वृष्

head

वृष् • (vṛṣ)

sa-root

वृष् • (vṛṣ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“to rain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕρση (hérsē).


शंस्

head

शंस् • (śaṃs)

sa-root

शंस् • (śaṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱens- (“to announce, declare solemnly”). Cognate with Persian سخن (soxan, “speech”), Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “order, honor; mankind; world”), Latin cēnseō (“recommend, decree; reckon”) (whence cēnsus), as well as possibly Latin carmen (“composition, tune”) and English herry (“praise, honor”).


सिच्

head

सिच् • (sic)

sa-root

सिच् • (sic)

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to spill, pour; moisten, filter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἰκμᾰ́ς (ikmás, “moisture, wetness”), Proto-Slavic *sьcati (“to piss”); Proto-Germanic *saiwiz whence English sea.


सह्

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold, posess, overcome, overpower”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō, “have, possess, hold”), σχῆμᾰ (skhêma, “form, shape, figure”), σχολή (skholḗ, “leisure, free time; philosophy”) whence Latin schola (“leisure time for learning, schooltime, school”); Latin sēverus (“severe, strict, harsh”).

cog

to prevail, be victorious, overcome, vanquish


स्कभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *skebʰH- (“to hold up, support”). Cognate with Latin scamnum (“bench, stool, step”).


सृप्

head

सृप् • (sṛp)

sa-root

सृप् • (sṛp)

From Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“to creep, crawl”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō, “creep, crawl”) whence ἕρπης (hérpēs), Proto-Albanian *serpena, Latin serpō whence serpēns (“serpent”).


स्कन्द्

head

स्कन्द् • (skand)

sa-root

स्कन्द् • (skand)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *skand- or *skend- (“to jump, leap”). Cognate with Latin scandō (“climb, ascend”), Ancient Greek σκᾰ́νδᾰλον (skándalon, “trap, snare; stumbling block; scandal”).


सृज्

head

सृज् • (sṛj)

sa-root

सृज् • (sṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“to throw away, pour out, release, set free”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *selkaną (“to trickle, drip; languish”) whence probably English sulk.


सेव्

head

सेव् • (sev)

sa-root

सेव् • (sev)

Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from सेप्- (sep-), the perfect stem of the root सप् (sap, “to follow or seek after, honor, serve”); however, this presents formal difficulties. Other theories connect the root to Proto-Iranian *haiva- or Proto-Germanic *sainijaną, whence Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sainjan, “to tarry”).

to remain or stay at, live in, frequent, inhabit


सृ

From Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to spring, jump”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἅλλομαι (hállomai, “to jump”), ἁλτῆρες (haltêres) giving English haltere; Latin saliō (“jump”) whence English (somer)sault.
Not to be confused with स्रु (sru, “to flow, leak”) from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, stream”).


स्तभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to stand still, harden; prop up, support; pole”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stьbъ (“stem, stalk”), Old Church Slavonic степень (stepenĭ, “stair”); English step, stop, stamp, stomp, stump, staff, stiff; Proto-Finnic *sambas (“pillar”) (whence sampo).


स्तम्भ्

head

स्तम्भ् • (stambh)

sa-root

स्तम्भ् • (stambh)

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to stand still, harden; prop up, support; pole”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stьbъ (“stem, stalk”), Old Church Slavonic степень (stepenĭ, “stair”); English step, stop, stamp, stomp, stump, staff, stiff.

स्तभ् स्तभ्#Sanskrit


익숙

익숙하다 익숙하다#Korean

Root of 익숙하다 (iksukhada, “trained, experienced, skilled, familiar, accustomed”). Rarely used alone.


स्तिघ्

head

स्तिघ् • (stigh)

sa-root

स्तिघ् • (stigh)

From Proto-Indo-European *steygʰ- (“to go,climb”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στοῖχος (stoîkhos), στῐ́χος (stíkhos); Proto-Slavic *stignǫti; English sty, stile, stair.


स्तॄ

head

स्तॄ • (stṝ)

sa-root

स्तॄ • (stṝ)

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, stretch, extend”), an extension of *ster- (“spread”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi, “spread”), Latin sternō (“spread”), Proto-Slavic *stornà (“side, land”), *stérti (“to extend”); English strew.


स्तु

head

स्तु • (stu)

sa-root

स्तु • (stu)

From Proto-Indo-European *stew- (“to praise”). Cognate with Persian ستودن (setudan, “to praise, extol”), Ancient Greek στεῦται (steûtai, “to promise or threaten that one will”), Hittite [script needed] (istuwa-, “to become public”).

cog

to praise, laud, eulogize, extol, celebrate in song or hymns


स्ना

head

स्ना • (snā)

sa-root

स्ना • (snā)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim, float”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νέω (néō, “swim”), Proto-Italic *snāō.


gʰeydʰ-

*gʰeydʰ-lós

desc

Proto-Celtic: *geistlos (“hostage; bail”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-yeti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géistei, *gístei

Lithuanian: geĩsti (“to desire”)

Latvian: gàidît (“to wait”)

Old Prussian: gēide, giēidi (“[they] wait”, 3rd pl.)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gidā́ˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *žьdàti (“to wait; to expect”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰeydʰ-ós

Proto-Germanic: *gīdaz (“greed, desire”)

Proto-West Germanic: *gīd (“greed, avarice”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gīdisōn (“to be greedy”) (see there for further descendants)


흐

Of native Korean origin. Probably truncated from 흑 (heuk), onomatopoeia of sobbing.

흐느끼다 흐느끼다#Korean

Root of 흐느끼다 (heuneukkida, “to sob”). Rarely used alone.


स्पृ

head

स्पृ • (spṛ)

sa-root

स्पृ • (spṛ)

From Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to release, rescue, deliver, secure”). Cognate with English spare (“to show mercy”).
Some derive the "win" meanings from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to make money”), connecting them with पण् (paṇ, “to barter”), Ancient Greek πωλέω (pōléō, “I sell”), Old Irish renim (“I sell”), and Lithuanian pel̃nas (“profit, benefit”), and separate these from the "release, deliver" meanings; however, this is uncertain.
Turner alternatively suggests the root to be an s-extension of पृ (pṛ, “to bring”), with original meaning "to convey".

inh

(causative स्पारयति) to attract to one's self, win


स्पृह्

head

स्पृह् • (spṛh)

sa-root

स्पृह् • (spṛh)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperǵʰ- (“to move energetically, hurry, spring”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry”), English spring.
Other possible cognates include Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push”), Proto-Slavic *pręsti (“to spin”).


स्फट्

head

स्फट् • (sphaṭ)

sa-root

स्फट् • (sphaṭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pʰel- or *(s)pel- (“to split”) with a *-t- extension. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic рас-плитати (ras-plitati, “to cleave, split”), Old English speld (“splinter”), English split.


स्फुर्

head

स्फुर् • (sphur)

sa-root

स्फुर् • (sphur)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick, push away, make a rash movement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σπαίρω (spaírō, “to hammer, make rapid movements”), Latin spernō (“move aside, push away”), English spur, spurn.


स्फूर्ज्

head

स्फूर्ज् • (sphūrj)

sa-root

स्फूर्ज् • (sphūrj)

/s̪pʰuːɾd͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-European *spreHg- (“to crackle, splutter, scatter”), a *-g- extension of *sperH- (“to kick, push away, make a rash movement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σφαραγέομαι (spharagéomai, “crackle, sizzle”), Lithuanian sprógti (“explode, blow, shatter”), and Proto-Germanic *sprekaną whence English speak.


탕수

Root of 탕수육 (tangsuyuk, “tangsuyuk”). Rarely used alone.


स्फुट्

head

स्फुट् • (sphuṭ)

sa-root

स्फुट् • (sphuṭ)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- or *(s)pel- (“to split”) with a *-t- extension, and compared with Old Church Slavonic рас-плитати (ras-plitati, “to cleave, split”), Old English speld (“splinter”), English split. It is also possible that the root is related to फल् (phal, “to burst, cleave open”) instead, or is of onomatopoeic origin.

to burst, become suddenly rent asunder, split open (with a sound, part asunder

to burst or rend suddenly, break, split, divide


स्पृश्

head

स्पृश् • (spṛś)

sa-root

स्पृश् • (spṛś)


स्मि

head

स्मि • (smi)

sa-root

स्मि • (smi)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mey- (“to laugh, be glad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μειδᾰ́ω (meidáō, “smile”), Proto-Slavic *smьjàti (“to laugh”), Latin mīrus (“wonderful”) the source of English admire etc.; Latvian smieties (“laugh”); English smile and possibly smirk.


स्रु

head

स्रु • (sru)

sa-root

स्रु • (sru)

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, stream”).
Cognate with Proto-Slavic *strujiti (“to gush out, jet”), *strumy (“stream”); Lithuanian srū́ti (“to stream, flow”); Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō, “flow, stream, gush”), ῥῠθμός (rhuthmós) whence English rhythm; English stream.
Not to be confused with सृ (sṛ) from Proto-Indo-European *sel-.


स्वञ्ज्

head

स्वञ्ज् • (svañj)

sa-root

स्वञ्ज् • (svañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweng- or *swengʷʰ- (“to bend, swing”). Cognate with English swing, swank, sway, and via Old Norse, swag, swagger.


स्वन्

head

स्वन् • (svan)

sa-root

स्वन् • (svan)

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō the source of English sound, sonic etc.; Old English swinn (“melody”), English swan.


स्विद्

head

स्विद् • (svid)

sa-root

स्विद् • (svid)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“sweat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs); Latin sūdō, sūdor; English sweat.


हिंस्

head

हिंस् • (hiṃs)

sa-root

हिंस् • (hiṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeys- (“fright”), an extension of *ǵʰey- (“wound, thrust”). See also हेष् (heṣ, “to be strong”).
Compare the semantic development of English thrust and threat, both from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to push, thrust”).


हीड्

head

हीड् • (hīḍ)

sa-root

हीड् • (hīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd- (“fright, anger”), an extension of *ǵʰey- (“wound, thrust”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, whence English ghost.


ह्नु

head

ह्नु • (hnu)

sa-root

ह्नु • (hnu)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰnew- (“to be ashamed”).


स्वप्

head

स्वप् • (svap)

sa-root

स्वप् • (svap)

From Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to sleep”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos) (compare English hypno-); Latin somnus; Lithuanian sãpnas (“dream”), Proto-Slavic *sъpati (“to sleep”); Old English swefan (“to sleep”) (compare English sweven (“dream, vision”)).


हृष्

head

हृष् • (hṛṣ)

sa-root

हृष् • (hṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“rigid, stiff; surprised”). Cognate with Latin horreō, horror, Ancient Greek χέρσος (khérsos, “dry land”).

cog

to be excited or impatient or anxious, rejoice in the prospect of

to thrill with rapture, exult, be glad or pleased

to become erect or stiff or rigid, bristle (said of the hairs of the body etc.)


gz-

desc

⇒ Svan: ლი̄ზი (līzi, “go away”), ლა̄ზი (lāzi, “going away”), მე̄ზი (mēzi, “going”), ნა̄ზ (nāz, “gone”), ნა̄ზუ̂ (nāzû, “trace, track”)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *gza- (“road, path, way”)
Old Georgian: გზაჲ (gzay)
Georgian: გზა (gza)
Zan:
Laz: გზა (gza)
Mingrelian: ზა (za)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *lʿa-gz-al- (“victual, provision”, literally “(victual) for the road”)
Old Georgian: საგზალი (sagzali)
Zan:
Mingrelian: ორზოლი (orzoli) (← *ოგზოლი (*ogzoli))


ܛ ܘ ܣ

head

ܛ ܘ ܣ • (ṭ w s)

forming words pertaining to flying (traveling through the air not by one's own power)


ܣ ܒ ܪ

Compare Hebrew ס־ב־ר (s-b-r) and Arabic س ب ر (s b r)

ܣܵܦܹܪ

ܣܵܒܹܪ (sāḇēr)


ܡ ܙ ܓ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic م ز ج (m z j), Hebrew מ־ז־ג (m-z-g).


ḱlews-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klusḗˀtei

Latvian: klusêt

Proto-Slavic: *slyšati (“to hear”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klusīti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlows-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kláusīˀtei

desc

Latvian: klausīt (“to obey, follow, comply with”)

Lithuanian: klausýti (“to listen”)

Old Prussian: klausiton (“to hear”)

*ḱlu-né-s-ti ~ *ḱlu-n-s-ti

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լսեմ (lsem) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klunstei

Lithuanian: klùsti

*ḱlows-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ślaušás

Proto-Slavic: *sluxъ (“hearing, rumor”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kloustā (see there for further descendants)

*ḱlus-ró-s

desctree

Old Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)
Armenian: լուռ (luṙ)

*ḱlus-tí-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śruštíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śruṣṭíṣ

desc

Sanskrit: श्रुष्टि (śruṣṭí, “obedience”)

Reanalyzed from *ḱléwseti, se-desiderative of *ḱlew-.

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭუჭ-უტ-უ-ა (č̣uč̣-uṭ-u-a)

← <i class="Geor mention" lang="sva">*ლი-ჰუჭ-ი</i> (*li-huč̣-i)

⇒ Svan: ლი-ჰუ̂იჭ-ი (li-hûič̣-i) (← *ლი-ჰუჭ-ი (*li-huč̣-i))


Lad-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ს-წად-ს (s-c̣ad-s, “wishes, desires”), წად-ილ-ი (c̣ad-il-i, “wish, desire”)

desc

⇒ Svan: ლი-ჰდ-უ̂-ი (li-hd-û-i, “wishing”), ნა-ჰად-უ̂ (na-had-û, “wished, desired, yearned for”)


ن ف د

نَفَاد

Form I: نَفَدَ (nafada, “to be used up, exhausted, depleted; to run out, come to an end”); Verbal noun

نَافِد

Form I: نَفَدَ (nafada, “to be used up, exhausted, depleted; to run out, come to an end”); Active participle

إِنْفَاد

Form IV: أَنْفَدَ (ʔanfada, “to use up, exhaust, deplete”); Verbal noun

مُنْفِد

Form IV: أَنْفَدَ (ʔanfada, “to use up, exhaust, deplete”); Active participle

اِسْتِنْفَاد

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَدَ (istanfada); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْفِد

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَدَ (istanfada); Active participle


č̣er-

⇒ Georgian: (Tusheti, Pshavi, Khevsureti) ჭერამა (č̣erama), (Guria) ჭერამაი (č̣eramai), (Chveneburi) ჭერემაი (č̣eremai), (Racha) ჭემარო (č̣emaro)

→ Svan: ჭერამ (č̣eram), ჭჷრემ (č̣ərem)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *č̣er-el-
Old Georgian: ჭრელი (č̣reli), ⇒ ჭრელ-ჭრელი (č̣rel-č̣reli), ჭრელა-ჭრულა (č̣rela-č̣rula)
Georgian: ჭრელი (č̣reli)
→ Armenian: ճռել (čṙel), ճրել (črel) — Tbilisi
→ Svan: ჭჷრელ (č̣ərel)
→ Turkish: çiril
Zan:
Mingrelian: ჭკარჷ (č̣ḳarə) (← *ჭკარუ (*č̣ḳaru)), ⇒ ჭკარუ-ჭკარუ (č̣ḳaru-č̣ḳaru), ჭკარჭკუნტია (č̣ḳarč̣ḳunṭia), ჭკარჭკანტია (č̣ḳarč̣ḳanṭia)


ܘ ܠ ܕ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic و ل د (w l d) and Hebrew י־ל־ד (y-l-d).

forming words pertaining to bearing children and birth


ܩ ܪ ܪ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ق ر ر (q r r), Hebrew ק־ר־ר (q-r-r).


ܡ ܨ ܨ

head

ܡ ܨ ܨ • (m ṣ ṣ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic م ص ص (m ṣ ṣ), Hebrew מ־צ־ץ (m-ṣ-ṣ).


ܕ ܪ ܓ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic د ر ج (d r j), Hebrew ד־ר־ג (d-r-g).

forming words pertaining to stepping, proceeding gradually


ܚ ܡ ܡ

ܚ ܡ ܡ • (ḥ m m)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ح م م (ḥ m m), Hebrew ח־מ־ם (ḥ-m-m).

