hi

jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)

Inherited from Old Catalan y, i, hic, from Latin hīc (“here”) and ibī (“there”). Compare French y.

represents a place associated with the action described by the verb, unless the place would be introduced by the preposition de

there (in constructions such as "there is", "there are", etc.: see haver-hi)

replaces an adverb (or adverbial phrase) describing the manner, instrument or association of an action

replaces a phrase introduced by any preposition except de (most commonly a or en)

replaces an indefinite noun or an adjective which is the predicate of a verb other than ésser, esdevenir, estar or semblar

(Central) in combination with other object pronouns, the third-person singular indirect object pronoun ("to him", "to her", "to it")


hi

From Proto-Celtic *sī. Cognate to Welsh hi.

she (third-person feminine singular personal pronoun).


hi

hija (positive)
hi (positive)
mhijiex (negative)
mhix (negative)
tagħha (possessive pronoun)
-ha (suffix)
-ha (direct-object suffix)
-lha (indirect-object suffix)


hi

ic (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
du (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hi (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
het (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
wi (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
gi (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
si (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mi (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
di (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hem (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
haer (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
het (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
ons (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
u (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
hem (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
hen (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mi (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
di (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
hem (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
haer (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
hem (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
hen (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
ons (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
u (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
hem (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
hen (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mijn (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
dijn (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
sijn (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
haer (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
sijn (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
onse (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
uwe (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
haer (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)

Dutch: hij, ie

Limburgish: hae


hi

From Old Frisian hī, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe.

Hi wal sin frinjer üüb Feer beschük.

He wants to visit his relatives on Föhr.


hi

hī (canonical)
ik (first-person nominative singular)
thū (nominative second-person singular)
hī (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hiū (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hiō (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hit (neuter nominative singular third-person)
wī (first-person nominative plural)
jī (nominative plural second-person)
hiā (nominative plural third-person)
mī (accusative first-person singular)
thī (accusative second-person singular)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hiā (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hit (accusative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
jū (accusative plural second-person)
jō (accusative plural second-person)
hiā (accusative plural third-person)
mī (dative first-person singular)
thī (dative second-person singular)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine singular third-person)
hiāre (dative feminine singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
jū (dative plural second-person)
jō (dative plural second-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
hirem (dative plural third-person)
hiārem (dative plural third-person)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
thīn (genitive second-person singular)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hire (feminine genitive singular third-person)
hiāre (feminine genitive singular third-person)
sīn (genitive neuter singular third-person)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
jūwer (genitive plural second-person)
hira (genitive plural third-person)
hiāra (genitive plural third-person)

North Frisian:

Most dialects: hi, he

Halligen: hii

Saterland Frisian: hie

West Frisian: hy

From Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz. Cognates include Old English hē and Old Dutch hie.


hi

From Proto-Celtic *sī (compare Old Irish sí).


hi

From Middle English hi (“they, them”), from Old English hīe, hī.

Mot w'all aar boust, hi soon was ee-teight

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 5, pages 86

But with all their bravado they were soon taught

Hi kinket an keilt, ee vewe aam 'twode snite.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 8, pages 86

They kicked and rolled, the few that appeared.

Shu ztaared an shu ztudied hi near parshagh moan,

1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 129, line 7

She stared and she studied (them) by the other passive woman,


ai

sq-personal pronoun

ai m sg (accusative atë, dative atij, ablative atij)

atë (accusative)
atij (dative)
atij (ablative)
ai (masculine nominative singular third-person)
atij (ablative masculine singular third-person)
tij (ablative masculine singular third-person)
atë (accusative masculine singular third-person)
e (accusative clitic masculine singular third-person)
atij (dative masculine singular third-person)
i (clitic dative masculine singular third-person)
i tij (masculine singular third-person)
i tiji (masculine possessive pronoun singular third-person)

From Proto-Albanian *a-ei (compound of proclitic particle *a and an ancient demostrative *ei), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey combined with Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, this (one)”). Compare Latin is, German er, Lithuanian jìs, Sanskrit अयम् (ayám)).


ai

ai (masculine nominative singular)
ajo (feminine nominative singular)
ata (masculine nominative plural)
ato (feminine nominative plural)
atë (accusative masculine singular)
atë (accusative feminine singular)
ata (accusative masculine plural)
ato (accusative feminine plural)
atij (ablative dative genitive masculine singular)
asaj (ablative dative feminine genitive singular)
atyre (ablative dative genitive masculine plural)
atyre (ablative dative feminine genitive plural)


ai

1st-person plural pronoun exclusive: we, us (but not you)


ai

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *axʷ (“I”). Compare Assan aj (“I”), Arin aj (“I”), and Pumpokol ad (“I”).


ai

From Proto-Polynesian *hai. Cognates include Tongan hai and Maori wai.


ai

From Proto-Polynesian *hai. Cognates include Hawaiian ai and Samoan ai.


ai

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ai.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ʔeː (“who”). Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] ʔeː¹.

Bạn là ai?

Ai (mà) biết.

2005, Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, "Cuối mùa nhan sắc" (in Cánh đồng bất tận), Trẻ publishing house
Người ở chùa, người bán vé số, người ngủ công viên, người hát rong, ít ai có nhà để về.

Some live at the temple, some sell lottery tickets, some sleep in parks, some play music in the streets; few have a home to go back to.


あなた

→⇒ Aleut: anatax̂ (“Japanese person”)

→ Min Nan: 阿娜達／阿娜达 (a-na-ta, “dear”)

Kagerō Nikki
Kokin Wakashū
Michitsuna no Haha
Ochikubo Monogatari

Compound of あ (a, distal pronoun marker, indicating something far away from both speaker and listener; also found in あれ (are, “that”, far away), あそこ (asoko, “there”, far away), etc.) + な (na, possessive, ancient compounding alternative for particle の (no)) + た (ta, “direction, side, place”, only found in ancient terms).
Originally meant that direction, that side, that place (far away), in contrast to そなた (sonata, “that direction, that side, that place (closer to the listener)”), こなた (konata, “this direction, this side, this place (close to both listener and speaker)”), and どなた (donata, “which or what direction, side, or place”). Appears with this sense at least as early as the Kokin Wakashū of the late 900s, and the Kagerō Nikki of 974 CE.
The indirect and polite sense of that person is also evident in texts from the late 900s, including the Ochikubo Monogatari.
The sense of you as a polite and indirect form of reference appears in texts from around the 1750s. Unrelated to Arabic أنت.

ja-r

貴方, 貴女, 貴男: you (second-person pronoun)
貴女: (to a female) you

貴方, 貴女, 貴男: you (second-person pronoun)
貴男: (to a male) you

「日が出るでしょう。それから日が沈むでしょう。それからまた出るでしょう、そうしてまた沈むでしょう。――赤い日が東から西へ、東から西へと落ちて行くうちに、――あなた、待っていられますか」
“Hi ga deru deshō. sore kara hi ga shizumu deshō. Sore kara mata deru deshō, sōshite mata shizumu deshō.――Akai hi ga higashi kara nishi e, higashi kara nishi e to ochiteiku uchi ni,――Anata, matteiraremasu ka”

1908, Natsume Sōseki, Yume Jūya [Ten Nights of Dreaming]

"The sun will rise, yes? And then the sun will set, yes? And then it will rise again, and it will set again, yes? —While the red sun falls, from east to west, from east to west —Would you be able to wait it out?"

貴方: (women's speech) dear, darling, sweetheart (term used by a wife to address her husband)

貴方, 彼方: (uncommon) that person (far from both speaker and listener)

山の彼方

that side of the mountain, the far side of the mountain

1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第二歌 https://web.archive.org/web/20040623125018/http://www.sm.rim.or.jp/~osawa/AGG/odyssey/odyssey-2.html
オヂュシュウス遠きあなたに亡びたり、汝も彼ともろともに死せば善かりし！
Ojushūsu tōki anata ni horobitari, nanji mo kare to morotomo ni shiseba yokarishi!
Odysseus has perished in a far off land—if only you had died with him!

彼方: (uncommon) that direction, that side, that place (far from both speaker and listener)


そこ

おい、そこのお前ら！

(deictically) That place, area, or part near you. (near the addressee)

(deictically) That organization or team near you. (near the addressee)

コンビニはすぐそこだよ。

The convenience store is right over there.

