ل ق ط

لَاقِط

Form I: لَقَطَ (laqaṭa, “to pick up (especially something that fell on the ground); to mend or patch a piece of clothing”); Active participle

مُلَاقَطَة

Form III: لَاقَطَ (lāqaṭa, “to face; pick up”); Verbal noun

مُلَاقِط

Form III: لَاقَطَ (lāqaṭa, “to face; pick up”); Active participle

تَلَقُّط

Form V: تَلَقَّطَ (talaqqaṭa, “to gather up from all around”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَقِّط

Form V: تَلَقَّطَ (talaqqaṭa, “to gather up from all around”); Active participle

اِلْتِقَاط

Form VIII: اِلْتَقَطَ (iltaqaṭa, “pick up, pick up from the ground; come across something unexpectedly, encounter, find something without expecting it”); Verbal noun

مُلْتَقِط

Form VIII: اِلْتَقَطَ (iltaqaṭa, “pick up, pick up from the ground; come across something unexpectedly, encounter, find something without expecting it”); Active participle


mr̥k-

Proto-Germanic: *murhǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *mъrky

Hellenic:

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: βράκανα (brákana)

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: βάκανον (bákanon)


smeḱ-

*sméḱ-om

Proto-Celtic: *smekom

Old Irish: smech n (“chin”)

Proto-Italic: *smakslā, ⇒ *smakslelā

Latin: māla; maxilla (see there for further descendants)

*smóḱ-wr̥


𑀝𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆

desc

Bengali: টপ (ṭop, “(the sound of dropping)”)

𑀝𑀧𑁆𑀧-𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ṭappa-kka)

Gujarati: ટપકું n (ṭapkũ, “a falling drop, dot”)

Marathi: टपका m (ṭapkā, “a falling drop”)

Hindi: टपक (ṭapak)

*𑀝𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧-𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢𑀺 (*ṭippa-kkati)

Hindi: टपकना (ṭapaknā)

Bengali: টপকানো (ṭopkanō)

Prakrit: 𑀝𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀻 f (ṭippī, “spot on forehead, dot”)

Gujarati: ટીપું (ṭīpũ, “a drip, drop”)

Marathi: टीप (ṭīp, “drop, tear”)

Marathi: टिपणे (ṭipṇe, “to drip”), टिपकणे (ṭipakṇe), टिपका (ṭipkā)

Marathi: ठिपकणे (ṭhipakṇe, “to dribble”)


टिप्प्

head

टिप्प् • (ṭipp)

sa-root

टिप्प् • (ṭipp)

Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic and Sanskritized from some Prakrit form. Related to *𑀝𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆 (*ṭapp, “to drip”) and *𑀝𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆 (*ṭipp, “to squeeze, nip”) (cf. Prakrit 𑀝𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀻 (ṭippī, “dot above the head”)).


ج ن ن

Proto-Semitic (compare with Hebrew ג־נ־ן (g-n-n)); the root is known in all branches.

related to disappearance, hiding and concealment.


ṭuw-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: ტუვა (ṭuva, “lie”)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: იტუჲ (iťuy)

⇒ Svan: ლიტუ̄ლი (liṭūli)


נ־א־ץ

head

נ־א־ץ • (n-ʾ-ṣ)

Cognate to the roots of Akkadian naʾāṣum (“to spurn”) and Aramaic נִיאוּצָא (nîʾûṣâʾ, “revile”).

cog

Aramaic נִיאוּצָא (nîʾûṣâʾ, “revile”)

ניאוץ / נִאוּץ

Pi'el: ניאץ / נִאֵץ (niʾēṣ, ni'éts, “to insult, blaspheme”); Verbal noun

הִתְנָאֲצוּת

Hitpa'el: הִתְנָאֵץ (hiṯnāʾēṣ, hitna'éts, “to be despise”); Verbal noun


ṭq̇w-

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ვ-ი-ტყუ-ი (v-i-ṭq̇u-i, “I will say”), სი-ტყუ-ა (si-ṭq̇u-a, “word”)

desc

Georgian: ვიტყვი (viṭq̇vi), სიტყვა (siṭq̇va)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ო-ტკ-უ (o-ťǩ-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ვ-ი-ტყუ-უ-ქ (v-i-ṭq̇u-u-k, “I will say”), ი-ბ-ტყუ-უ-ქ (i-b-ṭq̇u-u-k)


ṭq̇w-

desctree

შე-სა-ტყუ-ის-ი

⇒ Old Georgian: შე-ა-ტყუ-ა (še-a-ṭq̇u-a, “he noticed”), შე-სა-ტყუ-ის-ი (še-sa-ṭq̇u-is-i, “equivalent”)

desc

Georgian: შეტყობა (šeṭq̇oba), შესატყვისი (šesaṭq̇visi)

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ტყუ-ნ-აფ-ა (ṭq̇u-n-ap-a, “sensing, perceiving”)


विस्मृ

head

विस्मृ • (vismṛ)

sa-root

विस्मृ • (vismṛ)


jɨaɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto jɨaɨ and Nüpode Huitoto jɨaɨ.


kɨo

Cognates include Minica Huitoto kɨo and Nüpode Huitoto kɨo.


rɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto rɨ and Nüpode Huitoto rɨ.


jobai

Cognates include Minica Huitoto jobai and Nüpode Huitoto jobai.


regw-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

სა-რეგვ-ავ-ი

Georgian: რეგვ-ა (regv-a, “smashing by hail”), სა-რეგვ-ავ-ი (sa-regv-av-i, “snare, trap”)

Zan:

Laz: რაგი (ragi, “snare, trap”) (see there for further descendants)

Mingrelian: რაგვ-ი (ragv-i, “snare, trap”), რაგვ-აფ-ა (ragv-ap-a, “to hit, push, knock over”)

→ Georgian: (Adjara, Guria, Chveneburi) რაგვი (ragvi, “snare, trap”), ო-რაგვ-ეთ-ი (o-ragv-et-i, toponym in Imereti), ო-რაგვ-ე (o-ragv-e, toponym in Guria)

Svan: რა̈გუ̂ (rägû, “shaken, loose, about to collapse; big snow”)


ك د د

كَدّ

Form I: كَدَّ (kadda, “to exert oneself, to slog; to goad, to urge, to make weary; to scratch off, to scrape”); Verbal noun

كَادّ

Form I: كَدَّ (kadda, “to exert oneself, to slog; to goad, to urge, to make weary; to scratch off, to scrape”); Active participle

تَكْدِيد

Form II: كَدَّدَ (kaddada, “to chase off; to cadge, to beg”); Verbal noun

مُكَدِّد

Form II: كَدَّدَ (kaddada, “to chase off; to cadge, to beg”); Active participle

اِكْتِدَاد

Form VIII: اِكْتَدَّ (iktadda, “to urge, to rush; to make weary; to scratch”); Verbal noun

مُكْتَدّ

Form VIII: اِكْتَدَّ (iktadda, “to urge, to rush; to make weary; to scratch”); Active participle

اِسْتِكْدَاد

Form X: اِسْتَكَدَّ (istakadda, “to urge, to rush; to make weary, to molest”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكِدّ

Form X: اِسْتَكَدَّ (istakadda, “to urge, to rush; to make weary, to molest”); Active participle

كَدْكَدَة

Form Iq: كَدْكَدَ (kadkada, “to hammer with many a stroke”); Verbal noun

مُكَدْكِد

Form Iq: كَدْكَدَ (kadkada, “to hammer with many a stroke”); Active participle

كَدِيد

rugged or trampled ground; importunate, pestering

كُدَادَة

remains of food burnt into a pot left to be scratched off

كَدُود

narrow-fisted, difficult to get something from; hard-working, industrious

كَدَّاد

recorded by Forsskål instead of قَتَاد (qatād)


ن ب ل

related to flying high or being thrown upwards

نَابِل

Form I: نَبَلَ (nabala); Active participle

Form I: نَبُلَ (nabula); Active participle

مُنَبِّل

Form II: نَبَّلَ (nabbala); Active participle

مُنَابِل

Form III: نَابَلَ (nābala); Active participle

إِنْبَال

Form IV: أَنْبَلَ (ʔanbala); Verbal noun

مُنْبِل

Form IV: أَنْبَلَ (ʔanbala); Active participle

تَنَبُّل

Form V: تَنَبَّلَ (tanabbala); Verbal noun

مُتَنَبِّل

Form V: تَنَبَّلَ (tanabbala); Active participle

اِنْتِبَال

Form VIII: اِنْتَبَلَ (intabala); Verbal noun

مُنْتَبِل

Form VIII: اِنْتَبَلَ (intabala); Active participle


ङु

→ Malayalam: ങുതം (ṅutaṁ)


ढौक्

head

ढौक् • (ḍhauk)

sa-root

ढौक् • (ḍhauk)


लल्

Uncertain. Probably a sound-symbolic formation, and/or from Munda. Compare German lallen (“to babble”) for a similar formation.

to play; to sport; to frolic; to behave loosely or freely


लस्

Of uncertain origin. The original meaning is "to be lively". Likely from Proto-Indo-European *las- (“eager”); compare Latin lascīvus (“playful; lustful”) and perhaps Ancient Greek λῐλαίομαι (lilaíomai, “to desire; to be eager or anxious”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂s-; compare Proto-Slavic *làskati (“to caress, flatter”). Finally, perhaps borrowed from a foreign source.

cog

to play; to sport; to frolic; to be lively


मिल्

head

मिल् • (mil)

sa-root

मिल् • (mil)

Of uncertain origin and not attested in Vedic Sanskrit. Tedesco reconstructs this late root as a Sanskritization of early Prakrit *𑀫𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀳 (*milha, “mixed”), from मिश्र (miśra, “mixed”). Mayrhofer supports this and also notes Vedic l-variant मिश्ल (miśla, “mixed”) from which this root would be derived.
Turner rejects this origin on the basis that this root and its descendants show no evidence of the aspiration of -l- and Prakrit *𑀫𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀳 (*milha, “mixed”) is unattested in favor of 𑀫𑀺𑀲 (misa), 𑀫𑀻𑀲 (mīsa), 𑀫𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (missa). He instead reconstructs mil ~ mēl ~ miḍ as a differentiation of older मील् (mīl, “to close the eyes”), undergoing a semantic shift evidenced by Vedic मीलित (mīlita, “closed, together, met”).

to meet (as friends or foes); to encounter; to join; to fall in with; to come together; to assemble; to concur; to combine


ܬ ܪ ܨ

head

ܬ ܪ ܨ • (t r ṣ)

Forming words pertaining to correcting, straightening


ب و ق

concerning concepts related to "trumpets" or "a sudden loud blast of sound"; hence the meaning of "a sudden striking calamity" and by extension "an evil" or "wrongful conduct". Ultimately related to the root ب ق ق (b-q-q), meaning "the buzzing of insects", "to be loud or noisy", "to be obnoxiously talkative", with likely phono-semantic matching of Ancient Greek βούκινο (boúkino) or Latin būcina, borrowed itself as Classical Syriac ܒܘܩ̈ܝܢܐܣ (bwqynʾ, “būqīnā”). Compare English bugle, an ox or bovid horn.

بَوْق

trumpet, horn; trumpeter, horn-blower; someone who cannot keep a secret

بُوْق

trumpet, horn; trumpeter, horn-blower; vain; false; indiscreet, indiscreet person

بَوَّاق

trumpeter, horn; trumpeter, horn-blower; vain; false; indiscreet, indiscreet person

بَوْق

Form I: بَاقَ (bāqa, “to strike (regarding misfortune); to vanish (regarding money); to attack an ambusher; surround, encircle, close off; make a lethal attack from all sides; steal; enter without permission; blow, sound (a horn)”); Verbal noun

بَائِق

Form I: بَاقَ (bāqa, “to strike (regarding misfortune); to vanish (regarding money); to attack an ambusher; surround, encircle, close off; make a lethal attack from all sides; steal; enter without permission; blow, sound (a horn)”); Active participle

إِبَاقَة

Form IV: أَبَاقَ (ʔabāqa, “to strike (regarding misfortune)”); Verbal noun

مُبِيق

Form IV: أَبَاقَ (ʔabāqa, “to strike (regarding misfortune)”); Active participle

تَبَوُّق

Form V: تَبَوَّقَ (tabawwaqa, “to strike (regarding an epizootic”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَوِّق

Form V: تَبَوَّقَ (tabawwaqa, “to strike (regarding an epizootic”); Active participle

اِنْبِيَاق

Form VII: اِنْبَاقَ (inbāqa, “to descend (regarding a calamity); to enter someone's home abruptly and without permission; to harm”); Verbal noun

مُنْبَاق

Form VII: اِنْبَاقَ (inbāqa, “to descend (regarding a calamity); to enter someone's home abruptly and without permission; to harm”); Active participle


चप्

The origin is uncertain. See Prakrit 𑀘𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆 (capp) for more.
Perhaps borrowed from Munda; however, the Munda derivations found in literature are based on an interpretation of चप् (cap) as originally meaning "to grind down", while "to soothe" seems to be the original meaning.
Not related to Vedic Sanskrit चप्य (capya, “a kind of sacrificial vessel”).


जागृ

head

जागृ • (jāgṛ)

sa-root

जागृ • (jāgṛ)

/ˈd͡ʑɑː.ɡr̩/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ger- (“to be awake, to awaken”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (fra-γrārayeⁱti), Ancient Greek ἐγείρω (egeírō, “to awaken”), Middle Persian wygrʼd (wiγrād) (whence Modern Persian بیدار (bidâr, “awake”)), Albanian ngrē (“to lift, to wake”), as well as perhaps Latin expergiscor (“I awake, I wake up”).

cog

𐬟𐬭𐬀-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌

to watch over, be attentive to or intent on, care for, provide, superintend (with loc. or loc. with अधि)


छुप्

Of uncertain origin.
Most likely from Proto-Indo-European *skewp- (“to touch, probe”), and thus cognate with Russian щу́пать (ščúpatʹ, “to feel, grope”).
Alternatively, a Sanskritization of a dialectal form of स्पृश् (spṛś, “to touch, stroke”).
The family of Germanic words descended from Proto-Indo-European *skewbʰ- (“to push, drive”) to which German schieben (“to shove”) belongs to may be related; however, these correspond better to Sanskrit words with a 'bh' rather than a 'p' consonant.


व्रश्च्

head

व्रश्च् • (vraśc)

sa-root

व्रश्च् • (vraśc)

The origin is uncertain.
Traditionally taken to be from Proto-Indo-European *wrek-, and compared with Ancient Greek ῥάκος (rhákos, “rag, wrinkle”), Latvian rakt (“to dig”). Similarities to Czech vráska (“wrinkle”) have also been noted. Perhaps related to Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬗𐬀𐬉𐬨 (uruuatcaēm, “I will tear it apart”). These proposals have their share of phonetic and/or semantic difficulties. Cross-contamination and conflation with similar roots may have obscured the true origins of the root.
Not related to Sanskrit वृक्ष (vṛkṣa, “tree”).

cog

to cut down, cut off, cut asunder, cleave, hew, fell (a tree)


धाव्

head

धाव् • (dhāv)

sa-root

धाव् • (dhāv)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰā́w, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰā́w, from *dʰew- (“to run, flow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέω (théō), Persian دویدن (davidan).


क्षोट्

head

क्षोट् • (kṣoṭ)

sa-root

क्षोट् • (kṣoṭ)

A Sanskritization of a Prakrit root from the same family as 𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀤𑀺 (choḍei), itself from 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa, “released”). See there for more.


