o-

Mii go imaa ziigigamideg, mii imaa o-gondaabiiginag zhingobaandag.

If it boiled over, I dipped the bough in the kettle.

go somewhere to do something, go over there to


bi-

Bi-anokiin.

this way, here, hither (toward the speaker)


ge-

form of da- or daa- used in the changed conjunct order


gichi-

Gichi-bagakaasige awe dibiki-giizis aana-aabitawaabikizid.

The moon is really bright even though it's a half-moon.


ishkwaa-

Gii-ishkwaa-gidasigaadeg i'iw manoomin, mii zhigwa gii-mimigoshkigaadeg.

After the rice is parched, then it is threshed.


da-

head

da- (plain conjunct ji- or da-, changed conjunct ge-)

In Algonquin, this preverb has the form gada- when there is no prefix (gada-maajaa "he/she will leave", giga-maajaa "you will leave"). It is likely that gada- is the original form of this preverb, and the allomorphy between da- and ga- in other dialects is the result of a historical process of syncopation that deleted a metrically weak syllable. With no prefix, the syllable ga was weak and consequently was deleted (*gadá-maajaa > da-maajaa), but when a prefix was added, ga was in a strong position, and so da was deleted instead (*ningáda-maajaa > ninga-maajaa). The form ji- similarly appears as giji- in Algonquin. The initial change form ge- would be from *geda-, where the first syllable would have been strong because it contained a long vowel.

wiisiniwag

da-wiisiniwag

ninga-wiisin

(some speakers) form of daa- used in the conjunct order


kahta

nkata (first-person singular)
kata (second-person singular)
kahta (singular third-person)
kòta (singular third-person)
nkatamuhëna (first-person inclusive plural)
katamuhëna (exclusive first-person plural)
katamuhëmo (plural second-person)
kahtatamuk (plural third-person)
kòtatamuk (plural third-person)

kahta pe.

O, kxans kahta ame.

Oh, your elder brother wanted to go fishing.

Kahta èt mpi mëne.


pi-

Gaawiin ganage gii-pi-izhaasiin.

Alternative form of bi- (when not in word initial position)


daa-

daa- (plain conjunct ji- or da-, changed conjunct ge-)

can, could, should, would, might, must (modal preverb of possibility, necessity, or obligation)


ga-

form of da- used after a personal prefix


ji-

"Oo, yay," ikido, "mii waabang ji-maajaayaang," ikido.

"Oh, goodness, we will leave tomorrow," she said.

form of da- or daa- used in the unchanged conjunct order


ა-

Indicates movement from low to high/down to up

Derives perfective verbs from imperfective ones


გამო-

Usually denotes motion outwards and towards the speaker.


მი-

მიტანა მიტანა#Georgian

Indicates movement from the speaker (see, მიტანა (miṭana))

მიხვრეტა მიხვრეტა#Georgian

ხვრეტა ხვრეტა#Georgian

Derives perfective verbs from imperfective ones (see, მიხვრეტა (mixvreṭa), ხვრეტა (xvreṭa))

მიალაგებს მიალაგებს#Georgian

ალაგებს ალაგებს#Georgian

Makes the future tense from the present (see, მიალაგებს (mialagebs), ალაგებს (alagebs))

მიხვდება მიხვდება#Georgian

დახვდება დახვდება#Georgian

Sometimes changes the meaning of a verb (see, მიხვდება (mixvdeba), დახვდება (daxvdeba))


წარ-

(archaic) Alternative form of წა- (c̣a-)


წარმო-

(archaic) Alternative form of წამო- (c̣amo-). However, it's used to produce a number of modern words.


წა-

Indicates the direction of the verb: from here to there

Indicates that action denoted by verb is superficial


წამო-

Indicates the direction of the verb: from there to here


ჩა-

From Old Georgian შთა- (šta-), equivalent to შე- (še-) + და- (da-): *შედა- (šeda-) -> *შდა- (šda-) -> შთა- (šta-) -> ჩა- (ča-).

