piktos

Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas

Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-
Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)

desc

⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas

Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)

Proto-Iranian: *páycah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)

Russian: пегий (pegij)

>? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas

desc

Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)

Proto-Iranian: *picángah

desctree

→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

>? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)

Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:

→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)

peyg-

for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms


peyḱ-

*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)

*piḱ-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pikts

Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)

*póyḱ-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos

Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)

Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*poyḱ-yós

>? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: pîkt

Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas

Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)


ר־ש־ם

ר־שׁ־ם (canonical)
r-sh-m (romanization)

Forming words related to notes and impressions.


aur-

⇒? Basque: aulki (“chair”), aurre (“front”)


ع ر ف

عِرْفَان

Form I: عَرَفَ (ʕarafa, “to know”); Verbal noun

عَارِف

Form I: عَرَفَ (ʕarafa, “to know”); Active participle

تَعْرِيف

Form II: عَرَّفَ (ʕarrafa, “to inform or define”); Verbal noun

مُعَرِّف

Form II: عَرَّفَ (ʕarrafa, “to inform or define”); Active participle

مُعَارِف

Form III: عَارَفَ (ʕārafa); Active participle

إِعْرَاف

Form IV: أَعْرَفَ (ʔaʕrafa); Verbal noun

مُعْرِف

Form IV: أَعْرَفَ (ʔaʕrafa); Active participle

تَعَرُّف

Form V: تَعَرَّفَ (taʕarrafa, “to recognize”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَرِّف

Form V: تَعَرَّفَ (taʕarrafa, “to recognize”); Active participle

تَعَارُف

Form VI: تَعَارَفَ (taʕārafa, “to know one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَارِف

Form VI: تَعَارَفَ (taʕārafa, “to know one another”); Active participle

اِنْعِرَاف

Form VII: اِنْعَرَفَ (inʕarafa); Verbal noun

مُنْعَرِف

Form VII: اِنْعَرَفَ (inʕarafa); Active participle

اِعْتِرَاف

Form VIII: اِعْتَرَفَ (iʕtarafa, “to confess”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَرِف

Form VIII: اِعْتَرَفَ (iʕtarafa, “to confess”); Active participle

اِعْرِفَاف

Form IX: اِعْرَفَّ (iʕraffa); Verbal noun

مُعْرَفّ

Form IX: اِعْرَفَّ (iʕraffa); Active participle

اِسْتِعْرَاف

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَفَ (istaʕrafa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْرِف

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَفَ (istaʕrafa); Active participle

اِعْرِيفَاف

Form XI: اِعْرَافَّ (iʕrāffa); Verbal noun

مُعْرَافّ

Form XI: اِعْرَافَّ (iʕrāffa); Active participle

اِعْرِيرَاف

Form XII: اِعْرَوْرَفَ (iʕrawrafa); Verbal noun

مُعْرَوْرِف

Form XII: اِعْرَوْرَفَ (iʕrawrafa); Active participle

اِعْرِوَّاف

Form XIII: اِعْرَوَّفَ (iʕrawwafa); Verbal noun

مُعْرَوِّف

Form XIII: اِعْرَوَّفَ (iʕrawwafa); Active participle

اِعْرِنْفَاف

Form XIV: اِعْرَنْفَفَ (iʕranfafa); Verbal noun

مُعْرَنْفِف

Form XIV: اِعْرَنْفَفَ (iʕranfafa); Active participle

اِعْرِنْفَاي

Form XV: اِعْرَنْفَفَ (iʕranfafa); Verbal noun

مُعْرَنْفِف

Form XV: اِعْرَنْفَفَ (iʕranfafa); Active participle


ع ر ف

عارف

Form I: عرف (ʕirif, “to know”); Active Participle

معروف

Form I: عرف (ʕirif, “to know”); Passive Participle

Noun Form تعريف

Form II: عرّف (ʕarraf, “to inform; to introduce”)

تعرّف

Form V: تعرّف (tʕarraf, “to meet; to introduce yourself”); Noun Form

اعتراف

Form VIII: اعترف (iʕtaraf, “to recognize; to admit”); Noun Form


oper

Borrowed from Dutch over. Doublet of over.


suur-

related to diluting or extending a food with water


चुर्

head

चुर् • (cur)

sa-root

चुर् • (cur)


तुद्

head

तुद् • (tud)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tawd-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tawd-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-.


तन्

From Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch”). Compare Ancient Greek τείνω (teínō), Latin tendō, German dehnen.


י־ש־ב

י־שׁ־ב (canonical)
y-sh-b (romanization)

Proto-Semitic, compare with Arabic و ث ب (w ṯ b), and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܘ ܬ ܒ (w t b).

Used to form words relating to sitting or settling.


ش ك ر

شَاكِر

Form I: شَكَرَ (šakara); Active participle

تَشَكُّر

Form V: تَشَكَّرَ (tašakkara); Verbal noun

مُتَشَكِّر

Form V: تَشَكَّرَ (tašakkara); Active participle


ح ف ظ

ar-root

ح ف ظ • (ḥ-f-ẓ)

forms words relating to: guardianship, protection; preservation, conservation, maintenance; memorization

Form I: حَفِظَ (ḥafiẓa); Active participle

مُحَفِّظ

Form II: حَفَّظَ (ḥaffaẓa); Active participle

مُحَافِظ

Form III: حَافَظَ (ḥāfaẓa); Active participle

إِحْفَاظ

Form IV: أَحْفَظَ (ʔaḥfaẓa); Verbal noun

مُحْفِظ

Form IV: أَحْفَظَ (ʔaḥfaẓa); Active participle

تَحَفُّظ

Form V: تَحَفَّظَ (taḥaffaẓa); Verbal noun

مُتَحَفِّظ

Form V: تَحَفَّظَ (taḥaffaẓa); Active participle

اِحْتِفَاظ

Form VIII: اِحْتَفَظَ (iḥtafaẓa); Verbal noun

مُحْتَفِظ

Form VIII: اِحْتَفَظَ (iḥtafaẓa); Active participle

اِسْتِحْفَاظ

Form X: اِسْتَحْفَظَ (istaḥfaẓa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْفِظ

Form X: اِسْتَحْفَظَ (istaḥfaẓa); Active participle


ح ف ظ

حافظ

Form I: حفظ (ḥifiẓ, “to memorize, save”); Active Participle

محفوظ

Form I: حفظ (ḥifiẓ, “to memorize, save”); Passive Participle

محافظة

Form III: حافظ (ḥāfaẓ, “to preserve, maintain”); Noun Form

محافظ

Form III: حافظ (ḥāfaẓ, “to preserve, maintain”); Active Participle


ل ط ف

forms words related to benevolence, kindness, personability or amicability

لَاطِف

Form I: لَطَفَ (laṭafa); Active participle

مُلَطِّف

Form II: لَطَّفَ (laṭṭafa); Active participle

مُلَاطِف

Form III: لَاطَفَ (lāṭafa); Active participle

تَلَطُّف

Form V: تَلَطَّفَ (talaṭṭafa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَطِّف

Form V: تَلَطَّفَ (talaṭṭafa); Active participle

تَلَاطُف

Form VI: تَلَاطَفَ (talāṭafa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَاطِف

Form VI: تَلَاطَفَ (talāṭafa); Active participle

اِسْتِلْطَاف

Form X: اِسْتَلْطَفَ (istalṭafa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَلْطِف

Form X: اِسْتَلْطَفَ (istalṭafa); Active participle


د م ر

مُدَمِّر

Form II: دَمَّرَ (dammara); Active participle

تَدَمُّر

Form V: تَدَمَّرَ (tadammara); Verbal noun

مُتَدَمِّر

Form V: تَدَمَّرَ (tadammara); Active participle


ن ظ م

Prefixed from ض م م (ḍ-m-m). Attribution of نِظَام (niẓām, “order; a kind of rope on which beads are rowed”) to ancestors of Persian نیام (niyâm, “scabbard”), of which the other formations within the root would be denominal, is hardly acceptable.

forms words related to organizing, organization, arrangement, orderliness or composition

es:Federico Corriente Córdoba
ru:Христианский Восток (журнал)