ܡܚܲܡܡܵܢܵܐ

ܚܲܡܸܡ (ḥammim, “to heat”); Active participle

ܡܲܚܲܡܬܵܐ

ܡܲܚܸܡ (maḥḥim, “to keep warm, heat up”); Verbal noun

ܡܲܚܡܵܢܵܐ

ܡܲܚܸܡ (maḥḥim, “to keep warm, heat up”); Active participle

ܚܲܡܚܲܡܬܵܐ

ܚܲܡܚܸܡ (ḥamḥim, “to have a fever”); Verbal noun

ܡܚܲܡܚܡܵܢܵܐ

ܚܲܡܚܸܡ (ḥamḥim, “to have a fever”); Active participle


ܦ ܪ ܚ

ܦ ܪ ܚ • (p r ḥ)

ܥܘܼܩܒܪܵܐ ܦܵܪܘܿܚܵܐ

ˁuqbrā pārōḥā

forming words pertaining to flying (traveling through the air by one's own power)


ܘ ܬ ܒ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew י־שׁ־ב (y-š-b), Arabic و ث ب (w ṯ b).

forming words pertaining to sitting, settling


qan-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Old Georgian: ჴვნა (qvna)

Georgian: ხვნა (xvna)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოხონუ (oxonu)

⇒ Mingrelian: ხონუა (xonua)

desc

⇒ Svan: ლიჴნი (liqni, “ploughing, tilling”), ჴა̈ნ (qän, “ox”)


ܗ ܠ ܟ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ה־ל־ך (h-l-k), Akkadian '-l-k and Arabic ه ل ك (h l k, “related to perishing”).


zman-

⇒ Old Georgian: ზმანება (zmaneba)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ო-ზმონ-უ (o-zmon-u)

to dream (to see imaginary events while sleeping)


ܫ ܬ ܐ

head

ܫ ܬ ܐ • (š t ˀ)


zm-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ზიმაფა (zimapa)

⇒ Svan: ლიზმა̄ლუნე (lizmālune)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *zm-an- (“to dream; to think”)
⇒ Old Georgian: ზმანება (zmaneba)
Zan:
⇒ Laz: ო-ზმონ-უ (o-zmon-u)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *lʿi-zm-ar- (“dream”)
Old Georgian: სიზმარი (sizmari)
Georgian: სიზმარი (sizmari)
→ Mingrelian: სიზმარი (sizmari), სიზიმარი (sizimari), სიზუმარი (sizumari), სიზჷმარი (sizəmari)
Zan:
Laz: იზმოჯე (izmoce) (← *იზმორ- (*izmor-))


ܓ ܪ ܫ

head

ܓ ܪ ܫ • (g r š)


ܐ ܟ ܠ

ܐ ܟ ܠ • (ˀ k l)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew א־כ־ל (ʾ-k-l), Akkadian '-k-l and Arabic ء ك ل (ʔ k l).


ܚ ܙ ܐ

ܚ ܙ ܐ • (ḥ z ˀ)


ش ر ط

ar-root

ش ر ط • (š-r-ṭ)

تَشَرُّط

Form V: تَشَرَّطَ (tašarraṭa); Verbal noun

اِشْتِرَاط

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَطَ (ištaraṭa); Verbal noun

مُشَارِط

Form III: شَارَطَ (šāraṭa); Active participle

شَارِط

Form I: شَرَطَ (šaraṭa); Active participle

مُشَرِّط

Form II: شَرَّطَ (šarraṭa); Active participle

مُتَشَرِّط

Form V: تَشَرَّطَ (tašarraṭa); Active participle

مُشْتَرِط

Form VIII: اِشْتَرَطَ (ištaraṭa); Active participle


ܩ ܒ ܠ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ق ب ل (q b l) and Hebrew ק־ב־ל (q-b-l)


ܩ ܘ ܡ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ق و م (q w m) and Hebrew ק־ו־ם (q-w-m)


ܕ ܪ ܫ

aii-root

ܕ ܪ ܫ • (d r š)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ד־ר־שׁ (d-r-š), Arabic د ر س (d r s).


ܦ ܪ ܣ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew פ־ר־שׂ (p-r-ś), Arabic ف ر ش (f r š).


ḳunṭ-

desc

⇒ Georgian: დაკუნტვა (daḳunṭva, “to crouch, duck, squat, bend down”), მოკუნტვა (moḳunṭva, “to curl up”)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: კუნდურა (ǩundura, “February ← *short month”), კუნტურა (ǩunťura)

⇒ Mingrelian: კუნტა (ḳunṭa, “short”), დაკუნტორება (daḳunṭoreba, “to shorten”)


ܒ ܪ ܐ

head

ܒ ܪ ܐ • (b r ˀ)

Related to Hebrew ב־ר־א (b-r-ʾ) and Arabic ب ر ء (b-r-ʔ)


ܛ ܥ ܡ

ܛ ܥ ܡ • (ṭ ˁ m)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ط ع م (ṭ ʕ m) and Hebrew ט־ע־ם (ṭ-ʿ-m).


ܪ ܘ ܚ

ܪ ܘ ܚ • (r w ḥ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ر و ح (r w ḥ), Hebrew ר־י־ח (r-y-ḥ) and Hebrew ר־ו־ח (r-w-ḥ).

ܪܘܝܼܚܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ

Past Participle: ܪܘܝܼܚܵܐ (rwīḥā, “widened”)

ܡܲܪܘܲܚܬܵܐ

ܡܲܪܘܸܚ (marwiḥ, “to air-condition, give relief, expand, widen”); Instance Noun

ܡܘܼܪܘܚܵܐ

ܡܲܪܘܸܚ (marwiḥ, “to air-condition, give relief, expand, widen”); Past Participle

ܡܲܪܘܚܵܢܵܐ

ܡܲܪܘܸܚ (marwiḥ, “to air-condition, give relief, expand, widen”); Active Noun

ܪܝܵܚܬܵܐ

ܪܵܝܸܚ (rāyiḥ, “to breath easily”); Instance Noun

ܪܝܵܚܵܐ

ܪܵܝܸܚ (rāyiḥ, “to breath easily”); Verbal Noun

ܪܝܼܚܵܐ

ܪܵܝܸܚ (rāyiḥ, “to breath easily”); Past Participle

ܪܲܝܲܚܬܵܐ

ܡܪܲܝܸܚ (mrayyiḥ, “to placate”); Instance Noun

ܪܘܼܝܵܚܵܐ

ܡܪܲܝܸܚ (mrayyiḥ, “to placate”); Verbal Noun

ܡܪܘܼܝܚܵܐ

ܡܪܲܝܸܚ (mrayyiḥ, “to placate”); Past Participle

ܡܪܲܝܚܵܢܵܐ

ܡܪܲܝܸܚ (mrayyiḥ, “to placate”); Active Noun

ܡܸܬ݂ܪܲܝܚܵܢܵܐ

ܡܸܬ݂ܪܲܝܸܚ (miṯrayyiḥ, “to be placated”); Active Noun

ܡܲܪܝܚܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ

Active Noun: ܡܲܪܝܚܵܢܵܐ (mariḥānā, “smeller”)

ܪܘܼܚܵܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ

ܪܘܼܚܵܢܵܝܵܐ (rūḥānāyā, “spiritual”)

ܪܹܝܚܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ

ܪܹܝܚܵܢܵܐ (rēḥānā, “smelly”)

ܪܘܵܚܬܵܐ

ܪܵܘܹܚ (rāwēḥ, “to refresh, expand, widen”); Instance Noun

ܪܘܵܚܵܐ

ܪܵܘܹܚ (rāwēḥ, “to refresh, expand, widen”); Verbal Noun

ܪܲܘܵܚܵܐ

ܪܵܘܹܚ (rāwēḥ, “to refresh, expand, widen”); Active Noun

ܡܸܬܬܘܼܪܘܚܵܐ

ܡܸܬܬܲܪܘܸܚ (mittarwiḥ, “to be given relief, expanded, widened”); Past Participle

ܡܸܬܬܲܪܘܚܵܢܵܐ

ܡܸܬܬܲܪܘܸܚ (mittarwiḥ, “to be given relief, expanded, widened”); Active Noun

ܡܲܪܝܲܚܬܵܐ

ܡܲܪܝܸܚ (maryiḥ, “to smell”); Instance Noun

ܡܘܼܪܝܚܵܐ

ܡܲܪܝܸܚ (maryiḥ, “to smell”); Past Participle

ܡܸܬܬܲܪܝܚܵܢܵܐ

ܡܸܬܬܲܪܝܸܚ (mittaryiḥ, “to be smelled”); Active Noun

ܪܲܚܪܲܚܬܵܐ

ܡܪܲܚܪܸܚ (mraḥriḥ, “to ripple, make water rings”); Instance Noun

ܡܪܘܼܚܪܚܵܐ

ܡܪܲܚܪܸܚ (mraḥriḥ, “to ripple, make water rings”); Past Participle

ܡܪܲܚܪܚܵܢܵܐ

ܡܪܲܚܪܸܚ (mraḥriḥ, “to ripple, make water rings”); Active Noun


ḳwam-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: კუამლი (ḳuamli), კუმევა (ḳumeva), კუმოლა (ḳumola), საკუმეველი (saḳumeveli), სარკუმელი (sarḳumeli)
Georgian: კვამლი (ḳvamli), კომლი (ḳomli)

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: კომა (ǩoma), ონკომუ (onǩomu), მენკომაფა (menǩomapa)

⇒ Mingrelian: კუმა (ḳuma), კუმაფა (ḳumapa), ოკუმაფუ (oḳumapu)

⇒ Svan: კუ̂ა̈მ (ḳûäm), ლიკუ̂ამე (liḳûame)


ṭwar-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

← <i class="Geor mention" lang="oge">*ტურ-ი-ობ-ა</i> (*ṭur-i-ob-a)

⇒ Old Georgian: ტრიობა (ṭrioba) (← *ტურ-ი-ობ-ა (*ṭur-i-ob-a))

Zan: *ṭor- ~ *ṭur-

⇒ Laz: ოტურუ (oťuru), ოტორუ (oťoru)

⇒ Mingrelian: ტურაფა (ṭurapa)

desc

⇒ Svan: ლიტუ̂არ (liṭûar), ლეტუ̂რე (leṭûre)


ܘ ܗ ܒ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic و ه ب (w h b)

ܝܵܗ݇ܒ݂ܹܠ ܫܠܵܡܹ̈ܐ

ܝܵܗ݇ܒ݂ܹܠ (yāḇēl, “to give”)


ܕ ܟ ܪ

From Proto-Semitic; cognate with Arabic ذ ك ر (ḏ k r) and Hebrew ז־כ־ר (z-k-r).


ܛ ܪ ܐ

head

ܛ ܪ ܐ • (ṭ r ˀ)


ܣ ܚ ܐ

ܣ ܚ ܐ • (s ḥ ˀ)


ܟ ܠ ܐ

ܟ ܠ ܐ • (k l ˀ)

forming words pertaining to stopping, standing


ܠ ܗ ܒ

forming words pertaining to kindling, igniting


ܙ ܡ ܪ

From Proto-Semitic *zamar-; compare Hebrew ז־מ־ר (z-m-r) and Arabic ز م ر (z m r).

forming words pertaining to singing, music

ܙܘܼܡܵܪܵܐ

ܡܙܲܡܸܪ (mzammir, “to sing hymns”); Verbal Noun

ܙܲܡܲܪܬܵܐ

ܡܙܲܡܸܪ (mzammir, “to sing hymns”); Instance Noun

ܡܲܙܡܲܪܬܵܐ

ܡܲܙܡܸܪ (mazmir, “to make sing”); Instance Noun


č̣iḳ-

desc

⇒ Georgian: ჭიკნა (č̣iḳna, “cut, chop up with a blunt knife”) — Imereti, Guria

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოჭიკონუ (oç̌iǩonu, “carve up chicken; pluck chicken”)


ǯeḳ-

⇒ Georgian: ჯეკნა (ǯeḳna) — Imereti

Zan:

← <i class="Geor mention" lang="lzz">*ო-ჯაკ-ინ-უ</i> (*o-caǩ-in-u)

⇒ Laz: ოჯინაკუ (ocinaǩu) (← *ო-ჯაკ-ინ-უ (*o-caǩ-in-u))


و س ط

وَسْط

Form I: وَسَطَ (wasaṭa, “to be in the middle, to penetrate into the middle”); Verbal noun

وَاسِط

Form I: وَسَطَ (wasaṭa, “to be in the middle, to penetrate into the middle”); Active participle

تَوْسِيط

Form II: وَسَّطَ (wassaṭa, “to place or put in the middle”); Verbal noun

مُوَسِّط

Form II: وَسَّطَ (wassaṭa, “to place or put in the middle”); Active participle

مُوَاسَطَة

Form III: وَاسَطَ (wāsaṭa, “to mediate between”); Verbal noun

مُوَاسِط

Form III: وَاسَطَ (wāsaṭa, “to mediate between”); Active participle

تَوَسُّط

Form V: تَوَسَّطَ (tawassaṭa, “to place or keep one's self in the middle”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَسِّط

Form V: تَوَسَّطَ (tawassaṭa, “to place or keep one's self in the middle”); Active participle

تَوَاسُط

Form VI: تَوَاسَطَ (tawāsaṭa, “to mediate”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاسِط

Form VI: تَوَاسَطَ (tawāsaṭa, “to mediate”); Active participle


keš-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

⇒ Georgian: ქოშინი (košini), ქშენა (kšena), (Imereti, Guria) ქეშელი (kešeli)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოქაშანუ (okaşanu)

⇒ Svan: ლიქშელ (likšel), ა̈დქეშალ (ädkešal)


beḳ-

⇒ Georgian: ბეკნა (beḳna)

Zan:

desctree

← <i class="Geor mention" lang="lzz">*ო-ბაკ-ინ-უ</i> (*o-baǩ-in-u)

⇒ Laz: ო-ბანიკ-უ (o-baniǩ-u) (← *ო-ბაკ-ინ-უ (*o-baǩ-in-u))
→⇒? Georgian: ბაბნიკი (babniḳi) — Guria

⇒ Mingrelian: ბაკუა (baḳua)


נ־ס־ה

Cognate to Aramaic נַסִּי, Classical Syriac ܢܲܣܼܝ (nassī, “to try”) and to Ge'ez መንሱት (mänsut, “temptation”, among other senses). Doubtfully related to Ugaritic 𐎐𐎒𐎊 (nsy, “to remove”). Apparently not related to Arabic ن س ي (n-s-y, root relating to forgetting).

noncog

ניסויי

Verbal noun: ניסוי / נִסּוּי (nisúi, “test, experimentation”); Derived noun

מנוסה

Pu'al: נוסה / נֻסָּה (nusá, “to be tried”); Participle

הִתְנַסּוּת

Hitpa'el: הִתְנַסָּה (hitnasá, “to be experienced”); Verbal noun

ניסיוני

ניסיון / נִסָּיוֹן (nisayón, “trial; temptation; experiment”)


ܨ ܘ ܬ

head

ܨ ܘ ܬ • (ṣ w t)


ܩ ܛ ܠ

ܩ ܛ ܠ • (q ṭ l)

ܩܲܛܲܠܬܵܐ

ܡܩܲܛܸܠ (mqaṭṭil, “to kill violently”); Instance Noun

ܩܘܼܛܵܠܵܐ

ܡܩܲܛܸܠ (mqaṭṭil, “to kill violently”); Verbal Noun

ܡܲܩܛܲܠܬܵܐ

ܡܲܩܛܸܠ (maqṭil, “to make killed”); Instance Noun


ܥ ܒ ܕ

ܥ ܒ ܕ • (ˁ b d)

A Central Semitic innovation, see Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd) for more.

ܫܘܼܥܒܵܕ݂ܵܐ

ܡܫܲܥܒܸܕ݂ (mšaˁbiḏ, “to enslave”); Verbal Noun

forming words pertaining to creating, making

ܥܒ݂ܵܕ݂ܵܐ

ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ (ˁāḇēḏ, “to do, to make, to create”); Verbal Noun

ܥܒ݂ܵܕ݂ܬܵܐ

ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ (ˁāḇēḏ, “to do, to make, to create”); Instance Noun

forming words pertaining to working, serving

ܡܲܥܒ݂ܲܕ݂ܬܵܐ

ܡܲܥܒ݂ܸܕ݂ (maˁḇiḏ, “to influence”); Instance Noun

ܥܘܼܒܕܵܕܵܐ

ܡܥܲܒܕܸܕ (mˁabdid, “to make a servant”); Verbal Noun

ܥܲܒܕܲܕܬܵܐ

ܡܥܲܒܕܸܕ (mˁabdid, “to make a servant”); Instance Noun

ܫܲܥܒܲܕ݂ܬܵܐ

ܡܫܲܥܒܸܕ݂ (mšaˁbiḏ, “to enslave”); Instance Noun


호연

Sino-Korean word from 浩然 (“vast, great”).

ko-etym-sino

호연(浩然)하다 호연하다#Korean

Root of 호연(浩然)하다 (hoyeonhada, “vast, great”). Rarely used alone.


호방

Sino-Korean word from 豪放 (“bold and unconstrained”).

호방(豪放)하다 호방하다#Korean

Root of 호방(豪放)하다 (hobanghada, “magnanimous, generous, vigourous”). Rarely used alone.


