ع ك س

تَعَاكُس

Form VI: تَعَاكَسَ (taʕākasa); Verbal noun

عَاكِس

Form I: عَكَسَ (ʕakasa); Active participle

مُعَاكِس

Form III: عَاكَسَ (ʕākasa); Active participle

مُتَعَاكِس

Form VI: تَعَاكَسَ (taʕākasa); Active participle

اِنْعِكَاس

Form VII: اِنْعَكَسَ (inʕakasa); Verbal noun

مُنْعَكِس

Form VII: اِنْعَكَسَ (inʕakasa); Active participle


خ ش ب

ar-root

خ ش ب • (ḵ-š-b)

مُخَشِّب

Form II: خَشَّبَ (ḵaššaba); Active participle

تَخَشُّب

Form V: تَخَشَّبَ (taḵaššaba); Verbal noun

مُتَخَشِّب

Form V: تَخَشَّبَ (taḵaššaba); Active participle


ظ ه ر

إِظْهَار

Form IV: أَظْهَرَ (ʔaẓhara); Verbal noun

تَظَاهُر

Form VI: تَظَاهَرَ (taẓāhara); Verbal noun

اِسْتِظْهَار

Form X: اِسْتَظْهَرَ (istaẓhara); Verbal noun

Relating to visibility, making clear or understandable

ظَاهِر

Form I: ظَهَرَ (ẓahara); Active participle

مُظَهِّر

Form II: ظَهَّرَ (ẓahhara); Active participle

مُظَاهِر

Form III: ظَاهَرَ (ẓāhara); Active participle

مُظْهِر

Form IV: أَظْهَرَ (ʔaẓhara); Active participle

مُتَظَاهِر

Form VI: تَظَاهَرَ (taẓāhara); Active participle

مُسْتَظْهِر

Form X: اِسْتَظْهَرَ (istaẓhara); Active participle


م س ك

مَاسِك

Form I: مَسَكَ (masaka); Active participle

مُمَسِّك

Form II: مَسَّكَ (massaka); Active participle

إِمْسَاك

Form IV: أَمْسَكَ (ʔamsaka); Verbal noun

مُمْسِك

Form IV: أَمْسَكَ (ʔamsaka); Active participle

تَمَسُّك

Form V: تَمَسَّكَ (tamassaka); Verbal noun

مُتَمَسِّك

Form V: تَمَسَّكَ (tamassaka); Active participle

تَمَاسُك

Form VI: تَمَاسَكَ (tamāsaka); Verbal noun

مُتَمَاسِك

Form VI: تَمَاسَكَ (tamāsaka); Active participle

اِسْتِمْسَاك

Form X: اِسْتَمْسَكَ (istamsaka); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمْسِك

Form X: اِسْتَمْسَكَ (istamsaka); Active participle


흔

Root of 흔하다 (heunhada, “abundant, common”) / 흔히 (heunhi, “commonly”). Rarely used alone.


ق ط ب

قَاطِب

Form I: قَطَبَ (qaṭaba); Active participle

مُقَطِّب

Form II: قَطَّبَ (qaṭṭaba); Active participle

تَقَطُّب

Form V: تَقَطَّبَ (taqaṭṭaba); Verbal noun

مُتَقَطِّب

Form V: تَقَطَّبَ (taqaṭṭaba); Active participle

اِسْتِقْطَاب

Form X: اِسْتَقْطَبَ (istaqṭaba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَقْطِب

Form X: اِسْتَقْطَبَ (istaqṭaba); Active participle


ه د ف

هَدْف

Form I: هَدَفَ (hadafa, “to approach; to aim”); Verbal noun

هَادِف

Form I: هَدَفَ (hadafa, “to approach; to aim”); Active participle

إِهْدَاف

Form IV: أَهْدَفَ (ʔahdafa); Verbal noun

مُهْدِف

Form IV: أَهْدَفَ (ʔahdafa); Active participle

تَهَدُّف

Form V: تَهَدَّفَ (tahaddafa); Verbal noun

مُتَهَدِّف

Form V: تَهَدَّفَ (tahaddafa); Active participle

اِسْتِهْدَاف

Form X: اِسْتَهْدَفَ (istahdafa); Verbal noun

مُسْتَهْدِف

Form X: اِسْتَهْدَفَ (istahdafa); Active participle


ل ه م

اِلْتِهَام

Form VIII: اِلْتَهَمَ (iltahama); Verbal noun

مُلْتَهِم

Form VIII: اِلْتَهَمَ (iltahama); Active participle

اِسْتِلْهَام

Form X: اِسْتَلْهَمَ (istalhama); Verbal noun

مُسْتَلْهِم

Form X: اِسْتَلْهَمَ (istalhama); Active participle

تَلَهُّم

Form V: تَلَهَّمَ (talahhama, “to gormandize, to gobble, to gorge, to devour, to wolf”); Verbal noun

مُتَلَهِّم

Form V: تَلَهَّمَ (talahhama, “to gormandize, to gobble, to gorge, to devour, to wolf”); Active participle

إِلْهَام

Form IV: أَلْهَمَ (ʔalhama, “to inspire”); Verbal noun

مُلْهِم

Form IV: أَلْهَمَ (ʔalhama, “to inspire”); Active participle


ك ح ل

كَاحِل

Form I: كَحَلَ (kaḥala); Active participle

مُكَحِّل

Form II: كَحَّلَ (kaḥḥala); Active participle

تَكَحُّل

Form V: تَكَحَّلَ (takaḥḥala); Verbal noun

مُتَكَحِّل

Form V: تَكَحَّلَ (takaḥḥala); Active participle

اِكْتِحَال

Form VIII: اِكْتَحَلَ (iktaḥala); Verbal noun

مُكْتَحِل

Form VIII: اِكْتَحَلَ (iktaḥala); Active participle

اِكْحِلَال

Form IX: اِكْحَلَّ (ikḥalla); Verbal noun

مُكْحَلّ

Form IX: اِكْحَلَّ (ikḥalla); Active participle


ش ع ر

ش ع ر • (š-ʕ-r)

Related to knowledge, awareness, or hair

شَاعِر

Form I: شَعَرَ (šaʕara); Active participle

إِشْعَار

Form IV: أَشْعَرَ (ʔašʕara); Verbal noun

مُشْعِر

Form IV: أَشْعَرَ (ʔašʕara); Active participle

تَشَاعُر

Form VI: تَشَاعَرَ (tašāʕara); Verbal noun

مُتَشَاعِر

Form VI: تَشَاعَرَ (tašāʕara); Active participle

اِسْتِشْعَار

Form X: اِسْتَشْعَرَ (istašʕara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَشْعِر

Form X: اِسْتَشْعَرَ (istašʕara); Active participle


ر ز ق

رِزْق

Form I: رَزَقَ (razaqa, “to give sustenance, to support”); Verbal noun

رَازِق

Form I: رَزَقَ (razaqa, “to give sustenance, to support”); Active participle

اِرْتِزَاق

Form VIII: اِرْتَزَقَ (irtazaqa, “to receive rations or emoluments”); Verbal noun

مُرْتَزِق

Form VIII: اِرْتَزَقَ (irtazaqa, “to receive rations or emoluments”); Active participle

اِسْتِرْزَاق

Form X: اِسْتَرْزَقَ (istarzaqa, “to ask for nourishment, to procure one's sustenance”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَرْزِق

Form X: اِسْتَرْزَقَ (istarzaqa, “to ask for nourishment, to procure one's sustenance”); Active participle


ن ح ل

إِنْحَال

Form IV: أَنْحَلَ (ʔanḥala); Verbal noun

related to bees, and from their behavior; to collecting from various locations, to gather together commodities especially to give as a dowry

to give freely, literally to dispense all over; to sift, to spread

to make thin, to thin out, to waste away, to become emaciated; from the meaning of sifting flour becoming finer

نَاحِل

Form I: نَحَلَ (naḥala); Active participle

مُنْحِل

Form IV: أَنْحَلَ (ʔanḥala); Active participle

تَنَحُّل

Form V: تَنَحَّلَ (tanaḥḥala); Verbal noun

مُتَنَحِّل

Form V: تَنَحَّلَ (tanaḥḥala); Active participle

اِنْتِحَال

Form VIII: اِنْتَحَلَ (intaḥala); Verbal noun

مُنْتَحِل

Form VIII: اِنْتَحَلَ (intaḥala); Active participle

to plagiarize, to attribute a thing to another, to borrow, to take from various sources; hence also to adopt, to take on, to embrace or make it one's own


ص ب ح

ص ب ح • (ṣ-b-ḥ)

إِصْبَاح

Form IV: أَصْبَحَ (ʔaṣbaḥa); Verbal noun

اِسْتِصْبَاح

Form X: اِسْتَصْبَحَ (istaṣbaḥa); Verbal noun

اِصْبِيحَاح

Form XI: اِصْبَاحَّ (iṣbāḥḥa); Verbal noun

صُبْحَة

morning sleep; morning snack; blackness inclining to redness

Related to the morning/daybreak and its light

صَابِح

Form I: صَبَحَ (ṣabaḥa); Active participle

Form I: صَبُحَ (ṣabuḥa); Active participle

مُصَبِّح

Form II: صَبَّحَ (ṣabbaḥa); Active participle

مُصَابِح

Form III: صَابَحَ (ṣābaḥa); Active participle

مُصْبِح

Form IV: أَصْبَحَ (ʔaṣbaḥa); Active participle

تَصَبُّح

Form V: تَصَبَّحَ (taṣabbaḥa); Verbal noun

مُتَصَبِّح

Form V: تَصَبَّحَ (taṣabbaḥa); Active participle

اِصْطِبَاح

Form VIII: اِصْطَبَحَ (iṣṭabaḥa); Verbal noun

مُصْطَبِح

Form VIII: اِصْطَبَحَ (iṣṭabaḥa); Active participle

مُسْتَصْبِح

Form X: اِسْتَصْبَحَ (istaṣbaḥa); Active participle

مُصْبَاحّ

Form XI: اِصْبَاحَّ (iṣbāḥḥa); Active participle


ش خ ص

ش خ ص • (š-ḵ-ṣ)

Related to rising. This verb can also mean the following: pass, journey, become lofty, tower up, start, represent as a person, be, identify, leave, depart, specify, start out, represent as an individual, become high, gaze, travel, play, act, ascend, personify, become, stare, be glazed over, appear

شَاخِص

Form I: شَخَصَ (šaḵaṣa); Active participle

مُشَخِّص

Form II: شَخَّصَ (šaḵḵaṣa); Active participle

إِشْخَاص

Form IV: أَشْخَصَ (ʔašḵaṣa, “to send out, to dispatch”); Verbal noun

مُشْخِص

Form IV: أَشْخَصَ (ʔašḵaṣa, “to send out, to dispatch”); Active participle

تَشَخُّص

Form V: تَشَخَّصَ (tašaḵḵaṣa, “to appear, to be revealed, to show oneself”); Verbal noun

مُتَشَخِّص

Form V: تَشَخَّصَ (tašaḵḵaṣa, “to appear, to be revealed, to show oneself”); Active participle

شَخْصِيَّة

شَخْص (šaḵṣ)


ط ر ح

ط ر ح • (ṭ-r-ḥ)

Related to casting or throw away, discarding or removing

طَارِح

Form I: طَرَحَ (ṭaraḥa); Active participle

مُطَرِّح

Form II: طَرَّحَ (ṭarraḥa); Active participle

مُطَارَحَة

Form III: طَارَحَ (ṭāraḥa, “to exchange”); Verbal noun

مُطَارِح

Form III: طَارَحَ (ṭāraḥa, “to exchange”); Active participle

تَطَرُّح

Form V: تَطَرَّحَ (taṭarraḥa, “to drop, to fall”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَرِّح

Form V: تَطَرَّحَ (taṭarraḥa, “to drop, to fall”); Active participle

تَطَارُح

Form VI: تَطَارَحَ (taṭāraḥa, “to exchange with one another (something)”); Verbal noun

مُتَطَارِح

Form VI: تَطَارَحَ (taṭāraḥa, “to exchange with one another (something)”); Active participle

اِنْطِرَاح

Form VII: اِنْطَرَحَ (inṭaraḥa); Verbal noun

مُنْطَرِح

Form VII: اِنْطَرَحَ (inṭaraḥa); Active participle

اِطِّرَاح

Form VIII: اِطَّرَحَ (iṭṭaraḥa); Verbal noun

مُطَّرِح

Form VIII: اِطَّرَحَ (iṭṭaraḥa); Active participle


ص ف ر

The sense of yellow derives from the fading of more vibrant greenness in vegetation.

