auf

From Middle High German ūf, from Old High German ūf, from Proto-Germanic *upp. This form with a lengthened vowel is originally Upper German. Central German forms were Middle High German uf and (western) up. Compare Luxembourgish op, Dutch op, English up.

Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch.

[with dative] on, upon (positioned at the top of)

Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch.

[with accusative] on, onto, up (moving to the top of)

Das erste Getränk geht aufs Haus.

Das fällt nicht auf dich zurück, sondern auf mich. Ich hab's vermasselt.

That's not on you but on me. I messed up.

[with accusative] on (indicating responsibility)

Niemand auf der Welt hätte das voraussehen können.

No one in the world could have predicted that.

auf dem Stadtplatz

Das Schiff ist auf See

auf der Kirmes

auf der Post

[with dative] in, at; used with certain nouns instead of bei or in

auf die Kirmes

auf die Post

[with accusative] to; used with certain nouns instead of zu or in

Was heißt das auf Deutsch?

(with a language name) in (see usage note below)

Wörter auf -heit sind weiblich.

(linguistics) in (of a word: ending with some sound or syllable)

Du kannst doch auf (’n) Sonntag nich’ den Rasen mähen!

(archaic or colloquial, regional, northern and western Germany) on (a day; usually of the week)

auf Jahre hinaus

[with accusative] for (during the continuation of)

Lasst uns auf deine Gesundheit drinken!

Sie spielen auf Zeit.

[with accusative] to, for (indicating purpose, goal or wish)

X auf Y Meter groß

Im Inneren befindet sich eine 4 auf 6 Meter große und 5 Meter hohe Grabkamme . Vor der Pyramide standen vier Säulen , die vermutlich Bronzestatuen des Cestius trugen.

2009, Ursula Muscheler, Sternstunden der Architektur: von den Pyramiden bis zum Turmbau von Dubai (Beck'sche Reihe), C.H.Beck, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 19:

[with accusative] by (used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something)


pole

(Kuyavia) Alternative form of podle (“next to, near”)


sans

From Middle English saunz, sans, borrowed from Old French sans, senz, sens, from Latin sine (“without”) conflated with absēns (“absent, remote”). Compare French sans, Italian senza, Portuguese sem, and Spanish sin.

Bero[wne]. […] And to begin Wench, ſo God helpe me law,
My loue to thee is ſound, ſance cracke or flaw.
Roſa[line]. Sans, ſans, I pray you.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), W. Shakespere [i.e., William Shakespeare], A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto), London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, published 1598, →OCLC; republished as Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5), London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii], signature H3, recto, lines 414–416:

Those with brooms started to sweep literally, at the feet of the crowd, driving it back into the side streets from which it had emerged to form this assembly – now riders sans steeds.

1982, Lawrence Durrell, Constance (Avignon Qutet), Faber & Faber, published 2004, page 766:

But regardless of when Wally had parked himself out in that backyard—sans coat or jacket—somehow, the old lady must have known where Wally would be before he drove out to the Isaacs trailer—or else she followed him out there from his house.

1991, A. R. Morlan, The Amulet, page 212:

Skin needs ultraviolet radiation to begin the synthesis of vitamin D, but dermatologists say you can probably get the necessary electromagnetic input from a mere 20 minutes of sun exposure a week, as you go about your daily affairs, sunblocked and sans beach.

2007 September 4, Natalie Angier, “A Supple Casing, Prone to Damage”, in New York Times:

(literary, now chiefly humorous) without, lacking


sans

Inherited from Old French sans, senz, sens, from Latin sine conflated with absentia in the sense "without". Cognates include Spanish sin, Portuguese sem, Italian senza, Catalan sens, sense.

Je ne veux pas partir sans toi.

Elle est partie sans parler à personne.


sans

French: sans


sans

From Old French sans, senz, sens, from Latin sine conflated with absentia in the sense "without".

I' n'y a pas de rue sàns but.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 520:


cross

From Middle English cross, cros, from Old English cros (“rood, cross”), perhaps from Old Irish cros (compare Welsh croes, Irish crois), perhaps from Latin crux (cruci). In this sense displaced native Middle English rood, from Old English rōd; see rood.
The sense of "two intersecting lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles" without regard to religious signification develops from the late 14th century.
cognates
*Old Norse kross (“cross”)
*Icelandic kross (“cross”)
*Faroese krossur (“cross”)
*Danish kors (“cross”)
*Swedish kors (“cross”)
*German Kreuz (“cross”)
*Dutch kruis (“cross”)

She walked cross the mountains.

A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.

1692, Roger L’Estrange, “ (please specify the fable number.) (please specify the name of the fable.)”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC:

The Lorentz force is q times v cross B.

The cross product of the previous vector and the following vector.


dari

First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683AD.

Dia datang dari Kanada.

Juan Carlos I dari Sepanyol


si

Compare Bikol Central si, Indonesian si, and Malay si.


si

Si Jan ya.

