a-

*aw-anṯu (“that man”) (nominal), *awan- (oblique)

South Dravidian:

South Dravidian I: *avan

Kannada: ಅವನು (avanu)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: அவன் (avaṉ)

Malayalam: അവൻ (avaṉ)

Aranadan: അവാനു

South Dravidian II:

Telugu: వాడు (vāḍu)

Kolami: अवन्द् (avand)

*aw-aḷ (“that woman”)

South Dravidian:

Kannada: ಅವಳು (avaḷu)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: அவள் (avaḷ)

Malayalam: അവൾ (avaḷ)

*a-tu (“that woman or that thing”)

South Dravidian:

South-Central:

Kolami: अद् (ad)

Telugu: అది (adi)

Tamil-Kannada:

Kannada: ಅದು (adu)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: அது (atu)

Malayalam: അത് (atŭ)

*aw-ar (“those persons”)

South Dravidian:

Tulu: ಆವಾಕುಳು (āvākuḷu)

Kannada: ಅವರು (avaru)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: அவர் (avar)

Malayalam: അവർ (avaṟ)

*aw-ay (“those (non-men humans or non-humans)”)

South Dravidian:

Kolami: अदव् (adav)

Telugu: అవి (avi)

Kannada: ಅವು (avu)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: அவை (avai)

Malayalam: അവ (ava)

*a-nṯu (“then”)

South Dravidian:

Kannada: ಅಂದು (andu)

Toda: அத் (aḏ)

Tamil-Malayalam: *anṯu

Tamil: அன்று (aṉṟu)

Malayalam: അന്ന് (annŭ)

Unsorted formations:

desc

Tamil: அப்படி (appaṭi), அங்கு (aṅku), அங்கே (aṅkē), அங்கண் (aṅkaṇ), அங்ஙனம் (aṅṅaṉam), அப்பொழுது (appoḻutu), அவ்விடம் (avviṭam)

Malayalam: അങ്ങനെ (aṅṅane), അവിടെ (aviṭe), അവിടം (aviṭaṁ), അദ്ദേഹം (addēhaṁ), അങ്ങ് (aṅṅŭ), അപ്പോൾ (appōḷ), അപ്പുറം (appuṟaṁ), അത്തരം (attaraṁ)


ऋ

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmi, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

cog

to obtain, gain, acquire, reach, meet with

to move, excite, raise (as voice, words, etc.)

to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in

to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place

to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver


इ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hay-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hay-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-. Cognate with Ancient Greek εἶμι (eîmi, “I go”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀍𐀳 (i-jo-te), Old Persian 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 (aitiy, “goes”), Luwian 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/, “goes”), Hittite 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/, “goes”), Old Church Slavonic ити (iti), Lithuanian eiti, and Latin eo, iter whence English itinerary.

अधी

to turn the mind towards, to mind, know by heart, go over

ए

come near, approach; reach, attain; submit

प्रे

come forth, appear; begin; proceed, advance; go forwards; go out


moo

Cognates include Minica Huitoto moo and Nüpode Huitoto moo.

Classifier (linguistics)
Root (linguistics)


huk

→ Classical Quechua: huk

→ Quechua: huk


da

Cognates include Minica Huitoto da and Nüpode Huitoto da.


pent-

*pént-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *finþaną (“to find”) (see there for further descendants)

*pónt-oh₁-s (“path, road”) (see there for further descendants)

*pn̥t-tós

Proto-Germanic: *funsaz

*pōntH- (probably spurious)

Celtic:

Old Irish: áitt (“place”)

Irish: áit

Scottish Gaelic: àite

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *fanþijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *fanþijō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fandōną (see there for further descendants)


fee

Cognates include Minica Huitoto fee and Nüpode Huitoto pee.


raha

Unknown, probably from borrowed from Prakrit rāya-, rāā, from Sanskrit राजन् (rājan, “sovereign, prince”). Doublet of daha and rāja.


an-

Unsorted formations:

Northern Yukaghir: аруу (aruu)

Northern Yukaghir: анньаай (anņaaj)

Northern Yukaghir: анньэй (anņej)

Northern Yukaghir: анньэрим (anņerim)

Northern Yukaghir: антадьий (antad̦ij)

Northern Yukaghir: антэч (anteț)

desc

Northern Yukaghir: аруунмөрийэ (aruunmörije)

аруудэврэсчэ

Northern Yukaghir: аруудэврэсчэ (aruudewresțe)

Northern Yukaghir: антидьаай (antid̦aaj)

Southern Yukaghir: ажуу (ažū)


가

Root of 가하다 (gahada). Rarely used alone.

the hanja entry at 加 for Sino-Korean compounds of 가


moi

Cognates include Minica Huitoto moi and Nüpode Huitoto moi.


वच्

From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognates include Middle Dutch gewāgen (“to speak”), Latin vōx (“voice”), Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps, “voice”) and Persian آواز (âvâz, “voice”).

c. 300 CE, Harivaṃśa

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa

3 ආක්රොශන්මාමවොචන්මාම ජයන්මාමහාපයත්
අත්ර යෙ උපනහ්යන්තෙ වෛරං තෙෂාං න ශාම්යති

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

They abused me, they reviled me, they defeated me and plundered me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Atra ye upanahyante vairaṃ teṣāṃ na śāmyati.


वद्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH- (“to utter, to call”), and cognate with Proto-Hellenic *awéidō (“to sing”) (per Calvert Watkins), whence Ancient Greek ἀείδω (aeídō, “to chant, praise”), as well as with αὐδή (audḗ, “voice; speech”), Proto-Slavic *vaditi (whence Polish wadzić (“to encumber”)), Lithuanian vadìnti, and Hittite [script needed] (watarnahh-, “to inform, report”).


स्निह्

head

स्निह् • (snih)

sa-root

स्निह् • (snih)

From Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”). The meaning of "to love, be attached" may have evolved from a secondary slang meaning of snow: "to stick, remain", referring to the nature of snow, as well as "whitish bodily fluids which are compared to snow, notably snot and spit", to stick to itself. Another example in this context is semen.
This offers two senses of development:
* as a simile of companionship, love: "sticking with someone"
* as a euphemism for the act of making love, involving body fluids: "sticky like snow"

der

to be adhesive or sticky or glutinous or viscid or moist, to be adherent, to cling

to be attached to or fond of, feel affection for, love


तरंग

→ Hindi: तरंग (taraṅg)

→ Malayalam: തരംഗം (taraṅgaṁ)

→ Marathi: taraṅga

Devanagari script: तरंग

Modi script: 𑘝𑘨𑘽𑘐

→ Tamil: தரங்கம் (taraṅkam)

→ Telugu: తరంగము (taraṅgamu)

/t̪ɐˈɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/

Probably derived from तॄ (tṝ, “to pass”).

(nominal verb) to move like a billow, wave about, move restlessly to and fro


설

Root of 설(說)하다 (seolhada, “to preach”). Rarely used alone.


jo

Cognates include Minica Huitoto jo and Nüpode Huitoto jo.


गण्

Derived from Prakrit. Mayrhofer and Turner both reconstruct an original -ṛ- vowel to account for the variance of this root's -a- for -i- and -u- in the descendants.
Beyond this, the derivation is unclear. Turner connects it to Sanskrit गृणाति (gṛṇāti, “calls out, invokes”), from गॄ (gṝ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise, greet”). Mayrhofer connects it to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to assemble, gather together”), whence also ग्राम (grāma). If so, cognates include Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γών (agṓn) and ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́), and Latin grex.


तुष्

head

तुष् • (tuṣ)

sa-root

तुष् • (tuṣ)

Punjabi: ਤੁਸ (tus, “sate”)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tus-, zero-grade of *tews- (“to be happy”).

inh+

to like (with inst.), become calm, be satisfied or pleased with anyone or anything

अपि मम काव्येन तुष्यसि


범

Root of 범하다 (beomhada, “to violate; to commit (a wrong)”). Rarely used alone.


विन्द्

head

विन्द् • (vind)

sa-root

विन्द् • (vind)

Extracted from विन्दति (vindati), originally a nasal-infix present of Proto-Indo-European *weyd-, but reinterpreted in Sanskrit as a root containing the nasal consonant. Doublet of विद् (vid).


길

Root of 길(吉)하다 (gilhada, “to be auspicious”). Rarely used alone.

the hanja entry at 吉 for Sino-Korean compounds of 길


wer-

*wōr-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei

Latgalian: vōreit

Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)

Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)

*werH-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús

Lithuanian: varùs

Proto-Slavic: *varъ (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥H-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei

Latvian: vir̂t

Lithuanian: vìrti

Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)

q

*worno- (presumably originally an adjective “black”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)

Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)

→ Old Armenian: վառեմ (vaṙem) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei

Lithuanian: vírti, vérdu (“to cook”)


wer-

*wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti

Sanskrit: वृणोति (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)

*wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós

Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard, keeper”) (see there for further descendants)

*wer-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *werēōr

Latin: vereor

Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch, to protect”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō

Ancient Greek: ὁράω (horáō, “see”)

Proto-Hellenic: *worā

Ancient Greek: ὤρα (ṓra, “care, concern”)

*wor-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *woros

Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras

Sanskrit: वार (vā́ra, “obstacle, cover, gate”)

*wor-yo-s

Proto-Germanic: *warjaz

Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal, denial; warning?”)

⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse, deny”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vërej (“look, observe”)

Proto-Celtic: *werati

desctree

Old Irish: feraid (“to grant, provide”)
Middle Irish: feraid
Irish: fear (“to grant”)

Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras

Sanskrit: वर (vára)

to notice, heed, be aware (of), be wary (of)


wer-

*wer-n-

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)

*wer-wer-

Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah

q

Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)

Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)

Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)

*we-wer-

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-

East Baltic:

Latvian: vāvere

Lithuanian: vaiverìs (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, voverìs (dialectal), vėverìs (dialectal)

Samogitian: vuoverie

West Baltic:

Old Prussian: weware

Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wiweros

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨwer

Breton: gwiñver

Welsh: gwiwer

Old Irish: íaru

Irish: iora

Italic:

Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)


मी

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to lessen, small, little”). Cognate with Lithuanian menkas (“negligible”), Russian меньше (menʹše, “less”); Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone”) whence English mono-; Latin minuō whence English minute, diminish, etc.; Latin minus, minor, minimum.


त्विष्

head

त्विष् • (tviṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *twayṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *twayš-, from Proto-Indo-European *tweys- (“to shake”).


puma

→ Classical Quechua: puma

→ Quechua: puma (see there for further descendants)

Puma concolor
Puma concolor#Translingual


ui

Cognates include Minica Huitoto ui and Nüpode Huitoto ui.


limun

Borrowed from Javanese ꦭꦶꦩꦸꦤ꧀ (limun, “fog”).


दो

Alternative form of दा (dā, “to divide, mow”)


ame

Cognates include Minica Huitoto ame and Nüpode Huitoto ame.


रुह्

head

रुह् • (ruh)

sa-root

रुह् • (ruh)

From earlier रुध् (rudh), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Change of -ध् (-dh) to -ह् (-h) probably to avoid homonymy with रुध् (rudh, “to obstruct”).


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *diHw- ~ *dyuH- (“to endeavour”), see further दीव् (dīv).


