abba

az (“that”) + -ba (“into”). The z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the -b of the suffix.

Abba a dobozba rakd a ruhákat.

ebbe

pointing at the inside of an object close to the speaker

illative singular of az (pointing at the inside of an object that is farther away from the speaker)


aam

From Middle English am (“them”), from Old English heom (“them”), dative of hie. Cognate with English 'em.

Leth aam.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 53

Hi kinket an keilt, ee vewe (o') aam 'twode snite.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 8, page 86

They kicked and rolled, the few (of them) that appeared.

Jaane got leigheen; shoo pleast aam all, fowe?

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 14, page 90

Joan set them a laughing, she pleased them all, how?

Shoo ya aam zim to doone, as w' be doone nowe;

She gave them some to do, as we are doing now;

Craneen t' thee wee aam, thee luggès shell aake.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 100

Choking to thee with them. Thy ears shall ache.


niet

From Old Dutch niewiht, *niowiht, from nio (“never”) + wiht (“thing, creature”). The former in turn derives from Proto-Germanic *ne (“not”) + *aiw- (“ever”) + *wihtą (“thing”).


hij

ik (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed subjective)
'k (first-person personal pronoun singular subjective unstressed)
mij (first-person objective personal pronoun singular stressed)
me (first-person objective personal pronoun singular unstressed)
mijn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular stressed)
m'n (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular unstressed)
mijne (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun)
me (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
mijner (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
mijns (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
jij (personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
je (personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
jou (objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (objective personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouw (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouwe (personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
je (personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
jouwer (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
jouws (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
ge (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
u (formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
hij (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ie (masculine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
hem (masculine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
'm (masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zij (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ze (feminine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
hare (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
harer (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
haars (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
het (neuter personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
't (neuter personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
het (neuter objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
't (neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
wij (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
we (first-person personal plural pronoun unstressed)
ons (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun)
ons (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
onzer (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
onzes (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
jullie (personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
je (personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
je (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ge (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
zij (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
ze (personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
hen (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hun (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hunne (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
hunner (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)
huns (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)

Afrikaans: hy

Javindo: hij, gij

Jersey Dutch: hai, he

Petjo: hij

From Middle Dutch hi, from Old Dutch hie, hē, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz. Doublet of ie.

Hij loopt.

De tafel is duur omdat hij van glas is gemaakt.

The table is expensive because it is made of glass.

Third-person singular, masculine, subjective: he.


kun

The singular instructive case of kuka. Originally a lesser used variant of kuin; modern differences between the two were introduced when the language was standardized.

There's a certain man here who'd like to see the leader.

Täällä on eräs mies, kun haluaisi tavata johtajaa. [standard: Täällä on eräs mies, joka haluaisi tavata johtajaa.]

Who is that who is shouting?

Kuka se on, kun huutaa? [standard: Kuka se on, ken huutaa?]

(relative, colloquial) that, who, which, where


een

From Middle High German ein, from Old High German ein, from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos.


een

From Old Dutch ēn, ein, from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos.


ik

(Cape Afrikaans or archaic) Alternative form of ek


ik

Afrikaans: ek

Berbice Creole Dutch: eke

Jersey Dutch: äk

Petjo: ik

Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

From Middle Dutch ic, from Old Dutch ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Low German ik, West Frisian ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg.
See I (English, etymology 3).

I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


ik

ik (first-person nominative singular)
diu (nominative second-person singular)
hoi (masculine nominative singular third-person)
soi (feminine nominative singular third-person)
iät (neuter nominative singular third-person)
van meune (first-person genitive rare singular)
van deune (genitive rare second-person singular)
van seune (genitive masculine rare singular third-person)
van iähre (feminine genitive rare singular third-person)
van seune (genitive neuter rare singular third-person)
meu (dative first-person singular)
deu (dative second-person singular)
iähne (dative masculine singular third-person)
iähr (dative feminine singular third-person)
iähne (dative neuter singular third-person)
meu (accusative first-person singular)
deu (accusative second-person singular)
iähne (accusative masculine singular third-person)
soi (accusative feminine singular third-person)
iät (accusative neuter singular third-person)
weu (first-person nominative plural)
jeu (nominative plural second-person)
soi (nominative plural third-person)
van use (first-person genitive plural rare)
van jiue (genitive plural rare second-person)
van iähre (genitive plural rare third-person)
us (dative first-person plural)
jiu (dative plural second-person)
iähnen (dative plural third-person)
us (accusative first-person plural)
jiu (accusative plural second-person)
soi (accusative plural third-person)

From Middle Low German ik, from Old Saxon ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Ik kem, ik sach, ik wünd.

I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, vidi, vici. Attributed to Julius Caesar.)

(most northern and western dialects) I (first person singular pronoun)

ek

Eastphalia, Lippe, County of Mark, Ruhr area

ikə

Waldeckisch, when strongly emphasised; scientific spelling

icke

as alternative form of ick, when strongly emphasised

mi

me; dative (also generally used in place of the accusative)


ik

Scots: ik

From Old English ic, perhaps with influence from Old Norse ek; both from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).

Forthi wil I of my pouert, Schau sum thing that ik haf in hert, [...]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Her ik haf a litil spend, In word eftir þat ik entend, [...]

circa 1390, Chaucer

But ik am oold me list not pleye for age.

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of I


ik

ik (ek) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
mî (mê, mik, mek) (accusative dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
mîn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
mîner (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
dû (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dî (dê, dik, dek) (accusative dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dîn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
dîner (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
hê (hî, hie) (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
ēne (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
en (ȫne, ȫn) (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ēme (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
em (ȫme, en) (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sîn (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sîner (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (et) (accusative neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
ēme (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
em (ȫme, en) (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
sîn (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
sîner (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
sê (sî, sie, sü̂) (accusative feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
ēre (dative feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
ēr (ērer, ȫrer) (dative feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
wî (wê, wie) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) (accusative dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
unser (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
ûser (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
gî (jê, î) (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) (accusative dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jûwer (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
ûwer (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
sê (sî, sie) (accusative nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
em (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
öm (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
ēre (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)
ēr (ērer, ȫrer) (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)

Low German: ik

German Low German: ik, ek

Low Prussian: eck, öck


ik

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Compare Dutch ik, German Low German ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg.


ik

ik (nominative personal pronoun singular)
ic (nominative personal pronoun singular)
ih (nominative personal pronoun singular)
wī (nominative personal plural pronoun)
wīr (nominative personal plural pronoun)
mī (accusative personal pronoun singular)
mik (accusative personal pronoun singular)
mic (accusative personal pronoun singular)
uns (accusative personal plural pronoun)
unsig (accusative personal plural pronoun)
mīn (genitive personal pronoun singular)
unsa (genitive personal plural pronoun)
unser (genitive personal plural pronoun)
mī (dative personal pronoun singular)
uns (dative personal plural pronoun)
unsig (dative personal plural pronoun)
thu (nominative personal pronoun singular)
tu (nominative personal pronoun singular)
gī (nominative personal plural pronoun)
ir (nominative personal plural pronoun)
thī (accusative personal pronoun singular)
thik (accusative personal pronoun singular)
thic (accusative personal pronoun singular)
iu (accusative personal plural pronoun)
thīn (genitive personal pronoun singular)
iuwa (genitive personal plural pronoun)
iuwer (genitive personal plural pronoun)
thī (dative personal pronoun singular)
iu (dative personal plural pronoun)
hē (masculine nominative personal pronoun)
hie (masculine nominative personal pronoun)
sia (feminine nominative personal pronoun)
it (neuter nominative personal pronoun)
imo (accusative masculine personal pronoun)
sia (accusative feminine personal pronoun)
it (accusative neuter personal pronoun)
sīn (genitive masculine personal pronoun)
is (genitive masculine personal pronoun)
iro (feminine genitive personal pronoun)
is (genitive neuter personal pronoun)
imo (dative masculine personal pronoun)
iro (dative feminine personal pronoun)
imo (dative neuter personal pronoun)
sia (nominative personal plural pronoun)
sie (masc. plur.) (nominative personal plural pronoun)
sia (accusative personal plural pronoun)
sie (masc. plur.) (accusative personal plural pronoun)
iro (genitive personal plural pronoun)
im (dative personal plural pronoun)