Si yu buk-dem ya.


si

to, at, toward (used when movement is implied)


bar

From Middle English barren, from Old French barrer, from Medieval Latin barrare (“to bar”), from the noun. Cognate to Occitan barrar, Spanish barrar, Portuguese barrar.
Preposition properly imperative of the verb. Compare barring.

He invited everyone to his wedding bar his ex-wife.

"I might be a fool," the younger man admitted quietly, "even an idiot, but there's not a person living, bar you, who possess the courage to call me a weakling, Sir."

1936, F.J. Thwaites, chapter I, in The Redemption, Sydney: H. John Edwards, page 5:

These see the overhead wires installed on all bar the slow lines between Bedford and Wellingborough by next May, with the remaining section completed by August, when the full programme is due to be completed.

2019 October, Philip Sherratt, “Midland Main Line upgrade presses on”, in Modern Railways, page 62:

Leg At Each Corner is at 3/1, Lost My Shirt 5/1, and it's 10/1 bar.

(horse racing) Denotes the minimum odds offered on other horses not mentioned by name.


bar

From Middle High German and Old High German bar.


fo

foym (first-person singular)
foyd (second-person singular)
fo (masculine singular third-person)
foee (singular)
foin (first-person plural)
feue (plural second-person)
foue (plural third-person)
foyms (emphatic first-person singular)
foyds (emphatic second-person singular)
fosyn (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
foeeish (emphatic singular)
foinyn (emphatic first-person plural)
feueish (emphatic plural second-person)
fouesyn (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish fo, from Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).


fo

foum (first-person singular)
fout (second-person singular)
fó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foí (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foæ (dative feminine singular third-person)
founn (first-person plural)
foïb (dative plural third-person)

Irish: faoi

Manx: fo

Scottish Gaelic: fo

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).

Ní taít Día fo tairṅgere conid·chumscaiged.

God does not come under a promise that he should alter it.

Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑aí fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

Ní fú indidit a·tá irascemini sunt .i. irascemini fercaigthe-si, acht is fo imchomarc a·tá.

It is not in affirmation that irascemini is here, i.e. irascemini you pl are angry, but it is in interrogation. [In other words, irascemini is here a question, not a statement. The Latin verb is actually in the future tense, but the Old Irish gloss of it is in the present tense.]

Ní hé apstal cita·rogab in testimin so. Aliter: Ní fóu da·uc int apstal fon chéill fuand·rogab in fáith.

It is not (the) apostle who first uttered this text. Otherwise: The apostle did not apply it in the sense in which the prophet uttered it.


fo

head

fo (+ dative, triggers lenition, combined with the singular definite article fon)

fodham (first-person singular)
fodhamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
fodhad (second-person singular)
fodhadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
fodha (masculine singular third-person)
fodhasan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
fòidhpe (feminine singular third-person)
fòidhpese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
fodhainn (first-person plural)
fodhainne (emphatic first-person plural)
fodhaibh (plural second-person)
fodhaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
fòdhpa (plural third-person)
fòdhpasan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish fo. Cognates include Irish faoi and Manx fo.


ex

From Proto-Italic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex) or ἐκ (ek), Old Irish ess-, a, ass, Lithuanian ìš and Old Church Slavonic из (iz).


ex

Old Breton: ech

Middle Welsh: ech

Welsh: a, ech-

From Proto-Celtic *exs. Cognate with Old Irish a.


fan

au fan tiss

übar fan Ròan


fan

desctree

Middle Dutch: van
Dutch: van
Afrikaans: van
Berbice Creole Dutch: fan
Javindo: fan
Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n
Negerhollands: van, fan, fa
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fam
Skepi Creole Dutch: fan
Limburgish: ven


fan

Middle Low German: van, von

Dutch Low Saxon: van

German Low German: van, von, vun

From Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, whence also Old High German fon.


fan

From Old Frisian fon, from Proto-Germanic *fanē.


don

Chaidh i don bhùth.


ee

Th' valler w'speen here, th' lass ee chourch-hey.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 84:

The more we spend here, the less in the churchyard.

Joud an moud vrem earchee ete was ee Lough.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 84:

Throngs and crowds from each quarter were at the Lough;

Zitch vaperreen, an shimmereen, fan ee-daff ee aar scoth!

Such vapouring and glittering when stript in their shirts!


ob

Inherited from Old Czech ob, from Proto-Slavic *obь.

Nakupovat jezdíme ob týden.


ob

From Middle High German obe, from Old High German oba, from Proto-Germanic *ub (“under”), from Proto-Indo-European *upó (“under, below”). Related with über, oben.
A chiefly Upper German word, pronounced with a short vowel in Alemannic areas and with a long vowel in Austro-Bavarian areas. In the north, the short vowel is from etymology 1, perhaps also reinforced by association with regional forms of auf (Central Franconian op, Low German up, op). The long vowel is standard in Obacht, beobachten.

inh

Viele Seifenkisten haben ob ihrer dünnen Räder nicht die Bodenhaftung eines normalen Autoreifens und verfügen nur über so genannte Stempelbremsen.