ܣ ܦ ܢ

Denominal root from ܣܦܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ (spītā, “ship”)

forming words pertaining to navigating and ships


ܚ ܒ ܪ

head

ܚ ܒ ܪ • (ḥ b r)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic خ ب ر (ḵ b r) and Hebrew ח־ב־ר (ḥ-b-r). The sense of “call” or “news” is denominal from ܚܲܒܪܵܐ (ḥabrā, “word”), from Arabic خَبَر (ḵabar).

forming words pertaining to companionship

forming words pertaining to words, having news


ܡ ܘ ܬ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic م و ت (m w t) and Hebrew מ־ו־ת (m-w-t).


ܚ ܝ ܐ

ܚ ܝ ܐ • (ḥ y ˀ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ح ي و (ḥ y w) and Hebrew ח־י־ה (ḥ-y-h).

ܚܲܝܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ

ḥayūtānāyūtā


bučw-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Georgian: ბუჩვა (bučva), ბუჩაობა (bučaoba) — Imereti

Zan:

⇒ Mingrelian: ბუსქა (buska, “name of ox or buffalo”), ბუსკა (busḳa)

→⇒ Georgian: (Imereti, Guria) ბუსკუნჭულაჲ (busḳunč̣ulay), (Adjara) ბუსკუტაჲ (busḳuṭay)

⇒ Svan: ლიბუცქუნე (libuckune)


ܣ ܪ ܥ ܦ

head

ܣ ܪ ܥ ܦ • (s r ˁ p)

forming words pertaining to inflecting, declining, conjugating


ܥ ܪ ܦ

ܥ ܪ ܦ • (ˁ r p)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ع ر ف (ʕ r f) and Hebrew ע־ר־ף (ʿ-r-p).

forming words pertaining to bartering, banking


ܐ ܬ ܐ

ܐ ܬ ܐ • (ˀ t ˀ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ء ت ي (ʔ t y).


ܨ ܪ ܦ

ܨ ܪ ܦ • (ṣ r p)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ص ر ف (ṣ r f) and Hebrew צ־ר־ף (ṣ-r-p).

forming words pertaining to spending, changing money


ܚ ܟ ܡ

ܚ ܟ ܡ • (ḥ k m)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ח־כ־ם (ḥ-k-m) and Arabic ح ك م (ḥ k m).


ܝ ܕ ܥ

ܝ ܕ ܥ • (y d ˁ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew י־ד־ע (y-d-ʿ) and Arabic د ع و (d ʕ w).

ܝܵܕܹܥ ܡܠܝܼܠܘܼܬܵܐ

yādēˁ mlīlūtā

ܝܘܼܕܵܥܵܐ ܟܢܘܼܫܝܵܝܵܐ

ܝܘܼܕܵܥܵܐ (yuddāˁā, “media”)

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܐܵܠܵܐ

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ (šūwdāˁā, “symbol”)

šūwdāˁā dšūˀālā

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ ܕܩܪܵܝܬܵܐ

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ (šūwdāˁā, “symbol”)

šūwdāˁā dqrāytā

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ ܕܦܵܘܫܵܐ

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ (šūwdāˁā, “symbol”)

šūwdāˁā dpāwšā

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ ܕܡܸܬܬܣܝܼܡܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ

ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ (šūwdāˁā, “symbol”)


ܪ ܕ ܐ

ܪ ܕ ܐ • (r d ˀ)

forming words pertaining to civilization


ܫ ܡ ܥ

ܫ ܡ ܥ • (š m ˁ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew שׁ־מ־ע (š-m-ʿ) and Arabic س م ع (s m ʕ).

ܫܵܡܘܿܥܬܵܐ (šāmōˁtā, “headphone, [earpiece]]


desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: დაწებვა (dac̣ebva), წებავს (c̣ebavs)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ო-ჭაბ-უ (o-ç̌ab-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ჭაბუა (č̣abua)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *c̣₁eb-o- (“glue”)
Old Georgian: წებო (c̣ebo)
Georgian: წებო (c̣ebo)
→ Old Armenian: ծեփ (cepʻ)
Zan:
Laz: ჭაბუ (ç̌abu, “glue; European mistletoe (Viscum album)”)
Mingrelian: ჭაბუ (č̣abu)

⇒? Proto-Georgian-Zan: *c̣₁eb-ar- (“a kind of grass”)
Georgian: წებარი (c̣ebari, “rough corn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum')”) — Guria
Zan:
⇒ Laz: ჭაფურია (ç̌apuria, “sugar-sweet”)
⇒ Mingrelian: ჭაფურია (č̣apuria, “a kind of sweet mountain grass; glutinous, sticky from sweetness; sugar-sweet; sugar”)
→ Svan: ჭაფუ̈რ (č̣apür, “goatsbeard (Tragopogon); the best kind of mountain grass”), ჭაფო̈რ (č̣apör), ჭაფორ (č̣apor), ⇒ ჭაფხუ̂ირ (č̣apxûir)


ḳrṭ-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

⇒ Old Georgian: დაკრტნა (daḳrṭna), დაკორტნა (daḳorṭna), ნაკრტენი (naḳrṭeni)

Georgian: დაკრტნა (daḳrṭna), დაკორტნა (daḳorṭna), ნაკრტენი (naḳrṭeni), (Imereti) კირტნა (ḳirṭna), (Khevsureti) სკერტვა (sḳerṭva)

Zan:

⇒ Laz: ოკირტონუ (oǩirťonu), კირტონუფს (ǩirťonups), კირტონუმს (ǩirťonums)

⇒ Mingrelian: კირტონუა (ḳirṭonua), გოკირტონილი (goḳirṭonili), კირტაფა (ḳirṭapa)

⇒ Svan: ლიკჷრტჷნე (liḳərṭəne), კირტილ (ḳirṭil), კინტილ (ḳinṭil), ლიკრეტი (liḳreṭi)

⇒? Proto-Kartvelian: *ni-(s)ḳrṭ- (“beak”)

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

Old Georgian: ნიკარტი (niḳarṭi)
Georgian: ⇒ ნისკარტი (nisḳarṭi), > (Imereti, Chveneburi) ნიკარტი (niḳarṭi) (inherited)

desc

Svan: ნიკრა̈ტ (niḳräṭ)

Svan: ნიკრა̈ტ (niḳräṭ)


ǵʰrem-

*ǵʰérm̥-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥m-énti / *ǵʰr̥m-tór ~ *ǵʰr̥m-n̥tór (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰrḗm-s-t ~ *ǵʰrém-s-ént (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *krās- (“to vex, torment; to be angry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágʰrānsat

Proto-Iranian: *Hágrānsat

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /ɣrānsnē/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.)

*ǵʰr̥m-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥ntás

Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntáh

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntákaH

Sogdian:

Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /ɣrandyy/, “irritated”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHgr̥mtáh

Proto-Sogdic: *aHgr̥ntāns

Sogdian:

Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /āɣrantant/, 3pl.ptc.)

*ǵʰrém-ont-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámans

Proto-Iranian: *grámans

Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, acc.sg.ptc.pres.)

Sogdian:

Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /ɣrans/, “to get angry”)

*ǵʰrom-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to cause to be angry, provoke”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal infix)

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to be angry”) (< *ǵʰrénmeti) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰrem-nó-s or *ǵʰrem-wó-s

Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“angry, irritated, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰróm-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (“furious, hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰŕ̥m-eh₂

Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)


ܫ ܥ ܫ

head

ܫ ܥ ܫ • (š ˁ š)

Deverbal root from ܫܵܥܹܫ (šāˁēš); Doublet of ܫ ܓ ܫ (š g š)


रह्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *raȷ́ʰ-, with further origin uncertain. Mayrhofer tentatively derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lay”) originally, but later doubts this derivation. Cognate with Persian راز (râz).


ܚ ܕ

Denominal from ܚܲܕ݇ (ḥa, “one”); related to Hebrew י־ח־ד (y-ḥ-d) and Arabic و ح د (w ḥ d)

forming words pertaining to the number one


ر ط ب

إِرْطَاب

Form IV: أَرْطَبَ (ʔarṭaba); Verbal noun

تَرَطُّب

Form V: تَرَطَّبَ (taraṭṭaba); Verbal noun

مُرَطِّب

Form II: رَطَّبَ (raṭṭaba); Active participle

مُرْطِب

Form IV: أَرْطَبَ (ʔarṭaba); Active participle

مُتَرَطِّب

Form V: تَرَطَّبَ (taraṭṭaba); Active participle


ܫ ܓ ܫ

ܫ ܓ ܫ • (š g š)


gʰegʰuǵʰ-

*gʰegʰuǵʰ-eh₂ ~ *gʰegʰuǵʰ-yeh₂ f

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *geguźāˀ, *geguźjāˀ (“cuckoo”)

East Baltic:

Latvian: dzȩguze; dzȩgûze, dzȩguôze, dzȩguse, dzȩgusis (dialectal)

Lithuanian: gegužė̃, gegùžė; degužė̃, gegùžis, gegužė̃lė (dialectal)

⇒ Lithuanian: gegė̃, gẽgė

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: geguse

Proto-Slavic: *žegъza (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *žegъzuľa (see there for further descendants)

*gʰe(gʰ)uǵʰ-os m

Proto-Germanic: *gaukaz (“cuckoo”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived from a repeating root *gʰe-gʰu-ǵʰ-, of onomatopoeic origin.

Brill Publishers
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Oleg Trubachyov
be:Віктар Уладзіміравіч Мартынаў
uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


ب ذ ل

Forms terms related to giving and spending

بَاذِل

Form I: بَذَلَ (baḏala); Active participle

تَبَذُّل

Form V: تَبَذَّلَ (tabaḏḏala); Verbal noun

مُتَبَذِّل

Form V: تَبَذَّلَ (tabaḏḏala); Active participle

اِبْتِذَال

Form VIII: اِبْتَذَلَ (ibtaḏala); Verbal noun

مُبْتَذِل

Form VIII: اِبْتَذَلَ (ibtaḏala); Active participle


ג־ו־ר

Close cognate to Aramaic ג־ו־ר (g‑w‑r, root relating to living abroad or proselytising) and Classical Syriac ܓܵܪ (gār, “to commit adultery”).
Other Semitic cognates include Phoenician 𐤂𐤓 (gr), Ugaritic 𐎂𐎗 (gr, “guest, resident alien”), Sabaean 𐩴𐩥𐩧 (gwr, “to sojourn”), Ge'ez ጎር (gor, “newcomer”) and Arabic ج و ر (j w r, root relating to neighbourhood).

cog

Forming words relating to residing or sojourning.

הִתְגוֹרְרוּת

Hitpa'el: הִתְגוֹרֵר (hitgorér, “to dwell”); Verbal noun


ג־ו־ר

Secondary form of root י־ג־ר (y-g-r), with which it forms a suppletive paradigm.


ג־ו־ר

From Proto-Semitic *gVr- (“whelp”). Closely related to Aramaic גּוּר (gur) and Classical Syriac ܓܘܼܪܝܵܐ (gūryāʾ, “cub”). Standard Babylonian 𒄀𒅕𒊒 (girru, “lion”) and Arabic جَرْو (jarw, “cub”) are other Semitic relatives.

Forming words relating to the young of animals.

גּוּרִית

גּוּר (gúr, “cub”)


ג־ו־ר

From Proto-West Semitic *gawar-, cognate to Arabic جَارَ (jāra, “to wrong”). Compare ג־ר־ה (g-r-h, base related to provoking).


ܓ ܒ ܪ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ג־ב־ר (g-b-r) and Arabic ج ب ر (j b r). The sense of “marriage” is denominal from ܓܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (gaḇrā).

forming words pertaining to acting boldly.

(by extension) forming words pertaining to marriage.


ܟ-ܪ-ܒ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ك ر ب (k r b).


ܘ-ܬ-ܒ

forming words pertaining to settling down


ܐ-ܟ-ܠ

From Proto-Semitic *ʔakal-; compare Arabic ء ك ل (ʔ k l), Biblical Hebrew א־כ־ל (ʾ-k-l), Akkadian '-k-l.


ܟ-ܬ-ܒ

From Proto-West Semitic *katab-; compare Arabic ك ت ب (k t b), Hebrew כ־ת־ב (k-t-b).


ܙ-ܡ-ܪ

From Proto-Semitic *zamar-; compare Arabic ز م ر (z m r), Hebrew זימר.


ܗ-ܠ-ܟ

From Proto-Semitic *halak-; compare Biblical Hebrew ה־ל־ך, Akkadian '-l-k.


ܫ ܐ ܠ

head

ܫ ܐ ܠ • (š ˀ l)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew שׁ־א־ל (š-ʾ-l) and Arabic س ء ل (s ʔ l).

ܫܐܝܼܠܵܐ

figurative, symbolic, metaphorical, supposed


ܚ ܕ ܪ

ܚ ܕ ܪ • (ḥ d r)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ח־ז־ר (ḥ-z-r).

forming words pertaining to going around

ܚܕܝܼܪܘܼܬ ܩܪܵܒ݂ܵܐ

ḥdīrūt qrāḇā


호호

[ˈɸʷo̞(ː)βo̞]

호호(浩浩)하다 호호하다#Korean

Root of 호호(浩浩)하다 (hohohada). Rarely used alone.


호호

호호(皓皓)하다 호호하다#Korean

Root of 호호(皓皓)하다 (hohohada). Rarely used alone.


q̇war-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: სიყუარული (siq̇uaruli), უყუარს (uq̇uars), მოყუარჱ (moq̇uarē), საყუარელი (saq̇uareli)
Georgian: სიყვარული (siq̇varuli)
Georgian: საყვარელი (saq̇vareli)

Zan:

Laz: ორომს (oroms)

desc

⇒ Mingrelian: ჸოროფა (ʾoropa), ჸოროფილი (ʾoropili), ნაჸოროფუ (naʾoropu)

⇒ Svan: მაყრა (maq̇ra), ჯაყრა (ǯaq̇ra), ქა ხაყრა (ka xaq̇ra), ლილყუ̂ირ (lilq̇ûir)


ܟ ܬ ܒ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew כ־ת־ב (k-t-b) and Arabic ك ت ب (k t b).

ܟܬܵܒ݂ܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ

ܟܬܵܒ݂ܵܐ (ktāḇā, “book”)

ktāḇā qadīšā

ܟܬܵܒ݂ܲܬ ܐܝܼܕܵܐ

ܟܬܵܒ݂ܬܵܐ (ktāḇtā, “writing”)

ܟܬܵܒ݂ܬܵܐ ܕܨܸܨܹ̈ܐ

ܟܬܵܒ݂ܬܵܐ (ktāḇtā, “writing”)

ktāḇtā d-ṣiṣṣē


푸

Root of 푸하다 (puhada, “swollen, bulging; untidy”). Rarely used alone.


동인

동인(動人)하다 동인하다#Korean

Root of 동인(動人)하다 (dong'inhada). Rarely used alone.


ܫ ܪ ܐ

head

ܫ ܪ ܐ • (š r ˀ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew שׁ־ר־ה (š-r-h).

ܡܫܲܪܝܵܐ

ܫܲܪܹܐ (šarrē); Classical Passive Participle

forming words pertaining to starting, beginning


ܐ ܦ ܐ

ܐ ܦ ܐ • (ˀ p ˀ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew א־פ־ה (ʾ-p-h).

ܒܹܝܬ ܐܲܦܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ

ܐܲܦܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ (appāyūtā, “baking profession”)


ܛ ܘ ܒ

ܛ ܘ ܒ • (ṭ w b)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ט־ו־ב (ṭ-w-b) and Arabic ط ي ب (ṭ y b).


ܥ-ܒ-ܕ

A Central Semitic innovation. Cognate to Hebrew ע־ב־ד (ʿ-b-d, “related to working, serving”) and Arabic ع ب د (ʕ-b-d, “related to working, serving”).


ر ت ع

Forms terms related to feasting or indulging

رَاتِع

Form I: رَتَعَ (rataʕa); Active participle

إِرْتَاع

Form IV: أَرْتَعَ (ʔartaʕa); Verbal noun

مُرْتِع

Form IV: أَرْتَعَ (ʔartaʕa); Active participle


ح ط ط

ar-root

ح ط ط • (ḥ-ṭ-ṭ)

Forms terms related to descending or putting down

حَاطّ

Form I: حَطَّ (ḥaṭṭa); Active participle

مُحَطِّط

Form II: حَطَّطَ (ḥaṭṭaṭa); Active participle

اِنْحِطَاط

Form VII: اِنْحَطَّ (inḥaṭṭa); Verbal noun

مُنْحَطّ

Form VII: اِنْحَطَّ (inḥaṭṭa); Active participle

اِحْتِطَاط

Form VIII: اِحْتَطَّ (iḥtaṭṭa); Verbal noun

مُحْتَطّ

Form VIII: اِحْتَطَّ (iḥtaṭṭa); Active participle


ز ي د

Forms terms related to growth or increase.