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dyew-, see further द्यु (dyu).


beya

Cognates include Minica Huitoto beya and Nüpode Huitoto beya.


per-

*pér-i (locative)

Proto-Albanian: *per(i)

Albanian: për

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per

Lithuanian: per, per-, par-

Latvian: par, par-

Old Prussian: per

Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári

Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pári

desctree

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
→ Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: ber (“in front”)

Central Kurdish: بەر (ber, “in front”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: per (see there for further descendants)

*per-nóy

Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)

*pér-o-

Proto-Anatolian: *péro-

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára

Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pára

? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram

→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)

⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))

*por-so-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: porrō

*pr̥-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)

Proto-Italic: *por-

Latin: por-

*pr-és

Proto-Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)

*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti

Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims

Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs

Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ

Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)

Czech: proti

Polish: przeciw

Macedonian: против (protiv)

Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)

Russian: про́тив (prótiv)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: про̏тив

Latin script: prȍtiv

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti

Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pati-

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)

⇒ *pr-e-ti-om

Proto-Italic: *pretjom

Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)

*pr-éy (dative)

*pr-ey-wo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīvus

*pr-i-is

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs

Gaulish: ris

Old Irish: ré

Irish: roimh

Scottish Gaelic: ro

*pr-i-is-ḱo-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīscus

*pr-i-is-m̥mos

Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)
Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-n-

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)

*pr-is-to-

Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)

*pr-i-yōs

desctree

Proto-Italic: *priōs
Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)

*pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)

*pr̥H-e/o-s

Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a

Albanian: përpara

Albanian: para

*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)

*pŕ̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)

*pr̥-tero-

Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz

Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)

*pr-u-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pre


per-

*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō

desc

Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)

*por-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)

? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati

Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)

*por-ti (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: pere

*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *portāō
Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust

Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō

Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)

*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)

*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s

*por-dʰmo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)

*pōr-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)

*pór-mo-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas

Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)

*por-os

Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás

Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)

Proto-Italic: *portā
Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)

*por-ti-s

Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)

desc

Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)

Proto-Albanian: *priś

Albanian: prish

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)


per-

Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa

Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior

Proto-Italic:

Latin: perītus

desctree

Proto-Italic: *perītlom
Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)


per-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)

Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē

Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
Greek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)
⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)

Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)

Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)

? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)


*h₁és-ti ~ *h₁s-énti (root present)

*h₁s-ónt-s (active participle)

*h₁s-tó-s (passive participle)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ?ἐτός (etós), ?ἐτεός (eteós), ?ἔτυμος (étumos)

(perhaps) *h₁su-

(perhaps) *h₁s-dʰló-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθλός (esthlós)


strew-

*stréw-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Italic: *strowō

Latin: struō

*strow-éye-ti (causative)

*strow-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *strawą

Unsorted formations:

(perhaps) Italic: *endo-struwo-

Latin: industrius

Proto-Italic: *struwi-k-elā

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌇𐌜𐌋𐌀 (struhçla), 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌜𐌋𐌀 (struçla), struśla, strusla (acc.sg.), 𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌇𐌜𐌋𐌀𐌔 (struhçlas, “kind of sacrificial cake”, gen.sg.)

Extended form of *sterh₃- (“to spread, stretch out”).

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*strew-

Italic:

Latin: strāgēs

Latin: strāgulus

*str̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *str̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *str̥náHti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sternō

Latin: sternō

*str̥h₃-néw-ti ~ *str̥h₃-n̥w-énti (nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *stórnūmi

Ancient Greek: στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi)

*stérh₃-mn̥ ~ *str̥h₃-mén-s (“that which is strewn/spread; bedding”)

⇒ *str̥h₃-m̥n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *strōmnā́

Ancient Greek: στρωμνή (strōmnḗ)

Proto-Hellenic: *strṓmə

Ancient Greek: στρῶμα (strôma) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stárHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stárHma

Sanskrit: स्तरिमन् (starimán)

Proto-Italic: *strāmən

Latin: strāmen

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torus, storea (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *śt(a)rē-

Albanian: shtroj

Proto-Albanian: *strinja

Albanian: shtrij

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *stornà (“side; land”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *sterti (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *prosterti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *starnati (“to strew, broaden”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέρνον (stérnon)

Ancient Greek: στορέννῡμι (storénnūmi), στρώννῡμι (strṓnnūmi) (byforms of στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi))

>? Proto-Italic:

Latin: stirps


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*h₂wés-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₂wés-ti ~ *h₂us-énti (athematic root present)

Hittite: 𒄷𒅖𒍣 (ḫuišzi, “to live”)

*h₂(w)e-h₂wós-e ~ *h₂(w)e-h₂us-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *was (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HuHā́sa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HuHā́sa

Sanskrit: उवास (uvā́sa)

Proto-Nuristani: *wā́sati

Northern Nuristani:

Kamkata-viri:

Kamviri: vos-

Kativiri: vos-

*h₂í-h₂ews-e-ti (post-PIE reduplicated present with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Hellenic: *iauhō

Ancient Greek: ἰαύω (iaúō)

Proto-Celtic: *woseti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: wäs- (“to stay, to wait”)

*h₂wés-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“essence, nature”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वस्ति (vasti)

(perhaps) *h₂wós-tu

Unsorted formations

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *a)uaϑā

Albanian: vathë

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄷𒍑 (ḫu-uš)

Luwian:

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: [Anatolian Hieroglyphs needed] (hwisar, “game, wild beasts”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ագանիմ (aganim, “to spend the night”), գոյ (goy, “being, existence; God”), գոմ (gom, “to exist”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄεσα (áesa, “to pass the night”)

Proto-Italic: *Westā

Latin: Vesta

Indo-Iranian

Sanskrit: वस्तु (vastu, “essence, substance, truth”) (relationship to *weh₁ unclear)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*dʰéh₁-t ~ *dʰh₁ént (athematic root aorist)

*dʰé-dʰoh₁-t-i (athematic reduplicated present)

⇒ *ḱred-dʰé-dʰoh₁-ti (“to place trust in, believe”) (+ *ḱḗr (“heart”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀla

Proto-Slavic: *dě̀lo (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-mn̥ ~ *dʰh₁-mén-s

*dʰéh₁-s ~ *dʰh₁-s-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰaHtā́ (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁-t-i-s ~ *dʰh₁-t-éy-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *datlā (“assembly”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tetʰmós

Ancient Greek: θεσμός (thesmós), τεθμός (tethmós)

Greek: θεσμός (thesmós)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰetós

desctree

Ancient Greek: θετός (thetós)
→ Greek: θετός (thetós) (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰHtás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-datos

Latin: -ditus (abditus, conditus, etc.) (see there for further descendants))

desc

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌕𐌞𐌔𐌄𐌕 (prúftúset, n.pl.perf.pass.part.), 𐌐𐌓𐌞𐌚𐌕𐌀𐌔 (prúftas, f.pl.perf.pass.part.)

*-dʰh₁-e (perhaps)

*uds-dʰh₁-o-s (+ *uds- (“out”))

Proto-Germanic: *uzdaz (see there for further descendants)

*swe-dʰh₁-sḱ-é-t-i (sḱe-present) (+ *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Italic: *sweskō

Latin: suēscō (see there for further descendants)

*swé-dʰh₁-eh₂ (+ *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Hellenic: *hwétʰō

Ancient Greek: ἔθω (éthō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swádʰaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swádʰaH

Sanskrit: स्वधा (svadhā́), स्वधा (svádhā)

Proto-Italic: *swoldēō or *sweðēō

Latin: soleō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰh₁k-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *fakjō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéh₁k-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *-θaks > *-faks
Latin: -fex

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰḗkā

Ancient Greek: θήκη (thḗkē) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θεμείλια (themeília) (metrical lengthening of θεμέλιος (themélios))

desctree

Proto-Italic: *famelos
Latin: famulus, famelus (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
Oscan: famel
Paelignian: famel

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fameljā
Latin: familia (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
Oscan: famelo
Umbrian: 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌛𐌉𐌀𐌔 (fameřias, nom. pl.)

*dʰéh₁t-s ~ *dʰh₁t-és

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θής (thḗs)

Proto-Italic: *-dōts

⇒ Latin: (sacer)dōs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դնեմ (dnem)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Proto-Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀳𐀣 (te-qa /Tʰēgʷā/)

Ancient Greek: Θῆβαι (Thêbai)

Ancient Greek: θέμα (théma) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: θέμις (thémis), Θέμις (Thémis) (see there for further descendants)

Ancient Greek: Θησεύς (Thēseús) (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: δακετ (daket)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *teke- (see there for further descendants)


bʰuH-

*bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)

q

*bʰéwH-eti (full-grade root present) (these are analogical according to some sources)

Proto-Germanic: *beuną (suppletive) (< athematic *bʰéwH-ti) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwHati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwHati

Sanskrit: भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *báwati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaⁱti)

Zazaki: beno, bena, benê

Northern Kurdish: bûn

Persian: بودن (budan)

*bʰuH-yé-ti (ye-present)

*bʰowH-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāwˀitei?

Lithuanian: bùvintis

Proto-Slavic: *baviti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāwáyati

Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāváyati)

*bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa

Sanskrit: बभूव (babhū́va)

*bʰúH-tis

Proto-Albanian: *bwātā

Albanian: botë

Balto-Slavic:

desc

Proto-Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”) (abstract denominal of *byti) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠ́σῐς (phúsis), φῠ́στῐς (phústis)

→? Albanian: fis

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHtiṣ

Sanskrit: भूति (bhū́ti, bhūtí)

*bʰuH-ti-ḱos

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φυσικός (phusikós), φυτικός (phutikós)

*bʰúH-tus

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bū́tu

Old Prussian: būton, boūton

Proto-Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”) (denominal from the supine of *byti)

*bʰúH-m-i-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHmiš (see there for further descendants)

*bʰúH-mn̥

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῦμᾰ (phûma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHma

Sanskrit: भूमन् (bhū́man)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)

*bʰuH-tós

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)

Proto-Slavic: *byto (“being”)

Proto-Celtic: *butā

Brythonic:

Old Breton: Bot-

Breton: bod

Cornish: bod

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

Goidelic:

Old Irish: both

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phutós), φῠτόν (phutón)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰuH-lom

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φῦλον (phûlon), φῡλή (phūlḗ)

*bʰuH-s

Italic:

Latin (pro)bus, (super)bus, (trī)bus

*bʰúH-tlom

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon

Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phútlā), φῠ́τλη (phútlē); φῠ́τλον (phútlon)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla

Proto-Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)

*bʰuH-ros

Proto-Germanic: *būraz (see there for further descendants)

*pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ

Sanskrit: प्रभु (prabhú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *proβos

Latin: probus (see there for further descendants)

*swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: atsvabinât, svabads

Proto-Slavic: *svoboda, *sveboda (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: Samnium, Sabīnī, Sabellī, Semnōnes

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *būmā

Albanian: bimë

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: bëhem

Proto-Albanian: *bāl-

⇒ Albanian: abolla

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բոյս (boys), բոյլ (boyl), բոյն (boyn), բլիթ (blitʻ), բոյթ (boytʻ), բայ (bay), (possibly) բաւիղ (bawił) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bautaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *bōþō (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *buskaz (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: -bō (ending of future), -bam (ending of imperfect), -bundus (as in moribundus)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Oleg Trubachyov


*h₂ṓp-s ~ *h₂ép-s f (root noun)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hā́ps (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āp (“water, river”)

Tocharian A: āp

Tocharian B: āp

*h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés

Proto-Anatolian: [Term?] (“river”)

Hittite: 𒄩𒉺𒀸 (ḫa-pa-aš, “river”, nom.sg.)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀀𒉿 (ha-a-pi /hāpi-, hāpa-/), 𒄩𒀀𒉿𒅔𒉌 (ha-a-pi-in-ni /hāpinna, hāpinni, habinni/)

Lycian: 𐊜𐊂𐊀 (χba), 𐊜𐊂𐊀𐊆 (χbai, “to irrigate”)

Palaic: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-a-ap-na-aš /hāpna-/)

Proto-Celtic: *abū (“river”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *apô (“water sprite” → “ape, monkey”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂ph₃n-éh₂

Proto-Albanian: *abnā

Albanian: amë (“spring, source of spring”)

⇒ *h₂ph₃n-í-s

Italic:

Latin: amnis

Lusitanian: abnis

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւառի (hawaṙi)

Italic:

Oscan: 𐌀𐌀𐌐𐌀 (aapa)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: upe (“brook, river”)

Lithuanian: ùpė (“brook, river”)

Old Prussian: ape (< *apiā̃)

Old Prussian: apus (“spring”)

>? Proto-Slavic: *vapa

Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)


*h₂ép-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒍣 (ḫa-ap-zi /ḫaptsi/, “to join, attach”) (stem ḫapp-)

*h₂ép-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *apō

Latin: apō

Proto-Italic: *api-

⇒ Latin: apīscor (“to seize, get, obtain”)

noncog

Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /ʔéptsi/, “seizes”)

Latin co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”)

*h₂op-éye-ti (“to make reach; to give”, causative)

>? Proto-Albanian: *apa (“to give”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāpáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāpáyati

Sanskrit: आपयति (āpayati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāpáyati

Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (apaiieⁱti)

*h₂ep-t- (progressive present)

Proto-Hellenic: *áptō

Ancient Greek: ἅπτω (háptō)

⇒ ἁφή (haphḗ, “grip; (sense of) touch”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂(é)p-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *apjō

Latin: apiō

Proto-Hellenic: *ápmə

desc

Ancient Greek: ἅμμα (hámma, “knot, chain”)

>? *h₂ép-os ~ *h₂ép-es-os (“joint; limb, member”, s-stem), *h₂ép-s-os

Proto-Anatolian:

⇒ Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒌍𒊬 (ḫa-ap-pé-eš-šar /ḫappeššar/, “limb, joint, part of the body”)

Luwian: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒅖𒊭 (ḫa-ap-pí-iš-ša, “limb, member”)

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

>? Old Armenian: ափ (apʻ, “palm (of the hand); handful”)
Armenian: ափ (apʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *ápsos

desc

Ancient Greek: ἄψος (ápsos), ἅψος (hápsos, “joint; (pl.) limbs”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápsas (“protruding part of the body”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápsas

Sanskrit: अप्सस् (apsas, “front protrusion of the body: breast, face, forehead, tusk”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hápsas

Ossetian: ӕфцӕг (æfcæg, “protruding part, neck”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: āpsā (“minor limbs”)

Proto-Hellenic: *aptós

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἄ-απτος (á-aptos, “untouched”)

Proto-Italic: *aptos

Latin: aptus (“connected, fitting, fit, suitable”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: հափափեմ (hapʻapʻem, “to kidnap”)

Armenian: հափափել (hapʻapʻel)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬁𐬟𐬆𐬥𐬙𐬈 (āfənte)

Proto-Italic: *apeks

>? Latin: apex (see there for further descendants)


*stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)

*st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

*ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Albanian: *stānja

Albanian: shtoj

*sth₂-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (thematic eh₁-stative)

Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)

*stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic: *stātlā

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: seuzl

Breton: seul

Cornish: seudhel, sul

Middle Welsh: saudel, sodlau

Welsh: sawdl

Old Irish: sál

Proto-Italic: *staðlom

Latin: stabulum (see there for further descendants)

𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕

Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕 (staflatasset), σταβαλανο (stabalano)

Umbrian: staflarem, staflare, 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌉 (stafli)

Proto-Germanic: *stallaz

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stadla

Proto-Slavic: *stadlo

Polish: stadło

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas

Lithuanian: stógas

Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálam

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*stel-</i>

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthala, “firm ground, foundation”) (or from *stel-)

*stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s

Proto-Italic: *stāmos

Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei

*stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō

Lithuanian: stuomuõ

Latvian: stāmen

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas

Lithuanian: stúomas

Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks

Ancient Greek: στώμιξ (stṓmix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *stara

Albanian: stër- (“large”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras

Lithuanian: stóras

Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás

desc

Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *stHráh

Ossetian: стыр (styr)

Pashto: ستر

*stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s

*stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtus

Proto-Slavic: *statъ

Proto-Italic: *status

Latin: status (see there for further descendants)

Marsian: state

Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌚 (statíf)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu)

Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər

Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîar), στῆρ (stêr)

⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *stūlā-, *stūlwā-

Albanian: shtyllë (pillar)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: postātwei, postānimai

Proto-Celtic: *stagnos (“tin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stamniz (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Welsh: sefyll

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στάδιος (stádios), στάδιον (stádion) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: westîn (“to be tired”)

Northern Kurdish: westîn (“to be tired”) (>rawestîn/hilwestîn (“to stand”), vewestîn (“to stop”))

Central Kurdish: وەستان (westan, “to stand, wait, stop”)

Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)

Ossetian: стын (styn)

q

augmented with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁e-</i>

Phrygian: εσταες (estaes) (augmented with *h₁e-)

Proto-Tocharian: *stäm-

Tocharian A: ṣtäm-

Tocharian B: stäm-

Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-

>? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s

>? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- + *-tʰmós)

Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)

*stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda

Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)

*sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)

Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)

Extended form *steh₂w-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwēˀtei, *stāˀwā́ˀtei

Latvian: stāvēt

Lithuanian: stovėti

desc

Proto-Slavic: *stavati (“to stand up, to become”) (see there for further descendants)

*steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”)

Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (“to stow”) (see there for further descendants)

*steh₂u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: ստուար (stuar) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *staurós

Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stauros

⇒ Latin: īnstaurō, restaurō (see there for further descendants)

*stoh₂w-ih₂ (collective)

q

Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)

desc

Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōïā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ

Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)

Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)

Proto-Germanic: *stōō

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staHwarás

Sanskrit: स्थावर (sthāvará)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Persian: ستاوند (sotâvand)

Northern Kurdish: sivêrnek, sivande, sibirnek (and other dialectal formations)

Sanskrit: स्था (sthā)

Augment (Indo-European)
Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Osthoff's law
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


ह्री

head

ह्री • (hrī)

sa-root

ह्री • (hrī)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreyH- (“to be ashamed”). Cognate with Old High German grīnan.


논

Root of 논하다 (nonhada, “to discuss”). Rarely used alone.


*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei

desc

Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)

Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)

*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: hungëroj

Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: gùrti

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)

⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)

Extensions

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *grakō

⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)

*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-

>? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)

Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz

Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati

Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).


Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

*h₃éd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdstei (older)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀstei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *odō

Latin: olō, oleō (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éd-ye-ti (ye-present)

desctree

Proto-Hellenic: *óďďō
Ancient Greek: ὄζω (ózō)
Doric Greek: ὄσδω (ósdō)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀδώδειν (odṓdein)

Proto-Albanian: *admā

Albanian: amëz, âmë

Albanian: erë

Proto-Hellenic: *odmā́

Ancient Greek: ὀδμή (odmḗ)

Attic Greek: ὀσμή (osmḗ)

*h₃éd-os ~ *h₃éd-es-os

(perhaps) Armenian:

Old Armenian: հոտ (hot)
Armenian: հոտ (hot)

Proto-Italic: *odōs

Old Latin: odōs

Latin: odor (see there for further descendants)


Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: ատեամ (ateam), ատեմ (atem) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Italic: *ōdai

Latin: ōdī (see there for further descendants)

*h₃od-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *atalaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὠδυσάμην (ōdusámēn), ὀδύσσομαι (odússomai)


(possibly) *h₃d-ónt- (“*biting; tooth”, participle)

(possibly) *h₃ed-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdas

Proto-Baltic: *uodas

Eastern Baltic: *uodas

Latvian: ods

Lithuanian: úodas


kuru

Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)

Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)

Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)

Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)

Japanese: 繰る (kuru)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kunigami: 繰ん (kun)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 繰るり (kururi)
Okinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)
Yoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)
Southern Ryukyuan:
⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)
Yaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)
Kunigami: 苦ーしぇん (-gurūshen, -gurīshen) (only used as a suffix)
Northern Amami Ōshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)
Okinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)
Okinoerabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)
Southern Amami Ōshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)
Tokunoshima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi), 苦ーい (xwëëi)
Yoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: 苦 (guri)
Yaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)
Yonaguni: 苦さん (-'ngurisan) (only used as a suffix)

The core underlying meaning seems to be spin; turn around and around, as in Japanese adverb くるるに (kururu ni) and related vowel-shifted root *koro and derivations such as Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”) and 転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”).
The derived sense of go mad (verb) and painful (adjective) arose from the way that someone suffering from convulsions would often turn around and around.


송구

송구하다 송구하다#Korean

Root of 송구하다 (songguhada). Rarely used alone.


대

Sino-Korean word from 對, from the Middle Korean reading ᄃᆡ〯 (Yale: tǒy).

Root of 대하다 (daehada, “to face; to be about”). Rarely used alone.


ki-

Unsorted formations:

Northern Yukaghir: кийуонь (kijuoņ)

desc

Northern Yukaghir: кийуодьэҥ (kijuod̦eŋ)

Northern Yukaghir: киилэ (kiile)

Chuvan: куенъ (kujen)

>? Omok: ткитъ (tkit)

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *kakta.


참치

[t͡ɕʰa̠mt͡ɕʰi]

참치하다 참치하다#Korean

Root of 참치하다 (chamchihada, “to be uneven, to be irregular”). Rarely used alone.


wan-

*wanáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wanáwti

Sanskrit: वनोति (vanóti)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wan-

Sanskrit: वन् (van)

Proto-Iranian: *wan-

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬥 (van)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wʾnytn' (wānīdan)

→ Old Armenian: վանեմ (vanem)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-, *wen-. Cognate with English win, Old Armenian գուն (gun).


i-

*i-vanṯu (“this man”)

South-Central:

Telugu: వీఁడు (vīn̆ḍu), Telugu: వీడు (vīḍu)

South Dravidian:

Kannada: ಇವನು (ivanu)

Tamil-Malayalam

Tamil: இவன் (ivaṉ)

Malayalam: ഇവൻ (ivaṉ)

Pengo: इवन (ivan)

*i-vaḷ (“this woman”)

South Dravidian:

Kannada: ಇವಳು (ivaḷu)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: இவள் (ivaḷ)

Malayalam: ഇവൾ (ivaḷ)

*i-tu (“this”)

South-Central:

Telugu: ఇది (idi)

South Dravidian:

Kannada: ಇದು (idu)

Tamil-Malayalam: *it

Tamil: இது (itu)

Malayalam: ഇത് (itŭ)

Central Dravidian:

Kolami-Gadba:

Kolami: इद् (id)

Duruwa: इद (id)

Naiki: [script needed] (id)

*i-var (“these persons”)

South-Central:

Telugu: వీరు (vīru)

South Dravidian:

Tulu: ಇಂಬೆರು (imberu)

Kannada: ಇವರು (ivaru)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: இவர் (ivar)

Malayalam: ഇവർ (ivaṟ)

Central Dravidian:

Naiki: [script needed] (īr)

*iw-ay (“these (non-men humans or non-humans)”)

South Dravidian:

Telugu: ఇవి (ivi)

Kannada: ಇವು (ivu)

Tamil-Malayalam:

Tamil: இவை (ivai)

Malayalam: ഇവ (iva)

*i-nṯu (“today, now”)

South Dravidian:

Kannada: ಇಂದು (indu)

Tamil-Malayalam: *inṯu

Tamil: இன்று (iṉṟu)

Malayalam: ഇന്ന് (innŭ)

Unsorted formations:

Malayalam: ഇങ്ങനെ (iṅṅane), ഇവിടെ (iviṭe), ഇവിടം (iviṭaṁ), ഇദ്ദേഹം (iddēhaṁ), ഇങ്ങ് (iṅṅŭ), ഇപ്പോൾ (ippōḷ), ഇപ്പുറം (ippuṟaṁ), ഇത്തരം (ittaraṁ)


new-

*nu

*néw-o-s

*néw-yo-s


new-

Proto-Celtic: *nuweti

Old Irish: ad·noí (from *ati-nuweti)

Middle Irish: as·noí (from *exs-nuweti)

Welsh: adnau (from *ati-nowos), dinau (from *dī-nowos)

Proto-Germanic: *neudaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νεύω (neúō)

Proto-Italic: *nuō

Latin: *nuō (attested only in compounds)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwatay

Sanskrit: नवते (návate)


pugar

Borrowed from Javanese ꦥꦸꦒꦼꦂ (puger). Semantic loan from Dutch herstellingsteken for music sense of natural.


pugar

Borrowed from Minangkabau puga (“to hit”).


el-

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

desctree

⇒ Old Georgian: ელვაჲ (elvay)
Georgian: ელვა (elva)

Zan:

Laz: ო-ვალ-უ (o-val-u)

⇒ Mingrelian: ვალუა (valua)

⇒ Svan: ჰელ (hel)


gare

Cognates include Minica Huitoto gare and Nüpode Huitoto gare.


wara

From Javanese ꦮꦫ (wara, “words”),
* from Old Javanese wiwarana, ultimately from Sanskrit विवरण (vivaraṇa).
* from Old Javanese warah (“communication, information, report, instruction, teaching”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bajaq.


suk

→ Classical Quechua: huk

→ Quechua: huk


संख्या

head

संख्या • (saṃkhyā)

sa-root

संख्या • (saṃkhyā)