ش ف ق

شَافِق

Form I: شَفَقَ (šafaqa); Active participle

مُشَفِّق

Form II: شَفَّقَ (šaffaqa); Active participle

إِشْفَاق

Form IV: أَشْفَقَ (ʔašfaqa); Verbal noun

مُشْفِق

Form IV: أَشْفَقَ (ʔašfaqa); Active participle

تَشَفُّق

Form V: تَشَفَّقَ (tašaffaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَشَفِّق

Form V: تَشَفَّقَ (tašaffaqa); Active participle


उच्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewk- (“to be accustomed”). Compare Lithuanian jùnkti (“to learn”), Polish uczyć (“to teach; to learn”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (biūhts, “accustomed to”), Old Armenian ուսանիմ (usanim, “to learn”).

cog

to take pleasure in, delight in, be fond of


नह्

Of uncertain origin. A connection to Latin nōdus (“knot”) and Old Irish nascim (“to bind”) is semantically appealing, though formal analysis is difficult due to semantic contamination from similar-sounding roots, such as nectere for Latin and ग्रन्थ् (granth) / बन्ध् (bandh) for Sanskrit.

to bind, tie, fasten, bind on or round or together


श्चुत्

head

श्चुत् • (ścut)

sa-root

श्चुत् • (ścut)

Of uncertain origin. Likely related to श्च्योत् (ścyot) and च्योत् (cyot).


खद्

Uncertain.
Considered to be a root of dubious origin, perhaps an ad hoc back-formation to explain the name of खदिर (khadira, “the catechu tree”), known for its hard wood.
Turner connects the root with खडक (khaḍaka, “bolt, pin”), with these words possibly tracing back to the same unattested ancestor.


चक्ष्

head

चक्ष् • (cakṣ)

sa-root

चक्ष् • (cakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”). Related to काश् (kāś, “to shine, appear”), though probably not derived from it via reduplication.


गल्

Likely from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gál, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gál, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“to drip, dribble, ooze, flow”). Cognate with Albanian gëloj, Old High German quellan (“to well up, to pour out”), Old English cwylla (“spring, source”) (whence English quell).

cog

to cause (the water of a dropsical person) to go off


अठ्

अण्ठ् अण्ठ्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of अण्ठ् (aṇṭh, “to go”)


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₁epi (“on, at”) (locative case) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁op- (“to desire”)

Alternative reconstruction of the root *h₂ep-; see there for more


अण्ठ्

head

अण्ठ् • (aṇṭh)

sa-root

अण्ठ् • (aṇṭh)

A later form of the Vedic root अत् (at, “to go constantly, walk, run”). अण्ठ् is a Buddhist-preferred variant of अट्.


अत्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et- (“to go”); compare Latin annus (“year”) and Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌹 (ataþni, “year”). In Italic and Germanic, the root shifted to refer to "year" only (as a "going" of time).


हिण्ड्

head

हिण्ड् • (hiṇḍ)

sa-root

हिण्ड् • (hiṇḍ)

Of unclear origin. Related to New Indo-Aryan [script needed] (*hiṭṭ-) and [script needed] (*haṭṭ-), and probably borrowed from a foreign source.
The meaning of "to be empty", attested in some texts, is likely spurious.


böh

Javanese: ꦧꦸꦃ (buh)

Probably from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baʀəq, from Proto-Austronesian *baʀəq (“abscess, boil, swelling on the body”).


स्थग्

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”) and compared to Ancient Greek στέγω (stégō, “to cover closely”). However, Mayrhofer doubts this, and suggests an alternative that this root, along with स्तक् (stak, “to strike against”) and ढक्कन (ḍhakkana, “shutting (of a door)”) (the latter which he considers a spoken variant), could be derived from the same non-Indo-Aryan source.

cog

to cover, veil, make invisible, cause to disappear


न्यस्

head

न्यस् • (nyas)

sa-root

न्यस् • (nyas)

नि- (ni-, “out”) + अस् (as, “to throw”).

to throw or cast or lay or put down (with loc., e.g. भुवि, on the earth)

(with loc.) to throw or hurl upon, pour or shed on or in, put or place or fix or insert in, turn or direct to, deposit with, intrust or commit to

to settle, arrange (with चित्रे, ‘to place in a picture’, paint, depict; with शिरसि, ‘to place on the head’, receive with reverence; with मनसि, ‘to call to mind’, reflect, ponder; with पथि, ‘to lay on the road’, give up)


झट्

Probably formed as a root from *jhaṭa < *झृत (jhṛta, “fallen”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰr̥-tós. Doublet of क्षरित (kṣarita).


झट्

If not onomatopoeic, related to the above root.


विसृज्

head

विसृज् • (visṛj)

sa-root

विसृज् • (visṛj)

(literally, figuratively) to send or pour forth, let go or run or flow, discharge, emit, shoot, cast, hurl

to send away, dismiss, repudiate, reject, throw or cast off

(in older language) to abandon, desert, give up, renounce


س ل س

سَلَس

Form I: سَلِسَ (salisa, “to be tractable, to be easy to handle, to flow involuntarily; to lose the lower ends of the branches”); Verbal noun

Form I: سَلِسَ (salisa, “to be tractable, to be easy to handle, to flow involuntarily; to lose the lower ends of the branches”); Active participle

تَسْلِيس

Form II: سَلَّسَ (sallasa, “to exornate with gems”); Verbal noun

مُسَلِّس

Form II: سَلَّسَ (sallasa, “to exornate with gems”); Active participle

إِسْلَاس

Form IV: أَسْلَسَ (ʔaslasa, “to make tractable; to lack branches below or offspring”); Verbal noun

مُسْلِس

Form IV: أَسْلَسَ (ʔaslasa, “to make tractable; to lack branches below or offspring”); Active participle

سَلْس

a thread of gems or shells for necklaces

سَلِسَة

a certain herb having awns flying about and sticking in beasts, similar to نَصِيّ (naṣiyy)


ع ب س

عَبْس

Form I: عَبَسَ (ʕabasa, “to show a crabbed face”); Verbal noun

عَابِس

Form I: عَبَسَ (ʕabasa, “to show a crabbed face”); Active participle

عَبَس

Form I: عَبِسَ (ʕabisa, “to get muck or urine dried upon oneself”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَبِسَ (ʕabisa, “to get muck or urine dried upon oneself”); Active participle

تَعْبِيس

Form II: عَبَّسَ (ʕabbasa, “to get a stern face”); Verbal noun

مُعَبِّس

Form II: عَبَّسَ (ʕabbasa, “to get a stern face”); Active participle

إِعْبَاس

Form IV: أَعْبَسَ (ʔaʕbasa, “to get muck or urine dried upon oneself”); Verbal noun

مُعْبِس

Form IV: أَعْبَسَ (ʔaʕbasa, “to get muck or urine dried upon oneself”); Active participle

تَعَبُّس

Form V: تَعَبَّسَ (taʕabbasa, “to show a stern demeanour”); Verbal noun

مُتَعَبِّس

Form V: تَعَبَّسَ (taʕabbasa, “to show a stern demeanour”); Active participle

عَبَس

dried urine or dung upon the tail, muck, soil


weyg-

*wig-é-tor (present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wiǰátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wiȷ́átay

Sanskrit: विजते (vijáte)

*we-wóyg-e (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: विविजे (vivije)

*woyg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayǰáyati

Proto-Indo-European: *wayȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: वेजयति (vejáyati)

*wóyg-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáygas

Proto-Indo-European: *wáygas

Sanskrit: वेग (vega)

Ancient Greek: οἴγω (oígō) (< *h₃wóyg-os)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *wikǭ

Pokorny suggests an extension of *weh₁y- (“to twist, weave”).


चल्

Alternative form of चर् (car, “to move”)


लड्

Related to लल् (lal, “to frolic; to wag the tongue”).

to loll the tongue, put out the tongue, lick


व्यञ्ज्

head

व्यञ्ज् • (vyañj)

sa-root

व्यञ्ज् • (vyañj)


किलकिलाय

Onomatopoeic; compare Telugu కిలకిల (kilakila, “sound of laughter”).


प्रत्यभिज्ञा

head

प्रत्यभिज्ञा • (pratyabhijñā)

sa-root

प्रत्यभिज्ञा • (pratyabhijñā)

/pɾɐt̪.jɐˈbʱid͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

प्रति- (prati-) + अभि- (abhi-) + ज्ञा (jñā).

com

to recognize, remember, know, understand

to come to one's self, recover consciousness


री

Alternative form of रि (ri, “to flow, set free”)


रि

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to move, churn”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *rìnǫti, Old English rinnan (whence English run).

inh

to be shattered or dissolved, melt, become fluid, drop, flow


मच्

Probably a phonetic variant of मद् (mad, “to rejoice”).


मच्

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵ-, *meh₂ḱ- (“to knead”), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek μάσσω (mássō, “to handle, knead”) and English make.


ب ق ي

Form I: بَقِيَ (baqiya); Active participle

مُبَقٍّ

Form II: بَقَّى (baqqā); Active participle

مُبَاقٍ

Form III: بَاقَى (bāqā); Active participle

مُتَبَقٍّ

Form V: تَبَقَّى (tabaqqā); Active participle

مُتَبَاقٍ

Form VI: تَبَاقَى (tabāqā); Active participle

اِسْتِبْقَاء

Form X: اِسْتَبْقَى (istabqā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْقٍ

Form X: اِسْتَبْقَى (istabqā); Active participle

أَبْقَى

بَاقٍ (bāqin)


س ب ق

Proto-West Semitic formation with causative *ša- to ب ق ي (b-q-y).

سَابِق

Form I: سَبَقَ (sabaqa); Active participle

مُسَبِّق

Form II: سَبَّقَ (sabbaqa); Active participle

مُسَابِق

Form III: سَابَقَ (sābaqa); Active participle

تَسَابُق

Form VI: تَسَابَقَ (tasābaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَسَابِق

Form VI: تَسَابَقَ (tasābaqa); Active participle

اِسْتِبَاق

Form VIII: اِسْتَبَقَ (istabaqa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبِق

Form VIII: اِسْتَبَقَ (istabaqa); Active participle

أَسْبَقِيَّة

أَسْبَق (ʔasbaq)

سَابِقِيَّة

سَابِق (sābiq)


वेल्ल्

head

वेल्ल् • (vell)

sa-root

वेल्ल् • (vell)

A late root, only attested in Classical texts and after, of uncertain origin.
Tedesco derives the root from वृत् (vṛt, “to turn, rotate”), via a series of sound changes वृत् (vṛt) > वृत्त (vṛtta) > *विट्ट (viṭṭa) > वेल्लति (vellati), relating it to वल् (val, “to turn about”).
Burrow considers the root as an ll-extension of a series of Prakrit verbs of the form [script needed] (ve-a-), relating them to वेज् (vej) and वेप् (vep, “to tremble, shake”). He also considers the "to wind around, be bent" meanings of the root to be etymologically distinct, deriving the latter from वेष्ट् (veṣṭ, “to wind or twist round”).

to shake about, tremble, sway, be tossed or agitated, stagger


प्राधी

head

प्राधी • (prādhī)

sa-root

प्राधी • (prādhī)

/ˈpɾɑː.d̪ʱiː/

प्र- (pra-, “forward”) + अधि- (adhi-, “above”) + इ (i, “to go”).

com

to continue to study, advance in studies


हिल्

head

हिल् • (hil)

sa-root

हिल् • (hil)

Probably an artificial root, related to हिल्लोलय (hillolaya, “to swing or rock or roll about”) and हिन्दोल (hindola, “a swing, hammock”).

to sport amorously, dally, wanton, express amorous inclination


हिल्लोलय

Likely a sound-symbolic formation from a non-Indo-Aryan source. See also हिन्दोल (hindola, “swing, hammock”), लोल (lola, “shaking, swinging”), कल्लोल (kallola, “a wave, surge, billow”).


मार्ग्

head

मार्ग् • (mārg)

sa-root

मार्ग् • (mārg)

A denominalized root from मार्ग (mārga, “seeking”).

to request, ask, beg, solicit anything from anyone


वेप्

head

वेप् • (vep)

sa-root

वेप् • (vep)

Alternative form of विप् (vip, “to tremble, shake”)


मुट्

head

मुट् • (muṭ)

sa-root

मुट् • (muṭ)

Probably borrowed from Dravidian; compare Telugu మొట్టు (moṭṭu, “to rap with the knuckles”). Perhaps also related to मुण्ट् (muṇṭ, “to crush, grind”), मूट (mūṭa, “a basket or bundle”), and Tamil முடை (muṭai, “to plait, braid”)


उत्तॄ

head

उत्तॄ • (uttṝ)

sa-root

उत्तॄ • (uttṝ)

to pass out of (esp. जलात्, water), to disembark

to escape from (a misfortune, affliction, etc.)

to come down, descend, alight, put up at

to make anyone alight, take down, take off

to convey or transport across, land, disembark


व्ये

head

व्ये • (vye)

sa-root

व्ये • (vye)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to twist, weave, wrap”) and thus related to Latin vieō (“to bend, twist, weave”), Lithuanian výti (“to turn, wind”), and Russian вить (vitʹ, “to wind, twist, weave”). See also वयति (vayati, “to spin, weave”), from the Sanskrit root वे (ve, “to weave”).


उद्गुर्

head

उद्गुर् • (udgur)

sa-root

उद्गुर् • (udgur)

to raise one's voice in a threatening manner


वेष्ट्

head

वेष्ट् • (veṣṭ)

sa-root

वेष्ट् • (veṣṭ)

Probably related to व्ये (vye, “to envelop”) via a phonetic extension of their shared root.

to wrap up, envelop, enclose, surround, cover, invest, beset


सिध्

De Vaan derives the root from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sáydʰ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáydʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyesdʰ- (“to drive away; to go away”), and compares it to Latin cēdō (“to go, proceed”) and Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”).

सिषेधयिषति

siṣedhayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

to drive off, scare away, repel, restrain, hinder


सिध्

Alternative form of साध् (sādh, “to succeed”)


गुर्

head

गुर् • (gur)

sa-root

गुर् • (gur)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to throw, reach”); compare Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “to throw, cast”).


साध्

head

साध् • (sādh)

sa-root

साध् • (sādh)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *sáHdʰ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáHdʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *seHdʰ-; cognate with Old Armenian աջ (aǰ, “right”) and perhaps Ancient Greek ἰθύς (ithús, “straight, direct”).

सिषाधयिषति

siṣādhayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

सिसाधयिषति

sisādhayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

सिषाधयिषु

siṣādhayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

to go straight to any goal or aim, attain an object, to be successful, succeed, prosper

to bring straight to an object or end, further, promote, advance, accomplish, complete, finish


भ्रंश्

head

भ्रंश् • (bhraṃś)

sa-root

भ्रंश् • (bhraṃś)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ- (“to deviate, corrupt, fall off”). Cognate with Tocharian B pränk- (“to stay away, restrain oneself”) and prenke (“island”), and perhaps Old Irish bréc (“lie”).

cog

to fall, drop, fall down or out or in pieces

to fall (figuratively), decline, decay, fail, disappear, vanish, be ruined or lost

to be separated from or deprived of, lose

to cause to fall (literally and figuratively), throw down, overthrow

to cause to disappear or be lost, destroy


चूष्

head

चूष् • (cūṣ)

sa-root

चूष् • (cūṣ)

Probably an onomatopoeic root imitative of sucking sounds; compare चुचि (cuci, “the female breast”) and चुम्ब् (cumb, “to kiss”).

to be sucked up or dried up (by internal inflammation)


س ب ر

Denominal origin from سَبُّورَة (sabbūra, “slate, board”) and مِسْبَار (misbār), مِسْبَر (misbar), سِبَار (sibār, “probe”). Also possibly cognate to Hebrew ס־ב־ר (s-b-r).