مُزَيِّد

Form II: زَيَّدَ (zayyada); Active participle

مُزَايِد

Form III: زَايَدَ (zāyada); Active participle

تَزَيُّد

Form V: تَزَيَّدَ (tazayyada); Verbal noun

مُتَزَيِّد

Form V: تَزَيَّدَ (tazayyada); Active participle

تَزَايُد

Form VI: تَزَايَدَ (tazāyada); Verbal noun

مُتَزَايِد

Form VI: تَزَايَدَ (tazāyada); Active participle

اِزْدِيَاد

Form VIII: اِزْدَادَ (izdāda); Verbal noun

مُزْدَاد

Form VIII: اِزْدَادَ (izdāda); Active participle

اِسْتِزَادَة

Form X: اِسْتَزَادَ (istazāda); Verbal noun

مُسْتَزِيد

Form X: اِسْتَزَادَ (istazāda); Active participle


ح ر ث

ح ر ث • (ḥ-r-ṯ)

Forms terms related to plowing or cultivating.

حَارِث

Form I: حَرَثَ (ḥaraṯa); Active participle


ج و ز

مُجَوِّز

Form II: جَوَّزَ (jawwaza); Active participle

مُجَاوِز

Form III: جَاوَزَ (jāwaza); Active participle

مُجِيز

Form IV: أَجَازَ (ʔajāza); Active participle

تَجَوُّز

Form V: تَجَوَّزَ (tajawwaza); Verbal noun

مُتَجَوِّز

Form V: تَجَوَّزَ (tajawwaza); Active participle

تَجَاوُز

Form VI: تَجَاوَزَ (tajāwaza); Verbal noun

مُتَجَاوِز

Form VI: تَجَاوَزَ (tajāwaza); Active participle

اِجْتِيَاز

Form VIII: اِجْتَازَ (ijtāza); Verbal noun

مُجْتَاز

Form VIII: اِجْتَازَ (ijtāza); Active participle

اِسْتِجَازَة

Form X: اِسْتَجَازَ (istajāza); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجِيز

Form X: اِسْتَجَازَ (istajāza); Active participle


기괴

기괴하다 기괴하다#Korean

Root of 기괴하다 (gigoehada). Rarely used alone.


ܩ ܪ ܐ

head

ܩ ܪ ܐ • (q r ˀ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ק־ר־א (q-r-ʾ) and Arabic ق ر ء (q-r-ʔ)


ܥ ܠ ܡ

ܥ ܠ ܡ • (ˁ l m)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ע־ל־ם (ʿ-l-m), Arabic ع ل م (ʕ l m) and غ ل م (ḡ l m)

forming words pertaining to the world, eternity

forming words pertaining to training, learning


ج ب ر

إِجْبَار

Form IV: أَجْبَرَ (ʔajbara); Verbal noun

تَجَبُّر

Form V: تَجَبَّرَ (tajabbara); Verbal noun

اِنْجِبَار

Form VII: اِنْجَبَرَ (injabara); Verbal noun

forms terms related to restoring or comforting

جَابِر

Form I: جَبَرَ (jabara); Active participle

مُجَبِّر

Form II: جَبَّرَ (jabbara); Active participle

مُجَابِر

Form III: جَابَرَ (jābara); Active participle

مُجْبِر

Form IV: أَجْبَرَ (ʔajbara); Active participle

مُتَجَبِّر

Form V: تَجَبَّرَ (tajabbara); Active participle

مُنْجَبِر

Form VII: اِنْجَبَرَ (injabara); Active participle

forms terms related to force or compulsion


ܥ ܢ ܐ

ܥ ܢ ܐ • (ˁ n ˀ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ע־נ־ה (ʿ-n-h), Arabic ع ن ي (ʕ n y)

forming words pertaining to being responding


ܚ ܠ ܡ

ܚ ܠ ܡ • (ḥ l m)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ח־ל־ם (ḥ-l-m), Arabic ح ل م (ḥ-l-m)

ܚܸܠܡܵܐ ܕܥܝܼܪܘܼܬܵܐ

ḥilmā dˁīrūtā

forming words pertaining to being healed


ܦ ܬ ܠ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew פ־ת־ל (p-t-l) and Arabic ف ت ل (f t l)


س ر ي

Verbs

Nouns

سَارِيَة (sāriya)

سَرِيّة (sariyya)

Forms terms related to traveling, spreading, penetrating


ܥ ܕ ܪ

ܥ ܕ ܪ • (ˁ d r)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ע־ז־ר (ʿ-z-r) and Arabic ع ذ ر (ʕ ḏ r)

forming words pertaining to helping, aiding


ܫ ܡ ܫ

ܫ ܡ ܫ • (š m š)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew שׁ־מ־שׁ (š-m-š) and Arabic ش م س (š m s)


ن س ب

Verbs

Nouns

نَسَّاب (nassāb)

نِسْبَة (nisba)

Forms terms related to linking, associating, or relating


غ د ر

Forms terms related to treachery and deceit.

غَادِر

Form I: غَدَرَ (ḡadara); Active participle

مُغَادَرَة

Form III: غَادَرَ (ḡādara, “to leave, depart”); Verbal noun

مُغَادِر

Form III: غَادَرَ (ḡādara, “to leave, depart”); Active participle


ط ب ع

ar-root

ط ب ع • (ṭ-b-ʕ)

etymon

طَابَع>stamp

تَطَبُّع

Form V: تَطَبَّعَ (taṭabbaʕa); Verbal noun

اِنْطِبَاع

Form VII: اِنْطَبَعَ (inṭabaʕa); Verbal noun

Forms terms related to printing, stamping, sealing, impressing, and marking

طَابِع

Form I: طَبَعَ (ṭabaʕa); Active participle

مُطَبِّع

Form II: طَبَّعَ (ṭabbaʕa); Active participle

مُتَطَبِّع

Form V: تَطَبَّعَ (taṭabbaʕa); Active participle

مُنْطَبِع

Form VII: اِنْطَبَعَ (inṭabaʕa); Active participle

Forms terms related to nature or imprinting (habits/personality and environment)


ܚ ܪ ܒ

head

ܚ ܪ ܒ • (ḥ r b)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ח־ר־ב (ḥ-r-b) and Arabic ح ر ب (ḥ r b) and خ ر ب (ḵ r b).

forming words pertaining to becoming waste


غ ذ و

ar-root

غ ذ و • (ḡ-ḏ-w)

Forms terms related to food and nutrition

مُغَذٍّ

Form II: غَذَّى (ḡaḏḏā); Active participle

مُغَذًّى

Form II: غَذَّى (ḡaḏḏā)

مُتَغَذٍّ

Form V: تَغَذَّى (taḡaḏḏā); Active participle

مُتَغَذًّى

Form V: تَغَذَّى (taḡaḏḏā)

اِغْتِذَاء

Form VIII: اِغْتَذَى (iḡtaḏā); Verbal noun

مُغْتَذٍ

Form VIII: اِغْتَذَى (iḡtaḏā); Active participle


ܬ ܒ ܥ

head

ܬ ܒ ܥ • (t b ˁ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ת־ב־ע (t-b-ʿ) and Arabic ت ب ع (t b ʕ).

forming words pertaining to following, seeking


ܛ ܒ ܥ

ܛ ܒ ܥ • (ṭ b ˁ)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ט־ב־ע (ṭ-b-ʿ) and Arabic ط ب ع (ṭ b ʕ). The sense of “print” or “stamp” is denominal from ܛܲܒ݂ܥܵܐ (ṭaḇˁā, “stamp”), from Akkadian

ܛܘܼܒܵܥܵܐ ܡܲܓ݂ܢܲܛܝܼܣܵܝܵܐ

ṭubbāˁā maḡnaṭīsāyā

forming words pertaining to stamping, printing


ܓ ܪ ܥ

ܓ ܪ ܥ • (g r ˁ)


ܚ ܘ ܪ

ܚ ܘ ܪ • (ḥ w r)

forming words pertaining to watching, looking at


ܚ ܕ ܬ

ܚ ܕ ܬ • (ḥ d t)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ח־ד־שׁ (ḥ-d-š) and Arabic ح د ث (ḥ d ṯ).


ܥ ܘ ܕ

ܥ ܘ ܕ • (ˁ w d)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ع و د (ʕ w d)

forming words pertaining to being accustomed


ن ص ف

Verbs

Nouns

إِنْصَاف (ʔinṣāf)

نِصْف (niṣf)

نَصَف (naṣaf)

Adjectives

نِصْفِيّ (niṣfiyy)

Forms terms related to dividing fairly or treating justly


ܓ ܚ ܟ

ܓ ܚ ܟ • (g ḥ k)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ض ح ك (ḍ ḥ k) and Hebrew צ־ח־ק (ṣ-ḥ-q).


ر ز ز

رَازّ

Form I: رَزَّ (razza); Active participle

مُرَزِّز

Form II: رَزَّزَ (razzaza); Active participle

مُرِزّ

Form IV: أَرَزَّ (ʔarazza); Active participle


ن ب ع

forms terms related to springs and rising water

نَابِع

Form I: نَبَعَ (nabaʕa); Active participle

إِنْبَاع

Form IV: أَنْبَعَ (ʔanbaʕa); Verbal noun

مُنْبِع

Form IV: أَنْبَعَ (ʔanbaʕa); Active participle


ܙ ܕ ܥ

ܙ ܕ ܥ • (z d ˁ)

Derived from the root ܙ ܘ ܥ (z w ˁ) and argued to be dissimilated from its Ithpalpal form; see similar in ܡܸܙܕܲܥܙܥܵܢܵܐ (mizdaˁzˁānā, “moveable”).


ܦ ܠ ܚ

ܦ ܠ ܚ • (p l ḥ)

Compare Arabic ف ل ح (f l ḥ) and Hebrew פ־ל־ח (p-l-ḥ).

ܟܘܼܢܵܫ ܦܲܠܵܚܹ̈ܐ

kūnāš pallāḥē

ܒܲܪ ܦܘܼܠܚܵܢܵܐ

ܦܘܼܠܚܵܢܵܐ (pulḥānā, “work”)

ܒܹܝܬ ܦܘܼܠܚܵܢܵܐ

ܦܘܼܠܚܵܢܵܐ (pulḥānā, “work”)


निष्कल्

निष्कल् • (niṣkal)

sa-root

निष्कल् • (niṣkal)


ܚ ܬ ܡ

head

ܚ ܬ ܡ • (ḥ t m)

Denominal root from ܚܵܬܡܵܐ (ḥātmā); compare the same in Arabic خ ت م (ḵ t m) and Hebrew ח־ת־ם (kh-t-m).

forming words pertaining to signing and ending


불무

불무하다 불무하다#Korean

Root of 불무하다 (bulmuhada, “to not be without”). Rarely used alone.


(H)resg-

*(H)résg-ti-s (“weaving”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: regztis (“haysack”)

Proto-Italic: *resktis

Latin: restis (“rope, cord”) (see there for further descendants)

*(H)résg-u-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rázǰuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráźȷ́uṣ

Sanskrit: रज्जु (rajju)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rozgāˀ

Latvian: razga

Lithuanian: razgai

Proto-Slavic: *rozga (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Lithuanian: regzti


ש־פ־ח

שׁ־פ־ח • (š-p-ḥ)

Compare Ugaritic [script needed] (špḥ), Punic [script needed] (špḥ, “family”).


כ־ש־ל

כ־שׁ־ל • (k-š-l)

Compare Aramaic [script needed] (kšl, “to stumble”), Classical Syriac [script needed] (kšl, “offense, sin”). Perhaps also Arabic ك س ل (k-s-l), as laziness and careless are related.


ח־ל־ש

head

ח־ל־שׁ • (ḥ-l-š)

ח־ל־ש ׁ (canonical)
ḥ-l-š (romanization)

Related to Aramaic [script needed] (ḥlš, “to be weak”), and possibly also Aramaic [script needed] (qlš), which is associated with meanings "thin", "reduce".
Sense 2 is from a rabbinic interpretation of Isaiah 14:12 as saying "cast lots over the nations" instead of the more common "weaken the nations".
Sense 3 is from an interpretation of the previous verse, as well as Exodus 17:13.

cog

lot
lot#English: object used for sortition

(post-Biblical) Related to lots, sortition.

(post-Biblical) Related to control, governance.


د ع و

Presumed from an imperative form of وَدَعَ (wadaʕa) used as a defective verb and reinterpreted into دَعَا (daʕā).

related to calling, summoning, inviting, praying

دَعْوَة

Form I: دَعَا (daʕā, “to call; to invite; to pray”); Verbal noun

دَاعٍ

Form I: دَعَا (daʕā, “to call; to invite; to pray”); Active participle

تَدَاعٍ

Form VI: تَدَاعَى (tadāʕā, “to collapse”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَاعٍ

Form VI: تَدَاعَى (tadāʕā, “to collapse”); Active participle

اِدِّعَاء

Form VIII: اِدَّعَى (iddaʕā, “to allege; to fake”); Verbal noun

مُدَّعٍ

Form VIII: اِدَّعَى (iddaʕā, “to allege; to fake”); Active participle

اِسْتِدْعَاء

Form X: اِسْتَدْعَى (istadʕā, “to summon; to arraign”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَدْعٍ

Form X: اِسْتَدْعَى (istadʕā, “to summon; to arraign”); Active participle


ق ن ن

تَقْنِين

Form II: قَنَّنَ (qannana, “to legalize”); Verbal noun

مُقَنِّن

Form II: قَنَّنَ (qannana, “to legalize”); Active participle


ܪ ܘ ܐ

head

ܪ ܘ ܐ • (r w ˀ)


ب ث ق

بُثُوق

Form I: بَثَقَ (baṯaqa, “to flow out”); Verbal noun

بَاثِق

Form I: بَثَقَ (baṯaqa, “to flow out”); Active participle

اِنبِثَاق

Form VII: اِنْبَثَقَ (inbaṯaqa, “to emerge from”); Verbal noun

مُنْبَثِق

Form VII: اِنْبَثَقَ (inbaṯaqa, “to emerge from”); Active participle


ز و ر

اِزْدِيَار

Form VIII: اِزْدَارَ (izdāra); Verbal noun

اِسْتِزَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَزَارَ (istazāra); Verbal noun

زِيَارَة

Form I: زَارَ (zāra, “to visit”); Verbal noun

زَائِر

Form I: زَارَ (zāra, “to visit”); Active participle

مُزِير

Form IV: أَزَارَ (ʔazāra); Active participle

مُزْدَار

Form VIII: اِزْدَارَ (izdāra); Active participle

مُسْتَزِير

Form X: اِسْتَزَارَ (istazāra); Active participle

تَزْوِير

Form II: زَوَّرَ (zawwara, “to falsify”); Verbal noun

مُزَوِّر

Form II: زَوَّرَ (zawwara, “to falsify”); Active participle


ق ي س

Probably a shift from ق و س (q-w-s), forms derived from قَوْس (qaws, “bow”), which provided the ancients various opportunities to measure themselves.