/ˈs̪ɐŋ.kʰjɑː/

to reckon or count up, sum up, enumerate, calculate

to appear along with, be connected with, belong to


mame

Cognates include Minica Huitoto mame and Nüpode Huitoto mame.
Perhaps related to Tucano wãme (“name”).


al-

*alte (“side, part, difference”)

Basque: alde

*albo (“side, flank”)

Basque: albo

*albene (“flank of an animal”)

Basque: alme


peḱ-

*péḱ-ti

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέκω (pékō, “to comb”)

*peḱ-te-ti (perhaps by metathesis from *petḱ- < *pe-pḱ- or the same seen in *pléḱ-te-ti)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *fehtaną (“to comb, detangle, struggle”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πεκτέω (pektéō, “to shear”)

Proto-Italic: *pektō

Latin: pectō (“to comb”)

*poḱ-os-

Proto-Germanic: *fahaz (“sheep”)

*poḱ-o-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πόκος (pókos)

*poḱ-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *fahtiz (“fleece”)

Old English: feht

Old Frisian: fecht

Middle Dutch: vacht

Dutch: vacht

*p(e)ḱ-tén-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κτείς (kteís)

Italic:

Latin: pecten

*poḱ-s-om

Proto-Germanic: *fahsą

*poḱ-s-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páćšma (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pešù, pèšti (“to pluck, tear (of hair)”), iterative pašýti (“to brawl”)


peḱ-

peḱ- (canonical)
Homeric Greek (canonical)

*peḱ-u

*péḱ-os ~ *péḱ-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *pékos

Ancient Greek: πέκος (pékos, “fleece, wool”)

Proto-Italic: *pekos

Latin: pecus (“cattle”) (see there for further descendants)


peḱ-

*peḱ- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *fehaną (“to rejoice”)

Old English: gefēon (“to be glad”), fægen (“glad”, past participle)

English: fain

Old High German: gifehan (“to be glad”)

Old Norse: feginn (past participle)

Icelandic: feginn

Faroese: fegin

Norwegian: fegen

*poḱ-éye- (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fagjaną (“to please”)

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fahjan) (in 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullafahjan))

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: púošiu (“adorn”)

Unsorted formations:

Celtic:

Middle Irish: perhaps āil (“pleasant”)

Germanic:

Old Norse: fága (“adorn, polish”)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌸𐍃 (fahēþs, “joy”)


*ǵérh₂-e-ti (root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árati

Sanskrit: जरति (járati)

*ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)

Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (zaᵘrura, “old age”)

Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s

Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)

Proto-Albanian: *grāwā

Albanian: grua (woman, wife)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)

→ Latin: Grāius

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
→ Latin: Graecus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)

*ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s

Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-

Tocharian B: śrāy

*ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHama

Proto-Iranian: *járHama

Middle Persian: (“old age”)

desc

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /zarmān/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /zarmānīh/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /zarmān/)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHama

Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)

Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (zaᵘruuā, “old age”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)

Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /zarw/)

Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /zarw/)

Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /zarw/)

Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ, “old age”)

Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /zarwān/, “old age”)

Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)

→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /zard/, “infirm; old age”)

Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)

Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; oldwoman”)

Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /zirt(a)/)

Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /zirt(a), zert(a)/)

Pashto: زړه (zaŗa, “old”), زوړ (zoŗ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)

Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)

Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)

Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)

Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)

Sanskrit: ज्रयति (jrayati, “to grow old, overpower”)

Sanskrit: जरायु (jarāyu, “decaying; the cast-off skin of a serpent; a perishable covering; afterbirth”)

Proto-Albanian: *grāwā

Albanian: grua

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
Armenian: ծեր (cer)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)


ped-

*péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)

*pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti

desc

Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)

*pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da

Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)

*pod-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati

Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)

*ped-e-ti (innovative root present)

Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)

*pṓd-s (“foot”)

*ped-om (“step”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /pēdan/)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom

(possibly) Old Irish: ed (“space, interval”)

Proto-Germanic: *fetą

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám

Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)

Hindi: पद (pad, “step”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (op)pidum

Proto-Hellenic: *pédā

Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)

*pēd-ó-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ

Latgalian: pāda

Latvian: pēda

Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)

*ped-to-

Proto-Italic: *pessom

Latin: pessum

*ped-yós

Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos

Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)

*ped-yōs

Proto-Italic: *pedjōs

Latin: pēior

*ped-tm̥mo-

Proto-Italic: *pessəmos

Latin: pessimus

*ped-uro-

Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)

q

*ped-tís (or *ped-h₂t-í-s, with -h₂t- from the root *h₂et- (“to go, to wander”))

desc

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fatōną

Proto-Italic:

Latin: expediō

Latin: impediō

Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)


men-

*mn̥-tó (deponent root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अमत (ámata)

Proto-Iranian:

q

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬁 (maṇtā) (with analogical introduction of the full grade root)

*mn̥-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Celtic: *manyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *məňňómai

Ancient Greek: μαίνομαι (maínomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mányatay (see there for further descendants)

*me-mn-eh₂-sḱé-ti (reduplicated thematic sḱe-present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μιμνῄσκω (mimnḗiskō)

*me-món-e ~ *me-mn-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

*mon-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

desc

Latgalian: maneit' (“to notice, to observe, to perceive”)

Lithuanian: manyti (“to deem”)

Latvian: manīt

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mānáyati

Sanskrit: मानयति (mānayati)

Proto-Italic: *moneō (see there for further descendants)

*mn-eh₂-yé-tor (thematic ye-deponent)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μνάομαι (mnáomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mnaHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mnaHyátay

Sanskrit: म्नायते (mnāyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μνήμων (mnḗmōn)

⇒ Ancient Greek: μνημοσύνη (mnēmosúnē)

*mn̥-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *mətós

Ancient Greek: (αὐτό)ματος ((autó)matos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *matás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *matás

Sanskrit: मत (matá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: (com)mentus

*mén-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántram (see there for further descendants)

*mé-mn-os or *me-mn̥-wṓs

Proto-Italic: *memnos

Latin: memor

*mé-mn-ō

>? Proto-Hellenic:

(θρασυ)μέμνων

Ancient Greek: (θρασυ)μέμνων ((thrasu)mémnōn)

*mén-mn̥ ~ *mn̥-mén-s (“understanding”)

Proto-Celtic: *menman (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mánman

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mánman

Sanskrit: मन्मन् (mánman)

*mén-os (“mind”)

*mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”)

*mén-tōr

Proto-Hellenic: *méntōr

Ancient Greek: Μέντωρ (Méntōr)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mántā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mántā

Sanskrit: मन्तृ (mantṛ́)

q

*men-*dʰ- ~ *meh₂-dʰ? (probably neo-root of einzelsprachlich origin, re-analyzed from *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-)

Proto-Germanic: *mundraz (< *mn̥-dʰ-ro-)

Proto-Germanic: *mundōną

Proto-Hellenic: *məntʰánō or *mantʰánō (< *mn̥-n-dʰ- or *mh₂-n-dʰ-) (nasal-infix)

Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō)

Proto-Hellenic: *mətʰḗs or *matʰḗs (< *mn̥-dʰ-ḗs or *mh₂-dʰ-ḗs)

Ancient Greek: (ἀ)μᾰθής ((a)mathḗs)

Proto-Hellenic: *mātʰḗs (< *meh₂-dʰ-ḗs)

Ancient Greek: (προ)μᾱθής ((pro)māthḗs), (προ)μηθής ((pro)mēthḗs)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Μοῦσα (Moûsa) (< *mon-dʰ-ih₂) (perhaps)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madᶻdʰáH (< *mn̥s-dʰh₁-éh₂)

Proto-Italic: *monestrom

Latin: mōnstrum (< *mon-dʰ-tr-o- or *mon-s-tr-o-)?

Unsorted formations

Albanian: mend

Albanian: mên (mind) (Gheg)

Proto-Germanic: *minþijō

Frankish: *minnjo

Old French: mignon

Middle French: mignon

English: minion

Proto-West Germanic: *muntijan (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: मन्तु (mántu, “advisor, arbiter; counsel; mankind; understanding”)

Latin: comminīscor, reminīscor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *man

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *man

Sanskrit: मन् (man)

Proto-Iranian: *man

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man)


men-

*mén-e-ti (root thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *ménō

Ancient Greek: μένω (ménō, “to stay, remain”)

>? *me-món-e (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mamā́na

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mamā́na

Sanskrit: ममन्धि (mamandhi, “wait!”, 2sg.ipv.perf.act.), अममन् (ámaman, “had waited”, 3sg.plqpf.act.), ममन्यात् (mamanyāt, 3sg.opt.perf.act.)

*mí-men-ti ~ *mí-mn̥-nti (i-reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίμνω (mímnō, “to stay, remain”)

>? Proto-Anatolian: (unlikely)

Hittite: 𒈪𒅎𒈠𒄿 (mi-im-ma-i, “to refuse, decline”, 3sg.pres.act.)

*mḗn-s-t ~ *mén-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔμεινα (émeina, “remained”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mānsī (“remained”)

*mon-éye-ti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mānáyati

Proto-Iranian: *mānáyati (see there for further descendants)

*m̥n-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Armenian: *menāye- (or < *mn̥-h₁yé-ti ("essive"))

Old Armenian: մնամ (mnam, 1sg.pres.)

Armenian: մնալ (mnal)

Proto-Italic: *mnēō, *monēō (unexplained -o-)

Latin: maneō (see there for further descendants)

*mn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Armenian: *menāsk̑et

Armenian: մնաց (mnacʻ, 3sg.aor.)

(possibly) Proto-Tocharian: *mäsk- (“to reside, be”)

Tocharian A: mäskatär

Tocharian B: mäsketär

Proto-Hellenic: *monā́

Ancient Greek: μονή (monḗ, “staying, detention”)

*mé-mn-ō

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Μέμνων (Mémnōn)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *an-men- (“patience, forbearance”)

Middle Welsh: anmynedd, amynedd

Old Irish: ainmne


men-

Proto-Italic: *menēō

Latin: (ē)mineō, (im)mineō, (prō)mineō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *menā

Latin: minae

*men-to-

Proto-Italic:

>? Latin: mentula (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *mentom

Latin: mentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *munþaz (see there for further descendants)

*món-tis ~ *mn̥-téy-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*mń̥tis</i>

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mátiš (< *mń̥tis)

Proto-Iranian: *mátiš

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (maⁱti)

Proto-Italic: *monts

Latin: mōns (see there for further descendants)

*mon-i-yo-

Proto-Celtic: *moniyos (“mountain”) (see there for further descendants)

*mōn-i-yo-

Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaz

Old Norse: mœnir (“ridge of a roof”)

*mōn-éye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *mōnijaną

Old Norse: mœna (“to tower”)


men-

*món-wo-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μόνος (mónos, “alone”)

*mén-us ~ mn̥-éws

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *menus
Proto-Brythonic:
⇒ Old Welsh: dimanuo (3sg. pres. subj.)
Middle Welsh: divanw
Welsh: difenwi
Old Irish: menb
Middle Irish: menb
Scottish Gaelic: meanbh

*mn̥(H)u-

Old Armenian: մանր (manr, “little”)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈠𒉌𒅔𒆪𒉿𒀭𒋼𒌍 (maninkuwantes, “short”).

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: meñkas (“negligible”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μανός (manós, “sparse”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *manā́k

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *manā́k

Sanskrit: मनाक् (manā́k, “a little”)

Proto-Tocharian: *menke

Tocharian A: mank

Tocharian B: menki (“lack”)


고

Sino-Korean word from 告 (“to report; to inform”).

ko-etym-sino

Root of 고하다 (gohada, “to report”). Rarely used alone.


bʰer-

*bʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *berja (see there for further descendants)

*bʰor-éye-ti (causative-iterative)

*bʰr̥-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *burjaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰer-H-men

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *bèrmę (“load, burden”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHmā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHmā

Sanskrit: भरीमन् (bhárīman)

bʰereg-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: frigutio (“to chirp”)

Proto-Germanic: *bērō

Proto-Slavic: *berďa (“pregnant”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéretron

desc

Ancient Greek: φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter, frame”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Ancient Greek: φαρέτρᾱ (pharétrā, “quiver”) (from the plural) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárHtram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárHtram

Sanskrit: भरित्र (bharítram-, “arm”)

*bʰér-ist(H)-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéristos

Ancient Greek: φέριστος (phéristos, “strongest-carrying ?”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárištʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bárištah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀 (baⁱrišta, “helping best”, voc.)