سِبْر

measure, appearance, habit, manner of being

مَسْبَر

internal state of things, intrinsic quality

to probe into, slate, blackboard, whiteboard

سَبْر

Form I: سَبَرَ (sabara, “to probe into”); Verbal noun

سَابِر

Form I: سَبَرَ (sabara, “to probe into”); Active participle

اِسْتِبَار

Form VIII: اِسْتَبَرَ (istabara, “to probe into”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبِر

Form VIII: اِسْتَبَرَ (istabara, “to probe into”); Active participle


वण्ट्

head

वण्ट् • (vaṇṭ)

sa-root

वण्ट् • (vaṇṭ)

Of unknown origin. Attempts to connect the root to Dravidian have been unsuccessful. There is a vague similarity with Chinese 頒／颁 (bān, “to confer”) and/or 分 (fēn, “to divide, distribute”). Considering the root is only attested in Classical onwards, this word was possibly borrowed from Sinitic merchants from Southern China who pronounced the word/s closer to van or ven. The ट् is problematic, however; it is perhaps an ad hoc addition to differentiate from वनोति (vanoti, meaning “to desire, love or wish for”)


मक्ष्

head

मक्ष् • (makṣ)

sa-root

मक्ष् • (makṣ)


ق م ش

قَمْش

Form I: قَمَشَ (qamaša, “to pick up, to gather”); Verbal noun

قَامِش

Form I: قَمَشَ (qamaša, “to pick up, to gather”); Active participle

تَقْمِيش

Form II: قَمَّشَ (qammaša, “to pick up, to gather”); Verbal noun

مُقَمِّش

Form II: قَمَّشَ (qammaša, “to pick up, to gather”); Active participle

تَقَمُّش

Form V: تَقَمَّشَ (taqammaša); Verbal noun

مُتَقَمِّش

Form V: تَقَمَّشَ (taqammaša); Active participle


ܥ ܬ ܕ

head

ܥ ܬ ܕ • (ˁ t d)

ܡܸܬ݂ܥܲܬܕܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ

miṯˁatdānūṯā


ܢ ܣ ܐ

ܢ ܣ ܐ • (n s ˀ)

Cognate to Hebrew נ־ס־ה (n-s-h), Ge'ez መንሱት (mänsut, “temptation”, among other senses) and Ugaritic 𐎐𐎒𐎊 (nsy, “to remove”).


ग्रथ्

ग्रन्थ् ग्रन्थ्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of ग्रन्थ् (granth, “to tie”)


घट्ट्

head

घट्ट् • (ghaṭṭ)

sa-root

घट्ट् • (ghaṭṭ)

Of unclear origin, either from a vernacular and/or Munda source.

to rub (the hands) over, touch, shake, cause to move

to hurt with words, speak of malignantly


wenang

Borrowed from Javanese ꦮꦼꦤꦁ (wenang, “to have an authority”), from Old Javanese [Term?].


त्रुट्

head

त्रुट् • (truṭ)

sa-root

त्रुट् • (truṭ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terd-
Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd)der.
Prakrit 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï)bor.
Sanskrit त्रुट् (truṭ)
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï, “to break”), which is itself from Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd, “to cleave, split”); see the Prakrit term for more.
Johansson and Morgenstierne attempt to connect the root to Latvian trusls (“fragile”) and Proto-Slavic *truditi (“to toil”), but Mayrhofer rejects these etymologies in favour of the Prakritism.

bor+

to be torn or split, tear, break, fall asunder


हर्य्

head

हर्य् • (hary)

sa-root

हर्य् • (hary)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰárH- (“to enjoy, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to yearn for”).

inh

to like, delight in, be fond of or pleased with, yearn after, long for


ܙ ܡ ܢ

Semi-denomnial root from ܙܲܒ݂ܢܵܐ (zaḇnā, “time”) and its older variant of Aramaic זִמְנָא (zimnā), itself either from Old Persian *jamānā or Akkadian simānu. Therefore compare Arabic ز م ن (z m n) and Hebrew ז־מ־ן (z-m-n).

ܙܘܼܡܵܢܵܐ

ܙܲܡܸܢ (zammin, “to invite”); Verbal Noun

ܙܲܡܲܢܬܵܐ

ܙܲܡܸܢ (zammin, “to invite”); Instance Noun

ܡܙܲܡܢܵܢܵܐ

ܙܲܡܸܢ (zammin, “to invite”); Active Participle

ܡܙܘܼܡܢܵܐ

ܙܲܡܸܢ (zammin, “to invite”); Passive Participle

ܡܙܲܡܢܵܐ

ܙܲܡܸܢ (zammin, “to invite”); Classical Passive Participle


ك د ر

Proto-Semitic extension of ك د د (k-d-d).

كَادِر

Form I: كَدَرَ (kadara, “to throw down, to hurl”); Active participle

تَكَدُّر

Form V: تَكَدَّرَ (takaddara, “to be or become gloomy”); Verbal noun

related to swooping, rushed movement down, being hurled

كَدْر

Form I: كَدَرَ (kadara, “to throw down, to hurl”); Verbal noun

اِنْكِدَار

Form VII: اِنْكَدَرَ (inkadara, “to be or become turbid; to swoop, to move downward in a rushed fashion”); Verbal noun

مُنْكَدِر

Form VII: اِنْكَدَرَ (inkadara, “to be or become turbid; to swoop, to move downward in a rushed fashion”); Active participle

مُكَدِّر

Form II: كَدَّرَ (kaddara, “to render turbid, gloomy, depressing or depressed”); Active participle

مُتَكَدِّر

Form V: تَكَدَّرَ (takaddara, “to be or become gloomy”); Active participle

مُكْدَرّ

Form IX: اِكْدَرَّ (ikdarra, “to be of turbid colour”); Active participle

كَدَر

Form I: كَدِرَ (kadira, “to be muddy, to be turbid; to be depressing or depressed”); Verbal noun

Form I: كَدِرَ (kadira, “to be muddy, to be turbid; to be depressing or depressed”); Active participle

تَكْدِير

Form II: كَدَّرَ (kaddara, “to render turbid, gloomy, depressing or depressed”); Verbal noun

اِكْدِرَار

Form IX: اِكْدَرَّ (ikdarra, “to be of turbid colour”); Verbal noun


पट्

Uncertain; perhaps from a t-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split off, separate”) and thus related to German spalten (“to cleave”) via a sound change from *पृत् (pṛt) to पट् (paṭ).

to split, burst, cleave, tear, pierce, break, pluck out, remove


वप्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)wap- (“to strew, scatter”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬝 (vīuuāpat̰, “strews apart, plunders”). The Indo-Iranian root has been derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wep(h₁)- (“to scatter, harass”), with Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to hurl, throw; to mistreat, harass”) as a cognate. Furthermore, Hittite [script needed] (hippa-, “heap”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”), Old Irish fel (“bad”) have tentatively been connected. Compare also वपा (vapā, “omentum”), वप्र (vapra, “rampart”).

cog

(especially) to strew or scatter seeds, sow

to strew, scatter, bestrew
to strew or scatter seeds, sow
to plant, put in the ground

to strew, scatter, bestrew
to strew or scatter seeds, sow
to procreate, beget


वप्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)wap- (“to shave, shear”). Cognate with Khotanese [script needed] (patävutta, “shaven”). The further etymology of this Indo-Iranian root is uncertain and it has tentatively been connected to Etymology 1, with Lubotsky opining that a single root existed in Indo-Iranian with both meanings.

cog

to crop (herbage), mow, cut (grass), graze


उड्डी

head

उड्डी • (uḍḍī)

sa-root

उड्डी • (uḍḍī)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *uẓḍeyH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *udᶻdeyH- (“to fly upwards or away”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“upwards, away”) + *deyh₁- (“to chase”). Synchronically उद्- (ud-) + डी (ḍī).


क्षै

head

क्षै • (kṣai)

sa-root

क्षै • (kṣai)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰ-eh- (“to burn”); distantly related to दह् (dah, “to burn, cauterize”).


उत्पा

head

उत्पा • (utpā)

sa-root

उत्पा • (utpā)


उत्पा

head

उत्पा • (utpā)

sa-root

उत्पा • (utpā)

उत्- (ut-) + पा (pā, “to rise against”).


पाल्

head

पाल् • (pāl)

sa-root

पाल् • (pāl)

A denominal root from पाल (pāla, “guard, herdsman”).

to watch, guard, protect, defend, rule, govern

to keep, maintain, observe (a promise or vow)


शी

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-.


शी

Of unclear origin. The root has been brought into a suppletive relationship with शत् (śat, “to hew”) and शद् (śad, “to fall, fall off”), with older theories entertaining a possible relation with either root, particularly शत् (śat), but this is uncertain. Other theories linking the root to श्यै (śyai, “to congeal, freeze”) have caused controversy.


ꦒꦸꦤ

Inherited from Old Javanese guṇa (“quality, property; good quality, virtue, excellence, accomplishment, skill; use, employment; magic”), from Sanskrit गुण (guṇa, “single thread of a cord; -fold, times; subdivision, species, kind, quality, attribute, property; constituent of Prakṛti; property or characteristic of all created things”).


ꦩꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ

Inherited from Old Javanese mandra, manda (“weak, faint, faintly visible or audible, dim, soft, gentle, low”), from Sanskrit मन्द्र (mandra, “low, deep”).


ܨ ܢ ܥ

head

ܨ ܢ ܥ • (ṣ n ˁ)

19th century borrowing from Arabic ص ن ع (ṣ n ʕ).

forming words pertaining to industry, producing, manufacturing


ܫ ܥ ܬ

ܫ ܥ ܬ • (š ˁ t)

Developed from derived terms of the root ܫ ܥ ܥ (š ˁ ˁ), which is used for words pertaining to being smooth.

forming words pertaining to the color yellow, the color of sealing wax


व्यथ्

Related to विथुर (vithura, “staggering”) and Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬚𐬎𐬭𐬀 (viθura, “shakeable”), with further origin unclear. The root is generally thought to be of Indo-European origin, and is traditionally compared with Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (wiþōndans, “shaking”); however, the hapax status of the Gothic term makes this comparison difficult to analyze. Schwartz and Malkiel analyze the root as a combination of वि- (vi-) + *अथ् (ath, “to vacillate”) and connect the root to अतिथि (atithi, “guest”), but make no claims as to the supposed origin of *अथ्.

to tremble, waver, go astray, come to naught, fail

to cease, become ineffective (as poison)

to be agitated or disturbed in mind, be restless or sorrowful or unhappy


sĕrat

desctree

Javanese: ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀ (serat)
→ Indonesian: serat

Unknown, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caat (“to comb”) (compare to Khmer សិត (sət, “to comb”)).


미묘

미묘하다 미묘하다#Korean

Root of 미묘하다 (mimyohada). Rarely used alone.


wās

> Javanese: ꦮꦱ꧀ (was) (inherited)

Unknown, probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *waas (“(to make an) opening, (clear a) path”).


싸늘

싸늘하다 싸늘하다#Korean

Root of 싸늘하다 (ssaneulhada). Rarely used alone.


प्रशम्

head

प्रशम् • (praśam)

sa-root

प्रशम् • (praśam)

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

Monier Williams
w:Monier Monier-Williams

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press

to become calm or tranquil, to be pacified or soothed, to settle down (as dust)

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

to be allayed or extinguished, cease, disappear, fade away


koht-

From Proto-Algic *nekwet- (“one”), with regular loss of *ne-.


ප්‍රඥා

head

ප්රඥා • (prajñā)

sa-root

ප්රඥා • (prajñā)

प्रज्ञा प्रज्ञा#Sanskrit

Sinhalese script form of प्रज्ञा (“to know”)


ܕ ܪ ܟ

forming words pertaining to treading, stepping


ش و ي

مُشَوٍّ

Form II: شَوَّى (šawwā); Active participle

مُشْوٍ

Form IV: أَشْوَى (ʔašwā); Active participle

اِنْشِوَاء

Form VII: اِنْشَوَى (inšawā); Verbal noun

مُنْشَوٍ

Form VII: اِنْشَوَى (inšawā); Active participle

اِشْتِوَاء

Form VIII: اِشْتَوَى (ištawā); Verbal noun

مُشْتَوٍ

Form VIII: اِشْتَوَى (ištawā); Active participle


मीव्

head

मीव् • (mīv)

sa-root

मीव् • (mīv)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *míHw-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *míHw-, from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”). Cognate with English move.


ش و ه

شَوْه

Form I: شَاهَ (šāha, “to be or become ugly, misshapen”); Verbal noun

Form I: شَاهَ (šāha, “to be or become ugly, misshapen”); Active participle

تَشْوِيه

Form II: شَوَّهَ (šawwaha, “to disfigure; to slander”); Verbal noun

مُشَوِّه

Form II: شَوَّهَ (šawwaha, “to disfigure; to slander”); Active participle

تَشَوُّه

Form V: تَشَوَّهَ (tašawwaha); Verbal noun

مُتَشَوِّه

Form V: تَشَوَّهَ (tašawwaha); Active participle


acung

Borrowed from Javanese ꦲꦕꦸꦁ (acung, “raising the hand”).


श्यै

head

श्यै • (śyai)

sa-root

श्यै • (śyai)

Related to Ossetian суюн (sujun, “freeze”). Outside of Indo-Iranian, perhaps related to Lithuanian šešélis (“shade, shadow”) or Ancient Greek κιέλλη (kiéllē). Historically, श्याम (śyāma, “dark”) and शिशिर (śiśira, “cool”) were connected to this root but this may be folk etymology.


मू

Probably related to मूत (mūta, “bound; a woven basket”), as well as Proto-Iranian *mauda- (“hair”) (whence Persian مو (mu, “hair”)). Possibly related to मीव् (mīv, “to move”) as a form of "setting in motion by pushing and pressing (binding actions)".


आरुह्

head

आरुह् • (āruh)

sa-root

आरुह् • (āruh)

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa

c. 300 CE, Harivaṃśa

Śak

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara

to ascend, to mount, to bestride, to rise up

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara

Kum

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 1000, Somadeva, Kathāsaritsāgara

c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Raghuvaṃśa


wwat

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buhat. Doublet of bwat.


س خ و

سَخَاء

Form I: سَخُوَ (saḵuwa, “to be generous”); Verbal noun

Form I: سَخُوَ (saḵuwa, “to be generous”); Active participle

مَسْخُوّ

Form I: سَخِيَ (saḵiya, “to be generous”); Active participle

تَسَاخٍ

Form VI: تَسَاخَى (tasāḵā, “to be overly generous”); Verbal noun

مُتَسَاخٍ

Form VI: تَسَاخَى (tasāḵā, “to be overly generous”); Active participle


उज्झ्

head

उज्झ् • (ujjh)

sa-root

उज्झ् • (ujjh)


गर्द्

head

गर्द् • (gard)

sa-root

गर्द् • (gard)

Possibly related to गर्दभ (gardabha) or गूर्द् (gūrd); see those entries for more.

to cry, sound, roar, shout, give shouts of joy, exult


ध्यै

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰyaH- (“to see”), and cognate with Persian دیدن (didan, “to see, look”). The origin of the root is uncertain, but may derive further from Proto-Indo-European *dʰyeh₂- (“to see”) and thus be cognate with Ancient Greek σῆμα (sêma, “sign, token”) and Albanian di (“knows”).

cog

to think of, imagine, contemplate, meditate on, call to mind, recollect

(of an animal) to let the head hang down


तञ्च्

head

तञ्च् • (tañc)

sa-root

तञ्च् • (tañc)

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to pull together, coagulate, solidify, compact”). Cognate with Persian تنجیدن (tanjidan, “to squeeze, twist”), Old Armenian թանձր (tʻanjr, “thick, dense”), English tight, Old Norse þéttr (“close, thick”), Old Irish técht (“solidified”), Lithuanian tánkus (“thick, dense”).


pajaṅ

> Javanese: ꦥꦗꦁ (pajang) (inherited)

Unknown, probably affixed *jaṅ + pa-, derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer *raaŋʔ (“light, to shine”) (compare to Khmer ស្រាង (sraang, “to glimmer”), Vietnamese rạng (“to dawn”), and Chinese 亮 (liàng, “bright; brilliant; radiant; loud and clear”)). Doublet of paḍaṅ.