قِيَاس

Form I: قَاسَ (qāsa, “to measure; to analogise”); Verbal noun

قَائِس

Form I: قَاسَ (qāsa, “to measure; to analogise”); Active participle

تَقْيِيس

Form II: قَيَّسَ (qayyasa, “to measure”); Verbal noun

مُقَيِّس

Form II: قَيَّسَ (qayyasa, “to measure”); Active participle

مُقَايَسَة

Form III: قَايَسَ (qāyasa, “to compare”); Verbal noun

مُقَايِس

Form III: قَايَسَ (qāyasa, “to compare”); Active participle

اِقْتِيَاس

Form VIII: اِقْتَاسَ (iqtāsa, “to measure oneself by; to imitate”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَاس

Form VIII: اِقْتَاسَ (iqtāsa, “to measure oneself by; to imitate”); Active participle


ܙ ܘ ܥ

ܙ ܘ ܥ • (z w ˁ)


ر ي ق

رَيْق

Form I: رَاقَ (rāqa, “to be agitated, to go to and fro, to pour forth”); Verbal noun

رَائِق

Form I: رَاقَ (rāqa, “to be agitated, to go to and fro, to pour forth”); Active participle

رُيُوق

Form I: رَاقَ (rāqa, “to spit out”); Verbal noun

رَائِق

Form I: رَاقَ (rāqa, “to spit out”); Active participle

تَرْيِيق

Form II: رَيَّقَ (rayyaqa, “to give to drink”); Verbal noun

مُرَيِّق

Form II: رَيَّقَ (rayyaqa, “to give to drink”); Active participle

تَرَيُّق

Form V: تَرَيَّقَ (tarayyaqa, “to be agitated, to go to and fro, to pour forth”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَيِّق

Form V: تَرَيَّقَ (tarayyaqa, “to be agitated, to go to and fro, to pour forth”); Active participle

تَرَايُق

Form VI: تَرَايَقَ (tarāyaqa, “to pour forth by turns”); Verbal noun

مُتَرَايِق

Form VI: تَرَايَقَ (tarāyaqa, “to pour forth by turns”); Active participle

رَيِّق

fasting, not swallowing anything but spittle


ܨ ܘ ܪ

ܨ ܘ ܪ • (ṣ w r)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ص و ر (ṣ w r) and Hebrew צ־ו־ר (ṣ-w-r).


mok-

*makati

*moča / *močь (“wetness, puddle, urine”)

*močadь

*močagъ / *močaga

*močajь / *močaja

*močakъ

*močevъ

*močina

*močišče

*močьka / *močьkъ

*močьnъ

*močьnica

*močьnikъ

*močьnja

*močarъ / *močara

*močarina

*močaristъ

*močarъka

*močarьnъ

*močati

*močadlo

*močadlъka

*močalъ / *močalь

*močanьje

*močava

*močavina / *močevina

*močera / *močerъ

*močeradъ

*močiti (“to wet”)

*močenъ, *močena

*močenica

*močenikъ / *močenika

*močenъka

*močenьcь / *močenьca

*močenьje

*močidlo

*močidlišče / *močidlisko

*močidlъka

*močidlьcь / *močidlьce

*močidlьnъ

*močidlьnikъ

*močigǫbъ / *močigǫba

*močula

*mokьlivъ

*močurъ

*močьva

*močьvirъ / *močьvarъ / *močьvara

*moklъ

*moklědь / *mokljadь

*moklica

*mokljakъ

*moknǫti

*mokosъ

*mokrъ (“wet, damp”)

*mokranъ

*mokratъ

*mokrenъ

*mokrenь

*mokrešь

*mokrežь

*mokrědь / *mokrjadь / *mokrěda / *mokrjada

*mokrědina / *mokrjadina

*mokrěti

*mokrica

*mokrina / *mokrinъ / *mokrovina

*mokrišče

*mokriti

*mokrjenьje

*mokridlo

*mokrivъ

*mokrjakъ

*mokravъ / *mokrjavъ

*mokroǫsъ

*mokrostǫpy

*mokrostь

*mokrošь

*mokrota / *mokrotь

*mokrotja

*mokrotьnъ

*mokroteča

*mokrovatъ

*mokruxa

*mokruša / *mokrušь

*mokryni

*mokryšь

*mokrь

*mokrьcь

*mokrьnъ

*mokъ

*moky

*Mokošь

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *mak-, from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ek- (“wet, moist”). Compare Lithuanian makõnė (“mud”), Albanian makë (“scum (on liquids)”), Latin mācerō (“to soften by soaking”), possibly Old Armenian մօր (mōr, “mud, marsh, swamp”), Ancient Greek μάκαρ (mákar, “blessed, happy”), μακάριος (makários, “blessed, happy (about the dead (over the sea))”).


yamin-

Proto-Semitic: *yamīn- (see there for further descendants)

Egyptian: jmn


cang-

Bemba: sangana

Duala: sangana

Luganda: sangana

Herero: hanga

Makonde: sangana

Luba-Katanga: sangana

Nyamwezi: sanga

Sotho: hlakanya

Swahili: changa

Venda: tangana

Zulu: hlangana, Zulu: hlangabeza


ܓ ܪ ܪ

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ג־ר־ר (g-r-r) and Arabic ج ر ر (j r r).


ܗ ܡ ܙ ܡ

Denominal root from ܗܹܡܸܙܡܵܢ (hēmizmān, “word”), from Persian.


ܢ ܟ ܦ

forming words pertaining to shame, embarrassment, shyness, and modesty

ܢܟ݂ܵܦܬܵܐ

ܢܵܟ݂ܹܦ (nāḵēp, “to be ashame”); Instance Noun

ܢܟ݂ܵܦܵܐ

ܢܵܟ݂ܹܦ (nāḵēp, “to be ashame”); Verbal Noun

ܡܲܢܟ݂ܲܦܬܵܐ

ܡܲܢܟ݂ܸܦ (manḵip, “to bring shame to”); Instance Noun


ܨ ܘ ܡ

head

ܨ ܘ ܡ • (ṣ w m)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew צ־ו־ם (ṣ-w-m) and Arabic ص و م (ṣ w m).

ܡܲܨܝܲܡܬܵܐ

ܡܲܨܝܸܡ (maṣyim, “to cause to fast”); Instance Noun


tik-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

ნა-თქ-ის-ელ-ა-ი

⇒ Georgian: ნა-თქ-ის-ელ-ა-ი (na-tk-is-el-a-i, “tiny stick; toothpick”) — Guria

ხ-ა-შდკ-ჷნ-ე

Svan: შდიქ (šdik), შტიქ (šṭik, “tooth”), ⇒ ხ-ა-შდკ-ჷნ-ე (x-a-šdḳ-ən-e, “drives in”)


ܥ ܡ ܪ

head

ܥ ܡ ܪ • (ˁ m r)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Arabic ع م ر (ʕ m r).


ج ص ص

ar-root

ج ص ص • (j-ṣ-ṣ)

جَصَّاص

plasterer; one who makes or sells plaster or gypsum

جَصَّاصة

furnace where plaster or gypsum is prepared

جَصِّيص

a very tight bond, which tightens too much and causes suffering

جَصِّيصَة

pressed against each other (use of those whose homes are contiguous, very close together

جَاصّ

Form I: جَصَّ (jaṣṣa, “to be bound too tightly, to the point of suffering (used of cattle)”); Active participle

تَجْصِيص

Form II: جَصَّصَ (jaṣṣaṣa, “open the eyes, see (used of the young of those animals which are born blind); fill (a vase); germinate and sprout (used of plants); swoop down on, assail the enemy”); Verbal noun

مُجَصِّص

Form II: جَصَّصَ (jaṣṣaṣa, “open the eyes, see (used of the young of those animals which are born blind); fill (a vase); germinate and sprout (used of plants); swoop down on, assail the enemy”); Active participle

اِجْتِصَاص

Form VIII: اِجْتَصَّ (ijtaṣṣa, “to be very close together, live cheek-by-jowel (used of neighbours whose homes are contiguous)”); Verbal noun

مُجْتَصّ

Form VIII: اِجْتَصَّ (ijtaṣṣa, “to be very close together, live cheek-by-jowel (used of neighbours whose homes are contiguous)”); Active participle


ح ص ص

ح ص ص • (ḥ-ṣ-ṣ)

حُصَاصً

very fast running; hair loss (resulting from an illness); scabies; the momentum of an ass when it pricks up its ears, raises its tail and begins to run; fart

حِصَّة

portion, lot, part that falls to someone in the division of property

حَصِيص

(of a horse) one that has little of the long hair normally found on the lower leg; shaven; number, quantity

حُصَاصَة

grapes that remain on the vine after the harvest

أَحَصّ

one who has little hair, thinning hair; (of a bird) one who has few feathers; (figurative) an unfortunate; (of wind) lacking force; a beautiful day, when the sky has no clouds and the sun shines

حَصّ

Form I: حَصَّ (ḥaṣṣa, “to walk quickly; to shave; strip the head of hair; return to someone, fall to someone (as their lot or portion)”); Verbal noun

حَاصّ

Form I: حَصَّ (ḥaṣṣa, “to walk quickly; to shave; strip the head of hair; return to someone, fall to someone (as their lot or portion)”); Active participle

تَحْصِيص

Form II: حَصَّصَ (ḥaṣṣaṣa, “to be obvious, clear, manifest”); Verbal noun

مُحَصِّص

Form II: حَصَّصَ (ḥaṣṣaṣa, “to be obvious, clear, manifest”); Active participle

مُحَاصَّة

Form III: حَاصَّ (ḥāṣṣa, “assign someone a portion, quota”); Verbal noun

مُحَاصّ

Form III: حَاصَّ (ḥāṣṣa, “assign someone a portion, quota”); Active participle

إِحْصَاص

Form IV: أَحَصَّ (ʔaḥaṣṣa, “give someone a portion, quota”); Verbal noun

مُحِصّ

Form IV: أَحَصَّ (ʔaḥaṣṣa, “give someone a portion, quota”); Active participle

إِحْصَاص

Form IV: أَحَصَّ (ʔaḥaṣṣa, “take someone away from something”); Verbal noun

مُحِصّ

Form IV: أَحَصَّ (ʔaḥaṣṣa, “take someone away from something”); Active participle

تَحَاصّ

Form VI: تَحَاصَّ (taḥāṣṣa, “to share, be shared out”); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاصّ

Form VI: تَحَاصَّ (taḥāṣṣa, “to share, be shared out”); Active participle

اِنْحِصَاص

Form VII: اِنْحَصَّ (inḥaṣṣa, “to lose hair, (of hair) to fall out”); Verbal noun

مُنْحَصّ

Form VII: اِنْحَصَّ (inḥaṣṣa, “to lose hair, (of hair) to fall out”); Active participle


ע־ט־ן

head

ע־ט־ן • (ʕ-ṭ-n)

Related to Arabic ع ط ن (ʕ ṭ n, root relating to tanning).

cog

Forming words relating to packing olives into containers


د ل ك

Forms terms related to rubbing or stroking or massaging

دَالِك

Form I: دَلَكَ (dalaka); Active participle

مُدَلِّك

Form II: دَلَّكَ (dallaka); Active participle


س ن د

related to supporting, providing support, fortifying, backing up (both physically and figuratively)

سُنُود

Form I: سَنَدَ (sanada, “to support”); Verbal noun

سَانِد

Form I: سَنَدَ (sanada, “to support”); Active participle

تَسْنِيد

Form II: سَنَّدَ (sannada, “to support firmly”); Verbal noun

مُسَنِّد

Form II: سَنَّدَ (sannada, “to support firmly”); Active participle

مُسَانَدَة

Form III: سَانَدَ (sānada, “to support (one side of conflict over another)”); Verbal noun

مُسَانِد

Form III: سَانَدَ (sānada, “to support (one side of conflict over another)”); Active participle

إِسْنَاد

Form IV: أَسْنَدَ (ʔasnada, “to provide support/references (for one's claims)”); Verbal noun

مُسْنِد

Form IV: أَسْنَدَ (ʔasnada, “to provide support/references (for one's claims)”); Active participle

اِسْتِنَاد

Form VIII: اِسْتَنَدَ (istanada, “to lean on sth (for support)”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنِد

Form VIII: اِسْتَنَدَ (istanada, “to lean on sth (for support)”); Active participle

مُسْتَنَد

(Islam) describing a Prophetic Hadith as being "backed-up" by having the chain of narrators all the way to the Prophet mentioned so as to determine the authenticity of the Hadith.


ف ر د

فَارِد

Form I: فَرَدَ (farada); Active participle

مُفَرِّد

Form II: فَرَّدَ (farrada); Active participle

إِفْرَاد

Form IV: أَفْرَدَ (ʔafrada, “to set apart”); Verbal noun

مُفْرِد

Form IV: أَفْرَدَ (ʔafrada, “to set apart”); Active participle

اِنْفِرَاد

Form VII: اِنْفَرَدَ (infarada, “to be alone, to act by oneself; to be isolated, to seclude oneself; to be unique”); Verbal noun

مُنْفَرِد

Form VII: اِنْفَرَدَ (infarada, “to be alone, to act by oneself; to be isolated, to seclude oneself; to be unique”); Active participle

اِسْتِفْرَاد

Form X: اِسْتَفْرَدَ (istafrada, “to become alone with a weaker person, implying that they will do harm to them”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفْرِد

Form X: اِسْتَفْرَدَ (istafrada, “to become alone with a weaker person, implying that they will do harm to them”); Active participle

مُسْتَفْرَد

related to unique, having no equal, being unmatched or peerless

تَفَرُّد

Form V: تَفَرَّدَ (tafarrada, “to be unequaled”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَرِّد

Form V: تَفَرَّدَ (tafarrada, “to be unequaled”); Active participle


ز ب ل

זֶבֶל זבל#Hebrew

related to garbage, waste. Compare Hebrew זֶבֶל (“manure, garbage”), Classical Syriac ܙܒܠܐ.

زَبْل

Form I: زَبَلَ (zabala, “to treat with compost”); Verbal noun

زَابِل

Form I: زَبَلَ (zabala, “to treat with compost”); Active participle

تَزْبِيل

Form II: زَبَّلَ (zabbala, “to treat with compost”); Verbal noun

مُزَبِّل

Form II: زَبَّلَ (zabbala, “to treat with compost”); Active participle


ف ر ق

تَفْرِيق

Form II: فَرَّقَ (farraqa, “to part; to distinguish; to discriminate”); Verbal noun

مُفَرِّق

Form II: فَرَّقَ (farraqa, “to part; to distinguish; to discriminate”); Active participle

فَارُوق

Distinguisher (between truth and falsehood)

فُرُوق

Form I: فَرَقَ (faraqa, “to separate, to part”); Verbal noun

فَارِق

Form I: فَرَقَ (faraqa, “to separate, to part”); Active participle

مُفَارَقَة

Form III: فَارَقَ (fāraqa, “to leave (someone)”); Verbal noun

مُفَارِق

Form III: فَارَقَ (fāraqa, “to leave (someone)”); Active participle

إِفْرَاق

Form IV: أَفْرَقَ (ʔafraqa, “to lose (someone) (obsolete)”); Verbal noun

مُفْرِق

Form IV: أَفْرَقَ (ʔafraqa, “to lose (someone) (obsolete)”); Active participle

تَفَرُّق

Form V: تَفَرَّقَ (tafarraqa, “to disperse”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَرِّق

Form V: تَفَرَّقَ (tafarraqa, “to disperse”); Active participle

اِفْتِرَاق

Form VIII: اِفْتَرَقَ (iftaraqa, “to leave (each other); to separate into groups”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَرِق

Form VIII: اِفْتَرَقَ (iftaraqa, “to leave (each other); to separate into groups”); Active participle


غ ل ط

ar-root

غ ل ط • (ḡ-l-ṭ)

غَلَط

Form I: غَلَطَ (ḡalaṭa, “to make a mistake, to err”); Verbal noun

غَالِط

Form I: غَلَطَ (ḡalaṭa, “to make a mistake, to err”); Active participle

تَغْلِيط

Form II: غَلَّطَ (ḡallaṭa, “to accuse (someone) of an error”); Verbal noun

مُغَلِّط

Form II: غَلَّطَ (ḡallaṭa, “to accuse (someone) of an error”); Active participle

مُغَالِط

Form III: غَالَطَ (ḡālaṭa); Active participle

إِغْلَاط

Form IV: أَغْلَطَ (ʔaḡlaṭa, “to cause to err, to mislead”); Verbal noun

مُغْلِط

Form IV: أَغْلَطَ (ʔaḡlaṭa, “to cause to err, to mislead”); Active participle

تَغَلُّط

Form V: تَغَلَّطَ (taḡallaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَغَلِّط

Form V: تَغَلَّطَ (taḡallaṭa); Active participle

تَغَالُط

Form VI: تَغَالَطَ (taḡālaṭa); Verbal noun

مُتَغَالِط

Form VI: تَغَالَطَ (taḡālaṭa); Active participle


ح ر ق

حَرْق

Form I: حَرَقَ (ḥaraqa, “to burn”); Verbal noun

حَارِق

Form I: حَرَقَ (ḥaraqa, “to burn”); Active participle

تَحْرِيق

Form II: حَرَّقَ (ḥarraqa, “to burn down”); Verbal noun

مُحَرِّق

Form II: حَرَّقَ (ḥarraqa, “to burn down”); Active participle

إِحْرَاق

Form IV: أَحْرَقَ (ʔaḥraqa, “to burn”); Verbal noun

مُحْرِق

Form IV: أَحْرَقَ (ʔaḥraqa, “to burn”); Active participle

تَحَرُّق

Form V: تَحَرَّقَ (taḥarraqa); Verbal noun

مُتَحَرِّق

Form V: تَحَرَّقَ (taḥarraqa); Active participle

اِنْحِرَاق

Form VII: اِنْحَرَقَ (inḥaraqa, “to be burned”); Verbal noun

مُنْحَرِق

Form VII: اِنْحَرَقَ (inḥaraqa, “to be burned”); Active participle

اِحْتِرَاق

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَقَ (iḥtaraqa); Verbal noun

مُحْتَرِق

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَقَ (iḥtaraqa); Active participle


유창

유창하다 유창하다#Korean

Root of 유창하다 (yuchanghada) / 유창히 (yuchanghi). Rarely used alone.


