mer-

*mér-t ~ *m̥r-ént (root aorist)

*mér-ti ~ *mr-énti (root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈨𒅕𒍣 (me-er-zi /merzi/, 3sg.pres.act.) ("to disappear, vanish")

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márati

Sanskrit: मरति (márati), मरते (márate) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *márti

Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-)

Gurani: مەردەی (marday)

Khotanese: [script needed] (mär-)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: mirin

Central Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Southern Kurdish: مردن (mirdin)

Laki: مردن (mirdin)

Old Persian: [Term?] (/mar-/)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (myr /mīr-/)

Persian: مردن (mordan)

Tajik: мурдан (murdan)

Parthian: [Term?] (/myr/)

Zazaki: merden

*mr̥-yé-tor (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mertéi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mriyátay (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *morjōr (see there for further descendants)

*mer-s- (sigmatic aorist)

Old Armenian: մեռանիմ (meṙanim)

Armenian: մեռնել (meṙnel)

*mor-éye-ti (“to kill”, causative)

*mér-ti-s ~ *mr̥-téy-s (“death”)

*mór-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *marás

Lithuanian: mãras

Proto-Slavic: *morъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *marǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mā́ras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mā́ras

Sanskrit: मार (mā́ra)

*mr̥-tós (“dead”)

*mr̥-t-wós (“dead”)

*mr̥-tu- ~ *mr̥-ti-u- ~ *mr̥tro-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tyúš (see there for further descendants)

*mŕ̥-trom (instrumental)

Proto-Germanic: *murþrą (see there for further descendants)

*mr̥-wós (“dead”)

Proto-Celtic: *marwos (see there for further descendants)

*m(o)r-bʰ(h₂)-o- (“looking like death?”)

Proto-Italic: *morfos

Latin: morbus (“disease”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *merusa

Albanian: mërshë (“rotting corpse”)

Sanskrit: मृ (mṛ)


mer-

*mór-i (“sea,wetland”)

*mreg-


ǵews-

*ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)

*ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati

Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)

*ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay

q

or developed from thematic aorist <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अजुषत</i> (ájuṣata)

>? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte) (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata))

*ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)

*ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay

Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay

Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)

*ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa

Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)

*ǵéws-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas

Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)

Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)

Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)

*ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ

Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)

*ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s

*ǵus-tó-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás

Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)

Proto-Iranian: *juštáh

Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)

*ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́

Sanskrit: जोष्टृ (joṣṭṛ́, “one who loves”)

Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́

Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎼 (d-u-š-t-r /dauštar/, “friend”) (𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/, nom. sg.))

Middle Persian: (/dōst/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)

Book Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst')

Proto-Celtic gowsta:'Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) p. 18. Zagreb, December 2011. https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf

Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"

Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


*ǵénh₁-ti (root present)

Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati

Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *jánati

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬂 (zå, “to give birth”)

Northeastern Iranian:

to bear, bring forth 􂀿usually of animals􂁀; to be born, grow

Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)

Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)

Sogdian: (/zan-/)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)

Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)

Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)

Southeastern Iranian:

to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth

Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)

Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Caspian:

Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)

Parthian: (/zāy-, zāyad/, “to give birth to; be born”)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)

Zazaki: zayene, za-

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/zādan, zāy-/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-/, “to bear, give birth to”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-)

*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay

Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)

Assamese: জগা (zoga)

Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay

Avestan: zaiiāite

⇒ Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiiaiti)

*ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai

Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)

*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti)

Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai

Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)

Proto-Italic: *gignō

Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)

*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr

Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)

*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)

Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́

Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)

*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)

Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́

Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)

*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)

*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)

*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)

*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)

Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)

Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: genius

Proto-Italic:

Latin: naevus, Gnaeus

Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)

Eastern Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Sogdo-Bacterian:

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”)

Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)

Sogdian: (/βzāntak/, “child”) (from *frazantaka)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk)

Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

Southeastern Iranian:

Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)

Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)

Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)

Bartangi-Oroshori:

Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)

Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)

Roshani-Khufi:

Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)

Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)

Northwestern Iranian:

Parthian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

Southwestern Iranian:

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Middle Persian: (/frazand/, “child, son”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd)

Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)

Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

q

several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*gʷḗn</i>

Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)

desc

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)

Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)

Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)

Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)

Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)

Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)

Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)

Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)

Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)

Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)

⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)

Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)

Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)

Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)

Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)

Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)

Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)

Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)

Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)


Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀta

Latvian: siêts

Lithuanian: síetas

Proto-Slavic: *sìto (see there for further descendants)

*séh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀtei

Latvian: sēt

Lithuanian: sė́ti

Proto-Slavic: *sě̀ti, *sě̀jati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sēaną (see there for further descendants)

*si-sh₁-é-ti (reduplicated present)

Proto-Italic: *sizō
Latin: serō

*séh₁-mn̥ (“seed”)

Proto-Germanic: *sēdiz (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sēkla

Lithuanian: sė́kla

Proto-Germanic: *sēdlą (see there for further descendants)

(innovative) Proto-Germanic: *sēdą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed, ceed, ceede, sed, sede, sedde, seede, seide, seod, seth, seyd, seyde, side, syd, zed, sad, sæd, sæt (Early Middle English)
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Italic:

Latin: satus

Unsorted formations:

desc

Hittite: 𒅆𒄿𒄑𒍣 (ši-i-ez-zi, “press in, sow”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīlom (“seed”)

Old Irish: síl (see there for further descendants)

Middle Welsh: hil

Welsh: hil

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáHyakas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáHyakas

Sanskrit: सायक (sā́yaka, “intended or fitted to be discharged or hurled”)


Proto-Italic: *sēros

Latin: sērus (“belated, slow”)

⇒ Latin: sērius (possibly)

Proto-Celtic: *sīros (“long”)

Proto-Italic: *sētos (possibly)

Latin: *sētus

⇒ Latin: sētius (“later, to a lesser degree”)

Proto-Celtic: *sīyos (“longer”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh:

Welsh: hwy

Old Irish: sía

*sh₁ey- (i-present)

Proto-Germanic: *sīþuz (“late”)

*sh₁i-tos (possibly)

Proto-Germanic: *sīdaz (“long”)

Proto-Celtic: *siti- (possibly)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Old Irish: sith-

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”)

Old Irish:

Middle Irish: sínid

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: साय (sāyá, “evening”)


प्रतिज्ञा

head

प्रतिज्ञा • (pratijñā)

sa-root

प्रतिज्ञा • (pratijñā)

From प्रति- (prati-) + ज्ञा (jñā, root).

/pɾɐˈt̪id͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

to admit, own, acknowledge, acquiesce in, consent to, approve

to perceive, notice, learn, become aware of


ḱerd-

*ḱḗr

*ḱord-om

>? Proto-Germanic: *hartą (“resin”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérd-trom

q

or perhaps from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)ker-</i>

>? Proto-Germanic: *herþrą (“innards, entrails, heart”) (or perhaps from *(s)ker-) (see there for further descendants)


dewk-

*déwk-ti ~ * duk-énti (root present)

*dowk-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taugijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tugōną (see there for further descendants)

*dúk-s (root noun)

Proto-Italic: *duks

Latin: dux (see there for further descendants)

*duk-is ~ *duk-éys

Proto-Germanic: *tugiz (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-ón-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *tugô (“leader”, literally “one who pulls along”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-dʰló-s or *dewk-elo-s

Proto-Germanic: *tugilaz (“rein”) (see there for further descendants)

*dewk-tróm or *dewk-dʰróm

>? Proto-Germanic: *teudrą (“tether, drawbar”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *taugō (“cord”) (see there for further descendants)

*dowk-mós

Proto-Germanic: *taumaz (“tie, tether; team; birth”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *duk-

Albanian: nduk (“to draw (out), pluck”)

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (tukzi-), [script needed] c (tukkanzi-, “cultivation of plants and animals”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: (possibly) δαδύσσομαι (dadússomai, “to be distracted”), (possibly) ἐνδυκέως (endukéōs, “kindly, greedily”)


*h₂ewg- (reanalysed form of the same root)

*h₂wég-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Germanic: *wahsijaną (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Hellenic: *awéksō

Ancient Greek: ἀέξω (aéxō), αὐξάνω (auxánō), αὔξω (aúxō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwakṣáyati

Sanskrit: वक्षयति (vakṣáyati) (intensive from root reanalysed as *h₂wegs-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan)

*h₂wég-s-es ~ *h₂wég-s-os- (“breast, chest”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwákšas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwákṣas

Sanskrit: वक्षस् (vákṣas)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙 (vaccha), 𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀔 (vakkha)

Proto-Germanic: *wahstuz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

(possibly) Proto-Celtic: *wegrom (“grass, hay”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wōkraz (“increase, gain, yield”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *ovoťe (“fruit”) (see there for further descendants)


*h₂éwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *augtei

Latvian: augt

Lithuanian: áugti

Proto-Germanic: *aukaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: αὐξάνω (auxánō) (or rather from *h₂weg-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hukšáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hukṣáti

Sanskrit: उक्षति (ukṣáti)

*h₂owg-éye-ti ~ *h₂ewg-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Italic: *augeō (with irregular change o > a) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éwg-os ~ *h₂éwg-es-os

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwǰas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *augos

Latin: augur, ⇒ augustus

*h₂ug-ró-s (“strong, fierce”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hugrás (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian: *(h)aug-

Albanian: ag

Armenian:

Old Armenian: աճեմ (ačem)

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *auk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwakšáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hwaxšáyati

Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 (uxšiieⁱtī, “grows”), 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬱𐬙 (vaxšt, “lets grow”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (waxšīdan, “to grow”)

Persian: وخشیدن (vaxšidan, “to wax, grow”)

Italic:

q

possibly from *aug-s-ili-<ref name=de_Vaan />

Latin: auxilium (possibly from *aug-s-ili-)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: augsts

Lithuanian: aũkštas, augestis

>? Venetic: 𐌀𐌖𐌙𐌀𐌓 (augar)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kasvadak (see there for further descendants)

From *h₂weg-, of which the zero grade *h₂ug- was reanalysed as having the ablaut vowel before the -w- rather than after it, creating a new variant form of the root. The original root remained in use, however.


स्कृ

head

स्कृ • (√skṛ)


नम्

From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to bend”).


सिव्

सिव् • (siv)

sa-root

सिव् • (siv)

From Proto-Indo-European *syuh₁- (“to sew”). Cognate with Latin suō, Old English siwian (English sew).

to sew, sew on, darn, stitch, stitch together


तॄ

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross over”). Cognates include Ancient Greek τέρθρον (térthron), Latin terminus, Old English þurh (“through”). More at through.


अस्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Has- (“to be”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). See अस्ति (asti) for cognates.

सत्

being; sat; which see for more derived terms


अस्

From the Proto-Indo-Iranian root *Has- (“to throw, shoot, hurl”), with further origin uncertain. See अस्यति (asyati) for cognates.