अभ्यस्

अभ्य्- (abhy-, “combining form of अभि- (abhi-, “towards, over”)”) + अस् (as, “to be”).

com

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अभि-</i> (abhi-, “towards, over”)

to be over, reign over, excel, surpass, overpower


अभ्यस्

अभ्य्- (abhy-, “combining form of अभि- (abhi-, “towards, over”)”) + अस् (as, “to throw”).

to concentrate one's attention upon (acc.), practice, exercise, study

to cause to practice or study, teach commentary on


ऋघाय

head

ऋघाय • (ṛghāya)

sa-root

ऋघाय • (ṛghāya)

/r̩.ɡʱɑː.jɐ/

/r̩ˈɡʱɑː.jɐ/

Probably from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥gʰaHy-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ergʰ- (“to move”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”), ὀρχέομαι (orkhéomai, “to dance, leap”); probably not related to Proto-Germanic *argaz (“unmanly, effeminate, cowardly”).


ḍaḍar

desc

> Javanese: ꦝꦝꦂ (dhadhar), ꦢꦢꦂ (dadar) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)


ه ز ل

تَهْزِيل

Form II: هَزَّلَ (hazzala, “to make extremely thin”); Verbal noun

مُهَزِّل

Form II: هَزَّلَ (hazzala, “to make extremely thin”); Active participle

مُهَزَّل

هَازِل

Form I: هَزَلَ (hazala, “to waste away”); Active participle


ج ر ي

جَرْي

Form I: جَرَى (jarā, “to run, to flow”); Verbal noun

جَارٍ

Form I: جَرَى (jarā, “to run, to flow”); Active participle

مُجَرٍّ

Form II: جَرَّى (jarrā); Active participle

مُجَارٍ

Form III: جَارَى (jārā); Active participle

إِجْرَاء

Form IV: أَجْرَى (ʔajrā, “to perform”); Verbal noun

مُجْرٍ

Form IV: أَجْرَى (ʔajrā, “to perform”); Active participle


𑀙𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆

Punjabi: ਛੁਪਣਾ (chupṇā)

Hindustani:

Hindi: छुपना (chupnā)

Urdu: چھُپْنا (chupnā)

Nepali: छोप्नु (chopnu, “to cover”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: छोपना (chopnā, “to apply a coat, paint”)

Urdu: چھوپْنا (chopnā)

Bengali: ছাপা (chapa)

Assamese: ছাপা (sapa)

Hindustani:

Hindi: छापना (chāpnā)

Urdu: چھاپْنا (chāpnā)

→ Punjabi: ਛਾਪਣਾ (chāpṇā) (learned)

Maithili: छपब (chapab)

Gujarati: છાપવું (chāpvũ)

Punjabi: ਛਿਪਣਾ (chipṇā)

Nepali: छिप्नु (chipnu)

Hindustani:

Hindi: छीपना (chīpnā)

Urdu: چھیپنا

Urdu: چھیپنا

Gujarati: છીપવું (chīpvũ)

Unknown. A connection to Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to hide”) is semantically plausible. A substrate borrowing is also likely on account of the variation of forms.


ل ز ق

لُزُوق

Form I: لَزَقَ (lazaqa, “to stick”); Verbal noun

لَازِق

Form I: لَزَقَ (lazaqa, “to stick”); Active participle

مُلَزِّق

Form II: لَزَّقَ (lazzaqa); Active participle

مُلَازِق

Form III: لَازَقَ (lāzaqa); Active participle

إِلْزَاق

Form IV: أَلْزَقَ (ʔalzaqa); Verbal noun

مُلْزِق

Form IV: أَلْزَقَ (ʔalzaqa); Active participle

تَلَزُّق

Form V: تَلَزَّقَ (talazzaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَزِّق

Form V: تَلَزَّقَ (talazzaqa); Active participle

تَلَازُق

Form VI: تَلَازَقَ (talāzaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَلَازِق

Form VI: تَلَازَقَ (talāzaqa); Active participle

اِلْتِزَاق

Form VIII: اِلْتَزَقَ (iltazaqa); Verbal noun

مُلْتَزِق

Form VIII: اِلْتَزَقَ (iltazaqa); Active participle


ر ض ع

ar-root

ر ض ع • (r-ḍ-ʕ)

رَضَاعَة

Form I: رَضَعَ (raḍaʕa, “to suckle”); Verbal noun

رَاضِع

Form I: رَضَعَ (raḍaʕa, “to suckle”); Active participle

مُرَضِّع

Form II: رَضَّعَ (raḍḍaʕa); Active participle

إِرْضَاع

Form IV: أَرْضَعَ (ʔarḍaʕa); Verbal noun

مُرْضِع

Form IV: أَرْضَعَ (ʔarḍaʕa); Active participle


م ج ج

مَجّ

Form I: مَجَّ (majja, “to spit out”); Verbal noun

مَاجّ

Form I: مَجَّ (majja, “to spit out”); Active participle

تَمْجِيج

Form II: مَجَّجَ (majjaja, “to badmouth”); Verbal noun

مُمَجِّج

Form II: مَجَّجَ (majjaja, “to badmouth”); Active participle

إِمْجَاج

Form IV: أَمَجَّ (ʔamajja, “to run through, to peragrate; to be succulent”); Verbal noun

مُمِجّ

Form IV: أَمَجَّ (ʔamajja, “to run through, to peragrate; to be succulent”); Active participle

اِنْمِجَاج

Form VII: اِنْمَجَّ (inmajja, “to flow out”); Verbal noun

مُنْمَجّ

Form VII: اِنْمَجَّ (inmajja, “to flow out”); Active participle

مَجَج

laxity of eye-corners; maturity of grapes

مَجَاج

= عَرْجُون (ʕarjūn)


*h₃mérǵ-ti ~ *h₃mr̥ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáršti ~ *Hmr̥ȷ́ánti

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáršti

desc

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (mar^əzaⁱti, “to touch”)

*h₃mḗrǵ-s-t ~ *h₃mérǵ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáHmā́rćšat

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmā́rṭṣat

Sanskrit: अमार्क्षीत् (amārkṣīt, 3sg.aor.act.), अमार्क्षीः (amārkṣīḥ, 2sg.aor.act.), अमार्क्षम् (amārkṣam, 1sg.aor.act.)

*h₃mḗrǵ-ti ~ *h₃mérǵ-n̥ti (narten-type athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmā́ršti ~ *Hmárȷ́ati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmā́rṣṭi ~ *Hmárjati

Sanskrit: मार्ष्टि (mārṣṭi, “to wipe, cleanse”)

*h₃mórǵ-e ~ *h₃mr̥ǵ-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *omórga

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *omórgnéumi

Ancient Greek: ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmi, “to wipe (tears)”)

*h₃morǵ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmarȷ́áyati

Sanskrit: मर्जयति (marjáyati)

*h₃mr̥-né-ǵ-ti ~ *h₃mr̥-n-ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥nášti ~ *Hmr̥nȷ́ánti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥náṣṭi ~ *Hmr̥njánti

Vedic Sanskrit: मृञ्जत (mṛñjata, 3pl.med.)

*h₃mr̥ǵ-(h₁)sé-ti (zero-grade desiderative)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥ćšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṭṣati

Sanskrit: मृक्षति (mṛkṣati, “to rub, smear”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: मृष्ट (mṛṣṭa)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: márška (“net for fish”)

Proto-Italic: *merga

>? Latin: mergae pl (“two-pronged fork”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: मृश् (mṛś, “to touch, stroke”) (or from a different root)

Sanskrit: मृज् (mṛj)


ش ط ب

related to being close and thus barely cut

شَطْب

Form I: شَطَبَ (šaṭaba, “to slit, to cut through superficially, to slash; to bend, to lean to the side; to deviate, to decline; to cross out, to delete, to discharge; to dismiss”); Verbal noun

شَاطِب

Form I: شَطَبَ (šaṭaba, “to slit, to cut through superficially, to slash; to bend, to lean to the side; to deviate, to decline; to cross out, to delete, to discharge; to dismiss”); Active participle

تَشْطِيب

Form II: شَطَّبَ (šaṭṭaba, “to slit, to cut, to scarify; to cross out, to delete, to discharge; to complete, to finish, to put the last hand to, to discharge”); Verbal noun

مُشَطِّب

Form II: شَطَّبَ (šaṭṭaba, “to slit, to cut, to scarify; to cross out, to delete, to discharge; to complete, to finish, to put the last hand to, to discharge”); Active participle

اِنْشِطَاب

Form VII: اِنْشَطَبَ (inšaṭaba, “to flow, to run”); Verbal noun

مُنْشَطِب

Form VII: اِنْشَطَبَ (inšaṭaba, “to flow, to run”); Active participle

sing. شَطْبَة

fresh branch; sword (because of being damask)


ص ح ب

head

ص ح ب • (ṣ ḥ b)

صُحْبَة

Form I: صَحِبَ (ṣaḥiba, “to accompany”); Verbal noun

Form I: صَحِبَ (ṣaḥiba, “to accompany”); Active participle

مُصَاحَبَة

Form III: صَاحَبَ (ṣāḥaba, “to accompany”); Verbal noun

مُصَاحِب

Form III: صَاحَبَ (ṣāḥaba, “to accompany”); Active participle

إِصْحَاب

Form IV: أَصْحَبَ (ʔaṣḥaba); Verbal noun

مُصْحِب

Form IV: أَصْحَبَ (ʔaṣḥaba); Active participle

تَصَاحُب

Form VI: تَصَاحَبَ (taṣāḥaba, “to become friends”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَاحِب

Form VI: تَصَاحَبَ (taṣāḥaba, “to become friends”); Active participle

اِصْطِحَاب

Form VIII: اِصْطَحَبَ (iṣṭaḥaba, “to accompany”); Verbal noun

مُصْطَحِب

Form VIII: اِصْطَحَبَ (iṣṭaḥaba, “to accompany”); Active participle

اِسْتِصْحَاب

Form X: اِسْتَصْحَبَ (istaṣḥaba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَصْحِب

Form X: اِسْتَصْحَبَ (istaṣḥaba); Active participle


ب ز ق

بَزْق

Form I: بَزَقَ (bazaqa, “to spit”); Verbal noun

بَازِق

Form I: بَزَقَ (bazaqa, “to spit”); Active participle


ب ص ق

بَصْق

Form I: بَصَقَ (baṣaqa, “to spit”); Verbal noun

بَاصِق

Form I: بَصَقَ (baṣaqa, “to spit”); Active participle


ص ي ح

ص ي ح • (ṣ y ḥ)

صِيَاح

Form I: صَاحَ (ṣāḥa, “to yell”); Verbal noun

Form I: صَاحَ (ṣāḥa, “to yell”); Active participle

تَصْيِيح

Form II: صَيَّحَ (ṣayyaḥa, “to yell, to shout”); Verbal noun

مُصَيِّح

Form II: صَيَّحَ (ṣayyaḥa, “to yell, to shout”); Active participle

تَصَايُح

Form VI: تَصَايَحَ (taṣāyaḥa, “to yell at each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَايِح

Form VI: تَصَايَحَ (taṣāyaḥa, “to yell at each other”); Active participle


tuṅkas

desc

> Javanese: ꦠꦸꦁꦏꦱ꧀ (tungkas) (inherited)

→ Balinese: ᬢᬸᬗ᭄ᬓᬲ᭄ (tungkas)


غ ر ب ل

غَرْبَلَة

Form Iq: غَرْبَلَ (ḡarbala); Verbal noun

مُغَرْبِل

Form Iq: غَرْبَلَ (ḡarbala); Active participle

تَغَرْبُل

Form IIq: تَغَرْبَلَ (taḡarbala); Verbal noun

مُتَغَرْبِل

Form IIq: تَغَرْبَلَ (taḡarbala); Active participle


س ه و

سَهْو

Form I: سَهَا (sahā, “to overlook”); Verbal noun

سَاهٍ

Form I: سَهَا (sahā, “to overlook”); Active participle

مُسَهٍّ

Form II: سَهَّى (sahhā); Active participle

مُسَاهٍ

Form III: سَاهَى (sāhā); Active participle


ت و ج

تَتْوِيج

Form II: تَوَّجَ (tawwaja, “to crown”); Verbal noun

مُتَوِّج

Form II: تَوَّجَ (tawwaja, “to crown”); Active participle

تَتَوُّج

Form V: تَتَوَّجَ (tatawwaja, “to be crowned”); Verbal noun

مُتَتَوِّج

Form V: تَتَوَّجَ (tatawwaja, “to be crowned”); Active participle


मिष्

head

मिष् • (miṣ)

sa-root

मिष् • (miṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mayš- (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ- (“to blink, cover (the eyes)”). Cognate with Persian مژه (može, “eyelash”), Lithuanian miẽgas (“sleep”), Proto-Slavic *měžiti (“to close one's eyes”).


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gabʰrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gabʰrás

Sanskrit: गभीर (gabhīra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬀 (jafra)

Northern Luri: گںهںر (gəhər, a lake)

desc

Parthian: [script needed] (jfr /žafr/, “deep”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *kwēbijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwabbā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷápťō (see there for further descendants)


ق ل ل

قِلَّة

Form I: قَلَّ (qalla, “to go down in number”); Verbal noun

قَالّ

Form I: قَلَّ (qalla, “to go down in number”); Active participle

تَقْلِيل

Form II: قَلَّلَ (qallala, “to reduce (sth) in number”); Verbal noun

مُقَلِّل

Form II: قَلَّلَ (qallala, “to reduce (sth) in number”); Active participle

مُقِلّ

Form IV: أَقَلَّ (ʔaqalla); Active participle

تَقَلُّل

Form V: تَقَلَّلَ (taqallala); Verbal noun

مُتَقَلِّل

Form V: تَقَلَّلَ (taqallala); Active participle

اِسْتِقْلَال

Form X: اِسْتَقَلَّ (istaqalla, “to become independent”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقِلّ

Form X: اِسْتَقَلَّ (istaqalla, “to become independent”); Active participle


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


غ م ي

head

غ م ي • (ḡ m y)

تَغْمِيَة

Form II: غَمَّى (ḡammā, “to cover”); Verbal noun

by extension related to fainting (literally covering the consciousness)

غَشِْي

Form I: غَمِيَ (ḡamiya, “to lose consciousness”); Verbal noun

Form I: غَمِيَ (ḡamiya, “to lose consciousness”); Active participle

مُغَمٍّ

Form II: غَمَّى (ḡammā, “to cover”); Active participle

مُغْمٍ

Form IV: أَغْمَى (ʔaḡmā); Active participle


غ ش ي

غ ش ي • (ḡ š y)

Form I: غَشِيَ (ḡašiya, “to lose consciousness”); Active participle

مُغْشًى

Form IV: أَغْشَى (ʔaḡšā)

اِسْتِغْشَاء

Form X: اِسْتَغْشَى (istaḡšā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغْشًى

Form X: اِسْتَغْشَى (istaḡšā)

تَغْشِيَة

Form II: غَشَّى (ḡaššā, “to cover over”); Verbal noun

مُغَشًّى

by extension related to blurring, impaired visibility (covering that hinders visibility)

مُغَشٍّ

Form II: غَشَّى (ḡaššā, “to cover over”); Active participle

مُغْشٍ

Form IV: أَغْشَى (ʔaḡšā); Active participle

مُسْتَغْشٍ

Form X: اِسْتَغْشَى (istaḡšā); Active participle

by extension related to fainting (literally covering on the head or consciousness)