ܡ ܠ ܠ

ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬ

ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬܵܐ (mmallūtā, “discourse, science”)

ܡܡܲܠܸܠ

ܡܡܲܠܠܵܢܵܐ (mmallānā, “speaker, proclaimer”)


ܣ ܘ ܠ

By-form of ܣ ܠ ܐ (s l ˀ) related to rejecting; itself a by-form of ܣ ܢ ܐ (s n ˀ) related to hating.

forming words pertaining to sexual penetration


lag-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: ლოგინაფს (loginaps), ილოგინენ (iloginen), დოლოგინეჲს (dologineys)

⇒ Mingrelian: ლოგინუა (loginua), ლოგონი (logoni)

⇒ Svan: ალაგუ̂ენი (alagûeni), ალგუ̂ენი (algûeni)


bhar

[Warder A.K. (2001) Introduction to Pali (overall work in English), Oxford: The Pali Text Society, page 378]


waŋ-

Unsorted formations:

Northern Yukaghir: ваҥчидьаайэ (waŋțid̦aaje)

Southern Yukaghir: аҥдьэ (aŋdʹe)


ܚ ܙ ܩ

head

ܚ ܙ ܩ • (ḥ z q)

From the original meaning of girding, fastening, taking possession and departing; compare Hebrew ח־ז־ק (ḥ-z-q) and Arabic ح ز ق (ḥ z q).


कथ्

Created as a root for the noun कथा (kathā).

to tell, narrate, report, describe, relate


अङ्ग्

अङ्ग् • (aṅg)

sa-root

अङ्ग् • (aṅg)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hang-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“curve, bend”). Occasionally, the zero-grade appears as अग् (ag), derived from the zero-grade Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥g-.


ḳas-

Proto-Berber: *e-ɣăss (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Chadic: *ḳas- (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Cushitic: *mik- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Omotic:

Proto-Dizoid:

Dizin: ኡሱ (usu)

Proto-Aroid:

Dime: kʼuus

Egyptian: qs

desc

Coptic: ⲕⲁⲥ (kas), ⲕⲉⲥ (kes), ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (kees)

Proto-Semitic:

>? Arabic: قَصّ (qaṣṣ, “sternum”)


*(s)ténh₂-e-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *sténō

Ancient Greek: στένω (sténō)

Proto-Italic: *tenō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

(s)ténh₂-t ~ (s)tn̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštanHt

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáṣṭanHt

Sanskrit: *áṣṭanīt

⇒ Sanskrit: स्तन् (stan, 3sg.inj.act), ष्टनिहि (ṣṭanihi, “to thunder”, 2sg.impv.act.)

*(s)ténh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tányati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tányati

Sanskrit: तन्यति (tanyati, “to thunder”)

*(s)tonh₂-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stanHáyanti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stanHáyanti

Sanskrit: स्तनयति (stanáyanti, “to thunder”)

Proto-Italic: *tonāō

Latin: tonō (“to thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ténh₂-tr̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-tén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tánHtā (“thunder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tenatrus

Latin: tonitrus (“thunder”) (readjusted to iterative) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)tónh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)ténh₂-n̥s, *(s)ténh₂-r̥ ~ *(s)tn̥h₂-éns

Proto-Celtic: *toranos (“thunder”) (< *tonaros < *(s)tónh₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þun(a)raz (“thunder”) (< *(s)tn̥h₂r-os) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ف س د

Forms terms related to badness, corruption, and decay

فَاسِد

Form I: فَسَدَ (fasada); Active participle

مُفَسِّد

Form II: فَسَّدَ (fassada); Active participle

إِفْسَاد

Form IV: أَفْسَدَ (ʔafsada); Verbal noun

مُفْسِد

Form IV: أَفْسَدَ (ʔafsada); Active participle

اِنْفِسَاد

Form VII: اِنْفَسَدَ (infasada); Verbal noun

مُنْفَسِد

Form VII: اِنْفَسَدَ (infasada); Active participle


נ־ט־ע

head

נ־ט־ע • (n-ṭ-ʿ)

A root forming words relating to planting.


ر ص د

رصد؟

Form I: رَصَدَ (raṣada, “to observe”); Verbal noun

رَاصِد

Form I: رَصَدَ (raṣada, “to observe”); Active participle


ش ف ف

شفاف؟

Form I: شَفَّ (šaffa, “to be see through”); Verbal noun

شَافّ

Form I: شَفَّ (šaffa, “to be see through”); Active participle

اِسْتِشْفَاف

Form X: اِسْتَشَفَّ (istašaffa, “to see through (something)”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَشِفّ

Form X: اِسْتَشَفَّ (istašaffa, “to see through (something)”); Active participle


غ ر ر

غَارّ

Form I: غَرَّ (ḡarra, “to deceive”); Active participle

اِغْتِرَار

Form VIII: اِغْتَرَّ (iḡtarra, “to get deceived”); Verbal noun

مُغْتَرّ

Form VIII: اِغْتَرَّ (iḡtarra, “to get deceived”); Active participle


ج ه ر

جَهْرْ

Form I: جَهَرَ (jahara, “to speak loudly”); Verbal noun

جَاهِر

Form I: جَهَرَ (jahara, “to speak loudly”); Active participle

مُجَاهَرَة

Form III: جَاهَرَ (jāhara, “to express”); Verbal noun

مُجَاهِر

Form III: جَاهَرَ (jāhara, “to express”); Active participle


वञ्च्

वञ्च् • (vañc)

sa-root

वञ्च् • (vañc)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *wenk-. Cf. वच् (vac).


ص د و

مُصَادَاة

Form III: صَادَى (ṣādā, “to put oneself in opposition to; to cajole, to flatter”); Verbal noun

إِصْدَاء

Form IV: أَصْدَى (ʔaṣdā, “to reecho, to resound”); Verbal noun

صَدًا and صَدًى

thirst; voice; echo; a male owl, particularly one said to fly from the head of a slain man; a kind of black fish; a cricket; a good breeder of cattle

related to extreme claps, hits, coming close to something or tending to it

صَدْو

Form I: صَدَا (ṣadā, “to clap, to beat; to incantate”); Verbal noun

صَادٍ

Form I: صَدَا (ṣadā, “to clap, to beat; to incantate”); Active participle

تَصْدِيَة

Form II: صَدَّى (ṣaddā, “to clap the hands, to plaud, to be receiving to someone”); Verbal noun

مُصَدٍّ

Form II: صَدَّى (ṣaddā, “to clap the hands, to plaud, to be receiving to someone”); Active participle

مُصَادٍ

Form III: صَادَى (ṣādā, “to put oneself in opposition to; to cajole, to flatter”); Active participle

مُصْدٍ

Form IV: أَصْدَى (ʔaṣdā, “to reecho, to resound”); Active participle

تَصَدٍّ

Form V: تَصَدَّى (taṣaddā, “to oppose; to turn, to embark; to accost, to approach”); Verbal noun

مُتَصَدٍّ

Form V: تَصَدَّى (taṣaddā, “to oppose; to turn, to embark; to accost, to approach”); Active participle

صَدىً

Form I: صَدِيَ (ṣadiya, “to be very thirsty, to be in extreme thirst”); Verbal noun

Form I: صَدِيَ (ṣadiya, “to be very thirsty, to be in extreme thirst”); Active participle


ف ء د

إِفْآد

Form IV: أَفْأَدَ (ʔafʔada, “to ignite”); Verbal noun

مُفْئِد

Form IV: أَفْأَدَ (ʔafʔada, “to ignite”); Active participle

تَفَؤُّد

Form V: تَفَأَّدَ (tafaʔʔada, “to get ignited”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَئِّد

Form V: تَفَأَّدَ (tafaʔʔada, “to get ignited”); Active participle


م ه ل

مَهْل

Form I: مَهَلَ (mahala, “to tarry”); Verbal noun

مَاهِل

Form I: مَهَلَ (mahala, “to tarry”); Active participle

تَمْهِيل

Form II: مَهَّلَ (mahhala, “to give respite”); Verbal noun

مُمَهِّل

Form II: مَهَّلَ (mahhala, “to give respite”); Active participle

إِمْهَال

Form IV: أَمْهَلَ (ʔamhala, “to give respite”); Verbal noun

مُمْهِل

Form IV: أَمْهَلَ (ʔamhala, “to give respite”); Active participle

تَمَهُّل

Form V: تَمَهَّلَ (tamahhala, “to act slowly”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَهِّل

Form V: تَمَهَّلَ (tamahhala, “to act slowly”); Active participle

تَمَاهُل

Form VI: تَمَاهَلَ (tamāhala, “to act slowly”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَاهِل

Form VI: تَمَاهَلَ (tamāhala, “to act slowly”); Active participle

اِسْتِمْهَال

Form X: اِسْتَمْهَلَ (istamhala, “to ask for respite”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمْهِل

Form X: اِسْتَمْهَلَ (istamhala, “to ask for respite”); Active participle


س ف ع

سَافِع

Form I: سَفَعَ (safaʕa); Active participle


د ج و

دُجَة

pinch, thumb and first and second fingers covering a mouthful between them

دُجْيَة

obscurity, tenebrity; retreat of a hunter or bees

دُجًى

Form I: دَجَا (dajā, “to become dark, to become gloomy”); Verbal noun

دَاجٍ

Form I: دَجَا (dajā, “to become dark, to become gloomy”); Active participle

مُدَاجَاة

Form III: دَاجَى (dājā, “to treat with concealment of enmity, to coax deceivingly”); Verbal noun

مُدَاجٍ

Form III: دَاجَى (dājā, “to treat with concealment of enmity, to coax deceivingly”); Active participle

إِدْجَاء

Form IV: أَدْجَى (ʔadjā, “to darken; to become dark”); Verbal noun

مُدْجٍ

Form IV: أَدْجَى (ʔadjā, “to darken; to become dark”); Active participle

تَدَجٍّ

Form V: تَدَجَّى (tadajjā, “to spread so as to cover the sky”); Verbal noun

مُتَدَجٍّ

Form V: تَدَجَّى (tadajjā, “to spread so as to cover the sky”); Active participle


beR-

*beRi

Basque: berri (“new”)

*beRogei

Basque: berrogei (“forty”)

*bertze (possibly)

Basque: beste (“other”)


ج و ب

تَجَاوُب

Form VI: تَجَاوَبَ (tajāwaba); Verbal noun

اِسْتِجَابَة

Form X: اِسْتَجَابَ (istajāba); Verbal noun

اِسْتِجْوَاب

Form X: اِسْتَجْوَبَ (istajwaba); Verbal noun

Forms terms related to traveling or wandering

Forms terms related to answering or replying

مُجَاوِب

Form III: جَاوَبَ (jāwaba); Active participle

مُجِيب

Form IV: أَجَابَ (ʔajāba); Active participle

مُتَجَاوِب

Form VI: تَجَاوَبَ (tajāwaba); Active participle

اِنْجِيَاب

Form VII: اِنْجَابَ (injāba); Verbal noun

مُنْجَاب

Form VII: اِنْجَابَ (injāba); Active participle

مُسْتَجِيب

Form X: اِسْتَجَابَ (istajāba); Active participle

مُسْتَجْوِب

Form X: اِسْتَجْوَبَ (istajwaba); Active participle


س ن ح

سَانِح

Form I: سَنَحَ (sanaḥa); Active participle


ה־י־ה

Cognate with Arabic ه و ي (h-w-y). See there for etymology.


ج م ه ر

جَمْهَرَة

Form Iq: جَمْهَرَ (jamhara); Verbal noun

مُجَمْهِر

Form Iq: جَمْهَرَ (jamhara); Active participle


ق ر ف

قَارِف

Form I: قَرَفَ (qarafa); Active participle

Form I: قَرِفَ (qarifa); Active participle

مُقَرِّف

Form II: قَرَّفَ (qarrafa); Active participle

اِقْتِرَاف

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَفَ (iqtarafa); Verbal noun

مُقْتَرِف

Form VIII: اِقْتَرَفَ (iqtarafa); Active participle


ह्वल्

head

ह्वल् • (hval)

sa-root

ह्वल् • (hval)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰwal-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰwal-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive, bend”); cognate with Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”), Proto-Slavic *zъlъ, Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”).

cog

to go crookedly, astray, wrong or deviously; to stumble, fall, fail


(s)kerbʰ-

*(s)korb-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skárˀbas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skarpaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *skrepaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *skrapōną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skrobeis

Latin: scrobis (see there for further descendants)


biz-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desc

გა-ბიზ-ინ-ებ-ა

⇒ Georgian: გა-ბიზ-ინ-ებ-ა (ga-biz-in-eb-a) — Adjara, Lechkhumi, Imereti

Zan:

გო-ბიზ-ინ-აფ-ა

⇒ Mingrelian: გო-ბიზ-ინ-აფ-ა (go-biz-in-ap-a), ბიზ-ინ-ი (biz-in-i), ბიზ-ა (biz-a)

⇒ Svan: ხ-ე-ბზ-ი (x-e-bz-i), ეს-ბიზ-ი (es-biz-i)


خ ي م

مُخَيِّم

Form II: خَيَّمَ (ḵayyama); Active participle


santĕn

Affixed sari (“continuously, constantly, uninterruptedly, lasting”) + -ntĕn. Doublet of santun.

af

Alternative spelling of sari, santĕn, sintĕn, santun (“continuously, constantly, uninterruptedly, lasting”)


ح ر ز

Forms terms related to protection and preservation

حَارِز

Form I: حَرَزَ (ḥaraza); Active participle

إِحْرَاز

Form IV: أَحْرَزَ (ʔaḥraza); Verbal noun

مُحْرِز

Form IV: أَحْرَزَ (ʔaḥraza); Active participle

اِحْتِرَاز

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَزَ (iḥtaraza); Verbal noun

مُحْتَرِز

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَزَ (iḥtaraza); Active participle


(h)oR-

*(h)ori (“that”)

Basque: hori


아스라

아스라하다 아스라하다#Korean

아스라이 아스라이#Korean

Root of 아스라하다 (aseurahada) / 아스라이 (aseurai). Rarely used alone.


오롯

오롯하다 오롯하다#Korean

Root of 오롯하다 (orothada) / 오롯이 (orosi). Rarely used alone.


ܣ ܠ ܩ

forming words pertaining to ascending, going up


아아

아아(峨峨)하다 아아하다#Korean

Root of 아아(峨峨)하다 (aahada, “towering”). Rarely used alone.


ܗ ܘ ܐ

head

ܗ ܘ ܐ • (h w ˀ)

Compare Hebrew ה־י־ה (h-y-h) and Arabic ه و ي (h w y)

forming words pertaining to existence, occurrence or being


ܒ ܫ ܠ

ܒ ܫ ܠ • (b š l)

forming words pertaining to pairing, coupling or marriage


ܙ ܘ ܓ

Denominal root from ܙܵܘܓܵܐ (zāwgā, “pair, couple”), from Ancient Greek ζεῦγος (zeûgos, “pair”); cognate with Arabic ز و ج (z w j), Hebrew ז ו ג.


snewbʰ-

*snéwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *snouβō

Latin: nūbō (see there for further descendants)

*snḗwbʰ-s-t ~ *snéwbʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Italic: *snoupsai

Latin: nūpsī

*snowbʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *snaubīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *snubìti (see there for further descendants)

*snu-né-bʰ-ti ~ *snu-n-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰō

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hnúmpʰā

Ancient Greek: νύμφη (númphē)

Possibly related to *snusós (“daughter-in-law”), suggesting an underlying *snew- root.


ܙ ܩ ܪ

ܙܩܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܸܟܘܼܪ

densely woven, with little room and holes


ܚ ܠ ܦ

ܚ ܠ ܦ • (ḥ l p)

From Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew ח־ל־ף (ḥ-l-p) and Arabic خ ل ف (ḵ l f).

forming words pertaining to change, difference or transition


sok-

cognate with Serer soox (“to lock, to load a gun”).


telk-

*tl̥k-s-ḱos

desc

Proto-Celtic: *talskos (“fragment, piece”)

Proto-Brythonic: *talx (see there for further descendants)

*telk-s-m̥-is

Proto-Celtic: *telmis (“sling, snare”) (see there for further descendants)

*tolk-os

Proto-Celtic: *tolkos (see there for further descendants)

>? Thracian: *talkas (attested as an onamastic component)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talkāˀ

Lithuanian: talkà

Latvian: tàlka

Proto-Slavic: *tolkà (“neighbourly help (of farmworkers)”) (see there for further descendants)

*telk-e-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *telktei

Lithuanian: tel̃kti (“assemble for collective assistance”)

Old Prussian: tlāku (“threshes”, 3 sg.)