वा

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


ज्ञा

head

ज्ञा • (√jñā)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́naH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰnaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”). Cognate with Latin gnōscō, Ancient Greek γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō), Old English cnawan (English know), and Russian знать (znatʹ).

विज्ञान

cognitive capacity, discernment, intelligence; proficiency; consciousness

अज्ञ

ignorant; inexperienced; unconscious; stupid


स्था

स्था • (sthā)

sa-root

स्था • (sthā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *staH-, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
Cognates include Polish stać (literally, “to stand”), Russian стать (statʹ), Bulgarian ста́на (stána) (literally, “to stand”, compare with the Polish word), Latin stō, Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), Old English standan (English stand).

to stand, station oneself, take up a position on

to stay, remain, continue in any condition or action

to continue to be or exist, to endure, last.

to stand still, stay quiet, remain stationary, stop, halt, wait, tarry, linger, hesitate

to cause to stand still, stop, arrest, check, hold, keep in, restrain


बुध्

head

बुध् • (√budh)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúdʰs, from *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake”).

बुबोधयिषु

bubodhayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

बिबोधयिषु

bibodhayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

to come to; wake up; recover consciousness after fainting

to observe, heed, attend to (with acc. or gen.)

to perceive, notice, learn, understand, become or be aware of or acquainted with

to think of, i.e. present a person (‘with’ instr.)

to know to be, recognize as (with two acc.)

to deem, consider or regard as (with two acc.)

to cause to observe or attend, admonish, advise

to make a person acquainted with, remind or inform of. impart or communicate anything to (with two acc.)


गम्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gam-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gam-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam), Latin veniō, Ancient Greek βαίνω (baínō), Old English cuman (whence English come).


विद्

विद् • (vid)

sa-root

विद् • (vid)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”); figuratively "to know". Cognate with Latin videō (“to see”), Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda, “to know”), Belarusian ве́даць (vjédacʹ, “to know”), Russian ве́дать (védatʹ, “to know”), Old Church Slavonic вѣдѣти (věděti, “to know, see”). Compare also English wit, Bulgarian ви́дя (vídja, “I see”), Russian ви́деть (vídetʹ, “to see”).

विवेदयिषु

vivedayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


ber-

*bera

Basque: bera (“same”)


teng-

*tn̥g-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þunkijaną (“to seem, to appear”) (see there for further descendants)

*tong-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þankijaną (“to think”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *tongēō

Latin: tongeō (“to know”)

*tóng-os

Proto-Germanic: *þankaz (“thought, remembrance, gratitude”) (see there for further descendants)

*téng-wr̥ ~ *tn̥g-wén-

Proto-Tocharian: *täṅkwä (“love”)

Tocharian A: tuṅk

Tocharian B: taṅkw


trenkʷ-

*trénkʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þrinhwaną (see there for further descendants)

*trénkʷ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: treñkti

*tronkʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *þrangwijaną (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: trìecu

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *θra(n)č-

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬥 (maaθraxtn)

Persian: ترنجیدن (taranjidan)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: truncus (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


stel-

*stél-ye-ti

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stíltei
Proto-Slavic: *stьlati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stéľľō

Ancient Greek: στέλλω (stéllō)

Greek: στέλνω (stélno)

*stól-ye-ti

Proto-Germanic: *staljaną

Proto-West Germanic: *stalljan (see there for further descendants)

?*stl̥-ko-s

Proto-Italic: *stlokos

Old Latin: stlocus

Latin: locus (see there for further descendants)

*stól-ō, *stél-ō ~ stl̥-n-és (on-stem)

Proto-Germanic: *stullô

Proto-West Germanic: *stollō

Old High German: stollo (“prop, post”)
Middle High German: stolle
German: Stollen
→ Czech: štóla
→ English: stollen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stoll
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stoll
→ Italian: stollo
→ Serbo-Croatian: штула

Proto-Italic: *stolō

Latin: stolō (“shoot, branch”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *stl̥-n-eh₂

Proto-Hellenic: *stəllā

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*steh₂-</i>

>? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē, “prop, support block, post”) (or from *steh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

*stól-o-s

Proto-Hellenic: *stólos

Ancient Greek: στόλος (stólos) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálas

Sanskrit: स्थल (sthála, “land, place”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *stólā́

desctree

Ancient Greek: στολή (stolḗ)
Greek: στολή (stolí)
→ Hebrew: אִצְטְלָה (itztəlá)
→ Latin: stola
→ Czech: štóla (learned)
→ English: stola, stole (learned)
→ Finnish: stola (learned)
→ Italian: stola (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stola (learned)
→ Polish: stola (learned)
→ Slovak: štóla (learned)
→ Swedish: stola (learned)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰálaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálaH

desc

Sanskrit: स्थला (sthálā, “floor, mound”)

*stl̥-to-

Proto-Germanic: *stultaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *stoltos

Latin: stultus (see there for further descendants)

*stol-ido-

Proto-Italic: *stolidos

Latin: stolidus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: shtjell

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ստեղն (stełn)

Old Armenian: ստեղծանեմ (stełcanem)

(perhaps) Old Armenian: առաստաղ (aṙastał)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: stal̃lis

Lithuanian: stal̃das

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στελεός (steleós), στελεά (steleá)

Extensions

⇒? *stel-d-

⇒ *steld-y-on-

Proto-Germanic: *stiltijǭ, *staltijǭ, *stultijǭ (“stilt”)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiltijā, *staltijā, *stultijā

Old English: *stilte, *stylte

Middle English: stilte, stulte

English: stilt

Middle Low German: stelte

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: stelt

Old High German: stelza

Middle High German: stelze

German: Stelze

Old Norse:

Danish: stylte


(s)mey-

*(s)méy-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smejetei

Latvian: smieties

Lithuanian: smiêt

Proto-Slavic: *smьjàti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyati

Sanskrit: स्मयते (smáyate)

Proto-Tocharian: *smäi-

Tocharian B: smiyäṃ (“to laugh”)

Tocharian A: smimāṃ (“laughing”, middle part.)

*(s)méy-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: smaĩdît, smaîdinât, smîdînât

*(s)méy-ros

Proto-Italic: *smeiros

Latin: mīrus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *smáyras

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *smáyras

Sanskrit: स्मेर (sméra)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *smīlāną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *komsmis

Latin: cōmis

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μειδάω (meidáō)

Hellenic: μειδιάω (meidiáō)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Rick Derksen


(s)meld-

*(s)méld-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smeltaną, *meltaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *méldomai

Ancient Greek: μέλδομαι (méldomai)

*(s)mold-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *maltijaną (“to cause to melt or dissolve”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mold-o-m, *(s)ml̥d-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *smultą (“molten fat, lard”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ml̥d-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *smultaz (“weak, gentle; tranquil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *meltǭ, *miltiją (“spleen”) (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: मृद् (mṛd, “to be soft”)

Often compared to *(s)mel- (“to crush, grind”).


(s)merd-

*(s)merd- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *smertaną (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)márdati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdati

Sanskrit: मर्दति (márdati, “to pound, crush”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mord-éye-ti or *h₂mord-éye-ti (iterative)

q

Proto-Italic: *mordejō (or *mordē(j)ō, from *(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti below)

Latin: mordeō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative or iterative)

desc

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smirˀdḗˀtei (“to stink”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mr̥-né-d-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

>? Avestan: 𐬨𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬝 (mōrəṇdat̰, “to ruin, annihilate”)

⇒? Old Persian: [script needed] (vi-mạr(n)datiy, “suppressed”)

*(s)merd-h₂ (collective)

>? Proto-Italic: *(s)merdā

>? Latin: merda (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)mórd-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smárˀdas (“stench”)

Latvian: smards

Lithuanian: smárdas

Proto-Slavic: *smȏrdъ (see there for further descendants)

*smerd-nós

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδνός (smerdnós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Armenian: մարտ (mart)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σμερδαλέος (smerdaléos)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: märtk

Tocharian B: märtk


*ḱh₂d- (root present)

Proto-Italic: *kadō

Latin: cadō

*ḱe-ḱh₂d- (stative)

Proto-Italic: *kekadai

Latin: cecidī

*ḱadyo-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ցած (cʻac) (possibly)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic: *kassris (“hail-shower”) or *kass(a)rā

Old Irish: casar

Middle Welsh: kesseir

Welsh: cesair

Breton: kazerc'h

Cornish: keser

Speculative links have been made to *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”).


sekʷ-

*sékʷ-e-tor (mediopassive root present)

*sékʷ-t ~ *skʷ-ént (aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἑσπόμην (hespómēn)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सचान (sacāná, aor.med.part.), सचीमहि (sacīmahi, 1pl.aor.med.opt.)

Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬗𐬁 (hə̄cā, 1sg.aor.subj.), 𐬯𐬗𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (scaṇtū, 3pl.aor.imp.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćaH

Sanskrit: सचा (sácā)

Proto-Iranian: *háčaH (“of, from”, prep.) (see there for further descendants)

*sekʷ-o-

Italic:

Latin: secus, (pedi)sequus

*sokʷ-h₂-ṓy ~ *sokʷ-h₂-y-ós

*sekʷ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saktás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saktás

Sanskrit: सक्त (saktá)

Proto-Iranian: *haxtáh

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀 (haxta)

Parthian: 𐫍𐫟𐫤 (hxt), 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫀𐫅 (hxsʾd)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾht /hāxt/)

Proto-Italic: *sektos

Latin: secūtus (with contamination), sector (denominative)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὀπάων (opáōn), ὀπηδός (opēdós)

Ancient Greek: ἀοσσέω (aosséō)

Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās

Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta)

Indo-Iranian

Proto-Iranian: *haxamaniš

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered”)

Persian: هخامنش (haxâmaneš)

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης (Akhaiménēs)


sekʷ-

*sekʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sehwaną (see there for further descendants)

*siuniz (see there for further descendants)

*sókʷ-o-s, *sokʷ-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Anatolian: *sṓgʷos

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆪𒉿 (ša-a-ku-wa /sākuwa/, nom.acc.pl.)