غَشِْي

Form I: غَشِيَ (ḡašiya, “to lose consciousness”); Verbal noun


س ق ي

related to watering, giving someone a drink

سَقْي

Form I: سَقَى (saqā, “to give some a drink; to water”); Verbal noun

سَاقٍ

Form I: سَقَى (saqā, “to give some a drink; to water”); Active participle

مُسَقٍّ

Form II: سَقَّى (saqqā); Active participle

مُسَاقٍ

Form III: سَاقَى (sāqā); Active participle

مُسْقٍ

Form IV: أَسْقَى (ʔasqā); Active participle

مُتَسَاقٍ

Form VI: تَسَاقَى (tasāqā); Active participle

اِسْتِقَاء

Form VIII: اِسْتَقَى (istaqā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقٍ

Form VIII: اِسْتَقَى (istaqā); Active participle

اِسْتِسْقَاء

Form X: اِسْتَسْقَى (istasqā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَسْقٍ

Form X: اِسْتَسْقَى (istasqā); Active participle


غ و ط

غ و ط • (ḡ w ṭ)

related to being deep (having its bottom far down)

غَوْط

Form I: غَاطَ (ḡāṭa, “to go deep”); Verbal noun

غَائِط

Form I: غَاطَ (ḡāṭa, “to go deep”); Active participle

تَغْوِيط

Form II: غَوَّطَ (ḡawwaṭa, “to go deep”); Verbal noun

مُغَوِّط

Form II: غَوَّطَ (ḡawwaṭa, “to go deep”); Active participle

تَغَوُّط

Form V: تَغَوَّطَ (taḡawwaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَغَوِّط

Form V: تَغَوَّطَ (taḡawwaṭa); Active participle

تَغَاوُط

Form VI: تَغَاوَطَ (taḡāwaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَغَاوِط

Form VI: تَغَاوَطَ (taḡāwaṭa); Active participle


ظ م ء

ظ م ء • (ẓ m ʔ)

ظَمَأ

Form I: ظَمِئَ (ẓamiʔa, “to become thirsty”); Verbal noun

Form I: ظَمِئَ (ẓamiʔa, “to become thirsty”); Active participle

تَظْمِئَة

Form II: ظَمَّأَ (ẓammaʔa, “to cause to be thirsty”); Verbal noun

مُظَمِّئ

Form II: ظَمَّأَ (ẓammaʔa, “to cause to be thirsty”); Active participle

إِظْمَاء

Form IV: أَظْمَأَ (ʔaẓmaʔa, “to cause to be thirsty”); Verbal noun

مُظْمِئ

Form IV: أَظْمَأَ (ʔaẓmaʔa, “to cause to be thirsty”); Active participle


س ق م

سَقَم

Form I: سَقُمَ (saquma, “to be sick”); Verbal noun

سَقَم

Form I: سَقِمَ (saqima, “to be sick”); Verbal noun

تَسْقِيم

Form II: سَقَّمَ (saqqama, “to make someone sick”); Verbal noun

مُسَقِّم

Form II: سَقَّمَ (saqqama, “to make someone sick”); Active participle

إِسْقَام

Form IV: أَسْقَمَ (ʔasqama, “to make someone sick”); Verbal noun

مُسْقِم

Form IV: أَسْقَمَ (ʔasqama, “to make someone sick”); Active participle

مَسْقَمَة

a place where there is a lot of sickness


ف س ر

فَسْر

Form I: فَسَرَ (fasara, “to explain”); Verbal noun

فَاسِر

Form I: فَسَرَ (fasara, “to explain”); Active participle

تَفْسِير

Form II: فَسَّرَ (fassara, “to interpret”); Verbal noun

مُفَسِّر

Form II: فَسَّرَ (fassara, “to interpret”); Active participle

تَفَسُّر

Form V: تَفَسَّرَ (tafassara); Verbal noun

مُتَفَسِّر

Form V: تَفَسَّرَ (tafassara); Active participle

اِسْتِفْسَار

Form X: اِسْتَفْسَرَ (istafsara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفْسِر

Form X: اِسْتَفْسَرَ (istafsara); Active participle


غ د ق

غَدَق

Form I: غَدِقَ (ḡadiqa, “to abound with water, to be copious”); Verbal noun

Form I: غَدِقَ (ḡadiqa, “to abound with water, to be copious”); Active participle

إِغْدَاق

Form IV: أَغْدَقَ (ʔaḡdaqa, “to provide bountifully, to lace, to be abundant”); Verbal noun

مُغْدِق

Form IV: أَغْدَقَ (ʔaḡdaqa, “to provide bountifully, to lace, to be abundant”); Active participle

اِغْدِيدَاق

Form XII: اِغْدَوْدَقَ (iḡdawdaqa, “to provide copiously”); Verbal noun

مُغْدَوْدِق

Form XII: اِغْدَوْدَقَ (iḡdawdaqa, “to provide copiously”); Active participle

غَيْدَقَة

Form Iq: غَيْدَقَ (ḡaydaqa, “to be copious in water”); Verbal noun

مُغَيْدِق

Form Iq: غَيْدَقَ (ḡaydaqa, “to be copious in water”); Active participle


ܥ ܣ ܪ

ܥ ܣ ܪ • (ˁ s r)

forming words pertaining to the number ten


ط ل ق

ط ل ق • (ṭ l q)

تَطَلُّق

Form V: تَطَلَّقَ (taṭallaqa); Verbal noun

اِسْتِطْلَاق

Form X: اِسْتَطْلَقَ (istaṭlaqa); Verbal noun

طَلَاق

Form I: طَلَقَ (ṭalaqa, “to release”); Verbal noun

إِطْلَاق

Form IV: أَطْلَقَ (ʔaṭlaqa, “to release, to discharge”); Verbal noun

طَالِق

Form I: طَلَقَ (ṭalaqa, “to release”); Active participle

Form I: طَلِقَ (ṭaliqa); Active participle

طَلَاقَة

Form I: طَلُقَ (ṭaluqa, “to get released, to get divorced”); Verbal noun

Form I: طَلُقَ (ṭaluqa, “to get released, to get divorced”); Active participle

تَطْلِيق

Form II: طَلَّقَ (ṭallaqa, “to divorce”); Verbal noun

مُطَلِّق

Form II: طَلَّقَ (ṭallaqa, “to divorce”); Active participle

مُطْلِق

Form IV: أَطْلَقَ (ʔaṭlaqa, “to release, to discharge”); Active participle

مُتَطَلِّق

Form V: تَطَلَّقَ (taṭallaqa); Active participle

اِنْطِلَاق

Form VII: اِنْطَلَقَ (inṭalaqa, “to dash off, to take off”); Verbal noun

مُنْطَلِق

Form VII: اِنْطَلَقَ (inṭalaqa, “to dash off, to take off”); Active participle

مُسْتَطْلِق

Form X: اِسْتَطْلَقَ (istaṭlaqa); Active participle


ح ق ر

ح ق ر • (ḥ q r)

مَحْقَرَة

Form I: حَقَرَ (ḥaqara, “to consider as low, inferior”); Verbal noun

حَاقِر

Form I: حَقَرَ (ḥaqara, “to consider as low, inferior”); Active participle

حَقَارَة

Form I: حَقُرَ (ḥaqura, “to be of little value”); Verbal noun

Form I: حَقُرَ (ḥaqura, “to be of little value”); Active participle

تَحْقِير

Form II: حَقَّرَ (ḥaqqara, “to belittle”); Verbal noun

مُحَقِّر

Form II: حَقَّرَ (ḥaqqara, “to belittle”); Active participle

إِحْقَار

Form IV: أَحْقَرَ (ʔaḥqara); Verbal noun

مُحْقِر

Form IV: أَحْقَرَ (ʔaḥqara); Active participle

تَحَاقُر

Form VI: تَحَاقَرَ (taḥāqara); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاقِر

Form VI: تَحَاقَرَ (taḥāqara); Active participle

اِحْتِقَار

Form VIII: اِحْتَقَرَ (iḥtaqara, “to contempt”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَقِر

Form VIII: اِحْتَقَرَ (iḥtaqara, “to contempt”); Active participle

اِسْتِحْقَار

Form X: اِسْتَحْقَرَ (istaḥqara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْقِر

Form X: اِسْتَحْقَرَ (istaḥqara); Active participle


ر ج ج

related to shaking, trembling, convulsion

رَجَج

Form I: رَجَّ (rajja, “to shake”); Verbal noun

رَاجّ

Form I: رَجَّ (rajja, “to shake”); Active participle

اِرْتِجَاج

Form VIII: اِرْتَجَّ (irtajja, “to tremble”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَجّ

Form VIII: اِرْتَجَّ (irtajja, “to tremble”); Active participle


सप्

From Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to care for”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕπω (hépō, “to busy oneself with”), Latin sepeliō (“to bury, inter”). See also सपर्य (saparya, “to serve attentively, honor”).

cog

to follow or seek after, be devoted to, honor, serve, love, caress (also sexually), do homage


خ ص ب

head

خ ص ب • (ḵ ṣ b)

خِصْب

Form I: خَصِبَ (ḵaṣiba, “to be full of grass”); Verbal noun

Form I: خَصِبَ (ḵaṣiba, “to be full of grass”); Active participle

تَخْصِيب

Form II: خَصَّبَ (ḵaṣṣaba, “to fertilize”); Verbal noun

مُخَصِّب

Form II: خَصَّبَ (ḵaṣṣaba, “to fertilize”); Active participle

إِخْصَاب

Form IV: أَخْصَبَ (ʔaḵṣaba); Verbal noun

مُخْصِب

Form IV: أَخْصَبَ (ʔaḵṣaba); Active participle


सपर्य

/s̪ɐˈpɐɾ.jɐ/

From Proto-Indo-European *sep-el-yé (“to honor”), a derivative of *sep-el- (“honor”), from *sep- (“to care for”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕπω (hépō, “to busy oneself with”), Latin sepeliō (“to bury, inter”). See also सप् (sap, “to honor”).

inh

to serve attentively, honor, worship, adore


غ ن ي

Form I: غَنِيَ (ḡaniya); Active participle

مُغَنٍّ

Form II: غَنَّى (ḡannā); Active participle

مُغْنٍ

Form IV: أَغْنَى (ʔaḡnā); Active participle

مُتَغَنٍّ

Form V: تَغَنَّى (taḡannā); Active participle

مُتَغَانٍ

Form VI: تَغَانَى (taḡānā); Active participle

اِسْتِغْنَاء

Form X: اِسْتَغْنَى (istaḡnā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغْنٍ

Form X: اِسْتَغْنَى (istaḡnā); Active participle

مُسْتَغْنًى

Form X: اِسْتَغْنَى (istaḡnā)

غَانٍ

dweller; one who exists, who lives; rich, opulent

غَانِيَةٌ

female dweller; female who exists, who lives; rich, opulent; unmarried woman who prefers not to marry; woman who is satisfied with her husband and household; woman who dresses modestly; wise, virtuous young woman

غِنًى

richness, opulence; contentment, sufficiency, freedom from want

غَنَآء

contentment, inner peace; usefulness, advantage; sufficient amount

أَغْنَآء

possessions, household equipment, of newlyweds

مَغْنًى

residence, stay, domicile; state of contentment, life of ease, sufficiency; that which would suit someone


غ ن ن

غُنَّة

Form I: غَنَّ (ḡanna, “(of a stone) to make a sound; speak in a nasal voice, hum; to be abuzz with insects, (of a valley or location) to be densely populated; (of a palm tree) to have ripe fruits.”); Verbal noun

a nasal sound; buzzing of insects; humming of a person singing softly; soft voice; sound produced by a stone.

غَانّ

Form I: غَنَّ (ḡanna, “(of a stone) to make a sound; speak in a nasal voice, hum; to be abuzz with insects, (of a valley or location) to be densely populated; (of a palm tree) to have ripe fruits.”); Active participle

إِغْنَان

Form IV: أَغَنَّ (ʔaḡanna, “(of insects) to buzz; to hum; (of a place) to resound with the buzzing of insects; to make (a tree branch) blossom; (of a water-skin) to be filled; (of a valley) to be densely wooded, full of trees and vegetation; (of a place) to be populated, populous; (of a palm tree) to have ripe fruits”); Verbal noun

مُغِنّ

Form IV: أَغَنَّ (ʔaḡanna, “(of insects) to buzz; to hum; (of a place) to resound with the buzzing of insects; to make (a tree branch) blossom; (of a water-skin) to be filled; (of a valley) to be densely wooded, full of trees and vegetation; (of a place) to be populated, populous; (of a palm tree) to have ripe fruits”); Active participle


प्रक्षल्

head

प्रक्षल् • (prakṣal)

sa-root

प्रक्षल् • (prakṣal)


क्षल्

head

क्षल् • (kṣal)

sa-root

क्षल् • (kṣal)

Probably a variant of (or at least influenced by) क्षर् (kṣar), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-. If not that, then from Proto-Indo-European *kʷsel-, whence Old Norse skola (“to wash”).

क्षर् क्षर्#Sanskrit


निर्मा

head

निर्मा • (nirmā)

sa-root

निर्मा • (nirmā)

निर्- (nir-, “combining form of निस् (nis, “out”)”) + मा (mā, “to measure”).

affix

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">निस्</i> (nis, “out”)

to build, make out of, form, fabricate, produce, create


अवयु

अव- (ava-, “ab-, away”) + यु (yu, “to separate”).


दृह्

head

दृह् • (dṛh)

sa-root

दृह् • (dṛh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰarjʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *delǵʰ (“to hold”) or *dʰerǵʰ- (“to be firm, strong, tough, hard”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic дръжати (drŭžati, “to hold”), Lithuanian dir̃žti (“to harden, become tough”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to attach”), English dry, Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tulgjan, “to reinforce, establish”).

cog

𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌


ب غ ت

head

ب غ ت • (b ḡ t)

بَغْتَة

Form I: بَغَتَ (baḡata, “to surprise someone”); Verbal noun

بَاغِت

Form I: بَغَتَ (baḡata, “to surprise someone”); Active participle

مُبَاغَتَة

Form III: بَاغَتَ (bāḡata, “to surprise someone”); Verbal noun

مُبَاغِت

Form III: بَاغَتَ (bāḡata, “to surprise someone”); Active participle


आह्वे

आह्वे • (āhve)

sa-root

आह्वे • (āhve)

to call near, invoke, invite, summon, cite

to call to (especially in rites said of the Hotṛ, who addresses the Adhvaryu by the Ā-hāva or Ā-hvāna)


गूर्द्

head

गूर्द् • (gūrd)

sa-root

गूर्द् • (gūrd)

Of unclear origin. Attempts to connect the root to कूर्द् (kūrd, “to leap”) or गर्द् (gard, “to cry, exult”) (whence perhaps गर्दभ (gardabha, “ass, donkey”)) are fraught with difficulties.


mend-

*mend-yos

Proto-Albanian: *mandja (see there for further descendants)

*mend-os

Illyrian: *mandos

⇒? Latin: mannus

*mend-ye-nos

Thracian: μεζηνα (mezina), Μεζηναι (Mezinai)

*mend-yo-nos

⇒ Messapic: Iuppiter Menzanas

*mend-wos

Gaulish: manduos

Dacian:

→ Romanian: mînz, mânz


luwĕs

desctree

> Javanese: ꦭꦸꦮꦼꦱ꧀ (luwes) (inherited)
→ Indonesian: luwês

→ Balinese: ᬮᬸᬯᭂᬲ᭄ (lues)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luas (“outside; spacious; roomy”). Doublet of lwā.