Proto-Slavic: *telktì, *telťì (“to beat; to pound”) (see there for further descendants)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


ढुण्ढ्

head

ढुण्ढ् • (ḍhuṇḍh)


ǵʰed-

*ǵʰéd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰádati

desc

Sanskrit: हदति (hádati, “to evacuate, discharge excrement”)

*ǵʰéd-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰédzō

Ancient Greek: χέζω (khézō, “to shit”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *dzetša
Albanian: dhjes

*ǵʰḗd-s-t ~ *ǵʰéd-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰesə

Ancient Greek: ἔχεσα (ékhesa)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰód-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰd-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Hellenic: *kékʰoda

Ancient Greek: κέχοδα (kékhoda)

Proto-Albanian:

>? Albanian: ndot (“to make dirty”)

*ǵʰéd-o-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձետ (jet, “tail”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰádas

Proto-Iranian: *jádah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 m (zadah, “buttocks”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Slavic: *zadъ m (“rump”)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel


휑

Root of 휑하다 (hwenghada, “intelligent; spacious”). Rarely used alone.


흥건

흥건하다 흥건하다#Korean

Root of 흥건하다 (heunggeonhada). Rarely used alone.


ܬ ܓ ܪ

Denominal root from ܬܲܓܵܪܵܐ (taggārā, “trader, merchant”), from Aramaic תַּאגָּרָא (taʾgārā), ultimately through a *tangār from Akkadian 𒁮𒃼 (tamkārum); doublet of the root ܡ-ܟ-ܪ (m-k-r).

inh

Aramaic תַּאגָּרָא (taʾgārā)

ܬܹܐܓ݂ܘܼܪܬܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ݂

tēḡurtānāˀīṯ


ܫ ܠ ܛ

head

ܫ ܠ ܛ • (š l ṭ)

Compare Arabic س ل ط (s l ṭ) and Hebrew ש־ל־ט (sh-l-t)

forming words pertaining to power, ruling

ܒܹܝܬ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ

ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ (šulṭānā)


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lamīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *lomìti (“to break”) (see there for further descendants)

(possibly) >? Latin: lanius (“butcher”)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Proto-Germanic: *lamaz (“lame; defective”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lémešis (“plough”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: lem (“soft, tender, weak, powerless, impotent”)

Irish: leamh (“soft; weak”)

Welsh: llefrith (“milk”)

Ancient Greek: νωλεμέως (nōleméōs, “unceasingly; firmly”)


ܣ ܓ ܠ

ܣܲܓܲܠܬܵܐ

ܣܲܓܸܠ (saggil, “to record”); Verbal noun

ܡܣܲܓ݂ܠܵܢܵܐ

ܣܲܓܸܠ (saggil, “to record”); Active participle


ܣ ܡ ܡ

Reduplicated root developed from ܣ ܡ ܡ (s m m, “related to poison”)

forming words pertaining to healing, remedy and therapy

ܣܲܡܣܲܡܬܵܐ

ܣܲܡܣܸܡ (samsim, “to cure, remedy, heal, restore”); Verbal noun

ܡܣܲܡܣܡܵܢܵܐ

ܣܲܡܣܸܡ (samsim, “to cure, remedy, heal, restore”); Active participle


خ ص ر

ar-root

خ ص ر • (ḵ-ṣ-r)

forms terms related to condensation and shortening

خَاصِر

Form I: خَصَرَ (ḵaṣara); Active participle

مُخَاصِر

Form III: خَاصَرَ (ḵāṣara); Active participle

اِخْتِصَار

Form VIII: اِخْتَصَرَ (iḵtaṣara); Verbal noun

مُخْتَصِر

Form VIII: اِخْتَصَرَ (iḵtaṣara); Active participle


bōr-

*bōra (“bow”)

Albanian: ylber (“rainbow”). See for more.

*bōrei (“bow”)

Albanian: bërryl (“elbow”). See for more.

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰōrs-, from root *bʰers- (“point, tip bolt”).


כ־ר־ז

From Aramaic כְּרַז / ܟܪܰܙ (kraz, “to preach”), from Ancient Greek κηρύσσειν (kērússein, “to preach”). Cf. Daniel 3:4 and 5:29.
Alternatively, instead of Ancient Greek, it is also suggested it might be borrowed from Old Persian.
Compare Ge'ez ከረዘ (käräzä) and Arabic كَرَزَ (karaza).

der

Related to announcing, preaching, declaring, proclaiming


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*léyd-ti ~ *lid-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*le-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laiˀstei (see there for further descendants)

*li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Albanian: *linda

desc

Albanian: lind (“to bear, give birth”), lindem (“to be born”) (or *leunda ⇐ *leuda)

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Albanian: *laida

q

>? Albanian: le (“to bear, give birth”) (dialectal, or < *leuda < *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”))

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *laidna

Albanian: lë (“to let”) (or < *lādna < *leh₁d- (“to be tired”))

⇒? Proto-Albanian: *laidnja

Albanian: lej (“to bear, give birth”) (or < *leudnja)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laidīˀti

desc

Lithuanian: láidyti (“to let, let go, start moving”)

*leid-sk-to-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: láiškas (“letter”)

Latvian: laiska (“leaf”)

Old Prussian: lāiskas (“booklet”)

Proto-Slavic: *listъ (“letter”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *loydā

Old Irish: loíd

Middle Irish: láed, laíd

Irish: laoidh

Scottish Gaelic: laoidh


leyd-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
fr:Jacques André

*lé-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *loidō

Latin: lūdō (“to play”) (see there for further descendants)

*lid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *líďďō

Ancient Greek: λίζω (lízō, “to play”)

Proto-Hellenic: *líndō

Ancient Greek: *λίνδω (*líndō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: λίνδεσθαι (líndesthai, “to contend”, pres.mp.inf.) (+ -εσθαι (-esthai))

*loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)

Proto-Celtic: *loydīti

Old Irish: laídid (“exhort, incite”)

Middle Irish: laídid

*loyd-o-s

Proto-Italic: *loidos

Old Latin: loidos, loedos

Latin: lūdus (“game”) (see there for further descendants)

*loyd-tó-s

Proto-Italic: *loissos

Latin: lūsus (“played”) (see there for further descendants)


ɨfo

Cognates include Minica Huitoto ɨfo and Nüpode Huitoto ɨpo.


ܐ ܚ ܪ

head

ܐ ܚ ܪ • (ˀ ḥ r)

From Proto-Semitic; also found in Arabic ء خ ر (ʔ ḵ r), Hebrew א־ח־ר (ʾ-kh-r), and Akkadian uḫḫuru

forming words pertaining to being late, delayed, posterior


ع ل ي

Compare Hebrew ע־ל־ה (ʿ-l-h) and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܥ ܠ ܐ (ˁ l ˀ)

مُعَلٍّ

Form II: عَلَّى (ʕallā); Active participle

مُعْلٍ

Form IV: أَعْلَى (ʔaʕlā); Active participle

مُتَعَلٍّ

Form V: تَعَلَّى (taʕallā); Active participle

مُتَعَالٍ

Form VI: تَعَالَى (taʕālā); Active participle

اِعْتِلَاء

Form VIII: اِعْتَلَى (iʕtalā); Verbal noun

مُعْتَلٍ

Form VIII: اِعْتَلَى (iʕtalā); Active participle

اِسْتِعْلَاء

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَى (istaʕlā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْلٍ

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَى (istaʕlā); Active participle

مُسْتَعْلًى

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَى (istaʕlā)


ܒ ܣ ܡ

ܒܲܪܣܲܡܬܵܐ

ܒܲܪܣܸܡ (barsim, “to smile”); Instance noun

ܒܘܼܪܣܵܡܵܐ

ܒܲܪܣܸܡ (barsim, “to smile”); Verbal noun

ܡܒܲܪܣܡܵܢܵܐ

ܒܲܪܣܸܡ (barsim, “to smile”); Active participle


ʒin-

Hausa: jini

Egyptian: znf


و ل ج

وُلُج

streets traversing a village or town; areas in the interior of a region; honey-spoons

وَلَّاج

one who enters an interior resolutely, with fortitude

مَوالِج

entrances, places from which one can enter something

مَوْلُوج

someone who has survived a great suffering or illness

وَالِج

Form I: وَلَجَ (walaja); Active participle

إِيلَاج

Form IV: أَوْلَجَ (ʔawlaja); Verbal noun

مُولِج

Form IV: أَوْلَجَ (ʔawlaja); Active participle

تَوَلُّج

Form V: تَوَلَّجَ (tawallaja); Verbal noun

مُتَوَلِّج

Form V: تَوَلَّجَ (tawallaja); Active participle

اِتِّلَاج

Form VIII: اِتَّلَجَ (ittalaja); Verbal noun

مُتَّلِج

Form VIII: اِتَّلَجَ (ittalaja); Active participle


و ز ر

Variant of ء ز ر (ʔ-z-r), and also seen in ع ز ر (ʕ-z-r). Inasmuch as formations within the present root are not to be assumed denominal from وَزِير (wazīr) and then of foreign origin.

Nouns* وِزْر

burden; crime, sin, fault; arms or armour carried on the body

وَزْرة

linen put around the loins when leaving the bath

مَوْزُورَة

crime or sin that burdens the conscience

وِزْر

Form I: وَزَرَ (wazara, “to carry as a burden”); Verbal noun

وَازِر

Form I: وَزَرَ (wazara, “to carry as a burden”); Active participle

وَزْر

Form I: وَزِرَ (wazira, “to commit [with accusative ‘a sin or crime’]; to win over, to vanquish, to superate”); Verbal noun

Form I: وَزِرَ (wazira, “to commit [with accusative ‘a sin or crime’]; to win over, to vanquish, to superate”); Active participle

مُوَازَرَة

Form III: وَازَرَ (wāzara, “to assist as a vizier”); Verbal noun

مُوَازِر

Form III: وَازَرَ (wāzara, “to assist as a vizier”); Active participle

إِيزَار

Form IV: أَوْزَرَ (ʔawzara, “to protect, to consolidate, to offer refuge to”); Verbal noun

مُوزِر

Form IV: أَوْزَرَ (ʔawzara, “to protect, to consolidate, to offer refuge to”); Active participle

تَوَزُّر

Form V: تَوَزَّرَ (tawazzara, “to be appointed as vizier”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَزِّر

Form V: تَوَزَّرَ (tawazzara, “to be appointed as vizier”); Active participle

اِتِّزَار

Form VIII: اِتَّزَرَ (ittazara); Verbal noun

مُتَّزِر

Form VIII: اِتَّزَرَ (ittazara); Active participle

اِسْتِيزَار

Form X: اِسْتَوْزَرَ (istawzara, “to take as or ask to be a vizier”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْزِر

Form X: اِسْتَوْزَرَ (istawzara, “to take as or ask to be a vizier”); Active participle


𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰruǰʰ-,from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-.


-boɣ-

Proto-Cushitic: *boɣ-


ܠ ܥ ܣ

ܠ ܥ ܣ • (l ˁ s)


غ م ل

غَمْل

Form I: غَمَلَ (ḡamala, “to make waste away, to let lie till it loses the hairs; to compose, to cumulate”); Verbal noun

غَامِل

Form I: غَمَلَ (ḡamala, “to make waste away, to let lie till it loses the hairs; to compose, to cumulate”); Active participle

غَمَل

Form I: غَمِلَ (ḡamila, “to go bad”); Verbal noun

Form I: غَمِلَ (ḡamila, “to go bad”); Active participle

تَغَمُّل

Form V: تَغَمَّلَ (taḡammala, “to be ample, to be large”); Verbal noun

مُتَغَمِّل

Form V: تَغَمَّلَ (taḡammala, “to be ample, to be large”); Active participle

غُمْلُول

abundant valley, a dale of luxurious herbage; a hill; a place dense of trees or clouds or shadow


sintĕn

Javanese: ꦱꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀ (sinten, “who”)


ܓ ܘ ܢ

Denominal root from ܓܵܘܢܵܐ (gāwnā), itself from an Iranian borrowing.

ܓܲܘܲܢܬܵܐ

ܓܲܘܸܢ (gawwin, “to color, colorize”); Verbal noun

ܡܓ݂ܵܘܢܵܢܵܐ

ܓܲܘܸܢ (gawwin, “to color, colorize”); Active participle


ظ ء ر

ar-root

ظ ء ر • (ẓ-ʔ-r)

Likely variating ض ر ر (ḍ-r-r) in its “forcing” senses; for excrescent hamza in the middle regard سُؤْدَد (suʔdad).

related to causing inclination in one respect and hence nursing

ظَأْر

Form I: ظَأَرَ (ẓaʔara, “to make suckle”); Verbal noun

ظَائِر

Form I: ظَأَرَ (ẓaʔara, “to make suckle”); Active participle

مُظَاءَرَة

Form III: ظَاءَرَ (ẓāʔara, “to accept for suckling or nursing”); Verbal noun

مُظَائِر

Form III: ظَاءَرَ (ẓāʔara, “to accept for suckling or nursing”); Active participle

اِظِّئَار

Form VIII: اِظَّأَرَ (iẓẓaʔara, “to be inclined to give a strange young suck; to procure as a nurse”); Verbal noun

مُظَّئِر

Form VIII: اِظَّأَرَ (iẓẓaʔara, “to be inclined to give a strange young suck; to procure as a nurse”); Active participle

ظُؤُورَة

the status of giving suck to strange offspring


ء د م

Probably an extension of دَمَّ (damma, “to smear, to daub”) and sometimes دَم (dam, “blood”).

related to being dipped in or commixed with something

أَدْم

Form I: أَدَمَ (ʔadama, “to enrich with some ingredient”); Verbal noun

آدِم

Form I: أَدَمَ (ʔadama, “to enrich with some ingredient”); Active participle

تَأْدِيم

Form II: أَدَّمَ (ʔaddama, “to give to eat with bread”); Verbal noun

مُؤَدِّم

Form II: أَدَّمَ (ʔaddama, “to give to eat with bread”); Active participle

إِيدَام

Form IV: آدَمَ (ʔādama, “to share bread with”); Verbal noun

مُؤْدِم

Form IV: آدَمَ (ʔādama, “to share bread with”); Active participle

تَأَدُّم

Form V: تَأَدَّمَ (taʔaddama, “to eat with one’s bread”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَدِّم

Form V: تَأَدَّمَ (taʔaddama, “to eat with one’s bread”); Active participle

اِئْتِدَام

Form VIII: اِئْتَدَمَ (iʔtadama, “to obtain or serve as an added ingredient”); Verbal noun

مُؤْتَدِم

Form VIII: اِئْتَدَمَ (iʔtadama, “to obtain or serve as an added ingredient”); Active participle

أَدِيم

seasoned; skin, hide; origin, familial reputation; the whiteness of day or darkness of night

أُدْمَة

familiar intercourse, friendship; a آدَم (ʔādam) colour


𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑁆

*𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*bhulla, “forgotten”)

Prakrit: 𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮 (bhulla), 𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (bhullaï), 𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀤𑀺 (bhulladi)

Bengali: ভোলা (bhōla)

Gujarati: ભુલવું (bhulvũ)

Hindustani:

Hindi: भूलना (bhūlnā)

Urdu: بھولنا (bhūlnā)

Punjabi: ਭੁੱਲਣਾ (bhullaṇā)

Nepali: भुल्नु (bhulnu)

Marathi: भुलणे (bhulṇe)

*𑀪𑁄𑀮𑀢𑀺 (*bholati, “leads astray”) (transitivized)

Prakrit: 𑀪𑁄𑀮𑀇 (bholaï, “deceives”), Prakrit: 𑀪𑁄𑀮𑀯𑀇 (bholavaï)

desc

Gujarati: ભોળવવું (bhoḷavvũ, “to deceive”)


ك ن ي

كِنَايَة

Form I: كَنَى (kanā, “indicate something metaphorically, allude, refer to something in a veiled way; to call someone by a nickname, to give them a nickname; (in the passive) to bear a nickname”); Verbal noun

كَانٍ

Form I: كَنَى (kanā, “indicate something metaphorically, allude, refer to something in a veiled way; to call someone by a nickname, to give them a nickname; (in the passive) to bear a nickname”); Active participle

تَكْنِيَة

Form II: كَنَّى (kannā, “to give someone a nickname or epithet”); Verbal noun

مُكَنٍّ

Form II: كَنَّى (kannā, “to give someone a nickname or epithet”); Active participle

إِكْنَاء

Form IV: أَكْنَى (ʔaknā, “to give someone a nickname or epithet”); Verbal noun

مُكْنٍ

Form IV: أَكْنَى (ʔaknā, “to give someone a nickname or epithet”); Active participle

اِكْتِنَاء

Form VIII: اِكْتَنَى (iktanā, “to be nicknamed”); Verbal noun

مُكْتَنٍ

Form VIII: اِكْتَنَى (iktanā, “to be nicknamed”); Active participle

كَانٍ

one who uses a metaphor, who alludes to something or someone using a word other than the proper name