نَاظِم

Form I: نَظَمَ (naẓama); Active participle

مُنَظِّم

Form II: نَظَّمَ (naẓẓama); Active participle

تَنَظُّم

Form V: تَنَظَّمَ (tanaẓẓama); Verbal noun

مُتَنَظِّم

Form V: تَنَظَّمَ (tanaẓẓama); Active participle

تَنَاظُم

Form VI: تَنَاظَمَ (tanāẓama); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاظِم

Form VI: تَنَاظَمَ (tanāẓama); Active participle

اِنْتِظَام

Form VIII: اِنْتَظَمَ (intaẓama); Verbal noun

مُنْتَظِم

Form VIII: اِنْتَظَمَ (intaẓama); Active participle


ل م س

forms words related to touching, closeness or physical contact

لَامِس

Form I: لَمَسَ (lamasa); Active participle

مُلَامِس

Form III: لَامَسَ (lāmasa); Active participle

تَلَمُّس

Form V: تَلَمَّسَ (talammasa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَمِّس

Form V: تَلَمَّسَ (talammasa); Active participle

تَلَامُس

Form VI: تَلَامَسَ (talāmasa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَامِس

Form VI: تَلَامَسَ (talāmasa); Active participle

اِلْتِمَاس

Form VIII: اِلْتَمَسَ (iltamasa); Verbal noun

مُلْتَمِس

Form VIII: اِلْتَمَسَ (iltamasa); Active participle


د ر س

May be related to د و س (d-w-s) of دَاسَ (dāsa, “to crush, to trample”), compare سَابَ (sāba, “to flow”) and سَرَبَ (saraba, “to leak”) for derivation pattern. According to Geiger, the meaning “to interpret; to explain away”, specifically in Qurʔān 6:105 and Qurʔān 6:156, is a semantic loan from Hebrew דָּרַשׁ (dāráś).

دَارِس

Form I: دَرَسَ (darasa); Active participle

مُدَرِّس

Form II: دَرَّسَ (darrasa); Active participle

مُدَارِس

Form III: دَارَسَ (dārasa); Active participle

إِدْرَاس

Form IV: أَدْرَسَ (ʔadrasa); Verbal noun

مُدْرِس

Form IV: أَدْرَسَ (ʔadrasa); Active participle

تَدَرُّس

Form V: تَدَرَّسَ (tadarrasa); Verbal noun

مُتَدَرِّس

Form V: تَدَرَّسَ (tadarrasa); Active participle

تَدَارُس

Form VI: تَدَارَسَ (tadārasa); Verbal noun

مُتَدَارِس

Form VI: تَدَارَسَ (tadārasa); Active participle

اِنْدِرَاس

Form VII: اِنْدَرَسَ (indarasa); Verbal noun

مُنْدَرِس

Form VII: اِنْدَرَسَ (indarasa); Active participle

مَدْرَسِيّ

مَدْرَسَة (madrasa)


ج ه د

forms words related to struggle, strife, labor

جَاهِد

Form I: جَهَدَ (jahada); Active participle

مُجَهِّد

Form II: جَهَّدَ (jahhada); Active participle

مُجَاهِد

Form III: جَاهَدَ (jāhada); Active participle

إِجْهَاد

Form IV: أَجْهَدَ (ʔajhada); Verbal noun

مُجْهِد

Form IV: أَجْهَدَ (ʔajhada); Active participle

تَجَهُّد

Form V: تَجَهَّدَ (tajahhada); Verbal noun

مُتَجَهِّد

Form V: تَجَهَّدَ (tajahhada); Active participle

تَجَاهُد

Form VI: تَجَاهَدَ (tajāhada); Verbal noun

مُتَجَاهِد

Form VI: تَجَاهَدَ (tajāhada); Active participle

اِنْجِهَاد

Form VII: اِنْجَهَدَ (injahada); Verbal noun

مُنْجَهِد

Form VII: اِنْجَهَدَ (injahada); Active participle

اِجْتِهَاد

Form VIII: اِجْتَهَدَ (ijtahada); Verbal noun

مُجْتَهِد

Form VIII: اِجْتَهَدَ (ijtahada); Active participle

اِجْهِدَاد

Form IX: اِجْهَدَّ (ijhadda); Verbal noun

مُجْهَدّ

Form IX: اِجْهَدَّ (ijhadda); Active participle


ح ب ب

For the swellings senses see also ع ب ب (ʕ-b-b) and غ ب ب (ḡ-b-b), as well as rare ء ب ب (ʔ-b-b) as in أُبَاب (ʔubāb).
For the love senses, see also Ancient Greek ἀγαπάω (agapáō) and Hebrew אָהַב (ʾaháḇ) and Ugaritic 𐎀𐎅𐎁 (ảhb, “to love”) which developed from a different root variant, maybe there connected to the cognate of Arabic ه ب ب (h-b-b). In the Arabic love root, the sense of a bulge seems bawdily extended to mean love, regard the explanation of فَتًى (fatan, “youngster”). Remarkably Tigre ሐበ (ḥäbbä) apparently preserves the transitional sense “to wind oneself”, extended then in Arabic for amatory moves. (In so far as the Ethiopian Semitic root means love or friendship or the like it is borrowed from Arabic).

حُبَاب and حِبَاب of meanings dubiously distributed over the vocalizations

مُحَابّ

Form III: حَابَّ (ḥābba); Active participle

اِسْتِحْبَاب

Form X: اِسْتَحَبَّ (istaḥabba, “to deem something recommendable”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحِبّ

Form X: اِسْتَحَبَّ (istaḥabba, “to deem something recommendable”); Active participle

مُسْتَحَبّ

forms words relating to love, affection, focus, attention, captivation and personal preferences

حُبّ

Form I: حَبَّ (ḥabba, “to love, to like”); Verbal noun

حَابّ

Form I: حَبَّ (ḥabba, “to love, to like”); Active participle

تَحْبِيب

Form II: حَبَّبَ (ḥabbaba, “to evoke love for; to produce seed”); Verbal noun

مُحَبِّب

Form II: حَبَّبَ (ḥabbaba, “to evoke love for; to produce seed”); Active participle

حُبّ

Form IV: أَحَبَّ (ʔaḥabba, “to love”); Verbal noun

مُحِبّ

Form IV: أَحَبَّ (ʔaḥabba, “to love”); Active participle

تَحَبُّب

Form V: تَحَبَّبَ (taḥabbaba, “to show love, to endear oneself to someone”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَبِّب

Form V: تَحَبَّبَ (taḥabbaba, “to show love, to endear oneself to someone”); Active participle

تَحَابّ

Form VI: تَحَابَّ (taḥābba, “to love one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَابّ

Form VI: تَحَابَّ (taḥābba, “to love one another”); Active participle

مُتَحَابّ

forms words relating to bulges, hunches, evanescent outgrowths of nature


س ل م

From Proto-Semitic *š-l-m. Cognate with Hebrew ש־ל־ם.

related to safety, security; peace; submission; surrender

سَلَامَة

Form I: سَلِمَ (salima, “to be safe and sound, be blameless, be clearly proven, be free, escape”); Verbal noun

Form I: سَلِمَ (salima, “to be safe and sound, be blameless, be clearly proven, be free, escape”); Active participle

تَسْلِيم

Form II: سَلَّمَ (sallama, “to preserve, hand over intact, surrender, submit, greet, grant salvation, admit, consent”); Verbal noun

مُسَلِّم

Form II: سَلَّمَ (sallama, “to preserve, hand over intact, surrender, submit, greet, grant salvation, admit, consent”); Active participle

مُسَالَمَة

Form III: سَالَمَ (sālama, “to keep or make peace”); Verbal noun

مُسَالِم

Form III: سَالَمَ (sālama, “to keep or make peace”); Active participle

إِسْلَام

Form IV: أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama, “to desert, let fall, hand over, abandon, surrender, resign oneself, become Muslim”); Verbal noun

مُسْلِم

Form IV: أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama, “to desert, let fall, hand over, abandon, surrender, resign oneself, become Muslim”); Active participle

تَسَلُّم

Form V: تَسَلَّمَ (tasallama, “to get, to have handed over, to take over”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَلِّم

Form V: تَسَلَّمَ (tasallama, “to get, to have handed over, to take over”); Active participle

تَسَالُم

Form VI: تَسَالَمَ (tasālama, “to make peace with each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَالِم

Form VI: تَسَالَمَ (tasālama, “to make peace with each other”); Active participle

اِسْتِلَام

Form VIII: اِسْتَلَمَ (istalama, “to touch, receive, take possession of”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَلِم

Form VIII: اِسْتَلَمَ (istalama, “to touch, receive, take possession of”); Active participle

اِسْتِسْلَام

Form X: اِسْتَسْلَمَ (istaslama, “to surrender, submit, succumb”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَسْلِم

Form X: اِسْتَسْلَمَ (istaslama, “to surrender, submit, succumb”); Active participle

تَأَسْلُم

Form IIq: تَأَسْلَمَ (taʔaslama); Verbal noun

مُتَأَسْلِم

Form IIq: تَأَسْلَمَ (taʔaslama); Active participle


س ل م

استسلام

Form X: استسلم (istaslam, “to surrender, give up”); Noun Form

إسلام

Form IV: أسلم (ʔaslam, “to convert to Islam”); Noun Form

مسلم

Form IV: أسلم (ʔaslam, “to convert to Islam”); Active Participle


ن ز ل

نَازِل

Form I: نَزَلَ (nazala); Active participle

مُنَزِّل

Form II: نَزَّلَ (nazzala); Active participle

إِنْزَال

Form IV: أَنْزَلَ (ʔanzala); Verbal noun

مُنْزِل

Form IV: أَنْزَلَ (ʔanzala); Active participle

تَنَزُّل

Form V: تَنَزَّلَ (tanazzala); Verbal noun

مُتَنَزِّل

Form V: تَنَزَّلَ (tanazzala); Active participle

تَنَازُل

Form VI: تَنَازَلَ (tanāzala); Verbal noun

مُتَنَازِل

Form VI: تَنَازَلَ (tanāzala); Active participle

اِسْتِنْزَال

Form X: اِسْتَنْزَلَ (istanzala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْزِل

Form X: اِسْتَنْزَلَ (istanzala); Active participle

عَدّ تَنَازُلِيّ

تَنَازُلِيّ (tanāzuliyy)

مُنَازِل

Form III: نَازَلَ (nāzala); Active participle


ن ز ل

نازل

Form I: نزل (nizil, “to go down, to descend”); Active Participle


ك م ل

كَامِل

Form I: كَمَلَ (kamala); Active participle

Form I: كَمِلَ (kamila); Active participle

Form I: كَمُلَ (kamula); Active participle

مُكَمِّل

Form II: كَمَّلَ (kammala); Active participle

إِكْمَال

Form IV: أَكْمَلَ (ʔakmala); Verbal noun

مُكْمِل

Form IV: أَكْمَلَ (ʔakmala); Active participle

تَكَامُل

Form VI: تَكَامَلَ (takāmala); Verbal noun

مُتَكَامِل

Form VI: تَكَامَلَ (takāmala); Active participle

اِكْتِمَال

Form VIII: اِكْتَمَلَ (iktamala); Verbal noun

مُكْتَمِل

Form VIII: اِكْتَمَلَ (iktamala); Active participle

اِسْتِكْمَال

Form X: اِسْتَكْمَلَ (istakmala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكْمِل

Form X: اِسْتَكْمَلَ (istakmala); Active participle


ص د ق

Inherited from West Semitic, cognate with Hebrew צ־ד־ק.

إِصْدَاق

Form IV: أَصْدَقَ (ʔaṣdaqa, “to fix a dower”); Verbal noun

مُصْدِق

Form IV: أَصْدَقَ (ʔaṣdaqa, “to fix a dower”); Active participle

تَصَدُّق

Form V: تَصَدَّقَ (taṣaddaqa, “to give alms”), اِصَّدَّقَ (iṣṣaddaqa, “to give alms”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَدِّق

Form V: تَصَدَّقَ (taṣaddaqa, “to give alms”), اِصَّدَّقَ (iṣṣaddaqa, “to give alms”); Active participle

تَصَادُق

Form VI: تَصَادَقَ (taṣādaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَصَادِق

Form VI: تَصَادَقَ (taṣādaqa); Active participle

صَدْق

Form I: صَدَقَ (ṣadaqa, “to tell the truth, be sincere, prove to be true, to be right”); Verbal noun

صَادِق

Form I: صَدَقَ (ṣadaqa, “to tell the truth, be sincere, prove to be true, to be right”); Active participle

تَصْدِيق

Form II: صَدَّقَ (ṣaddaqa, “to consider true or truthful, believe, consent, approve, certify”); Verbal noun

belief, faith, assent, approval, certification

مُصَدِّق

Form II: صَدَّقَ (ṣaddaqa, “to consider true or truthful, believe, consent, approve, certify”); Active participle

مُصَدَّق

forms words related to friends, friendship, acquaintance or companionship

مُصَادَقَة

Form III: صَادَقَ (ṣādaqa, “to treat as a friend, become friends with, consent, approve, certify”); Verbal noun

consent, agreement, certification, ratification

مُصَادِق

Form III: صَادَقَ (ṣādaqa, “to treat as a friend, become friends with, consent, approve, certify”); Active participle


ش غ ف

ar-root

ش غ ف • (š-ḡ-f)

forms words related to strong love, desire, passion

شَاغِف

Form I: شَغَفَ (šaḡafa); Active participle

اِنْشِغَاف

Form VII: اِنْشَغَفَ (inšaḡafa); Verbal noun

مُنْشَغِف

Form VII: اِنْشَغَفَ (inšaḡafa); Active participle


ك ر ب

forms words related to stress, distress, worry, nervousness or other mental anguish

كَارِب

Form I: كَرَبَ (karaba); Active participle

إِكْرَاب

Form IV: أَكْرَبَ (ʔakraba); Verbal noun

مُكْرِب

Form IV: أَكْرَبَ (ʔakraba); Active participle

اِنْكِرَاب

Form VII: اِنْكَرَبَ (inkaraba); Verbal noun

مُنْكَرِب

Form VII: اِنْكَرَبَ (inkaraba); Active participle

اِكْتِرَاب

Form VIII: اِكْتَرَبَ (iktaraba); Verbal noun

مُكْتَرِب

Form VIII: اِكْتَرَبَ (iktaraba); Active participle


ن ص ح

ن ص ح • (n-ṣ-ḥ)

نَاصِح

Form I: نَصَحَ (naṣaḥa, “to advice”); Active participle

مُنَاصِح

Form III: نَاصَحَ (nāṣaḥa); Active participle

إِنْصَاح

Form IV: أَنْصَحَ (ʔanṣaḥa); Verbal noun

مُنْصِح

Form IV: أَنْصَحَ (ʔanṣaḥa); Active participle

تَنَاصُح

Form VI: تَنَاصَحَ (tanāṣaḥa, “to exchange advice, to advise one another”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاصِح

Form VI: تَنَاصَحَ (tanāṣaḥa, “to exchange advice, to advise one another”); Active participle

اِنْتِصَاح

Form VIII: اِنْتَصَحَ (intaṣaḥa); Verbal noun

مُنْتَصِح

Form VIII: اِنْتَصَحَ (intaṣaḥa); Active participle

اِسْتِنْصَاح

Form X: اِسْتَنْصَحَ (istanṣaḥa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْصِح

Form X: اِسْتَنْصَحَ (istanṣaḥa); Active participle


س م ح

سَامِح

Form I: سَمَحَ (samaḥa); Active participle

Form I: سَمُحَ (samuḥa); Active participle

مُسَمِّح

Form II: سَمَّحَ (sammaḥa); Active participle

مُسَامِح

Form III: سَامَحَ (sāmaḥa); Active participle

تَسَامُح

Form VI: تَسَامَحَ (tasāmaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَامِح

Form VI: تَسَامَحَ (tasāmaḥa); Active participle

اِسْتِسْمَاح

Form X: اِسْتَسْمَحَ (istasmaḥa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَسْمِح

Form X: اِسْتَسْمَحَ (istasmaḥa); Active participle


غ ص ب

غ ص ب • (ḡ-ṣ-b)