*bʰér-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérmə

Ancient Greek: φέρμᾰ (phérma, “fruit of the womb/earth”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárma

Sanskrit: भर्मन् (bhárman)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰernā́

Ancient Greek: φερνή (phernḗ, “dowry”)

*bʰer-no-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: բեռն (beṙn)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: bārns (“child”)

Latvian: bērns (“child”)

Lithuanian: bernas (“young, unmarried man; child; boy; servant”)

Sudovian: barnaj (“children”)

*bʰer-n-yo-m

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérnyom

Ancient Greek: φέρνιον (phérnion, “fish-basket”)

*bʰer-ont-ih₂ ~ *bʰer-ont-y-eh₂

Tocharian:

pregnant 􂀿of a woman􂁀; potent 􂀿of a man􂁀

Tocharian B: preṃtsa (“pregnant [of a woman]; potent [of a man]”)

*bʰér-ti-s (“the act of carrying, bearing”)

*bʰér-tr-o-m

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*bʰer(H)tróm</i>

Proto-Germanic: *berdrą (< *bʰer(H)tróm)

Proto-West Germanic: *berdr

Old English: beordor (“birth”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰértron

desc

Ancient Greek: φέρτρον (phértron, “bier”)

*bʰṓr (“thief”)

Proto-Italic: *for(i)dā

Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)

*bʰor-mo-

Proto-Germanic: *barmaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰormos

(perhaps) Ancient Greek: φορμός (phormós)

Proto-Albanian: *barnā

Albanian: barrë (“pregnancy; foetus, child”)

*bʰor-no-m

Proto-Germanic: *barną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰór-o-s

*bʰor-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰorós

Ancient Greek: φορός (phorós, “bearing, carrying, tending”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰārás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰārás

Sanskrit: भार (bhārá-, “bearing, carrying, bringing; bestowing, granting; burden, load, weight”)

Proto-Iranian: *bāráh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬁𐬭𐬀 (bāra)

Old Median: *-βārə́h

*bʰor-uko-

Proto-Albanian: *báruka

Albanian: bark (“belly, abdomen, womb”)

Messapic:

→? Ancient Greek: βάρυκα (báruka)

Proto-Italic: *fortūnā

Latin: fortūna

Proto-Celtic: *adbertā

Old Irish: ad-opair (“(s)he sacrifices”)

Old Welsh: aperth (“animal sacrifice, offering, prayer”)

Welsh: aberth

Breton: aberzh

Proto-Germanic: *atberaną (see there for further descendants)

Phrygian: αββερετ (abberet)

Proto-Italic: *adfertōr

Umbrian: arsfertur, arsfetur (“priest”)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Albanian: bir (“son”)

Proto-Germanic: *bringaną (probably) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *buriz (“son”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *burþį̄ (see there for further descendants)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: -աւոր (-awor)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ber̃ždžias, ber̃gždžias (“barren (of a cow)”)

Proto-Slavic: *bèrďь (“pregnant”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: φορεύς (phoreús, “bearer”)

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit: भार (bhārá) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: fordus (“pregnant”)

Extended form *bʰr-ew-

(possibly) *bʰrews- (“belly”)

*bʰrews-o-

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *břȗxo, *břȗxъ (“belly”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰrus-on-

Proto-Celtic: *brusū (“belly, abdomen, chest, breast”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Germanic:

*breustą (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

*brusts (“breast, chest”) (see there for further descendants)

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aare

From aa (“up, above”) + -re. Akin to Minica Huitoto are and Nüpode Huitoto are.


멀쩡

[mʌ̹ʎt͡ɕ͈ʌ̹ŋ]

멀쩡하다 멀쩡하다#Korean

Root of 멀쩡하다 (meoljjeonghada). Rarely used alone.


ooi

Cognates include Minica Huitoto oi and Nüpode Huitoto oi.


진지

진지하다 진지하다#Korean

Root of 진지하다 (jinjihada). Rarely used alone.


pali

wali, bali (“ritual requisites; ceremonial clothes; person in-charge of ritual or ceremony; tribute, offering”) + pa-.


pali

wali (“again; once more; to repeat”) + pa-.


puhun

> Javanese: ꦥꦸꦲꦸꦤ꧀ (puhun) (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puqun, from Proto-Austronesian *puqun.


puhun

>? Malay: pohon (see there for further descendants)


즉

Root of 즉하다 (jeukhada, “to be based on (formal)”). Rarely used alone.


פ־ח־ד

head

פ־ח־ד • (p-ḥ-d)


ס־פ־ק

Forming words pertaining to sufficing/enough or to flow and capacity.

Forming words pertaining to doubt and skepticism.


ז־כ־ר

Compare Aramaic ד־כ־ר (d-k-r) and Arabic ذ ك ر (ḏ k r).

Forming words pertaining to memory, remembrance, or commemoration.


ל־ן

ל־ו־ן ל־ו־ן#Hebrew


מ־שׁ־ך

Forming words pertaining to pulling, or continuing.


ז־ה־ר

Forming words pertaining to carefulness, caution, or warning.

Forming words pertaining to glow, light, or shining.


ש־ט־ח

Forming words pertaining to area, to surfaces, to spreading out, or to flatness.


야

Sino-Korean word from 冶 (“(of a woman's look) seductive”).

ko-etym-sino

Root of 야하다 (yahada, “to be lewd, to be NSFW, to be erotic”). Rarely used alone.


ter-

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: trim

Armenian:

Old Armenian: թոռն (tʻoṙn)

Middle Armenian: թարմ (tʻarm)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tarnas

Lithuanian: tar̃nas (“servant”)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τέρυ (téru, “weak, small”), τέρην (térēn, “smooth, gentle”), τεράμων (terámōn, “becoming soft by boiling”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárunas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárunas

Sanskrit: तरुण (táruṇa, “young”), तर्ण (tárṇa, “calf”), तर्णक (tárṇaka, “any young animal”)

Romani: tarno (“young”)

Proto-Iranian: *tárunah

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬥𐬀 (taᵘruna, “the young of humans and animals”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (tarōk, “young”), [script needed] (tōrūk, “young dog”)

Ossetian:

Digor: тӕрин (tærin), тӕрна (tærna)

Iron: тыры́н (tyrýn), тыр (tyr)

Persian: تر (tar, “wet”), توله (tôla, “whelp”), ترانه (tarâna, “a handsome youth”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (trn /tarun/, “tame, gentle”)

Italic:

Latin: (possibly) tardus

Latin: (possibly) tener

Latin: (possibly) termes

Sabine: terenum (“soft”)


za-

desctree

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *za-mt-ar- (“winter”)
Old Georgian: ზამთარი (zamtari)
Georgian: ზამთარი (zamtari)
Zan:
Mingrelian: ზოთონჯი (zotonǯi)

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *za-px-ul- (“summer”)
Old Georgian: ზაფხული (zapxuli)
Georgian: ზაფხული (zapxuli)

⇒? Proto-Kartvelian: *za-max- (“New Year”)
Proto-Georgian-Zan:
Zan:
>? Mingrelian: *ზომხა (*zomxa)
→ Svan: ზომხა (zomxa)
>? Svan: ზა̈ჲმახე (zäymaxe), ზა̈მა̈ხე (zämäxe), ზაჲმახე (zaymaxe), ზა̈ჲმა̈ხე (zäymäxe)

desc

Svan: ზა̈ჲ (zäy, “year”), ზა̈უ̂ (zäû, “this year”), ლჷზა̈ჲ (ləzäy, “of this year”)

The full form is only found in Svan. In Georgian and Zan languages it appears in compounds, such as Proto-Georgian-Zan *za-mt-ar- (“winter”) and Proto-Georgian-Zan *za-px-ul- (“summer”). According to Klimov (1998), Proto-Kartvelian speakers divided the year into two basic seasons.


daha

Unknown, probably from borrowed from Prakrit rāya-, rāā, from Sanskrit राजन् (rājan, “sovereign, prince”). Doublet of raha and rāja.


wrat

> Javanese: ꦮꦿꦠ꧀ (wrat) (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀəqat. Doublet of bot and bwat.


suhun

desc

> Javanese: ꦱꦸꦲꦸꦤ꧀ (suhun), ꦱꦸꦮꦸꦤ꧀ (suwun) (inherited)

* Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *suqun, from Proto-Austronesian *suquN (“carry on head”).
* Semantic loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *cuun (“to desire”) (Doublet of tön). Compare Khmer សុំ, សូម (som, soum, “to ask (for), beg, request, demand; please”).


धी

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰayH- (“to perceive”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (diδāⁱti, “to see”), Old Persian 𐎮𐎮𐎹 (di-di-y /dīdiy/, “see”, 2nd pers sg imperative), Persian دیدن (didan, “to see”).


भू

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to appear, become, be, grow, rise up”). Cognates include Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Avestan 𐬠𐬎 (bu), Latin fui, fīō, Proto-Germanic *buskaz, *beuną, and Old English beon (whence English be).

inh

बिभावयिषति

bibhāvayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

भूमि

situation, place, earth, ground, base, extent; country


आस्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HaHs-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁s-.


भा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-.


त्वच्

head

त्वच् • (tvac)

From Proto-Indo-European *twek- (“shield, skin; to cover”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σάκος (sákos, “shield”), Hittite [script needed] (tuekkaš, “body”).


간단

간단하다 간단하다#Korean

Root of 간단하다/간단히 (gandanhada/gandanhi). Rarely used alone.


स्तृ

head

स्तृ • (stṛ)


dam-

Proto-Berber: *i-damm-ən m pl (“blood”)

Kabyle: idammen

desc

Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ (idammn)

Tarifit: idammen

Proto-Chadic:

Western Chadic:

Maaka: dom (“blood”)

Proto-Cushitic: (possibly)

Oromo: dhiiga

Somali: dhiig

Proto-Semitic: *dam- (“blood”) (see there for further descendants)


श्री

head

श्री • (śrī)

sa-root

श्री • (śrī)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κεράννυμι (keránnumi, “mix, blend”), κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr, “mixing bowl, cup-shaped basin; crater”); English rear.


eto

Cognate with Minica Huitoto eto and Nüpode Huitoto eto.


ऋच्

अर्च् अर्च्#Sanskrit


Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊

Albanian: pashë

*péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti

Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *páHti

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)

Northern Kurdish: pa (as in pavan (“guardian”), panêrr (“warden”))

*péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)

*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)

Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)

Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)

Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-

Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")

Tocharian: paskenträ

*poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)

Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)

desctree

→ Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”)
Finnish: paimen
Ingrian: paimen
Karelian:
North Karelian: paimen
South Karelian: paimen
Livonian: paint
Ludian: paimen
Veps: paimen
Votic: paimõn

Hellenic:

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)

desc

Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ

Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)

Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)

*ph₂tḗr (“father”)

Iranian: *pātew-

Persian پاده (pâda, “flock”)

Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis

Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"

Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)

Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)

Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)

Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"

Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /apadāna/)

Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):

Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)

Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)

Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: पाल (pāla)

*peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras

Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)

Middle Persian: pʾs (pās, “guard, watch”)

Persian: پاس (pâs)

Manichaean Middle Persian: pʾhr (pāhr, “watch-post”)

Persian: پهر (pahr)

→ Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah)

→ Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti

Italic:

Latin: pābulum

Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́

Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)

Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)

*péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā

Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)

Proto-Iranian: *páHtā

Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-

(?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)

Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-

Proto-Iranian: *paH-

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)

Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /pā-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /pādan/)

Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)

Italic:

Latin: panis

Latin: penes, penetrō

Latin: penus, Penātes

Umbrian: puni


पद्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pád-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pád (“to move, go”), from the same ultimate origin as Etymology 1, perhaps with semantic influence from the root underlying पत् (pat, “to fall”).

to go, resort or apply to, participate in, keep, observe


कु

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


हि

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, drive, wound”).

inh

to send forth, impel, urge on, hasten on


ईश्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“ability, possession”). Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬁- (aēšā-, “ability, possessions”), Tocharian B aik- (“to know”) and Proto-Germanic *aiganą (English own), also owe and ought.