إِصْفَار

Form IV: أَصْفَرَ (ʔaṣfara); Verbal noun

اِصْفِرَار

Form IX: اِصْفَرَّ (iṣfarra); Verbal noun

اِصْفِيرَار

Form XI: اِصْفَارَّ (iṣfārra); Verbal noun

صَافِر

Form I: صَفَرَ (ṣafara); Active participle

Form I: صَفِرَ (ṣafira); Active participle

مُصَفِّر

Form II: صَفَّرَ (ṣaffara); Active participle

مُصْفِر

Form IV: أَصْفَرَ (ʔaṣfara); Active participle

مُصْفَرّ

Form IX: اِصْفَرَّ (iṣfarra); Active participle

مُصْفَارّ

Form XI: اِصْفَارَّ (iṣfārra); Active participle

Related to losing color; to become pale or pallid

Related to the color yellow, the color of dead herbage


ع م ر

Compare Classical Syriac ܥ-ܡ-ܪ, related to inhabiting, used in ܥܘܡܪܐ (ʕumrɑ(ʔ), “congregation, communion”).

forming words related to the passing of time, the expansion of life, and inhabiting

عَمَارَة

a big tribe, a salutation consisting of waving myrtle leaves, a flowery ornament, a fleet

عِمَارَة

a building, a tribe, a population, an estate or a landplot

عَمْر

Form I: عَمَرَ (ʕamara, “to be accustomed, to construct, to inhabit or frequent a place (with ه (h))”); Verbal noun

عَامِر

Form I: عَمَرَ (ʕamara, “to be accustomed, to construct, to inhabit or frequent a place (with ه (h))”); Active participle

inhabited, cultivated, flourishing, prosperous

مَعْمُور

the universe, all existing things, a populous place

تَعْمِير

Form II: عَمَّرَ (ʕammara, “to grant longevity, to aid in attaining longevity, to make prosper”); Verbal noun

مُعَمِّر

Form II: عَمَّرَ (ʕammara, “to grant longevity, to aid in attaining longevity, to make prosper”); Active participle

مُعَمَّر

populated, flourishing, built, longlasting

إِعْمَار

Form IV: أَعْمَرَ (ʔaʕmara, “to find a place habitable or prosperous, to colonize or make habitable (with ه (h))”); Verbal noun

the cultivation of a place or the preparation which make it habitable

مُعْمِر

Form IV: أَعْمَرَ (ʔaʕmara, “to find a place habitable or prosperous, to colonize or make habitable (with ه (h))”); Active participle

اِعْتِمَار

Form VIII: اِعْتَمَرَ (iʕtamara, “to visit, to frequent a place”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَمِر

Form VIII: اِعْتَمَرَ (iʕtamara, “to visit, to frequent a place”); Active participle

اِسْتِعْمَار

Form X: اِسْتَعْمَرَ (istaʕmara, “to populate, to colonize”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْمِر

Form X: اِسْتَعْمَرَ (istaʕmara, “to populate, to colonize”); Active participle


ش ه د

شُهُود

Form I: شَهِدَ (šahida, “to witness”); Verbal noun

Form I: شَهِدَ (šahida, “to witness”); Active participle

شَهَادَة

Form I: شَهِدَ (šahida, “to bear witness”); Verbal noun

Form I: شَهِدَ (šahida, “to bear witness”); Active participle

تَشْهِيد

Form II: شَهَّدَ (šahhada, “to dictate the shahada”); Verbal noun

مُشَهِّد

Form II: شَهَّدَ (šahhada, “to dictate the shahada”); Active participle

مُشاهَدَة

Form III: شَاهَدَ (šāhada, “to watch, to see”); Verbal noun

مُشاهِد

Form III: شَاهَدَ (šāhada, “to watch, to see”); Active participle

إِشْهَاد

Form IV: أَشْهَدَ (ʔašhada, “to testify someone; to make someone testify”); Verbal noun

مُشْهِد

Form IV: أَشْهَدَ (ʔašhada, “to testify someone; to make someone testify”); Active participle

تَشَهُّد

Form V: تَشَهَّدَ (tašahhada); Verbal noun

مُتَشَهِّد

Form V: تَشَهَّدَ (tašahhada); Active participle

تَشَاهُد

Form VI: تَشَاهَدَ (tašāhada); Verbal noun

مُتَشَاهِد

Form VI: تَشَاهَدَ (tašāhada); Active participle

اِسْتِشْهَاد

Form X: اِسْتَشْهَدَ (istašhada, “to cite”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَشْهِد

Form X: اِسْتَشْهَدَ (istašhada, “to cite”); Active participle

اِسْتِشْهَاد

Form X: اُسْتُشْهِدَ (ustušhida, “to become a martyr to”); Verbal noun


ك ر ه

إِكْرَاه

Form IV: أَكْرَهَ (ʔakraha); Verbal noun

تَكَرُّه

Form V: تَكَرَّهَ (takarraha); Verbal noun

اِسْتِكْرَاه

Form X: اِسْتَكْرَهَ (istakraha); Verbal noun

Form I: كَرِهَ (kariha); Active participle

مُكَرِّه

Form II: كَرَّهَ (karraha); Active participle

مُكْرِه

Form IV: أَكْرَهَ (ʔakraha); Active participle

مُتَكَرِّه

Form V: تَكَرَّهَ (takarraha); Active participle

مُسْتَكْرِه

Form X: اِسْتَكْرَهَ (istakraha); Active participle


ش ج ر

The meanings of piercing, a fissure, forcing open, hence chin or mouth corner, are probably metathetical to ش ر ج (š-r-j).
The meaning of a tree is likely generalized from the meaning of “fig tree” and via Aramaic from Akkadian 𒋗𒍀 (šu-guru₅ /šugrû/, “basket; a processed form of dates”), see the material of شَيْرَة (šayra, “threaded sparterie for the transport as well as sale of figs, pannier”).
Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou opts for an Aramaic borrowing due the consonant correspondence with Hebrew שֶׁגֶר (šeḡer, “litter of animals”), connecting via the ideas of “coming forth” of trees, ultimately seeing the root as derived from the cognate of ج ر ر (j-r-r) “to drag forth” plus causative prefix *ša-, which seems to not easily have happened, not only because that suffix is *ha- since Proto-West Semitic. Some meanings “to come forth”, as “to happen”, are clearly figuratively denominal from the “trees” noun moreover. The Hebrew word can well be from the idea of a litter in a basket.
In a primitive pre-metallic time, a “bracelet”, what Aramaic שֵׁירָא / ܫܶܐܪܳܐ (šērā) and thence سِوَار (siwār) means, was also nothing else than wickerwork. About the same time one may have developed figurative meanings of “quarrels”, “brawls”, “scrimmages” and the like, people figurative becoming entangled, comminus as the Romans said.

cog

Aramaic שֵׁירָא

شَاجِر

Form I: شَجَرَ (šajara); Active participle

مُشَجِّر

Form II: شَجَّرَ (šajjara); Active participle

مُشَاجِر

Form III: شَاجَرَ (šājara); Active participle

إِشْجَار

Form IV: أَشْجَرَ (ʔašjara); Verbal noun

مُشْجِر

Form IV: أَشْجَرَ (ʔašjara); Active participle

تَشَجُّر

Form V: تَشَجَّرَ (tašajjara); Verbal noun

مُتَشَجِّر

Form V: تَشَجَّرَ (tašajjara); Active participle

تَشَاجُر

Form VI: تَشَاجَرَ (tašājara); Verbal noun

مُتَشَاجِر

Form VI: تَشَاجَرَ (tašājara); Active participle

اِنْشِجَار

Form VII: اِنْشَجَرَ (inšajara); Verbal noun

مُنْشَجِر

Form VII: اِنْشَجَرَ (inšajara); Active participle

اِشْتِجَار

Form VIII: اِشْتَجَرَ (ištajara); Verbal noun

مُشْتَجِر

Form VIII: اِشْتَجَرَ (ištajara); Active participle


ب ح ث

ar-root

ب ح ث • (b-ḥ-ṯ)

بَحْث

Form I: بَحَثَ (baḥaṯa, “to look for, to search, to seek”); Verbal noun

بَاحِث

Form I: بَحَثَ (baḥaṯa, “to look for, to search, to seek”); Active participle

مُبَاحَثَة

Form III: بَاحَثَ (bāḥaṯa, “to discuss with someone”); Verbal noun

مُبَاحِث

Form III: بَاحَثَ (bāḥaṯa, “to discuss with someone”); Active participle

تَبَاحُث

Form VI: تَبَاحَثَ (tabāḥaṯa, “to have a discussion, to discuss together”); Verbal noun

مُتَبَاحِث

Form VI: تَبَاحَثَ (tabāḥaṯa, “to have a discussion, to discuss together”); Active participle


ص ب ر

صَابِر

Form I: صَبَرَ (ṣabara); Active participle

مُصَبِّر

Form II: صَبَّرَ (ṣabbara); Active participle

تَصَبُّر

Form V: تَصَبَّرَ (taṣabbara); Verbal noun

مُتَصَبِّر

Form V: تَصَبَّرَ (taṣabbara); Active participle

صَبَّارِيَّات

صَبَّار (ṣabbār)2

مُصَابِر

Form III: صَابَرَ (ṣābara); Active participle

إِصْبَار

Form IV: أَصْبَرَ (ʔaṣbara); Verbal noun

مُصْبِر

Form IV: أَصْبَرَ (ʔaṣbara); Active participle

تَصَابُر

Form VI: تَصَابَرَ (taṣābara); Verbal noun

مُتَصَابِر

Form VI: تَصَابَرَ (taṣābara); Active participle

اِصْطِبَار

Form VIII: اِصْطَبَرَ (iṣṭabara); Verbal noun

مُصْطَبِر

Form VIII: اِصْطَبَرَ (iṣṭabara); Active participle

اِسْتِصْبَار

Form X: اِسْتَصْبَرَ (istaṣbara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَصْبِر

Form X: اِسْتَصْبَرَ (istaṣbara); Active participle


ح ش د

ح ش د • (ḥ-š-d)

حَاشِد

Form I: حَشَدَ (ḥašada); Active participle

مُحَشِّد

Form II: حَشَّدَ (ḥaššada); Active participle

مُحَاشِد

Form III: حَاشَدَ (ḥāšada); Active participle

إِحْشَاد

Form IV: أَحْشَدَ (ʔaḥšada); Verbal noun

مُحْشِد

Form IV: أَحْشَدَ (ʔaḥšada); Active participle

تَحَشُّد

Form V: تَحَشَّدَ (taḥaššada); Verbal noun

مُتَحَشِّد

Form V: تَحَشَّدَ (taḥaššada); Active participle

تَحَاشُد

Form VI: تَحَاشَدَ (taḥāšada); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاشِد

Form VI: تَحَاشَدَ (taḥāšada); Active participle

اِنْحِشَاد

Form VII: اِنْحَشَدَ (inḥašada); Verbal noun

مُنْحَشِد

Form VII: اِنْحَشَدَ (inḥašada); Active participle

اِحْتِشَاد

Form VIII: اِحْتَشَدَ (iḥtašada); Verbal noun

مُحْتَشِد

Form VIII: اِحْتَشَدَ (iḥtašada); Active participle

اِحْشِدَاد

Form IX: اِحْشَدَّ (iḥšadda); Verbal noun

مُحْشَدّ

Form IX: اِحْشَدَّ (iḥšadda); Active participle

اِسْتِحْشَاد

Form X: اِسْتَحْشَدَ (istaḥšada); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْشِد

Form X: اِسْتَحْشَدَ (istaḥšada); Active participle


ش غ ل

ش غ ل • (š-ḡ-l)

شَاغِل

Form I: شَغَلَ (šaḡala); Active participle

مُشَغِّل

Form II: شَغَّلَ (šaḡḡala); Active participle

مُشَاغِل

Form III: شَاغَلَ (šāḡala); Active participle

إِشْغَال

Form IV: أَشْغَلَ (ʔašḡala); Verbal noun

مُشْغِل

Form IV: أَشْغَلَ (ʔašḡala); Active participle

تَشَاغُل

Form VI: تَشَاغَلَ (tašāḡala); Verbal noun

مُتَشَاغِل

Form VI: تَشَاغَلَ (tašāḡala); Active participle

اِنْشِغَال

Form VII: اِنْشَغَلَ (inšaḡala); Verbal noun

مُنْشَغِل

Form VII: اِنْشَغَلَ (inšaḡala); Active participle

اِشْتِغَال

Form VIII: اِشْتَغَلَ (ištaḡala); Verbal noun

مُشْتَغِل

Form VIII: اِشْتَغَلَ (ištaḡala); Active participle


ش غ ل

شغل

Form I: شغل (šaḡal, “to occupy, to keep busy”); Noun Form

تشغيل

Form II: شغّل (šaḡḡal, “to employ; to operate a device”); Noun Form


خ م ر

Note that the meanings related to fermentation have been deemed to descend from Aramaic derivations of the root ח־מ־ר / ܚ-ܡ-ܪ (ḥ-m-r). Compare also ح م ض (ḥ-m-ḍ) “sour”, cognate to Hebrew ח־מ־ץ (ḥ-m-ṣ, “sour”) and to Aramaic ח־מ־ע / ܚ-ܡ-ܥ (ḥ-m-ʿ) which is also used for fermentation.

ح م ض (ḥ-m-ḍ)

خَامِر

Form I: خَمَرَ (ḵamara); Active participle

مُخَمِّر

Form II: خَمَّرَ (ḵammara); Active participle

تَخَمُّر

Form V: تَخَمَّرَ (taḵammara); Verbal noun

مُتَخَمِّر

Form V: تَخَمَّرَ (taḵammara); Active participle

مُتَخَامِر

Form VI: تَخَامَرَ (taḵāmara); Active participle

Related to rising (of dough) or fermentation

مُخَامِر

Form III: خَامَرَ (ḵāmara); Active participle

إِخْمَار

Form IV: أَخْمَرَ (ʔaḵmara); Verbal noun

مُخْمِر

Form IV: أَخْمَرَ (ʔaḵmara); Active participle

تَخَامُر

Form VI: تَخَامَرَ (taḵāmara); Verbal noun

اِخْتِمَار

Form VIII: اِخْتَمَرَ (iḵtamara); Verbal noun

مُخْتَمِر

Form VIII: اِخْتَمَرَ (iḵtamara); Active participle

اِسْتِخْمَار

Form X: اِسْتَخْمَرَ (istaḵmara); Verbal noun

مُسْتَخْمِر

Form X: اِسْتَخْمَرَ (istaḵmara); Active participle


ب ل د

Form I: بَلُدَ (baluda); Active participle

مُبَلِّد

Form II: بَلَّدَ (ballada); Active participle

تَبَلُّد

Form V: تَبَلَّدَ (taballada); Verbal noun

مُتَبَلِّد

Form V: تَبَلَّدَ (taballada); Active participle

تَبَالُد

Form VI: تَبَالَدَ (tabālada); Verbal noun

مُتَبَالِد

Form VI: تَبَالَدَ (tabālada); Active participle


ح ر م

حَارِم

Form I: حَرَمَ (ḥarama); Active participle

Form I: حَرُمَ (ḥaruma); Active participle

Form I: حَرِمَ (ḥarima); Active participle

مُحَرِّم

Form II: حَرَّمَ (ḥarrama); Active participle

إِحْرَام

Form IV: أَحْرَمَ (ʔaḥrama); Verbal noun

مُحْرِم

Form IV: أَحْرَمَ (ʔaḥrama); Active participle

تَحَرُّم

Form V: تَحَرَّمَ (taḥarrama); Verbal noun

مُتَحَرِّم

Form V: تَحَرَّمَ (taḥarrama); Active participle

تَحَارُم

Form VI: تَحَارَمَ (taḥārama); Verbal noun

مُتَحَارِم

Form VI: تَحَارَمَ (taḥārama); Active participle

اِسْتِحْرَام

Form X: اِسْتَحْرَمَ (istaḥrama); Verbal noun

مُسْتَحْرِم

Form X: اِسْتَحْرَمَ (istaḥrama); Active participle

مُحَارِم

Form III: حَارَمَ (ḥārama); Active participle

اِحْتِرَام

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَمَ (iḥtarama); Verbal noun

مُحْتَرِم

Form VIII: اِحْتَرَمَ (iḥtarama); Active participle


duk ~ tuk

Old Chinese: 毒 /*dˤuk/ (“poison”), /*m-dˤuk-s/ (“to poison”) (B-S); /*duːɡ/ (PW)

Middle Chinese: 毒 /duok/

sit-loan

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nọc</i> (“venom, poison”) (?)