2019, Editorial Staff, “Große Enttäuschung nach Abbruch vom Seifenkistenrennen”, in Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger:

Many soapbox cars, on account of their thin wheels, do not have the traction of a normal car tire and have only so-called spoon brakes at their disposal.

(formal, literary) on account of [with genitive or (rare) dative]

(archaic or dialectal) over, above, on [with dative]


ob

From Proto-Italic *op, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), and Old Armenian եւ (ew). Also related to English by.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE direct object.

ob haec, ob hoc, ob ea, ob eam rem

for this/that reason, because of this/that reason

ob aliquam rem gratia

on account of, according to, because of, due to, for (the purpose of)


ob

Old English: ob-, of-

>? Old English: ufe-, ofe-

Old Saxon: of

>? Middle Low German: uf

Old Dutch: of

Old High German: ob, oba

Middle High German: ob, obe

German: ob


ser

li ser maseyê

di ser me ra bihurî

bi ser ketin

win, win over; literally "get over, get on top"

over (with bi (“with”) or di ... re (“through”))


zu

From a spelling merger of two interrelated adpreps: 1.) Middle High German ze, from Old High German za, zi, from Proto-Germanic *ta; and 2.) Middle High German zuo, from Old High German zuo, from Proto-Germanic *tō. A distinction between both words has widely been retained in dialects, and also to some degree in modern spoken German (see pronunciation section below). Cognate with Silesian East Central German zu (contractions with the definite article: zum m or n, zur f); Dutch te, toe; Old Saxon tō; English to, too.

zum Bahnhof

Zu Punkt 1 möchte ich bemerken, dass...

With respect to item 1, let me remark that...

Wasser zum Essen trinken

along with; with (accompanying (the main thing in question))

zu Hause

zur richtigen Zeit

zu Beginn

zu Pferd

by, in, on, at (indicates mode (of transportation, speech, etc.))

(with a verb) for; (with a noun) as, by way of (for the purpose of)

for (in honor of, or directed towards the celebration or event of)

into (indicates transition into another form or substance)


zu

Reduced form of zou, from Middle High German zuo, from Old High German zuo, from Proto-Germanic *tō.

Ech wunnen zu Réiden.

Dat Blietchen ass nëmmen zu denger Informatioun.

The leaflet is just for your information.


zu

Compare German zu, Dutch te, English to.


nur

head

nur (+ dative, triggers eclipsis of a vowel)

of a vowel (triggers-eclipsis)
nam (first-person possessive singular)
nar (first-person plural possessive)
nad (possessive second-person singular)
nur (plural possessive second-person)
nam^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
nam^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

Univerbation of an (“in”) + ur (“your”).


vir

From Dutch voor (“for; before”) or rather the dialectal variant veur (compare deur with Dutch door). The Afrikaans distinction between vir (“for”) and voor (“before”) may have been influenced by corresponding German für and vor.

Dit is vir jou!

Sy roep vir haar sussie.

Amen, sê ek vir julle.

Die ou man het gesein vir die motorbestuurder.

The old man signalled to the car driver.

Used to indicate the addressee of a communicative act.

Die vrou moer vir die inbreker toe met 'n hamer.

The woman then whacked the burglar with a hammer.


nach

sometimes alternatively as a preposition, unless stressed

From Middle High German nāh, from Old High German nāh with preservation of word-final -h as -ch; thus pertaining to modern nah (“near”) (from Old High German inflected nāh-), from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Cognate with Dutch na, English nigh.

Viertel nach sechs

nach einer Woche

B kommt nach A.

die Flucht nach Ägypten

to, towards (with geographical names; see usage notes below)

1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19

The grandchildren had furnished their own rooms according to their personal taste.

Die eigenen Zimmer hatten sich die Enkel nach persönlichem Geschmack eingerichtet.

die Analyse nach Marx

Das riecht nach Knoblauch.

(with verbs of sensual perception) like (see usage notes below)

nach etwas greifen

nach etwas streben

nach etwas suchen


less

Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).
Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).
Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.
Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.

der

It should then tax all of that as personal income, less the proportion of the car's annual mileage demonstrably clocked up on company business.


sedan

From Old Swedish siþan, from Old Norse síðan.
See Norwegian siden. Cognate with Old English siþþan.

Sedan det året har vi varit tillsammans ständigt.

Since that year, we have been together all the time.


pou

Anvwaye espesyal Etazini pou Venezuela, Elliot Abrams, ak vis-minis afè etranjè Larisi, Sergei Ryabkov, ap fè reyinyon nan vil Wòm ann Itali pou yo pale sou “sityasyon Venezuela kap agrave.”