خ د ر

إِخْدَار

Form IV: أَخْدَرَ (ʔaḵdara); Verbal noun

تَخَدُّر

Form V: تَخَدَّرَ (taḵaddara); Verbal noun

اِخْتِدَار

Form VIII: اِخْتَدَرَ (iḵtadara); Verbal noun

Form I: خَدِرَ (ḵadira); Active participle

خَادِر

Form I: خَدَرَ (ḵadara); Active participle

مُخَدِّر

Form II: خَدَّرَ (ḵaddara); Active participle

مُخْدِر

Form IV: أَخْدَرَ (ʔaḵdara); Active participle

مُتَخَدِّر

Form V: تَخَدَّرَ (taḵaddara); Active participle

مُخْتَدِر

Form VIII: اِخْتَدَرَ (iḵtadara); Active participle


ن ح ر

نَاحِر

Form I: نَحَرَ (naḥara, “to sacrifice”); Active participle

مُنَاحِر

Form III: نَاحَرَ (nāḥara); Active participle

تَنَاحُر

Form VI: تَنَاحَرَ (tanāḥara); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاحِر

Form VI: تَنَاحَرَ (tanāḥara); Active participle

اِنْتِحَار

Form VIII: اِنْتَحَرَ (intaḥara, “to commit suicide”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَحِر

Form VIII: اِنْتَحَرَ (intaḥara, “to commit suicide”); Active participle


ف ع ل

From Proto-Semitic, cognate to Hebrew פ־ע־ל (p-'-l).

فَعْل

Form I: فَعَلَ (faʕala, “to do”); Verbal noun

فَاعِل

Form I: فَعَلَ (faʕala, “to do”); Active participle

تَفْعِيل

Form II: فَعَّلَ (faʕʕala, “to activate”); Verbal noun

مُفَعِّل

Form II: فَعَّلَ (faʕʕala, “to activate”); Active participle

تَفَاعُل

Form VI: تَفَاعَلَ (tafāʕala, “to interact, to combine (with something), to react”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاعِل

Form VI: تَفَاعَلَ (tafāʕala, “to interact, to combine (with something), to react”); Active participle

اِنْفِعَال

Form VII: اِنْفَعَلَ (infaʕala, “to be influenced, to be moved”); Verbal noun

مُنْفَعِل

Form VII: اِنْفَعَلَ (infaʕala, “to be influenced, to be moved”); Active participle

اِفْتِعَال

Form VIII: اِفْتَعَلَ (iftaʕala, “to concoct, to invent, to create”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَعِل

Form VIII: اِفْتَعَلَ (iftaʕala, “to concoct, to invent, to create”); Active participle

أَفْعَل

فَاعِل (fāʕil)


غ ر ق

Related to sinking, drowning, submersion.

Form I: غَرِقَ (ḡariqa); Active participle

مُغَرِّق

Form II: غَرَّقَ (ḡarraqa); Active participle

إِغْرَاق

Form IV: أَغْرَقَ (ʔaḡraqa); Verbal noun

مُغْرِق

Form IV: أَغْرَقَ (ʔaḡraqa); Active participle

اِسْتِغْرَاق

Form X: اِسْتَغْرَقَ (istaḡraqa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغْرِق

Form X: اِسْتَغْرَقَ (istaḡraqa); Active participle

اِغْرِيرَاق

Form XII: اِغْرَوْرَقَ (iḡrawraqa); Verbal noun

مُغْرَوْرِق

Form XII: اِغْرَوْرَقَ (iḡrawraqa); Active participle


ع ه ر

Related to fornication, adultery, or promiscuity

عَاهِر

Form I: عَهَرَ (ʕahara); Active participle

مُعَاهِر

Form III: عَاهَرَ (ʕāhara); Active participle


ه ب ب

هَابّ

Form I: هَبَّ (habba); Active participle

مُهَبِّب

Form II: هَبَّبَ (habbaba); Active participle

مُهِبّ

Form IV: أَهَبَّ (ʔahabba); Active participle


ك س ر

كَاسِر

Form I: كَسَرَ (kasara); Active participle

مُكَسِّر

Form II: كَسَّرَ (kassara); Active participle

تَكَسُّر

Form V: تَكَسَّرَ (takassara); Verbal noun

مُتَكَسِّر

Form V: تَكَسَّرَ (takassara); Active participle

اِنْكِسَار

Form VII: اِنْكَسَرَ (inkasara); Verbal noun

مُنْكَسِر

Form VII: اِنْكَسَرَ (inkasara); Active participle

جَمْع تَكْسِير

تَكْسِير (taksīr)


ج ي ء

مُجَيِّئ

Form II: جَيَّأَ (jayyaʔa); Active participle

مُجَايِئ

Form III: جَايَأَ (jāyaʔa); Active participle

مُجِيء

Form IV: أَجَاءَ (ʔajāʔa); Active participle


ق و ل

مِقْوَل

phonograph, gramophone; miqwal, tool noun

مُقَوِّل

Form II: قَوَّلَ (qawwala); Active participle

مُقَاوِل

Form III: قَاوَلَ (qāwala); Active participle

تَقَوُّل

Form V: تَقَوَّلَ (taqawwala); Verbal noun

مُتَقَوِّل

Form V: تَقَوَّلَ (taqawwala); Active participle

تَقَاوُل

Form VI: تَقَاوَلَ (taqāwala); Verbal noun

مُتَقَاوِل

Form VI: تَقَاوَلَ (taqāwala); Active participle


ker-

*kor-os

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kãras

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

desctree

Old Persian: 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /kāra/, “people of war, army”)
⇒ Middle Persian: kʾlwʾn' (/kārawān/) (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Middle Persian: [Term?] (/kārazār/, “battle”)
Classical Persian: کارزار (kārzār)

*kor-yos

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: karš

Lithuanian: kãrias

Old Prussian: kargis

Proto-Celtic: *koryos

Old Irish: cuire

Irish: cuire

Welsh: cordd

Proto-Germanic: *harjaz (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kor-yo-nos

Proto-Germanic: *harjanaz

Old Norse: Herjann

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κοίρανος (koíranos)


द्रु

head

द्रु • (dru)

From Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“to run”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎 (drauu, “to run”), and, outside of Indo-Iranian, Latin Dravus (“the Drava river in southern Central Europe”).


ق ت ل

قَتْل

Form I: قَتَلَ (qatala, “to kill”); Verbal noun

قَاتِل

Form I: قَتَلَ (qatala, “to kill”); Active participle

تَقْتِيل

Form II: قَتَّلَ (qattala, “to kill, to massacre, to slaughter”); Verbal noun

مُقَتِّل

Form II: قَتَّلَ (qattala, “to kill, to massacre, to slaughter”); Active participle

قِتَال

Form III: قَاتَلَ (qātala, “to fight”); Verbal noun

مُقَاتِل

Form III: قَاتَلَ (qātala, “to fight”); Active participle

إِقْتَال

Form IV: أَقْتَلَ (ʔaqtala); Verbal noun

مُقْتِل

Form IV: أَقْتَلَ (ʔaqtala); Active participle

تَقَتُّل

Form V: تَقَتَّلَ (taqattala); Verbal noun

مُتَقَتِّل

Form V: تَقَتَّلَ (taqattala); Active participle

تَقَاتُل

Form VI: تَقَاتَلَ (taqātala, “to fight each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَقَاتِل

Form VI: تَقَاتَلَ (taqātala, “to fight each other”); Active participle

اِقْتِتَال

Form VIII: اِقْتَتَلَ (iqtatala, “to fight each other”); Verbal noun

مُقْتَتِل

Form VIII: اِقْتَتَلَ (iqtatala, “to fight each other”); Active participle

اِسْتِقْتَال

Form X: اِسْتَقْتَلَ (istaqtala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْتِل

Form X: اِسْتَقْتَلَ (istaqtala); Active participle


س ف د

Form I: سَفِدَ (safida); Active participle

سَافِد

Form I: سَفَدَ (safada); Active participle

مُسَفِّد

Form II: سَفَّدَ (saffada); Active participle

إِسْفَاد

Form IV: أَسْفَدَ (ʔasfada); Verbal noun

مُسْفِد

Form IV: أَسْفَدَ (ʔasfada); Active participle

تَسَفُّد

Form V: تَسَفَّدَ (tasaffada); Verbal noun

مُتَسَفِّد

Form V: تَسَفَّدَ (tasaffada); Active participle

اِسْتِسْفَاد

Form X: اِسْتَسْفَدَ (istasfada); Verbal noun

مُسْتَسْفِد

Form X: اِسْتَسْفَدَ (istasfada); Active participle


ء ك ل

From Proto-Semitic *ʾakal- (“to eat; food”). Compare Biblical Hebrew א־כ־ל (ʾ-k-l). and Akkadian '-k-l.

أَكِلَة

a female camel which suffers itch from hair on hair or on her fetus; gangrene

أُكَال

the state of a female camel which suffers itch from hair or hair on her fetus; cankering, decay

اِسْتِئْكَال

Form X: اِسْتَأْكَلَ (istaʔkala); Verbal noun

أَكْل

Form I: أَكَلَ (ʔakala, “to eat, to consume, to swallow, to devour”), أَكِلَ (ʔakila, “to eat, to consume, to swallow, to devour”); Verbal noun

تَأْكِيل

Form II: أَكَّلَ (ʔakkala, “to give something to eat, to feed”); Verbal noun

إِيكَال

Form IV: آكَلَ (ʔākala, “to give something to eat, to feed”); Verbal noun

مُؤْكَل

hence, related to eating away from, corrosion, itching and the like

آكِل

Form I: أَكَلَ (ʔakala, “to eat, to consume, to swallow, to devour”), أَكِلَ (ʔakila, “to eat, to consume, to swallow, to devour”); Active participle

مُؤَكِّل

Form II: أَكَّلَ (ʔakkala, “to give something to eat, to feed”); Active participle

مُؤَاكَلَة

Form III: آكَلَ (ʔākala, “to eat together with another, share in another's meal”); Verbal noun

مُؤَاكِل

Form III: آكَلَ (ʔākala, “to eat together with another, share in another's meal”); Active participle

مُؤْكِل

Form IV: آكَلَ (ʔākala, “to give something to eat, to feed”); Active participle

تَأَكُّل

Form V: تَأَكَّلَ (taʔakkala, “to be devoured, to be consumed”); Verbal noun

مُتَأَكِّل

Form V: تَأَكَّلَ (taʔakkala, “to be devoured, to be consumed”); Active participle

تَآكُل

Form VI: تَآكَلَ (taʔākala, “to be devoured, to be consumed”); Verbal noun

مُتَآكِل

Form VI: تَآكَلَ (taʔākala, “to be devoured, to be consumed”); Active participle

مُسْتَأْكِل

Form X: اِسْتَأْكَلَ (istaʔkala); Active participle


ء ك ل

أكل

Form I: أكل (ʔakal, “to eat”); Noun Form

ماكل

Form I: أكل (ʔakal, “to eat”); Active participle


ف ش و

related to diffusing, circulating, spreading out

مُفْشٍ

Form IV: أَفْشَى (ʔafšā); Active participle

مُتَفَشٍّ

Form V: تَفَشَّى (tafaššā); Active participle


ن ه ب

نَاهِب

Form I: نَهَبَ (nahaba); Active participle

إِنْهَاب

Form IV: أَنْهَبَ (ʔanhaba); Verbal noun

مُنْهِب

Form IV: أَنْهَبَ (ʔanhaba); Active participle

اِنْتِهَاب

Form VIII: اِنْتَهَبَ (intahaba); Verbal noun

مُنْتَهِب

Form VIII: اِنْتَهَبَ (intahaba); Active participle


ق ب ض

قَابِض

Form I: قَبَضَ (qabaḍa); Active participle

مُقَبِّض

Form II: قَبَّضَ (qabbaḍa); Active participle

تَقَبُّض

Form V: تَقَبَّضَ (taqabbaḍa); Verbal noun

مُتَقَبِّض

Form V: تَقَبَّضَ (taqabbaḍa); Active participle

اِنْقِبَاض

Form VII: اِنْقَبَضَ (inqabaḍa); Verbal noun

مُنْقَبِض

Form VII: اِنْقَبَضَ (inqabaḍa); Active participle


ر ب ض

رَابِض

Form I: رَبَضَ (rabaḍa); Active participle

مُرَبِّض

Form II: رَبَّضَ (rabbaḍa); Active participle

إِرْبَاض

Form IV: أَرْبَضَ (ʔarbaḍa); Verbal noun

مُرْبِض

Form IV: أَرْبَضَ (ʔarbaḍa); Active participle


ف ر ح

Maybe extended from ف ر ر (f-r-r) meaning “to flee”, wherefore “joy breaking out”; release, breaking out and release from sorrow also being senses of ف ر ج (f-r-j). And the same derivation type in م ر ح (m-r-ḥ) related to joy.