→Vietnamese: nọc (“venom, poison”) (?)

Mandarin:

Beijing: 毒 (dú) /tu³⁵/

Cantonese:

Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 毒 (duk⁶) /tʊk̚²/

Wu:

Shanghainese: 毒 /d̻ʊ̆ʔ¹²/

Min:

Coastal Min:

Min Nan:

Hokkien:

Taiwan: 毒 /tʰaʊ³³/ (colloquial) (“to poison”), /tok̚⁵/ (literary) (“toxin, toxic”)

Himalayish

Tibeto-Kanauri

Bodic

Tibetan

Written Tibetan: དུག (dug, “poison, toxin”), གདུག (gdug) / གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “vicious, evil, harmful, poisonous”)

Modern Tibetan (Lhasa): /tʰuʔ˩˧˨/ ("poison")

Lepcha: ᰌᰨᰭ (dok, “ill”) (?)

Tangut-Qiang

Northern Tangut

Tangut: 𗀀 (*do¹, “poison”)

rGyalrongic

Tshobdun: təɣʔ

Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

Lolo-Burmese

/*ʔdok/ (Matisoff, 1972)

Sal

Kachin-Luic

Jingphoic

Jingpho: tuk, ntuk, ningtuk

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dəkw (Coblin, 1986)
** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *duk ⪤ *tuk (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972)


हा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁-. This root is not always easily distinguishable from the one below, and some derived terms of that root are perhaps originally derived from this one.

inh+

to leave, abandon, desert, quit, forsake, relinquish

to put away, take off, remove, lay aside, give up, renounce, resign, avoid, shun, abstain or refrain from.

शर्धम् शर्धम्

to cause to emit (with शर्धम्, ‘to cause to break wind’)


हा

From the middle voice of the same Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰeh₁- as the root above. This root is not always easily distinguishable from the one above, and some derived terms of that root are perhaps originally derived from this one.

to start or spring forward, bound away, give way to [with dative]

to go or depart or betake one's self to have recourse to [with accusative]


g-rjum

Old Chinese: 鹽／盐 (*ɴ.rom (B-S), *g.lam (ZS), “salt”); 鹽／盐 (*ɴ.rom-s (B-S), *g.lams (ZS), “to salt”); 鹹／咸 (*Cə.ɡˁrom (B-S, *grɯːm (ZS), “salty”)

Note: Vowels of the two above did not match in MC, and some (e.g. Schuessler) have therefore treated them as unrelated. Here that possibility is considered unlikely, hence treated as doublets.

sit-loan

<i class="Thai mention" lang="th">เค็ม</i> (kem, “salted, saline”)

<i class="Laoo mention" lang="lo">ເຄັມ</i> (khem, “salted, saline”)

→Thai: เค็ม (kem, “salted, saline”)
Lao: ເຄັມ (khem, “salted, saline”)

Modern Mandarin

Beijing: 鹽／盐 (yán, /i̯ɛn³⁵/, "salt"; yàn, /i̯ɛn⁵¹/, "to salt"), 醃／腌 (yān), 腌 (ā) (yān, /i̯ɛn⁵⁵/, "to salt"), 鹹／咸 (xián) (xián, /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/, "salty")

Himalayish

Tibeto-Kanauri

Bodic

Tibetan

desc

Written Tibetan: རྒྱམ་ཚྭ (rgyam tshwa, “a kind of salt, ocean salt”) (Benedict (1972) considered this to be a loanword from Old Chinese)

Lepcha: ᰟᰩᰮ (vóm, “salt”)

Mahakiranti

Kiranti

Eastern Kiranti = Rai

Limbu: ᤕᤢᤶ (yum, “salt”)

Jingpho-Nung-Asakian

Jingpho

Jingpho [Kachin]: jum (“salt”)

Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

Lolo-Burmese

Burmish

Burmese: ယမ်း (yam:, “gunpowder, earlier: salt?”) (whence ယမ်းစိမ်း (yam:cim:, “saltpetre”))

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *gryam (Coblin, 1986), *gyam(ʔ) (Chou, 1972)
** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *g-ryum, *gryum (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; LaPolla, 1987)


س ع د

سَعْد

Form I: سَعَدَ (saʕada, “to be fortunate, to be propitious”); Verbal noun

مَسْعُود

سَعْد

Form I: سُعِدَ (suʕida, “to be happy, to be lucky, to be successful”); Verbal noun

سَاعِد

Form I: سَعَدَ (saʕada, “to be fortunate, to be propitious”); Active participle

سَعْد

Form I: سَعِدَ (saʕida, “to be happy, to be lucky, to be successful”); Verbal noun

Form I: سَعِدَ (saʕida, “to be happy, to be lucky, to be successful”); Active participle

مُسَاعَدَة

Form III: سَاعَدَ (sāʕada, “to help, to assist”); Verbal noun

مُسَاعِد

Form III: سَاعَدَ (sāʕada, “to help, to assist”); Active participle


հեռ-

From Proto-Indo-European *per-. Among the cognates compare especially Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra, “far away from”), Sanskrit परस् (paras, “beyond, further, off, away”), and Ancient Greek πέρα (péra, “beyond”).


ǵʰew-

*ǵʰew-d-

*ǵʰéw-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéyyō

Ancient Greek: χείω (kheíō)

*ǵʰu-ǵʰéw-ti (reduplicated present)

desc

*ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰáwti

Sanskrit: जुहोति (juhóti)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰów-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰw-ḗr (reduplicated stative)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κέχῠκᾰ (kékhuka)

*ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰā́wa

Sanskrit: जुहाव (juhā́va)

*ǵʰu-tó-s (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-ti-s ~ *ǵʰu-téy-s

Proto-Italic: *foutis

Latin: fūtis, fūtilis, effūtiō

*ǵʰéw-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰu-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéumə

Ancient Greek: χεῦμᾰ (kheûma), χύμα (khúma)

Phrygian: ζευμάν (zeumán)

*ǵʰéw-mo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwmas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwmas

Sanskrit: होम (hóma)

*ǵʰu-mo-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χῡμός (khūmós)

*ǵʰu-lo-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: χῡλός (khūlós)

*ǵʰew-yó-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰawyám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰawyám

Sanskrit: हव्य (havyá)

*ǵʰéw-tlo/eh₂- ~ *ǵʰu-tlo/eh₂-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtraH (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰu-tlo-

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutlon

Ancient Greek: χύτλον (khútlon)

*ǵʰéw-tro-m, *ǵʰú-tro-m

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰútra (pl.)

Ancient Greek: χύτρα (khútra)

Greek: χύτρα (chýtra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtram (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰéw-tōr ~ *ǵʰu-tr-és

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtā (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰew-r-ih₂ or *ǵʰew-wr̥-ih₂?

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰewəřřa?

Ancient Greek: (ῑ̓ο)χέαιρα ((īo)khéaira)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *j́ūla

Albanian: dyllë

Proto-Albanian: *guònmi

Albanian: gumoj

Armenian:

Old Armenian: ձեւ (jew) < *ǵʰew-os or *ǵʰew-o-

Old Armenian: ձոյլ (joyl) < *ǵʰew-lo-

Old Armenian: ձոր (jor) < *ǵʰoworo- < *ǵʰowero-

(?) Old Armenian: զուտ (zut) < *ǵʰu-d-o-

(?) Old Armenian: ձագար (jagar)

Proto-Tocharian: *eñcäuwo (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *käutk- (see there for further descendants)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ser-

*sr-ew-

*ser-o-

Proto-Italic: *serom (“serum, whey”)

Latin: serum (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëra (“whey”) (see there for further descendants)

*sor-o-

Proto-Hellenic: *horós (“serum, whey”)

Ancient Greek: ὀρός (orós) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *hοrmā́

Ancient Greek: ὁρμή (hormḗ) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सरित् (sarít, “river, stream”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सिरा (sirā́, “stream, channel; vessel in the body”) (see there for further descendants)


ser-

*ser-wo-s

q

Proto-Italic: *serwos (or perhaps from the sense “to bind” below)

Old Latin: servos

Latin: servus (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *hrūomai, *hehrūomai

desc

Ancient Greek: ῥύομαι (rhúomai), εἰρύομαι (eirúomai) — Epic

Proto-Italic: *serwāō

Latin: servō (see there for further descendants)


ser-

*sér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sertéi

Latvian: sẽrt

desctree

Proto-Italic: *serō
Latin: serō (see there for further descendants)

*sér-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *héřřō
Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)

*sér-mn̥ ~ *sér-mō

Proto-Hellenic: *hérmə

Ancient Greek: ἕρμα (hérma)

Proto-Italic: *sermō

Latin: sermō (see there for further descendants)

*sér-ti-s

Proto-Italic: *sortis

Latin: sors (see there for further descendants)

*sór-mo-s

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: որմ (orm), որմն (ormn)
Armenian: որմ (orm), առորմի (aṙormi)

Proto-Hellenic: *hórmos

Ancient Greek: ὅρμος (hórmos)

*ser-wo-s

>? Proto-Italic: *serwos (or from the sense “to guard” above)

*sor-wo-m

desc

Proto-Germanic: *sarwą (“equipment, armour”) (possibly)(or from the sense “to guard” above) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gasarwiją

Old High German: gisarawi

Middle High German: geserwe

Old Norse: sørvi

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *surmā

Albanian: gjurmë

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: յեռում (yeṙum), յեռեմ (yeṙem) — post-Classical (< յ- (y-) + *ser-s-)
→ Armenian: հեռել (heṙel) (learned)

(?) Old Armenian: *հուռ- (*huṙ-) (< *sōr-s-)
Armenian: հուռ (huṙ)

(?) Old Armenian: յիրեմ (yirem) (յ- (y-) + *sēr-)
→ Armenian: հիրել (hirel) (learned)

Proto-Germanic: *sarkiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: सरत् (sarat)

Sanskrit: सिरा (sirā)

Proto-Italic:

Latin: seriēs (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: sar-


ser-

*sr̥-yé-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Hellenic: *həřřō, ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *həřřéyō

Ancient Greek: αἱρέω (hairéō)

*ser-(e-)ti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sertéi

Latvian: sirt (“to loot”)

*sór-u-

Proto-Anatolian: *sōru-

Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒊒 (sāru, “booty, plunder”)

desc

Proto-Celtic: *serwā (“theft, plundering”) (see there for further descendants)


ع ب د

A Central Semitic innovation; see the etymology at عَبْد (ʕabd) for more. Cognate to Hebrew ע־ב־ד (ʿ-b-d, “related to working, serving”) and Classical Syriac ܥ-ܒ-ܕ (ʿ-b-d, “related to working, serving”).

تَعَبُّد

Form V: تَعَبَّدَ (taʕabbada); Verbal noun

اِسْتِعْبَاد

Form X: اِسْتَعْبَدَ (istaʕbada); Verbal noun

عَابِد

Form I: عَبَدَ (ʕabada); Active participle

مُعَبِّد

Form II: عَبَّدَ (ʕabbada); Active participle

مُتَعَبِّد

Form V: تَعَبَّدَ (taʕabbada); Active participle

مُسْتَعْبِد

Form X: اِسْتَعْبَدَ (istaʕbada); Active participle


ب ر ك

From Proto-Semitic. Compare Hebrew ב־ר־ך (b-r-k) and Classical Syriac ܒ-ܪ-ܟ.

بَارِك

Form I: بَرَكَ (baraka); Active participle

مُبَرِّك

Form II: بَرَّكَ (barraka); Active participle

مُبَارَكَة

Form III: بَارَكَ (bāraka, “to bless”); Verbal noun

مُبَارِك

Form III: بَارَكَ (bāraka, “to bless”); Active participle

إِبْرَاك

Form IV: أَبْرَكَ (ʔabraka); Verbal noun

مُبْرِك

Form IV: أَبْرَكَ (ʔabraka); Active participle

تَبَرُّك

Form V: تَبَرَّكَ (tabarraka); Verbal noun

مُتَبَرِّك

Form V: تَبَرَّكَ (tabarraka); Active participle

تَبَارُك

Form VI: تَبَارَكَ (tabāraka); Verbal noun

مُتَبَارِك

Form VI: تَبَارَكَ (tabāraka); Active participle

اِنْبِرَاك

Form VII: اِنْبَرَكَ (inbaraka); Verbal noun

مُنْبَرِك

Form VII: اِنْبَرَكَ (inbaraka); Active participle

اِبْتِرَاك

Form VIII: اِبْتَرَكَ (ibtaraka); Verbal noun

مُبْتَرِك

Form VIII: اِبْتَرَكَ (ibtaraka); Active participle

اِبْرِكَاك

Form IX: اِبْرَكَّ (ibrakka); Verbal noun

مُبْرَكّ

Form IX: اِبْرَكَّ (ibrakka); Active participle

اِسْتِبْرَاك

Form X: اِسْتَبْرَكَ (istabraka); Verbal noun

مُسْتَبْرِك

Form X: اِسْتَبْرَكَ (istabraka); Active participle

اِبْرِيكَاك

Form XI: اِبْرَاكَّ (ibrākka); Verbal noun

مُبْرَاكّ

Form XI: اِبْرَاكَّ (ibrākka); Active participle

اِبْرِيرَاك

Form XII: اِبْرَوْرَكَ (ibrawraka); Verbal noun

مُبْرَوْرِك

Form XII: اِبْرَوْرَكَ (ibrawraka); Active participle

اِبْرِوَّاك

Form XIII: اِبْرَوَّكَ (ibrawwaka); Verbal noun

مُبْرَوِّك

Form XIII: اِبْرَوَّكَ (ibrawwaka); Active participle


ك ر ر

كَرّ

Form I: كَرَّ (karra, “to return, to come back, to recur, to head back; to return to attack again”); Verbal noun

كَارّ

Form I: كَرَّ (karra, “to return, to come back, to recur, to head back; to return to attack again”); Active participle