غَاصِب

Form I: غَصَبَ (ḡaṣaba); Active participle

اِغْتِصَاب

Form VIII: اِغْتَصَبَ (iḡtaṣaba); Verbal noun

مُغْتَصِب

Form VIII: اِغْتَصَبَ (iḡtaṣaba); Active participle


*h₂eHs-eh₁-(ye)- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *āzēō

Latin: āreō (“to be dry”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: asāre (“dried up”, verb)

*h₂éH-mr̥ (probably)

*h₂éHs-s (root noun)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāšš-, “ash(es); dust; soap”)

*h₂eHs-h₂- (“hearth, fireplace”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀀𒀸 c (ḫāššā-, “fireplace, hearth”)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊀𐊛𐊀𐊅𐊆 c (xahadi-, “altar”)

Proto-Italic: *āzā (“altar”)

Old Latin: āsa

Latin: āra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: aasa- (“altar”)

*h₂s-tḗr (“star”)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

Proto-Germanic: *asjō

Old High German: essa (“furnace”)

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina, “ash”)

Old Norse: arinn (“hearth, fireplace”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHsas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáHsas

Sanskrit: आस (ā́sa, “ashes, dust”)

Proto-Iranian: *HáHhah

Ormuri: [script needed] (yānak, “ash”) < *ās-naka-

Persian: آهک (âhak, “lime”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: asatär (“dries up”)

Tocharian B: osotär (“dries up”)

Proto-Tocharian: *āstäre (“pure”) (possibly)

Tocharian A: āştär (“pure”)

Tocharian B: astare (“pure”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ās-

Tocharian A: ās-

Tocharian B: ās-

enlarged with a dental

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաստեայ (hasteay, “kind of pastry”) (possibly)

Old Armenian: ոստին (ostin, “dry”) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Czech: ozditi (“to dry malt”)

Old Polish: ozd (“dry malt”)

Hellenic:

q

or simply from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-ye-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: ἄζω (ázō, “to dry”) (or simply from *h₂ed-ye-)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desc

Khotanese: [script needed] (astaucä, “dry land”)

→ Old Armenian: աստուճ (astuč, “dry (of bread)”)

Proto-Italic: *assos (“dried, roasted”)

Latin: assus (“roasted, baked”)

enlarged with a velar

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”)

Old Armenian: ազազիմ (azazim, “to grow dry”)

Old Armenian: ասկն (askn, “ruby”) (possibly)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-</i>?

>? Proto-Germanic: *askǭ (“ash, ashes”) (or from *h₂ed-dʰgʷʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ἄσβολος (ásbolos, “soot”), ἀσβόλη (asbólē)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kaski (“swidden”) (see there for further descendants)

Appears to be suffixed/extended from the root *h₂eh₁- as found in Palaic [script needed] (hāri), [script needed] (hānta, “to heat up”, intransitive), Proto-Celtic *ā-tis (“furnace, oven”) and PIE *h₂éh₁-tēr (“fire”); see also *h₂eh₃- (“to burn, be hot”). Alternatively from *h₂ed-s- with dissimilation; see reconstruction notes.


leykʷ-

*léykʷ-t ~ *likʷ-ént (athematic root aorist)

*likʷ-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիք (likʻ), ելիք (elikʻ, “he left”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔλῐπε (élipe, “he left”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háričat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárićat

Sanskrit: अरिचत् (áricat)

*li-né-kʷ-ti ~ *li-n-kʷ-énti (nasal-infix present)

*le-lóykʷ-e ~ *le-likʷ-ḗr (stative)

*loykʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: làicît

Lithuanian: laikýti

Old Prussian: laikūt

Proto-Germanic: *laigijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rayćáyati

Sanskrit: रेचयति (recáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *rayčáyati

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (raēcaiieⁱti)

*likʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riktás (see there for further descendants)

*lóykʷ-no-

Proto-Germanic: *laihną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráyknas (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: likt (“to lay, put”), lieks (“superfluous, excessive”)

Lithuanian: likti (“to stay”), atlaikas (“remains”)

Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: отлѣкъ (otlěkŭ, “remains”)

Russian: лишать (lišatʹ, “to deprive, rob, divest”) from *leykso-

→ Proto-Finnic: *liika (“excess”) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “disappearance; eclipse”), λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)

Celtic:

Pictish:

→ Scottish Gaelic: dìleab


*h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)

*h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)

*h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén̥-s (“grain, corn”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwar ~ *arwens

Old Irish: arbor ~ arbae

Irish: arbhar

Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

*h₂erh₃-wr̥-ih₂ (“cropland”)

Proto-Hellenic: *ároura

Ancient Greek: ἄρουρα (ároura)

*h₂r̥h₃-wé-reh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥HwáraH

Sanskrit: उर्वरा (urvárā)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH

Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁 (uruuarā)

*h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)

Proto-Celtic: *arwī

Breton: erv

Cornish: erow

Welsh: erw

Proto-Italic: *arawos

Latin: arvus

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arw-

Proto-Slavic: *orvьnъ

(uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)

Proto-Albanian: *arwa

Albanian: arë

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)

Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-

Old Armenian: արաւս (araws) (possibly)


خ ي ر

مُخَيِّر

Form II: خَيَّرَ (ḵayyara); Active participle

مُخَايِر

Form III: خَايَرَ (ḵāyara); Active participle

تَخَيُّر

Form V: تَخَيَّرَ (taḵayyara); Verbal noun

مُتَخَيِّر

Form V: تَخَيَّرَ (taḵayyara); Active participle

اِخْتِيَار

Form VIII: اِخْتَارَ (iḵtāra); Verbal noun

مُخْتَار

Form VIII: اِخْتَارَ (iḵtāra); Active participle

اِسْتِخَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَخَارَ (istaḵāra); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخِير

Form X: اِسْتَخَارَ (istaḵāra); Active participle

خَيْرَة

خَيْر (ḵayr)

خَيْرِيّ

خَيْر (ḵayr)

خَيْرِيَّة

خَيْر (ḵayr)

خِيرِيّ

خِيرَة (ḵīra), خِيَرَة (ḵiyara)

forms words related to choice or selection


gʷʰen-

*gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)

q

Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))

Latin: *fendō

⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *jaga

Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja

Albanian: gjuaj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei

Latvian: dzenêt

Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō

desc

Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)

*gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti

Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəšké-/)

Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-

Tocharian B: käsk-

*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: geguin

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ

Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)

*gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei

Latvian: ganît

Lithuanian: ganýti

Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon

Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat

Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat

Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)

*gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)

*gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH

Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)

*gʷʰón-o-s

*gʷʰon-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás

Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-ō

Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

*gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́

Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)

Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/jaⁿtar/, “one who strikes”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)


خ ت ن

A Proto-Semitic kinship term, compare Akkadian 𒄩𒋫𒉡 (/ḫatānu/, “in-law, son-in-law, brother-in-law or bridegroom”), Hebrew חָתָן (ḫātān, “bridegroom, son-in-law; the infant fit for circumcision”), Aramaic חתנה / חַתְנָא / ܚܲܬܼܢܵܐ (ḥaṯnā, “bridegroom; son-in-law”), Old South Arabian 𐩣𐩭𐩩𐩬 (mḫtn, “family”).