2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik:

American Special Envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams and Russian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Ryabkov are meeting in the city of Rome, Italy to speak about "the worsening situation in Venezuela."


pou

From French pour. Compare Haitian Creole pou.


sum

From Latin subtus, from sub. Compare Romanian sub.


via

Borrowed from Latin viā (“by the way (of)”), ablative singular of via (“way, road”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-via.wav

Audio (US)

They drove from New York to Los Angeles via Omaha.

You can enter the building via the western gate.

I'll send you the information via e-mail.

A farmer could place an order for a new tractor part by text message and pay for it by mobile money-transfer. A supplier many miles away would then take the part to the local matternet station for airborne dispatch via drone.

2012 December 1, “An internet of airborne things”, in The Economist, volume 405, number 8813, page 3 (Technology Quarterly):

Under the assumptions of Proposition 5 the entropies h(τ) and H(k) are related via the following equation: […]

2005, “Capacity Bounds For MIMO Poisson Channels With Intersymbol Interference, Appendix C”, in Enrico Forestieri, editor, Optical Communication Theory and Techniques, →ISBN, page 44:


via

Familien kørte til Aalborg via Aarhus.
The family drove to Aalborg via Aarhus.

Bestillingen kan betales via smartphone

The order can be paid for via smartphone


via

Borrowed from Latin viā, the ablative of via (“road, way”), of uncertain origin, plausibly cognate with vehere (“to conduct”). Entered Dutch in the Latin phrase per via de (“by way of”), after the Portuguese por via de.


via

Borrowed from Latin viā, the ablative of via (“road, way”), of uncertain origin, plausibly cognate with vehō (“convey”).


via

Ultimately from Latin viā, the ablative of via (“road, way”). Cognate with English via, Danish via, Dutch via, Norwegian Bokmål via.


via

Learned borrowing from Latin viā (“by way of”).


py

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(Germanesque) Pronunciation spelling of by.


Borrowed from Portuguese na, contraction of em a.

Ya dale yo todos na mi amigo.

Na Ciudad de Zamboanga ele nacido.

used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; on; at

used to refer toward a location of something or some action: to; toward

used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)

used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of


Inherited from Old Czech na, from Proto-Slavic *na.

Dej skleničku na stůl.

Sklenička je na stole.

Jdeme na poštu.

to (direction, + accusative case, used only with certain places (do + genitive is more common))

Jsme na poště.

at, in (location, + locative case, used only with certain places (v is more common))

Ty nůžky nejsou na hraní.

Nekřič na mě!

at (in the direction of, + accusative case)


erna
hierna
daarna
waarna
ergens na
nergens na
overal na

Afrikaans: na

Negerhollands: na, a

→ Virgin Islands Creole: na

From Middle Dutch na, from Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.

Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.

With its 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest in the world.

Naast dat de toonladder een kenmerkend gegeven is, zijn er ook bepaalde tonen, die een speciale rol hebben, zoals de vadi en de samvadi, respectievelijk: de belangrijkste en de op een na belangrijkste toon.

Next to [the fact] that the musical scale is a characteristic datum, there are also certain tones that have a special role, such as the vadi and the samvadi: respectively the most important and second most important tones.

(op ... na, with a cardinal number) bar, except Used to form ordinal numbers in relation to a superlative quality. The number that is used is 1 lower than in the English translation.


Presumably from Russian на (na) and Polish na; alternatively, from the accusative suffix -n (possibly a blend with the article la or with the suffix -a).

Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.

(neologism, rare, nonstandard, proscribed) Preposition introducing an accusative phrase.


From Portuguese na. Cognate with Kabuverdianu na.


denotes superessive position; on [with locative]

denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]


Of native Bobangi origin (compare Swahili na), but its functional broadening to "in, at" may be under the influence of West African languages; compare Igbo na, Krio na.

of (form of ya before personal pronouns)


From Portuguese na, itself from Old Galician-Portuguese na. Semantically, compare Chavacano na.

têm na trâs di porta

to be very near, to be just around the corner

botâ na fólia

Já levâ ung'a perada na cara qui ficó vangueado.

The ball hit him so hard in the face that he fainted.

na casa

na festa

estendê na chám


From Old Dutch nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.


Czech: na

I přivedli oslici a oslátko s ní, i položichu na ně rúcha svá.


See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


Polish: na

Silesian: na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na. First attested in the 14th century.

denotes movement towards some nouns; to, toward [with accusative]

denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for [with accusative]

denotes a goal or purpose; for [with accusative]

used in some temporal and physical measurements; by [with accusative or locative]

denotes a period of time; during [with locc]

denotes location with events; at [with locative]


Siedzę na koniu.

Mieszkam na wsi.

Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie!

Sprawozdanie ma być gotowe na piątą.