desctree

Middle Dutch: ic, icke
Dutch: ik
Afrikaans: ek
Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
Jersey Dutch: äk
Petjo: ik
Skepi Creole Dutch: ek


ik

ik (first-person nominative singular)
thū (nominative second-person singular)
hī (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hiū (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hiō (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hit (neuter nominative singular third-person)
wī (first-person nominative plural)
jī (nominative plural second-person)
hiā (nominative plural third-person)
mī (accusative first-person singular)
thī (accusative second-person singular)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hiā (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hit (accusative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
jū (accusative plural second-person)
jō (accusative plural second-person)
hiā (accusative plural third-person)
mī (dative first-person singular)
thī (dative second-person singular)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine singular third-person)
hiāre (dative feminine singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
jū (dative plural second-person)
jō (dative plural second-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
hirem (dative plural third-person)
hiārem (dative plural third-person)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
thīn (genitive second-person singular)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hire (feminine genitive singular third-person)
hiāre (feminine genitive singular third-person)
sīn (genitive neuter singular third-person)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
jūwer (genitive plural second-person)
hira (genitive plural third-person)
hiāra (genitive plural third-person)

North Frisian: ick, ik

Saterland Frisian: iek

West Frisian: ik

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Compare Old Saxon ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).


ik

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
thū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hē (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
mī (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
me (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
thī (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
thik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ina (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mī (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
thī (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
imu (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mīn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
thīn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
is (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
wit (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
git (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
unk (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ink (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
unk (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ink (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
unkero (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
unka (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
inker (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
inka (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
wī (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
we (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
gī (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ge (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sia (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
sia (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
siu (neuter nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
ūs (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
unsik (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
eu (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iu (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuu (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sia (accusative masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
sia (accusative feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
siu (accusative neuter personal plural pronoun third-person)
ūs (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
eu (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iu (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuu (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
im (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
ūser (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
euwar (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwer (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwar (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwero (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwera (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iro (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)

Middle Low German: ik, ek

German Low German: ik

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Compare Old Frisian ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).


ik

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
my (first-person objective personal pronoun singular)
mysels (first-person objective personal pronoun reflexive singular)
myn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
mines (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
do (informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dû (informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dy (informal objective personal pronoun second-person singular)
dysels (informal objective personal pronoun reflexive second-person singular)
dyn (informal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
dines (informal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
jo (formal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
jo (formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular)
josels (formal objective personal pronoun reflexive second-person singular)
jo (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
jowes (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
hy (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
him (masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person)
himsels (masculine objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
syn (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sines (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sy (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hja (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
har (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person)
harsels (feminine objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
har (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
harres (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
it (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person)
himsels (neuter objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
syn (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sines (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
wy (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
ús (first-person objective personal plural pronoun)
ússels (first-person objective personal plural pronoun reflexive)
ús (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
uzes (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
jim (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jimme (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jim (objective personal plural pronoun second-person)
jimme (objective personal plural pronoun second-person)
jimsels (objective personal plural pronoun reflexive second-person)
jinsels (objective personal plural pronoun reflexive second-person)
jim (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
jimme (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
jimmes (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sy (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
hja (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
har (objective personal plural pronoun third-person)
harren (objective personal plural pronoun third-person)
harsels (objective personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
har (personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
harren (personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
harres (personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
^ Now mostly archaic and unused (personal pronoun)

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

I (first person singular nominative pronoun)


ik

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miʀ (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þiʀ (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sik (dative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīn (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīn (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wit (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (dative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (dative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sik (dative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkar (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkwar (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wiʀ (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jiʀ (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iwwi (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sik (dative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsar (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
iuwar (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīn (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Old English: iċ, ih, ich — Northumbrian; iċċ; ᛁᚳ (ic) — Ruthwell Cross
Southern Middle English: ich
English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)
Yola: ich (revived)
Northern Middle English: ik
Scots: ik (rare)
Later Middle English: I
English: I
Scots: A, I

Old Frisian: ik
North Frisian: ick, ik
Saterland Frisian: iek
West Frisian: ik

Old Saxon: ik
Middle Low German: ik, ek
German Low German: ik

Old Dutch: ik, ic
Middle Dutch: ic, icke
Dutch: ik
Afrikaans: ek
Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
Jersey Dutch: äk
Petjo: ik
Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

Old High German: ih
Middle High German: ich, ig
Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
Sensler: [iː]
Swabian: i
Sathmar Swabian: i
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
Mòcheno: i
Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
Hunsrückisch: äijsch
Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]
Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]
Kölsch: ich
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: iech
Silesian East Central German: iech
Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
East Franconian: i, iech
German: ich
Luxembourgish: ech
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: aisch
Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]
Vilamovian: ych
Yiddish: איך (ikh), ich
→ Limburgish: ich, iech, ik; iich (Eupen); ech (Southeast Limburgish)


het

Jersey Dutch: hät, it

From Middle Dutch het, hit, from Old Dutch it, hit, from Proto-Germanic *it, *hit.

1) Not as common in written language.2) Inflected as an adjective.3) In prescriptivist use

used only as direct object.4) In prescriptivist use

and in fixed expressions.6) To differentiate from the singular gij

gelle and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ().

Het is een mooi huis, maar een beetje klein.

it; third-person singular, neuter, subjective

Kun je het goed zien?

Ik doe het als jij het wilt.

I'll do it if you want it. (i.e. "if you want me to")

Het katje heeft honger, geef het een boterham.

The kitty is hungry, give it a sandwich.

it; third-person singular, neuter, objective

Het is laat.

Het regent alweer.

Hoe gaat het?


het

table
he with standard nominative plural suffix -t.

(personal, dialectal, Lapland, Westrobothnia) they (plural; only of people)


het

hän (nominative singular)
het (nominative plural)
hänen (genitive singular)
heiđän (genitive plural)
heän (genitive plural)
häntä (partitive singular)
heitä (partitive plural)
hänen (accusative singular)
heiđät (accusative plural)
heät (accusative plural)
hänheen (illative singular)
heihin (illative plural)
hänessä (inessive singular)
heissä (inessive plural)
hänestä (elative singular)
heistä (elative plural)
hänele (allative singular)
hänelet (allative singular)
hälle (allative singular)
hället (allative singular)
heile (allative plural)
heilet (allative plural)
hänelä (adessive singular)
hällä (adessive singular)
heillä (adessive plural)
häneltä (ablative singular)
hältä (ablative singular)
heiltä (ablative plural)
hänenä (singular translative)
heinä (plural translative)
häneksi (essive singular)
heiksi (essive plural)
hänettä (abessive singular)
heittä (abessive plural)

From Finnish he, from Proto-Finnic *hek.


het

ic (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
du (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hi (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
het (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
wi (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
gi (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
si (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mi (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
di (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hem (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
haer (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
het (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
ons (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
u (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
hem (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
hen (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mi (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
di (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hem (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
haer (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hem (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
ons (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
u (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
hem (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
hen (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mijn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
dijn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sijn (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
haer (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
sijn (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
onse (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
uwe (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
haer (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)

Dutch: het (only the pronoun; the definite article is a weakened form of dat)

Limburgish: hèt

From Old Dutch hit, it, from Proto-Germanic *hit, *it.


dat

Pronuctiation spelling of that,
representing dialects with th-stopping. Compare Dutch dat, Low German dat, and German dat.

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(dialectal, nonstandard, African-American Vernacular, MLE, Ireland, foreign accents, or humorous) Pronunciation spelling of that.