تَكْرِير

Form II: كَرَّرَ (karrara, “to repeat”); Verbal noun

مُكَرِّر

Form II: كَرَّرَ (karrara, “to repeat”); Active participle

تَكْرِير

Form II: كَرَّرَ (karrara, “to purify”); Verbal noun

مُكَرِّر

Form II: كَرَّرَ (karrara, “to purify”); Active participle

تَكَرُّر

Form V: تَكَرَّرَ (takarrara, “to recur”); Verbal noun

مُتَكَرِّر

Form V: تَكَرَّرَ (takarrara, “to recur”); Active participle

اِسْتِكْرَار

Form X: اِسْتَكَرَّ (istakarra); Verbal noun

مُسْتَكِرّ

Form X: اِسْتَكَرَّ (istakarra); Active participle

مَكَرّ

place on the battlefield where one meets the enemy again; reel, spool


م ر ر

مَارّ

Form I: مَرَّ (marra); Active participle

مُمَرِّر

Form II: مَرَّرَ (marrara); Active participle

مُمِرّ

Form IV: أَمَرَّ (ʔamarra); Active participle

اِسْتِمْرَار

Form X: اِسْتَمَرَّ (istamarra); Verbal noun

مُسْتَمِرّ

Form X: اِسْتَمَرَّ (istamarra); Active participle


ع د م

عَدَم

Form I: عُدِمَ (ʕudima, “not to exist”), يُعْدَمُ (yuʕdamu, “not to exist”); Verbal noun

عُدْم

Form I: عَدَمَ (ʕadama, “to lack, to lose, to miss”); Verbal noun

عَادِم

Form I: عَدَمَ (ʕadama, “to lack, to lose, to miss”); Active participle

إِعْدَام

Form IV: أَعْدَمَ (ʔaʕdama, “to execute”); Verbal noun

مُعْدِم

Form IV: أَعْدَمَ (ʔaʕdama, “to execute”); Active participle

اِنْعِدَام

Form VII: اِنْعَدَمَ (inʕadama); Verbal noun

مُنْعَدِم

Form VII: اِنْعَدَمَ (inʕadama); Active participle

اِسْتِعْدَام

Form X: اِسْتَعْدَمَ (istaʕdama); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعْدِم

Form X: اِسْتَعْدَمَ (istaʕdama); Active participle


m-sin

Old Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /*sin/ (B-S), /*siŋ/ (ZS) ("pungent (in taste)")

Middle Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /siɪn/

Modern Mandarin

Beijing: 辛 (xīn) (xīn, /ɕin⁵⁵/)

Kamarupan

Kuki-Chin

/*thin/ (VanBik, 2009)

Naga

Central Naga:

Ao: məsən

Lotha Naga: nthen

Sangtam: müsi

Western Naga (Zemeic):

Zeme: ³mi ¹n ⁵ceu

Rongmei: məi thìn

Tangkhulic

Tangkhul: amathin

Himalayish

Tibeto-Kanauri

Bodic

Tibetan

Written Tibetan: མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), མཆིན་པ (mchin pa, “liver; midriff, diaphragm”)

Western Himalayish

Bunan: chinpa

Chaudangsi: tɕiŋ

Kanauri: śin

Rongpo: chinpa

Tamangish

Manang: cin² ba²

Newar

Newar: sẽ

Kham-Magar-Chepang

Chepang: sinʱ

Tangut-Qiang

Tangut: 𗮰 (*sji²)

Qiangic

Ersu: ntshɑ⁵⁵

Pumi

Northern Pumi: tsu³⁵

Southern Pumi: tsyɛ̃⁵⁵

Qiang

Northern Qiang: si

Southern Qiang: sie⁵⁵

Queyu: ze¹³

Zhaba sei³³

Naic

Namuyi: si⁵⁵

Shixing: suə̃⁵⁵

Naxi: serl

Gyalrong

Japhug: tɯ-mtshi

Nungic

Anong: bɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵

Drung: pɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵

Rawang: mə ʃɯn³³

Jingpho-Asakian

Jingpho

Jingpho [Kachin]: sin (“liver”), masin (“heart, mind”)

Asakian

Sak: áŋsiŋ

Ganan: ăsʻɛ̃¹

Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

Lolo-Burmese

*sin¹ ⪤ tsin¹ (Matisoff, 2003)

Proto-Karen: *swɨnᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

S'gaw Karen: သူၣ် (thoò, “liver”)

Western Kayah: ꤞꤣ꤭ (thōe, “liver”)

Northern Pwo: sɑ̃³³

Eastern Pwo: ə̆ θə̃¹

Western Pwo: ə̆ θə̃⁴

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *msyin (Coblin, 1986)
** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-sin (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; French, 1983; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *m-sin (*B) (Coblin, 1986)


خ ت م

Denominal from خَاتَم (ḵātam, literally “seal ring”).

خَتْم

Form I: خَتَمَ (ḵatama, “to seal, stamp, seal off, conclude, terminate, complete, close”); Verbal noun

خَاتِم

Form I: خَتَمَ (ḵatama, “to seal, stamp, seal off, conclude, terminate, complete, close”); Active participle

تَخْتِيم

Form II: خَتَّمَ (ḵattama, “to seal, stamp; to put a signet-ring on someone's finger”); Verbal noun

مُخَتِّم

Form II: خَتَّمَ (ḵattama, “to seal, stamp; to put a signet-ring on someone's finger”); Active participle

مُخَاتَمَة

Form III: خَاتَمَ (ḵātama, “to achieve an end in”); Verbal noun

مُخَاتِم

Form III: خَاتَمَ (ḵātama, “to achieve an end in”); Active participle

تَخَتُّم

Form V: تَخَتَّمَ (taḵattama, “to put on or wear a ring”); Verbal noun

مُتَخَتِّم

Form V: تَخَتَّمَ (taḵattama, “to put on or wear a ring”); Active participle

اِنْخِتَام

Form VII: اِنْخَتَمَ (inḵatama, “to come to an end”); Verbal noun

مُنْخَتِم

Form VII: اِنْخَتَمَ (inḵatama, “to come to an end”); Active participle

اِخْتِتَام

Form VIII: اِخْتَتَمَ (iḵtatama, “to conclude, finish, terminate”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَتِم

Form VIII: اِخْتَتَمَ (iḵtatama, “to conclude, finish, terminate”); Active participle


*télh₂-t ~ *tl̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*tl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)

*te-tólh₂-e ~ *te-tl̥h₂-ḗr (stative)

*tolh₂-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuláyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuláyati

Sanskrit: तुलयति (tuláyati), तोलयति (toláyati),

desctree

Proto-Italic: *tolazāō
Latin: tolerō (see there for further descendants)

*tl̥h₂-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *þulāną (“to bear, to endure”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *tálanton

Ancient Greek: τάλαντον (tálanton)

Proto-Hellenic: *tólmā

Ancient Greek: τόλμα (tólma)

Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), τλήμων (tlḗmōn) (< *tl̥h₂-m-)

*tl̥h₂-tó-m (“bridge, ford”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tílˀta

Latvian: til̃ts

Lithuanian: tìltas

→ Proto-Finnic: *cilta

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

>? Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: թողում (tʻołum) (possibly)
Armenian: թողնել (tʻołnel), թողել (tʻołel), թողուլ (tʻołul) — Western Armenian

Proto-Celtic: *tlātis

Proto-Brythonic: *tlọd

Middle Welsh: tlawt

Welsh: tlawd

Middle Irish: tláith

Irish: tláith

Scottish Gaelic: tlàth

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τάλας (tálas)

Ancient Greek: ταλαίπωρος (talaípōros)

Ancient Greek: ταλασίφρων (talasíphrōn)

Ancient Greek: Ἄτλας (Átlas) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic:

⇒ Latin: opitulor


Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *tьlò (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *talˀa-

Old Prussian: talus (“floor”)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *patalˀa-

Lithuanian: pãtalas (“bed”)

Proto-Slavic:

Russian: потоло́к (potolók, “ceiling”)

Proto-Celtic: *talamū (“earth”)
Old Irish: talam
Irish: talamh
Manx: thalloo
Scottish Gaelic: talamh
Gaulish: *talamon
→ Latin: Talamone
→ Latin: Talmun
French: Talmont

*tel(h₂)-nos ~ *tel(h₂)-nes-

Proto-Italic: *telnos

Latin: tellūs (“earth”) (perhaps, and reshaped after rūs)

Unsorted formations:

desc

>? Old Armenian: թաղ (tʻał, “ward, district”), թաղեմ (tʻałem, “to bury”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: tìlės (“wooden floor in a boat”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tálas (“surface,bottom”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tálas

Sanskrit: तल (tála)

→ Hindi: तल (tal)

Telugu: తలము (talamu)

ground, bottom. Possibly a derivative of *telh₂- "to bear" in the sense of that which bears, carries, supports.


*dm̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *dm̥-n-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)

Proto-Celtic: *damnāti (“to subdue, break a horse”)

Old Irish: damnaid (“bind, subdue”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δάμνημι (dámnēmi)

*dm̥h₂-yé-ti (yé-present)

Proto-Celtic: *damyeti (“to allow, permit, endure”) (see there for further descendants)

*domh₂-éye-ti (causative/iterative)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *domaō
Latin: domō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *domanos

Latin: dominus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *domatos

Latin: domitus

*démh₂-ti-s ~ *dm̥h₂-téy-s

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δμῆσις (dmêsis)

Proto-Hellenic:

>? Ancient Greek: δάμαρ (dámar)

Proto-Germanic: *tamaz (see there for further descendants)

*dm̥h₂-tó-s, *demh₂-tó-s

Proto-Celtic: *dametos (“sheep”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δμητός (dmētós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *damHtás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *damHtás

Sanskrit: दमित (damita)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: dem (“bull, steer”)

Anatolian:

desc

Hittite: 𒋫𒈠𒀸 (tamāšš-, “to press, push”)

Proto-Celtic: *damos (“bull; domesticated animal”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: δαμάζω (damázō)

Ancient Greek: δμώς m (dmṓs), δμῳή f (dmōiḗ, “slave taken in war”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dā́myati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dā́myati

Sanskrit: दाम्यति (dā́myati), दमायति (damāyáti, “subdue, tame”)

Assamese: দমা (doma)

Bengali: দমা (doma)

Gujarati: દમવું (damvũ)

Old Marathi: दमणे (damaṇe)

Marathi: दमणे (damṇe)

Odia: ଦମିବା (damibā)


*h₁léwdʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Germanic: *leudaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰati

Sanskrit: रोधति (ródhati)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwdati

Younger Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (raoδəṇti)

Proto-Tocharian: *lut-

Tocharian A: lut-

Tocharian B: lut-

*h₁ludʰ-é-t (thematic root aorist) (see there for further descendants)

*h₁lewdʰ-i-s (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *eléutʰeros

Ancient Greek: ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros, “free”)

Proto-Italic: *louðeros (see there for further descendants)

*h₁lewdʰ-er-tos, *h₁lewdʰ-er-teh₂

Proto-Italic: *louðertos (“freedman”), *louðertā (“freedwoman”)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌀 (loiferta), 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀 (loifirta, “freedwoman”) (with *ou > *oi)

Latin: lībertus, līberta (with *ou > *oi)

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: lirë

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ljaudas

Proto-Slavic: *ľudъ

Proto-Italic: *louðortāts (“freedom”)

Faliscan: 𐌋𐌏𐌉𐌅𐌉𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌏 (loifirtato) (with *ou > *oi)

Old Latin: loebertās (with *ou > *oi)

Latin: lībertās (see there for further descendants)

*h₁léwdʰ-tus ~ *h₁ludʰ-téws

Proto-Celtic: *lussus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *lèud-no

Albanian: lem, len — dialectal

Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: vëlla

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hráwdʰas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hráwdʰas

Sanskrit: रोध (ródha)

Proto-Iranian: *Hráwdah

Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (raoδa)

Baluchi: ردگ (ruddag)

Pashto: لويېدل (loyedal)

Persian: رستن (rostan)

Talysh: lolo (people)


*h₁égʷʰ-ti ~ *h₁gʷʰ-énti (athematic root present) or *h₁ḗgʷʰ-ti ~ *h₁égʷʰ-n̥ti (athematic Narten root present)

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔégʷti

Hittite: 𒀀𒆪 (a-ku-), 𒂊𒆪 (e-ku-)

Luwian: 𒌋 (u-)

Lydian: 𐤨𐤬𐤱𐤰 (kofu, “water”)

Palaic: 𒀀𒄷 (a-ḫu /aḫu-/)

Proto-Hellenic: *ékʷʰō

Ancient Greek: νήφω (nḗphō, “be sober”) (prefixed with *ne-)

Proto-Tocharian: *yok- (“to drink”)

Tocharian A: yok-

Tocharian B: yok-

Proto-Italic: *ēɣʷrjos (see there for further descendants)


(s)teg-

*(s)tég-e-ti (root present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: στέγω (stégō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰágati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰágati

Sanskrit: स्थगति (sthágati)

Proto-Italic: *tegō
Latin: tegō

*stog-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰagáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰagáyati

Sanskrit: स्थगयति (sthagáyati)

Italic:

Latin: tēgula (see there for further descendants)

*tég-mn̥

Italic:

Latin: tegmen, tegimen, tegumen (with epenthetic -i- -u-)

*teg-no-

Proto-Italic: *tegnom

Latin: tignum

*steg-nós

Proto-Hellenic: *stegnós

Ancient Greek: στεγανός (steganós)

⇒ English: steganography

*(s)tég-os

Proto-Albanian: *tāga

Albanian: tog

Albanian: toger

Proto-Celtic: *tegos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *(s)tégos

desctree

Ancient Greek: στέγος (stégos), τέγος (tégos)
⇒ English: stegosaur, stegosaurus

*teg-ur-yo-

Italic:

Latin: tugurium, tegurium, tigurium

*tég-us (“thick”)

Proto-Italic: *togā

Latin: toga

*tog-o-

Proto-Celtic: *togos (“roof”)

Brythonic:

Breton: to

Welsh: to

Proto-Germanic: *þaką, *þakjaną, *þakinō (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāgas

Old Prussian: stogis

Latgalian: stogs

Lithuanian: stogas

Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *entogos (< *h₁én-togo-)

Old Irish: étach (“clothing”)
Irish: éadach
Manx: eaddagh
Scottish Gaelic: aodach

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táktas

Proto-Iranian: *táxtah

Middle Persian: tʾht' (taxt) (see there for further descendants)

desc

Khotanese: 𐨟𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨌 (ttī, “abode, covered place, nest”)

>? Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *tāgah (“arch, vault”)

Middle Iranian: *tāk

→ Arabic: طَاق (ṭāq)

Middle Persian: tʾg (/tāg/)

desctree

Persian: طاق
→ Armenian: թաղ (tʻaġ)
→ Azerbaijani: tağ


(s)teg-

Proto-Germanic: *stakô (see there for further descendants)

*stog-nos

Proto-Germanic: *stakkaz (see there for further descendants)

*teg-slom

Proto-Italic: *tekslom

Latin: tēlum (see there for further descendants)

*teg-nom

Proto-Italic: *tegnom

Latin: tignum


خ ل ق

خَلْق

Form I: خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa, “to create”); Verbal noun

خَالِق

Form I: خَلَقَ (ḵalaqa, “to create”); Active participle

مُخَلِّق

Form II: خَلَّقَ (ḵallaqa); Active participle

اِخْتِلَاق

Form VIII: اِخْتَلَقَ (iḵtalaqa, “to fabricate; to make up; to invent”); Verbal noun

مُخْتَلِق

Form VIII: اِخْتَلَقَ (iḵtalaqa, “to fabricate; to make up; to invent”); Active participle


>? Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Ancient Greek: τῖφος (tîphos, “pond, swamp”)

*teh₂-bʰ-eh₁- (“to be melting”)

Proto-Italic: *tāfē-

Latin: tābēs (“melting, decay”), tābēo (“to rot, decay”), tābum (“gore”)

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *tādeti (“to melt”)
Proto-Brythonic: *tọðɨd
Old Breton: todint
Middle Breton: teuziff
Breton: teuziñ
Cornish: tedha
Middle Welsh: todi
Welsh: toddi
Old Irish: (incorporated into the paradigm of tinaid) ·taa (3sg. subj.), ro·tetha (3sg. perf.)