Luwian:

Cuneiform: 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 (da-a-u-i-iš /tāwīš/)

Hieroglyphic: 𔑰𔗬 (ta-wa-)

Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 (tewe, coll.pl.), 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 (ñtewẽ, “facing, opposite, towards”)

*sekʷ-sḱé-ti or *sokʷ-eh₁-sḱé-ti (innovative *sḱé-presents)

Proto-Albanian: *sākska

Albanian: shoh


sekʷ-

*sékʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *sekʷeti (“say”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *enhékʷō

Ancient Greek: ἐνέπω (enépō), ἐννέπω (ennépō)

Proto-Italic:

Old Latin: īnseque, īnsece

Latin: īnsece, inquam

⇒ *h₁en-skʷ-ih₂

Proto-Celtic: *enskʷiā

Old Irish: insce

*sokʷ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sákīˀtei (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-h₁-ye-ti (innovated stative)

Proto-Germanic: *sagjaną

*n̥-skʷ-e-to-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄσπετος (áspetos)

*sekʷ-tlo-m

Proto-Celtic: *skʷetlom (with metathesis)

Primitive Irish: *skʷetlan

→ Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl

Middle Welsh: chwetyl

Welsh: chwedl

Old Irish: scél (“story, news, argument”) (see there for further descendants)

*sokʷ-ó-s

Proto-Slavic: *sokъ (“accuser”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *sagǭ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: θέσπις (théspis), θέσπιος (théspios), θεσπέσιος (thespésios), ἀσπάζομαι (aspázomai), ἀσπάσιος (aspásios)


Proto-Italic: *awēō

Latin: aveō

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwati (possibly from *h₁ewH-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háwati

desc

Sanskrit: अवति (avati, “to help, protect”)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: con·ói (“to protect”)

*h₂ēwH-os-s n

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ewH-</i>

>? Proto-Hellenic: *āwos or *ēwos (alternatively from *h₁ewH-)

>? Ancient Greek: *ἦος (*êos)

desc

Ancient Greek: ἐν-ηής (en-ēḗs, “mild, soft, benevolent”)

Proto-Germanic: *auþuz (“easy”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Breton: youl

Cornish: awell

Welsh: ewyllys

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: आवयत् (ā́vayat)

Sanskrit: अवस (avasá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: avārus (see there for further descendants)


*h₂ṓws (“ear”)

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morpheme

⇒ *h₂ḱ-h₂ows-yéti (< *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”))

*h₂ew-ís ~ *h₂ow-ís (“manifest, apparent, evident”) (or *h₃ēw-is)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *avis (locatives from the noun meaning “reality”)

Lithuanian: ovyje (“in reality”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *avь (“obvious, apparent, real”)

Old Church Slavonic: авѣ (avě), ꙗвѣ (javě, “manifestly, openly”)

⇒ Bulgarian: наяве (najave)

Polish: jawa

Serbo-Croatian: јава/java

Proto-Germanic: *awiz (“obvious”)

Proto-West Germanic: *awi

⇒ Old English: ēawis (< *awi-wissa-)

⇒ Old High German: awizoraht (< *awi-turhta-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāwíṣ

Sanskrit: आविस् (āvís)

Proto-Iranian: *Hāwíš

Avestan: 𐬁𐬬𐬍𐬱 (āvīš), 𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬱 (āuuiš)

⇒ *h₂ewis-dʰh₁-

Proto-Hellenic: *awistʰomai

Ancient Greek: αἴσθομαι (aísthomai), αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai)

Proto-Italic: *awizdjō

Latin: audiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aum-

Lithuanian: aumuõ m (“mind”)

Proto-Slavic: *ũmъ m (“mind”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒌋𒀪𒄭 (u-uḫ-ḫi)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: ovytis (“to appear”)

Proto-Slavic: *aviti (see there for further descendants)

Old Church Slavonic: авити (aviti), ꙗвити (javiti)

Slovak: javiť

Serbo-Croatian: јавити/javiti

Proto-Celtic: *awyeti

Old Irish: con·ói

Proto-Hellenic: *awiyō

Ancient Greek: ἀΐω (aḯō)


արբ-

From Proto-Indo-European *sr̥bʰ-, zero-grade aorist of *srebʰ- (“to sip, gulp, suck (in)”).


prot-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *pratja

Albanian: pres (“to wait, to expect”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Baltic: *prat-

Latvian: prast (“to know, be able”)

Lithuanian: pranti (“to understand”)

Old Prussian: prestun (“to understand”)

Proto-Germanic: *fraþjaną

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan, “to understand, think”)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: interpres (“mediator, translator”) (possibly)

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“decision, resolve, determination”)

Tocharian A: pratim

Tocharian B: *prete


mey-

*moy-ni-

Italic:

Latin: moenia, mūniō (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ro-

Proto-Germanic: *mairiją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moiros (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti (new-present)

Proto-Celtic: *minuti

⇒ Old Irish: do·dímen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináwti

Sanskrit: मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”)

*mi-tró-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μίτρα f (mítra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mitrás m (see there for further descendants)


mey-

*h₂meygʷ- (possibly)

*méy-e-tor

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máyatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máyatay

Sanskrit: मयते (máyate)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mejāˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *mijati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *meāō

Latin: meō

*meyḱ-, *meyǵ- (possibly)

*m(e)y-t-s

Italic:

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*terh₂-</i>

Latin: (trā)mes (with *terh₂-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *sēmitā

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*swé</i>

Latin: (sē)mita (with *swé) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moitā

⇒ Latin: mūtō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (mināti, “to change”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: mían (“desire, inclination”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mainā́ˀ

Eastern Baltic:

Latvian: maîna, maĩņa

Proto-Slavic: *měna (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máynaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máynaH

Sanskrit: मेना (ménā, “concubine”)

*moy-n-éye-ti- (causative suffix)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *máinīˀtei

Latgalian: maineitʹ

Latvian: mainīt

Lithuanian: mainyti

Proto-Slavic: *měniti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *mainijaną (“to mean, think”) (see there for further descendants)

*moy-no-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Eastern Baltic:

Lithuanian: maĩnas

Proto-Hellenic: *móinos

Ancient Greek: μοῖνος (moînos)

*moy-nos ~ *moy-nes-os

Proto-Italic: *moinos (see there for further descendants)

*moy-ni-

Proto-Celtic: *moinis (“treasure, precious object”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *mainiz (“common”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *moinis

Latin: mūnis (“ready to be of service”), mūnia (“duties, functions”)

*ḱom-moy-ni-

Proto-Germanic: *gamainiz (“shared, ordinary”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kommoinis (see there for further descendants)

*n̥-moy-ni-

Proto-Italic: *enmoinis

Latin: immūnis (“exempt from taxes or public service”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: meitʹ (“to exchange”)

Latgalian: meja (“change”)

Lithuanian: mît (“to exchange”)

Proto-Slavic: *mimo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *mito (“turn, twist, arc”)

Proto-Slavic: *minǫti (“to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mitě (“in turn, following, alternately”) (see there for further descendants)

Celtic:

Middle Welsh: tremyn (“to go past”)


mey-

*mi-néh₁-ti ~ *mi-nh₁-énti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mináHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mináHti

Sanskrit: मिनाति (minā́ti, “he damages, diminishes”)

*mi-néw-ti ~ *mi-nw-énti

*mi-nu-yṓs ~ *mi-nw-is-és (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *nu from the verb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *minijas

Proto-Slavic: *mьňьjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *minniz, *minnizô (see there for further descendants)

*mi-nṓs (“smaller, less”, comparative) (with *n from the verb)

Proto-Celtic: *minūs, *minus

Old Irish: min

Irish: mion

Scottish Gaelic: mion

Proto-Italic: *minōs, *minos

Latin: minor, minus

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *maiwaz (“slim, narrow”)

Old Norse: mjór

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: μείων (meíōn, “less, smaller”)

Ancient Greek: μινύθω (minúthō, “to disappear, to lessen”)

Ancient Greek: μίνυνθα (mínuntha, “for a little while”)

Italic:

Latin: minimus (“smallest”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: maiwe (“small, young”)


bʰerǵʰ-

*bʰérǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)

Tocharian A: pärkatäre

Tocharian B: pärkatäre

*bʰérǵʰ-t ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈦𒀝𒋫𒊒 (pár-ak-ta-ru /parktaru/, 3sg.imp.med.)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: եբարձ (ebarj), բարձաւ (barjaw)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: pärk

Tocharian B: parka

*bʰe-bʰórǵʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰr̥ǵʰ-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)

*bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa

Sanskrit: बबर्ह (babárha, “to be elevated”), बबृहाण (babṛhāṇá, med.part.)

*bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Celtic: *borgīti

Proto-Brythonic: *burɣid

Middle Welsh: bwrw

Welsh: bwrw

i

prototonic stem of the unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do·bidci</i>

Old Irish: ·díbairg (prototonic stem of the unrelated do·bidci)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰáyati (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿𒀀𒊍𒍣 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)

*bʰr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բառնամ (baṙnam)

*bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti

Sanskrit: बृंहति (bṛṃháti)

*bʰérǵʰ-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-mén-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bŕ̥źʰma

Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन् (bráhman)

Proto-Iranian: *bŕ̥jman

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨 (bar^əzimanąm, gen.pl.)

*bʰérǵʰ-ont-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥t-és

*bʰérǵʰ-o-s

*bʰérǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰnás

Proto-Iranian: *br̥jnáh

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬥𐬀 (bar^əšna, inst.m.sg.)

Old Persian: 𐎲𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎠 (b-r-š-n-a /baršnā/, inst.m.sg.)

Middle Persian:

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫢𐫗 (bšn /bašn/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bšn /bašn/)

*bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és

*bʰérǵʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *forktis

Old Latin: forctis

Latin: fortis

*bʰérǵʰ-tu-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téw-s

>? Proto-Celtic: *brixtus (“magical formula, incantation”)

*bʰérǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éws

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (pár-ku-uš /parkuš/)

Proto-Armenian: *barju

⇒ Old Armenian: բարձր (barjr)

*bʰr̥ǵʰ-ró-s

Proto-Tocharian: *pärkäre (“long”)

Tocharian A: pärkär

Tocharian B: pärkare


արտ-

Probably from արտ (art, “cornfield”). For the semantic association “outdoors” : “cornfield” compare Lithuanian lauke (“outside”) from laukas (“field”), Old Irish immaig (“outside”) from mag (“field”), Serbo-Croatian споља from поље.