振り向くとそこにはもう誰もいませんでした。

They turned around; there was already no one to be seen.

Furimuku to soko ni wa mō dare mo imasen deshita.

(anaphorically) The place, area, or part we are talking about. (either the speaker or the addressee knows)

(anaphorically) The organization or team we are talking about. (either the speaker or the addressee knows)


それ

Compound of そ (so, “that”, medial reference marker) + れ (-re, specific pronoun referent marker).

suffix

(deictically) that one (near the addressee)

that (near the addressee)
that one (near the addressee)

(anaphorically) the one we are talking about (either the speaker or the addressee knows)

それの年の十二月の二十日あまり一日の日の戌の刻に、門出す。

Sore no toshi no shihasu no hatsuka amari hitohi no hi no inu no toki ni, kadodesu.

船に乗りはじめし日より、船には紅濃くよき衣着ず。それは「海の神に怖ぢて」といひて、何の蘆蔭にことづけて、老海鼠つまの貽鮨鮨鮑をぞ、心にもあらぬ脛に上て見せける。

Fune ni nori hajime shi hi yori, fune ni wa kurenaikoku yoki kinu kizu. Sore wa “umi no kami ni ojite” to ihite, nani no ashikage ni kotozukete, hoyano tsuma no izushi sushi ahabi o zo, kokoro ni mo aranu hagi ni agete misekeru.

この間に使はれむとて、附きてくる童あり。それが歌ふ船唄、「なほこそ国の方は見やらるれ、わが父母ありとし思へば。帰らや。」と歌ふぞ哀なる。

Kono ahida ni tsukaharemu to te, tsukite kuru waraha ari. Sore ga utafu funauta, “naho koso kuni no kata wa miyararure, wa ga chichihaha ari to shiomoheba. Kahera ya.” to utafu zo ahare naru.

東京の人口はニューヨークのそれより多い。

The population of Tokyo is larger than that of New York.

Tōkyō no jinkō wa Nyūyōku no sore yori ōi.


mine

From Middle English min, myn, from Old English mīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mīn, from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *méynos.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian mien, West Frisian myn, Dutch mijn, Low German mien, German mein, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian min, Icelandic mín.

(Attic Greek, possessive adjective with article in appropriate gender and number) ὁ ἐμός (ho emós)

The house itself is mine, but the land is not.

That which belongs to me.
Used predicatively.

Mine has been a long journey.

Used substantively, with an implied noun.

Mine for only a week so far, it already feels like an old friend.

Used absolutely, set off from the sentence.

This house of mine is over 100 years old.

Used otherwise not directly before the possessed noun.


mine

I, me; first-person singular absolute pronoun.


mine

Inherited from Latin mē, possibly through a Vulgar Latin root *mēne, or through analogy with cine, from *quene, from quem. It also possibly acquired this ending through adopting the common Latin accusative inflection -inem. Compare tine, sine. Compare also Aromanian mini, Dalmatian main, Neapolitan mene.

mă iubești pe mine?

(direct object, preceded by preposition, such as "pe", "cu", "la", or "pentru") me

preceded by preposition; such as "pe"; "cu"; "la"; preceded by preposition; such as "pe"; "cu"; "la"


mine

Inherited from Middle English min, myn, from Old English mīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mīn, from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *méynos.


whom

head

whom (singular and plural objective case of who)

From Middle English whom, wham, from Old English hwām, hwǣm, from Proto-Germanic *hwammai, dative case of *hwaz (“who, what”). Cognate with Scots wham (“whom”), German wem (“whom, to whom”), Danish hvem (“who, whom”), Swedish vem (“who, whom”).

wie

what person; object of a verb (accusative)

مَنْ

what person or people, object of a preposition (dative)

keiden pl (inflected for some prepositions)

Whom did you ask?

(interrogative) What person or people; which person or people.

To whom are you referring?

With whom were you talking?

That is the woman whom I spoke to earlier. (defining)

Mr Smith, whom we all know well, will be giving the speech. (non-defining)

He's a person with whom I work. (defining)

We have ten employees, half of whom are carpenters. (non-defining)

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935, George Goodchild, chapter 1, in Death on the Centre Court

(relative) Used to refer to a previously mentioned person or people.

To whom it may concern, all business of John Smith Ltd. has now been transferred to Floggitt & Runne.

(fused relative, archaic outside set patterns) The person(s) whom; whomever.

fused relative; archaic outside set patterns; fused relative; archaic outside set patterns


whom

whom (singular or plural, accusative and dative case, nominative who)

and dative case (accusative)
who (nominative)

English: whom

Scots: wham

table
From Old English hwām, hwǣm (dative of hwā), from Proto-West Germanic *hwammē (dative of *hwaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *hwammai (dative of *hwaz), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷósmey (dative of *kʷós).
Forms with short /a/ are generalised unstressed forms.

(interrogative) (to) who, whom (accusative or dative)

(relative) (to) who, whom (accusative or dative)

(relative) (to) whoever, whomever (accusative or dative)

(relative, uncommon) that (accusative, inanimate)

(indefinite, rare) (to) anyone, someone (usually accusative or dative)


at

Tak us t’ foxes, t’ little foxes at spoils t’ veynes: fer our veynes hev tender grapes.

1860, Robert Gordon Latham, Song of Solomon, as spoken in Durham [by Thomas Moore], in A hand-book of the English language

(Northern England, rare, possibly obsolete) Alternative form of 'at (relative pronoun; reduced form of “that” and/or “what”)


at

fourth-person non-human object pronoun (roughly equivalent to "something")

fourth-person non-human possessive pronoun (roughly equivalent to "something's")


at

From Middle English that, thet, yat, from Old English þæt, from Proto-Germanic *þat.

At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 84

At aar errone was var ameing 'ar 'ngish ee-height.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 5, page 86

That their errand was aiming to bring anguish upon them.

He at nouth fade t'zey, llean vetch ee man,

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 13, page 90

He that knows what to say, mischief fetch the man,

At ye mye ne'er be wooveless ta vill a lear jock an cooan.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 100

That you may never be unprovided to fill an empty jack and can.

Dhree brailès o' beanès, an a keow at was yole,

1867, “THE BRIDE'S PORTION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 102

Three barrels of beans, and a cow that was old,


貴方

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(formal) generic second person pronoun, often used in letters


貴方

貴方 (canonical)
kihō (romanization)
kifau (romanization)
きはう (hiragana historical)

/kipau/ → /kifau/ → /kifɔː/ → /kihoː/
From Middle Chinese 貴方 (MC kjw+jH pjang, “noble, superior + side, place, direction”).

ltc-l

(respectful, men's speech) you (used to address someone of equal social footing)

respectful; men's speech; respectful; men's speech


other

English: other

Yola: oother, other

From Old English ōþer. Compare German oder.


other

Fad didn'st thou cum t' ouz on zum other dey?

1867, “DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH”, in APPENDIX

[Why didn't you come to us on some other day?]


son

„[...] Macht Platz Leute! en Wagen wär' so übel nicht in soner Hitze.“

1857, Der Glücksstern. Novelle von Julie Burow (Frau Pfannenschmidt), Bromberg, page 95

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


son

son (nominative)
sū (genitive)
sū (accusative)
sutnje (illative)
sūs (locative)
suinna (comitative)
sūnin (essive)


son

son (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡon (mutation mutation-nasal)


son

son (nominative singular)
suäna (dual nominative)
sij (nominative plural)
suu (genitive singular)
suännai (dual genitive)
sij (genitive plural)
suu (accusative singular)
suännaid (accusative dual)
siʹjjid (accusative plural)
suʹnne (illative singular)
suännaid (dual illative)
siʹjjid (illative plural)
suʹst (locative singular)
suännast (dual locative)
siiʹst (locative plural)
suin (comitative singular)
suännain (comitative dual)
siʹjjivuiʹm (comitative plural)
suutää (abessive singular)
suännaitää (abessive dual)
siʹjjitää (abessive plural)
suuʹnen (essive singular)
suännan (dual essive)
suuʹđed (partitive singular)


彼方

From archaic あち (achi) + 等(ら) (ra, “about; around; approximately”).

ja-r

皆さま、あちらをごらんください

Everybody, please look in that direction.

there/that place or something over there/in that place

あちらがお父さまですか


彼方

彼方の神、クルフィックス

that way; over there, far away, in the distance


bee

head

bee f pl (masc. bami, masc. plural bii, fem. bôko)


bee

From Old Frisian bēthe, from Proto-Germanic *bai (“both”) + *sa (“the”). Cognates include West Frisian beide and German beide.


moro

ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)

From Proto-Cariban *môrô. Compare Apalaí moro, Trió mërë, Wayana mëlë, Waiwai moro, Akawaio mörö, Macushi mîrîrî, Pemon mörö, Ye'kwana mödö.

the inanimate singular distal demonstrative pronoun; that


あれ

From older kare → are. Compound of あ (a, “that, yon”) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix for demonstratives).

suffix

あれはなんですか？
Are wa nan desu ka?
What is that?

distal demonstrative, something far off removed from both speaker and listener: that, yon

(deictically) that one over there (far from the speaker and the addressee)

これはあれでしょ？○○。
Kore wa are desho?○○.
This is that one thing, isn't it? You know, X.