African-American Vernacular; foreign accents; African-American Vernacular; foreign accents


dat

Petjo: dat

Skepi Creole Dutch: dat

From Middle Dutch dat, from Old Dutch that, from Proto-Germanic *þat, neuter form of *sa.
Cognate with German das, English that.

Wat is dat?

–Voordat je weggaat, zet het afval buiten alsjeblieft!
–Oké, ik zal dat (doen).
–Before you leave, take the rubbish out please!
–Okay, I will do that.

(by extension, demonstrative, clipping of datzelfde) that same (thing), the aforementioned

Ik ken een meisje dat dat kan.

Dat is een man.

Dat zijn mannen.

(exophoric) that, those (regardless of gender and number)


dat

A regional form adopted into colloquial standard German. In western Germany from Central Franconian dat, from northern Middle High German dat, from northern Old High German that, dat, an unshifted relict form possibly due to Frankish influence. In northern Germany from German Low German dat, from Middle Low German dat, from Old Saxon that.

Dat weiß ich nich'.

(colloquial, regional) Alternative form of das


dat

(colloquial, regional, neuter nominative) it


dat

Kick di dat an!


dat

dat Schipp, dat wi sailt hębben


dat

From Old Dutch that, from Proto-Germanic *þat.


dat

Dat varte ikkje lenge.

Dat vil eg ikkje segja deg.

(dated, dialectal) that; succeeded by det


dat

iau (exclusive first-person personal pronoun singular)
amir (dual exclusive first-person personal pronoun)
mir (dual exclusive first-person personal pronoun)
amital (exclusive first-person paucal personal pronoun)
mital (exclusive first-person paucal personal pronoun)
avet (exclusive first-person personal plural pronoun)
ave (exclusive first-person personal plural pronoun)
dor (dual first-person inclusive personal pronoun)
datal (first-person inclusive paucal personal pronoun)
dat (first-person inclusive personal plural pronoun)
da (first-person inclusive personal plural pronoun)
u (personal pronoun second-person singular)
amur (dual personal pronoun second-person)
mur (dual personal pronoun second-person)
amutal (paucal personal pronoun second-person)
mutal (paucal personal pronoun second-person)
avat (personal plural pronoun second-person)
ava (personal plural pronoun second-person)
ia (personal pronoun singular third-person)
i (personal pronoun singular third-person)
dir (dual personal pronoun third-person)
di (dual personal pronoun third-person)
dital (paucal personal pronoun third-person)
diat (personal plural pronoun third-person)
dia (personal plural pronoun third-person)

Da vana!

you (many) and I, you (many) and me (first-person inclusive plural pronoun)


few

From Middle English fewe, from Old English fēaw (“few”), from Proto-West Germanic *fau, from Proto-Germanic *fawaz (“few”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”).
Cognate with Old Saxon fā (“few”), Old High German fao, fō (“few, little”), Old Norse fár (“few”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃 (faus, “few”). Also related with Latin paucus (“little, few”) and pauper (“poor”), from which latter English poor and pauper; see these.

der

Many are called, but few are chosen.


may

From Proto-Katuic *maj, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *mi[i]ʔ.


menos

From Old Galician-Portuguese menos, displacing collateral form mẽos, from Latin minus, neuter of minor (“lesser; smaller”), comparative of parvus (“small”).

Menos pessoas correm.

Atirou com menos precisão.

fewer (a smaller number of), less (a smaller size or significance of)


tao

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *tau, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau, Proto-Austronesian *Cau.

Alternative form of datao: indefinite pronoun usually referring to the speaker


tao

From Proto-Vietic *soː (“I; me”). Cognate with Thavung โซว.
There are 1st person single pronouns in Northern Austroasiatic branches with back vocalism and null-initial such as Mang ʔuː⁴, Khmu [Cuang] ʔoʔ, Riang [Sak] ʔoʔ¹, Pnar o. However, the only case of competing *s- vs. null-onset in Vietic is Proto-Vietic *suh ~ *ʔuh (“nest”), which gave rise to Vietnamese tổ and ổ respectively.

(impolite, familiar, disrespectful or hostile) I/me


whatever

From Middle English whatever. By surface analysis, what + ever.

Whatever do you mean?

Whatever happened to Leon Trotsky?
He got an ice pick
That made his ears burn

1977, Hugh Cornwell, Jean-Jacques Burnel, Jet Black (lyrics and music), “No More Heroes”, in No More Heroes, performed by The Stranglers

(interrogative) What ever; emphasised form of 'what', used to ask which thing, event, circumstance, etc.

Whatever he does, he will still lose the game.

Whatever happens, stay calm.

Do whatever works.

I’ll do whatever I can.

The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.

2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist

(fused relative) Anything that; all that.

I don't need any of this stuff, so take whatever.

There's a pile of stuff on that table; clippings, pamphlets, posters, whatever, that needs to be sorted and filed.

2021, Michael Kurland, Whatever the Cost

(informal) Anything; thing(s) of unspecified kind, or no matter what kind; sometimes used to indicate that the speaker does not care about options.


nu

head

nu (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling نوۡ)


nu

Pinyanka nu! Katsa umawiu? Nama!

Puputatain nu kuapi.

Give me a little [bit of] cotton thread.

me (first-person singular indirect object pronoun)


are

aré (canonical)
ᜀᜇᜒ (Baybayin)
Mindoro (Batangas)
Marinduque (Batangas)

Ano ga are?


fa

Fa's this quine, en?


ami

Second-person plural pronoun; you (plural)


ami

ami (nominative singular)
amik (nominative plural)
amit (accusative singular)
amiket (accusative plural)
aminek (dative singular)
amiknek (dative plural)
amivel (instrumental singular)
amikkel (instrumental plural)
amiért (causal-final singular)
amikért (causal-final plural)
amivé (singular translative)
amikké (plural translative)
amiig (singular terminative)
amikig (plural terminative)
amiként (essive-formal singular)
amikként (essive-formal plural)
amiben (inessive singular)
amikben (inessive plural)
amin (singular superessive)
amiken (plural superessive)
aminél (adessive singular)
amiknél (adessive plural)
amibe (illative singular)
amikbe (illative plural)
amire (singular sublative)
amikre (plural sublative)
amihez (allative singular)
amikhez (allative plural)
amiből (elative singular)
amikből (elative plural)
amiről (delative singular)
amikről (delative plural)
amitől (ablative singular)
amiktől (ablative plural)
amié (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
amiké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
amiéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
amikéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
amim (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
amijeim (or amiim) (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
amid (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
amijeid (or amiid) (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
amije (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
amijei (or amii) (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
amink (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
amijeink (or amiink) (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
amitek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
amijeitek (or amiitek) (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
amijük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
amijeik (or amiik) (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


ami

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, compare Malay kami.


y

y (y (or -y), plural ys/yos or -ys/-yos)

ys (plural)
yos (plural)
-ys (plural)
-yos (plural)

From Latin et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

da-y pan

Pronoun for the third-person singular indirect object.


y

From Proto-Brythonic *eið, from Proto-Celtic *esyo m and *esyās f; compare Old Irish a (“his, her, its, their”) and Sanskrit अस्य (asyá, “his, its”) and अस्यास् (asyā́s, “her”).

(Standard Cornish, Standard Written Form) his


y

From Proto-Celtic *eyes, plural of *es, from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Cognate with Breton i(nt), Irish ia(d) and Welsh hwy

(Standard Cornish) they (third person plural pronoun)


y

it (third-person singular neuter dative)

2 Generally preceded by a definite article


y

10th century; from Old French i, from Latin hīc (“here”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi-ḱe (“this, here”)), with meaning influenced by Old French iv (“there, thither”), itself from Latin ibī. Derivation from the latter poses difficulty from a phonetic standpoint. Compare Catalan hi.

der

3 Also used when a group has both men and women

4 Also used as third person plural reflexive

Il est dans la maison. Il y est.