The report should be ready by five o'clock.

denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for, by [with accusative]

lek na grypę

na zdrowie

denotes a goal or purpose; for, to deal with [with accusative]

pięć metrów na sekundę

denotes frequency; per [with accusative]

pasażer na gapę

deser na kwaśno

denotes manner [with accusative or adverb]

(mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]


From Old Galician-Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).


nam (first-person possessive singular)
nar (first-person plural possessive)
nad (possessive second-person singular)
nur (plural possessive second-person)
nam^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
nam^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

Univerbation of an (“in”) + a (“his/her”).


knjiga je na stolu

biti na koncertu

biti na ulici

zv(ij)ezde na nebu

(+ locative case) on, at, in (with certain nouns, expressing location without a change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ; see usage notes below)

čuti nešto na radiju

(+ locative case) on (indicating medium)

staviti knjigu na sto(l)

ići na koncert

(+ accusative case) to, on, onto (with certain nouns, expressing the goal of motion, answering questions kùda (Bosnian, Serbian) or kȁmo (Croatian); see usage notes below)

otići nekuda/nekamo na dva dana

(+ accusative case) for (with verbs of motion and certain other verbs, to express something which will last for a limited period; after that a reverse action is implied)

na l(j)eto

in summer, next summer, the following summer

(+ accusative case) in (used with seasons)

krevet na kat

bunk bed (literally, “bed on story, level”)

podmornica na atomski pogon

nuclear-powered submarine (literally, “submarine (run) on the nuclear power”)

jaje na oko

sunny-side up egg (literally, “egg on the eye”)

ljubav na daljinu

long-distance relationship (literally, “love on distance”)

r(ij)eči na a

words ending in a (literally, “words on a”)

(+ accusative case) noun attribute for permanent properties, such as sources of power or energy, but not including purpose

ući na prednja vrata

to enter through the front door (literally, “to enter on the front door”)

plaćena na sat

paid by the hour (literally, “paid on an hour”)

na brzinu

na vr(ij)eme

(+ accusative case) by, on, through (adverbial phrase of manner)

vikati na ljude

pods(j)ećati na nekog

(+ accusative case) indirect object of certain verbs

na sreću

na prim(j)er

(+ accusative case) a part of certain set expressions, which can be spelled also as one word in Croatian


Inherited from Old Polish na, from Proto-Slavic *na.

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]

denotes inessive position of some countries and regions; in, [with locative]

denotes location with events; at [with locative]

denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]

denotes measurement; by [with accusative]

denotes aim of an action; for [with accusative]

denotes color of painted object [with adverb]


From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.

Na koči sedel pán, cifrovaný, ako páni bývajú.

1922, Terézia Vansová, Na Čertovici. In: Z našej dediny

A nobleman was sitting on the carriage in decorated clothes, as noblemen usually are.

(with locative) on (touching from above)

Viezol sa tadiaľ na koči mladý pán a zazrel tú krásnu ľaliu.

1883, Pavol Dobšinský, O krásnej Ibronke. In: Prostonárodné slovenské povesti

A young lord was travelling that way by carriage and he saw the beautiful lily.

(with locative) by, with, using (indicates a means or an instrument)

Bol večer na konci jara.

1873, Ján Kalinčiak, Láska a pomsta. Chapter 1

It was an evening at the end of the spring.

Stolica sa na celej veci veľmi dobre zabávala.

1930, Ladislav Nádaši-Jégé, Stolica sa smeje

The whole office was very much amused by the whole matter.

(with locative) at, because of (indicates reason)

To naozaj nebolo na programe.

(with locative, in connection with byť) on, usually translated with a corresponsing verb (indicates state)

Musel znovu vysadnúť na koňa a ísť za chlapom, ktorého poslal s ním kuchár.

1846, Ján Kalinčiak, Milkov hrob. Chapter 10

He had to mount the horse again and follow the man, whom the cook had sent with him.

(with accusative) on, to (indicates motion towards the upper surface of an object or contact with the object from any side)

Takmer celý nasledujúci deň po príchode, určený na hry a rytierske preteky, strávil v rade.

1842, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Svadba kráľa veľkomoravského. Chapter 3

He spent almost the whole day after the arrival, which was dedicated to plays and tournaments, with the council.

(with accusative) for, on, to (indicates purpose or goal)

Štefan Zaťko, otec piatich detí, cez Vianoce pochoval ženu a na Tri krále prišiel o ohlášky.

Štefan Zaťko, a father or five children, buried his wife at Christmas and on Epiphany he came to arrange his banns.

(with accusative) at, on (indicates time)

Nezomrel od staroby, ani na chorobu, ale po páde do jamy na hlinu.

1943, Dobroslav Chrobák, Drak sa vracia. Chapter 2

He did not die of old age, nor of a disease, but after he fell in a pit for dirt.

(with accusative) at, because of, of (indicates reason)


(with accusative) at, on (a moment in time)


denotes time for which consequences of something may occur; for [with accusative]

denotes day on which something occurs; on


A de na oso.