*teh₂-k- (“to melt”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τήκω (tḗkō, “to melt”), τηκτός (tēktós, “molten”)

Doric Greek: τάκω (tákō, “to melt”)

Proto-Iranian: *taHč- (“to melt”)

Khotanese: byāj- (“to dissolve”)

Northern Kurdish: bihoştin, bihoj- (“to melt”)

Parthian: wdc- (“to melt”), w(y)d’c- (“to dissolve”)

Middle Persian:

desc

Manichaean Middle Persian: wdc- (“to melt”)

Book Pahlavi: wt’c- (widāz-, “to melt”), wt’cyn- (widāzēn-, “to cause to melt”)

Persian: گداختن (godâxtan), گداز (godâz, “to smelt, melt”)

Tajik: гудохтан (gudoxtan)

Sogdian: [script needed] (wyt’wxs, “to disappear, melt away”), [script needed] (wyt’yc, “to melt”)

*teh₂-w- (“to melt”)

Proto-Germanic: *þawjaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *tāyeti (“to melt”)

Old Irish: taíd

Proto-Iranian: *taH- (“to flow; to melt”)

Northeastern Iranian:

Khwarezmian: t’sy- (“to melt”)

Ossetian:

Digor Ossetian: тайун (tajun, “to melt, thaw”), уодайун (uodajun, “to wet, soak”)

Iron Ossetian: та́йын (tájyn, “to melt, thaw”), у́дайын (údajyn, “to wet, soak”)

Northwestern Iranian:

Awromani: [script needed] (tāwiā́y)

Gurani: [script needed] (-tāwin-, “to melt”)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: تاویانەوە (tawyanewe), توانەوە (twanewe, “to dissolve, melt”)

Proto-Slavic: *tàjati (“to thaw”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *þainaz (“wet, moist”)

Old English: þān

Middle English: *than, *thon

English: thone, thoan

Scots: thane, thain

Proto-Celtic: *tāmus

Old Irish: tám (“plague, death”)

Proto-Celtic: *tasyā

Old Irish: taise (“dampness; corpse, decay”)

Proto-Celtic: *tasyos

Old Irish: tais (“damp, moist; soft, spongy”)

Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: թանամ (tʻanam, “to make wet”), թան (tʻan, “soup”), թանչ (tʻančʻ, “dysentery”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Baltic:

Lithuanian: tyras

Latvian: tīrelis (“moor”)

>? Proto-Germanic: *þaisimô (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic: *tīn

Sanskrit: तामर (tāmara, “water”), तोयम् (toyam, “water”), Sanskrit: तोशते (tośate, “drip, distil, trickle”), possibly Sanskrit: तुषार (tuṣāra, “rain, mist, drizzle, sleet, snow; frigid, wet”).


>? Proto-Italic: *taðlom

Latin: tabulum, tabula (see there for further descendants)


m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s

Old Chinese: 涕 (*l̥ˁəjʔ, *l̥ˁəjʔ-s (B-S), *tʰiːlʔ, *tʰiːls, “tears”), 洟 (*l̥ˁəj-s (B-S), *lil, *l̥ʰiːls, “nasal mucus”)

Middle Chinese: 涕 (tʰeiX, tʰeiH), 洟 (jiɪ, tʰeiH)

Modern Mandarin

Beijing: 涕 (tì) (tì, /tʰi⁵¹/), 洟 (yí, /ji³⁵/)

Kamarupan

Proto-Kuki-Chin: *tuy

Central

Mizo: tui

Falam Chin: ti

Lai: ti

Khomic

Khumi Chin: tui

Northern

Zou: tui

"Naga"

Northern Naga

/*təy/ (French, 1983)

Tangkhulic

/*dɨ/ (Mortensen, 2012)

Himalayish

Tibeto-Kanauri

Bodic

Tibetan

Written Tibetan: མཆི་མ (mchi ma, “tears”)

Mahakiranti

Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar

Chepang: /tiʔ/ ("water")

Kiranti

Western Kiranti

Hayu: /ti/ ("water")

Sal

Jingpho-Asakian

Jingpho

Jingpho [Kachin]: madi (“wet, moist”), madit (“wet, moist; dampen”)

Bodo-Koch

Bodo-Garo

Kokborok: twi

Garo: chi

Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

Lolo-Burmese

*m/ʔ-titᴴ (“wet; soak”)

Proto-Karen: *thejᴬ (“water”) (Luangthongkum, 2013)

S'gaw Karen: ထံ (thi, “water”)

Pa'o Karen: ထီ (“water”)

Eastern Pwo: ထီ့ (thî, “water”)

Western Pwo: ထံၫ (“water”)

Western Kayah: ꤓꤛꤢꤩ꤭ (htyē, “water”)

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *təy (Chou, 1972)
** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-t(w)əy-n ⪤ *m-ti-s ("water / fluid / liquid / soak"), *twəy ⪤ dwəy ("water / egg / spit"), *twəy-n ("water / river"), *ti(y) ("water") (Matisoff, STEDT); *ti(y), *twiy (Benedict, 1972); *twəy (Chou, 1972)


wert-

*wért-ti ~ *wr̥t-énti (athematic root present)

*wért-e-tor (thematic middle)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay

Sanskrit: वर्तते (vártate, “to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥t-éh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtḗˀtei

Proto-Slavic: *vьrtě̀ti (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

*wert-ye- (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: versti

*we-wórt-e ~ *we-wr̥t-ḗr (stative)

*wort-éye-ti (causative)

*wr̥t-ís

Proto-Germanic: *wurdiz (“fate”) (see there for further descendants)

*wert-en-om

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वर्तन (vártana)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wertena

Proto-Slavic: *verteno (see there for further descendants)

*wért-mn̥

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werˀtmin

Proto-Slavic: *vermę (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártma

Sanskrit: वर्त्मन् (vártman) (see there for further descendants)

*wr̥t-tós

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirstā́ˀ (from feminine *wr̥t-téh₂)

Proto-Slavic: *vьrsta (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *worssos

Latin: versus (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *writja

Albanian: rris

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: वर्तिन् (vartin)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

Middle Persian: [script needed] (wrd-)

Persian: گرد (gerd)

Tajik: гирд (gird)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

(Baltic:)

Lithuanian: vir̃sti

Latvian: virst

Old Prussian: wirst

Proto-Slavic: *vorta (“gate”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *werþaz, *wardaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wuldrą (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *wulþuz (“glory”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *wertos

Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ (possibly Germanic borrowing) (see there for further descendants)


염려

Sino-Korean word from 艶 (“beauty”) + 麗 (“beauty”).

ko-etym-Sino

[ˈjɘ(ː)mɲʌ̹]

염려하다 염려하다#Korean

Root of 염려하다 (yeomnyeohada, “(literary) to be beautiful”). Rarely used alone.


年少

(South Korea): hanja form of 연소 (“being young”)


年少

(North Korea): hanja form of 년소 (“being young”)


*kléh₂-t ~ *klh₂-én-t (root athematic)

⇒ *kléh₂t-e-ti (reanalyzed perfect)

Proto-Germanic: *hlaþaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *kléh₂t-tu-s

Proto-Germanic: *hlastuz (see there for further descendants)

*kléh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klā́ˀtei

Latvian: klāt

Lithuanian: klóti

*kléh₂-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *klāˀstei

Proto-Slavic: *klasti (see there for further descendants)


भुज्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend, curve”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φεύγω (pheúgō); Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan), 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (baugjan); German biogan, biegen (“to bend, turn”); Old English būgan; English bow


भुज्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, consume”). Cognate with Latin fungor, whence English function and fungible.


वृ

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to cover”), and related to Latin operiō (“to cover, shut”), Lithuanian suvérti (“to shut”).
Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-Aryan *war-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *war-, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to cover, envelop”), and connected the root to Scottish Gaelic fearann (“estate, land”), Avestan 𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬛𐬥𐬁 (uardnā, “cover, envelope”). Other theories connected the root to Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, coil”). These two Indo-European roots may have semantically influenced and merged with the Sanskrit (though Mayrhofer and Rix seem to reconstruct the *welH- as *wel- instead).

विवारयिषु

vivārayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

to cover, screen, veil, conceal, hide, surround, obstruct

to ward off, check, keep back, prevent, hinder, restrain


वृ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”). Cognate with Latin volo (“to wish, want”), English will.


swer-

*swer- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *sweraną (see there for further descendants)

*swer-wos

desctree

Proto-Celtic: *swerwos (“bitter”)
Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw
Old Breton: hueru
Breton: c'hwerv
Cornish: hwerow
Middle Welsh: chwerw
Welsh: chwerw
Old Irish: serb
Irish: searbh
Scottish Gaelic: searbh
Manx: sharroo

*swer-tó- or *swer-dʰo-

qual

Germanic: (unclear, requiring an additional original sense 'to cut') *swerdą (“sword”) (see there for further descendants)

*swer-ō

Proto-Germanic: *swerô

Old High German: swero

German: Schwäre

*swór-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *xvorъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Celtic:

Welsh: chwarren (“gland”)


swer-

*swér-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swárati

Sanskrit: स्वरति (svárati)

*swḗr-s-t ~ *swér-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अस्वार् (ásvār)

*swor-ye- (o-grade ye-present)

Proto-Germanic: *swarjaną (“to swear”) (see there for further descendants)

*swor-éye- (causative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svariti (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Germanic: *swarō (“statement, oath, vow”) (see there for further descendants)

*swor-ós

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *svarъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Italic:

Latin: (possibly) surdus (“deaf”)

Latin: (perhaps) susurrus (“whisper, rustle”)

Oscan: (possibly) sverruneí (“speaker?”, dative singular)


Proto-Germanic: *erþō (“earth, ground, soil”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *ā̆ur(V)n

Albanian: varr

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: érdvė

Celtic:

Welsh: erw (“field”) (or < *h₂erh₃- (“to plow”))

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: *ἔρα (*éra) (in ἔραζε (éraze, “on the ground”) and compounds)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: āre


prews-

*prews- (root present)

Proto-Germanic: *freusaną (see there for further descendants)

*presw-os (by metathesis)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸreswos (see there for further descendants)

*prus-tós

Proto-Germanic: *frustaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *pruś-

Albanian: prush

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prušwáH (“ice”)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pruṣwáH

Sanskrit: प्रुष्वा (pruṣvā́, prúṣvā)

Latin: pruīna

Venetian: puìna, poìna

Latin: prūna

Latin: prūriō (see there for further descendants)


kʷer-

*kʷér-t ~ *kʷr-ént (root aorist)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, “to cut, to cut up, to cut off”, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)

Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Old Prussian: kūra (“he built”)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷareti (“make, cause”)

Middle Breton: paras (3sg.pret.)

Welsh: peri; paraf (1sg.pres.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)

*kʷér-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷér-(h₁)s-onti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ku-e-er-šu-un, 1sg.pret.act.), [script needed] (kur-ša-a-i, “to cut off”, 2sg.imp.act.)

*kʷér-kʷor- ~ *kʷér-kʷr̥- (secondary intensive)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kurkuriyat)

q

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kárkr̥- (as if from *kʷor-kʷr̥-; expected **čárkr̥-)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárkr̥-

desc

Sanskrit: करिकृत् (kárikrat, act. participle)

*kʷe-kʷór-e (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakā́ra

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakā́ra

Sanskrit: चकार (cakā́ra, “has made”)

*kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-onti (reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číkr̥Hšati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíkr̥Hṣati

Sanskrit: चिकीर्षति (cíkīrṣati)

*kʷor-éye-ti ~ *kʷor-éy-onti (éye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kāráyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kāráyati

Sanskrit: कारयति (kāráyati), कारयते (kāráyate)

*kʷ-kʷr̥s-eti ~ *kʷ-kʷr̥s-onti

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (ku-kur-ša-an-t-), Hittite: [script needed] (ku-gur-ša-an-t-, “to cut up, to mutilate”, part.)

*kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti (néw-present)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-sḱ-éti ~ *kʷr̥-sḱ-ónti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (kuraski[zzi], 3sg.), [script needed] (kureskanzi, 3pl.)