Proto-Italic: *ordō

Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *artʰmós

Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

>? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir

Eastern Baltic:

Latgalian: i

Latvian: ir

Lithuanian: ir̃

Old Prussian: ir, er

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)

⇒ *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)

q

maybe with root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)neh₁-</i>

⇒ *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ (possibly, maybe with root *(s)neh₁-)

Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

>? Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron

Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)

*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-

Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ármə

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
Greek: άρμα (árma)
Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)

⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-

Italic:

Latin: armenta

⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s

⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-

Old Prussian: irmo

Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *armós

Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Ottoman Turkish: آرموز (armuz, armoz)
Turkish: armuz, armoz
Pontic Greek: αρμός (armós)
→ Turkish: armoz
→ Laz: არმოზი (armozi)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

desc

Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)

Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)

Wakhi: (/yurm/)

Arabic script: یؤرم

Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)

Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)

Zazaki: erme (/arma/), ermı (/arme/), harme (/hārma/), herme (/harma/)

Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /*arma/, “arm”)

Middle Persian: (/arm/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)

Italic:

Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti

Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō

Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)

⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂

Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
→ Latin: harmonia (see there for further descendants)
→ Russian: гармония (garmonija)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āmpär

*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s

>? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ

Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəⁱti, “reward”)

Proto-Italic: *artis

Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä

Tocharian A: ārts

Tocharian B: artsa

*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ

Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš

desc

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)

Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)

Sogdian: (/rətu ~ ratu/, “period of 10 seconds”)

Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)

Middle Persian: (/rad/, “chief, master; judge”)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')

Proto-Italic: *artus

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-

Tocharian A: ārt-

Tocharian B: ārtt-

desctree

Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
Proto-West Germanic: *ari
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
Old Norse: *err
Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)

*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és

⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)

⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)

⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
Greek: αριστερός (aristerós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram

Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)

Sanskrit: अलम् (alam)
→ Hindustani: (learned)
Hindi: अलम् (alam)
Urdu: الم

Proto-Iranian: *Háram

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ar^əm, “fitting”)

Hellenic:

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *artos

Latin: artus
Italian: arto

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)

Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)

Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)

Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)

Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)

Tocharian A: ārwar

Tocharian B: ārwer

to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot


*h₁éy-ós (nominalization)

desc

Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sheep, goat”)

Tocharian B: eye

*h₁éy-ti ~ *h₁y-énti (athematic root present)

*h₁e-h₁óy-e ~ *h₁e-h₁y-ḗr (stative)

Proto-Germanic: *ijjē, *ijjēdun (past tense of *gāną, *ganganą)

Old English: ēode, ēodon

Middle English: yode

English: yode, yede

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja), 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (iddjēdun)

*h₁éy-mn̥ (“course, way”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háyma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háyma

Sanskrit: एमन् (éman)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aiñye (“traversable”)

*h₁ey-tw-om (verbal noun)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: aittäṃ (“forth”)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: eituam (“money, cattle”)

*h₁éy-tr̥ ~ *h₁i-tn-és (r/n-stem)

Proto-Celtic: *oytos

Old Irish: óeth

Proto-Germanic: *aiþaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ainja

Albanian: eja

Proto-Albanian: *eika

Albanian: iki

Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒄿𒀉 (i-it), 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/)

Luwian: 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háy

Proto-Iranian: *Háy

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀 (yaona, “way”)

→ Persian: جن (jan, “side, way”)

Northern Kurdish: -ê- (present stem of "hatin", "to come")

Persian: آی (ây) (present stem of آمدن (âmadan, “to come”))

Phrygian: ειτου (eitou)

Proto-Tocharian: *jä-

Tocharian A: i-

Tocharian B: i-


gʷem-

*gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (root aorist)

*gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)

*gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *gʷənjō (< earlier *gʷəmjō) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷḿ̥s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gás

Sanskrit: ग (ga)

*gʷém-e-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰámati (see there for further descendants)

*gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)

*gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s

*gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ

Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu)

Proto-Italic: *gʷentus

Latin: ventus

*gʷm̥-tó-s

*gʷm̥-dʰ-mo-

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *gat

Albanian: gati

Armenian:

Old Armenian: եկ (ek)

Armenian: եկ (ek)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)

→ Latvian: ģimene

Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)

Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-

Tocharian A: kum-

Tocharian B: käm-

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.


ters-

*térs-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *þersaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέρσομαι (térsomai)

*tr̥s-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *þurzijaną

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*þaursjan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afþaursjan))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tŕ̥ṣyati

desctree

Sanskrit: तृष्यति (tṛ́ṣyati)
Hindi: तरसना (tarasnā)

*tors-éye-ti (causative) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-eh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Germanic:

Old High German: dorrēn

Proto-Italic: *torz-ēō

Latin: torrēns (see there for further descendants)

*ters-o-

Proto-Italic: *terzā, *terzom

Latin: terra (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), 𐌕𐌄𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (teerúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌞𐌌 (terúm), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝𐌔 (tereís), 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌝 (tereí)

*tērs-os or root noun *tḗrs

Proto-Celtic: *tīros (see there for further descendants)

*tīrs-es-mi-

Old Irish: tírimm, tirimm

*tr̥s-ḱós

Proto-Germanic: *þurskaz (“cod”) (see there for further descendants)

*ters-kʷo-

Proto-Celtic: *terskos

Old Irish: terc
Irish: tearc

>? Latin: *te(r)skʷom

Latin: tesquum, tescum

*térs-ti-s ~ *tr̥s-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *þurstiz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-tu-s ~ *tr̥s-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *tartus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þurstuz (see there for further descendants)

*térs-us

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: tur

Proto-Germanic: *þursuz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táršuš

Proto-Iranian: *táršuš

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬎 (taršu)

Middle Persian: tšknk'

→? Old Armenian: թաշկինակ (tʻaškinak)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: torrus

*tr̥s-nós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tŕ̥šnas (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ós (“flat surface for drying food”)

Proto-Armenian:

Middle Armenian: թառ (tʻaṙ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þarzṓ

desc

Old High German: darra (“apparatus for drying fruits, etc.”)

Middle High German: darre

>? Cimbrian: dèrra

German: Darre

Old Norse:

Norwegian: tarre (“frame for drying malts, etc.”)

Swedish: tarre

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ταρσός (tarsós, “cheese hurdle; flat surface, board, blade, sole, palm”)

*tr̥s-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥ṣṭás

Sanskrit: तृष्ट (tṛṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *torstos

Latin: torstus, tostus (see there for further descendants)

Other formations:

Proto-Albanian: *tarsja

Albanian: ter

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: թառամ (tʻaṙam), թարշամ- (tʻaršam-)


bʰeyd-

*bʰéyd-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydati (“to break, to split”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰéydt (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (“to bite”)

>? Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare, to have consideration for, to refrain from”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt

*bʰóyd-os

Proto-Germanic: *baitaz (“boat, ship”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baitō (“food, bait”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰíd-is

Proto-Germanic: *bitiz m (see there for further descendants)

*bʰid-nós

*bʰid-tós

*bʰid-rós

Proto-Germanic: *bitraz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰi-né-dti (“to be splitting”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Armenian: բդկել (bdkel, “to burst, to explode”)


bʰreg-

*bʰreg- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *brekaną (see there for further descendants)

*bʰr̥-ne-g- ~ *bʰr̥-n-g- (nasal-infix present)

Italic:

Latin: frangō

Proto-Germanic: *brekō

Proto-West Germanic: *breku

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: brishtë, breshër

Proto-Germanic: *brōks (see there for further descendants)


bʰeydʰ-

*bʰéydʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*bʰéydʰ-e-tor (deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydʰatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báydʰatay

Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate)

*bʰe-bʰóydʰ-e ~ *bʰe-bʰidʰ-ḗr (stative)

*bʰidʰ-tó-s

*bʰeydʰ-os

Proto-Hellenic: *peitʰos

Ancient Greek: πειθός (peithós, “persuasive, credible, faithful”) (⇒ Εὐπείθης (Eupeíthēs), εὐπειθής (eupeithḗs, “persuadable”); ἀπειθής (apeithḗs, “unconvinced, disobedient”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaydʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *baydʰás

Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)

Proto-Italic: *feiðos

Old Latin: fīdus (“loyal, faithful, ally”)

Latin: foedus (“treaty, pact, alliance”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáydʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *báydʰas

Sanskrit: बाधस् (bā́dhas)

*bʰoydʰ-éh₂ (“pledge”)

*bʰeydʰ-ti-s

Proto-Albanian: *baitši

Albanian: besë

>? Proto-Celtic: *banssus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pítstis

Ancient Greek: πί̆στῐς (pístis)

*bʰoydʰ-éye-ti

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baideitei

Proto-Slavic: *běditi (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *baidijaną (see there for further descendants)


dyew-

*dyḗws

*dyutkós (“celestial, heavenly”) (+ *tek- (“to obtain, receive”))

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyukšás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyukṣás

Vedic Sanskrit: द्युक्ष (dyukṣá)

*deyn-o-s (“day”) (probably a back-formation from *deywós, interpreting *dey- as the root)

Proto-Albanian: *deina

Albanian: din (“to break (of dawn)”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *deinas, *dinas

Latgalian: dīna

Latvian: diena

Lithuanian: diena

Old Prussian: dēinā

Samogitian: dėina

Proto-Slavic: *dьnь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *tīnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dinám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dinám

Sanskrit: दिन (diná) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *dinos

⇒ Latin: nūndinus, perendinus

*deywós

*diwyós

*d(i)wi-n- (possibly)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: երկինք (erkinkʻ)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Anatolian: *Diw-ōt-s

Hittite: [script needed] (šiwatt-, “day”)

Luwian: [script needed] (Tiwaz), [script needed] (Tiwad-, “theonym”)

Palaic: [script needed] (Tiyaz), [script needed] (Tiyad-, “theonym”)

⇒ Lycian: Τευδιαρμα (“Sun-Moon, given name”)

⇒ Lydian: 𐤯𐤦𐤰𐤣𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤳 (tiudališ, “given name”)

Proto-Celtic: *dīyos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒅆𒌦𒅀𒋻 (/šiuniyatar/, “divine image, divinity”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwṣ

Sanskrit: द्यु (dyú), दिव (divá, “sky, heaven”), द्यो (dyó, “heaven”)

Proto-Iranian: *dyú, *diwám, *dyáwš

Sogdian: ܠܝܘܐܟܟ (δēwāk, “heavenly”), ܠܝܘܮܘܢ (δēwγōn, “heavenly”)

⇒ Persian: لیو (liv, “sun”) (δēwāk > *lēwāk > lēw > lēv > līv) (perhaps)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyumā́

Sanskrit: द्युमान् (dyumān)

→ Proto-Uralic: *juma


dʰewbʰ-

*dʰewbʰ-é-ti

Proto-Slavic: *ďubati (see there for further descendants)

*dʰowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *daupijaną (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-et-o-s

Proto-Albanian: *deubeta

Arbëresh Albanian: dejët, deejt, dejt (“sea”)

Gheg Albanian: dēt (South Gheg)

Albanian: det

*dʰewbʰ-nó-s

Proto-Germanic: *deupaz (see there for further descendants)

*dʰéwbʰ-u-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubus

Latvian: dobs

Lithuanian: dubùs

Proto-Celtic: *dubus (see there for further descendants)

*dʰubʰ-nó-s

*dʰub⁽ʰ⁾-ó-s

*budʰ-ó-s (metathesized)

Proto-Hellenic: *butʰós (or *tʰubós, if the metathesis happened later)

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: βυθός (buthós, “depth”), βυσσός (bussós)
Greek: βυθός (vythós)