Na liba e lon na a bigi se.


nami (first-person singular)
nasi (first-person plural)
nawe (second-person singular)
nanyi (plural second-person)
naye (class-1 class-2 singular third-person)
nao (class-1 class-2 plural third-person)
nao (class-3 class-4 singular third-person)
nayo (class-3 class-4 plural third-person)
nalo (class-5 class-6 singular third-person)
nayo (class-5 class-6 plural third-person)
nacho (class-7 class-8 singular third-person)
navyo (class-7 class-8 plural third-person)
nayo (class-10 class-9 singular third-person)
nazo (class-10 class-9 plural third-person)
nao (class-11 singular third-person)
nako (class-15 class-17 singular third-person)
napo (class-16 singular third-person)
namo (class-18 singular third-person)
For a full table

Akin to Lingala na, Luganda na. From Proto-Bantu *nà.

كِطَّمْسِكِزَ گَوُجُهَّالِ ، نُرُ نَمِيَاغَ اِتَظَلَالِ

18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi, stanza 9:

Brightness and lights will overcome the shadow and darkness of ignorance

Kiṭamsi-kiza cha-ujuhali, nuru na-mianga itaẓalali


East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: на (na)

Belarusian: на (na)

Russian: на (na)

Carpathian Rusyn: на (na)

Ukrainian: на (na)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: на (na)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⰰ (na)

Bulgarian: на (na)

Macedonian: на (na)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: на

Latin script: na

Slovene: na (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: na
Czech: na

Old Polish: na
Polish: na
Silesian: na

Slovak: na

Polabian: no

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: na

Slovincian: na

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: na

Lower Sorbian: na


nō

Latgalian: nū

Latvian: nò

Lithuanian: nuõ

Old Prussian: no

Proto-Slavic: *na (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂nō (“upwards, onto”), from *h₂en- (“up, on, onto”).


wit

(Southern US) Pronunciation spelling of with.


kon

lad-prep

kon (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling קון)

From Old Spanish con (“with”), Latin cum (“with”).


naar

naar (prepositional)
naar (adverb postpositional)
ernaar
hiernaar
daarnaar
waarnaar
ergens naar
nergens naar
overal naar

Javindo: naar

Jersey Dutch: nâr

Negerhollands: na

→ Virgin Islands Creole: na (dated)

Petjo: naar

Skepi Creole Dutch: na

→ Papiamentu: na

From earlier naer, from Middle Dutch nâer, from Old Dutch *nār, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwiz. Originally the comparative of na, which is in Modern Dutch nader. Compare also English near, Swedish när, and Danish & Norwegian når.

to, towards in time, space, consequence, purpose etc.

naar het Evangelie van Judas

(dated) according to, in accordance with


per

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per. Doublet of par.

Admission is £10 per person.

miles per gallon

beats per minute

$2.50 per dozen

12 inches per foot

100 centimeters per meter

To each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

Introduce the endoscope per nasum.

The medication is to be administered per os.

(medicine) By the, by means of the, via the, through the.

I parked my car at the curb per your request.

Implement a program that computes the approximate grade level needed to comprehend some text, per the below.

Note that while the walkthrough illustrates that words may be separated by more than one space, you may assume, per the specifications above, that no sentences will contain more than one space in a row.


per

Inherited from Navarro-Aragonese per, from Latin per.

through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs

at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs

during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs

because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken

by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action

a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange


per

Foron pel camín

Mandótelo per corréu lletrónicu

Tuvieron per trés díes na montaña

They were in the mountain for three days

Son diez euros per artículu


per

Inherited from Old Catalan per, from Latin per, appropriating the senses of Latin prō as well.

El meu germà anirà a Tahití per vacar a la platja.

My brother will go to Tahiti (in order) to vacation on the beach.

(when followed by a verbal noun) used in indicating the activity one intends to do because of an action


per

Motoren roterer 1000 gange per minut.

The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.


per

De motor draait 1000 toeren per minuut.

The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

Kom je per auto of per spoor?


per

Li skribis per plumo.


per

viisi euroa per metri

Laskumme 1 000 e per 15.6.

Our invoice for Eur 1,000 due on 15 June

Tilin saldo per 31.12.

(business, accounting) per (indicating date, due date, date of maturity, etc.)


per

per Gesetz


per

Borrowed from Esperanto per, English per, French par, Italian per, Spanish por, ultimately from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *per.

io-bor

Ilu batis me per bastono.

Quar per kin esas duadek.

Un per un esas un.


per

From Dutch per, from Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per.

to each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

by the, by means of the, via the, through the.


per

From Latin per, which is the predecessor of French par, Italian per, Spanish par and Spanish pro.

Io evadeva per un tunnel secrete.

Per uso pote formar vapor inflammabile.

Su via a successo era per opera dur.

His/her path to success was through hard work.

by (the agency of), through, by means of

Admission costa 10 € per persona.


per

Ma io l'ho fatto per te!