Nous allons au Mexique. Nous y allons.

We are going to Mexico. We are going there.

adverbial phrase
adverbial phrase#English

Used as a pronoun to replace an adverbial phrase starting with à.

With verbs: see Appendix:French verbs followed by à for verbs which use this structure.

personnes y nommées

procédures y afférentes

documents y relatifs

eaux y affluentes

(archaic) With adjectives. Only used with a handful of adjectives (the most common combination being y compris, which is a special case), mainly in legal terminology.

Je pense à mon pays. J’y pense.

I think about my country. I think about it.


y

Eye dialect spelling or contraction of il and ils.

(Quebec, colloquial) he: alternative form of il

(Quebec, colloquial) they: alternative form of ils

(Quebec, colloquial) they: alternative form of elles


y

Hồi đó ở kinh đô có một người em hoàng hậu họ Vương. Y cũng là tay cự phú nổi tiếng tiền rừng biển bạc và xài phí vào bậc nhất.

1958, Đổng Chi Nguyễn, “Thạch Sùng còn thiếu mẻ kho hay là Sự tích con mối”, in Kho tàng truyện cố tích Việt Nam, NXB Văn sử địa

At the time, there was in the capital a brother of the queen of the Wáng family. He was also a famous for being immensely rich and was an extravagant spender of first degree.


os

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Latin illōs.

(Mañegu) Third person plural masculine accusative pronoun; them


os

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


os

(personal pronoun, dative, accusative) Alternative form of uns.


os

Dæmæ venda os aat Bygden

1770, Edvard Storm, “Guten aa Jenta paa Fjøshjellen”, in Den fyrste morgonblånen, Oslo: Novus, published 1990, page 233


os

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs.

Encontrei-os na rua.

third-person plural direct objective personal pronoun; them


os

Inherited from Latin vōs (accusative), vōbīs (dative).

you, to you, for you; dative and accusative of vosotros

masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown

when the subject is plural and of mixed gender

Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity

Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to


thou

head

thou (plural ye, objective case thee, reflexive thyself, possessive determiner thy or thine, possessive pronoun thine)

ye (plural)
thee (objective)
thyself (reflexive)
thy (determiner possessive)
thine (determiner possessive)
thine (possessive pronoun without-noun)

From Middle English thou, tho, thogh, thoue, thouȝ, thow, thowe, tou, towe, thu, thue, thugh, tu, you (Northern England), ðhu, þeou, þeu, þou (the latter three early Southwest England), from Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you, thou”).
cognates and usage evolution
The English word is cognate with Saterland Frisian du (“thou”), West Frisian do (“thou”), dialectal Dutch du, dou, douw (“thou”), Limburgish doe (“thou”), Low German du (“thou”), German du (“thou”), Danish du (“thou”), Swedish du (“thou”), Faroese tú (“thou”), Icelandic þú (“thou”), Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þu, “thou”), Latin tu, Ancient Greek σύ (sú) (Doric Ancient Greek τύ (tú), Greek εσύ (esý)), Irish tu, Lithuanian tu, Old Church Slavonic ty, Welsh ti, Armenian դու (du), Albanian ti, Persian تو (to).
The informality of thou and its replacement by ye in formal situations date only to the 14th century and come from French influence, since French (as many European languages, but not Old English) uses the second-person plural (vous) instead of the second-person singular (tu) as a mark of politeness or respect.

inh

Art thou in earnest about thy soul? and canst thou tell the Searcher of Hearts, Thou, O God, art the thing that I long for? Lord, Thou knowest all things, Thou knowest that I would love thee?

1742 April 4, Charles Wesley, A Sermon Preached on Sunday, April 4, 1742. Before the University of Oxford, London: Printed by J. Paramore, […], published 1783, →OCLC, page 10

(archaic, dialectal, literary, religion, or humorous) Nominative singular of ye (“you”).


thou

head

thou (objective the, possessive determiner thy, possessive pronoun thyn)

the (objective)
thy (determiner possessive)
thyn (possessive pronoun without-noun)


thou

thou (objective case thee, reflexive thysel, possessive determiner thy)

thee (objective)
thysel (reflexive)
thy (determiner possessive)

From Middle English þou, from Old English þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).

(archaic outside Orkney and Shetland) thou, you (2nd person singular subject pronoun, informal)


thou

From Middle English þou, from Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū.

Co thou; Co he.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 31

Thou leeesth if thou wasth Saan Vinteen, an Saan Vinteen agyne.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 52

Thou liest if thou wast St. Finton, and St. Finton again.

Go gaame abuth Forth, thou unket saalvache.

Go, make game about Forth, thou uncouth sloven.

Thou ne'er eighthest buskès, whit palskès, breede-kaake.

Thou never eatedst spiced bread, white palskes, (or) bride-cake.

Fad didn'st thou cum t' ouz on zum other dey?

1867, “DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH”, in APPENDIX, page 131

[Why didn't you come to us on some other day?]


most

From Middle English most, moste, from Old English mǣst, māst, from Proto-Germanic *maistaz, *maist. Cognate with Scots mast, maist (“most”), Saterland Frisian maast (“most”), West Frisian meast (“most”), Dutch meest (“most”), German meist (“most”), Danish and Swedish mest (“most”), Icelandic mestur (“most”).

Most want the best for their children.

The peach was juicier and more flavourful than most.

The greater part of a group, especially a group of people.


and

From Proto-Celtic *andom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó. The adverbial sense of this term is the original one, and it has an etymology independent of i.

in bélrai .i. is and atá gním tengad isind huiliu labramar-ni

of speech, i.e. the action of the tongue is in it, in all that we say

third-person singular masculine/neuter dative of hi: in him, in it


inc

From Old English inc, dative form of ġit, from Proto-Germanic *inkwiz, dative form of *jut. Initial /j/ is due to the influence of ȝit.

Second-person dual accusative pronoun: you twain, the two of you.


eo

eo (personal, first person, possessive meo)

Viso non m'è ch’eo mai potesse gioiaPiù giustamente voi, donna, apellare

13ᵗʰ century, Guittone d'Arezzo, Viso non m'è ch'eo mai potesse gioia, collected in Le rime di Guittone d'Arezzo, Bari: Laterza, published 1940, page 164, lines 1–2

To me it's not a face such that I could have ever rightfully called you, o woman, joy


eo

* see: ego

dis m s / tv · qvicvm · q · pivs vel inbenig / nvs legens titvm · q · meo fles ae / tatim · q · mae qvae avte non̆ debvj / talem · q · lvcem nec tales svperos / linqvere qva rem · q · dicis ƒvi enim / hobes caro sponso cvivs · q · mo / res timida semprer · q · castitatem / vivs · q caritatem servavi qvia / etenim · is · a me merebatvr qvi · me / tam caste diligebat vixi ad · q · sim · / pliciter · in cvivs · o · pvdorem · / nemo nec iactare ne · q · apvt caro · / marito inodiari potvi · o · q · cvm / q · tv sancta ƒemina potveris / tam caste vivere scio enim pos / se te care diligi si meo·q·rito cas / titati vivas qvia ego post mevm·q· / obitvm mvltorvm annorvm / memoria marito reli sed ago / svperis gratias qvod dvm · q · eo · / viveri nil volvptatibvs meis / negavit qvia et ipsa mervera · / severa · avg · serv · a · pia vix · an · xx / iiii · m · vi · die · xi h s e · / fecit merenti conivx

epitaph by a grieving spouse, CIL VIII 13134 Carthage

... but I thank the Gods that, so long as I lived, he never denied...

Walther von Wartburg
w:Walther von Wartburg

Alternative form of ego (attested in the 6th c. AD; see also the pagan inscription quoted below)


eo

ablative masculine/neuter singular of is


eo

eo (first person singular, possessive meu)

From Latin egō, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Italian io, Sicilian iu.


ci

Ultimately from either Latin hīc (“here”) or hinc (“from here”). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.


ci

From Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansch che, Sardinian chíne.


ci

From Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.

Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).

1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto

I read. — Thou writest (instead of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”.)

Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.

1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name)

Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".

Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.

1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6

Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.

(rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)


ci

Uncertain. Rohlfs and Von Wartburg favoured/favored Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.) Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (“hence, from here”), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani, on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (“here”). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Neapolitan ce, Sicilian cci and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.

with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects

Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects. Unlike the singular forms

the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language

and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead

Loro ci conoscono

Ci arrabbiamo

Ci amiamo

Lui ci ha detto questo

Ci si lava.

Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.

One gets bored when there is nothing to do.

replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (“one”) before reflexive si (“oneself”); one

Non ci credo.


ci

From Proto-Mongolic *ci, compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.


ci

ci (before a vowel : c', alternative form : çou)

From Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).

Ci m' fwait må

C' est on ome


ci

Middle Mongol:

Mongolian: ᠴᠢ (či)

Phags-Pa: ꡅꡞ

Arabic: جي (či) (Muqaddimat)

Mongolian:

Classical: ᠴᠢ (či)

Khalkha Mongolian: чи (či)

Ordos: /t͡ʃʰi/

Buryat: ши (ši)

Khamnigan Mongol: či

Kalmyk: чи (çi)

Daur: shii

East Yugur: ci

Monguor:

Mangghuer: qi

Mongghul: qi

Bonan: ci

Kangjia: ci

Dongxiang: chi

Mogholi: ci

Somewhat similar to Proto-Turkic *sẹ and Proto-Tungusic *si. Compare Turkish sen, Evenki си (si).
Whether this similarity is due to inheritance (now considered highly unlikely), borrowing or coincidence is a highly contentious question among specialists in these languages which is of crucial significance for the Altaic debate.


um

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese ũu (“one; a”), from Latin ūnum (“one”), from Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”). Doublet of uno.

inh+

Chegou-me um e disse: "Olá!"

Comprei uns e me decepcionei.

element(s) of a previously mentioned class: one; some (in the plural)


is

(Geordie) Alternative spelling of us (“me”).


is

(Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)


is

la-det

is (feminine ea, neuter id); demonstrative pronoun

ea (feminine)
id (neuter)
is (masculine nominative singular)
ea (feminine nominative singular)
id (neuter nominative singular)
eī (masculine nominative plural)
iī (masculine nominative plural)
ī (masculine nominative plural)
eae (feminine nominative plural)
ea (neuter nominative plural)
eius (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
ejus (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
eōrum (genitive masculine plural)
eum (genitive masculine plural)
eārum (feminine genitive plural)
eōrum (genitive neuter plural)
eum (genitive neuter plural)
eī (dative masculine singular)
e͡i (dative masculine singular)
ēī (dative masculine singular)
eī (dative feminine singular)
e͡i (dative feminine singular)
ēī (dative feminine singular)
eae (dative feminine singular)
eī (dative neuter singular)
e͡i (dative neuter singular)
ēī (dative neuter singular)
eīs (dative masculine plural)
iīs (dative masculine plural)
īs (dative masculine plural)
eīs (dative feminine plural)
iīs (dative feminine plural)
īs (dative feminine plural)
eābus (dative feminine plural)
eīs (dative neuter plural)
iīs (dative neuter plural)
īs (dative neuter plural)
eum (accusative masculine singular)
eam (accusative feminine singular)
id (accusative neuter singular)
eōs (accusative masculine plural)
eās (accusative feminine plural)
ea (accusative neuter plural)
eō (ablative masculine singular)
eā (ablative feminine singular)
eō (ablative neuter singular)
eīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
iīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
īs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)

From Proto-Italic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Cognate with Oscan 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik), Umbrian 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere), and further with Lithuanian jis, Proto-Slavic *jь.

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction

(pronoun) this or that man, woman or thing; he, she, it, they (previously introduced)

Picks up the subject or object after an intervening clause, to avoid repeating the relative pronoun quī, or substitutes syntactically fronted expressions

(correlative) that...which; he, she...who, it...that

(anaphoric) of such a nature, degree, kind (previously mentioned or implied)

(cataphoric) the following; of the following nature, degree, kind

(determiner) this or that [man, woman or thing] (as a noun phrase modifier)

eiusmodī sermōnēs

[…] 'urbīs' an 'urbēs'. Nam cum id genus sīs, quod videō, ut sine iactūrā tuā peccēs, nihil perdēs utrum dīxeris.
[…] 'urbīs' or 'urbēs'. For as far as I can see, you're the kind of man who doesn't lose sleep over his mistakes; as such you'll lose nothing whichever one you use.

(with genus with nominative or modī with genitive) such a, that sort of

idque gaudeō

As an internal accusative: for that reason, on that account

internal accusative
internal accusative#English

Substituting a clause.
Used in various prepositional phrases.

quod eius fierī possit


is

is (alternative)
ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
thū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hē (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
siu (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
mī (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
me (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
mik (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
thī (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
thik (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
ina (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sia (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mī (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
thī (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
imu (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
iru (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
mīn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
thīn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
is (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ira (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
is (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
wit (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
git (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
unk (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ink (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
unk (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
ink (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
unkero (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
unka (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
inker (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
inka (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
wī (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
we (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
gī (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ge (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sia (masculine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
sia (feminine nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
siu (neuter nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
ūs (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
unsik (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
eu (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iu (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuu (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sia (accusative masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
sia (accusative feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
siu (accusative neuter personal plural pronoun third-person)
ūs (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
eu (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iu (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuu (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
im (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
ūser (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
euwar (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwer (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwar (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwero (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iuwera (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
iro (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)


is

Latin: is, ea, id

Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)

Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)

South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)


die

From Dutch die, which is used only as a demonstrative in Dutch. The replacement of the article de with stronger die is also common in Surinamese Dutch and among non-native speakers of Dutch.

Die dokter het gesê dat jy siek is. Die is die rede hoekom jy in die bed moet bly.

The doctor said that you are sick. That is the reason why you must stay in bed.


die

From Middle Dutch die, a merger of Old Dutch thie, thē, thia, thiu and similar forms of the demonstrative. As in Old High German ther, der it replaced the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa.

Ik ken geen mensen die dat kunnen.

I don't know any people who can do that.

Oh, maar ik ken iemand die dat wel kan!


die

der (masculine nominative)
die (feminine nominative)
das (neuter nominative)
die (nominative plural)
dessen (genitive masculine)
deren (feminine genitive)
derer (feminine genitive)
dessen (genitive neuter)
deren (genitive plural)
derer (genitive plural)
dem (dative masculine)
der (dative feminine)
dem (dative neuter)
denen (dative plural)
den (accusative masculine)
die (accusative feminine)
das (accusative neuter)
die (accusative plural)

From Middle High German die (acc. f. sg. & nom./acc. m./f. pl.), originally distinguished from diu (nom. f. sg. & nom./acc. n. pl.). This distinction was lost early on in Central German, by the end of the Middle High German period also in Upper German. Ultimately from inflections of Proto-Germanic *sa, which see.

inh

inflection of der:
nominative/accusative singular feminine

inflection of der:
nominative/accusative plural

Ich kenne eine Frau, die das kann.

(in a subordinate clause as a relative pronoun) that; which; who; whom; whose

inflection of der:
that; which; who; whom; whose

die da

(as a demonstrative pronoun) this one; that one; these ones; those ones; she; her; it; they; them


die

From Old Frisian thī, from Proto-West Germanic *þiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *þiz. Cognates include West Frisian dy and German dir.


te

From Latin te. Akin to Spanish te and French te.