(anaphorically) that one we both know (both the speaker and the addressee know)

(chiefly derogatory) third-person personal pronoun: he, she, that person

you-know-what; a thing whose name the speaker does not want to mention


あれ

The long form of あ (a, “I, me”). From あ (a) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix)
Fell into disuse in roughly the Heian period, when it was replaced by われ (ware).

...と、聞こえ動かして、几帳のもとに、おし寄せたてまつりたれば、あれにもあらず、居給へるけはい...

(obsolete) first-person personal pronoun: I, me


as

From Old Galician-Portuguese as, from Latin illās.

Third person plural feminine accusative pronoun; them


as

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


as

Ní fhuair tú freagra as.

third-person masculine singular of as (from, off, out of)


as

third-person singular masculine of a (“out of”)


as

as (singular)
es (singular)
mes (plural)
mien (singular)
mans (plural)
mennei (singular)
maim (singular)
māim (singular)
noūmans (plural)
nūmans, nūmas, naūmans, numons, noūmas (plural)
maisei (singular)
noūson (plural)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-. Cognate with Lithuanian aš, Latvian es, Bulgarian аз (az).


as

Compare German als, Dutch als, English as.

Leit as nix zu duh hen


as

From Old Galician-Portuguese as, from Latin illās (with an initial l having disappeared; compare Spanish las).

Encontrei-as na rua.

(third person personal) them (as a direct object; the corresponding indirect object is lhes; the form used after prepositions is elas)


as

From Latin asse(m) (“a penny”), accusative of Latin as (“a penny”).

As fașén la ca.

same use as a+s, and it's the reflexive pronoun of 1ˢᵗ singular and plural persons and of 2ⁿᵈ person


as

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵ(h₂). Compare Lithuanian àš (archaic eš), Latvian es, Old Prussian as, es.


them

head

them (third-person, personal pronoun, objective case of they)

From Middle English þem, from Old Norse þeim.

ata

third personal plural pronoun used after a preposition or as the object of a verb

nich (genitive, locative after preposition)

jimi (instrumental) nimi (instrumental after preposition)

(indirect object, colloquial; enclitic, becomes glie when used with a direct object) gli

wọ́n

following a complex verb or monosyllabic verb ending in a low- or mid-tone

wọn

following a monosyllabic verb ending in a high tone

hänet

third-person singular pronoun of indeterminate gender

häneltä

she", of which the ones listed are the most frequently used

She treated them for a cold.

(in the plural) Those ones.
Used as the direct object of a verb.

She wrote them a letter.

(in the plural) Those ones.
Used as the indirect object of a verb.

Give it to them.

(in the plural) Those ones.
Used as the object of a preposition.

If a student has an inappropriate question, whatever you do, do not berate them.

Place the casualty on their back with feet and legs raised—this is called the shock position. [emphasis in original] Once the casualty is positioned, cover them to preserve body heat, but do not overheat.

2006, St. John Ambulance, First on the Scene: Student Reference Guide, Lesson 2, page 3

Someone in the crowd around the lifts called sycophantically, ‘Morning, Yaxley!’ Yaxley ignored them.

2007, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, London: Bloomsbury, 2008, page 270

(in the singular) A single person, previously mentioned, especially if of unknown or non-binary gender.

If one of my patients calls, please bring them their dinner.

If someone comes and asks for the ticket, just give it to them.

Each adolescent girl with ASD has needs specific to her because each of them has variable characteristics and different degrees of sensory and perceptual difficulties.

2024 July 2, Rukiye Arslan, Derya Yanık, Raziye Pekşen Akça, “Investigation of Menstrual Hygiene and Self-Care Skills of Adolescent Girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mother Views”, in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, →DOI

I know it seems unfair, but them's the rules.

(informal, in certain phrases, treated as singular) They or those.


him

Jamaican Creole: im

Pijin: hem

Pijin: -im

'em for unstressed in some pronunciations.

From Middle English him, from Old English him, from Proto-Germanic *himmai (“to this, to this one”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian him (“him”), West Frisian him (“him”), Sylt North Frisian ham, höm (“him”), Dutch hem (“him”), German Low German hum, hüm, em (“him”), German ihm (“him”, dative).

inh

[…]therfoꝛ Chꝛiſt wold not call him abominable / But the verye abomination it ſilf.

1529, John Frith, A piſtle to the Chriſten reader […]

A masculine pronoun; he as a grammatical object.

With dative effect or as an indirect object.

(after preposition that governs accusative) αὐτόν (autón)

(after preposition that governs dative) αὐτῷ (autôi)

(after preposition that governs genitive) αὐτοῦ (autoû)

(after preposition that governs the accusative) eum

(after preposition that governs the dative) eī

(after preposition that governs ablative) eō

niemu (only after ku, przeciw, przeciwko and dzięki)

With accusative effect or as a direct object.

l'

before or after vowel; the 3 placed before verb

Now him and Bernie are best friends.

Released a [statement] warning that him and 25,000 troops were going to stage a coup.

(colloquial) As a grammatical subject or object when joined with a conjunction.

Though poor the peasant’s hut, his feasts though small,
He sees his little lot the lot of all;
[...]
But calm, and bred in ignorance and toil,
Each wish contracting, fits him to the soil.

1765, Oliver Goldsmith, The traveller, or, A prospect of society

(now rare) Used reflexively: (to) himself.

Lowe quit the West Wing last year amid rumours that he was unhappy that his co-stars earned more than him.

2003 June 11, Claire Cozens, The Guardian

With nominative effect: he, especially as a predicate after be, or following a preposition.

Stop trying that, you're not him bro.

Bro thinks he's him.

Watched this one live, he randomly got it less than an hour into the stream while derusting for PACE. He's just him.

2023 October 25, u/baggypantsman, “Super Mario 64 - 0 Star in 6:16 by Suigi”, in Reddit, r/speedrun, archived from the original on 2023-12-23

(slang) A person of elevated skill at a sport, game, or other activity.


him

ech (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular stressed)
mech (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mir (dative first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mer (dative first-person personal pronoun singular unstressed)
like dat. and acc. (first-person personal pronoun reflexive singular)
du (informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
de (informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
dech (accusative informal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
dir (dative informal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
like dat. and acc. (informal personal pronoun reflexive second-person singular)
Dir (formal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
Der (formal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
Iech (accusative formal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
Iech [əɕ] (accusative formal personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
Iech (dative formal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
Iech [əɕ] (dative formal personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
Iech (formal personal pronoun reflexive second-person singular)
hien (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
en (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
hien (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
en (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
him (dative masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
em (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
sech (masculine personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
si (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
se (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
si (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
se (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
hir (dative feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
er (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
sech (feminine personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
hatt (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
et (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
't (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed clitic)
hatt (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
et (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
't (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed clitic)
him (dative neuter personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
em (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
sech (neuter personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
mir (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun stressed)
mer (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun unstressed)
eis (ons) (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
eis (ons) (dative first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
eis (ons) (first-person personal plural pronoun reflexive)
dir (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
iech (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
iech [əɕ] (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
iech (dative personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
iech [əɕ] (dative personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
iech (personal plural pronoun reflexive second-person)
si (nominative personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
se (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
si (accusative personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
se (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
hinnen (dative personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
en (dative personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
sech (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)

Ech baken him e Kuch.

third-person masculine singular, dative: him, to him

Hie war gëschter mat him am Kino.