Form I: فَرِحَ (fariḥa); Active participle

مُفَرِّح

Form II: فَرَّحَ (farraḥa); Active participle

إِفْرَاح

Form IV: أَفْرَحَ (ʔafraḥa); Verbal noun

مُفْرِح

Form IV: أَفْرَحَ (ʔafraḥa); Active participle

فَرَحَات

فَرْحَة (farḥa)

أَفْرَاح

فَرَح (faraḥ)


ف ض ح

ar-root

ف ض ح • (f-ḍ-ḥ)

Related to exposure (usually in a negative way)

فَاضِح

Form I: فَضَحَ (faḍaḥa); Active participle

Form I: فَضِحَ (faḍiḥa); Active participle

مُفَضِّح

Form II: فَضَّحَ (faḍḍaḥa); Active participle

اِنْفِضَاح

Form VII: اِنْفَضَحَ (infaḍaḥa); Verbal noun

مُنْفَضِح

Form VII: اِنْفَضَحَ (infaḍaḥa); Active participle

اِفْتِضَاح

Form VIII: اِفْتَضَحَ (iftaḍaḥa); Verbal noun

مُفْتَضِح

Form VIII: اِفْتَضَحَ (iftaḍaḥa); Active participle


ف ر ض

إِفْرَاض

Form IV: أَفْرَضَ (ʔafraḍa); Verbal noun

اِفْتِرَاض

Form VIII: اِفْتَرَضَ (iftaraḍa); Verbal noun

فُرْضَة

crevasse, fissure, gap; the mouth of a body of water, a port, or a small port town, place where one gets to the water

Related to the quality of being mandatory

فَارِض

Form I: فَرَضَ (faraḍa); Active participle

مُفَرِّض

Form II: فَرَّضَ (farraḍa); Active participle

مُفْرِض

Form IV: أَفْرَضَ (ʔafraḍa); Active participle

مُفْتَرِض

Form VIII: اِفْتَرَضَ (iftaraḍa); Active participle


ن ه ق

نَاهِق

Form I: نَهَقَ (nahaqa); Active participle

إِنْهَاق

Form IV: أَنْهَقَ (ʔanhaqa); Verbal noun

مُنْهِق

Form IV: أَنْهَقَ (ʔanhaqa); Active participle


ن ش ل

نَاشِل

Form I: نَشَلَ (našala); Active participle

مُنَشِّل

Form II: نَشَّلَ (naššala); Active participle

اِنْتِشَال

Form VIII: اِنْتَشَلَ (intašala); Verbal noun

مُنْتَشِل

Form VIII: اِنْتَشَلَ (intašala); Active participle


ف ق د

related to missing that which is not found

فَقْد

Form I: فَقَدَ (faqada, “to miss”); Verbal noun

فَاقِد

Form I: فَقَدَ (faqada, “to miss”); Active participle

إِفْقَاد

Form IV: أَفْقَدَ (ʔafqada, “to derive, to let miss”); Verbal noun

مُفْقِد

Form IV: أَفْقَدَ (ʔafqada, “to derive, to let miss”); Active participle

تَفَقُّد

Form V: تَفَقَّدَ (tafaqqada, “to examine”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَقِّد

Form V: تَفَقَّدَ (tafaqqada, “to examine”); Active participle

اِفْتِقَاد

Form VIII: اِفْتَقَدَ (iftaqada, “to examine; to miss”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَقِد

Form VIII: اِفْتَقَدَ (iftaqada, “to examine; to miss”); Active participle


ذ ه ل

See ذ ه ب (ḏ-h-b), especially the meaning “to be forgotten” of ذَهَبَ (ḏahaba).

Related to neglect, daze and forgetfulness

ذَهْل

Form I: ذَهِلَ (ḏahila, “to lose heed of; to arrange oneself with the absence of; to be stunned, to be dazed”); Verbal noun

Form I: ذَهِلَ (ḏahila, “to lose heed of; to arrange oneself with the absence of; to be stunned, to be dazed”); Active participle

ذَهْل

Form I: ذَهَلَ (ḏahala, “to lose heed of”); Verbal noun

ذَاهِل

Form I: ذَهَلَ (ḏahala, “to lose heed of”); Active participle

إِذْهَال

Form IV: أَذْهَلَ (ʔaḏhala, “to make forget, to distract, to stun”); Verbal noun

مُذْهِل

Form IV: أَذْهَلَ (ʔaḏhala, “to make forget, to distract, to stun”); Active participle

اِنْذِهَال

Form VII: اِنْذَهَلَ (inḏahala, “to be stupefied”); Verbal noun

مُنْذَهِل

Form VII: اِنْذَهَلَ (inḏahala, “to be stupefied”); Active participle


ف ض ل

فَاضِل

Form I: فَضَلَ (faḍala); Active participle

مُفَضِّل

Form II: فَضَّلَ (faḍḍala); Active participle

مُفَاضِل

Form III: فَاضَلَ (fāḍala); Active participle

تَفَضُّل

Form V: تَفَضَّلَ (tafaḍḍala); Verbal noun

مُتَفَضِّل

Form V: تَفَضَّلَ (tafaḍḍala); Active participle

تَفَاضُل

Form VI: تَفَاضَلَ (tafāḍala); Verbal noun

مُتَفَاضِل

Form VI: تَفَاضَلَ (tafāḍala); Active participle

اِسْتِفْضَال

Form X: اِسْتَفْضَلَ (istafḍala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَفْضِل

Form X: اِسْتَفْضَلَ (istafḍala); Active participle


ف ش ل

(Modern Standard Arabic) related to failure

فَشَل

Form I: فَشِلَ (fašila, “to fail; to be pusillanimous”); Verbal noun

Form I: فَشِلَ (fašila, “to fail; to be pusillanimous”); Active participle

تَفْشِيل

Form II: فَشَّلَ (faššala, “to put a piece of saddlecloth on; to frustrate, to foil”); Verbal noun

مُفَشِّل

Form II: فَشَّلَ (faššala, “to put a piece of saddlecloth on; to frustrate, to foil”); Active participle

إِفْشَال

Form IV: أَفْشَلَ (ʔafšala, “to frustrate, to foil”); Verbal noun

مُفْشِل

Form IV: أَفْشَلَ (ʔafšala, “to frustrate, to foil”); Active participle

تَفَشُّل

Form V: تَفَشَّلَ (tafaššala, “to be covered with a piece of saddlecloth; to flow; to fail”); Verbal noun

مُتَفَشِّل

Form V: تَفَشَّلَ (tafaššala, “to be covered with a piece of saddlecloth; to flow; to fail”); Active participle

اِفْتِشَال

Form VIII: اِفْتَشَلَ (iftašala, “to be covered with a piece of saddlecloth”); Verbal noun

مُفْتَشِل

Form VIII: اِفْتَشَلَ (iftašala, “to be covered with a piece of saddlecloth”); Active participle


ن ي ك

مُنَايِك

Form III: نَايَكَ (nāyaka); Active participle

تَنَايُك

Form VI: تَنَايَكَ (tanāyaka); Verbal noun

مُتَنَايِك

Form VI: تَنَايَكَ (tanāyaka); Active participle


ذ ه ب

The senses of “going” relate to ذ و ب (ḏ-w-b) / ذَابَ (ḏāba, “to melt away”) and ذ ه ل (ḏ-h-l) / ذَهِلَ (ḏahila, “to become diverted, distracted, absent-minded”) and conversely ذ ه ن (ḏ-h-n) ذَهِنَ (ḏahina, “to have a retentive mind; to understand”) / ذِهْن (ḏihn, “mind”).
For the “gold” senses this can mean that the term references its coruscant appearance, replacing in Central Semitic, Hebrew זָהָב (zāhāḇ), Classical Syriac ܕܗܒܐ (dahbā), Old South Arabian 𐩹𐩠𐩨 (ḏhb), the term for gold found in Biblical Hebrew חָרוּץ (ḥārūṣ), Ugaritic 𐎃𐎗𐎕 (ḫrṣ /ḫurāṣu/), Akkadian 𒆬𒄀 (ḫurāṣum) but not attesting the base verb “to go” later in a language other than Arabic. Another explanation would be a reference to its economic significance from ذُو (ḏū) + و ه ب (w-h-b) / وَهَبَ (wahaba, “to grant, to give”).

إِذْهَاب

Form IV: أَذْهَبَ (ʔaḏhaba); Verbal noun

تَذَهُّب

Form V: تَذَهَّبَ (taḏahhaba); Verbal noun

مَذْهَبَ

مَذْهَب (maḏhab, “sect, doctrine, way”); Form Iq

تَمَذْهَبَ

مَذْهَب (maḏhab, “sect, doctrine, way”); Form IIq

ذَاهِب

Form I: ذَهَبَ (ḏahaba); Active participle

مُذَهِّب

Form II: ذَهَّبَ (ḏahhaba); Active participle

مُذْهِب

Form IV: أَذْهَبَ (ʔaḏhaba); Active participle

مُتَذَهِّب

Form V: تَذَهَّبَ (taḏahhaba); Active participle


ق ب ل

قَبُول

Form I: قَبِلَ (qabila, “to accept”); Verbal noun

Form I: قَبِلَ (qabila, “to accept”); Active participle

تَقْبِيل

Form II: قَبَّلَ (qabbala, “to kiss”); Verbal noun

مُقَبِّل

Form II: قَبَّلَ (qabbala, “to kiss”); Active participle

مُقَابِل

Form III: قَابَلَ (qābala); Active participle

إِقْبَال

Form IV: أَقْبَلَ (ʔaqbala); Verbal noun

مُقْبِل

Form IV: أَقْبَلَ (ʔaqbala); Active participle

تَقَبُّل

Form V: تَقَبَّلَ (taqabbala); Verbal noun

مُتَقَبِّل

Form V: تَقَبَّلَ (taqabbala); Active participle

تَقَابُل

Form VI: تَقَابَلَ (taqābala); Verbal noun

مُتَقَابِل

Form VI: تَقَابَلَ (taqābala); Active participle

اِقْتِبَال

Form VIII: اِقْتَبَلَ (iqtabala); Verbal noun

مُقْتَبِل

Form VIII: اِقْتَبَلَ (iqtabala); Active participle

اِسْتِقْبَال

Form X: اِسْتَقْبَلَ (istaqbala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْبِل

Form X: اِسْتَقْبَلَ (istaqbala); Active participle


ق ب ل

قبول

Form I: قبل (ʔibil, “to accept”); Noun Form

قابل

Form I: قبل (ʔibil, “to accept”); Active Participle

مقابلة

Form III: قابل (qābal, “to meet with someone”); Noun Form

استقبال

Form X: استقبل (istaʔbal, “to receive”); Noun Form

مستقبل

Form X: استقبل (istaʔbal, “to receive”); Passive Participle


ن ش ب

Derived from the Aramaic borrowing نُشْبَة (nušba, “snare”), for which reason نُشْبَة (nušba) was retained as a verbal noun of the denominal base stem. Then from its meanings of “sticking” a figurative sense of “meddling, entangling” into an affair developed, lastly this was transferred to the current most common sense of a matter getting hot and breaking out. A side sense development rather emphasized gathering things, until نَشَب (našab) meant “wealth, property, fortune” (rather than because one sticks to it), hence another base stem “to yield, to produce”.
نُشَّاب (nuššāb), نُشَاب (nušāb, “arrow”) is a separate borrowing from Aramaic, from which the occupational noun نَشَّاب (naššāb, “archer”) was formed.