*dʰubʰ-ró-s

*bʰudʰ-mḗn (possibly, with metathesis)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian:

desc

>? Albanian: dudum (“dumb person, fool”)

Proto-Albanian: *deupa

Albanian: djep

Proto-Germanic: *dumbaz (“mute, dumb”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

>? Ancient Greek: τυφλός (tuphlós, “unseen, obscure, hazy, dark; blind”)
Greek: τυφλός (tyflós)


deyḱ-

*déyḱ-ti ~ *diḱ-énti (athematic root present)

*deyḱ-néw- ~ *deyḱ-nú- (full-grade nu-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *deiknéumi

Ancient Greek: δείκνῡμι (deíknūmi), thematicized δεικνύω (deiknúō)

Greek: δείχνω (deíchno)

*dḗyḱ-s-t ~ *déyḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

*doyḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *taikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayśáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśáyati

Sanskrit: देशयति (deśayati)

*diḱ-é-ti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dićáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diśáti

Sanskrit: दिशति (diśáti)

*déyḱ-s ~ *diḱ-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćš ~ *dićás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díṭṣ ~ *diśás

Sanskrit: दिश् (diś)

Proto-Italic: *-diks

Latin: *-dex

⇒ Latin: in-dex, iū-dex, vin-dex (see there for further descendants)

*deyḱ-ó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dayćás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dayśás

Sanskrit: देश (deśá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *díkā

Ancient Greek: δίκη (díkē) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Ancient Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíōma)

Greek: δικαίωμα (dikaíoma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *díćaH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *díśaH

Sanskrit: दिशा (díśā, “direction”) (see there for further descendants)

*déyḱ-mn̥ ~ *diḱ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *déikmə

Ancient Greek: δεῖγμα (deîgma) (see there for further descendants)

*diḱ-tós

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dištás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diṣṭás

Sanskrit: दिष्ट (diṣṭá)

Proto-Italic: *diktos

Latin: dictus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *taihwǭ, *taikną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *digitos

Latin: digitus (see there for further descendants)

>? Lithuanian: daiktas


bʰendʰ-

*bʰéndʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *bindaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰati

Sanskrit: बन्धति (bándhati) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *bandijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bandʰáyati

Sanskrit: बन्धयति (bandháyati)

Proto-Iranian: *bandáyati

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bandaiiaⁱti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *badʰnáHti

Sanskrit: बध्नाति (badhnā́ti)

Assamese: বান্ধা (bandha)

Latin: funda (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-i-s

Proto-Germanic: *bandiz (see there for further descendants)

*bʰondʰ-ni-s

Proto-Italic: *fondnis

>? Latin: fūnis (“rope”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tó-s (“bound, tied”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰadᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-tú-s (“bond, agreement, custom”)

Proto-Celtic: *banssus (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-ó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundą (“bundle”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰn̥dʰ-yó-m

Proto-Germanic: *bundiją

Proto-West Germanic: *bundī

Frankish: *bunni

⇒ Frankish: *obbunni

→ Late Latin: abbonis, obbonis (“ribbon of a headdress”)

→? Basque:

→ Spanish: boina (“beret”)

→ Old French: bonet

Middle French: bonet

desc

→ Catalan: bonet (“(a historical type of) biretta; spindle fruit”)

→ Middle English: bonet

desctree

English: bonnet
→ Scottish Gaelic: bonaid

desc

→ Piedmontese: bonet (“bonnet, cap; rounded cake mold; bonet, a traditional pudding”)

→ Italian: bonet (“bonet”)

→? Spanish: bonete (“biretta; cone hat”)

desctree

French: bonnet
→ Portuguese: boné
→ Spanish: bonete
→ Turkish: bone

Jersey Norman: bannète

Unsorted formations

Armenian

Old Armenian: պինդ (pind) (or borrowed from Iranian)
Armenian: պինդ (pind)

>? Old Armenian: պապանձիմ (papanjim)
Armenian: պապանձվել (papanjvel), պապանձել (papanjel)

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian: beñdras

Polish: pęta

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: buinne
Irish: buinne
⇒ Middle Irish: buinnén (“sprig, shoot”)

Hellenic

Ancient Greek: πεῖσμα (peîsma) (for *πένθσμα (*pénthsma))

Ancient Greek: πενθερός (pentherós)
Greek: πεθερός (petherós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰándʰanam

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bándʰanam

Sanskrit: बन्धन (bandhana)

Hindi: बन्धन (bandhan)

→ English: bandana (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰandʰas

Proto-Iranian: *bandah

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀 m (banda)

Pashto: وندی (wandai)

Western Iranian

Zazaki: bend

Talysh: band

Old Persian: *𐎲𐎴𐎭 (*b-n-d /*bandaʰ/)

Persian: بند (band)

desc

⇒ Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎭𐎲𐎴𐎭 (b-a-d-b-n-d /bādubandaʰ/)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/bāhuβand/)

→ Old Armenian: բահուանդ (bahuand)

⇒ Central Kurdish: بەستن (bestin)

⇒ Persian: بستن (bastan)

→ Georgian: ბანდი (bandi)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: բանտ (bant), բանդ (band)
Armenian: բանտ (bant)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդ (-awand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: -աւանդակ (-awandak)

→⇒ Old Armenian: մեհեւանդ (mehewand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: կարաւանդք (karawandkʻ)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պախճաւանդ (paxčawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: պարաւանդ (parawand)

desc

→⇒ Old Armenian: դանդանաւանդ (dandanawand)

→⇒ Old Armenian: շարաւանդ (šarawand)

→ Proto-Permic: *bɔn

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: бон (bon)

Komi-Zyrian: бон (bon)

Udmurt: бун (bun)

Italic:

Latin: *fendīx

⇒ Latin: offendīx

Sanskrit: बन्ध् (bandh)


bʰewg-

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*bʰéwg-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéugō

Ancient Greek: φεύγω (pheúgō)

Greek: φεύγω (févgo)

*bʰug-é-t (thematic root aorist)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἔφυγον (éphugon)

*bʰug-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Italic: *fugiō

Latin: fugiō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *bauǰ, *bauxtah

Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “to save, redeem”)

Bactrian: βογ- (bog-, “to save”)

Baluchi: بوج- (bōǰ-, “to open”)

Kurdish: (perhaps)

Central Kurdish: بووژانەوە (bûjanewe /būžānawa/), بووژێ- (bûjê- /būžē-/, “to revive”)

Parthian: (/buxtan, bōž-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫋- (bwj-)

Middle Persian: (/buxtan, bōz-/, “to free, liberate, save”)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫉- (bwz-)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwc-)

*bʰug-tos

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fugitus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰtás

Proto-Iranian: *bauxtah, > *bauxtakah

Ossetian: (“open (of space), not enclosed, laid bare”)

Digor Ossetian: бугъдӕг (buǧdæg)

Iron Ossetian: быгъдӕг (byǧdæg)

Parthian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤 (bwxt), 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫃 (bwxtg)

Middle Persian: (/buxt, buxtag/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtk')

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰegʷ-.


bʰewg-

*bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰunákti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰunákti

Sanskrit: भुनक्ति (bhunákti, “to be of use”, active), भुन्क्ते (bhuṅkté, “to enjoy”, middle)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *fungōr (“to perform, function”)

Latin: fungor

⇒ Proto-Armenian:

⇒ Old Armenian: բուծանեմ (bucanem, “to nourish”)

Armenian: բուծել (bucel, “to breed, cultivate”)

⇒? Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (“to reap, break”) (see there for further descendants)

*bʰe-bʰówg-e ~ *bʰe-bʰug-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰubʰuǰáy

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bubʰuȷ́áy

Sanskrit: बुभुजे (bubhujé)

*bʰéwg-ti-s ~ *bʰug-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: բուտ (but, “nourishment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuktiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuktiṣ

Sanskrit: भुक्ति (bhukti, “enjoyment”)

*bʰéwg-s (or only originating in Indo-Iranian)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúkš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúkṣ

Sanskrit: भुज् (bhúj, “enjoyment”), भुक् (bhúk, nom. sg)

Proto-Iranian: *búkš

Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “atonement”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwkšnas

Proto-Iranian: *báwxšnas

Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 (baoxšna, “refreshment”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀽𑀚𑁆𑀲𑀦 (būjsana, “feasting”)


dʰewgʰ-

dʰewgʰ- (canonical)
possibly *dʰewgʰ- (canonical)

*dʰéwgʰ-ti ~ *dʰugʰ-énti (athematic root present)

*dʰu-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰu-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tunkʰanō

desctree

Ancient Greek: τυγχάνω (tunkhánō)
Greek: τυχαίνω (tychaíno)

*dʰi-dʰugʰ-sḱé-tor

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τιτύσκομαι (titúskomai)

*dʰe-dʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰe-dʰugʰ-ḗr (stative)

*dʰugʰ-

(possibly) Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: յ-ան-դուգն (y-an-dugn, “bold, rash”)

*dʰéwgʰ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰáwgʰas

Sanskrit: दोहस् (dóhas)

⇒ Sanskrit: दोहसे (doháse)

Proto-Hellenic: *téwkʰos

Ancient Greek: τεῦχος (teûkhos)

Proto-Hellenic: *túkʰā

desctree

Ancient Greek: τύχη (túkhē), τιούχᾱ (tioúkhā), τούχᾱ (toúkhā) — Boeotian
Greek: τύχη (týchi)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *dukkǭ (“power, strength; muscle”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰugʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *dugъ (“strength, power”)

*dʰugʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰugdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dugdʰás

Sanskrit: दुग्ध (dugdhá)

*dʰugh₂tḗr (perhaps)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: duhet (“must”, verb)

Proto-Germanic: *dugunþō (“utility, virtue, strength”) (see there for further descendants)

Irish: dual

Scottish Gaelic: duan

Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
w:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture


bʰrem-

*bʰrém-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *bremeti

Proto-Brythonic: *brėβ̃ɨd

Middle Welsh: brefu, brefad

Gaulish: Bremia, Bremenium

Proto-Germanic: *bremaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *brummōną (see there for further descendants)

q

unless =<i class="Latn mention" lang="iir-pro">*bʰrámHati</i>; the root is uncertain

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰrámati (unless =*bʰrámHati; the root is uncertain)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰrámati

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमति (bhrámati, “to wander, rove, ramble”)

Proto-Iranian: *brámati

Parthian: 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1sg.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫖 (brmʾm, 1pl.pres.ind.), 𐫁𐫡𐫖𐫏𐫗𐫅 (brmynd, 3pl.pres.ind.)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (blʾmynd /brāmēnd/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *fremō

Latin: fremō

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *brьměti

West Slavic:

Polish: brzmieć

*bʰrém-ti-s ~ *bʰrm̥-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *brumþiz