Second-person singular dative, accusative and prepositional pronoun; you

The contracted forms are used before verbs beginning with vowel sounds

In Ribagorçan the contracted form to' is used before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en

nusotros

The forms shown in the table are the most widespread ones. Some varieties use different forms

mos. Before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en the contracted form mo' is used.

el. The contracted form l' is used before verbs beginning with vowel sounds and 'l after pronouns ending in vowels and no.

els. These forms are contracted to 's and 'ls after pronouns ending in vowels and no.


te

you (second-person singular direct pronoun)

you (second-person singular indirect pronoun)


te

From Proto-Brythonic *ti, from Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate to Welsh ti.


te

head

te (enclitic, contracted 't, proclitic et, contracted proclitic t')

't (contracted)
et (proclitic)
t' (contracted proclitic)
jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)


te

From Proto-Brythonic *ti, from Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

you (informal second person singular pronoun), thou, thee


te

(second-person singular pronoun) you, thou


te

of teie (short-form)
sina (long-form nominative singular)
sa (nominative short-form singular)
teie (long-form nominative plural)
te (nominative plural short-form)
sinu (genitive long-form singular)
su (genitive short-form singular)
teie (genitive long-form plural)
te (genitive plural short-form)
sind (long-form partitive short-form singular)
teid (long-form partitive plural short-form)
sinusse (illative long-form singular)
susse (illative short-form singular)
teisse (illative plural short-form)
sinus (inessive long-form singular)
sus (inessive short-form singular)
teis (inessive plural short-form)
sinust (elative long-form singular)
sust (elative short-form singular)
teist (elative plural short-form)
sinule (allative long-form singular)
sulle (allative short-form singular)
teile (allative plural short-form)
sinul (adessive long-form singular)
sul (adessive short-form singular)
teil (adessive plural short-form)
sinult (ablative long-form singular)
sult (ablative short-form singular)
teilt (ablative plural short-form)
sinuks (long-form singular translative)
teieks (long-form plural translative)
teiks (plural short-form translative)
sinuni (long-form singular terminative)
teieni (long-form plural terminative)
sinuna (essive long-form singular)
teiena (essive long-form plural)
sinuta (abessive long-form singular)
teieta (abessive long-form plural)
sinuga (comitative long-form singular)
suga (comitative short-form singular)
teiega (comitative long-form plural)


te

From Old Galician-Portuguese te, from Latin tē.

Second person singular dative and accusative pronoun; you


te

sinä (nominative singular)
te (nominative plural)
sinun (genitive singular)
teidän (genitive plural)
sinua (partitive singular)
teitä (partitive plural)
sinut (accusative singular)
teidät (accusative plural)
sinussa (inessive singular)
teissä (inessive plural)
sinulle (allative singular)
teille (allative plural)
sinuna (essive singular)
teinä (essive plural)
sinuksi (singular translative)
teiksi (plural translative)
sinutta (abessive singular)
teittä (abessive plural)

Kven: tet

From Proto-Finnic *tek, from Proto-Uralic *te. The word is inflected as plural, but there is no plural marker in the nominative, except in dialects (tet).

(personal) you (second-person plural; when addressing many persons or when addressing politely or formally one person)


te

From Middle French te, from Old French te, from Latin tē, (accusative of tū), from Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (“you”).

Il te cite souvent.

Il te donne le livre.

Tu te souviens d’elle.

You remember her. (literally, “You remind yourself of her.”)


te

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


te

te (nominative)
téged (accusative)
neked (dative)
veled (instrumental)
érted (causal-final)
benned (inessive)
rajtad (superessive)
nálad (adessive)
beléd (illative)
rád (sublative)
hozzád (allative)
belőled (elative)
rólad (delative)
tőled (ablative)
declension of te

From the same Proto-Uralic root *tinä as e.g. Finnish sinä, Erzya тон (ton), Eastern Mari тый (tyj) and Komi-Zyrian тэ (te).

(personal) you (second-person singular, nominative, informal form)

teelőtted etc

te + a postposition with the second-person singular personal suffix; see Appendix:Hungarian postpositions

tehozzád etc

te + one of the declined forms listed in the chart above; see Appendix:Hungarian pronouns


te

From Sanskrit तद् (tád), from Proto-Indo-European *tód.

they, them (absent from speaker) (3rd-person plural personal pronoun)


te

Aromanian: ti

Asturian: te

Catalan: te

Franco-Provençal: tè

French: te, toi

Friulian: ti

Galician: te, che

Istriot: tèi, te

Italian: te, ti

Mozarabic: ت (t), תי (ty)

Portuguese: te

Romanian: te

Sicilian: ti

Spanish: te

From Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (“you”).


te

French: te

toy

second-person singular object and indirect object pronoun

you, second-person singular object pronoun

to you, second-person singular indirect object pronoun


te

you (singular familiar, accusative or dative or reflexive or prepositional)


te

you (second-person singular direct object pronoun)

to you (second-person singular indirect object pronoun)

yourself (second-person singular direct object reflexive pronoun)

to yourself (second-person singular indirect object reflexive pronoun)


te

nominative/accusative plural of ta (“they”)

instrumental/dative/genitive singular of tvaṃ (“you”)


te

nonvirile nominative/accusative plural of ten


te

From Old Galician-Portuguese te, from Latin tē (accusative of tū), from Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (“you”).

Matar-te-ei; Eu te matarei;

Vais-te muito cedo.

particle of spontaneity, when it indicates that there was spontaneity in the action by its agent.


te

te (unstressed accusative and reflexive form of tu)

and reflexive form of tu (accusative unstressed)

From Latin tē (accusative of tū), from Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (“you”).

Știi cât de mult te iubește?'


te

те (Cyrillic)
tȋ (nominative singular)
vȋ (nominative plural)
tȅbe (genitive singular)
te (genitive singular)
vȃs (genitive plural)
tȅbi (dative singular)
ti (dative singular)
vȁma (dative plural)
vam (dative plural)
tȅbe (accusative singular)
te (accusative singular)
vȃs (accusative plural)
ti (singular vocative)
vȋ (plural vocative)
tȅbi (locative singular)
vȁma (locative plural)
tȍbōm (instrumental singular)
vȁma (instrumental plural)

of you (clitic genitive singular of tȋ (“you”))

you (clitic accusative singular of tȋ (“you”))

Tko su te žene?

feminine nominative plural of taj: those (= one)


te

Te voy a hacer tus calzones...."La Cucaracha"
I’m going to make your britches


te

Albanian: të

Armenian: քեզ (kʻez)

Baltic:

Lithuanian: tavē

Celtic:

Old Irish: tú

Germanic: *þek (< *te-ge)

Indo-Iranian:

Sanskrit: त्वाम् (tvām)

Italic: *tē

Latin: tē

Catalan: te

French: te

Italian: te

Romanian: te

Spanish: te

Tocharian:

Tocharian B: ci


te

Ugric

Hungarian: ti

Proto-Permic: *ti (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Samic: *tij

Western Samic:

Northern Sami: dii

Eastern Samic:

Akkala Sami: тий (tij)

Kildin Sami: тыйй (tyjj)

Proto-Mordvinic: *tiń

Erzya: тынь (tiń)

Moksha: тинь (ťiń)

Proto-Finnic: *tek, *töö (see there for further descendants)


अ

a (romanization)
अः (nominative singular)
औ (dual nominative)
आः (nominative plural)
अ (singular vocative)
औ (dual vocative)
आः (plural vocative)
अम् (accusative singular)
औ (accusative dual)
आन् (accusative plural)
एन (instrumental singular)
आभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऐः (instrumental plural)
आय (dative singular)
आभ्याम् (dative dual)
एभ्यः (dative plural)
आत् (ablative singular)
आभ्याम् (ablative dual)
एभ्यः (ablative plural)
अस्य (genitive singular)
अयोः (dual genitive)
आनाम् (genitive plural)
ए (locative singular)
अयोः (dual locative)
एसु (locative plural)


fy

fy (triggers nasal mutation of a following consonant)

of a following consonant (triggers-mutation-nasal)

'm

used after some prepositions, does not trigger mutation

Byddant yn fy nghyflogi dros dro.

me (as the direct object of a verbal noun)


A

From Middle English a, an unstressed form of I, itself a reduced form of ik, ic, from Old English ic, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek (“I”, pronoun), from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.


vi

vi (unstressed/short accusative and reflexive form of voi)

Cf. the corresponding ni for noi. Compare Romanian vă. Compare also Italian vi

(direct object, second-person plural) you (group being addressed)


vi

(indirect object) (to) you (group being addressed)


vi

From voi (“you”). Compare Italian vi and Romanian vi.

you (plural, both direct or indirect object)


vi

vi (first-person plural nominative, accusative os, genitive vores, c vor, n vort, pl vore)

os (accusative)
vores (genitive)
vor (common-gender genitive)
vort (genitive neuter)
vore (genitive plural)

From Old Norse vér, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, from Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂.


vi

Borrowed from Italian voi, French vous and/or Russian вы (vy), plus the i of personal pronouns.