Indicates the direction of the verb: from up to low (sometimes inside too)


ამო-

Indicates the direction of the verb: towards a teller which is higher in order, position etc.


li-

In a certain manner; in a certain way; toward


შე-

Indicates movement or direction
from outside to inside

Indicates movement or direction
from lower to higher

Indicates that the action has not yet finished

Indicates that the action is being done on a surface


keʔči-

Central Algonquian:

Cree: ᑭᔅᒋ- (kisci-, “big”)

Plains Cree: (“big”)

Latin script: kisci-

Canadian syllabics script: ᑭᐢᒋ

Ojibwe: gichi- (“big, a lot”)

Fox: kehči- (“much, very big”)

Menominee: kɛʔče- (“big, much”)

Eastern Algonquian:

Abenaki: kchi (“big, great”)

Mohegan-Pequot: kôkci- (“big”)

Munsee: kíhchi- (“big, very”)

Unami: kit- (“big”)

Penobscot: ktci (“big, great”)


kihchi-

kíhchi- (canonical)
kíhči- (alternative)


ish-

Alternative form of isht- (“with, about”) preverb before a consonant.


kwŭnii-

From Proto-Eastern Algonquian *kwən- (“long”).


wŭli-

Cognates with Unami wëli, Massachusett wunne, Mohegan-Pequot wuyi-, Malecite-Passamaquoddy woli.


suk-

From Proto-Algonquian *soᐧk- (“to pour, to soak”).


ahpam-

From Proto-Algonquian *papa·m (“about, around”).


wënchi

head

wënchi (1st person nëwënchi, 2nd person kwënchi, 3rd person wënchi)

nëwënchi (first-person)
kwënchi (second-person)
wënchi (third-person)

From Proto-Algonquian *wenči (“whence, from, because”).

inh

íka wënchi-kchiyok.

Tash kwënchi-watun tìli alukin?


izhi-

Akina gaa-izhi-boozitood imaa gii-pi-maajidaabii'iweyaang gigizheb.

When she loaded all of it up, we drove off in the morning.


gaa-

Miish miinawaa azhigwa gii-wenda-ginzhizhawizid a'aw mindimooyenh, miinawaa azhigwa gaa-izhi-desa'oniked.

The old lady really was industrious and made sleeping platforms.


gii-

Miish miinawaa azhigwa gii-wenda-ginzhizhawizid a’aw mindimooyenh, miinawaa azhigwa gaa-izhi-desa’oniked.

The only lady really was industrious and made sleeping platforms.


ani-

Ambe ani-maajaadaa.


waa-

Niwii-noojinikawemin waa-ziigwang


gigizhebaa-

Mii zhigwa ji-gigizhebaa-wiisiniyangoban.


ezhi-

Miish i’iw enanokiiyaan niin, mii ezhi-niibawiyaan jiigishkode ganawaabandamaan gegoo iwidi ziigigamidesinog, ezhi-dakonag zhingobaandag.

What I did was stand by the fire watching things so they didn't boil over, holding a fir bough.

changed conjunct form of izhi- (used in changed conjunct verbs without a preceding preverb)


babaa-

Gabe-niibin nimbabaa-mawinz.

I've been going around picking berries all summer.


mangi-

* mang- (big) + -i (final occurring in preverbs)


enda-

Way, yay, wewiib enda-gizhigaawan iniw ininaatigoon.

Goodness gracious, hurry, the maples are running just fast.


wenda-

Niwenda-ishkab.


jibwaa-

Gidaa-gagwe-minjimapidoonan ini mashkosiwan jibwaa-maajiidooying.

Before we take that hay out of here, you'd better tie it down good.


endaso-

Ingoding igo azhigwa, apane endaso-giizhig igo waabamaad iniw mitigoon.

The time came that she was looking at the trees every day.


გა-

Indicates the direction/movement:
from inside to outside

Indicates the direction/movement:
from 1st person


awi-

Aazhawaya'ii iwidi awi-atoon 'i apabiwin..

go somewhere to do something, go over there to


niwii-

Niwii-noojinikawemin waa-ziigwang


wii-

Niwii-noojinikawemin waa-ziigwang


ako-

Mii 'i zhigwa aabito-diba'igan gaa-ako-bimwewebizod.

It's been half an hour now since we heard him go by.


onji-

ond- (“from a certain place, for a certain reason”) + -i (final that occurs in preverbs)

Gaawiin minwamanji'osii gaa-onji-nanaandomod.

He didn't feel good; that's why he went for treatment.


azhe-

neyaab

as before, back to a previous place or condition


epiichi-

Wayiiba mooka’am, noondawangidwaa noondaagoziwaad epiichi-zaagewebizowaad.

Early the next morning as the sun came up, we could hear the geese calling as they came flying.


isht-

From isht. Compare Alabama ist-, Creek (e)s-.


გადმო-

From Old Georgian გარდმო- (gardmo-), equivalent to გადა- (gada-) + მო- (mo-).

Indicates movement over something towards speakers direction

Derives perfective verbs from imperfective ones


და-

From Old Georgian და- (da-, “movement from up to low”).