Form I: نَشِبَ (našiba); Active participle

نَشْب

Form I: نَشَبَ (našaba, “to begin”); Verbal noun

نَاشِب

Form I: نَشَبَ (našaba, “to begin”); Active participle

تَنْشِيب

Form II: نَشَّبَ (naššaba, “to make stick”); Verbal noun

مُنَشِّب

Form II: نَشَّبَ (naššaba, “to make stick”); Active participle

مُنَاشَبَة

Form III: نَاشَبَ (nāšaba, “declare war to; to begin, to have a deal or be engaged with”); Verbal noun

مُنَاشِب

Form III: نَاشَبَ (nāšaba, “declare war to; to begin, to have a deal or be engaged with”); Active participle

إِنْشَاب

Form IV: أَنْشَبَ (ʔanšaba, “to make stick; to make break out”); Verbal noun

مُنْشِب

Form IV: أَنْشَبَ (ʔanšaba, “to make stick; to make break out”); Active participle

تَنَشُّب

Form V: تَنَشَّبَ (tanaššaba, “to be attached”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَشِّب

Form V: تَنَشَّبَ (tanaššaba, “to be attached”); Active participle

تَنَاشُب

Form VI: تَنَاشَبَ (tanāšaba, “to be attached to each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَنَاشِب

Form VI: تَنَاشَبَ (tanāšaba, “to be attached to each other”); Active participle

اِنْتِشَاب

Form VIII: اِنْتَشَبَ (intašaba, “to get stuck; to be attached to, to be engaged; to be united; to amass provisions or riches”); Verbal noun

مُنْتَشِب

Form VIII: اِنْتَشَبَ (intašaba, “to get stuck; to be attached to, to be engaged; to be united; to amass provisions or riches”); Active participle


ك ت ب

Etymology tree
Proto-West Semitic *katab-
Arabic ك ت ب (k t b)From Proto-West Semitic *katab-. Cognate with Classical Syriac ܟ-ܬ-ܒ (k-t-b), Ge'ez ከ-ተ-በ (k-t-b), and Hebrew root כ־ת־ב (k-t-b).

كَتْب

Form I: كَتَبَ (kataba, “to write”); Verbal noun

كَاتِب

Form I: كَتَبَ (kataba, “to write”); Active participle

تَكْتِيب

Form II: كَتَّبَ (kattaba, “to make write”); Verbal noun

مُكَتِّب

Form II: كَتَّبَ (kattaba, “to make write”); Active participle

إِكْتَاب

Form IV: أَكْتَبَ (ʔaktaba, “to dictate to”); Verbal noun

مُكْتِب

Form IV: أَكْتَبَ (ʔaktaba, “to dictate to”); Active participle

تَكَاتُب

Form VI: تَكَاتَبَ (takātaba, “to correspond with each other”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَاتِب

Form VI: تَكَاتَبَ (takātaba, “to correspond with each other”); Active participle

اِسْتِكْتَاب

Form X: اِسْتَكْتَبَ (istaktaba, “to dictate to”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكْتِب

Form X: اِسْتَكْتَبَ (istaktaba, “to dictate to”); Active participle

كِتَابِيّ

كِتَاب m (kitāb, “book”); plural كُتُب (kutub)

related to putting into rows, creating lines

مُكَاتَبَة

Form III: كَاتَبَ (kātaba, “to correspond with”); Verbal noun

مُكَاتِب

Form III: كَاتَبَ (kātaba, “to correspond with”); Active participle

اِنْكِتَاب

Form VII: اِنْكَتَبَ (inkataba, “to subscribe”); Verbal noun

مُنْكَتِب

Form VII: اِنْكَتَبَ (inkataba, “to subscribe”); Active participle

اِكْتِتَاب

Form VIII: اِكْتَتَبَ (iktataba, “to copy, to subscribe (money)”); Verbal noun

مُكْتَتِب

Form VIII: اِكْتَتَبَ (iktataba, “to copy, to subscribe (money)”); Active participle


و ص ل

وُصُول

Form I: وَصَلَ (waṣala, “to arrive”); Verbal noun

وَاصِل

Form I: وَصَلَ (waṣala, “to arrive”); Active participle

صِلَة

Form I: وَصَلَ (waṣala, “to connect”); Verbal noun

وَاصِل

Form I: وَصَلَ (waṣala, “to connect”); Active participle

تَوْصِيل

Form II: وَصَّلَ (waṣṣala, “to connect, to bring”); Verbal noun

مُوَصِّل

Form II: وَصَّلَ (waṣṣala, “to connect, to bring”); Active participle

مُوَاصَلَة

Form III: وَاصَلَ (wāṣala, “to continue doing uninterruptedly, to be united in friendship or love”); Verbal noun

مُوَاصِل

Form III: وَاصَلَ (wāṣala, “to continue doing uninterruptedly, to be united in friendship or love”); Active participle

إِيصَال

Form IV: أَوْصَلَ (ʔawṣala, “to connect, to bring”); Verbal noun

مُوصِل

Form IV: أَوْصَلَ (ʔawṣala, “to connect, to bring”); Active participle

تَوَصُّل

Form V: تَوَصَّلَ (tawaṣṣala, “to obtain access to”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَصِّل

Form V: تَوَصَّلَ (tawaṣṣala, “to obtain access to”); Active participle

تَوَاصُل

Form VI: تَوَاصَلَ (tawāṣala, “to be interconnected”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَاصِل

Form VI: تَوَاصَلَ (tawāṣala, “to be interconnected”); Active participle

اِتِّصَال

Form VIII: اِتَّصَلَ (ittaṣala, “to be in contact with”); Verbal noun

مُتَّصِل

Form VIII: اِتَّصَلَ (ittaṣala, “to be in contact with”); Active participle

وُصْلِيَّة

وُصْلَة (wuṣla, “junction, attachment, tie, joint”)


و ص ل

واصل

Form I: وصل (wiṣal, “to arrive”); Active Participle

someone with high job/position, someone successful in life

تواصل

Form VI: تواصل (tawāṣaḷ, “to contact, to communicate”)


و ص ل

واصل

Form I: وصل (wiṣil, “to arrive”); Active Participle

اتّصال

Form VIII: اتّصل (ittaṣal, “to contact”); Verbal Noun


م ش ي

مُمَشٍّ

Form II: مَشَّى (maššā); Active participle

مُمَاشٍ

Form III: مَاشَى (māšā); Active participle

مُمْشٍ

Form IV: أَمْشَى (ʔamšā); Active participle

مُتَمَشٍّ

Form V: تَمَشَّى (tamaššā); Active participle

مُتَمَاشٍ

Form VI: تَمَاشَى (tamāšā); Active participle

اِسْتِمْشَاء

Form X: اِسْتَمْشَى (istamšā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمْشٍ

Form X: اِسْتَمْشَى (istamšā); Active participle

مُسْتَمْشًى

Form X: اِسْتَمْشَى (istamšā)


ن ف ق

A Proto-West Semitic base stem “to go off, to part”.

إِنْفَاق

Form IV: أَنْفَقَ (ʔanfaqa); Verbal noun

تَنَفُّق

Form V: تَنَفَّقَ (tanaffaqa); Verbal noun

اِسْتِنْفَاق

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَقَ (istanfaqa); Verbal noun

related to economical expenditure, a good running out on one side and increasing on the other

نَافِق

Form I: نَفَقَ (nafaqa); Active participle

Form I: نَفِقَ (nafiqa); Active participle

مُنَفِّق

Form II: نَفَّقَ (naffaqa); Active participle

مُنَافِق

Form III: نَافَقَ (nāfaqa); Active participle

مُنْفِق

Form IV: أَنْفَقَ (ʔanfaqa); Active participle

مُتَنَفِّق

Form V: تَنَفَّقَ (tanaffaqa); Active participle

اِنْتِفَاق

Form VIII: اِنْتَفَقَ (intafaqa); Verbal noun

مُنْتَفِق

Form VIII: اِنْتَفَقَ (intafaqa); Active participle

مُسْتَنْفِق

Form X: اِسْتَنْفَقَ (istanfaqa); Active participle

related to duplicity, taking one position and elsewhere another, hypocrisy


ح ل ب

حَالِب

Form I: حَلَبَ (ḥalaba); Active participle

مُحَالِب

Form III: حَالَبَ (ḥālaba); Active participle

إِحْلَاب

Form IV: أَحْلَبَ (ʔaḥlaba); Verbal noun

مُحْلِب

Form IV: أَحْلَبَ (ʔaḥlaba); Active participle

تَحَلُّب

Form V: تَحَلَّبَ (taḥallaba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَلِّب

Form V: تَحَلَّبَ (taḥallaba); Active participle

اِنْحِلَاب

Form VII: اِنْحَلَبَ (inḥalaba); Verbal noun

مُنْحَلِب

Form VII: اِنْحَلَبَ (inḥalaba); Active participle

اِحْتِلَاب

Form VIII: اِحْتَلَبَ (iḥtalaba); Verbal noun

مُحْتَلِب

Form VIII: اِحْتَلَبَ (iḥtalaba); Active participle

اِسْتِحْلَاب

Form X: اِسْتَحْلَبَ (istaḥlaba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْلِب

Form X: اِسْتَحْلَبَ (istaḥlaba); Active participle


ء ل ل

آلّ

Form I: أَلَّ (ʔalla); Active participle


ء و ب

Related to ت و ب (t-w-b).
Cognate with Hebrew שב, Aramaic תבה, Ugaritic 𐎘𐎁 (ṯb, “to return”).

مُؤَوِّب

Form II: أَوَّبَ (ʔawwaba); Active participle

تَأَوُّب

Form V: تَأَوَّبَ (taʔawwaba); Verbal noun

مُتَأَوِّب

Form V: تَأَوَّبَ (taʔawwaba); Active participle


ق ب ر

قَابِر

Form I: قَبَرَ (qabara); Active participle

إِقْبَار

Form IV: أَقْبَرَ (ʔaqbara); Verbal noun

مُقْبِر

Form IV: أَقْبَرَ (ʔaqbara); Active participle


م و ت

مَوَتَان

inanimate good, dead stock, land and house as oppose to beast or slave

مَوْت

Form I: مَاتَ (māta, “to die, perish, subside”); Verbal noun

مَائِت

Form I: مَاتَ (māta, “to die, perish, subside”); Active participle

تَمْوِيت

Form II: مَوَّتَ (mawwata, “to make die, let perish, kill, cause the death of”); Verbal noun

مُمَوِّت

Form II: مَوَّتَ (mawwata, “to make die, let perish, kill, cause the death of”); Active participle

إِمَاتَة

Form IV: أَمَاتَ (ʔamāta, “to make die, let perish, kill, cause the death of; to mortify, suppress”); Verbal noun

مُمِيت

Form IV: أَمَاتَ (ʔamāta, “to make die, let perish, kill, cause the death of; to mortify, suppress”); Active participle

تَمَاوُت

Form VI: تَمَاوَتَ (tamāwata, “to pretend to be dead or weak, to be sluggish”); Verbal noun

مُتَمَاوِت

Form VI: تَمَاوَتَ (tamāwata, “to pretend to be dead or weak, to be sluggish”); Active participle

اِسْتِمَاتَة

Form X: اِسْتَمَاتَ (istamāta, “to seek death, risk death, fight desperately”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمِيت

Form X: اِسْتَمَاتَ (istamāta, “to seek death, risk death, fight desperately”); Active participle

مَيْتَة

مَيِّت (mayyit, “lifeless, inanimate, dead”), مَيْت (mayt)


و ح ل

Form I: وَحِلَ (waḥila); Active participle

إِيحَال

Form IV: أَوْحَلَ (ʔawḥala); Verbal noun

مُوحِل

Form IV: أَوْحَلَ (ʔawḥala); Active participle

اِسْتِيحَال

Form X: اِسْتَوْحَلَ (istawḥala); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْحِل

Form X: اِسْتَوْحَلَ (istawḥala); Active participle