He went to the cinema with her yesterday.

third-person neuter singular, dative: her, to her; (rarely: it, to it)


him

English: him

Yola: him, em, ham

From Old English him. Originally a dative form; gradually displaced accusative hine.

Third-person singular masculine pronoun indicating a grammatical object: him.

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object: it.

(impersonal) Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object one, you.


him

desctree

Middle English: him
English: him
Yola: him, em, ham

Middle English: hem
English: 'em, hem
Fingallian: a'me
Yola: aam


him

ik (first-person nominative singular)
thū (nominative second-person singular)
hī (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hiū (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hiō (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hit (neuter nominative singular third-person)
wī (first-person nominative plural)
jī (nominative plural second-person)
hiā (nominative plural third-person)
mī (accusative first-person singular)
thī (accusative second-person singular)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hiā (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hit (accusative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
jū (accusative plural second-person)
jō (accusative plural second-person)
hiā (accusative plural third-person)
mī (dative first-person singular)
thī (dative second-person singular)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine singular third-person)
hiāre (dative feminine singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
jū (dative plural second-person)
jō (dative plural second-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
hirem (dative plural third-person)
hiārem (dative plural third-person)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
thīn (genitive second-person singular)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hire (feminine genitive singular third-person)
hiāre (feminine genitive singular third-person)
sīn (genitive neuter singular third-person)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
jūwer (genitive plural second-person)
hira (genitive plural third-person)
hiāra (genitive plural third-person)


him

From Old Frisian him, from Proto-Germanic *himmai.


him

From Middle English him, from Old English him.

Shoo zent him o' die.

1867, “SONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 108

Shoo zent him anoor die a gozleen to keep;

1867, “SONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 6, page 108

She sent him another day the goslings to keep;


from

Alternative form of faram (“along with me, beside me; in addition to me; as good as me”)


to

From Proto-Bahnaric *tɔʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *tɔʔ. Cognates include Vietnamese đó, Khmer ដ៏ (dɑɑ).


to

nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that


to

From Latin tuus. Compare Italian tuo, Romanian tău, Friulian to, French ton, Spanish tu.

your; second-person masculine singular possessive pronoun


to

head

to (second-person singular possessive of masculine singular, of feminine singular tô, of masculine plural tiei, of feminine plural tôs)

tô (feminine nominative singular)
tiei (masculine nominative plural)
tôs (feminine nominative plural)

che al sedi santifiât il to nom, che al vegni il to ream,

"Your kingdom come, your will be done," (third and fourth sentences of Lord's Prayer)

(used attributively) your, thy; of yours, of thine

(used substantively) yours, thine; the thing belonging to you/ thee


to

relative and interrogative pronoun; this, that


to

that; accusative singular masculine of tas

with that; instrumental singular masculine of tas

of that; genitive plural masculine of tas

that; accusative singular feminine of tas

with that; instrumental singular feminine of tas

of that; genitive plural feminine of tas


to

that; genitive singular masculine of tas


to

to (second person informal singular, plural vouzòt, ouzòt, zòt, zo, objective twa, possessive determiner tô, possessive pronoun tokin, tochin)

vouzòt (plural)
ouzòt (plural)
zòt (plural)
zo (plural)
twa (objective)
tô (determiner possessive)
tokin (possessive pronoun without-noun)
tochin (possessive pronoun without-noun)

To té paʼlé gra. / To te pale gra.

You spoke with an accent. (literally: "You had spoken thick.")


to

you (second-person singular nominative personal pronoun)


to

Czech: to


to

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to. First attested in the 14th century.


to

to (nominative singular)
te (nominative plural)
tego (genitive singular)
tych (genitive plural)
temu (dative singular)
tym (dative plural)
tem (archaic dative plural)
to (accusative singular)
te (accusative plural)
tym (instrumental singular)
tem (instrumental singular)
tymi (instrumental plural)
temi (archaic instrumental plural)
tym (locative singular)
tem (locative singular)
tych (locative plural)
to (singular vocative)
te (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, dass, English that.

Inna rzecz, że nikt nie zwracał na niego szczególnej uwagi; to go dziwiło.

The other thing was that no one paid any particular attention to him; this surprised him.

Ewa, to Andrzej.

used to point to the object to which the sentence refers


to

nominative/accusative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that


to

inflection of ta:
accusative singular feminine

inflection of ta:
nominative/accusative singular neuter


to

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *túH, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Related to Persian تو (to).


to

Samoyedic

Nenets

Tundra Nenets: таʼ (tā)

Ugric

Hungarian: túl, tova

Proto-Mordvinic: *to-, *tu-

desc

Erzya: тона (tona), тов (tov), тува (tuva)

Proto-Samic: *tuotë (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *too (see there for further descendants)


al

From Old Galician-Portuguese al, from Vulgar Latin *ale, from Latin aliud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.


al

An smithered hays videl, bow, strings an al;

1927, “PAUDEEN FOUGHLAAN'S WEDDEEN”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 133, line 18

And smashed his fiddle, bow, strings and all;


us

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English ūs
Middle English us
English us
From Middle English us, from Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n̥smé (“us”). The compensatory lengthening was lost in Middle English due to the word being unstressed while being used. Cognate with Saterland Frisian uus (“us”), West Frisian us, ús (“us”), Low German us (“us”), Dutch ons (“us”), German uns (“us”), Danish os (“us”), Latin nōs (“we, us”).

inh

my very educated mother just served us nachos

my very educated mother just served us nine pizzas

my very educated mother just served us nine pumpkins

my very educated mother just served us noodles

my very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas

Who's there? —Us. (or) —It's us.
Who's going to go? —Us. We'll go.

Used where "me" would be used instead of "I", e.g. for the pronoun in isolation or as the complement of the copula

(personal) Me and at least one other person; the objective case of we.

Give us a look at your paper.

Give us your wallet!

She's turned the weans against us!

(Commonwealth, colloquial, chiefly with give) Me.

We'll have to throw us food out.

Look at us while you’re speaking to us.

Could you do that for us?


us

head

us (proclitic and contracted enclitic, enclitic vos)

vos (enclitic)
jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)


us

From Middle High German uns, from Proto-Germanic *uns, *unsiz. Loss of the nasal is due to a sporadic development (analogous to the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant-law, but later and not systematic); compare Luxembourgish eis, Limburgish ós.

(most of Ripuarian, parts of Moselle Franconian) Dative/accusative first-person plural personal pronoun: us

ons

also younger byform in many other dialects


us

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Latin illōs.

(Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu) Third person plural masculine accusative pronoun; them


us

English: us

Scots: us, hus

Yola: ouse, ouz, uz

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English ūs
Middle English us
From Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n-sme- (“us”).

etymon

First-person plural accusative pronoun: us.


us

ûs (canonical)
us (canonical)
ûs (masculine nominative strong)
ûsen (accusative masculine strong)
ûsem (ûsenⁿᵒᵗᵉ) (dative masculine strong)
ûseme (ûsenⁿᵒᵗᵉ) (dative masculine strong)
ûses (genitive masculine strong)
ûs (neuter nominative strong)
ûs (accusative neuter strong)
ûsem (ûsenⁿᵒᵗᵉ) (dative neuter strong)
ûseme (ûsenⁿᵒᵗᵉ) (dative neuter strong)
ûses (genitive neuter strong)
ûs (feminine nominative strong)
ûse (accusative feminine strong)
ûser (dative feminine genitive strong)
ûsere (dative feminine genitive strong)
ûse (accusative nominative plural strong)
ûsen (dative plural strong)
ûser (genitive plural strong)
ûsere (genitive plural strong)
ûse (masculine nominative weak)
ûsen (accusative masculine weak)
ûsen (dative genitive masculine weak)
ûse (neuter nominative weak)
ûse (accusative neuter weak)
ûsen (dative genitive neuter weak)
ûse (feminine nominative weak)
ûsen (accusative feminine weak)
ûsen (dative feminine genitive weak)
ûsen (nominative plural weak)
ûsen (accusative plural weak)
ûsen (dative genitive plural weak)

(personal pronoun, dative, accusative) Alternative form of uns.