Te lo vendo per appena trecento euro

I'll sell it you for only three hundred euro

Ho studiato per tre ore

Questo è il treno per Londra

Sono passato per il centro

Camminava ansiosamente per la stanza

Te lo invio per posta


per

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pri

Romanian: pre, pe, pă, pi

Istriot: par

Italo-Romance:

Italian: per

Neapolitan: pe, ppe

Sicilian: pi, pri, pir

Franco-Provençal: per

Old Leonese:

Asturian: per

Old Occitan:

Catalan: per

Occitan: per, par

Navarro-Aragonese: per

Aragonese: per

desctree

Old French: par
Middle French: par
French: par
→ English: par
Lorrain: poir
Picard: per

Old Galician-Portuguese: per

Portuguese: per

Old Spanish:

Spanish: par

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: par

Ladin: per

Venetian: par

→ Danish: per

→ Dutch: per

→ English: per

→ Finnish: per

→ German: per

→ Hungarian: per

→ Norwegian: per

→ Swedish: per

→ Esperanto: per

Ido: per

From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

Qua re per exploratores nuntiata

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11

That event being announced by the scouts

per speciem honoris

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3


per

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *per-, Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Latin per, and English for.


per

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

Motoren roterer 1000 ganger per minutt.

per porsjon

per dag


per

per porsjon

per dag


per

Learned borrowing from Latin per, from Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

(literary) forms adverbs from nouns [with nominative]


per

Motorn roterar 1000 varv per minut.


per

West Slavic:

Old Polish: prze ?

Polish: prze

Slovak: pre

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pře

Lower Sorbian: pśe

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.
Baltic cognates include
Lithuanian per̃, par,
Latvian par, pãr,
Old Prussian per,
Indo-European cognates include
Sanskrit परि (pári),
Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri),
Ancient Greek πέρι (péri), περὶ (perì),
Latin per


per

Latin: per


bout

They're talking bout you!

Maddy is bout to get beat up!


oor

From Dutch over, from Middle Dutch over, from Old Dutch *ovar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo.


across

From Middle English acros, from early Middle English a-croiz, a-creoyz, from Anglo-Norman an (“in, on”) + croiz (“in the form of a cross”); Equivalent to a- + cross. More at cross.

We rowed across the river.

Fortunately, there was a bridge across the river.

He came across the street to meet me.

To, toward, or from the far side of (something that lies between two points of interest).

That store is across the street.

On the opposite side of (something that lies between two points of interest).

And make sure you're parked across the mall in the outside lot. […] Last time I was there, I parked in a parking structure and paid an arm and a leg for it.

1994 June 21, Thong P Tong <tongtp@coyote.cig.mot.com>, "Re: Battle Tech Center", message-ID <2u7lsi$79n@delphinium.cig.mot.com>, comp.sys.ibm.pc.games, Usenet http://groups.google.com/group/comp.sys.ibm.pc.games/msg/28d5e0700985bbe6

On another occasion, Clinton asked Patterson to drive him to Chelsea's school, Booker Elementary, where Clinton met the department store clerk and climbed into her car.
"I parked across the entrance and stood outside the car looking around, about 120 feet from where they were parked in a lot that was pretty well lit," Patterson recalled. "[…]They stayed in the car for thirty to forty minutes."

1995, Ronald Kessler, Inside the White House, published 1996, →ISBN, page 243:

A boy that sat across me politely introduced himself as Jackson Klausner.

2011, Danielle Butler, Scars of Eternity, page 30:

(Southern US, African-American Vernacular) across from: on the opposite side, relative to something that lies between, from (a point of interest).

The meteor streaked across the sky.

He walked across the room.

Could you slide that across the table to me, please?

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

From one side to the other within (a space being traversed).

(no corresponding word, literally:) 從一邊到另一邊

"Mam's baking and Cathleen's asleep. I've got a pile of washing bubbling in the copper, so I'd best be off." With that she was across the room and out the door.

2004, Josephine Cox, Lovers and Liars, →ISBN, page 78:

This poetry speaks across the centuries.

All across the country, voters were communicating their representatives.

Last spring, the periodical cicadas emerged across eastern North America. Their vast numbers and short above-ground life spans inspired awe and irritation in humans—and made for good meals for birds and small mammals.

2012 March-April, Anna Lena Phillips, “Sneaky Silk Moths”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 172:

Across Japan, technology companies and private investors are racing to install devices that until recently they had little interest in: solar panels. Massive solar parks are popping up as part of a rapid build-up that one developer likened to an "explosion."

2013 June 21, Chico Harlan, “Japan pockets the subsidy …”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 30:

Lay the top stick across the bottom one.

She had straps fastened across the conduit every six feet.

He parked across the end of the driveway, blocking her in.

2010, Alex Bledsoe, The Girls with Games of Blood, Tor, →ISBN, page 147:

So as to intersect or pass through or over at an angle.

Keep across all the latest news here at Channel 10.

As a regular news reader I thought I was across the eccentricities of the US president.