Vi batis min.

(second-person plural and formal singular pronoun): you

Vi diras al vi.


vi

(noi) vi amiamo

second-person personal plural object pronoun: you, to you

(voi) vi ricordate

second-person reflexive plural: yourselves

(often not translated) it; about it, of it, on it


vi

Hvordan kommer vi dit?


vi

Probably with influence from Swedish vi and Danish vi, from Old Norse vér, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, from Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂.


vi

From Latin ibi (“there; then”), from Proto-Italic *iðei or *ifei with iambic shortening, from the pronominal stem Proto-Indo-European *éy.

E li dizisi: Viniddi dareddu a me, e vi aggiu a fà pilcadori d’ omini.

1866 [1770s], Antonio Martini, chapter IV, in Giovanni Spano, transl., L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju [The Gospel according to St. Matthew], London, translation of Il santo Vangelo di Gesù Cristo secondo Matteo (in Italian), verse 19, page 11

And he said to them: "Come after me, and I will make you fishers of men.

[…] un’oasi prupizia pa’ pudé / cu lu pientu annittavvi da li fàuri / chi vi sò già incighendi.

1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Puisia [Poem]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 19

A propitious oasis, so I can cleanse you with my tears from the lies that are already blinding you.

Abà vi diggu la veriddai

I'll tell you the truth now (literally, “Now to you I tell the truth”)

Palchì vi diggu in viriddai; finza chi passia lu zelu e la terra, no ha a vinì mancu un etti, o un puntu di la leggi finza chi tuttu si cumplia.

1866 [1770s], Antonio Martini, translated by Giovanni Spano, L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju [The Gospel according to St. Matthew], London, translation of Il santo Vangelo di Gesù Cristo secondo Matteo (in Italian), verse 18, page 14

for truly I say to you, until the heaven and the earth may pass away, one iota or one tittle may not pass away from the Law, until all may come to pass
Literal Standard Version translation

no vi credu

I don't believe it (literally, “Not to it I believe”)


vi

vȋ (canonical)
ви̑ (Cyrillic)
tȋ (nominative singular)
vȋ (nominative plural)
tȅbe (genitive singular)
te (genitive singular)
vȃs (genitive plural)
tȅbi (dative singular)
ti (dative singular)
vȁma (dative plural)
vam (dative plural)
tȅbe (accusative singular)
te (accusative singular)
vȃs (accusative plural)
ti (singular vocative)
vȋ (plural vocative)
tȅbi (locative singular)
vȁma (locative plural)
tȍbōm (instrumental singular)
vȁma (instrumental plural)

(formal) you (formal singular and plural)


vi

vȋ (canonical)
jàz (first-person nominative singular)
tí (nominative second-person singular)
méne (accusative first-person singular)
me (accusative first-person singular)
tébe (accusative second-person singular)
te (accusative second-person singular)
sébe (accusative reflexive singular)
se (accusative reflexive singular)
méne (first-person genitive singular)
me (first-person genitive singular)
tébe (genitive second-person singular)
te (genitive second-person singular)
sébe (genitive reflexive singular)
se (genitive reflexive singular)
méni (dative first-person singular)
mi (dative first-person singular)
tébi (dative second-person singular)
ti (dative second-person singular)
sébi (dative reflexive singular)
si (dative reflexive singular)
méni (first-person locative singular)
tébi (locative second-person singular)
sébi (locative reflexive singular)
menój (first-person instrumental singular)
máno (first-person instrumental singular)
tebój (instrumental second-person singular)
tábo (instrumental second-person singular)
sebój (instrumental reflexive singular)
sábo (instrumental reflexive singular)
mój (first-person possessive singular)
tvój (possessive second-person singular)
svój (possessive reflexive singular)
mídva m (dual first-person nominative)
médve (dual first-person nominative)
mídve f (dual first-person nominative)
n (dual first-person nominative)
vídva m (dual nominative second-person)
védve (dual nominative second-person)
vídve f (dual nominative second-person)
n (dual nominative second-person)
náju (accusative dual first-person)
váju (accusative dual second-person)
sébe (accusative dual reflexive)
se (accusative dual reflexive)
náju (dual first-person genitive)
váju (dual genitive second-person)
sébe (dual genitive reflexive)
se (dual genitive reflexive)
náma (dative dual first-person)
váma (dative dual second-person)
sébi (dative dual reflexive)
si (dative dual reflexive)
náju (dual first-person locative)
váju (dual locative second-person)
sébi (dual locative reflexive)
náma (dual first-person instrumental)
váma (dual instrumental second-person)
sebój (dual instrumental reflexive)
sábo (dual instrumental reflexive)
nájin (dual first-person possessive)
vájin (dual possessive second-person)
svój (dual possessive reflexive)
mí m (first-person nominative plural)
mé f (first-person nominative plural)
n (first-person nominative plural)
ví m (nominative plural second-person)
vé f (nominative plural second-person)
n (nominative plural second-person)
nàs (accusative first-person plural)
vàs (accusative plural second-person)
sébe (accusative plural reflexive)
se (accusative plural reflexive)
nàs (first-person genitive plural)
vàs (genitive plural second-person)
sébe (genitive plural reflexive)
se (genitive plural reflexive)
nàm (dative first-person plural)
vàm (dative plural second-person)
sébi (dative plural reflexive)
si (dative plural reflexive)
nàs (first-person locative plural)
vàs (locative plural second-person)
sébi (locative plural reflexive)
nàmi (first-person instrumental plural)
vàmi (instrumental plural second-person)
sebój (instrumental plural reflexive)
sábo (instrumental plural reflexive)
nàš (first-person plural possessive)
vàš (plural possessive second-person)
svój (plural possessive reflexive)