(possesive pronoun) Alternative form of uns.


us

desctree

Middle English: us, ous, os, hus, usse, hous
English: us
Scots: us, hus
Yola: ouse, ouz, uz

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English us
From Proto-Germanic *uns, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥s, *nes. Cognates include Old Frisian ūs (West Frisian ús), Old Saxon ūs (Low German os, ons), Dutch ons, Old High German uns (German uns), Old Norse oss (Swedish oss), Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐍃 (uns). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin nos.


us

ūs (canonical)
ik (first-person nominative singular)
thū (nominative second-person singular)
hī (masculine nominative singular third-person)
hiū (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hiō (feminine nominative singular third-person)
hit (neuter nominative singular third-person)
wī (first-person nominative plural)
jī (nominative plural second-person)
hiā (nominative plural third-person)
mī (accusative first-person singular)
thī (accusative second-person singular)
hine (accusative masculine singular third-person)
hiā (accusative feminine singular third-person)
hit (accusative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (accusative first-person plural)
jū (accusative plural second-person)
jō (accusative plural second-person)
hiā (accusative plural third-person)
mī (dative first-person singular)
thī (dative second-person singular)
him (dative masculine singular third-person)
hire (dative feminine singular third-person)
hiāre (dative feminine singular third-person)
him (dative neuter singular third-person)
ūs (dative first-person plural)
jū (dative plural second-person)
jō (dative plural second-person)
him (dative plural third-person)
hirem (dative plural third-person)
hiārem (dative plural third-person)
mīn (first-person genitive singular)
thīn (genitive second-person singular)
sīn (genitive masculine singular third-person)
hire (feminine genitive singular third-person)
hiāre (feminine genitive singular third-person)
sīn (genitive neuter singular third-person)
ūser (first-person genitive plural)
jūwer (genitive plural second-person)
hira (genitive plural third-person)
hiāra (genitive plural third-person)

North Frisian:

Most dialects: üs

Sylt: üüs

Saterland Frisian: uus

West Frisian: ús

From Proto-Germanic *uns, *unsiz. Cognates include Old English ūs, Old Saxon ūs and Old Dutch uns.


us

Inherited from Middle English us, from Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n̥smé (“us”).


teman

From Malay teman, from Classical Malay teman, from Tamil தமன் (tamaṉ, “friend; relative”).

(colloquial, dialectal) first person singular pronoun.


teman

engkau

informal/towards God; friendly/older towards younger


itu

Inherited from Malay itu, from Proto-Malayic *(i)tu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)tu, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)Cu.


itu

From Proto-Malayic *(i)tu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)tu, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)Cu. Compare Tagalog ito (“this”).


saya

From Malay saya, from Sanskrit सहाय (sahāya). Doublet of sahaya and aye.


saya

From Sanskrit सहाय (sahāya, “follower”) or from Portuguese sou (“I am”) (unofficial)

Nama saya ...


whose

From Middle English whos, from Old English hwæs, from Proto-Germanic *hwes, genitive case of *hwaz (“who”) *hwat (“what”).

à qui?

(interrogative) that or those of whom or belonging to whom

wem gehört/gehören?

whose is/are, to whom does it / do they belong?

akié

(relative) that or those of whom or belonging to whom

Several people have lost their suitcases. Whose have you found?

(interrogative) That or those of whom or belonging to whom.

This car is blocking the way, but Mr Smith, whose it is, will be here shortly.

If he starts it on another man's lands, and kills it there, it belongs to the owner of the land; but if he start game on one man's lands, and pursue it to those of another, and kill it there, it is neither the property of the man on whose lands it is started, nor of him on whose it is killed, but belongs to the killer.

1833, Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 3, page 637 (Google Books view)

The notes on authors are extremely brilliant and incisive, not always in good perspective and sometimes freaky in their wit, as, for instance, the reference to Mrs. Holmes, of whose books it is said, "The secret of their long popularity has never been divulged by their readers," and Mrs. Harris, of whose it is said, "To a lively mind they should be conducive of profound sleep," which, whatever its faults, is by no means true of "Rutledge."

1895, Library Journal, Volume 20, page 397 (Google Books view)

(relative) That or those of whom or belonging to whom.


whose

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


tree

Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

third-person singular feminine accusative of tri: through her/it sg


tin

head

tin (feminine singular tina, masculine plural tins, feminine plural tines)

tina (feminine singular)
tins (masculine plural)
tines (feminine plural)

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *teum. Doublet of ton (possessive determiner).

yours (second-person singular possessor)

2 Generally preceded by a definite article


tin

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thine”)


an

J'an veus deus

J'an seus seur

used to indicate an indefinite quantity, of it, of them


an

an (animate masculine nominative singular)
an (inanimate masculine nominative singular)
ana (feminine nominative singular)
ano (neuter nominative singular)
ani (animate masculine nominative plural)
any (inanimate masculine nominative plural)
any (feminine nominative plural)
ana (neuter nominative plural)

Inherited from Old Czech an. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + on.

surf

Bělá se tam, bělá žena, ana malé dítě nese.

A white form can be seen there, a white woman who is carrying a child.

Vidíš-li poutníka, an dlouhou lučinou spěchá ku cíli, než červánky pohynou?

Do you see a traveller hastening ere the twilight passes away across the long meadows towards a destination?


an

From Old Norse hann. Cognate with Swedish han.


an

second person singular emphatic pronoun you


an

head

an (triggers eclipsis, takes a leniting relative clause)

Is demniu liunn a n-ad·chiam hua sulib ol·daas an ro·chluinemmar hua chluasaib.

What we see with the eyes is more certain for us than what we hear with the ears.


an

him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a high-tone /ã/)


an

him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a low- or mid-tone /ã/)

[preceding vowel repeated for monosyllabic verbs]


kami

From Proto-Austronesian *kami.
Compare Malay kami (“we”).


kami

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

inh+

Nagtatrabaho kami sa sarong kompanya. Ika?


kami

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

we; us (1st person plural exclusive absolutive form)


kami

From Proto-Malayic *kami, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami.


kami

From Malay kami, from Proto-Malayic *kami, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

Kami sudah pergi ke pasar.

We, the citizens of Singapore,

1966, National Pledge of Singapore Kami, warganegara Singapura, sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu, tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau ugama[…]

pledge ourselves as one united people,
regardless of race, language or religion […]

we (exclusive); I and other(s) but not those I am addressing

we: the speaker/writer alone. (This use of we is the editorial we, used by writers and others, including royalty—the royal we—as a less personal substitute for I. The reflexive case of this sense of we is ourself.)

Dia memberikan kami makanan.

us (exclusive); me and other(s) but not those I am addressing

Bolehkah kamu taruh buku kami di perpustakaan?.

our (exclusive); my and of other(s) but not of those I am addressing

Hak Milik tanah bangsa Indonesia hanya untuk kami sekalian.

It is only we [Indonesians] who have the right to own this Indonesian land.

ours (if used with milik, kepunyaan, etc.)


kami

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

we; us (exclusive of the person spoken to)


kami

Indonesian: kami

From Proto-Malayic *kami, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami, from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

we, us, our (exclusive of the person spoken to)


kami

Nagtatrabaho kami sa isang kumpanya. Ikaw?


kami

Amis: kami

desctree

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *kami
Javanese: ꦏꦩꦶ (kami)
Malayo-Chamic
Malayic
Malay: kami
Indonesian: kami
Philippine
Batanic
Ibatan: kami
Ivatan: kami
Central Philippine
Bikol
Bikol Central: kami
Bisayan
Cebuano: kami
Hiligaynon: kami
Waray-Waray: kami
Tagalog: kami
Northern Luzon
Cagayan Valley
Northern Cordilleran
Ibanagic
Itawit: kami
Isnag: kami, sikami
Ilocano: dakami, sikami
Meso-Cordilleran
South-Central Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
North-Central Cordilleran
Nuclear Cordilleran
Bontok-Kankanaey
Bontok-Finnalig
Central Bontoc: dakami
Northeastern Luzon
Southern Northeastern Luzon
Casiguran Dumagat Agta: kame


kami

Javanese: ꦏꦩꦶ (kami)