कूर्द्

head

कूर्द् • (kūrd)

sa-root

कूर्द् • (kūrd)

Of unclear origin. Possibly related to गूर्द् (gūrd, “to play, leap”) and/or from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to swing”), whence perhaps Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to swing, brandish”), Old English hratian (“to rush, hasten”), German scherzen (“to joke, jest, frolic”), and Welsh cerdded (“to walk”). A borrowing from Dravidian has also been suggested by Turner and Kuiper, but is not preferred to the above etymology; compare Tamil குதி (kuti, “to jump”).


शुण्ठ्

head

शुण्ठ् • (śuṇṭh)

sa-root

शुण्ठ् • (śuṇṭh)

Of unclear origin. Possibly related to शुष्क (śuṣka, “dried up”) via a series of sound changes शुष्क (śuṣka) > *शुष्ट (śuṣṭa) > *शुट्ठ (śuṭṭha) > शुण्ठ् (śuṇṭh). Other theories link the root to Dravidian; compare Tamil சுண்டு (cuṇṭu, “to dry up”), Telugu చుండు (cuṇḍu, “to be evaporated or dried up”)


नट्

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀦𑀝𑁆 (naṭ), from Sanskrit नृत् (nṛt); see there for more.


उच्चि

head

उच्चि • (ucci)

sa-root

उच्चि • (ucci)

उच्- (uc-, “combining form of उद्- (ud-)”) + चि (ci).

affix

combining form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">उद्-</i> (ud-)


ن ق ي

نَقَاء

Form I: نَقِيَ (naqiya, “to become clean or pure”); Verbal noun

Form I: نَقِيَ (naqiya, “to become clean or pure”); Active participle

تَنْقِيَة

Form II: نَقَّى (naqqā, “to purify”); Verbal noun

مُنَقٍّ

Form II: نَقَّى (naqqā, “to purify”); Active participle

اِنْتِقَاء

Form VIII: اِنْتَقَى (intaqā, “to carefully select”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَقٍ

Form VIII: اِنْتَقَى (intaqā, “to carefully select”); Active participle


कुत्स्

head

कुत्स् • (kuts)

sa-root

कुत्स् • (kuts)

Probably a denominal of कुत्स (kutsa, “the Rishi Kutsa”), itself perhaps from the same root as कुतस् (kutas, “from whom? where?”)


ن ص ب

head

ن ص ب • (n ṣ b)

نَصْب

Form I: نَصَبَ (naṣaba, “to set upright; to raise; to appoint”); Verbal noun

نَاصِب

Form I: نَصَبَ (naṣaba, “to set upright; to raise; to appoint”); Active participle

مُنَصِّب

Form II: نَصَّبَ (naṣṣaba); Active participle

مُنَاصِب

Form III: نَاصَبَ (nāṣaba); Active participle

اِنْتِصَاب

Form VIII: اِنْتَصَبَ (intaṣaba, “to become erect”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَصِب

Form VIII: اِنْتَصَبَ (intaṣaba, “to become erect”); Active participle


निश्रि

निश्रि • (niśri)

sa-root

निश्रि • (niśri)


मल्ल्

head

मल्ल् • (mall)

sa-root

मल्ल् • (mall)


मल्

Of unclear origin. Generally related to मलन (malana, “crushing, grinding”), though the semantic gap between "grinding" > "obtaining" > "having" is non-trivial.


परिचि

परि (pari) + चि (ci, “to pile up, collect”).

affix

to heap up, accumulate, augment, increase


परिचि

परि (pari) + चि (ci, “observe, investigate”).

to find out, know, learn, exercise, practice, become acquainted with


प्रारभ्

head

प्रारभ् • (prārabh)

sa-root

प्रारभ् • (prārabh)

/ˈpɾɑː.ɾɐbʱ/


ज्वल्

head

ज्वल् • (jval)

sa-root

ज्वल् • (jval)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́wál-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́wál-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH- (“to burn, to glow”). Cognate with Lithuanian žvìlti, Old English col (whence English coal). Related to the root ज्वर् (jvar, “to be feverish”).

inh

to set on fire, light, kindle, make radiant, illuminate


ज्वर्

head

ज्वर् • (jvar)

sa-root

ज्वर् • (jvar)

Related to the root ज्वल् (jval, “to blaze”).


bʰil-

*bʰíl-o-s

Ancient Greek: φίλος (phílos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: bil (“good, mild”)

*bʰíl-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *biliz (see there for further descendants)


सूच्

head

सूच् • (sūc)

sa-root

सूच् • (sūc)

Denominal root from सूची (sūcī, “needle”).

to point out, indicate, show, manifest, reveal, betray

(drama) to indicate by gesture, communicate by signs, represent


د ف ق

دَفْق

Form I: دَفَقَ (dafaqa, “to overlow”); Verbal noun

دَافِق

Form I: دَفَقَ (dafaqa, “to overlow”); Active participle

مُدَفِّق

Form II: دَفَّقَ (daffaqa); Active participle

تَدَفُّق

Form V: تَدَفَّقَ (tadaffaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَدَفِّق

Form V: تَدَفَّقَ (tadaffaqa); Active participle

تَدَافُق

Form VI: تَدَافَقَ (tadāfaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَدَافِق

Form VI: تَدَافَقَ (tadāfaqa); Active participle

اِنْدِفَاق

Form VII: اِنْدَفَقَ (indafaqa); Verbal noun

مُنْدَفِق

Form VII: اِنْدَفَقَ (indafaqa); Active participle

اِسْتِدْفَاق

Form X: اِسْتَدْفَقَ (istadfaqa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَدْفِق

Form X: اِسْتَدْفَقَ (istadfaqa); Active participle


म्रक्ष्

head

म्रक्ष् • (mrakṣ)

sa-root

म्रक्ष् • (mrakṣ)

Mayrhofer relates the root to मृच् (mṛc, “to hurt, injure, annoy”); on the other hand, he relates मृक्ष् (mṛkṣ), generally considered an alternative form, to a different root, मृज् (mṛj, “to wipe, rub, cleanse”).


तुर्व्

head

तुर्व् • (turv)

sa-root

तुर्व् • (turv)

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-welo, from *terh₂- (“to pass through, overcome”), and related to तॄ (tṝ, “to pass across”).

to cause to overpower, help to victory, save


ḍara

Unknown, perhaps similar to previous etymology.


م ي ز

مَيْز

Form I: مَازَ (māza, “to distinguish”); Verbal noun

مَائِز

Form I: مَازَ (māza, “to distinguish”); Active participle

مُمَيِّز

Form II: مَيَّزَ (mayyaza); Active participle

مُمَايِز

Form III: مَايَزَ (māyaza); Active participle

تَمَيُّز

Form V: تَمَيَّزَ (tamayyaza); Verbal noun

مُتَمَيِّز

Form V: تَمَيَّزَ (tamayyaza); Active participle

تَمَايُز

Form VI: تَمَايَزَ (tamāyaza); Verbal noun

مُتَمَايِز

Form VI: تَمَايَزَ (tamāyaza); Active participle

اِنْمِيَاز

Form VII: اِنْمَازَ (inmāza); Verbal noun

مُنْمَاز

Form VII: اِنْمَازَ (inmāza); Active participle

اِمْتِيَاز

Form VIII: اِمْتَازَ (imtāza); Verbal noun

مُمْتَاز

Form VIII: اِمْتَازَ (imtāza); Active participle

اِسْتِمَازَة

Form X: اِسْتَمَازَ (istamāza); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمِيز

Form X: اِسْتَمَازَ (istamāza); Active participle


ذ ه ن

head

ذ ه ن • (ḏ h n)

ذَهْن

Form I: ذَهَنَ (ḏahana, “to understand”); Verbal noun

ذَاهِن

Form I: ذَهَنَ (ḏahana, “to understand”); Active participle

مُذَاهِن

Form III: ذَاهَنَ (ḏāhana); Active participle

اِسْتِذْهَان

Form X: اِسْتَذْهَنَ (istaḏhana); Verbal noun

مُسْتَذْهِن

Form X: اِسْتَذْهَنَ (istaḏhana); Active participle


वण्

Has been compared to वाण (vāṇa, “sound, music”). However, Mayrhofer rejects this comparison, and leaves the origin open.


د ل ق

دَلْق

Form I: دَلَقَ (dalaqa, “to rush forth”); Verbal noun

دَالِق

Form I: دَلَقَ (dalaqa, “to rush forth”); Active participle

إِدْلَاق

Form IV: أَدْلَقَ (ʔadlaqa); Verbal noun

مُدْلِق

Form IV: أَدْلَقَ (ʔadlaqa); Active participle

تَدَلُّق

Form V: تَدَلَّقَ (tadallaqa); Verbal noun

مُتَدَلِّق

Form V: تَدَلَّقَ (tadallaqa); Active participle

اِنْدِلَاق

Form VII: اِنْدَلَقَ (indalaqa); Verbal noun

مُنْدَلِق

Form VII: اِنْدَلَقَ (indalaqa); Active participle

اِسْتِدْلَاق

Form X: اِسْتَدْلَقَ (istadlaqa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَدْلِق

Form X: اِسْتَدْلَقَ (istadlaqa); Active participle


ध्रज्

Mayrhofer is skeptical of assigning any etymology to the root. He seems to have a preference for linking the root to Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to run, drag, pull”), but notes that any evidence for a connection looks to be arbitrary.
On the other hand, Orel indirectly notes a derivation from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰráȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreǵ- (“to glide, swoop”), and connects the root to Lithuanian drėgti (“to become moist”) and English drink.


ع ق ب

head

ع ق ب • (ʕ q b)

عَقْب

Form I: عَقَبَ (ʕaqaba, “to succede”); Verbal noun

عَاقِب

Form I: عَقَبَ (ʕaqaba, “to succede”); Active participle

مُعَقِّب

Form II: عَقَّبَ (ʕaqqaba); Active participle

مُعَاقِب

Form III: عَاقَبَ (ʕāqaba); Active participle

إِعْقَاب

Form IV: أَعْقَبَ (ʔaʕqaba); Verbal noun

مُعْقِب

Form IV: أَعْقَبَ (ʔaʕqaba); Active participle

تَعَقُّب

Form V: تَعَقَّبَ (taʕaqqaba); Verbal noun

مُتَعَقِّب

Form V: تَعَقَّبَ (taʕaqqaba); Active participle

تَعَاقُب

Form VI: تَعَاقَبَ (taʕāqaba); Verbal noun

مُتَعَاقِب

Form VI: تَعَاقَبَ (taʕāqaba); Active participle

اِعْتِقَاب

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَبَ (iʕtaqaba); Verbal noun

مُعْتَقِب

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَبَ (iʕtaqaba); Active participle

اِسْتِعْقَاب

Form X: اِسْتَعْقَبَ (istaʕqaba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْقِب

Form X: اِسْتَعْقَبَ (istaʕqaba); Active participle


jaɨ

Cognate with Minica Huitoto jaɨ and Nüpode Huitoto jaɨ.


क्ष्वेल्

क्ष्वेल् • (kṣvel)

sa-root

क्ष्वेल् • (kṣvel)

Probably either or a mix of:
* a Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀔𑁂𑀮𑁆 (khĕl), for which see खेल् (khel, “to play”) for more.
* a variant Sanskritization of क्वेल् (kvel), from Prakrit *𑀓𑁂𑀮𑁆 (*kĕl) (compare keḷi f (“play”)), from or related to क्रीड् (krīḍ).


𑀔𑁂𑀮𑁆

Unknown. Sanskrit क्रीड् ~ क्रीळ् (krīḍ ~ krīḷ) was either a borrowing from a substrate, or an inherited term whose Middle Indo-Aryan descendants were influenced by substrata into like forms like this word, 𑀓𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (killaï), 𑀓𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (kiḍḍaï), and 𑀔𑁂𑀮𑁆𑀮𑁆 (khĕll). Given the predominance of the aspirated variants (with kh-), which normally are not morphed from unaspirated Old Indo-Aryan words, both the Prakrit and Sanskrit words are likely to be substrate borrowings, further suggested by persistent fluidity of the phonemes ḍ ~ ḷ ~ l.
Other attested forms like खेल् (khel, “to shake”), केल् (kel, “to shake, frolic”), क्ष्वेल् (kṣvel), and क्वेल् (kvel) are Sanskritizations of these roots. Romani khelel appears to derive from क्ष्वेल् (kṣvel) (Old Indo-Aryan kṣ- > Romani kh-, while Old Indo-Aryan kh- > Romani x-). Elsewhere, the lack of descendants with initial ch- also suggests that the Old Indo-Aryan was aspirated.

ncog

क्रीड् ~ क्रीळ्

Sanskrit क्रीड् ~ क्रीळ् (krīḍ ~ krīḷ)


ह्रेष्

head

ह्रेष् • (hreṣ)

sa-root

ह्रेष् • (hreṣ)

Probably onomatopoeic. See also हेष् (heṣ, “to neigh”).


ɣel-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Old Georgian: ღელჱ (ɣelē)

Georgian: ღელე (ɣele)

Zan:

Laz: ღალი (ğali)

Mingrelian: ღალი (ɣali)

Svan: ღელ (ɣel), ღელა (ɣela)


हेष्

head

हेष् • (heṣ)

sa-root

हेष् • (heṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰáyṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰáyš-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, throw, wound”). Cognate with हिंस् (hiṃs, “to injure, harm”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”), Old Irish gae (“spear”), Old English gār (“spear”).


हेष्

head

हेष् • (heṣ)

sa-root

हेष् • (heṣ)

Probably onomatopoeic. See also ह्रेष् (hreṣ, “to neigh”).


*h₂wérg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: vergō (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

>? Ancient Greek: ἐέργω (eérgō, “to stop, scare away”)

*h₂wr̥-né-g-ti (nasal infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: वृणक्ति (vṛṇakti, “to turn around, ward off”)

*h₂wḗrg-s-t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: εἶρξαι (eîrxai, “to hold off”)

*h₂wérg-se-ti (se-present)

Tocharian A: wärkṣantāñ (“rotating”, ptcp.)

*h₂wérg-mn̥ (action noun)

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: vermina

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫurki-, “wheel”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: वृज् (vṛj, “to turn, bend”)

Sanskrit: वरीवृजत्- (varīvṛjat-, “bending again and again”, ptcp.)