მო-

მო- (mo-) + ლვ- (lv-, “to go”) → მულუნ (mulun, “S/he comes”)


ჩამო-

From Old Georgian შთამო- (štamo-), equivalent to ჩა- (ča-) + მო- (mo-). According to Akaki Shanidze, it replaced the now obsolete preverb დამო- (damo-), Consisting of და- (da-) + მო- (mo-). However, both prefixes are very much alive and productive separately. This preverb only survives in fixed forms such as დამოკიდებული (damoḳidebuli), which in modern Georgian would be rendered as ჩამოკიდებული (čamoḳidebuli).

Indicates the direction of the verb: from up to low and towards the speaker


შემო-

movement into/inside or up to the first/second person (coming, hither)

Indicates movement or direction
circular movement round sb/sth

Indicates an involuntary/unwitting/imperceptible action


მიმო-

Consisting of antonymous pair of preverbsː მი- (mi-) + მო- (mo-). The former signifies movement away from, while the latter towards the speaker.

Indicates the direction of the verb: both away from and towards the speaker, back and forth, to and from.

მიმოსვლა მიმოსვლა#Georgian

მიმოწერა მიმოწერა#Georgian

მიმოქცევა მიმოქცევა#Georgian

მიმოცვლა მიმოცვლა#Georgian

მიმოხილვა მიმოხილვა#Georgian

Derives verbal nouns that describe repeatitive events or phenomena that involve back and forth movement or exchange of something ― მიმოსვლა (mimosvla, “transportation”, literally “coming and going”), მიმოწერა (mimoc̣era, “written correspondence, conversation”), მიმოქცევა (mimokceva, “ebb and flow; (blood) circulation”), მიმოცვლა (mimocvla, “exchange; intercommunication”), მიმოხილვა (mimoxilva, “review”).


lapich

Lapich knewël.

future tense marker for something that will happen again


𐔸𐔰-

Udi: та- (ta-)

𐔸𐔰𐔼𐕘𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (taiġesun) (“to move away”)

𐔸𐔰𐕢𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (tapesun) (“to put off”)

𐔸𐔰𐔳𐔰𐕘𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (tadaġesun) (“to giveaway”)


𐕆𐔴-

Udi: е- (e-)

𐕆𐔴𐕘𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (heġesun) (“to come closer”)

𐕆𐔴𐕣𐔰𐔾𐔴𐕢𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (hekalepesun) (“to call hither”)

𐕆𐔴𐕍𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (heq̇esun) (“to take”)


𐕆𐕒𐕙𐕒-

Udi: фуру- (furu-)

𐕆𐕒𐕙𐕒𐔰𐕇𐔰𐔺 (horoax̣ay) (“being around”)

𐕆𐕒𐕙𐕒𐔼𐕘𐔴𐕚𐕒𐕡𐕎 (horoiġesun) (“walk around”)


ელა-

ელა- (ela-) + ულუნ (ulun, “S/he goes”) → ელულუნ (elulun, “S/he ascends on a slightly incline”)

ელა- (ela-) + ხედ- (xed-, “to sit”) → ელახედუნ (elaxedun, “S/he sits to the side”)


ამა-

ამა- (ama-) + ულუნ (ulun, “S/he goes”) → ამულუნ (amulun, “S/he enters”)

ამა- (ama-) + დვ- (dv-, “to put”) → ამადუმერს (amadumers, “S/he puts in”)

ამა- (ama-) + ქუნ- (kun-, “to wear”) → ამოქუნამს (amokunams, “S/he dresses someone pants, skirt etc.”)

(dialectal, Sumla, Arkabi) below the waist

ამა- (ama-) + ოკიდამს (oǩidams, “S/he hangs”) → ამოკიდამს (amoǩidams, “S/he hangs up from height level (usually used for on the ceiling of the house)”)

(dialectal, Vitse–Arkabi, Khopa, Chkhala) above the height level


გე-

გე- (ge-) + ულუნ (ulun, “S/he goes”) → გჲულუნ (gyulun, “S/he comes down”)

გე- (ge-) + დგ- (dg-, “to put”) → გედგიმს (gedgims, “S/he puts down”)

გე- (ge-) + დუმ- (dum-, “to put”) → გედუმერს (gedumers, “S/he is putting something on top of something”)

გე- (ge-) + კვათუმს (ǩvatums, “S/he cuts”) → გეკვათუმს (geǩvatums, “S/he cuts from the bottom”)

გე- (ge-) + ჩამს (çams, “S/he feeds someone”) → გეჩამს (geçams, “S/he hits someone”)


ჯე-

ჯე- (ce-) + ულუნ (ulun, “S/he goes”) → ჯულუნ (culun, “S/he comes down”)

ჯე- (ce-) + ბ- (b-, “to hang”) → ჯუბუნ (cubun, “It hangs on a string or pole without touching anything else”)