Malayo-Chamic

Malayic

Malay: kami
Indonesian: kami

Philippine

Batanic

Ibatan: kami

Ivatan: kami

Central Philippine

Bikol

Bikol Central: kami

Bisayan

Cebuano: kami

Hiligaynon: kami

Waray-Waray: kami

Tagalog: kami

Northern Luzon

Cagayan Valley

Northern Cordilleran

Ibanagic

Itawit: kami

Isnag: kami, sikami

Ilocano: dakami, sikami

Meso-Cordilleran

South-Central Cordilleran

Central Cordilleran

North-Central Cordilleran

Nuclear Cordilleran

Bontok-Kankanaey

Bontok-Finnalig

Central Bontoc: dakami

Northeastern Luzon

Southern Northeastern Luzon

Casiguran Dumagat Agta: kame


kami

Malayan

Malay: kami
Indonesian: kami


you

head

you (second person, singular or plural, nominative or objective, possessive determiner your, possessive pronoun yours, singular reflexive yourself, plural reflexive yourselves)

en-pron

your (determiner possessive)
yours (possessive pronoun without-noun)
yourself (reflexive singular)
yourselves (plural reflexive)

Belizean Creole: yu

Bislama: yu

Cameroon Pidgin: you

Jamaican Creole: yuh

Nigerian Pidgin: yu

Sranan Tongo: yu

Tok Pisin: yu

Torres Strait Creole: yu

From Middle English you, yow, ȝow (object case of ye), from Old English ēow (“you”, dative case of ġē), from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz (“you”, dative case of *jīz), Western form of *izwiz (“you”, dative case of *jūz), from Proto-Indo-European *yūs (“you”, plural), *yū́.
Cognate with Scots you (“you”), Saterland Frisian jou (“you”), West Frisian jo (“you”), Low German jo, joe and oe (“you”), Dutch jou and u (“you”), Middle High German eu, iu (“you”, object pronoun), Latin vōs (“you”), Avestan 𐬬𐬋 (vō, “you”), Ashkun yë̃́ (“you”), Kamkata-viri šó (“you”), Sanskrit यूयम् (yūyám, “you”)
See usage notes. Ye, you and your are cognate with Dutch jij/je, jou, jouw; Low German ji, jo/ju, jug and German ihr, euch and euer respectively. Ye is also cognate with Danish I and archaic Swedish I.

inh

dative case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġē</i>

der

dative case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*jīz</i>

julle

object pronoun: the group being addressed

(familiar in Portugal, archaic in Brazil) vos (without prepositions) convosco (attached to the preposition "com")

(after preposition "a":) (familiar in Spain, archaic in Latin America) vosotros m

mo

object pronoun: the person being addressed

contigo (familiar, attached to the preposition "com")

(polite in Portugal, general in most of Brazil) você (polite in Portugal, general in most of Brazil, with or without prepositions)

a f (without prepositions) consigo (attached to the preposition "com"; only used with this meaning in Portugal)

шәара

subject pronoun: the group being addressed

(usually indicated by the suffix only) (informal) -tok

貴方達

(generic) (discourteous if used for a superior)

너희

generic, discourteous if used for a superior

vós

archaic or poetic outside rural northern Portugal

with the widespread use of kinship terms as pronouns

y'all

subject pronoun: persons spoken/written to; plural

thee

object pronoun: person spoken/written to

ye

object pronoun: persons spoken/written to

you kiss your grandfather with that mouth

:Category:English second person pronouns

Both of you should get ready now.

(object pronoun) The people spoken, or written to, as an object.

‘Pull you up a chair,’ she offered.

You'd better get you a gun and kill him before he kills you or somebody.

(reflexive, now US colloquial) (To) yourselves, (to) yourself.

I charge you, as ye woll have my love, that ye warne your kynnesmen that ye woll beare that day the slyve of golde uppon your helmet.

c. 1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VIII

(object pronoun) The person spoken to or written to, as an object. (Replacing thee; originally as a mark of respect.)

You are all supposed to do as I tell you.

Are you excited? ― Yes, I am excited!
Audio (US): (file)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

(subject pronoun) The people spoken to or written to, as a subject. (Replacing ye.)

(subject pronoun) The person spoken to or written to, as a subject. (Originally as a mark of respect.)

уара

subject pronoun: the person being addressed

(usually indicated by the suffix only) (informal) -sz

yer

subject pronoun: person spoken/written to

plus the alternative forms listed above and at Appendix:English personal pronouns

I get that you're from Southeast Michigan, but I'm still surprised that you're a Detroit Lions fan. You have been on the receiving end of losing seasons for a while now.

(object pronoun, colloquial) A person's favorite sports team.

You can't choose your family, your lovers are difficult and volatile, but, oh, you can choose your friends - so doesn't it make much more sense to live and holiday with them instead?

(indefinite personal pronoun) Anyone, one; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object).

kina

indicative mood used instead of interrogative mood


you

thou, thee, 2nd person singular subject and object personal pronoun


you

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Masculine Leonese pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown

when the subject is plural and of mixed gender

Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity


you

(chiefly Northern and East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þou


you

Audio (Central)

I you cun muita fuorça spetei bien la faca

2008, “Ai que cochino!!! (ver. II)”, in Picä Tumilho (band) (music), Faíçca: Ua stória d'amor i laboura

And I strongly skewered (with) the knife.


sy

1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function

chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence


sy

(informal, text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of saya (“I”).


sy

ik (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
my (first-person objective personal pronoun singular)
mysels (first-person objective personal pronoun reflexive singular)
myn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
mines (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
do (informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dû (informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dy (informal objective personal pronoun second-person singular)
dysels (informal objective personal pronoun reflexive second-person singular)
dyn (informal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
dines (informal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
jo (formal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
jo (formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular)
josels (formal objective personal pronoun reflexive second-person singular)
jo (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
jowes (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
hy (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
him (masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person)
himsels (masculine objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
syn (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sines (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sy (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
hja (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
har (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person)
harsels (feminine objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
har (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
harres (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
it (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
it (neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person)
himsels (neuter objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
syn (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
sines (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
wy (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
ús (first-person objective personal plural pronoun)
ússels (first-person objective personal plural pronoun reflexive)
ús (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
uzes (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
jim (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jimme (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jim (objective personal plural pronoun second-person)
jimme (objective personal plural pronoun second-person)
jimsels (objective personal plural pronoun reflexive second-person)
jinsels (objective personal plural pronoun reflexive second-person)
jim (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
jimme (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
jimmes (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sy (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
hja (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
har (objective personal plural pronoun third-person)
harren (objective personal plural pronoun third-person)
harsels (objective personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
har (personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
harren (personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
harres (personal plural possessive pronoun third-person)
^ Now mostly archaic and unused (personal pronoun)

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *iz and *hiz. For the sibilant onset, compare other West Germanic cognates (Dutch zij, German Sie, and possibly English she).

Sy die.

she (third-person singular feminine pronoun)


sy

Sy dienen.


pen

themselves (third-person plural reflexive pronoun)


which

From Middle English which, hwic, wilche, hwilch, whilk, hwilc, from Old English hwelċ (“which”), from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz (“what kind”, literally “like what”), derived from *hwaz, equivalent to who + like. Cognates include Scots whilk (“which”), West Frisian hokker (“which”), Dutch welk (“which”), Low German welk (“which”), German welcher (“which”), Danish hvilken (“which”), Swedish vilken (“which”), Norwegian hvilken (“which”), Icelandic hvílíkur (“which”).

inh

Which is which?

By now, you must surely know which is which.

Which is bigger, the red one or the blue one?

I'm unable to determine which is bigger.

Which of these do you want to keep?

Which of these banes of modern business life is worse remains open to debate. But what is clear is that office workers are on a treadmill of pointless activity. Managers allow meetings to drag on for hours. Workers generate e-mails because it requires little effort and no thought. An entire management industry exists to spin the treadmill ever faster.

2013 August 17, Schumpeter, “In praise of laziness”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8849

(interrogative) What one or ones (of those mentioned or implied).

Please take which you please.

(not in common use) The/Any ones that; whichever.

Flour contains starch, which is a type of carbohydrate.

I found my camera, which I thought I'd lost, under the bed.

I entered the room, at the far end of which was a small table.

Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3

non-restrictive relative clause
non-restrictive relative clause#English

(relative) In a non-restrictive relative clause, referring to something previously mentioned.

She had a young child, which cried incessantly.

(chiefly archaic) Used of people (now generally who, whom, that; which remains possible with words also referred to by it such as baby, child).

The front door was open, which concerned me.

He had to leave, which was very difficult.

She saved my life, for which I am eternally grateful.

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845

This is the letter which I received.

This is the letter in which he explains his decision.

restrictive relative clause
restrictive relative clause#English

(relative, sometimes proscribed, see usage notes) In a restrictive relative clause, referring to a noun previously mentioned.


which

English: which

Scots: whilk, whulk; quhilk, whilke

Yola: wich, which, whilke

From Old English hwelċ, from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz.