Sanskrit: प्र वावृजे (pra vāvṛje, “is turned towards”)


خ ص م

head

خ ص م • (ḵ ṣ m)

خِصَام

Form I: خَصَمَ (ḵaṣama, “to deduct”); Verbal noun

خَاصِم

Form I: خَصَمَ (ḵaṣama, “to deduct”); Active participle

خِصَام

Form I: خَصِمَ (ḵaṣima, “to be in conflict with someone”); Verbal noun

Form I: خَصِمَ (ḵaṣima, “to be in conflict with someone”); Active participle

مُخَاصِم

Form III: خَاصَمَ (ḵāṣama); Active participle

إِخْصَام

Form IV: أَخْصَمَ (ʔaḵṣama); Verbal noun

مُخْصِم

Form IV: أَخْصَمَ (ʔaḵṣama); Active participle

تَخَاصُم

Form VI: تَخَاصَمَ (taḵāṣama); Verbal noun

مُتَخَاصِم

Form VI: تَخَاصَمَ (taḵāṣama); Active participle

اِخْتِصَام

Form VIII: اِخْتَصَمَ (iḵtaṣama); Verbal noun

مُخْتَصِم

Form VIII: اِخْتَصَمَ (iḵtaṣama); Active participle


ء س ف

ء س ف • (ʔ s f)

أَسَف

Form I: أَسِفَ (ʔasifa, “to be sorry”); Verbal noun

Form I: أَسِفَ (ʔasifa, “to be sorry”); Active participle

مُؤْسِف

Form IV: آسَفَ (ʔāsafa); Active participle

تَأَسُّف

Form V: تَأَسَّفَ (taʔassafa); Verbal noun

مُتَأَسِّف

Form V: تَأَسَّفَ (taʔassafa); Active participle


غ م ر

غ م ر • (ḡ m r)

تَغَمُّر

Form V: تَغَمَّرَ (taḡammara); Verbal noun

غَمْر

Form I: غَمَرَ (ḡamara, “to flood”); Verbal noun

غَامِر

Form I: غَمَرَ (ḡamara, “to flood”); Active participle

غَمَارَة

Form I: غَمُرَ (ḡamura, “to overflow”); Verbal noun

Form I: غَمُرَ (ḡamura, “to overflow”); Active participle

مُغَمِّر

Form II: غَمَّرَ (ḡammara); Active participle

مُغَامِر

Form III: غَامَرَ (ḡāmara); Active participle

مُتَغَمِّر

Form V: تَغَمَّرَ (taḡammara); Active participle

اِنْغِمَار

Form VII: اِنْغَمَرَ (inḡamara); Verbal noun

مُنْغَمِر

Form VII: اِنْغَمَرَ (inḡamara); Active participle

اِغْتِمَار

Form VIII: اِغْتَمَرَ (iḡtamara); Verbal noun

مُغْتَمِر

Form VIII: اِغْتَمَرَ (iḡtamara); Active participle


ء ج ر

ء ج ر • (ʔ j r)

أَجْر

Form I: أَجَرَ (ʔajara, “to rent to hire”); Verbal noun

آجِر

Form I: أَجَرَ (ʔajara, “to rent to hire”); Active participle

مُؤَجِّر

Form II: أَجَّرَ (ʔajjara); Active participle

مُؤَاجِر

Form III: آجَرَ (ʔājara); Active participle

اِئْتِجَار

Form VIII: اِئْتَجَرَ (iʔtajara); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَجِر

Form VIII: اِئْتَجَرَ (iʔtajara); Active participle

اِسْتِئْجَار

Form X: اِسْتَأْجَرَ (istaʔjara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَأْجِر

Form X: اِسْتَأْجَرَ (istaʔjara); Active participle


उत्सू

उत्सू • (utsū)

sa-root

उत्सू • (utsū)

उत्- (ut-, “over, upon”) + सू (sū, “to set in motion”).


ن و ء

Variant ending to ن و ي (n-w-y), like the opposite ن و ل (n-w-l), and ص د ء (ṣ-d-ʔ) against ص د و (ṣ-d-w). Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou dubiously claims the noun borrowed from Egyptian n:U19-nw-W-hrw (nw, “time, season”), but such a meaning development from very abstract to very concrete sky movement is left without data.

ar-root

ص د ء (ṣ-d-ʔ)

der

نَوْء

Form I: نَاءَ (nāʔa, “to rise with difficulty against, to press heavily with, to struggle to bear, to maintain expensively, to grind through”); Verbal noun

نَاءٍ

Form I: نَاءَ (nāʔa, “to rise with difficulty against, to press heavily with, to struggle to bear, to maintain expensively, to grind through”); Active participle

مُنَاوَأَة

Form III: نَاوَأَ (nāwaʔa, “to counter, to vie with”); Verbal noun

مُنَاوِئ

Form III: نَاوَأَ (nāwaʔa, “to counter, to vie with”); Active participle

إِنَاءَة

Form IV: أَنَاءَ (ʔanāʔa, “to press upon”); Verbal noun

مُنِيء

Form IV: أَنَاءَ (ʔanāʔa, “to press upon”); Active participle

اِسْتِنَاءَة

Form X: اِسْتَنَاءَ (istanāʔa, “to ask for a present”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنِيء

Form X: اِسْتَنَاءَ (istanāʔa, “to ask for a present”); Active participle

نَوْء

gift, present; star setting in the west while another called رَقِيب (raqīb) is rising in the east, which forebodes rain and storm; hence tempest, storm; heaps of clouds; storm petrel


ע־צ־ם

Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯ̣m-, compare with Arabic ع ص م (ʕ ṣ m) and ع ظ م (ʕ ẓ m) plus Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܥܛܡܐ (ˁṭmā).


خ س س

head

خ س س • (ḵ s s)

related to being low (especially of value)

خَسّ

Form I: خَسَّ (ḵassa, “to become low, vile”); Verbal noun

خَاسّ

Form I: خَسَّ (ḵassa, “to become low, vile”); Active participle

مُخَسِّس

Form II: خَسَّسَ (ḵassasa); Active participle

مُخِسّ

Form IV: أَخَسَّ (ʔaḵassa); Active participle

اِسْتِخْسَاس

Form X: اِسْتَخَسَّ (istaḵassa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخِسّ

Form X: اِسْتَخَسَّ (istaḵassa); Active participle


*syuh₁-ti (root present)

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sjū́ˀtei
Latvian: šũt
Lithuanian: siū́ti
Proto-Slavic: *šìti (see there for further descendants)

*syewh₁-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *sūō

Latin: suō (compare the development of spuō)

*syúh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

*sih₁w-ye-ti (by metathesis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síHwyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *síHwyati

Sanskrit: सीव्यति (sīvyati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Ossetian: хуийын (xwijyn)

Proto-Germanic: *siwjaną (see there for further descendants)

*syuh₁-mḗn or *syuh₁-mō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syúHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syúHmā

Sanskrit: स्यूमन् (syūman), स्यूम (syūma)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῠ̔μήν (humḗn), Ῡ̔μήν (Hūmḗn) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *syuHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *syuHtás

Sanskrit: स्यूत (syūta)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sūtus

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: स्यू (syū)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: सूत्र (sūtra) (see there for further descendants)

Sanskrit: सूना (sūnā)

Sanskrit: सूचि (sūci), सूची (sūcī), सूक्ष्म (sūkṣma) and Persian: سوزن (either from this root or *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”))

Ancient Greek: κασσύω (kassúō) (or Pre-Greek)


ذ ل ل

head

ذ ل ل • (ḏ l l)

ذُلّ

Form I: ذَلَّ (ḏalla, “to become abject; to humiliate”); Verbal noun

ذَالّ

Form I: ذَلَّ (ḏalla, “to become abject; to humiliate”); Active participle

مُذَلِّل

Form II: ذَلَّلَ (ḏallala); Active participle

مُذِلّ

Form IV: أَذَلَّ (ʔaḏalla); Active participle

تَذَلُّل

Form V: تَذَلَّلَ (taḏallala); Verbal noun

مُتَذَلِّل

Form V: تَذَلَّلَ (taḏallala); Active participle

اِنْذِلَال

Form VII: اِنْذَلَّ (inḏalla); Verbal noun

مُنْذَلّ

Form VII: اِنْذَلَّ (inḏalla); Active participle

اِسْتِذْلَال

Form X: اِسْتَذَلَّ (istaḏalla); Verbal noun

مُسْتَذِلّ

Form X: اِسْتَذَلَّ (istaḏalla); Active participle


विवृ

विवृ • (vivṛ)

sa-root

विवृ • (vivṛ)

वि- (vi-, “away, division prefix”) + वृ (vṛ, “to cover”).

affix

to uncover, spread out, open, display, show, reveal, manifest


c̣eg-

*c̣egeᶰ (“red”)

*c̣egi (“blood”)

*c̣eg-d-a-ᶰ (“to redden”, transitive)

Bats: წეგდაჼ (c̣egdã)

Vainakh:

Chechen: цӏийдан (cʼiı̇dan)

Ingush: цӏийде (cʼiı̇de)

*c̣eg-d-al-a-ᶰ (“to redden”, intransitive)

Bats: წეგდალაჼ (c̣egdalã)

Vainakh:

Chechen: цӏийдала (cʼiı̇dala)

Ingush: цӏийдала (cʼiı̇dala)


ق س م

قَسْم

Form I: قَسَمَ (qasama, “to divide”); Verbal noun

قَاسِم

Form I: قَسَمَ (qasama, “to divide”); Active participle

قَسَامَة

Form I: قَسُمَ (qasuma, “(face) to be beautiful”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَسُمَ (qasuma, “(face) to be beautiful”); Active participle

مُقَسِّم

Form II: قَسَّمَ (qassama); Active participle

مُقَاسِم

Form III: قَاسَمَ (qāsama); Active participle

إِقْسَام

Form IV: أَقْسَمَ (ʔaqsama); Verbal noun

مُقْسِم

Form IV: أَقْسَمَ (ʔaqsama); Active participle

تَقَسُّم

Form V: تَقَسَّمَ (taqassama); Verbal noun

مُتَقَسِّم

Form V: تَقَسَّمَ (taqassama); Active participle

تَقَاسُم

Form VI: تَقَاسَمَ (taqāsama); Verbal noun

مُتَقَاسِم

Form VI: تَقَاسَمَ (taqāsama); Active participle

اِنْقِسَام

Form VII: اِنْقَسَمَ (inqasama); Verbal noun

مُنْقَسِم

Form VII: اِنْقَسَمَ (inqasama); Active participle

اِقْتِسَام

Form VIII: اِقْتَسَمَ (iqtasama); Verbal noun

مُقْتَسِم

Form VIII: اِقْتَسَمَ (iqtasama); Active participle

اِسْتِقْسَام

Form X: اِسْتَقْسَمَ (istaqsama); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْسِم

Form X: اِسْتَقْسَمَ (istaqsama); Active participle


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ōp-

Proto-Slavic: *(j)apa, *(j)apъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐπιόψομαι (epiópsomai)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: optō

desc

>? Proto-Tocharian: (more likely an Iranian loanword)

Tocharian A: opyāc

Tocharian B: epyac, epiyac


ء ن س

head

ء ن س • (ʔ n s)

أُنْس

Form I: أَنِسَ (ʔanisa, “to comfort”); Verbal noun

أُنْس

Form I: أَنُسَ (ʔanusa, “to be comforted”); Verbal noun

أُنْس

Form I: أَنَسَ (ʔanasa, “to be comforted”); Verbal noun

اِسْتِئْنَاس

Form X: اِسْتَأْنَسَ (istaʔnasa); Verbal noun

Form I: أَنِسَ (ʔanisa, “to comfort”); Active participle

Form I: أَنُسَ (ʔanusa, “to be comforted”); Active participle

آنِس

Form I: أَنَسَ (ʔanasa, “to be comforted”); Active participle

مُؤَنِّس

Form II: أَنَّسَ (ʔannasa); Active participle

مُؤَانِس

Form III: آنَسَ (ʔānasa); Active participle

مُؤْنِس

Form IV: آنَسَ (ʔānasa); Active participle

اِئْتِنَاس

Form VIII: اِئْتَنَسَ (iʔtanasa); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَنِس

Form VIII: اِئْتَنَسَ (iʔtanasa); Active participle

مُسْتَأْنِس

Form X: اِسْتَأْنَسَ (istaʔnasa); Active participle

إِنْسَانِيَّة

إِنْسَان (ʔinsān, “human”)


ر و غ

ر و غ • (r w ḡ)

رَوْغ

Form I: رَاغَ (rāḡa, “to evade”); Verbal noun

رَائِغ

Form I: رَاغَ (rāḡa, “to evade”); Active participle

مُرَاوَغَة

Form III: رَاوَغَ (rāwaḡa, “to elude”); Verbal noun

مُرَاوِغ

Form III: رَاوَغَ (rāwaḡa, “to elude”); Active participle

تَرَاوُغ

Form VI: تَرَاوَغَ (tarāwaḡa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَاوِغ

Form VI: تَرَاوَغَ (tarāwaḡa); Active participle

اِرْتِيَاغ

Form VIII: اِرْتَاغَ (irtāḡa); Verbal noun

مُرْتَاغ

Form VIII: اِرْتَاغَ (irtāḡa); Active participle


ج ز ي

related to requiting, rewarding or punishing

جَزَاء

Form I: جَزَى (jazā, “to requite”); Verbal noun

جَازٍ

Form I: جَزَى (jazā, “to requite”); Active participle

مُجَازَاة

Form III: جَازَى (jāzā, “to reward or to punish”); Verbal noun

مُجَازٍ

Form III: جَازَى (jāzā, “to reward or to punish”); Active participle

مُجْزٍ

Form IV: أَجْزَى (ʔajzā); Active participle

مُتَجَازٍ

Form VI: تَجَازَى (tajāzā); Active participle

اِجْتِزَاء

Form VIII: اِجْتَزَى (ijtazā); Verbal noun

مُجْتَزٍ

Form VIII: اِجْتَزَى (ijtazā); Active participle


ऊह्

In some forms and meanings, probably related to influenced by वह् (vah). Possible cognate with Ancient Greek ὠθέω (ōthéō, “to push”).


ऊह्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wegʷʰ-. Traditionally connected to the above root.


ع ق ي

عَقْي

Form I: عَقَى (ʕaqā, “to poo; to detest; to give to eat to empty the bowels”); Verbal noun

عَاقٍ

Form I: عَقَى (ʕaqā, “to poo; to detest; to give to eat to empty the bowels”); Active participle

مَعْقِيّ

Form I: عَقِيَ (ʕaqiya, “to come unexpectedly”); Active participle

تَعْقِيَة

Form II: عَقَّى (ʕaqqā, “to give to eat to empty the bowels; to rise or shoot up high into the air”); Verbal noun

مُعَقٍّ

Form II: عَقَّى (ʕaqqā, “to give to eat to empty the bowels; to rise or shoot up high into the air”); Active participle

إِعْقَاء

Form IV: أَعْقَى (ʔaʕqā, “to be sore bitter; to remove from the mouth in acknowledgement of bitterness”); Verbal noun

مُعْقٍ

Form IV: أَعْقَى (ʔaʕqā, “to be sore bitter; to remove from the mouth in acknowledgement of bitterness”); Active participle

اِعْتِقَاء

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَى (iʕtaqā, “to come unexpectedly”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَقٍ

Form VIII: اِعْتَقَى (iʕtaqā, “to come unexpectedly”); Active participle


ض ي ع

ض ي ع • (ḍ y ʕ)

ضَيَاع

Form I: ضَاعَ (ḍāʕa, “to be lost”); Verbal noun

ضَائِع

Form I: ضَاعَ (ḍāʕa, “to be lost”); Active participle

تَضْيِيع

Form II: ضَيَّعَ (ḍayyaʕa, “to lose”); Verbal noun

مُضَيِّع

Form II: ضَيَّعَ (ḍayyaʕa, “to lose”); Active participle

إِضَاعَة

Form IV: أَضَاعَ (ʔaḍāʕa, “to lose”); Verbal noun

مُضِيع

Form IV: أَضَاعَ (ʔaḍāʕa, “to lose”); Active participle


ط ه ر

ط ه ر • (ṭ h r)

طُهْر

Form I: طَهَرَ (ṭahara, “to become pure”); Verbal noun

طَاهِر

Form I: طَهَرَ (ṭahara, “to become pure”); Active participle

طُهْر

Form I: طَهُرَ (ṭahura, “to become pure”); Verbal noun

Form I: طَهُرَ (ṭahura, “to become pure”); Active participle

تَطْهِير

Form II: طَهَّرَ (ṭahhara, “to purify”); Verbal noun

مُطَهِّر

Form II: طَهَّرَ (ṭahhara, “to purify”); Active participle

تَطَهُّر

Form V: تَطَهَّرَ (taṭahhara, “to cause oneself to be clean”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَهِّر

Form V: تَطَهَّرَ (taṭahhara, “to cause oneself to be clean”); Active participle


ج ذ ب

ج ذ ب • (j ḏ b)