vi

jag (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
mig (first-person oblique personal pronoun singular)
mej (colloquial first-person oblique personal pronoun pronunciation-spelling singular)
min (first-person personal possessed-common possessive pronoun singular)
mitt (first-person personal possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular)
mina (first-person personal possessed-many possessive pronoun singular)
du (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dig (oblique personal pronoun second-person singular)
dej (colloquial oblique personal pronoun pronunciation-spelling second-person singular)
din (personal possessed-common possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ditt (personal possessed-neuter possessive pronoun second-person singular)
dina (personal possessed-many possessive pronoun second-person singular)
han (masculine nominative person personal pronoun singular third-person)
honom (masculine oblique person personal pronoun singular third-person)
han (informal masculine oblique person personal pronoun singular third-person)
en (dialectal informal masculine oblique person personal pronoun singular third-person)
hans (masculine person personal possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular third-person)
hon (feminine nominative person personal pronoun singular third-person)
henne (feminine oblique person personal pronoun singular third-person)
hennes (feminine person personal possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular third-person)
hen (gender-neutral neologism nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (gender-neutral neologism oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
henom (gender-neutral neologism oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
hens (gender-neutral neologism personal possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular third-person)
den (common-gender nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
den (common-gender oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
dess (common-gender personal possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular third-person)
det (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
det (neuter oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
dess (neuter personal possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular third-person)
man (indefinite nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
en (indefinite nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
en (indefinite oblique personal pronoun singular third-person)
ens (indefinite personal possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sig (oblique personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
sej (colloquial oblique personal pronoun pronunciation-spelling reflexive singular third-person)
sin (personal possessed-common possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
sitt (personal possessed-neuter possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
sina (personal possessed-many possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
vi (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
oss (first-person oblique personal plural pronoun)
vår (first-person personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun)
våran (first-person informal personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun)
vårt (first-person personal plural possessed-neuter possessive pronoun)
vårat (first-person informal personal plural possessed-neuter possessive pronoun)
våra (first-person personal plural possessed-many possessive pronoun)
ni (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
er (oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
er (personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun second-person)
eran (informal personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun second-person)
ers (formal personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun second-person term-of-address)
ert (personal plural possessed-neuter possessive pronoun second-person)
erat (informal personal plural possessed-neuter possessive pronoun second-person)
era (personal plural possessed-many possessive pronoun second-person)
I (archaic nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
eder (archaic oblique personal plural pronoun second-person)
eder (archaic personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun second-person)
eders (archaic formal personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun second-person term-of-address)
edert (archaic personal plural possessed-neuter possessive pronoun second-person)
edra (archaic personal plural possessed-many possessive pronoun second-person)
de (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
dom (colloquial nominative personal plural pronoun pronunciation-spelling third-person)
dem (oblique personal plural pronoun third-person)
dom (colloquial oblique personal plural pronoun pronunciation-spelling third-person)
deras (personal plural possessed-common possessed-many possessed-neuter possessive pronoun third-person)
sig (oblique personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
sej (colloquial oblique personal plural pronoun pronunciation-spelling reflexive third-person)
sin (personal plural possessed-common possessive pronoun reflexive third-person)
sitt (personal plural possessed-neuter possessive pronoun reflexive third-person)
sina (personal plural possessed-many possessive pronoun reflexive third-person)

From Old Swedish vīr, from Old East Norse *wīʀ (compare vér), from Proto-Germanic *wīz, from Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂.

Det finns bara en av mig och det är jag. Det finns bara en av dig och det är du. Det finns bara två av oss, och det är vi.
There is only one of me and that is I. There is only one of you [object] and that is you [subject]. There are only two of us, and that is us [we – subject]. [Swedish has some of the same subject/object fuzziness as English, but a standalone "Det är " idiomatically (through intuition rather than being taught) uses the subject form]

1981, X Models (lyrics and music), “Två av oss [Two of us]”

1791, Carl Michael Bellman, Fredmans sånger, N:o 21

We'll walk away eventually from the noise and tumult of Bacchus

Så lunka vi så småningom från Bacchi buller och tumult

we (first-person personal plural subject pronoun)


on

on (nominative singular)
jeho (genitive singular stressed)
jej (genitive singular stressed)
něho (genitive singular stressed)
něj (genitive singular stressed)
ho (clitic genitive singular)
jej (clitic genitive singular)
jemu (dative singular stressed)
němu (dative singular stressed)
mu (clitic dative singular)
jej (accusative singular stressed)
něj (accusative singular stressed)
jeho (accusative animate singular stressed)
něho (accusative animate singular stressed)
jej (accusative clitic singular)
ho (accusative clitic singular)
-ň (accusative clitic singular)
něm (locative singular)
jím (instrumental singular)
ním (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Old Czech on, from Proto-Slavic *onъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ónos.


on

→ Esperanto: oni
→ Ido: onu

Inherited from Old French hom, om (nominative form), from Latin homō (“human being”) (compare homme from the Old French oblique form home, from the Latin accusative form hominem). Its pronominal use is of Germanic origin. Compare Old English man (“one, they, people”), reduced form of Old English mann (“person”); Catalan hom; German man (“one, they, people”); Dutch men (“one, they, people”). In the second sense, meaning "we", also compare the development Malay kita orang (“we (incl.) + person”) and also dialectal kitorang, kitong, torang.

noncog

2003, Natasha St. Pier, L’instant d’après (album), Quand on cherche l’amour (song)

On ne peut pas pêcher ici

(indefinite) one, people, you, someone (an unspecified individual)

On oublie nos certitudes

On s’est amusés.


on

Apocopic form of onu; one, someone, they (indefinite personal pronoun)

onu

The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered


on

on (masculine nominative singular)
ona (feminine nominative singular)
ono (neuter nominative singular)
jeho (genitive masculine singular)
ho (genitive masculine singular)
jho (genitive masculine singular)
ňho (genitive masculine singular)
ňeho (genitive masculine singular)
jie (feminine genitive singular)
nie (feminine genitive singular)
jeho (genitive neuter singular)
ho (genitive neuter singular)
jho (genitive neuter singular)
ňho (genitive neuter singular)
ňeho (genitive neuter singular)
jemu (dative masculine singular)
mu (dative masculine singular)
jmu (dative masculine singular)
ňemu (dative masculine singular)
jí (dative feminine singular)
jiej (dative feminine singular)
ní (dative feminine singular)
niej (dative feminine singular)
jemu (dative neuter singular)
mu (dative neuter singular)
jmu (dative neuter singular)
ňemu (dative neuter singular)
jej (accusative masculine singular)
jen (accusative masculine singular)
ji (accusative masculine singular)
jeho (accusative masculine singular)
ho (accusative masculine singular)
jho (accusative masculine singular)
-ň (accusative masculine singular)
ňej (accusative masculine singular)
ňen (accusative masculine singular)
ni (accusative masculine singular)
ňho (accusative masculine singular)
ňeho (accusative masculine singular)
ju (accusative feminine singular)
ňu (accusative feminine singular)
je, ňe + later masculine (accusative neuter singular)
ňem (locative masculine singular)
ní (feminine locative singular)
niej (feminine locative singular)
ňem (locative neuter singular)
jím (instrumental masculine singular)
ním (instrumental masculine singular)
jú (feminine instrumental singular)
ňú (feminine instrumental singular)
jím (instrumental neuter singular)
ním (instrumental neuter singular)
jeho (masculine possessive singular)
jie (feminine possessive singular)
jejie (feminine possessive singular)
její (feminine possessive singular)
jeho (neuter possessive singular)
ona (dual masculine nominative)
oně (dual feminine neuter nominative)
jú (dual genitive)
ňú (dual genitive)
jima (dative dual)
nima (dative dual)
jě (accusative dual masculine)
ně (accusative dual masculine)
ji (accusative dual feminine neuter)
ni (accusative dual feminine neuter)
ňú (dual locative)
jima (dual instrumental)
nima (dual instrumental)
jú (dual possessive)
jejú (dual possessive)
oni (masculine nominative plural)
ony (feminine nominative plural)
ona (neuter nominative plural)
jich (genitive plural)
nich (genitive plural)
jim (dative plural)
nim (dative plural)
jě (accusative plural)
ně (accusative plural)
nich (locative plural)
jimi (instrumental plural)
nimi (instrumental plural)
jich (plural possessive)
jejich (plural possessive)

Czech: on

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *onъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ónos.


on

French: on

one (gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun)


on

Masurian: ón

Polish: on

Silesian: ôn

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *onъ. First attested in the 14th century.

he (for animate nouns), it (for inanimate nouns)


on

ona (feminine)
ono (neuter)
on (nominative singular)
jego (genitive singular)
go (genitive singular)
niego (genitive singular)
jemu (dative singular)
mu (dative singular)
niemu (dative singular)
jego (accusative singular)
go (accusative singular)
niego (accusative singular)
nim (instrumental singular)
nim (locative singular)

Inherited from Old Polish on. The oblique case forms come from Proto-Slavic *jь.