خِتَان

circumcision; a feast for wedding or circumcision

forms words related to a man becoming related through marriage

خَاتِن

Form I: خَتَنَ (ḵatana); Active participle

اِخْتِتَان

Form VIII: اِخْتَتَنَ (iḵtatana); Verbal noun

مُخْتَتِن

Form VIII: اِخْتَتَنَ (iḵtatana); Active participle


ف ح ش

ar-root

ف ح ش • (f-ḥ-š)

* Possibly related to the root of فَحْل (faḥl), for the root f-ḥ-l is somewhat developed in Ge'ez in the meaning of “lasciviousness”
* Possible related to Classical Syriac ܦܚܶܙ (pḥez, “to act voluptuously”), Hebrew פָּחַז (pāḥaz, “to leap, to bound; to be wanton; to be lascivious; to be proud”), which could also relate to the root ف خ ر (f-ḵ-r).

cog

Form I: فَحُشَ (faḥuša); Active participle

مُفَاحِش

Form III: فَاحَشَ (fāḥaša); Active participle

إِفْحَاش

Form IV: أَفْحَشَ (ʔafḥaša); Verbal noun

مُفْحِش

Form IV: أَفْحَشَ (ʔafḥaša); Active participle

تَفَاحُش

Form VI: تَفَاحَشَ (tafāḥaša); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاحِش

Form VI: تَفَاحَشَ (tafāḥaša); Active participle

اِسْتِفْحَاش

Form X: اِسْتَفْحَشَ (istafḥaša); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفْحِش

Form X: اِسْتَفْحَشَ (istafḥaša); Active participle

grossness
excessiveness, excessive behavior

foulness, obscenity, indecency; ugliness


ق ر ب

مُقَرِّب

Form II: قَرَّبَ (qarraba); Active participle

مُقَارِب

Form III: قَارَبَ (qāraba); Active participle

إِقْرَاب

Form IV: أَقْرَبَ (ʔaqraba); Verbal noun

مُقْرِب

Form IV: أَقْرَبَ (ʔaqraba); Active participle

تَقَرُّب

Form V: تَقَرَّبَ (taqarraba); Verbal noun

مُتَقَرِّب

Form V: تَقَرَّبَ (taqarraba); Active participle

تَقَارُب

Form VI: تَقَارَبَ (taqāraba); Verbal noun

مُتَقَارِب

Form VI: تَقَارَبَ (taqāraba); Active participle

اِنْقِرَاب

Form VII: اِنْقَرَبَ (inqaraba); Verbal noun

مُنْقَرِب

Form VII: اِنْقَرَبَ (inqaraba); Active participle

اِقْتِرَاب

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَبَ (iqtaraba); Verbal noun

مُقْتَرِب

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَبَ (iqtaraba); Active participle

اِسْتِقْرَاب

Form X: اِسْتَقْرَبَ (istaqraba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْرِب

Form X: اِسْتَقْرَبَ (istaqraba); Active participle

مِقْرَاب

vat or pond almost full of water; telescope


ر ج ع

رُجُوع

Form I: رَجَعَ (rajaʕa, “to return, to come back (intransitive)”); Verbal noun

رَاجِع

Form I: رَجَعَ (rajaʕa, “to return, to come back (intransitive)”); Active participle

رَجْع

Form I: رَجَعَ (rajaʕa, “to send back, to return (transitive)”); Verbal noun

رَاجِع

Form I: رَجَعَ (rajaʕa, “to send back, to return (transitive)”); Active participle

مُرَجِّع

Form II: رَجَّعَ (rajjaʕa); Active participle

مُرَاجِع

Form III: رَاجَعَ (rājaʕa); Active participle

إِرْجَاع

Form IV: أَرْجَعَ (ʔarjaʕa); Verbal noun

مُرْجِع

Form IV: أَرْجَعَ (ʔarjaʕa); Active participle

تَرَاجُع

Form VI: تَرَاجَعَ (tarājaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَاجِع

Form VI: تَرَاجَعَ (tarājaʕa); Active participle

اِرْتِجَاع

Form VIII: اِرْتَجَعَ (irtajaʕa); Verbal noun

مُرْتَجِع

Form VIII: اِرْتَجَعَ (irtajaʕa); Active participle

اِسْتِرْجَاع

Form X: اِسْتَرْجَعَ (istarjaʕa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَرْجِع

Form X: اِسْتَرْجَعَ (istarjaʕa); Active participle

إِنَّا لِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ


ر ج ع

راجع

Form I: رجع (rijiʕ, “to return”); Active Participle

تراجع

to withdraw, to step back from something


ش ر ع

ar-root

ش ر ع • (š-r-ʕ)

شَارِع

Form I: شَرَعَ (šaraʕa); Active participle

مُشَرِّع

Form II: شَرَّعَ (šarraʕa); Active participle

إِشْرَاع

Form IV: أَشْرَعَ (ʔašraʕa); Verbal noun

مُشْرِع

Form IV: أَشْرَعَ (ʔašraʕa); Active participle

اِشْتِرَاع

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَعَ (ištaraʕa); Verbal noun

مُشْتَرِع

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَعَ (ištaraʕa); Active participle

شَرْعِيّ

شَرْع (šarʕ)

شِرَاعِيّ

شِرَاع (širāʕ)

forms words related to law and legislation


خ ج ل

forms words relating to shame and embarrassment

Form I: خَجِلَ (ḵajila); Active participle

مُخَجِّل

Form II: خَجَّلَ (ḵajjala); Active participle

إِخْجَال

Form IV: أَخْجَلَ (ʔaḵjala); Verbal noun

مُخْجِل

Form IV: أَخْجَلَ (ʔaḵjala); Active participle


خ ذ ل

خ ذ ل • (ḵ-ḏ-l)

خَاذِل

Form I: خَذَلَ (ḵaḏala); Active participle

مُخَاذِل

Form III: خَاذَلَ (ḵāḏala); Active participle

إِخْذَال

Form IV: أَخْذَلَ (ʔaḵḏala); Verbal noun

مُخْذِل

Form IV: أَخْذَلَ (ʔaḵḏala); Active participle

تَخَاذُل

Form VI: تَخَاذَلَ (taḵāḏala); Verbal noun

مُتَخَاذِل

Form VI: تَخَاذَلَ (taḵāḏala); Active participle

اِنْخِذَال

Form VII: اِنْخَذَلَ (inḵaḏala); Verbal noun

مُنْخَذِل

Form VII: اِنْخَذَلَ (inḵaḏala); Active participle


ع ر ق

إِعْرَاق

Form IV: أَعْرَقَ (ʔaʕraqa); Verbal noun

تَعَرُّق

Form V: تَعَرَّقَ (taʕarraqa); Verbal noun

اِسْتِعْرَاق

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَقَ (istaʕraqa); Verbal noun

forms words relating to sweat and perspiration

Form I: عَرِقَ (ʕariqa); Active participle

عَارِق

Form I: عَرَقَ (ʕaraqa); Active participle

مُعَرِّق

Form II: عَرَّقَ (ʕarraqa); Active participle

مُعْرِق

Form IV: أَعْرَقَ (ʔaʕraqa); Active participle

مُتَعَرِّق

Form V: تَعَرَّقَ (taʕarraqa); Active participle

مُسْتَعْرِق

Form X: اِسْتَعْرَقَ (istaʕraqa); Active participle

forms words relating to plants' stems, roots, etc.


ك ش ف

forms words related to discovery, finding, seeking, uncovering

كَاشِف

Form I: كَشَفَ (kašafa); Active participle

مُكَشِّف

Form II: كَشَّفَ (kaššafa); Active participle

مُكَاشِف

Form III: كَاشَفَ (kāšafa); Active participle

إِكْشَاف

Form IV: أَكْشَفَ (ʔakšafa); Verbal noun

مُكْشِف

Form IV: أَكْشَفَ (ʔakšafa); Active participle

تَكَشُّف

Form V: تَكَشَّفَ (takaššafa); Verbal noun

مُتَكَشِّف

Form V: تَكَشَّفَ (takaššafa); Active participle

اِنْكِشَاف

Form VII: اِنْكَشَفَ (inkašafa); Verbal noun

مُنْكَشِف

Form VII: اِنْكَشَفَ (inkašafa); Active participle

اِكْتِشَاف

Form VIII: اِكْتَشَفَ (iktašafa); Verbal noun

مُكْتَشِف

Form VIII: اِكْتَشَفَ (iktašafa); Active participle

اِسْتِكْشَاف

Form X: اِسْتَكْشَفَ (istakšafa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكْشِف

Form X: اِسْتَكْشَفَ (istakšafa); Active participle


ق ع ر

forms words relating to hollowness and depth

Form I: قَعُرَ (qaʕura); Active participle

مُقَعِّر

Form II: قَعَّرَ (qaʕʕara); Active participle

إِقْعَار

Form IV: أَقْعَرَ (ʔaqʕara); Verbal noun

مُقْعِر

Form IV: أَقْعَرَ (ʔaqʕara); Active participle


س م ع

سَمَّاعَة

stethoscope; speaker; headphone; earpiece

Form I: سَمِعَ (samiʕa); Active participle

مُسَمِّع

Form II: سَمَّعَ (sammaʕa); Active participle

إِسْمَاع

Form IV: أَسْمَعَ (ʔasmaʕa); Verbal noun

مُسْمِع

Form IV: أَسْمَعَ (ʔasmaʕa); Active participle

تَسَمُّع

Form V: تَسَمَّعَ (tasammaʕa), اِسَّمَّعَ (issammaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَمِّع

Form V: تَسَمَّعَ (tasammaʕa), اِسَّمَّعَ (issammaʕa); Active participle

تَسَامُع

Form VI: تَسَامَعَ (tasāmaʕa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَامِع

Form VI: تَسَامَعَ (tasāmaʕa); Active participle

اِسْتِمَاع

Form VIII: اِسْتَمَعَ (istamaʕa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمِع

Form VIII: اِسْتَمَعَ (istamaʕa); Active participle


*h₂énǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄγχω (ánkhō, “I compress, strangle”)

Italic:

Latin: angō (“I cause pain”)

*h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *angustiz (“narrowness, tightness, anxiety”)

Proto-Germanic: *angazaz (“worry, grief, anxiety”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀγχοῦ (ankhoû), ἄγχι (ánkhi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰas (see there for further descendants)

Latin: angustus (“narrow, close”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: ānxius

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: angësht

Old Armenian: անձաւ (anjaw)

Proto-Celtic: *komangus

Welsh: cyfyng

Old Irish: cumung (“narrow, tight, constricted”)

Breton kem- prep "with" + eng "narrow"

Hittite ḫamank- 'to tie' suggests that the earlier form should be reconstructed not as *h₂enǵʰ- but as *h₂emǵʰ-, which weakens the argument for a (genetic) relation to Proto-Uralic *aŋke 'painfully constricted'. Perhaps related to *h₂eng-, *h₂enk-, *h₂eḱ-


غ ل ف

forms words related to covering, envelopment, encasing

مُغَلِّف

Form II: غَلَّفَ (ḡallafa); Active participle


srew-

*sréw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առոգեմ (aṙogem)

Armenian: ոռոգել (oṙogel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sráwati

Sanskrit: स्रवति (srávati, “to flow”)

Proto-Iranian: *sráwati

Parthian: 𐫡𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫗𐫅 (rʾwynd, “to pour off”, 3pl.pres.)

*sréw-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréyyō

Ancient Greek: ῥέω (rhéō)

Greek: ρέω (réo)

*srow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srāwáyati

Sanskrit: स्रावयति (srāváyati)

*sréw-mn̥ n (“stream”, proterokinetic men-stem)

Proto-Hellenic: *hréumə

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦμα (rheûma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *srouman

Proto-Brythonic:

>? Old Breton: strum

Old Irish: srúaim

*sre/ow-tes-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sráwtas (see there for further descendants)

*sréw-ti-s ~ *sru-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hréutis, *hrútis

Ancient Greek: ῥεῦσις (rheûsis), ῥύσις (rhúsis)

Greek: ρύση (rýsi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srútis

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srútis

Sanskrit: स्रुति (srúti-, “stream, (out)flow, discharge; course, path; drain”)

Proto-Albanian: *srūmā

Albanian: rrymë, rrym

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumā́ˀ

Latvian: stràuma

*srow-mo-s

Proto-Germanic: *straumaz (see there for further descendants)

*srow-men-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraumen

Proto-Slavic: *strumy (see there for further descendants)

Thracian:

→ Ancient Greek: Στρυμών (Strumṓn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *srawā́ˀ

Latvian: strava, stràvа

Lithuanian: sravà

⇒ Lithuanian: prasrava

Proto-Hellenic: *hrowā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: ῥοή (rhoḗ)
Greek: ροή (roḯ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srawáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srawáH

⇒ Sanskrit: गिरिस्रवा (girisravā)

*srów-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sráwas

Proto-Slavic: *strovъ

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ostrovъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrówos

Ancient Greek: ῥόος (rhóos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srávas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srávas

Sanskrit: स्रव (srava)

*srow-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sraũtas

>? Proto-Armenian: (or from *sréw-ti- above)

Old Armenian: առու (aṙu) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sraujā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hroyyā́

Ancient Greek: ῥοία (rhoía)

*sru-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutós

Ancient Greek: ῥυτός (rhutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutás

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

⇒ *sru-tó-m

Proto-Celtic: *srutom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutón

>? Ancient Greek: ῥυτόν (rhutón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *srutám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *srutám

Sanskrit: स्रुत (srutá)

*sru-dʰ-mó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *hrutʰmós

Ancient Greek: ῥυθμός (rhuthmós) (see there for further descendants)

*srew-edʰrom

Proto-Hellenic: *hréwetʰrom

Ancient Greek: ῥέεθρον (rhéethron), ῥεῖθρον (rheîthron)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: գետ-առ (get-aṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: strāve (“a flow, current”)

Lithuanian: srovė, strovė̃

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stràume

Lithuanian: sraumuõ (“a stream”), straumuo, sriaumė

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: sravėti (“to flow”)

Lithuanian: srū́ti

According to one theory, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser-, whence also Latin serum.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


ت ر ج م

There has been noted the correspondence of this root in Arabic and the other Semitic languages to the Hittite and Luwian verb 𒋻𒄣𒈠𒀀𒄿 (tarkummāi) / 𒋻𒄣𒈪𒅀 (tarkummiya) of the meaning “to announce”, “to explain”, which can be explained by there not being a Proto-Semitic predecessor, but Arabic having borrowed the root via Classical Syriac ܬܰܪܓܡܳܢܳܐ (targmānā, “interpreter”) and/or Classical Syriac ܬܰܪܓܶܡ (targem, “to speak in public; to interpret”), and Aramaic from Akkadian 𒅴𒁄 (targumannum, “interpreter”), possibly borrowed or alternatively derived natively from 𒅗𒂷𒂷 (ragāmum, “to shout, to exclaim, to cast forth a prophecy; hence also, to speak for the gods, to speak for another, to interpret, and to rede”). Hebrew – תֻּרְגְּמָן (turg'mán, “translator”), תִּרְגֵּם (tirgém, “to translate”) – would have loaned the root from Aramaic, and the well-developed Ethiopian Semitic root (see Ge'ez ተርጐመ (tärgʷämä)) is also claimed to be of Aramaic origin.
For the thesis of a loanword in Semitic speaks:
* the variation in forms, especially in Arabic and Akkadian which are else not prone to variations of vowels
* a slight strain of specialization in meaning from Aramaic to Arabic and Ethiopic, as the meaning of “speaking in public” or “announcing” gets lost south-east of Aramaic
* the observation of a “wandering from West to East”
* the identification of the ending of the Akkadian noun as not -ānu, but -annu which only appears in loanwords in Akkadian
But as for Hittite, there is no weighty Indo-European derivation for the Anatolian verb, it shows features of being denominal, and there is no attested instance of it precisely meaning “to translate” or “to serve as language mediator for”, while it is striking that the occupational noun is not at all attested in Anatolian. Also there is culturally no reason to assume that Akkadian has borrowed the word for this specific concept specifically from Anatolian, as it was a long-established practice to converse diplomatically through interpreters.
The conclusion can be that Akkadian has borrowed from an unknown language, whereas what the Hittite forms are is in sum uncertain, and their value for Semitic has been that they have incited thoughts about the origins of the Semitic root t-r-g-m whilst being unrelated.

der

تَرْجَمَة

Form Iq: تَرْجَمَ (tarjama, “to translate, to interpret”); Verbal noun

مُتَرْجِم

Form Iq: تَرْجَمَ (tarjama, “to translate, to interpret”); Active participle


ح ل م

إِحْلَام

Form IV: أَحْلَمَ (ʔaḥlama); Verbal noun

حُلْمِيّ

حُلْم (ḥulm)