And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


which

Which maate mee hearth as coale as leed.

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 102


enough

From Middle English ynogh, from Old English ġenōg (“enough”), from Proto-Germanic *ganōgaz (“enough”) (compare Scots eneuch, West Frisian genôch, Dutch genoeg, German genug, Low German noog, Danish nok, Swedish nog, Icelandic nógur), from *ganuganą 'to suffice' (compare Old English ġeneah), or from *ga- + an unattested *nōgaz, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂nó(n)ḱe (“he has reached, attained”), perfective of *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”) (compare Old Irish tánaic (“he arrived”), Latin nancisci (“to get”), Lithuanian nèšti (“to carry”), Albanian kënaq (“to please, satisfy”), Ancient Greek ἐνεγκεῖν (enenkeîn, “to carry”).).

cog

I have enough (of it) to keep me going.

Enough of you are here to begin the class.

Get some more plates. There aren’t enough yet.

Not enough is known yet about the causes of the pandemic.

There wasn't enough of an economic surplus.

A sufficient or adequate number, amount, etc.

բավական

a sufficient or adequate number, amount, etc


re

Inherited from Latin rēm (“thing, accusative”), res coming from the nominative. Compare French rien.


re

he (third person singular masculine pronoun)


ia

i- (in-compounds)
iarang (plural)
Singular (proximal)
'this' (proximal)
Plural (proximal)
'these' (proximal)
Singular
'that'
Plural
'those'
ia (nominative proximal)
iarang (nominative proximal)
ua (nominative)
uarang (nominative)
iako (accusative proximal)
iarangko (accusative proximal)
uako (accusative)
uarangko (accusative)
iana (dative proximal)
iarangna (dative proximal)
uana (dative)
uarangna (dative)
iani (genitive proximal)
iarangni (genitive proximal)
uani (genitive)
uarangni (genitive)
iachi (instrumental proximal)
iarangchi (instrumental proximal)
uachi (instrumental)
uarangchi (instrumental)
iano (locative proximal)
iarango (locative proximal)
uano (locative)
uarango (locative)
ianoni (proximal)
ianona (proximal)
iachini (proximal)
iachina (proximal)
ianoniko (proximal)
iachiniko (proximal)
iarangoni (proximal)
iarangona (proximal)
iarangchini (proximal)
iarangchina (proximal)
iarangoniko (proximal)
iarangchiniko (proximal)
uanoni
uanona
uachini
uachina
uanoniko
uachiniko
uarangoni
uarangona
uarangchini
uarangchina
uarangoniko
uarangchiniko


ia

From Proto-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Oceanic *ia, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.


ia

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.

third-person singular pronoun: he/she/it, him/her/it


ia

From Proto-Malayic *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia. Compare Maori ia, Tagalog siya.

Ia mengajarkan muridnya di sekolah.

they / he / she / it (genderless third person pronoun)

Burung bisa terbang karena ia mempunyai sayap.

it (used to refer to a non-human living thing)


ia

From Proto-Malayic *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.


ia

From Proto-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Oceanic *ia, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia. Compare Indonesian ia, Tagalog siya.

I titiro ia ki te kurī.


ia

From Proto-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Oceanic *ia, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.

E fanau mai e ia le tama tane, e te faaigoa foi ia te ia o Iesu; aua e faaola e ia lona nuu ai a latou agasala.

And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.


ia

From Proto-Polynesian *ia. Cognates include Hawaiian ia and Samoan ia.


ia

iau (exclusive first-person personal pronoun singular)
amir (dual exclusive first-person personal pronoun)
mir (dual exclusive first-person personal pronoun)
amital (exclusive first-person paucal personal pronoun)
mital (exclusive first-person paucal personal pronoun)
avet (exclusive first-person personal plural pronoun)
ave (exclusive first-person personal plural pronoun)
dor (dual first-person inclusive personal pronoun)
datal (first-person inclusive paucal personal pronoun)
dat (first-person inclusive personal plural pronoun)
da (first-person inclusive personal plural pronoun)
u (personal pronoun second-person singular)
amur (dual personal pronoun second-person)
mur (dual personal pronoun second-person)
amutal (paucal personal pronoun second-person)
mutal (paucal personal pronoun second-person)
avat (personal plural pronoun second-person)
ava (personal plural pronoun second-person)
ia (personal pronoun singular third-person)
i (personal pronoun singular third-person)
dir (dual personal pronoun third-person)
di (dual personal pronoun third-person)
dital (paucal personal pronoun third-person)
diat (personal plural pronoun third-person)
dia (personal plural pronoun third-person)

From Proto-Oceanic *ia, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.

Third-person singular pronoun: he, him; she, her


ia

From Proto-Oceanic *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.


ia

Malayan

Malay: dia, ia, -nya

Indonesian: dia, ia, -nya

Ibanic

Iban: iya


ia

Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Marquesic

Hawaiian: ia

Tahitic

Maori: ia

Rapa Nui: ia

Samoic-Outlier

Ellicean

Tuvaluan: ia

Samoic

Samoan: ia

Tokelauan: ia

Tongic

Niuean: ia

Tongan: ia

From Proto-Central Pacific *ia, from Proto-Oceanic *ia, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.


ia

Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:

Proto-Eastern Polynesian:

Marquesic

Hawaiian: ia

Tahitic

Maori: ia

Tongic

Niuean: ia

Tongan: ia

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ia.


nada

Borrowed from Spanish nada (“nothing”). Doublet of née.

Sketchers lookin' like Balenciaga / Thrift clothes lookin' like the Prada / Whole fit lit, it cost me nada

2019, “Balenciaga”, performed by Princess Nokia

(informal, colloquial, chiefly US) Nothing.


nada

Wala'y nada. / Wa'y nada.


nada

Niks, nada, noppes.


nada

From Old Galician-Portuguese nada, from Latin (res) nata.


nada

From Portuguese nada. Cognate with Kabuverdianu nada.


nada

Fala: nada

Galician: nada

Portuguese: nada (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin (nūlla rēs) nāta (literally “no born thing, not a thing born”), an extension of nēmō nātus (“not a soul”, literally “nobody born”). For descendants of the other part of the expression see Galician ren (“nothing”), French rien (“nothing”), Catalan res (“nothing; anything”). For the grammaticalization of an original nominal as a negative see Jespersen's Cycle and French pas. Doublet of nado.

inh+

ſempre a noit e o dia en ſeu coraçon dultaua que alma nada non era. ſenon uento que paſſaua

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 365 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/652.html] facsimile])

always at night and day, he had a doubt in his heart that the soul was nothing more than wind which passed

(indefinite) nothing (not any thing; no thing)


nada

Não consigo ver nada.


nada

Inherited from Old Spanish nada, inherited from Latin (nūlla rēs) nāta (literally “no born thing, not a thing born”), an extension of nēmō nātus (“not a soul”, literally “nobody born”). For descendants of the other part of the expression see Galician ren (“nothing”), French rien (“nothing”), Catalan res (“nothing; anything”). For the grammaticalization of an original nominal as a negative see Jespersen's Cycle and French personne, pas; see also nadie, from the same root.

No hay nada en la mesa.

Nada ocurrió ayer.

No veo nada.

Me niego a creer nada de lo que dice.

Nada es eterno.


nada

Borrowed from Spanish nada or Portuguese nada. Attested since 1976.

Jag fattade nada


sana

From Malay sana, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sana (“there, yonder”).


sale

inflection of său:
genitive/dative feminine singular

inflection of său:
feminine/neuter plural


did

Obsolete spelling of de (“you (plural)”).


whether

From Middle English whether, whather, from Old English hweþer, hwæþer, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz, comparative form of *hwaz (“who”). Cognate with German weder (“neither”), Swedish var, Icelandic hvor (“each of two, which of two”).

cog

"Whether is better, the gift or the donor? / Come to me," / Quoth the pine tree, "I am the giver of honor."


maid

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


aku

From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.


aku

From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.


aku

head

aku (first-person singular pronoun, referring to the speaker)

From Malay aku, from Classical Malay اكو (aku), from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku. Compare Maori aku, Malagasy aho. Doublet of daku.

Aku mau makan.

Dia mengajak aku.