ჯე- (ce-) + დ- (d-, “to put”) → ჯედუმს (cedums, “S/he puts something horizontally on something or in a container”)

ჯე- (ce-) + ღურუნ (ğurun, “S/he dies”) → ჯეღურუნ (ceğurun, “S/he dies on something”)

ჯე- (ce-) + კვათუმს (ǩvatums, “S/he cuts”) → ჯეკვათუმს (ceǩvatums, “S/he cuts something from top to bottom”)

ჯე- (ce-) + ჩამს (çams, “S/he feeds someone”) → ჯეჩამს (ceçams, “S/he hits someone”)

Atina, Vizha, and Artasheni form of გე- (ge-)


დო-

From Proto-Georgian-Zan *da- (“preverb of direction, down(wards) on surface”).

inh

დო- (do-) + ბღ- (bğ-, “to spill”) → დობღამს (dobğams, “S/he spills the granular solid on the ground”)

დო- (do-) + ზდ- (zd-, “to pull”) → დოზდამს (dozdams, “She looks or acts like one of her/his family”)


ჯეკა-

ceǩa- (romanization)
Vizha (romanization)
Artasheni (romanization)

ჯეკა- (ceǩa-) + ბგ- (bg-, “to cry”) → ჯეკვობგაჲ (ceǩvobgay, “to cry for or after someone”)

ჯეკა- (ceǩa-) + ღურ- (ğur-, “to die”) → ჯეკუღურუნ (ceǩuğurun, “to die afterward of someone”)


გელა-

გელა- (gela-) + ულუნ (ulun, “S/he goes”) → გელულუნ (gelulun, “S/he goes downhill”)

From up to down
Top to bottom on a low slope

From top to bottom, something that is above the ground

გელა- (gela-) + ხენ (xen, “S/he sits”) → გელახენ (gelaxen, “S/he sits on tip or edge”)

by moving from top to bottom, along the edge, or to the end


maxkii-

From Proto-Algonquian *meskwi (“blood, red”). Cognate with Unami màxksu.


kiish-

kiisháhleew

finish putting someone down, finish putting someone there

kiishakuníimeew

to judge someone, finish talking about someone

kiishambíileew

finish tying someone, finish harnessing someone

kíish'seew

cook (something animate) to completion/until done


aɣ-

Old Georgian: აღ- (aɣ-)

Georgian: ა- (a-)

Zan:

Laz: ო- (o-)

Mingrelian: ო- (o-)

preverb indicating upwards directionality; up, upwards


გო-

Inherited from Proto-Georgian-Zan *ga(n)- (preverb of direction "outside, outwards"). Cognate with Georgian გა- (ga-) and Mingrelian გო- (go-).

inh+

გო- (go-) + ბღ- (bğ-, “to pour”) → გობღუნ (gobğun, “A granular solid is lying scattered on something high”)

გო- (go-) + ჭკონდ- (ç̌ǩond-, “to forget”) → გოჭკონდუნ (goç̌ǩondun, “S/he forgets”)


მე-

Inherited from Proto-Georgian-Zan *mi- (aside from speaker).

inh+

მე- (me-) + დგით- (dgit-, “to stand”) → ნოდგითუნ (nodgitun, “S/he stops by approaching something”)

by moving off from the speaker in parallel with the ground

მე- (me-) + ტროხ- (ťrox-, “to break”) → ნოტროხუნ (noťroxun, “S/he gets hurt at a little part of her/his body”)

მე- (me-) + კვათ- (ǩvat-, “to cut”) → მეკვათუმს (meǩvatums, “S/he cuts”)


alà

alà kshaxën


ჯელა-

ჯელა- (cela-) + ულუნ (ulun, “S/he goes”) → ჯელულუნ (celulun, “S/he comes down”)

ჯელა- (cela-) + ბ- (b-, “to hang”) → ჯელაბამს (celabams, “It hangs on a string or pole without touching anything else”)

ჯელა- (cela-) + ბ- (b-, “to pour”) → ჯელაბამს (celabams, “S/he pours down liquid from to to bottom”)

ჯელა- (cela-) + ხედ- (xed-, “to sit”) → ჯელახედუნ (celaxedun, “S/he sits on the edge”)

გელა- გელა-#Laz

Atina, Vizha, and Artasheni form of გელა- (gela-)


txi

head

txi (1st person ntëntxi, 2nd person ktëntxi, 3rd person tëntxi, with initial change èntxi)

ntëntxi (first-person)
ktëntxi (second-person)
tëntxi (third-person)

Wèmi nëmilanèn kansèm entxi wëlataenk

kwëtash txi-kahtënamu.