حُلُمِيّ

حُلُم (ḥulum)

forms words relating to puberty, sexual maturity

حَالِم

Form I: حَلَمَ (ḥalama); Active participle

Form I: حَلُمَ (ḥaluma); Active participle

مُحَلِّم

Form II: حَلَّمَ (ḥallama); Active participle

مُحْلِم

Form IV: أَحْلَمَ (ʔaḥlama); Active participle

تَحَلُّم

Form V: تَحَلَّمَ (taḥallama); Verbal noun

مُتَحَلِّم

Form V: تَحَلَّمَ (taḥallama); Active participle

تَحَالُم

Form VI: تَحَالَمَ (taḥālama); Verbal noun

مُتَحَالِم

Form VI: تَحَالَمَ (taḥālama); Active participle

اِحْتِلَام

Form VIII: اِحْتَلَمَ (iḥtalama); Verbal noun

مُحْتَلِم

Form VIII: اِحْتَلَمَ (iḥtalama); Active participle


ن ب ء

إِنْبَاء

Form IV: أَنْبَأَ (ʔanbaʔa); Verbal noun

مُنْبِئ

Form IV: أَنْبَأَ (ʔanbaʔa); Active participle

تَنَبُّؤ

Form V: تَنَبَّأَ (tanabbaʔa); Verbal noun

مُتَنَبِّئ

Form V: تَنَبَّأَ (tanabbaʔa); Active participle

اِسْتِنْبَاء

Form X: اِسْتَنْبَأَ (istanbaʔa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْبِئ

Form X: اِسْتَنْبَأَ (istanbaʔa); Active participle

نَبْء

Form I: نَبَأَ (nabaʔa, “to bark; to be exalted, to be elevated; to assault, to overwhelm; to revert, to turn away”); Verbal noun

نَابِئ

Form I: نَبَأَ (nabaʔa, “to bark; to be exalted, to be elevated; to assault, to overwhelm; to revert, to turn away”); Active participle

مُنَبِّئ

Form II: نَبَّأَ (nabbaʔa); Active participle

مُنَابِئ

Form III: نَابَأَ (nābaʔa); Active participle


ن ش ء

ar-root

ن ش ء • (n-š-ʔ)

نَشْء

نَشَأَ (našaʔa), يَنْشَأُ (yanšaʔu); Verbal noun

مَنْشُوء

نَشَأَ (našaʔa), يَنْشَأُ (yanšaʔu)

تَنْشِئَة

نَشَّأَ (naššaʔa), يُنَشِّئُ (yunaššiʔu); Verbal noun

إِنْشَاء

أَنْشَأَ (ʔanšaʔa), يُنْشِئُ (yunšiʔu); Verbal noun

مُنْشَأ

أَنْشَأَ (ʔanšaʔa), يُنْشِئُ (yunšiʔu)

مُسْتَنْشَأ

اِسْتَنْشَأَ (istanšaʔa)

related to being raised, to become higher, to be lifted

related to raising and rearing, to growing

relate to an event or thing arising, to come up

نَاشِئ

نَشَأَ (našaʔa), يَنْشَأُ (yanšaʔu); Active participle

مُنَشِّئ

نَشَّأَ (naššaʔa), يُنَشِّئُ (yunaššiʔu); Active participle

مُنْشِئ

أَنْشَأَ (ʔanšaʔa), يُنْشِئُ (yunšiʔu); Active participle

مُتَنَشِّئ

تَنَشَّأَ (tanaššaʔa); Active participle

مُتَنَشَّأ

تَنَشَّأَ (tanaššaʔa)

مُسْتَنْشِئ

اِسْتَنْشَأَ (istanšaʔa); Active participle


ر ب ح

forms words relating to gain, profit, success, victory

Form I: رَبِحَ (rabiḥa); Active participle

مُرَبِّح

Form II: رَبَّحَ (rabbaḥa); Active participle

مُرَابِح

Form III: رَابَحَ (rābaḥa); Active participle

إِرْبَاح

Form IV: أَرْبَحَ (ʔarbaḥa); Verbal noun

مُرْبِح

Form IV: أَرْبَحَ (ʔarbaḥa); Active participle

تَرَبُّح

Form V: تَرَبَّحَ (tarabbaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَبِّح

Form V: تَرَبَّحَ (tarabbaḥa); Active participle

تَرَابُح

Form VI: تَرَابَحَ (tarābaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَابِح

Form VI: تَرَابَحَ (tarābaḥa); Active participle


ر ب ط

Related to tying, connecting together; relating

رَابِط

Form I: رَبَطَ (rabaṭa); Active participle

مُرَابِط

Form III: رَابَطَ (rābaṭa); Active participle

تَرَابُط

Form VI: تَرَابَطَ (tarābaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَابِط

Form VI: تَرَابَطَ (tarābaṭa); Active participle

اِرْتِبَاط

Form VIII: اِرْتَبَطَ (irtabaṭa); Verbal noun

مُرْتَبِط

Form VIII: اِرْتَبَطَ (irtabaṭa); Active participle


ض ح ك

ض ح ك • (ḍ-ḥ-k)

Form I: ضَحِكَ (ḍaḥika); Active participle

مُضَحِّك

Form II: ضَحَّكَ (ḍaḥḥaka); Active participle

مُضَاحِك

Form III: ضَاحَكَ (ḍāḥaka); Active participle

إِضْحَاك

Form IV: أَضْحَكَ (ʔaḍḥaka); Verbal noun

مُضْحِك

Form IV: أَضْحَكَ (ʔaḍḥaka); Active participle

تَضَاحُك

Form VI: تَضَاحَكَ (taḍāḥaka); Verbal noun

مُتَضَاحِك

Form VI: تَضَاحَكَ (taḍāḥaka); Active participle

اِسْتِضْحَاك

Form X: اِسْتَضْحَكَ (istaḍḥaka); Verbal noun

مُسْتَضْحِك

Form X: اِسْتَضْحَكَ (istaḍḥaka); Active participle


خ ض ل

خ ض ل • (ḵ-ḍ-l)

Form I: خَضِلَ (ḵaḍila); Active participle

مُخَضِّل

Form II: خَضَّلَ (ḵaḍḍala); Active participle

إِخْضَال

Form IV: أَخْضَلَ (ʔaḵḍala); Verbal noun

مُخْضِل

Form IV: أَخْضَلَ (ʔaḵḍala); Active participle

اِخْضِلَال

Form IX: اِخْضَلَّ (iḵḍalla); Verbal noun

مُخْضَلّ

Form IX: اِخْضَلَّ (iḵḍalla); Active participle


م ث ل

forms words relating to similarity, resemblance, assimilation, imitation

مُثُول

Form I: مَثَلَ (maṯala, “to resemble, be or look like, imitate, copy, compare, represent, appear, stand erect”); Verbal noun

standing erect, appearance, presentation, audience

مَاثِل

Form I: مَثَلَ (maṯala, “to resemble, be or look like, imitate, copy, compare, represent, appear, stand erect”); Active participle

standing forth, placed, displayed, appearing

تَمْثِيل

Form II: مَثَّلَ (maṯṯala, “to make something like something else, to make similar, make analogous, to assimilate (biologically), to give as an example, exemplify, use as a simile, compare, depict, describe, portray, act on stage or screen, play a part, perform, make an example of”); Verbal noun

exemplification, comparison, assimilation, portrayal, depiction, description, acting, playing, performance, exemplary punishment

مُمَثِّل

Form II: مَثَّلَ (maṯṯala, “to make something like something else, to make similar, make analogous, to assimilate (biologically), to give as an example, exemplify, use as a simile, compare, depict, describe, portray, act on stage or screen, play a part, perform, make an example of”); Active participle

representing, representative, representational; deputy, performer, actor, comedian

مُمَثَّل

depicted, portrayed, represented, assimilated (biologically)

مُمَاثَلَة

Form III: مَاثَلَ (māṯala, “to resemble, be or look like, become like or similar, take after, take the shape of, absorb, imitate, imagine, quote as an example, cite, personify, typify, stand erect before”); Verbal noun

مُمَاثِل

Form III: مَاثَلَ (māṯala, “to resemble, be or look like, become like or similar, take after, take the shape of, absorb, imitate, imagine, quote as an example, cite, personify, typify, stand erect before”); Active participle

تَمَثُّل

Form V: تَمَثَّلَ (tamaṯṯala); Verbal noun

مُتَمَثِّل

Form V: تَمَثَّلَ (tamaṯṯala); Active participle

تَمَاثُل

Form VI: تَمَاثَلَ (tamāṯala); Verbal noun

مُتَمَاثِل

Form VI: تَمَاثَلَ (tamāṯala); Active participle

اِمْتِثَال

Form VIII: اِمْتَثَلَ (imtaṯala); Verbal noun

مُمْتَثِل

Form VIII: اِمْتَثَلَ (imtaṯala); Active participle

مِثْلِيّ

مِثْل (miṯl, “similar”), أَمْثَال (ʔamṯāl)