*bʰrōm-is

Proto-Germanic: *brōmiz

*bʰrem-onts

q

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰramants (or *bʰrámHants; cf. *bʰrám(H)ati above)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰramants

desc

Sanskrit: भ्रमत् (bhramat, “wandering about, roaming”)

*bʰŕ̥m-gos

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ngas

>? Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰŕ̥ngas

Sanskrit: भृङ्ग (bhṛ́ṅga, “a species of large black bee, the humble bee”)


gel-

*gol- (o-grade root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-tó-s

Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)

*gol-i-

Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)

*gel-u-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Baltic:

Lithuanian: gelumà

→? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä

Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Permic: *kɨn

Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)

Udmurt: кын (kyn)

Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *golotь

Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)

>? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)


glewbʰ-

*gléwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *kleubaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβō (see there for further descendants)

*glúbʰ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *glúpʰō

Ancient Greek: γλύφω (glúphō)

*glowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *klaubijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *glouβ(s)mā

Latin: glūma (“husk, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)

*gléwbʰ-ti-s ~ *glubʰ-téy-s

Proto-Germanic: *kluftiz (see there for further descendants)

*glubʰ-on-

Proto-Germanic: *klubô

Proto-West Germanic: *klubō

Old High German: chlobo

Middle High German: klobe

Cimbrian: khlóop

German: Klobe, Kloben

Middle Dutch: clove

desctree

Dutch: kloof
Afrikaans: kloof
→ English: kloof
→ Papiamentu: kloof (dated)

Old Norse: klofi (“fork of a river”)

Old English: clufu
Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
English: clove
Scots: clow

Old Norse: klof (“fissure”)

Icelandic: klof (“crotch”)

Middle Irish: *clob (“tongs”)

Irish: tlú, clobhadh (obsolete)

Manx: cloughyn pl

Scottish Gaelic: clobha


*h₂yéw-os ~ *h₂yéw-es-

Proto-Italic: *jowos
Old Latin: ious
Latin: iūs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwṣ

Sanskrit: योस् (yós)

Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwš

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱 (yaoš)

Proto-Celtic: *yowdos

Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowestos

Latin: iūstus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *jowezāō

Latin: iūrō (see there for further descendants)

*Hyewdʰ-

Back-formation from the noun *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéw-, from the root *h₂ey- (“vital force, life”).


*h₁réwdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: արոյդ (aroyd), երոյդ (eroyd), արուրդ (arurd), երուրդ (erurd)

Proto-Germanic: *reudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eréutʰō

Ancient Greek: ἐρεύθω (ereúthō)

*h₁rudʰ-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰitas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *russos

Latin: russus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rūˀdjas (post-PIE lengthened grade *h₁ruHdʰ-yo-s)

Proto-Slavic: *ryďь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *raudsas

Proto-Slavic: *rusъ (see there for further descendants)

*h₁rowdʰ-os ~ *h₁rowdʰ-es-os

Proto-Italic: *rouβos ~ *rouβoses

Old Latin: rōbos ~ rōbores

Latin: rōbur

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: rutilus (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: raũmins

Lithuanian: raumuõ

Proto-Slavic: *ruměnъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *rъďa, *rъďavъ (see there for further descendants)

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *awa-ruđa

Albanian: fruth

>? Proto-Albanian: *apa-ruđa

Albanian: pruth


*péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)

*pe-póth₂-e (stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta

Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)

*pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *píptō

Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō) — Aeolic
Greek: πέφτω (péfto)

*pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)

Proto-Italic: *patnō

Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati

desc

Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)

*péth₂-lom (“leaf”)

Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon

Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétalon) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram

Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *pátram

Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)

*péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *peta

Albanian: pjetë

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā

Old Irish: éis

Irish: éis

Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)

Italic:

Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)

Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)

Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)

⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.

to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)


tres-

*trés-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō

Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós

Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati

Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás

Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)

*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)

*tros-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *trozeō

Latin: terreō

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)

Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)

Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)

*trés-mn̥

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma

Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥s-ró-s

Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós

Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)

Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)

*tr̥s-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás

Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh

Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)

Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)

Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)


Proto-Hellenic: *óťťomai

Ancient Greek: ὄσσομαι (óssomai)

*h₃ékʷ-s-e-tor (s desiderative)?

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷsomai

Ancient Greek: ὄψομαι (ópsomai)

*h₃ékʷ-ti-s ~ *h₃kʷ-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷtis

Ancient Greek: ὄψις f (ópsis) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃ékʷ-mn̥ ~ *h₃kʷ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷmə

Ancient Greek: ὄμμα n (ómma, “eye”)

Proto-Hellenic: *okʷā́

Ancient Greek: ὀπή (opḗ, “sight; opening, hole”) (see there for further descendants)

q

*h₃ekʷ-(e)lo-s, *h₃okʷ-(e)lo-s (grade uncertain, the diminutivisation is probably secondary)

Proto-Italic: *okʷ(e)los

Latin: oculus (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hanti(H)kás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hanti(H)kás

desc

Sanskrit: अन्तिक (antiká, “near, in the vicinity; nearness, proximity”)

Proto-Italic: *antīkʷos

Latin: antīquus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *enīkʷom

Brythonic:

Old Breton: enep

Old Cornish: eneb

Old Welsh: enep

Middle Welsh: wyneb

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas)

Old Irish: enech (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *enōkʷā́

Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas

Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)

Proto-Iranian: *HániHkah

Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀 (aⁱnika)

Northern Kurdish: enî (“forehead”)

Middle Persian: [script needed] (anîg, “front, forehead”)

Proto-Hellenic: *prótsōkʷon

Ancient Greek: πρόσωπον (prósōpon)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: प्रतीक (prátīka)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Tocharian: *ekʷṣäliē (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaH-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HwaH-

Sanskrit: वा (vā)

*h₂wḗh₁-ti ~ *h₂wéh₁-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

*h₂wéh₁-n̥ts (“wind”, active participle)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēˀtrāˀ

Lithuanian: vė́tra (“storm”)

Latvian: vȩ̄tra (“storm”)

Old Prussian: vetro (“wind”)

Proto-Slavic: *větrъ (“wind”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂weh₁-yú-s (“wind”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vė́jas (“wind”) (or formed synchronically)

Latvian: vējš (“wind”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwaHyúš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: աւդ (awd), օդ (ōd)

Armenian: օդ (ōd)

Proto-Celtic: *awelā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫūda-, “readiness, ability to act swiftly”)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuntarii̯a(i)-, “to break wind”)

*h₂uh₁-oy-ey ~ h₂uh₁-i-enti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ḫuu̯ai-), [script needed] (ḫui-, “to run, hurry”)

Proto-Hellenic: *awetʰlon

Ancient Greek: ἄεθλον (áethlon)

Proto-Hellenic: *aweľľā

Ancient Greek: αὔελλα (aúella), ἀέλλη (aéllē), ἄελλα (áella)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vetëtin (“it thunders”)

>? Proto-Albanian: *awuòr

Albanian: fjur (“aloft”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: vėsùs (“fresh, cool”)

Latvian: vȩ̄ss (“fresh, cool”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἀτμός (atmós), ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ), ἀίσθω (aísthō)

Germanic:

Old Norse: vængr (see there for further descendants)

Indo-Iranian:

Indic:

Sanskrit: वीज् (vīj)

Iranian:

Persian: وز (vaz)

Italic:

Latin: vannus (for *vatnus), vatillum


dʰew-

*dʰew- (root present)

Proto-Albanian: *dej

Albanian: vdekje

Albanian: vdes

Proto-Germanic: *dewaną

*dʰow-eye- (causative-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *dawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dawéiˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *davìti (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-iH-to-

Armenian:

Old Armenian: դի (di, “corpse”)

*dʰu-iH-tu-

Celtic:

Old Irish: díth

*dʰów-tus

Proto-Germanic: *dauþuz (“death”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰu-Hnós

Proto-Italic: *fūnos

Latin: fūnus

*dʰow-Htós

Proto-Germanic: *daudaz (“dead”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)

Rix considers the "die" sense to be related to the "flow" sense in Etymology 2, the latter which he seems to view as the original. For a semantic parallel, compare English pass away.


dʰew-

*dʰéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰéwō

Ancient Greek: θέω (théō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰā́wati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰā́wati

Sanskrit: धावति (dhā́vati) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *dā́wati

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: LHTWN-tn' (dawīdan)

Classical Persian: دَوِیدَن (dawīdan)

Tajik: давидан (davidan)


sep-

*s(ə)p-yé-ti or *sh₁p-yé-ti or *sop-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sapjō

Latin: sapiō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *sabjaną (see there for further descendants)

Old Armenian: համ (ham, “taste”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *saɸeros (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Oscan: sipus (“knowing”)

Volscian: sepu (“knowing”) (ablative singular)

Proto-Germanic: *sebô


webʰ-

*wébʰ-e-ti ~ *wébʰ-o-nti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *webaną (see there for further descendants)

*wébʰ-ti ~ *ubʰ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *wabdi

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟- (vaf-, “to weave”)

Parthian: wfyd (ind.3sg.)

Old Persian:

Middle Persian: wp- (waf-)

Persian: بافتن (bâftan)

*wobʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Germanic: *wabjaną (see there for further descendants)

*u-né-bʰ-ti ~ *u-m-bʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *umbʰáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *umbʰáti

Sanskrit: उम्भति (umbháti), उनब्द्धि (unábddhi)

*ubʰ-néH-ti ~ *ubʰ-nH-énti (*néH-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰnáHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ubʰnā́ti

Sanskrit: उभ्नाति (ubhnā́ti, “cover over; hurt, kill”)

Proto-Iranian: *ubnáHti

Northern Kurdish: hûnan

*ubʰ-yéti ~ *ubʰ-yónti (*yé-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubʰyáti

Proto-Iranian: *ubyáti

Avestan: 𐬎𐬟𐬌𐬌𐬀- (ufiia-, “to weave, to web”)

*wobʰ-eh₂-ti (o-grade eh₂-iterative-intensive)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäp- (“to weave, braid”)

Tocharian A: wäp-

Tocharian B: wāp-

*webʰ-n- (either denominal from an n-stem or deverbal from an n-infixed verb)

⇒ *webʰ-n-ye-

Proto-Albanian: *webnja

Albanian: vej

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑφαίνω (huphaínō)

Greek: υφαίνω (yfaíno)

*wobʰ-ó-s

Proto-Tocharian: *yape (“spider”)

Ancient Greek: ὑφή (huphḗ)

*ubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ubdʰás

Proto-Iranian: *ubdáh

Avestan: 𐬎𐬠𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (ubdaēna, “made of cloth”)

*wóps ~ *webʰ-és

*wébʰ-tis

Proto-Germanic: *wiftiz (see there for further descendants)

*wobʰ-yo-m

Proto-Germanic: *wabją (“web”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *wabōną, *wabijaną (“to wave”)

desctree

Old English: wafian (“to wave”)
Middle English: waven
English: wave

desc

Middle High German: waben (“to wave, undulate”)

Old Norse: váfa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wabʰuš

Proto-Iranian: *wabuš

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬟𐬏𐬱 (vafūš, “hymn, web”)


*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)

Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi

Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti

Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pléh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō

Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati

Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)

Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)

*pléh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *plējō

Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)

⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)

Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse

Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst

q

with later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अप्रात्</i> (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.

Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.)

*pl̥h₁-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀḗˀtei

Latvian: pilēt, pildīt

Lithuanian: pìlti

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)

⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

>? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)

Old Irish: ler

Proto-Hellenic: *plērós

Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)

Proto-Italic: *plēros

Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s *pl̥h₁-téy-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լիր (lir)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiš

Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)

Proto-Italic: *plēðūs

Latin: plēbs

(perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

Proto-Germanic: *felu

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

Proto-Italic: *plows

Latin: plūs

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)

Proto-Iranian: *parH-

Birgit Anette Olsen
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Mate Kapović
de:Brian D. Joseph


lewbʰ-

*lubʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Albanian: *luPi-

Albanian: lyp

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lubʰyáti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lubʰyáti

desc

Sanskrit: लुभ्यति (lúbhyati, “to desire, to be perplexed”) (see there for further descendants)

*lowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Albanian: *laubitja

Albanian: lubi

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lawbʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *lawbʰáyati

Sanskrit: लोभयति (lobháyati, “to make crazy”)

*lubʰ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

Proto-Italic: *luβēō (see there for further descendants)

*lewbʰ-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubas

Proto-Slavic: *ľubъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *leubaz (“dear, beloved”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *lubō (“love”), *leubō (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *lubą (“praise”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lubōną (“to praise”) (see there for further descendants)

*lubʰ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: लुब्ध (lubdha) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: liaupsė (“praise”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaubūˀ

Proto-Slavic: *ľubỳ (“love”, noun) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *louβ-

Oscan: loufir

desctree

Sanskrit: लोभ (lobha)
→ Bengali: লোভ (lōbh) (learned)
→ Hindi: लोभ (lobh) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಲೋಭ (lōbha) (learned)
→ Marathi: लोभ (lobh) (learned)

to desire, covet, want (someone or something)


lewbʰ-

*lowbʰ-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *laubą (see there for further descendants)

lubʰ-ró-s

Proto-Italic: *luβros (see there for further descendants)

*lowbʰ-ó-s

Proto-Slavic: *lubъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: labë (“rind, cork”)

Proto-Celtic: *lubā (“herb, plant”)

Ancient Greek: λυπή (lupḗ, “pain”)

Lithuanian: lùpti (“to peel, to shell”)


*h₂mélǵ-ti ~ *h₂ml̥ǵ-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Celtic: *mligeti

Old Irish: mligid

Middle Irish: bligid

*h₂mélǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *melźtei

Lithuanian: melžti (“to milk”)

Proto-Slavic: *melzti (“to milk”)

Proto-Germanic: *melkaną (“to milk”)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: ἀμέλγω (amélgō, “I milk”)

Greek: αρμέγω (armégo)

*h₂molǵ-éye-ti (iterative)

Proto-Italic: *molgeō

Latin: mulgeō (“I milk”)

*h₂mélǵ-os ~ h₂mélǵ-es-os (s-stem noun)

Proto-Celtic: *melgos

Old Irish: melg

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *melj́-ō

Albanian: mjel (“to milk”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: malks (“sip, nip, swig”)

Lithuanian: malkas

Proto-Celtic: *mlixtus (< *h₂ml̥ǵtus)

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht (“milk yield”)

Proto-Brythonic: bliθ

Welsh: blith (“milch”)

Proto-Germanic: *melkaz (“milky, milk-giving”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *milkijaz

Old English: *melċe, *milċe (þrimilċe)

Middle English: milche, melche

English: milch

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: meelk

Old Saxon:

Low German: melke

Old High German: melch

Middle High German: mëlch, melk

Alemannic German: mëlch

German: melk

Old Norse:

Icelandic: milkur, mjólkur

Proto-Germanic: *meluks (“milk”) (with unexplained -u-)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (“milk”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: malke (“milk”), mālk- (“to milk”) (< *h₂melǵ-ei̯e)

Tocharian B: malkwer (“milk”), mālkant (“to milk”)


*h₃méyǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃meyǵʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *meiɣjō

Latin: mēiō

Proto-Slavic: *mižati (see there for further descendants)

*h₃mi-ne-ǵʰ- ~ *h₃mi-n-ǵʰ- (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Italic: *minɣō

Latin: mingō

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmiždʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmiẓḍʰás

Sanskrit: मीढ (mīḍhá), मीळ्ह (mīḷhá)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mictus

*h₃meyǵʰ-s-tus or *h₃miǵʰ-s-tus

Proto-Germanic: *mihstuz (see there for further descendants)

*h₃moyǵʰos or *h₃meyǵʰos

desctree

Old Armenian: մէզ (mēz, “urine”)
Armenian: մեզ (mez)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰas

Sanskrit: मेह (méha, “urine”)

Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjah

Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (maēza, “urine”)

Unsorted formations:

Latgalian: meizols (“urine”)

Latgalian: meiznīks, meižka (“organ of urinary”)

desc

Latgalian: meizeļs (“person who urinates”)

Proto-Albanian: *medzra

Albanian: përmjerr

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: myc (mēz-), mstn' (mistan)

Persian: میزیدن (mêz-), میزیدن (mêzidan), میختن (mêxtan)

Northern Kurdish: mîz, میز (mîz), mîstin

Proto-Slavic: *mězga

Proto-Slavic: *mьza, *mьzěti

Proto-Slavic: *mьža, *mьžati, *mьžiti

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: miśo (< *h₃m(e)iǵʰyeh₂-)


dʰwer-

*dʰwṓr ~ *dʰurés (see there for further descendants)

*dʰwor-o-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwára (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *dworā, *duros

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dor

Cornish: dor

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Old Irish: dorus

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰwā́ram

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dwā́ram

Sanskrit: द्वार (dvā́ra)

→ Assamese: দুৱাৰ (duar)

Kashmiri:

Arabic script: دٲر (dạ̄r)

Devanagari script: दऻर (dạ̄r)

Marathi: दार (dār)

Pali: dvāra

→ Burmese: ဒွာရ (dwara.)

→ Gujarati: દ્વાર (dvār)

→ Hindi: द्वार (dvār)

→ Bengali: দ্বার (dar)

Romani: vudar

→ Urdu: دوار (dvār)

→ Thai: ทวาร (tá-waan)

Proto-Iranian: *dwara (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *fworom

Latin: forum (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌚𐌖𐌓𐌖 (furu), furo

Proto-Tocharian: *twere

Tocharian B: twere

Proto-Italic: *fworā

Latin: forās, forīs

*dʰwōr-eh₂ (innovative collective)

Proto-Albanian: *dwōrā

Albanian: derë

*dʰur-éh₂ (collective)

Proto-Germanic: *durō

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (daura)

Proto-Hellenic: *tʰurā

Ancient Greek: θῠ́ρᾱ (thúrā)

Greek: θύρα (thýra)

*dʰur-o-m

Proto-Germanic: *durą

*dʰúr-m̥ ~ *dʰwor-m̥

Old Armenian: դուռն (duṙn)

Armenian: դուռ (duṙ)

*dʰwor-es-tus (innovative)

Proto-Celtic: *dworestus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Iranian:

Iranian:

Northern Kurdish: derî

Nuristani:

Kamviri: [script needed] (du)

Brill Publishers
Rick Derksen
Vladimir Orel


perd-

*pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)

*pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā

Proto-Brythonic: *rex

Welsh: rhech

*pr̥d-u-s

Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)


*gʷéyh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *gʷéyomai

Ancient Greek: βείομαι (beíomai), βέομαι (béomai)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáyHati

Proto-Iranian: *ǰáyHati

Persian: زیستن (zistan, “to live”)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: śo-

Tocharian B: śai-

*gʷoyh₃-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gájīˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *gojìti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gajás

Proto-Slavic: *gȍjь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géiˀta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *beitom (see there for further descendants)

*gʷih₃-wó-s (“alive, living”)

Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *džita

Albanian: nxit

Armenian:

Old Armenian: կեամ (keam)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ὑγιής (hugiḗs)

Italic:

Latin: iūgis


(s)kreybʰ-

*(s)kréybʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *hrībaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *skreiβō (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kréybʰ-ti (athematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibtei

Lithuanian: skriẽbti

*(s)kréybʰ-i-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skréibis-tas

Latgalian: skreibsts (“hook”)

Proto-Slavic: *xrьbьtъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: skre(i)beļs

Latgalian: skrybyns (“scraper”)

(perhaps) Celtic: *skrībbāti (see there for further descendants)

(perhaps) Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκᾰ́ρῑφος (skárīphos)

Probably an extended form of *(s)ker- (“to cut off, sever”).


sweyd-

*swéyd-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̓δίω (īdíō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swáydati

Sanskrit: स्वेदते (svédate)

*swíd-ye-ti (zero-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *switjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swídyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swídyati

Sanskrit: स्विद्यति (svídyati)

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: syā-

*swoyd-éye-ti (causative)

Germanic:

Old High German: sweizzen

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swaydáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swaydáyati

Sanskrit: स्वेदयति (svedáyati)

*swéyd-os ~ *swéyd-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *éidos

Ancient Greek: ἶδος (îdos)

Italic:

Latin: sūdor

*swéyd-r̥ ~ *swid-én-s (*r/n heteroclitic)

Proto-Albanian: *(ui)dertśiā (< *swid-ro-t-yeh₂)

Albanian: djersë

Armenian:

Old Armenian: քիրտն (kʻirtn)

Armenian: քրտինք (kʻrtinkʻ)

Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: sviêdri

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs)

*swid-tós

Proto-Celtic: *swissos

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨs

Middle Breton: hues

Breton: c’huès, c’hwès

Cornish: hwys

Middle Welsh: chuis

Welsh: chwys

*swoyd-o-

Proto-Germanic: *swaitaz, *swaitą, *swaitô

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáydas (see there for further descendants)

Italic: (denominative)

Latin: sūdō


wes-

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (waš-)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *was-

Sanskrit: वस् (vas)

Proto-Iranian: *wah- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *wäs-

Tocharian A: wäs-

Tocharian B: wäs-

*wés-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásati

Proto-Iranian: *wáhati

Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vaŋhaⁱti)

*wés-tor ~ *wés-ror (deponent athematic Narten root present)

*wes-néw- ~ *wes-nu- (nu-present)