جَذْب

Form I: جَذَبَ (jaḏaba, “to pull”); Verbal noun

جَاذِب

Form I: جَذَبَ (jaḏaba, “to pull”); Active participle

مُجَاذِب

Form III: جَاذَبَ (jāḏaba); Active participle

تَجَاذُب

Form VI: تَجَاذَبَ (tajāḏaba); Verbal noun

مُتَجَاذِب

Form VI: تَجَاذَبَ (tajāḏaba); Active participle

اِنْجِذَاب

Form VII: اِنْجَذَبَ (injaḏaba, “to be enraptured”); Verbal noun

مُنْجَذِب

Form VII: اِنْجَذَبَ (injaḏaba, “to be enraptured”); Active participle

اِجْتِذَاب

Form VIII: اِجْتَذَبَ (ijtaḏaba, “to attract”); Verbal noun

مُجْتَذِب

Form VIII: اِجْتَذَبَ (ijtaḏaba, “to attract”); Active participle


ث م ر

ث م ر • (ṯ m r)

ثُمُور

Form I: ثَمَرَ (ṯamara, “to bear fruit”); Verbal noun

ثَامِر

Form I: ثَمَرَ (ṯamara, “to bear fruit”); Active participle

مُثَمِّر

Form II: ثَمَّرَ (ṯammara); Active participle

إِثْمَار

Form IV: أَثْمَرَ (ʔaṯmara); Verbal noun

مُثْمِر

Form IV: أَثْمَرَ (ʔaṯmara); Active participle

اِسْتِثْمَار

Form X: اِسْتَثْمَرَ (istaṯmara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَثْمِر

Form X: اِسْتَثْمَرَ (istaṯmara); Active participle


(s)leg-

*sl̥né(h₁)g-ti ~ *sln̥(h₁)génti

Proto-Italic:

Latin: langueō (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: λαγγάζω (langázō, “to slacken”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लङ्ग (laṅga, “limp”) (through secondary developments)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λήγω (lḗgō)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lágati

Sanskrit: लगति (lagati)

*(s)lé(h₁)g-seti (se-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *slágžʰati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: laxus

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lakšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lakṣás

Sanskrit: लक्ष (lakṣá)

(?) Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: λᾰ́γνος (lágnos)

(?) Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lagnás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lagnás

Sanskrit: लग्न (lagna)

Proto-Germanic: *slakaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Ancient Greek: λαγαρός (lagarós), λᾰγών (lagṓn), λωγᾰ́νῐον (lōgánion)

Old Irish: lac (“slack”)

Tocharian A: slākkär (“sad”)


*(s)gʷʰh₂él-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skHálati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skHálati

Sanskrit: स्खलति (skhalati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: սխալեմ (sxalem)

*(s)gʷʰh₂él-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σφᾰ́λλω (sphállō)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Italic: *falsō

Latin: fallō

Proto-Iranian: *skarf-

Persian: سکرفیدن (sekarfidan)

>? Welsh: sâl


स्खल्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *skHal-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *skHal-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷʰh₂el-.


ب ص ر

head

ب ص ر • (b ṣ r)

بَصَارَة

Form I: بَصِرَ (baṣira, “to see”); Verbal noun

Form I: بَصِرَ (baṣira, “to see”); Active participle

بَصَارَة

Form I: بَصُرَ (baṣura, “to see”); Verbal noun

Form I: بَصُرَ (baṣura, “to see”); Active participle

مُبَصِّر

Form II: بَصَّرَ (baṣṣara); Active participle

مُبَاصِر

Form III: بَاصَرَ (bāṣara); Active participle

إِبْصَار

Form IV: أَبْصَرَ (ʔabṣara); Verbal noun

مُبْصِر

Form IV: أَبْصَرَ (ʔabṣara); Active participle

تَبَصُّر

Form V: تَبَصَّرَ (tabaṣṣara); Verbal noun

مُتَبَصِّر

Form V: تَبَصَّرَ (tabaṣṣara); Active participle

اِسْتِبْصَار

Form X: اِسْتَبْصَرَ (istabṣara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْصِر

Form X: اِسْتَبْصَرَ (istabṣara); Active participle


ح ي ر

ح ي ر • (ḥ y r)

حَيْرَة

Form I: حَارَ (ḥāra, “to be perplexed”); Verbal noun

حَائِر

Form I: حَارَ (ḥāra, “to be perplexed”); Active participle

تَحْيِير

Form II: حَيَّرَ (ḥayyara, “to perplex”); Verbal noun

مُحَيِّر

Form II: حَيَّرَ (ḥayyara, “to perplex”); Active participle

تَحَيُّر

Form V: تَحَيَّرَ (taḥayyara); Verbal noun

مُتَحَيِّر

Form V: تَحَيَّرَ (taḥayyara); Active participle

اِحْتِيَار

Form VIII: اِحْتَارَ (iḥtāra, “to hesitate”); Verbal noun

مُحْتَار

Form VIII: اِحْتَارَ (iḥtāra, “to hesitate”); Active participle

اِسْتِحَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَحَارَ (istaḥāra); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحِير

Form X: اِسْتَحَارَ (istaḥāra); Active participle


संगम्

संगम् • (saṃgam)

sa-root

संगम् • (saṃgam)


पश्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)pać-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *spać-, from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Some derivatives maintain the original sibilant and others do not (see Indo-European s-mobile).


पश्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *paHć-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paHć-, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to bind”).


ס־ב־ר

Compare with Arabic س ب ر (s-b-r, “to examine, to fathom”) and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܣ ܒ ܪ (s b r).


मव्य्

head

मव्य् • (mavy)

sa-root

मव्य् • (mavy)

Alternative form of मू (mū, “to bind, tie, fix”)


lew-

*l(H)u-to- (“dirt”)

Latin: lutum (“mud, dirt, clay”)

*lew-to- (“mud, dirt”)

Proto-Celtic: *lutā

*l(H)u-(s)tro- (“dirty place”)

Latin: lustrum

Unsorted formations:

Latin: polluō

>? Latin: luēs

desc

Ancient Greek: λῦμα (lûma), λῡ́μη (lū́mē), >? λύθρον (lúthron)

>? Albanian: lym, llom

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


(s)prengʰ-

*(s)préngʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: spreñgti (“to push, tense, span”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *φlengeti

Old Irish: lingid (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *springaną (“to spring, burst”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)prongʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *prǫžiti (“to prance, recoil”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sprangijaną

*(s)prongʰ-ó-s (“locust”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *(s)prangas

Proto-Slavic: *prǫgъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *φlanxsman (“jump”) (see there for further descendants)


ר־א־ה

head

ר־א־ה • (r-ʾ-h)


ש־נ־א

שׂ־נ־א • (ś-n-ʾ)


ע־ר־ב־ב

ע־ר־ב־ב • (ʿ,r,b,b)

ʿ (romanization)
r (romanization)
b (romanization)


ש־ח־ר

ש־ח־ר • (s-ḥ-r)

From Proto-Semitic *šaḥ(a)r- (“dawn, morning”). Cognate with Arabic س ح ر (s ḥ r).


ח־ד־ש

head

ח־ד־שׁ • (ḥ-d-š)

ח־ד־ש ׁ (canonical)
ḥ-d-š (romanization)


bʰrewH-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*bʰí-bʰruh₁-(h₁)se-ti (zero-grade (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *brusaną (“to bubble”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Low German: brūsen

Middle Dutch: brusen

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀπέφρυσεν (apéphrusen, “brewed”)

*bʰréwh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *berweti

Proto-Brythonic: *berwɨd

Breton: berwiñ

Welsh: berwi

Old Irish: berbaid

⇒ Middle Irish: beirbigid

Irish: beirigh

Proto-Italic: *ferweō (< metathesized *bʰéruh₁eti)

Latin: ferveō (“to be hot; to burn; to boil”)

Proto-Germanic: *brewwaną (“to brew”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥-né-wh₁-ti ~ *bʰr-n̥-wh₁-énti (nasal-infix)

Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (“to burn”) (< metathesized *bʰénuh₁eti) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéruh₁-mn̥ ~ *bʰruh₁-mén-s

Proto-Albanian: *bruma

Albanian: brumë (“dough”)

*bʰéruh₁-mō ~ *bʰruh₁-mn-és

Proto-Germanic: *berumô

>? Proto-West Germanic: *berumō (“yeast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *beurą (“beer”) (dissimilated < *breurą) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrowh₁- (o-grade)

Proto-Albanian: *brāu

Albanian: mbruaj

>? Proto-Germanic: *braudą (“bread”) (see there for further descendants)

Thracian: *brutos m

→ Ancient Greek: βρῦτος (brûtos)

Proto-Celtic: *brutom

Welsh: brwd

Proto-Germanic: *bruþą (“broth”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *frutom

Latin: dēfrutum, dēfritum

*bʰru-tus

Proto-Celtic: *brutus

Old Irish: bruth

Irish: bruth

*bʰerw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *berwos (see there for further descendants)

*bʰorw-ós

Proto-Celtic: *borwos

Gaulish: Boruo

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *britśiā

Albanian: bërsi

q

>? Proto-Italic: *fer(a)mentom (or < *bʰreh₁u- (“to well, bubble”), or < *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”))

Latin: fermentum (“ferment, yeast”) (see there for further descendants)


dac-

Egyptian: ds (“flint, knife”)

Proto-Chadic: *das- (“knife”) (see there for further descendants) (only attested in Eastern Chadic)


bir-

Egyptian: brg (“to light up”)

Jiiddu: bir (“lightning”)

desc

Proto-Semitic: *br (“to be light, bright”)

Somali: bir (“to glitter”)


dab(n)-

Egyptian: dbnt (“lock of hair”)


tuf-

Egyptian: tf (“to spit”)

Coptic: ⲑⲁϥ (thaf), ⲧⲁϥ (taf, “spit”)

Proto-Chadic: *təfə (“to spit”)

Hausa: tofa (“spit”)

Proto-Cushitic: *tuf- (“to spit”)

Oromo: tufuu (“to spit”)

Somali: tuf (“to spit”)

Proto-Semitic: *tf (“to spit”)

Hijazi Arabic: تَفَّل (taffal, “to spit”)

Moroccan Arabic: تَفَّل (tfal, “to spit”)


keHy-

*kéHi-de-ti (de-present)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *kéHid-ih₂ ~ *kHid-yéh₂-s

Proto-Germanic: *hitjǭ (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *keHid-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *haitaz (“hot”) (see there for further descendants)

*kéHi-te-ti (te-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaistei

desc

Lithuanian: kaĩsti, kaĩsta (3p.pres.), kaĩto (“to heat; to become hot”, 3p.pret.)

Latvian: kàist, kàistu (1sg.pres.), kàitu (“to burn, singe, heat”, 1sg.pret.)

*kéHi-tr-eh₂ (or *kéHi-tr̥ ~ *kHi-tén-s)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káitrāˀ

Lithuanian: kaitrà (“heat”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaitrús

Lithuanian: kaitrùs (“hot”)

*kéHy-os

Proto-Germanic: *hajaz (“heat”) (see there for further descendants)


keyt-

*kéyt-e-ti (thematic root present)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čáytati (merged with descendants of *kʷeyt- (“to notice”))

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćáytati

desc

Sanskrit: चेतति (cétati, “to shine, show oneself, stand out”)

*kit-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćitáyati

Sanskrit: चितयन्ति (citáyanti, “to shine, illuminate”, 3pl.med.)

*ki-kóyt-e ~ *ki-kit-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čikáyta ~ *čičitā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćikáyta ~ *ćićitā́

Sanskrit: चिकेत (cíketa, “to shine”)

Proto-Iranian: *čikáyta ~ *čičitā́

Avestan: 𐬗𐬌𐬐𐬋𐬌𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬱 (cikōitər^əš, “to show oneself”, 3pl.(p)pf.med.)

*kit-rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čitrás (“shiny, visible”) (see there for further descendants)

*kóyt-s ~ *kéyt-s (“brightness”) (or *kóyt-r̥ ~ *kéyt-n̥s)

⇒ *koyt-ró-s

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *haidraz (“clear, bright”) (or secondary to *haiduz) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *koyt-ú-s

Proto-Germanic: *haiduz (“way, appearance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaytúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaytúṣ

Sanskrit: केतु m (ketú, “bright appearance, clearness, brightness”)


baRa-

*baRabiL (“testicles”)

Basque: barrabil

⇒ Basque: barrasaket

⇒ Basque: barratta

⇒ Basque: barret


eɫh(u)-

*eɫhauso (“avalanche”)

Basque: elhauso, elur jausi


ס־ד־ר

Compare with Arabic س ر د (s-r-d, “to order, to arrange in a sequence”)


س ر د

related to linking or continuing
(by extension) related to order

related to linking or continuing
related to order


निविश्

head

निविश् • (niviś)

sa-root

निविश् • (niviś)

नि- (ni-) + विश् (viś), with the latter part from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayć-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-.


כ־ש־ר

head

כ־ש־ר • (k-š-r)


י־ע־ד

י־ע־ד • (y-ʿ-d)


구걸

구걸하다 구걸하다#Korean

Root of 구걸하다 (gugeolhada). Rarely used alone.


mitstos

From *meytH- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”).


𑀘𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁆

Unknown. If not the source of Sanskrit चप् (cap), चर्पट (carpaṭa, “lying flat, palm of hand”), चर्पटी (carpaṭī, “flatbread”), चपेट (capeṭa, “slap with open hands”), चर्वन् (carvan, “slap with open hands”), and चिपिट (cipiṭa), all these words are probably of the same substrate origin. Compare Pashto [script needed] (ċapaq) and Ormuri [script needed] (čapâγ, “slap with open palm”).

cog

→ Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit: चिप्यते

*𑀘𑀺𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (*cippaï, “is pressed”, passive)


ǵembʰ-

*ǵómbʰos (see there for further descendants)

*ǵémbʰ-e-ti

जम्भति (jambhati)

From *ǵ-né-bʰ-ti ~ *ǵ-m̥-bʰ-énti, nasal inflix of a poorly contested root, *ǵebʰ-, possibly found in Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”), Gaulish *gauta (“cheek”).


बृह्

head

बृह् • (bṛh)

sa-root

बृह् • (bṛh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up”).


लिप्

head

लिप् • (lip)

sa-root

लिप् • (lip)

From zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leyp-.


*h₁réy-t ~ *h₁ry-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, arise”)

*h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *rīsaną (“to rise”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁róy-ey ~ *h₁r̥y-énti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄿 (a-ra-a-i), 𒀀𒊏𒄿 (a-ra-i /arāi/), 𒀀𒊏𒀀𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-a-ez-zi), 𒀀𒊏𒄑𒍣 (a-ra-iz-zi /arāizzi/, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒀀𒊑𒅀𒀭𒍣 (a-ri-ya-an-zi /aryanzi/, “to rise, arise, lift; to raise”, 3pl.pres.act.)

Luwian: 𒀀𒊑𒀉𒋾 (a-ri-it-ti, “to raise”)

Lydian: 𐤤𐤭𐤦𐤧𐤤 (eriye, “to raise; to levy”)

*h₁r̥y-é-tor (middle-voice "tudati"-type root thematic present)

Proto-Italic: *orjōr (“to rise, arise”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain if related to *h₃reyH- (“to churn, swirl”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
de:Brian D. Joseph


ר־ע־ה

From רֵעַ (réa, réaʕ, “friend”), if not a subsense of the previous root.

Root relating to human association, friendship.

הִתְרָעוּת

Hitpa'el: הִתְרָעָה (hitra'á, hiṯrɔʕɔ); Action noun


ר־ע־ה

Cognate to Phoenician 𐤓𐤏𐤕 (rʿt, “intention”), Aramaic רְעֵי, רְעָא (“to desire”).


ר־ע־ה

ר־ע־ע ר־ע־ע#Hebrew

Collateral form of ר־ע־ע (r-ʕ-ʕ), root relating to shattering.