*kʷér-mn̥ ~ *kʷr̥-méns

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma ~ *kr̥máns

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćárma ~ *kármanas

>? Sanskrit: कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷér-ōr

Ancient Greek: πέλωρ (pélōr, “supernatural monster”)

⇒ Ancient Greek: πελώριος (pelṓrios)

Greek: πελώριος (pelórios, “gigantic, enormous”)

*kʷór-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras

Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah

Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾl /kār/, “work, deed, affair”)

Persian: کار (kâr, “work”)

*kʷér-tis ~ *kʷr̥-téy-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥tiṣ

Sanskrit: कृति (kṛ́ti, “the act of doing”)

*kʷér-tu-s ~ *kʷr̥-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *kʷritus

desctree

Old Irish: cruth (“form”), crud
Irish: cruth
Manx: croo
Scottish Gaelic: cruth

Welsh: pryd (“form, time”), prydaf (“compose poetry, versify”)

*kʷr̥-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tás (see there for further descendants)

*kʷr̥-yos

Proto-Celtic: *kʷaryos (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷór-yo-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ryas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́ryas

Sanskrit: कार्य (kārya) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *karyah

Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (kaⁱriia)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *tšerkā

Albanian: sarkë (“build, frame”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kēr-, *ker-

Lithuanian: kẽras (“charm, magic”), kerė́ti (“to enchant, charm, bewitch”), kùrti (“to do, make, build”)

Proto-Slavic: *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”), *čara (“magic, sorcery”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *kʷritanī, *kʷritenī

Proto-Brythonic: *Pritanī, *Pritenī, ?*Brɨθon

Middle Welsh: Prydein

Welsh: Prydain, ?Brython

→ Ancient Greek: Πρεττανία (Prettanía), Βρεττανία (Brettanía)

→ Latin: Brittānia

Proto-Hellenic:

q

with <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">-ας</i> (-as) added within Greek

Ancient Greek: τέρας (téras) (with -ας (-as) added within Greek) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kar-

Proto-Iranian: *kar-

Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭩 (-kly /-gar/)

Persian: ـگر (-gar)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: karel

Tocharian B: kerū

The original meaning is often reconstructed as "to carve, to shape by cutting", based on the Anatolian forms.


*ḱérh₂-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-és (root noun)

desc

>? Proto-Italic: *krās (“at the peak, at the start, early”)

>? Latin: crās (“tomorrow”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-

Proto-Hellenic: *kéras

Ancient Greek: κέρᾰς (kéras)

*ḱerh₂-o-now-os (literally “head nodding”)

Proto-Italic: *keronowos

Latin: cernuus

*ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-né-s

Proto-Italic: *kerazrom

Latin: cerebrum (see there for further descendants)

*ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kárˀwāˀ

Lithuanian: kárvė

Proto-Slavic: *kòrva (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s

Proto-Germanic: *hrinþaz, *hrunþaz (see there for further descendants)

*ḱŕ̥h₂-es-n-h₂ (collective)

Proto-Hellenic: *kárahna

Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρηνον (kárēnon) (backformation from *kárahna)

Doric: κᾰ́ρᾱνον (kárānon)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hšā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hṣā

Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षा (śīrṣā)

Proto-Celtic: *karnos

Proto-Brythonic: karn

Old Breton: carn

Breton: karn

Middle Welsh: carn

Welsh: carn

Gaulish: *karnon (“horn”), karnuātus (“horned”)

→ Ancient Greek: κάρνον (kárnon, “Gallic horn”)

Proto-Germanic: *hurną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hngám

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hngám

Sanskrit: शृङ्ग (śṛṅgá, “horn, tusk”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kornū

>? Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂

⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śírˀnāˀ
East Baltic:
Old Latvian: sirna
Latvian: stir̃na
Lithuanian: stìrna
Proto-Slavic: *sь̀rna (see there for further descendants)

*ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-

Proto-Armenian:

desc

Old Armenian: սար (sar, “tip, top; mountain”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćŕ̥Has

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hás

Sanskrit: शिर (śira)

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥Háh

Avestan: 𐬯𐬁𐬭𐬀 (sāra), 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬀 (sara)

*ḱr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-n-ós (“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀšō (see there for further descendants)

Latgalian: šyršyns

Latvian: sir̂senis

Lithuanian: širšuo, šìršė

Proto-Slavic: *sьrxy (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *herhiläinen

Proto-Germanic: *hurznutō (see there for further descendants) now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hurnutu

Proto-Italic: *krāzrō

Latin: crābrō (see there for further descendants)

*ḱr̥h₂-wós, *ḱér-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-éw-os (“deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas

Old Prussian: sirwis

→ Proto-Finnic: *hirvas, *hirvi (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *sërvēs, *sërvë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *karwos (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós

Ancient Greek: κερᾰός (keraós), κερᾱΐς (kerāḯs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hwás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *kerwos

Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Albanian: *krōna

Albanian: krye

Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:

Hittite: [script needed] (karau̯ar), [script needed] (surna), [script needed] (harsar)

Luwian: [script needed] (zurni)

→ Persian: سرنا (sornâ) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *herutaz (“deer, stag”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κάρυον (káruon)

Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (“to grow”), of which the original root noun may be fossilized in Latin crās. A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) has also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 (*kraːɡ, “antler”) and 觥 (*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.


*h₂éǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Italic: *agdlom?

⇒ Latin: (co)āgulum (see there for further descendants)

*h₂eǵ-i-no- (“of a goat; goat-skin”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźina

Lithuanian: oženà f (“goat-skin”), ožìnis (“goat”, adj.)

Proto-Slavic: *azьno n (“goat-skin”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अजिन n (ajína, “skin (of an animal, esp. goat), hide; pelt, fur; leather bag”)

→⇒ Telugu: అజినము (ajinamu, “skin”)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (īzaēna, “leathern”)

*h₂éǵ-mn̥ ~ *h₂ǵ-mén-s

Proto-Hellenic: *ákʰmə

⇒ Aeolic Greek: ἄχματα (ákhmata)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ma

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ma

Sanskrit: अज्मन् (ájman)

Proto-Italic: *agmən

Latin: agmen

⇒ Latin: exāmen (see there for further descendants)

*h₂óǵ-mo-s (“drive, path”)

>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *agnas

Lithuanian: agnùs (“agile, energetic”)

Proto-Hellenic: *agós

Ancient Greek: ἀγός (agós, “leader”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ás (“leader; goat”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éǵ-ro-s (“field, pasturage”)

*h₂eǵ-ro- (“hunt, slaughter”)

Proto-Celtic: *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic:

desctree

Ancient Greek: ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), ᾰ̓́γρη (ágrē) — Ionic
Greek: άγρα (ágra)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

desc

⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”)

*h₂eḱs- (“axis”)

*h₂ǵ-es- (post-PIE)

>? Proto-Germanic: *kas-

Proto-Italic: *gezō

Faliscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌕 (keset)

Latin: gerō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: gestō (see there for further descendants)

desctree

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambaxtos
Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
Old Breton: ambaith
Cornish: ammeth
Middle Welsh: amaeth
Welsh: amaeth
Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)
Irish: amhas
Gaulish: ambaxtos
→ Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *aktós

Ancient Greek: ἐπακτός (epaktós)

Proto-Italic: *aktos

Latin: āctus (see there for further descendants)

*h₂éǵ-tōr ~ *h₂ǵ-trés

Proto-Hellenic: *áktōr

Ancient Greek: ἄκτωρ (áktōr)

Proto-Italic: *aktōr

Latin: actor (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštraH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit:

desc

Sanskrit: आजि (āji, “match, competition”)

Iranian:

Classical Persian: آژیانه (āžiyāna, “the marbled field or ground”)

Classical Persian: آژینه (āžīna, “the iron tool which releated to axile”)

Zazaki: hêga (hēgā, “ground, earth”) (maybe from un-iranian roots)

Proto-Tocharian: *āk

Tocharian A: āk

Tocharian B: āk

Proto-Tocharian: *ekäñye- (possibly)

Tocharian A: akäṃtsune

Tocharian B: ekaññe

Proto-Tocharian: *āk-

Tocharian A: āk-

Tocharian B: āk-

Sanskrit: अज् (aj)

→ Proto-Uralic: *aja- (see there for further descendants)


ज्या

head

ज्या • (jyā)

sa-root

ज्या • (jyā)


der-

*dér-ti ~ *dr-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *derˀtéi

Lithuanian: dérti

Proto-Slavic: *dertì (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *teraną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérō

Ancient Greek: δέρω (dérō)

*dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti

Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti

Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti)

Khotanese: [script needed] (dar(r)-)

Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)

Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)

Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)

desc

Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)

Middle Persian: (/darrīdan/)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (SDKWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlytn')

Lurish:

Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)

Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)

Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)

*dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?)

Proto-Germanic: *turnaną

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))

*dér-mn̥ ~ dr̥-mnés (deverbal)

Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə

Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)

*dr̥-tis

Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis

Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ

Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)

*dr̥-nos

Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā

Proto-Brythonic: *darn

Middle Breton: darn

Cornish: darn

Middle Welsh: darn

Welsh: darn

Gaulish: *darnā

→ French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)

Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Albanian: djerr

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei

Lithuanian: dìrti/dir̃ti

Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay

Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)

Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah

Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”)

Proto-Albanian: *darda

Albanian: derdh

Albanian: dardhë

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-

Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)


wal-

related to spreading or flowing over a surface


wal-

(Adamawa) related to negation (there is not; be without, have not)


wal-

(marriage, Adamawa) related to representation (of bride or bridegroom) in connection with a marriage contract


ن ه ي

نَهْي

Form I: نَهَى (nahā), يَنْهَى (yanhā); Verbal noun

نَاهٍ

Form I: نَهَى (nahā), يَنْهَى (yanhā); Active participle

مُنْهٍ

Form IV: أَنْهَى (ʔanhā); Active participle

مُتَنَاهٍ

Form VI: تَنَاهَى (tanāhā); Active participle

اِنْتِهَاء

Form VIII: اِنْتَهَى (intahā); Verbal noun

مُنْتَهٍ

Form VIII: اِنْتَهَى (intahā); Active participle


و ل د

وِلَادَة

Form I: وَلَدَ (walada, “to give birth”); Verbal noun

وَالِد

Form I: وَلَدَ (walada, “to give birth”); Active participle

تَوْلِيد

Form II: وَلَّدَ (wallada, “to assist in childbirth, to generate”); Verbal noun

مُوَلِّد

Form II: وَلَّدَ (wallada, “to assist in childbirth, to generate”); Active participle

إِيلَاد

Form IV: أَوْلَدَ (ʔawlada, “to be about to give birth, to cause to be born”); Verbal noun

مُولِد

Form IV: أَوْلَدَ (ʔawlada, “to be about to give birth, to cause to be born”); Active participle

تَوَلُّد

Form V: تَوَلَّدَ (tawallada, “to be born, to originate, to result from”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَلِّد

Form V: تَوَلَّدَ (tawallada, “to be born, to originate, to result from”); Active participle

تَوَالُد

Form VI: تَوَالَدَ (tawālada, “to propagate”); Verbal noun

مُتَوَالِد

Form VI: تَوَالَدَ (tawālada, “to propagate”); Active participle

اِتِّلَاد

Form VIII: اِتَّلَدَ (ittalada, “to be born”); Verbal noun

مُتَّلِد

Form VIII: اِتَّلَدَ (ittalada, “to be born”); Active participle

اِسْتِيلَاد

Form X: اِسْتَوْلَدَ (istawlada, “to wish to have children from a woman”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَوْلِد

Form X: اِسْتَوْلَدَ (istawlada, “to wish to have children from a woman”); Active participle


ج م ع

جَامِع

comprehensive, extensive, broad, general, universal; compiler, collector, typesetter, large mosque

جَمْع

Form I: جَمَعَ (jamaʕa, “to gather, unite, compile, collect, summarize, rally, accumulate, convene, add up, make plural, combine, contain”); Verbal noun

جَامِع

Form I: جَمَعَ (jamaʕa, “to gather, unite, compile, collect, summarize, rally, accumulate, convene, add up, make plural, combine, contain”); Active participle

تَجْمِيع

Form II: جَمَّعَ (jammaʕa, “to accumulate, rally, collect, combine, consolidate”); Verbal noun

مُجَمِّع

Form II: جَمَّعَ (jammaʕa, “to accumulate, rally, collect, combine, consolidate”); Active participle

مُجَامَعَة

Form III: جَامَعَ (jāmaʕa, “to have sexual intercourse”); Verbal noun

مُجَامِع

Form III: جَامَعَ (jāmaʕa, “to have sexual intercourse”); Active participle

إِجْمَاع

Form IV: أَجْمَعَ (ʔajmaʕa, “to agree, decide unanimously, resolve”); Verbal noun

agreement, unanimity, resolution (to do something), consensus

مُجْمِع

Form IV: أَجْمَعَ (ʔajmaʕa, “to agree, decide unanimously, resolve”); Active participle

تَجَمُّع

Form V: تَجَمَّعَ (tajammaʕa, “to gather, congregate, accumulate, be combined, coagulate (intrans.)”); Verbal noun

مُتَجَمِّع

Form V: تَجَمَّعَ (tajammaʕa, “to gather, congregate, accumulate, be combined, coagulate (intrans.)”); Active participle

اِجْتِمَاع

Form VIII: اِجْتَمَعَ (ijtamaʕa, “to be close together, meet, unite, assemble, agree”); Verbal noun

مُجْتَمِع

Form VIII: اِجْتَمَعَ (ijtamaʕa, “to be close together, meet, unite, assemble, agree”); Active participle

اِسْتِجْمَاع

Form X: اِسْتَجْمَعَ (istajmaʕa, “to gather, summarize, possess”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَجْمِع

Form X: اِسْتَجْمَعَ (istajmaʕa, “to gather, summarize, possess”); Active participle

جَمْعِيّ

جَمْع (jamʕ, “gathering, collection, combination, connection, accumulation, integration, addition, plural”)

collective, social, common, joint, mutual

جَمْعِيَّة

club, association, society, corporation, organization, assembly

إِجْمَاعِيَّة

إِجْمَاع (ʔijmāʕ)

جَمَاعِيّ

social, common, joint, mutual, collective

مَجمَعِيّ

مَجمَع (“meeting, assembly, convention”)

اِجْتِمَاعِيّ

اِجْتِمَاع (ijtimāʕ, “meeting, assembly, convention, constellation, confluence, community life, human society”)

of a community, group, society, or corporation; social

تَجَمُّعِيّ

تَجَمُّعٌ (tajammuʕun, “meeting, gathering, assembly, congregation, crowd, aggregate”)

جَامِعِيّ

جَامِعَة (jāmiʕa, “league, community, federation, communion, university”)

academic, collegiate; university (in compounds)