كَنِى

someone who bears the same nickname as another


ه ج ر

هَجْر

Form I: هَجَرَ (hajara, “break up with someone and distance oneself, sever all relations with someone; give up, forsake (a thing); to break, to cease (one's relations with someone); to be delirious; abstain from carnal activities while fasting; to be eminent, distinguished; to praise someone because of their merits; to up tie (a camel) with a rope”); Verbal noun

هَاجِر

Form I: هَجَرَ (hajara, “break up with someone and distance oneself, sever all relations with someone; give up, forsake (a thing); to break, to cease (one's relations with someone); to be delirious; abstain from carnal activities while fasting; to be eminent, distinguished; to praise someone because of their merits; to up tie (a camel) with a rope”); Active participle

تَهْجِير

Form II: هَجَّرَ (hajjara, “to travel or walk in the midday heat; say one's prayers early”); Verbal noun

مُهَجِّر

Form II: هَجَّرَ (hajjara, “to travel or walk in the midday heat; say one's prayers early”); Active participle

مُهَاجَرَة

Form III: هَاجَرَ (hājara, “to separate from one's own, emigrate from one's tribe; to abandon the nomadic life of the desert to live in the city”); Verbal noun

مُهَاجِر

Form III: هَاجَرَ (hājara, “to separate from one's own, emigrate from one's tribe; to abandon the nomadic life of the desert to live in the city”); Active participle

إِهْجَار

Form IV: أَهْجَرَ (ʔahjara, “to give up, leave (something); to ramble, talk nonsense; to make fun of someone; to speak indecent language to someone; to travel in the midday heat; (of a young girl) to be on the point of completing education”); Verbal noun

مُهْجِر

Form IV: أَهْجَرَ (ʔahjara, “to give up, leave (something); to ramble, talk nonsense; to make fun of someone; to speak indecent language to someone; to travel in the midday heat; (of a young girl) to be on the point of completing education”); Active participle

تَهَجُّر

Form V: تَهَجَّرَ (tahajjara, “to travel in the midday heat; to become a migrant (مُهَاجِر (muhājir))”); Verbal noun

مُتَهَجِّر

Form V: تَهَجَّرَ (tahajjara, “to travel in the midday heat; to become a migrant (مُهَاجِر (muhājir))”); Active participle

تَهَاجُر

Form VI: تَهَاجَرَ (tahājara, “to separate oneself from others”); Verbal noun

مُتَهَاجِر

Form VI: تَهَاجَرَ (tahājara, “to separate oneself from others”); Active participle

اِهْتِجَار

Form VIII: اِهْتَجَرَ (ihtajara, “to separate oneself from others”); Verbal noun

مُهْتَجِر

Form VIII: اِهْتَجَرَ (ihtajara, “to separate oneself from others”); Active participle

هَجْر

the period of the day from noon to عَصْر, hottest part of the day; noble and generous man; delirium, dotage; separation from a loved one

هَجِر

something excellent in its class; one who walks feebly, as though weak or heavily burdened

هِجِرة

rupture, separation, cessation of relations between beloved people; estrangement, parting; emigration from one region to another (particularly from a non-Muslim to a Muslim region, including Muḥammad's move from Mecca to Medina)

هَاجِر

excellent, distinguished in its kind; one who rambles, who talks nonsense; one who is delirious

هَاجِرَة

indecent language; mocking speech; midday heat

ِهَاجِري

excellent, distinguished in its kind; someone who abandons life in the desert for the town; architect

هِجَار

bowstring; rope with which the camel's foot is attached to a strap; chain worn around the neck as an ornament; ring which served as a goal for archers, in Persia; headband, tiara

هَجِير

someone who parted from his family and left the country; restrained, weaned from something, made powerless to indulge in something; a stallion already old and no longer strong enough to breed; large onager or wild ass; bitter and desiccated plants of the family of حمض; the hour of noon; hour of the day when the heat is most intense; thickened milk; large drinking cup


ب ر د

From Proto-West Semitic in these three consonants.

بَرْد

Form I: بَرَدَ (barada, “to be cold; to cool off; to rest; to soothe; to become permanent, to become fixed; settled, established”); Verbal noun

بَارِد

Form I: بَرَدَ (barada, “to be cold; to cool off; to rest; to soothe; to become permanent, to become fixed; settled, established”); Active participle

بُرُودَة

Form I: بَرُدَ (baruda, “to be or become cold”); Verbal noun

Form I: بَرُدَ (baruda, “to be or become cold”); Active participle

تَبْرِيد

Form II: بَرَّدَ (barrada, “to cool; to soothe; to weaken, to make languid; to make obligatory”); Verbal noun

مُبَرِّد

Form II: بَرَّدَ (barrada, “to cool; to soothe; to weaken, to make languid; to make obligatory”); Active participle

تَبَرُّد

Form V: تَبَرَّدَ (tabarrada, “to be cooled, to cool down; to be soothed; to cause an unwell appearance of”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَرِّد

Form V: تَبَرَّدَ (tabarrada, “to be cooled, to cool down; to be soothed; to cause an unwell appearance of”); Active participle

اِبْتِرَاد

Form VIII: اِبْتَرَدَ (ibtarada, “to cool off; to wash oneself with cold water”); Verbal noun

مُبْتَرِد

Form VIII: اِبْتَرَدَ (ibtarada, “to cool off; to wash oneself with cold water”); Active participle

بَارِدَة

unpleasant matter; spoil acquired without fatigue, gain made by trade

بُرَاد

weakness of the legs from hunger or fatigue


ب ر د

Apparently an Iranian borrowing, regard Classical Persian بریدن (burīdan).

بَرْد

Form I: بَرَدَ (barada, “to file, to pare off”); Verbal noun

بَارِد

Form I: بَرَدَ (barada, “to file, to pare off”); Active participle

اِسْتِبْرَاد

Form X: اِسْتَبْرَدَ (istabrada, “to use like a file”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْرِد

Form X: اِسْتَبْرَدَ (istabrada, “to use like a file”); Active participle

مُسْتَبْرَد

immediately borrowed terms having the present root formula

بُرْد

a kind of striped upper garment; a kind of striped coat


ܬ ܢ ܐ

head

ܬ ܢ ܐ • (t n ˀ)

Denominal from ܬܪܹܝܢ (trēn, “two”); related to Hebrew שׁ־נ־ה (sh-n-h) and Arabic ث ن ي (ṯ n y)

ܬܲܢܵܝܬܵܐ

ܬܲܢܹܐ (tannē, “to tell, recount”); Verbal noun

ܡܲܬܢܵܝܬܵܐ

ܡܲܬܢܹܐ (matnē, “to reconcile”); Verbal noun

forming words pertaining to the number two

forming words pertaining to the number repeating

ܬܢܵܝܬܵܐ

ܬܵܢܹܐ (tānē, “to repeat, do a second time”); Verbal noun

ܬܸܢܝܵܢ ܢܵܡܘܿܣܵܐ

ܬܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ (tinyānā, “iteration, repetition”)


wadha

Borrowed from Sanskrit वध (vadha, “murder”).


ر ص ص

ar-root

ر ص ص • (r-ṣ-ṣ)

رَاصّ

Form I: رَصَّ (raṣṣa); Active participle

مُرَصِّص

Form II: رَصَّصَ (raṣṣaṣa); Active participle

تَرَصُّص

Form V: تَرَصَّصَ (taraṣṣaṣa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَصِّص

Form V: تَرَصَّصَ (taraṣṣaṣa); Active participle

تَرَاصّ

Form VI: تَرَاصَّ (tarāṣṣa); Verbal noun

مُتَرَاصّ

Form VI: تَرَاصَّ (tarāṣṣa); Active participle

اِرْتِصَاص

Form VIII: اِرْتَصَّ (irtaṣṣa); Verbal noun

مُرْتَصّ

Form VIII: اِرْتَصَّ (irtaṣṣa); Active participle


ن ف ج

نَفَج

Form I: نَفَجَ (nafaja, “to jump up, to hatch, to blow forth violently, to intumesce; to boast, to bloviate, to windbag”); Verbal noun

نَافِج

Form I: نَفَجَ (nafaja, “to jump up, to hatch, to blow forth violently, to intumesce; to boast, to bloviate, to windbag”); Active participle

نَافِج

Form I: نَفَجَ (nafaja, “to raise, to increase, to inflate, to elevate”); Active participle

إِنْفَاج

Form IV: أَنْفَجَ (ʔanfaja, “to cause to jump out”); Verbal noun

مُنْفِج

Form IV: أَنْفَجَ (ʔanfaja, “to cause to jump out”); Active participle

تَنَفُّج

Form V: تَنَفَّجَ (tanaffaja, “to be inflated; to boast, to bloviate, to windbag”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَفِّج

Form V: تَنَفَّجَ (tanaffaja, “to be inflated; to boast, to bloviate, to windbag”); Active participle

اِنْتِفَاج

Form VIII: اِنْتَفَجَ (intafaja, “to intumesce”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَفِج

Form VIII: اِنْتَفَجَ (intafaja, “to intumesce”); Active participle

اِسْتِنْفَاج

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَجَ (istanfaja, “to excite the anger of”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَنْفِج

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَجَ (istanfaja, “to excite the anger of”); Active participle

نُفْجَة

gusset, a wedge-like piece of cloth inserted into apparel so it is larger; bag, pouch, sac

نَفِيج

having difficulty in moving due to largeness

نَافِجَة

violence, fury; the vehement beginning of anything; a violently blowing wind; a supernumerary rib; daughter (due to the bridewealth the father receives)


ܠ ܘ ܬ

Extracted from preposition ܠܘܵܬ݂ (lwāṯ, “toward”).

forming words pertaining to the number joining


idĕr

desctree

Javanese: ꦲꦶꦢꦼꦂ (ider)
→ Indonesian: ider

→ Balinese: ᬳᬶᬤᭂᬃ (ider)

>? Malay: edar
Indonesian: èdar


मृक्ष्

head

मृक्ष् • (mṛkṣ)

sa-root

मृक्ष् • (mṛkṣ)

Probably a desiderative from मृज् (mṛj, “to wipe, rub”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ- (“to wipe”).


ج و ل

مُجَوِّل

Form II: جَوَّلَ (jawwala); Active participle

مُجَاوِل

Form III: جَاوَلَ (jāwala); Active participle

مُجِيل

Form IV: أَجَالَ (ʔajāla); Active participle

تَجَوُّل

Form V: تَجَوَّلَ (tajawwala); Verbal noun

مُتَجَوِّل

Form V: تَجَوَّلَ (tajawwala); Active participle

اِسْتِجَالَة

Form X: اِسْتَجَالَ (istajāla); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجِيل

Form X: اِسْتَجَالَ (istajāla); Active participle


cagĕr

desctree

Javanese: ꦕꦒꦂ (cagar)
→ Indonesian: cagar (“reserve, preserve”) (semantic loan)

>? Malay: cagar

Indonesian: cagar

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *gar, *cgar, *cgaar (“to fence, to enclose”).


ع ل ف

From the noun عَلَف (ʕalaf, “fodder”), to the most part at least: the adjectives عُلْفُوف (ʕulfūf, “codgerly; carnose or pilose”), عِلَّوْف (ʕillawf, “very old”) may be additional formations related to the “getting used to“ senses under ء ل ف (ʔ-l-f).

عَلْف

Form I: عَلَفَ (ʕalafa, “to fodder”); Verbal noun

عَالِف

Form I: عَلَفَ (ʕalafa, “to fodder”); Active participle

تَعْلِيف

Form II: عَلَّفَ (ʕallafa, “to fodder; to grow pods (said of an acacia طَلْح (ṭalḥ))”); Verbal noun

مُعَلِّف

Form II: عَلَّفَ (ʕallafa, “to fodder; to grow pods (said of an acacia طَلْح (ṭalḥ))”); Active participle

إِعْلَاف

Form IV: أَعْلَفَ (ʔaʕlafa, “to fodder; to get pods (said of an acacia)”); Verbal noun

مُعْلِف

Form IV: أَعْلَفَ (ʔaʕlafa, “to fodder; to get pods (said of an acacia)”); Active participle

اِعْتِلَاف

Form VIII: اِعْتَلَفَ (iʕtalafa, “to eat fodder”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَلِف

Form VIII: اِعْتَلَفَ (iʕtalafa, “to eat fodder”); Active participle

اِسْتِعْلَاف

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَفَ (istaʕlafa, “to require fodder”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْلِف

Form X: اِسْتَعْلَفَ (istaʕlafa, “to require fodder”); Active participle

عَلِيفَة

a camel or sheep fed with fodder and not let out to pasture


(s)pel-

Proto-Albanian: spelā

Albanian: fjalë ("word")

Proto-Albanian: spala

Albanian: flas ("speak")

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առասպել (aṙaspel) ("tale, proverb, riddle") (←aṙ-a-spel)

Proto-Germanic: spellą (see there for descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀπειλή ("boast, boastful promise")

Possibly from bʰel-, with the s-mobile prefix.


kwas-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Zan:

desc

⇒ Laz: ო-ქოს-უ (o-kos-u), ქოს-უმ-ს (kos-um-s)

⇒ Mingrelian: ქოს-უ-ა (kos-u-a), ქოს-უნ-ს (kos-un-s)

⇒ Svan: ქუ̂ას-ი (kûas-i), ლი-ქუ̂ა̄ს-ე (li-kûās-e), ა-ქუ̂ა̄ს-ე (a-kûās-e)


स्त्यै

head

स्त्यै • (styai)

sa-root

स्त्यै • (styai)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stayH-, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).


kɨkɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto kɨkɨ and Nüpode Huitoto kɨkɨ.


mooka

Possibly related to moo (“father”). Cognate with Minica Huitoto mooka.


mirɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto mirɨ and Nüpode Huitoto mirɨ.


ñenɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto ñenɨ and Nüpode Huitoto ñenɨ.


ofai

Cognates include Minica Huitoto ofai and Nüpode Huitoto opai.


komɨ

Cognates include Minica Huitoto komɨ and Nüpode Huitoto komɨ.


संतप्

head

संतप् • (saṃtap)

sa-root

संतप् • (saṃtap)


س ع ل

سُعْلَة

Form I: سَعَلَ (saʕala, “to cough; be lively, cheerful, in a cheerful mood”); Verbal noun

سَاعِل

Form I: سَعَلَ (saʕala, “to cough; be lively, cheerful, in a cheerful mood”); Active participle

سَعْل

Form IV: أَسْعَلَ (ʔasʕala, “make cheerful, joyful”); Verbal noun

مُسْعِل

Form IV: أَسْعَلَ (ʔasʕala, “make cheerful, joyful”); Active participle

اِسْتِسْعَال

Form X: اِسْتَسْعَلَ (istasʕala, “be wanton and screaming like a female ghoul”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَسْعِل

Form X: اِسْتَسْعَلَ (istasʕala, “be wanton and screaming like a female ghoul”); Active participle

سَاعِل

someone who coughs; throat, respiratory tract

سِعْلاء

ogress, female ghoul; wanton and screaming woman; cantankerous woman, fury, shrew; cunning person, trickster, mischief-maker

مَسْعِل

throat, respiratory tract; location of a cough


ج ف و

جَفْو

Form I: جَفَا (jafā, “to be rough, coarse; to treat harshly, roughly; to turn away from, shun, flee, avoid”); Verbal noun

جَافٍ

Form I: جَفَا (jafā, “to be rough, coarse; to treat harshly, roughly; to turn away from, shun, flee, avoid”); Active participle

مُجَفٍّ

Form II: جَفَّى (jaffā); Active participle

مُجَافَاة

Form III: جَافَى (jāfā, “to treat harshly, rudely, or roughly; to be cruel; to be angry; to flee, elude; to offend”); Verbal noun

مُجَافٍ

Form III: جَافَى (jāfā, “to treat harshly, rudely, or roughly; to be cruel; to be angry; to flee, elude; to offend”); Active participle

مُجْفٍ

Form IV: أَجْفَى (ʔajfā); Active participle

تَجَافٍ

Form VI: تَجَافَى (tajāfā, “to shun, avoid, withdraw from; to have an aversion, loathe; to display rude manners”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَافٍ

Form VI: تَجَافَى (tajāfā, “to shun, avoid, withdraw from; to have an aversion, loathe; to display rude manners”); Active participle

اِجْتِفَاء

Form VIII: اِجْتَفَى (ijtafā); Verbal noun

مُجْتَفٍ

Form VIII: اِجْتَفَى (ijtafā); Active participle

اِسْتِجْفَاء

Form X: اِسْتَجْفَى (istajfā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجْفٍ

Form X: اِسْتَجْفَى (istajfā); Active participle

جَفْوة

roughness; estrangement, alienation; quarrel, disagreement, dissention

جَفَاء

roughness, harshness; sternness; antipathy, distaste, aversion, loathing; estrangement, alienation