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգենում (zgenum)

Proto-Hellenic: *wehnūmi

Ancient Greek: ἕννῡμῐ (hénnūmi)

Ionic Greek: εἵνῡμῐ (heínūmi)

*wos-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhanos

Ancient Greek: ἑᾰνός (heanós), εἱᾰνός (heianós) (verse-initially), ἑᾱνός (heānós) (later)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀸𐁀𐀜𐀂 (we-ha-no-i /wehanoiʰi/, dat.pl.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásanas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásanas

Sanskrit: वसन (vásana)

Proto-Iranian: *wáhanah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 (vaŋhana)

*wés-m̥h₁nos (present middle participle of *wéstor)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmenos

Ancient Greek: εἱμένος (heiménos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásaHnas

Proto-Iranian: *wáhaHnah

Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬥𐬀 (vaŋhāna)

*wés-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic: *wéhmə

Ancient Greek: εἷμα (heîma), εἵματα (heímata, “clothes”)

Aeolic Greek: ἔμμα (émma)

Cretan Greek: ϝῆμα (wêma)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wásma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wásma

Sanskrit: वस्मन् (vásman)

*wés-tis ~ *us-téy-s (see there for further descendants)

*wés-trom

Germanic:

Middle High German: wester (“christening dress”)

Proto-Hellenic: *wéstrā

Doric Greek: ϝέστρᾱ (wéstrā)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wástram (see there for further descendants)

*wés-tus

Armenian:

Old Armenian: զգեստ (zgest)

Unsorted formations:

Armenian:

Old Armenian: առա-գաստ (aṙa-gast) (< *wés-t-eh₂-) (possibly)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἐσθής (esthḗs)

Tocharian:

q

infinitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="txb">wäs-</i>

Tocharian B: wastsi (infinitive of wäs-)


wes-

*wḗs-ti (acrodynamic present)

Latin: vēscor (“to nourish oneself”) (see there for further descendants)

Hittite: wesiyattari (“grazes”)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *westā (“food, feast”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ti-

Proto-Germanic: *wistiz (“provisions, food”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ri-

Tocharian A: wäsri (“pasture”)

Unsorted formations:

Hittite: wēsi- (“meadow”)

Hittite: wastara- (“herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (vāstar, “herdsman”)

Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬀 (vāstra, “pasture”)

Proto-Germanic: *wisundz (“bison”)


wes-

*wés-ti ~ *us-énti (athematic root present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [Term?] (/u̯a-a-ši/)

*we-wós-e ~ *we-wus-ḗr (perfect)

Hittite: [Term?] (/wāsi/)

*wós-n̥ ~ *us-né-s (“sale; price”) (see there for further descendants)

*wes-ó-s (“selling, trade”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wasás

Proto-Iranian: *waháh

Khotanese: 𑀩𑀳𑁄𑀬𑁆𑀲𑀦 (bahoysana)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/wahāg/)

Persian: بها (bahâ)

Ossetian: уӕй (wæj)

Sogdian: [Term?] (/xwʾqr/, “merchant”)

q

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kʷel-</i> (“to walk”)

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *wahá-čāra- (“market”) (with *kʷel- (“to walk”))

desc

Gilaki: واجار (vājār, “open market, bazaar”)

Mazanderani: واجار (vājār)

Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wʾčʾl /wāzār/)

Persian: بازار (bâzâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finno-Ugric: *wosa (see there for further descendants)


dʰegʷʰ-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Vladimir Orel

*dʰégʷʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*dʰogʷʰ-éye-ti (*éye-causative)

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-dadžja

Albanian: ndez

Proto-Celtic: *degʷyeti (“to flame, blaze”)

Welsh: deifio

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰāǰʰáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dāźʰáyati

Sanskrit: दाहयति (dāháyati)

Proto-Italic: *foɣʷeō (see there for further descendants)

*dʰḗgʷʰ-s- (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰākš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰākṣ

q

later <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अधाक्षीत्</i> (ádhākṣīt)

(later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Sanskrit: अधाक् (ádhāk) (later अधाक्षीत् (ádhākṣīt))

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: tsekär (3pl.), tseksamai (1sg.med.)

*dʰgʷʰ-éh₁ye-ti ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éh₁yonti (thematic *éh₁-stative)

desc

*ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHyati

Sanskrit: क्षायति (kṣā́yati)

*dʰgʷʰ-éy-ti (*éy-present)

⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”, reanalyzed root)

*dʰegʷʰ-i-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dеgis, *dаgis

Lithuanian: dẽgis

Proto-Celtic: *degʷis (“flame, blaze”)

Old Irish: daig

Irish: daigh, doigh

Middle Welsh: goddeith

Welsh: goddaith

Proto-Celtic: *uɸo-dextā

Middle Welsh: goddeith

(possibly) *dʰₔgʷʰ-tós (?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰagdʰás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dagdʰás

Sanskrit: दग्ध (dagdhá, “burned”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dagāˀ

Latvian: daga

Lithuanian: dagà

Old Prussian: dagis

*dʰógʷʰ-r̥ ~ *dʰgʷʰ-éns (“burning”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τέφρα (téphra) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰegʷʰr-i-s

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷris

Latin: febris (“fever”) (see there for further descendants)

*dʰógʷʰr-us ~ *dʰgʷʰr-éws

*dʰégʷʰrw-o-m

Proto-Italic: *feɣʷrwom

Latin: februum (“means of purification”)

(possibly) *dʰogʷʰ-o-s

q

<i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">**dawaz</i> expected

Proto-Germanic: *dagaz (loss of labiovelar unexplained, **dawaz expected)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: հր-դեհ (hr-deh) (possible borrowing)

Proto-Germanic: *diurijaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: fōmes

Proto-Italic:

Latin: *fovimentum

Latin: fōmentum (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *və-dez

Albanian: dhez

Sanskrit: दह् (dah)


ع ج ر ف

related to arrogance, presumptuousness, haughtiness

تَعَجْرُف

Form IIq: تَعَجْرَفَ (taʕajrafa); Verbal noun

مُتَعَجْرِف

Form IIq: تَعَجْرَفَ (taʕajrafa); Active participle


간곡

간곡하다 간곡하다#Korean

Root of 간곡하다 (gan'gokhada). Rarely used alone.


ع ذ ر

ar-root

ع ذ ر • (ʕ-ḏ-r)

عَاذِر

Form I: عَذَرَ (ʕaḏara); Active participle

مُعَذِّر

Form II: عَذَّرَ (ʕaḏḏara); Active participle

مُعَاذِر

Form III: عَاذَرَ (ʕāḏara); Active participle

إِعْذَار

Form IV: أَعْذَرَ (ʔaʕḏara); Verbal noun

مُعْذِر

Form IV: أَعْذَرَ (ʔaʕḏara); Active participle

تَعَذُّر

Form V: تَعَذَّرَ (taʕaḏḏara); Verbal noun

مُتَعَذِّر

Form V: تَعَذَّرَ (taʕaḏḏara); Active participle

اِعْتِذَار

Form VIII: اِعْتَذَرَ (iʕtaḏara); Verbal noun

مُعْتَذِر

Form VIII: اِعْتَذَرَ (iʕtaḏara); Active participle

اِسْتِعْذَار

Form X: اِسْتَعْذَرَ (istaʕḏara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْذِر

Form X: اِسْتَعْذَرَ (istaʕḏara); Active participle

forms words relating to forgiveness and absolution


이글

익— (ik-, “(of food) to become cooked”) + —을 (-eul, ideophone-deriving suffix) (Cho 2016, p. 175).

이글거리다 이글거리다#Korean

이글이글 이글이글#Korean

(ideophonic) Root of 이글거리다 (igeulgeorida, “to blaze, to sizzle, to glare”) / 이글이글 (igeurigeul, “blazingly, sizzlingly, glaringly”). Rarely used alone.


ط ي ر

طَيَرَان

Form I: طَارَ (ṭāra, “to fly, to take off”); Verbal noun

Form I: طَارَ (ṭāra, “to fly, to take off”); Active participle

مُطَيِّر

Form II: طَيَّرَ (ṭayyara); Active participle

مُطَايِر

Form III: طَايَرَ (ṭāyara); Active participle

مُطِير

Form IV: أَطَارَ (ʔaṭāra); Active participle

تَطَيُّر

Form V: تَطَيَّرَ (taṭayyara); Verbal noun

مُتَطَيِّر

Form V: تَطَيَّرَ (taṭayyara); Active participle

اِسْتِطَارَة

Form X: اِسْتَطَارَ (istaṭāra); Verbal noun

مُسْتَطِير

Form X: اِسْتَطَارَ (istaṭāra); Active participle


ح ج ب

حَجْب

Form I: حَجَبَ (ḥajaba, “to block”); Verbal noun

حَاجِب

Form I: حَجَبَ (ḥajaba, “to block”); Active participle

مُحَجِّب

Form II: حَجَّبَ (ḥajjaba); Active participle

تَحَجُّب

Form V: تَحَجَّبَ (taḥajjaba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَجِّب

Form V: تَحَجَّبَ (taḥajjaba); Active participle

اِنْحِجَاب

Form VII: اِنْحَجَبَ (inḥajaba); Verbal noun

مُنْحَجِب

Form VII: اِنْحَجَبَ (inḥajaba); Active participle

اِحْتِجَاب

Form VIII: اِحْتَجَبَ (iḥtajaba); Verbal noun

مُحْتَجِب

Form VIII: اِحْتَجَبَ (iḥtajaba); Active participle

اِسْتِحْجَاب

Form X: اِسْتَحْجَبَ (istaḥjaba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْجِب

Form X: اِسْتَحْجَبَ (istaḥjaba); Active participle


ل ق ي

forms words relating to meetings, encounters

Form I: لَقِيَ (laqiya); Active participle

مُلَاقٍ

Form III: لَاقَى (lāqā); Active participle

مُلْقٍ

Form IV: أَلْقَى (ʔalqā); Active participle

مُتَلَقٍّ

Form V: تَلَقَّى (talaqqā); Active participle

مُتَلَاقٍ

Form VI: تَلَاقَى (talāqā); Active participle

اِلْتِقَاء

Form VIII: اِلْتَقَى (iltaqā); Verbal noun

مُلْتَقٍ

Form VIII: اِلْتَقَى (iltaqā); Active participle

اِسْتِلْقَاء

Form X: اِسْتَلْقَى (istalqā); Verbal noun

مُسْتَلْقٍ

Form X: اِسْتَلْقَى (istalqā); Active participle


կթ-

The origin is uncertain. Perhaps related to նքթեմ (nkʻtʻem). The forms in գթ- (gtʻ-) arose by confusion with գթիմ (gtʻim), գայթիմ (gaytʻim).