ج م ع

جمع

Form I: جمع (jamaʕ, “to gather something”); Noun Form

جامع

Form I: جمع (jamaʕ, “to gather something”); Active Participle

مجموع

Form I: جمع (jamaʕ, “to gather something”); Passive Participle

تجميع

Form II: جمّع (jammaʕ, “to assemble, collect”); Noun Form

تجمّع

Form V: تجمّع (tjammaʕ, “to gather, congregate”); Noun Form

اجتماع

Form VIII: اجتمع (ijtamaʕ, “to meet”); Noun Form

مجتمع

Form VIII: اجتمع (ijtamaʕ, “to meet”); Passive Participle


ع و د

عَوْد

Form I: عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return, go back”); Verbal noun

عَائِد

Form I: عَادَ (ʕāda, “to return, go back”); Active participle

عِيَادَة

Form I: عَادَ (ʕāda, “to visit (a patient)”); Verbal noun

Form I: عَادَ (ʕāda, “to visit (a patient)”); Active participle

مُعَوِّد

Form II: عَوَّدَ (ʕawwada); Active participle

مُعَيِّد

Form II: عَيَّدَ (ʕayyada); Active participle

مُعَاوِد

Form III: عَاوَدَ (ʕāwada); Active participle

مُعَايِد

Form III: عَايَدَ (ʕāyada); Active participle

إِعَادَة

Form IV: أَعَادَ (ʔaʕāda, “to repeat, bring back, restore”); Verbal noun

مُعِيد

Form IV: أَعَادَ (ʔaʕāda, “to repeat, bring back, restore”); Active participle

تَعَوُّد

Form V: تَعَوَّدَ (taʕawwada); Verbal noun

مُتَعَوِّد

Form V: تَعَوَّدَ (taʕawwada); Active participle

اِعْتِيَاد

Form VIII: اِعْتَادَ (iʕtāda, “to get used to”); Verbal noun

مُعْتَاد

Form VIII: اِعْتَادَ (iʕtāda, “to get used to”); Active participle

اِسْتِعَادَة

Form X: اِسْتَعَادَ (istaʕāda); Verbal noun

مُسْتَعِيد

Form X: اِسْتَعَادَ (istaʕāda); Active participle


ع و د

Related to returning, repetition, habituality

متعوّد

Form V: تعوّد (tʕawwad, “to get used to”); Active Participle


غ ي ب

مُغَيِّب

Form II: غَيَّبَ (ḡayyaba); Active participle

تَغَيُّب

Form V: تَغَيَّبَ (taḡayyaba); Verbal noun

مُتَغَيِّب

Form V: تَغَيَّبَ (taḡayyaba); Active participle

اِغْتِيَاب

Form VIII: اِغْتَابَ (iḡtāba); Verbal noun

مُغْتَاب

Form VIII: اِغْتَابَ (iḡtāba); Active participle

اِسْتِغَابَة

Form X: اِسْتَغَابَ (istaḡāba); Verbal noun

مُسْتَغِيب

Form X: اِسْتَغَابَ (istaḡāba); Active participle


ح س ب

Related to Hebrew root ח־שׁ־ב, Classical Syriac root ܚ-ܫ-ܒ (ħ-ʃ-b) and Ge'ez ሓሳብ (ḥasab), all relating to the concept of thinking or calculating.

Related to counting, estimation, or thinking

Form I: حَسِبَ (ḥasiba); Active participle

Form I: حَسُبَ (ḥasuba); Active participle

حَاسِب

Form I: حَسَبَ (ḥasaba); Active participle

مُحَاسِب

Form III: حَاسَبَ (ḥāsaba); Active participle

تَحَسُّب

Form V: تَحَسَّبَ (taḥassaba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَسِّب

Form V: تَحَسَّبَ (taḥassaba); Active participle

تَحَاسُب

Form VI: تَحَاسَبَ (taḥāsaba); Verbal noun

مُتَحَاسِب

Form VI: تَحَاسَبَ (taḥāsaba); Active participle

اِحْتِسَاب

Form VIII: اِحْتَسَبَ (iḥtasaba); Verbal noun

مُحْتَسِب

Form VIII: اِحْتَسَبَ (iḥtasaba); Active participle


ت ب ع

Form I: تَبِعَ (tabiʕa, “to follow, comply with”); Active participle

مُتَابَعَة

Form III: تَابَعَ (tābaʕa, “to follow up”); Verbal noun

مُتَابِع

Form III: تَابَعَ (tābaʕa, “to follow up”); Active participle

إِتْبَاع

Form IV: أَتْبَعَ (ʔatbaʕa, “to subordinate”); Verbal noun

مُتْبِع

Form IV: أَتْبَعَ (ʔatbaʕa, “to subordinate”); Active participle

تَتَبُّع

Form V: تَتَبَّعَ (tatabbaʕa, “to pursue”); Verbal noun

مُتَتَبِّع

Form V: تَتَبَّعَ (tatabbaʕa, “to pursue”); Active participle

تَتَابُع

Form VI: تَتَابَعَ (tatābaʕa, “to occur successively”); Verbal noun

مُتَتَابِع

Form VI: تَتَابَعَ (tatābaʕa, “to occur successively”); Active participle

اِتِّبَاع

Form VIII: اِتَّبَعَ (ittabaʕa, “to follow, comply with”); Verbal noun

مُتَّبِع

Form VIII: اِتَّبَعَ (ittabaʕa, “to follow, comply with”); Active participle

اِسْتِتْبَاع

Form X: اِسْتَتْبَعَ (istatbaʕa, “to entail”); Verbal noun

مُسْتَتْبِع

Form X: اِسْتَتْبَعَ (istatbaʕa, “to entail”); Active participle


निन्द्

head

निन्द् • (nind)

sa-root

निन्द् • (nind)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd-. Cognate with Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ, “hatred, spite”), Latvian naids (“hatred”), Ancient Greek ὄνειδος (óneidos, “reproach”).


धन्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion, flow”). Cognate with Persian دنیدن (danidan, “to walk pompously”), Latin fōns (“fountain”), Tocharian A tsän- (“to flow”).


स्मृ

head

स्मृ • (smṛ)

sa-root

स्मृ • (smṛ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *smar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *smar-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to remember”).


>? Proto-Albanian: *alanā, *ulnā

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *bōrei ulnā

Albanian: bërryl

⇒ Proto-Albanian: *ulnā bōra

Albanian: ylber

Albanian: llanë, llërë

Proto-Celtic: *olīnā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *alinō, *alīnō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *ōlenā

Ancient Greek: ὠλένη (ōlénē), ὠλήν (ōlḗn), ὠλλόν (ōllón)

Greek: ωλένη (oléni)

Proto-Italic: *olenā

Latin: ulna (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Armenian:

desctree

Old Armenian: ողն (ołn)
Armenian: ող (oł)

Old Armenian: ուլն (uln)
Armenian: ուլ (ul)

Old Armenian: ուղուկ (ułuk)

Old Armenian: ամոլ (amol) (possibly)
Armenian: ամոլ (amol), ամոլ (amol) — Mush, Salmas, Van, յ̵ամոլ (hªamol) — Alashkert, համօլ (hamōl) — Erzurum, ամուլ (amul) — Moks, Vozm, ա՛մբօլ (ámbōl) — Ganja, Ararat, ա՛մբուլ (ámbul) — Karabakh
→ Turkish: hamol

Old Armenian: իլ (il) (possibly)
Armenian: իլ (il)
→ Chagatai: یلنك (ileng)

Old Armenian: ալի (ali) (possibly)

Old Armenian: աղեղն (ałełn) (possibly)
Armenian: աղեղ (ałeł)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *alk-, *elk-

Latvian: olekts, elkonis

Lithuanian: úolektis, alkū́nė, elkū́nė

Old Prussian: arašnīs, woaltis, woltis, alkunis

Proto-Slavic: *olkъ

Proto-Slavic: *olkъtь (“elbow”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *olēnā

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: olwyn (“wheel”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haratníš (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *āläi

Tocharian A: āle

Tocharian B: alyiye


sent-

*sént-ti *sn̥t-énti

Proto-Armenian: *hentʰ- ~ *hant-

>? Old Armenian: *ընթամ (*əntʻam)

⇒ Old Armenian: ընթաց (əntʻacʻ, “way”)

desc

⇒ Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam, “to run”) (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-sḱe-ti (sḱe-present)

Proto-Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: *անցեմ (*ancʻem)

⇒ Old Armenian: անցանեմ (ancʻanem, “to pass”) (see there for further descendants)

*sont-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Germanic: *sandijaną (“to send”) (see there for further descendants)

*sént-o-s

Proto-Germanic: *sinþaz (“journey, path”)

*sént-u-s ~ *sn̥t-éw-s

Proto-Celtic: *sentus (“path, way”) (see there for further descendants)


sent-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

*sént-ye-ti ~ *sént-yo-nti or *sn̥t-yé-ti ~ *sn̥t-yó-nti (ye-present)

Proto-Italic: *sentjō

Latin: sentiō (“to feel, to perceive”) (see there for further descendants)

*sḗnt-s-t ~ *sént-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Latin: sēnsī (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sintḗˀtei

Samogitian: sintietė

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *sęťь (see there for further descendants)

*sn̥t-neh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)

Proto-Germanic: *sunnōną

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinnaną (“to consider, contemplate”) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinnaz (“sense, meaning”) (see there for further descendants)


yewg-

*yéwg-t ~ *yug-ént (athematic root aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: अयोक् (áyok)

Proto-Iranian:

Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬔𐬆𐬝 (yaogət̰, 3.sg.aor.act.inj.)

Proto-Hellenic:

q

reshaped to s-aorist, with the present <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">ζεύγνυμι</i> (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root

⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔζευξα (ézeuxa) (reshaped to s-aorist, with the present ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi) formed with the same full-grade root)

*yu-né-g-ti ~ *yu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)

*yówg-yo-s

desc

Proto-Germanic: *jaukiją (“draft animal”)

Old Norse: eykr

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgyas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáwgyas

Sanskrit: योग्य (yógya)

*yéwg-mn̥

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζεῦγμα (zeûgma)

*yéwg-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwgas (see there for further descendants)

*yéwg-os ~ *yéwg-es-os

*yug-ó-m (“yoke”)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ἄζυξ (ázux)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ayúgas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ayúgas

Sanskrit: अयुग (ayúga)

*yug-tó-s

*yéwg-tro-m

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwktram (see there for further descendants)

*yewg-tér-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: योक्तृ (yoktṛ́)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: ζευκτήρ (zeuktḗr)

Unsorted formations:

Sanskrit:

Sanskrit: युग्म (yugma)

Sanskrit: युज् (yúj)

Sanskrit: युज्य (yújya)

Sanskrit: युग्य (yugya)

Celtic: *kom-yungis < zero grade present stem *yung-

Old Irish: cuing

Irish: cuing

Manx: quing

Scottish Gaelic: cuing

An extension of *yew- according to Pokorny.


따뜻

따뜻하다 따뜻하다#Korean

Root of 따뜻하다 (ttatteuthada). Rarely used alone.


wet-

*wét-s

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: 𒈬𒍝 (MU-za /witta/, “year”)

Lycian: [script needed] (uhe/i-, “year”)

*wétos (see there for further descendants)

*wetostos

Proto-Italic: *wetostos

Latin: vetustus

*wet-só-s

Proto-Anatolian:

Luwian:

Cuneiform script: 𒈬𒅖 (MU-iš /uššiš/)

Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔑺𔓉𔐤 (u-si-na /usin/, acc.sg.)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *watsás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *wessos (“of the year”), *wessōnā (“lady of the year”)

Marsian: uesune

Umbrian: 𐌅𐌄𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌄 (vesune)

*wétrus

Proto-Germanic: *weþruz (see there for further descendants)

*wet-us-o-s

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wétušas (see there for further descendants)

*wetelos

Proto-Hellenic: *wétalon

Ancient Greek: ἔταλον (étalon), ἔτελον (ételon)

Proto-Italic: *wetelos

Latin: vitulus (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: vitlu

*pér-ut-i (“last year”) (with *per- (“through”))


met-

*met-eti

Proto-Celtic: *meteti

Proto-Italic: *metō

Latin: metō

*met-el-

Proto-Celtic: *metelā (“reapers (collective)”)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Middle Irish: methel

Irish: meitheal

*met-l̥-yom (possibly) (with secondary collective suffix *-yom)

Ancient Greek: μέταλλον (métallon, “mine, quarry”) (quarries generally require measured cutting)

*mot-i-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: mateola (“wooden hammer or agricultural implement”)

Proto-Germanic: *maþilō (“plough”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *motỳka (“hoe”)

*mot-né-

Proto-Germanic: *mattukaz (“ploughshare, mattock”)

Part of the same group of roots as *meh₁- (“to measure”), *med- (“to estimate, judge”), possibly also *meh₂- (“to grow, mature”), *medʰi- (“middle, between”), *meǵ-h₂- (“great, big”), all with a sense of "measurement, estimation > size, distance, amount".

to cut (by measure) (with an inherent sense of by measurement or time: "to cut down" > "to mow"; "to cut into" > "plow")


*h₃yébʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)

*h₃yḗbʰ-s-t ~ *h₃yébʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *yäp-

Tocharian A: yowäs

Tocharian B: yopsa

*h₃yémbʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti (nasal infix) (< *h₃inébʰ-ti ~ *h₃imbʰ-énti)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyámbdʰi

Proto-Iranian: *Hyámbdi

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *āHyámbdi

q

or from another root <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*yeb⁽ʰ⁾-</i>

Sogdian: (/āyamb-, āyanp-/, “to pervert, deceive, seduce”) (or from another root *yeb⁽ʰ⁾-)

Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼔- (ʾʾynp-)

Syriac script: ܐܝܡܦ- (ʾymp-)

*h₃yobʰ-éye-ti (eye-causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyābʰáyati

Proto-Iranian: *Hyābáyati

⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaHyābáyati

desc

Khwarezmian: [script needed] (byʾβydʾh, “to impregnate”, 3sg.impf.)

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebos

Luwian: *ipaš

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾 (i-pa-la-a-ti), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒋾 (i-pa-la-ti /ipala/i-/, “left (hand)”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒅔 (i-pa-la-a-ti-i[n]), 𒄿𒉺𒆷𒀀𒋾𒂗 (i-pa-la-a-ti-en /ipalāt(i)-/, “sinisterness”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒉺𒈠𒀭𒍝𒀸𒋫 (i-pa-ma-an-za-aš-(ta) /ipama/i-/, “perverted, sinister”, dat.loc.pl.)

⇒ Luwian: *iparuš, *iparwaš

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒄩𒀸 ([i]-pár-wa-aš-ḫa-aš /iparwašḫaš/)

⇒ Luwian: 𒄿𒈦𒉿𒀸𒅆𒅖 c (i-pár-wa-aš-ši-iš /iparwaššaiš/, “western”)

⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠 (𒀹i-pa-tar-ma /ipatarma/, “west”, nom.-acc.pl.)