Kucing aku hitam.


aku

From Proto-Philippine *ʔakúʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.


aku

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.


aku

From Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
First attested in the Telaga Batu inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (aku).

Aku orang itu.

Ini aku.

Ini beg aku.


aku

tāku (alienable first-person possessed-single possessive)
tōku (first-person inalienable possessed-single possessive)
taku (first-person inalienable possessed-single possessive)
āku (alienable first-person possessed-many possessive)
ōku (first-person inalienable possessed-many possessive)
aku (first-person possessed-many possessive)
tāu (alienable possessed-single possessive second-person)
tōu (inalienable possessed-single possessive second-person)
tō (inalienable possessed-single possessive second-person)
āu (alienable possessed-many possessive second-person)
ōu (inalienable possessed-many possessive second-person)
ō (possessed-many possessive second-person)
tāna (alienable possessed-single possessive third-person)
tōna (inalienable possessed-single possessive third-person)
tana (inalienable possessed-single possessive third-person)
āna (alienable possessed-many possessive third-person)
ōna (inalienable possessed-many possessive third-person)
ana (possessed-many possessive third-person)
tā tāua (alienable dual first-person inclusive possessed-single possessive)
tō tāua (dual first-person inalienable inclusive possessed-single possessive)
ā tāua (alienable dual first-person inclusive possessed-many possessive)
ō tāua (dual first-person inalienable inclusive possessed-many possessive)
tā māua (alienable dual exclusive first-person possessed-single possessive)
tō māua (dual exclusive first-person inalienable possessed-single possessive)
ā māua (alienable dual exclusive first-person possessed-many possessive)
ō māua (dual exclusive first-person inalienable possessed-many possessive)
tā kōrua (alienable dual possessed-single possessive second-person)
tō kōrua (dual inalienable possessed-single possessive second-person)
ā kōrua (alienable dual possessed-many possessive second-person)
ō kōrua (dual inalienable possessed-many possessive second-person)
tā rāua (alienable dual possessed-single possessive third-person)
tō rāua (dual inalienable possessed-single possessive third-person)
ā rāua (alienable dual possessed-many possessive third-person)
ō rāua (dual inalienable possessed-many possessive third-person)
tā tātou (alienable first-person inclusive plural possessed-single possessive subjective)
tō tātou (first-person inalienable inclusive plural possessed-single possessive subjective)
ā tātou (alienable first-person inclusive plural possessed-many possessive subjective)
ō tātou (first-person inalienable inclusive plural possessed-many possessive subjective)
tā mātou (alienable exclusive first-person plural possessed-single possessive subjective)
tō mātou (exclusive first-person inalienable plural possessed-single possessive subjective)
ā mātou (alienable exclusive first-person plural possessed-many possessive subjective)
ō mātou (exclusive first-person inalienable plural possessed-many possessive subjective)
tā koutou (alienable plural possessed-single possessive second-person subjective)
tō koutou (inalienable plural possessed-single possessive second-person subjective)
ā koutou (alienable plural possessed-many possessive second-person subjective)
ō koutou (inalienable plural possessed-many possessive second-person subjective)
tā rātou (alienable plural possessed-single possessive subjective third-person)
tō rātou (inalienable plural possessed-single possessive subjective third-person)
ā rātou (alienable plural possessed-many possessive subjective third-person)
ō rātou (inalienable plural possessed-many possessive subjective third-person)
alienable possession (alienable plural possessive subjective)
inalienable possession (inalienable plural possessive subjective)

From Proto-Eastern Polynesian *au, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *au, from Proto-Polynesian *au, from Proto-Oceanic *au, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
 Cognate with Indonesian aku, Malagasy aho, Tagalog ako.

Ko aku tīpuna ērā.

my (when talking of more than one thing)


aku

From Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.


aku

From Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.


aku

Javanese: ꦲꦏꦸ (aku)


aku

From Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.


aku

From Proto-Polynesian *qa-ku. Cognates include Maori āku.


aku

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.


aku

Banjarese: aku

Ibanic

Iban: aku

Malayan

desc

Malay: aku, ku, ku-, -ku, daku / اکو (aku), کو (ku), کو- (-ku), -کو (ku-), داکو (daku)

Indonesian: aku, akoe (pre-1947)

me (direct or indirect object of a verb; object of a preposition)


this

From Middle English this, from Old English þis (neuter demonstrative), from North Sea Germanic base *þa- "that", from Proto-Germanic *þat, from Proto-Indo-European *tód, extended form of demonstrative base *to-; + North-West Germanic definitive suffix -s, from Proto-Indo-European *só (“this, that”).
Cognate with Scots this (“this”), Saterland Frisian dusse (“this”), West Frisian dizze (“this”), German dies, dieses (“this”), Old Gutnish þissi (“this”).

This isn't the item that I ordered.


dia

he, she (3rd-person singular personal pronoun)


dia

From Malay dia, from Proto-Malayic *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.

Dia lagi ngelempus.

Dia demen ama tu orang.


dia

From Malay dia, cognate with ia, -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.

Dia bisa berbahasa Inggris.

Dia mempunyai kegemaran menari.


dia

Cognate with ia, -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(si-)ia, from Proto-Austronesian *(si-)ia.


dia

table
di (“of/from”) + -a (relative pronoun)


dia

table
do (“to/for”) + -a (relative pronoun)


dia

they (many), them (many) (third-person plural pronoun)


ben

ben (nominative singular)
biz (nominative plural)
beni (accusative definite singular)
bizi (accusative definite plural)
bana (dative singular)
bize (dative plural)
bende (locative singular)
bizde (locative plural)
benden (ablative singular)
bizden (ablative plural)
benim (genitive singular)
bizim (genitive plural)

From Ottoman Turkish بن (ben, “I”), from Proto-Turkic *ben (“I”).
Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /men/), 𐰋𐰤 (b²n² /ben/, “I”), Karakhanid مَنْ (men, “I”), Azerbaijani mən, Bashkir мин (min), Chuvash эпӗ (ep̬ĕ), Kazakh мен (men), Kyrgyz мен (men), Turkmen men.
Possibly related to Mongolian би (bi, “I”), Manchu ᠪᡳ (bi, “I”).


man

From Middle English man, from Old English mann m (“human being, person, man”), from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann- m, from Proto-Indo-European *mon- (“human being, man”). Doublet of Manu.

mang

dialectal rendering, suggesting a Spanish accent

mane

dialectal rendering, suggesting an AAVE accent

mon

used in the vocative, in places such as Jamaica and Shropshire in England

man's got some new creps

Sully: If it weren’t for that snake […] Man wouldn’t even be in this mess right now.

before I got arrested man paid for my own ticket to go Jamaica you know . but I’ve never paid to go on no holiday before this time I paid (Dexter, MLE)

2013, Jenny Cheshire, “Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun”, in Journal of Sociolinguistics, volume 17, number 5, page 609

Blood I swear she just gave man extra chicken? Two fat pieces of chicken.

2017, Joseph Barnes Phillips, Big Foot ...and Tiny Little Heartstrings

(MLE, slang, personal pronoun) Used to refer to oneself or one's group: I, we; construed in the third person.

man thinks i was born yesterday

Oh, come on. Help a brother out. People see you coppin', might inspire them. Look, I know you ain't payin' bills right now. Man must have bare peas saved up.

2023, Nathan Bryon, Tom Melia, directed by Raine Allen-Miller, Rye Lane, spoken by Nathan (Simon Manyonda)

(MLE, slang, personal pronoun) You; construed in the third person.

man don't care

He was of all colours Þat man may se of flours Be-twene Mydsomer and May.

c. 1450, Thomas Chestre, Libeaus Desconus

I don’t really mind how . how my girl looks if she looks decent yeah and there’s one bit of her face that just looks mashed yeah . I don’t care it’s her personality man’s looking at (Alex, Multicultural London English corpus [MLE])

(MLE, slang, indefinite personal pronoun) Any person, one


man

I, first person singular pronoun, as subject


man

head

man (accusative en or én, possessive ens or éns)

en (accusative)
én (accusative)
ens (possessive)
éns (possessive)

The same word as the noun mand (“man”). Calque of German man.

you, one, they, people (a general, unspecified person)

I (used modestly instead of the first-person pronoun)

you (used derogatorily instead of the second-person pronoun)


man

(colloquial) one, they (indefinite third-person singular pronoun)