أَمْثَل

مَثِيل (maṯīl, “like, similar, analogous; equal”)


ن ع ظ

ن ع ظ • (n-ʕ-ẓ)

forms words related to male sexual excitement

نَاعِظ

Form I: نَعَظَ (naʕaẓa); Active participle

إِنْعَاظ

Form IV: أَنْعَظَ (ʔanʕaẓa); Verbal noun

مُنْعِظ

Form IV: أَنْعَظَ (ʔanʕaẓa); Active participle


*pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys

Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís

Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /palḫis/)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā

Proto-Germanic: *fulmō

Proto-Hellenic: *palámā

Ancient Macedonian:

→? Albanian: pëllëmbë, pllâmë

Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)

Proto-Italic: *pəlmā

Latin: palma

*pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos

Proto-Italic: *plānos

Latin: plānus

*ploh₂-no-s, *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)

Latvian: plāns (“thin”)

Latgalian: plõns (“thin”), Latgalian: Plõnis (surname)

Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)

Old Prussian: plonis

Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plāntā

Latin: planta

*pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom

Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr

Breton: loer

Old Cornish: loder

Welsh: llawdr

desctree

Old Irish: láthar
Middle Irish: láither, láthair
Irish: láthair
Scottish Gaelic: làthair

Italic:

Latin: plautus

Proto-Italic: *palam

Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)

>? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)

Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)

Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).


*péh₃-t ~ *ph₃-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अपात् (ápāt)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶθι (pôthi, 2sg.impv.)

*pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)

*pe-póh₃-e ~ *pe-ph₃-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पपौ (papáu)

Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)

*péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pótis

Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ

Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)

*ph₃-tó-s (“(having been) drunk; having drunk”)

Proto-Hellenic: *potós

Ancient Greek: ποτός (potós, “drunk; that which drinks; drink, for drinking”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *pōtos
Latin: pōtus
→ Italian: poto
⇒ Latin: pōtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom

Old Irish: ól (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram

Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pōtlom

Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

desc

pā́tṛ or pātṛ́

Sanskrit: पातृ (pā́tṛ or pātṛ́, “drinker”)

*pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)

Proto-Albanian: *pīja

Old Albanian: pii

Albanian: pi

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: pinë

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)

Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)

Greek: πίνω (píno)

Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पाययति (pāyáyati)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás (with laryngeal metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पीत (pītá, “(having been) drunk; having drunk, imbibed; saturated”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi, “to swallow”) (possibly from s-extension *peh₃-s-)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: poieti

Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pótos

Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पा (pā, “to drink”)


dobe

Cognates include Minica Huitoto dobe and Nüpode Huitoto dobe.


लुण्ट्

head

लुण्ट् • (luṇṭ)

sa-root

लुण्ट् • (luṇṭ)

Sanskrit: *लुट्ट् (luṭṭ)

→ Baluchi: لُٹّ (luṭ), لُٹّگ (luṭag)

desc

Bengali: লুট (luṭ), লুটা (luṭa), লুটেরা (luṭera), লুন্ঠন (lunṭhon)

Hindustani:

desctree

Hindi: लूट (lūṭ)
→ English: loot
→ Telugu: లూటీ (lūṭī)
→ Pashto: لوټ

Urdu: لوٹ (lūṭ)

Marathi: लूट (lūṭ)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲੁੱਟ (luṭṭa)

Shahmukhi script: لٹ (lṭ)

Given the large number of alternative forms, probably a substrate word.

*लुट्टति

लुण्टति (luṇṭati)


tsa

Old Chinese: 鹺／鹾 (cuó) /*ɴ-tsˤaj/ (B-S), /*zlaːl/ (ZS) ("salt")

Middle Chinese: 鹺／鹾 (cuó) /dzɑ/

Modern Mandarin

Beijing: 鹺／鹾 (cuó) (cuó, /t͡sʰu̯ɔ³⁵/)

Himalayish

Tibeto-Kanauri

Bodic

Tibetan

Written Tibetan: ཚྭ (tshwa, “salt”)

Sherpa: ཚྭ (tshwa)

Eastern

Kurtöp: ཚ (tsha)

Tangut-Qiang

Tangut: 𗰃 (*tshjɨ², “salt”)

Qiangic

Northern Qiang: ce

rGyalrongic

Situ: tsʰe (“salt”)

Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

Lolo-Burmese

Burmish

Burmic

Burmese: ဆား (hca:, “salt”) /sʰá/

Achang: tɕhɔ³¹ (“salt”) (Longchuan)

Maruic

Pela: tʰa³⁵ (“salt”)

Lhao Vo: xo꞉ (“salt”)

Zaiwa: co (“salt”)

Lashi: xoo” (“salt”)

Loloish

Northern Loloish

Yi (Liangshan): ꋂ (ce, “salt”)

Central Loloish

Lisu (Northern): ꓞꓽ ꓐꓳꓺ (tsʰɑ̀ bo̱, “salt”), ꓞꓼ ꓐꓳꓺ (tsʰɑ̱̀ bo̱, “salt”)

Proto-Karen: *saᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

S'gaw Karen: အံသၣ် (ʼee thà)

desc

Western Kayah: ꤤ꤬ꤞꤢꤧ꤬ (ìthàe), ꤢꤩ꤬ꤞꤢꤧ꤬ (èthàe)

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ntsjəuˣ

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dzar/tsar (Coblin, 1986)
** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *tsa (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972)


ǵʰwer-

*ǵʰwḗr (< **ǵʰwér-s)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰḗr
Ancient Greek: θήρ (thḗr) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤𐀫 (qe-ro /Kʷʰērōn/, given name)
⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤𐀪𐀍 (qe-ri-jo /Kʷʰēriōn/)

*ǵʰwér-os

Proto-Italic: *feros
Latin: ferus (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwér-ō (< **ǵʰwér-on-s)

>? Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *ferōks

Latin: ferōx (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰwer-is

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrís
East Baltic:
Latgalian: zviers
Latvian: zvêrs
Lithuanian: žvėrìs
West Baltic:
Old Prussian: swīrins
Proto-Slavic: *zvě̑rь (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”), θηράω (thēráō, “to hunt”), θήραμα (thḗrama, “prey, spoil, game”)

Tocharian:

Tocharian A: śaru

Tocharian B: śerwe (“hunter”)


gʷʰedʰ-

*gʷʰédʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

*gʷʰodʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰādʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *gādáyati

*gʷʰ-ne-dʰ- ~ *gʷʰ-n̥-dʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gend-

Lithuanian: gedáuti, gedė́ti, pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù)

Proto-Slavic: *žę̄dàti, *žęďati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷʰédʰ-ti-s ~ *gʷʰdʰ-téy-s

Proto-Celtic: *gʷeddis

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gweddi

Old Irish: geiss (“curse, taboo”)

Irish: geis

Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“request, plea”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyā

Old Irish: guide (“prayer”)
Irish: guí
Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)
Scottish Gaelic: guidhe

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: գոթի (gotʻi, “worship, sorcery”) (?)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόθος (póthos), ποθή (pothḗ), ποθέω (pothéō) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-o-), θέσσασθαι (théssasthai) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-)


*gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)

*gʷérh₃-ti ~ *gʷr̥h₃-énti (athematic root present)

*gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Italic: *gʷorō

Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́rHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agā́rHa

Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

*gʷé-gʷorh₃-s-tor ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-s-n̥tór (s-enlarged e-reduplicated athematic present, middle only)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ágrastar (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti

Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥Háti

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (gar^əm)

*gʷi-gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (reduplicate sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷigʷrṓskō

Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”), ἔβρων (ébrōn, aor. act.), ἐβρώθην (ebrṓthēn, aor. pass.) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá

Lithuanian: gerklė̃ (“throat, larynx”), (dialectical) gérklę

Proto-Slavic: *žerdlò (“throat, mouth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwerþrą (“bait”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *kwerkō (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́

Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH

Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros

Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կեր (ker)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás

Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

Proto-Armenian:

Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás

Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

Proto-Albanian: *gritlā

>? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *engranti

Albanian: ngrënë

Albanian: hangër

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


abah

Javanese: ꦲꦧꦃ (abah)
→ Indonesian: abah