⇒ Luwian: 𒀹𒄿𒉺𒋻𒈠𒅀𒀭 n ((𒀹)i-pa-tar-ma-ya-an /ipatarmayan/, “westward”, nom.-acc.pl.)

*h₃yébʰ-wr̥ ~ *h₃ibʰ-wéns

Proto-Anatolian: *Hebʷr̥-

Hittite: [script needed] (epurae-, “to go inside”)

>? Proto-Hellenic: *dzépʰuros (< *(d)yépʰur-os)

Ancient Greek: ζέφυρος (zéphuros), Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros) (see there for further descendants)

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀽𐁆𐀫 (ze-phu-ro /zephuros/, “the west wind”)

xlit

Казанскене, В. П.

Казанский, Н. Н.

>? Proto-Hellenic: *dzópʰos (< *(d)yópʰos)

Ancient Greek: ζόφος (zóphos)

*h₃éybʰ-eh₂ (metathesis)

desc

>? Proto-Germanic: *aibō (“family; village, district, region”)

Proto-West Germanic: *aibu

Old High German: -eiba

⇒ Old High German: Wetereiba

⇒ Old High German: Wingarteiba

Lombardic: -aib

⇒ Lombardic: Antaib

⇒ Lombardic: Burgundaib

Unsorted formations:

>? Illyrian:

→ Doric Greek: Οἴβαλος (Oíbalos, “belonging to the birth”)


pnew-

*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō

Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — Poetic

*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)

Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną

Middle High German: pfnurren

Icelandic: hnerra

>? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)

*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)

Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe

Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)

*pnéw-mn̥

Unsorted formations:

Albanian:

>? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa

Albanian: *pnyj

Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)


plewd-

*plewd- (root present)

Balto-Slavic:

Latgalian: plyudi (“flood”)

Celtic:

Old Irish: luaidid

Proto-Germanic: *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”)

*plud-sḱé- (sḱe-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plū́sti

*plewd-o-

Proto-Germanic: *fleutaz (“fast-running”)

Middle Dutch: vliet

Old Norse: fljótr

Icelandic: fljótur

Proto-Germanic: *fleutą (“stream”)

Old English: flēot

English: fleet

Middle Dutch: vliet

*plud-om

Proto-Germanic: *flutą

Old English: flot

Dutch: vlot (“raft”)

Old Norse: flot

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *flutōną

Italic:

Latin: plaustrum


plew-

*plew-d-

*plew-k-

*plew-t-

*plewt-yom, *plowt-yom

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja

Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši

Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)

Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)

*pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)

Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō

Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *plowō

Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-

Tocharian A: plu-

Tocharian B: plu-

*plow-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Celtic:

Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati

Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)

Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati

𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌

Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi)

Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)

*pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

*plow-mos

Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”) (see there for further descendants)

*plow-ó-s

Proto-Hellenic: *plowos

Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)

Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás

Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: plewe

*plow-tó-m

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)

Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)

Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)

Proto-Germanic:

Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)

Icelandic: fleyður

*plow-tós

Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)

*plów-yos (“ship”)

Proto-Germanic: *flawją (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom

Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)

Proto-Italic: *plowjos

Latin: pluvius

*plu-tó-s

desctree

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
East Baltic:
Latvian: pluts
Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei

Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *plutós

Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás

Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī

⇒ Breton: lewier m (“pilot”)

Old Cornish: leu (“rudder”)

Cornish: lew (“rudder”)

Old Irish: luí f (“rudder, tail”)

desc

Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)

Innovative formations:

(perhaps) Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)

Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)

Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)

Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)


plewk-

*pléwk-e-ti (thematic present)

Proto-Germanic: *fleuhaną (“to flee”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fleuganą (“to fly”) (reanalyzed) (see there for further descendants)

*plowk-yé-ti (o-grade yé-present)

Proto-Germanic: *flaugijaną (“to fly up”) (see there for further descendants)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plaũkti (“to swim”)

*pluk-yé-ti (0-grade yé-present)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: plúkti (“to strike, to splash”)

→ Proto-Slavic: *plyčьkati (“to splash, to crawl in water”) (expressive, extended with *-kati)

>? Proto-Germanic: *plugijaną (“to plug”) (with unexpected "unshifted" *p)

*plewk-éh₂-ti (éh₂-present)

Proto-Germanic: *fleugōną (“to fly”)

*plewk-sḱ-éy-ti (sḱ-inchoative)

Balto-Slavic:

Proto-Slavic: *pľuščiti (“to flap, to press”)

*plewk-éh₂n ~ *pluk-éh₂n (Germ. ōn-stem)

Proto-Germanic: *fleugǭ / *flugǭ (“fly, flying insect”)

*plówk-os (o-stem nominal) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: pláukas (“hair”)

Latvian: plaûki (“flakes, fibers”)

q

perhaps replacing an extinct reflex of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*plúsis</i> by folk etymology

Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz (“flea”) (perhaps replacing an extinct reflex of *plúsis by folk etymology) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-lós (l-participle)

from earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*fluglaz</i> by dissimilation

Proto-Germanic: *fuglaz (“fowl”) (from earlier *fluglaz by dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-nós (n-participle)

Proto-Germanic: *flukkaz (“flock”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plúnksnāˀ

Latvian: plūksnas, plūksnes

Lithuanian: plùnksna, plū́ksna

Old Prussian: planxdine

Proto-Italic: *plow(k)smā

Latin: plūma (see there for further descendants)

*plúk-tis (i-stem t-participle)

Proto-Germanic: *fluhtiz (“flight”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Germanic: *fliugika-

Proto-Germanic: *fluganą

Proto-Germanic: *flugilaz (see there for further descendants)

Extended form of *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).


kerp-

*kerp- (root verb)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kerp-, *kirp-

Latvian: cìrpt (“to shave”)

Lithuanian: kir̃pti (“to cut, chop”)

desc

Proto-Slavic: *čerpti (“to scoop, draw”), *čerpati, *čьrpati

Italic:

Latin: carpō (“to pluck”)

*kerp-os

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kerpas

Proto-Slavic: *čerpъ

Proto-Tocharian: *käurp-

Tocharian B: kurp- (“to be concerned with”)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Albanian: *karpudā

Albanian: kërpudhë (“mushroom”)

Proto-Germanic: *harbistaz (“harvest, autumn”)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: καρπός (karpós, “fruit < *what is plucked”), κρώπιον (krṓpion, “sickle”)

Indo-Iranian:

Indo-Aryan:

Sanskrit: कृपाणी (kṛpāṇī, “dagger”), कृपाण (kṛpāṇa, “sword”)

Ultimately derived from *(s)ker- (“to cut”). A general word for “to harvest” that had a tendency in some branches to be specialized for the picking of fruit while in others for the reaping of grain.


neḱ-

*néḱ-t ~ *n̥ḱ-ént (aorist)

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Indo-Aryan:

q

possibly from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₂neḱ-</i> (“to reach”) instead

Sanskrit: नशन्ति (náśanti, 3pl.aor.subj.) (possibly from *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”) instead)

desc

⇒ Sanskrit: अनशत् (ánaśat, thematicised aorist)

Proto-Tocharian: *näk-

Tocharian A: näk-

Tocharian B: näk-

*néḱ-s-t ~ *n̥ḱ-s-ént (innovative s-aorist)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: ñakäs

Tocharian B: nekasta

q

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*n̥ḱ-yé-ti</i>, with later restitution of full grade root

*néḱ-ye-ti (ye-present) (or *n̥ḱ-yé-ti, with later restitution of full grade root)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćyati (see there for further descendants)

*néḱ-se-ti (se-present)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian A: nkäs

Tocharian B: nakṣtär

⇒ Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: -nakṣi

*ne-nóḱ-e ~ *ne-nḱ-ḗr (perfect)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nanā́ća

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nanā́śa

Sanskrit: ननाश (nanā́śa)

Proto-Iranian: *nanā́ca

Avestan: 𐬬𐬍𐬥𐬇𐬥𐬁𐬯𐬁 (vīnə̄nāsā)

Proto-Tocharian:

Tocharian B: neku

*noḱ-éye-ti (causative)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nāćáyati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nāśáyati

Sanskrit: नाशयति (nāśáyati)

Proto-Iranian: *nācáyati

desc

Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎴𐎠𐎰𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (vi-i-n-a-θ-y-t-i-y /vi-nāθayatiy/, 3sg.pres.ind.)

Proto-Italic: *nokeō

Latin: noceō (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Italic: [Term?] (s(e/o)-present)

Latin: noxit

⇒ Proto-Italic: *noksā

Latin: noxa

*nóḱ-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nā́ćas

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nā́śas

Sanskrit: नाश (nāśa) (see there for further descendants)

*neḱ-tó-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naštás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naṣṭás

Sanskrit: नष्ट (naṣṭá) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *naštáh

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀 (našta)

*néḱ-s (“death”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náćš

Proto-Iranian: *náš

Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬯 (nas)

Proto-Italic: *neks

Latin: nex, necō (see there for further descendants)

*neḱ-rós

Proto-Hellenic: *nekrós

desctree

Ancient Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)
Greek: νεκρός (nekrós)

*néḱ-tu-s ~ *n̥ḱ-téw-s

Proto-Celtic: *anxtu (see there for further descendants)

*néḱ-us ~ *n̥ḱ-éw-s

*néḱ-tr̥h₂ (with root *terh₂-; though Beekes is unsure)

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar) (see there for further descendants)

*n̥ḱw-ó-

Proto-Tocharian: *eṅkwe

Tocharian A: oṅk

Tocharian B: eṅkwe


*skelh₁-ye- (ye-present)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκέλλω (skéllō)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκελετός (skeletós)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: σκληρός (sklērós)

Proto-Germanic: *skalaz

English: shoal, shallow

German: schal

Unsorted formations:

German: hellig

>? Latvian: kalst


Unsorted formations:

Old Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ) (possibly)

Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ)

Old Armenian: արդն (ardn) (possibly)

Balto-Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: ратище (ratište), ратовище (ratovište)

Proto-Germanic: *rōdō, *rōdǭ


Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rádati

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rádati

Sanskrit: रदति (rádati)

Proto-Iranian: *rádati

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (randītan, “to scrape, smooth”)

Italic:

Latin: rōdō (see there for further descendants)

Italic:

Latin: rōstrum (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Germanic: *rattaz, *rattō (see there for further descendants)


Proto-Albanian: *kla(u)tja

Albanian: qos

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: kliūdýti

>? Proto-Germanic: *sleutaną (< *(s)klewh₂-de-ti) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *klaudō
Latin: claudō (see there for further descendants)
Paelignian: clusu (participle perfect)

⇒ Proto-Italic: *klaudtrom

Latin: claustrum (see there for further descendants)

*kléh₂u-ti ~ *kluh₂-énti (root present)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Latvian: kļũt

Lithuanian: kliū́ti, kliáuti

Proto-Slavic: *kľuti

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kľùka (+ *-ka) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Slavic: *kľučь (+ *-čь) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klāyyō

Ancient Greek: κληΐω (klēḯō)

*kléh₂w-ih₂ ~ *kl̥h₂u-yéh₂s

Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́ds

Ancient Greek: κληΐς (klēḯs)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwī́ks

Doric: κλᾴξ (klā́ix)

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *klāwitʰron

Ancient Greek: κλήϊθρον (klḗïthron)

Proto-Hellenic:

desc

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀏𐀨𐀹𐀡𐀫 (ka-ra-wi-po-ro /klāwi-pʰoros/)

desctree

Proto-Italic: *klāwis (“bar, bolt”)
Latin: clāvis (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *klāwos (possibly borrowed from Latin instead) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *klāwos

Latin: clāvus (“nail, peg”) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *klōyyos

Ancient Greek: κλῳός (klōiós)


(s)kel-

*skél-ko-s

Proto-Germanic: *skelhaz

*skél-os ~ *skél-es-os

Proto-Hellenic: *skélos

desc

⇒ τρισκελίς (triskelís)

Ancient Greek: σκέλος (skélos), ⇒ τρισκελίς (triskelís)

Proto-Italic: *skelos

Latin: scelus (see there for further descendants)

*skél-o-s

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian:

→⇒ Old Armenian: շար-աւանդ (šar-awand)

Mazanderani: اشکل (eškel, “thigh, thighbone”)

Persian: شل (šal, “thigh”)

⇒ *skelo-wer-o-

Proto-Indo-Iranian:

Proto-Iranian: *šarawāra-

Persian: شلوار (šalvâr) (see there for further descendants)

→ Arabic: سِرْوَال (sirwāl), سِرْبَال (sirbāl), شِرْوَال (širwāl) (dialectal), شَرْوَال (šarwāl) (modern), سِرْوَل (sirwal), سِرْوِيل (sirwīl) (see there for further descendants)

→ Biblical Aramaic: סַרְבָּלָא

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: סַרְבָּלָא (sarbālā, “trousers; a type of outer garment”)

→ Ancient Greek: σαράβαρα (sarábara), σαράβαλλα (saráballa, “Scythian loose trousers”)

→ Latin: sarabala, sarabāra (“(Scythian) wide trousers”)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡔࡀࡓࡅࡀࡋࡀ (šaruala, “trousers”)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܪܒܠܐ (šarbālā, “trousers”), ܫܪܘܠܐ du (šarwālē, “leggings”)

*skol-ó-s

Proto-Albanian: *štšala

Albanian: çalë

*kōl-o-m

Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κῶλον (kôlon) (see there for further descendants)

*kól-ō

Proto-Hellenic: *kólō

Ancient Greek: κόλων (kólōn)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Albanian: *kall-

Albanian: shkal (“to tread, spur”)

Armenian:

>? Old Armenian: խուլ (xul, “deaf”)

Balto-Slavic:

>? Lithuanian: atsikalti

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κυλίνδω (kulíndō), κύλινδρος (kúlindros)

Ancient Greek: κυλλός (kullós, “deformed, crippled, crooked”) (possibly)

Ancient Greek: κῶλον (kôlon)

Ancient Greek: σκολιός (skoliós)

Ancient Greek: σκολίωσις (skolíōsis)

Ancient Greek: σκολίωμα (skolíōma)

Ancient Greek: σκώληξ (skṓlēx)

Italic: *skalik-

Latin: calix

Umbrian: skalçeta

(bent or curved body parts) leg, heel, knee, hip