2019 September 20, Lenore Taylor, The Guardian:

In possession of full, up-to-date information about; abreast of.


kom

Borrowed from French comme, Italian come, Spanish como. Decision no. 231, Progreso IV.

io-bor

Me amas il kom mea fraton.


kom

𐌍𐌄𐌉[- - -]𐌐𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌄𐌔𐌏𐌌𐌊𐌏𐌌𐌌𐌄𐌏𐌉𐌔𐌔𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌉𐌔𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌖𐌏𐌉𐌀𐌃𐌃𐌄𐌏𐌌𐌃𐌖𐌏
NEIPARIMEDESOMKOMMEOISSOKIOISTRIVOIADDEOMDVO
nei pari med esom kom meois sokiois trifos audeom duo[m]

Do not take me! I am with my three companions (property) of the two Audii


kom

Old Latin: com

Latin: cum (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: com

Umbrian: com

Oscan: com


voor

From Dutch voor, from Middle Dutch vore, voor, from Old Dutch fora, fore, from Proto-Germanic *furai.


voor

voor (prepositional)
voor (adverb postpositional)
ervoor
hiervoor
daarvoor
waarvoor
ergens voor
nergens voor
overal voor

From Middle Dutch vore, vor, voor, from Old Dutch fora, fore, from Proto-West Germanic *forē, from Proto-Germanic *furai. There were originally two distinct Germanic forms, *furai and *furi, which functionally merged in most Germanic languages, including Dutch. The form derived from the former became standard in Dutch, while the latter survives as the dialectal form veur.

Ik heb een klein cadeautje voor je.

Ik wil nog even douchen voor het feestje.

I want to take a quick shower before the party.

Die auto staat altijd voor ons huis geparkeerd.

That car is always parked in front of our house.


ter

"But he never speaks ter anybody, child—he hain't for years, I guess, except when he just has to, for business, and all that."

1913, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter 8, in Pollyanna, L.C. Page, →OCLC:

‘What about that tea then, eh?’ he said, rubbing his hands together. ‘I’d not say no ter summat stronger if yeh’ve got it, mind.’

1997, J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, section IV:


intro

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tru

Romanian: întru

Italo-Romance:

Italian: entro

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: entro


gos

gos an lá inniu

(archaic, except in fixed phrases) Alternative form of go (“until, up to”) (used before the definite article)


op

From Old High German *up, northern variant of ūf.

(Ripuarian, north-western Moselle Franconian) on; upon

om

with the masculine and neuter dative of the definite article


op

op (prepositional)
op (adverb postpositional)
erop
hierop
daarop
waarop
ergens op
nergens op
overal op

Javindo: op, hop

Petjo: op

⇒ Indonesian: op

Jersey Dutch: op

Negerhollands: op, hoppo

→ Virgin Islands Creole: hopo

→ Papiamentu: òp

→ Sranan Tongo: opo

→ Saramaccan: hópo, ópo

From Middle Dutch op, from Old Dutch up, from Proto-Germanic *upp.

De melk staat op de tafel.

Naast dat de toonladder een kenmerkend gegeven is, zijn er ook bepaalde tonen, die een speciale rol hebben, zoals de vadi en de samvadi, respectievelijk: de belangrijkste en de op een na belangrijkste toon.

Next to [the fact] that the musical scale is a characteristic datum, there are also certain tones that have a special role, such as the vadi and the samvadi: respectively the most important and second most important tones.

Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.

With its 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest in the world.

(op ... na, with a cardinal number) bar, except Used to form ordinal numbers in relation to a superlative quality. The number that is used is 1 lower than in the English translation.


op

From Old High German *up, north-western variant of ūf. Cognate with German auf, Dutch op, English up.

Ech sëtzen op enger Bänk.

Du bass nach op der Schoul.

e Véierel op néng

Wéi seet een dat op Lëtzebuergesch?


op

Dutch: op

Limburgish: óp

From Old Dutch up, from Proto-Germanic *upp.


op

From Old Frisian uppa, from Proto-Germanic *upp.

De Westermar sil opnij opboud wurde op deselde lokaasje

The Westermar will be built again at the same location.


op

Latin: ob

Oscan: 𐌞𐌐 (úp), op

Venetic: op


adjacent

Borrowed from Latin adiacēns, adiacentis, derivative of adiaceō (“I lie beside”); from ad (“to”) + iaceō (“I lie down”).

The house adjacent to the school was demolished.

A notice was sent to the house adjacent the school.

While Amazon has increasingly become a one-stop shop for some people, we’re also seeing a large proliferation of online companies looking to connect with users wherever they happen to be spending the most time, whether that’s on a social media platform, or on a site that caters to interests adjacent to the businesses’s own — and most importantly not necessarily on the company’s own web properties.

2008 March 27, Ingrid Lunden, “Braintree launches Extend to integrate loyalty, fraud prevention and other services into payments”, in TechCrunch, retrieved 2019-07-26:

(figuratively) Related to; suggestive of; bordering on.


afore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English afore, aforn, from Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.

He said he was jealous, and craved something to ease his care. 'It's but a small thing I ask,' says he, 'but it will make me a happy man, and nothing ever shall come atween us. Tryst wi' me for Beltane's E'en on the Sker sands, at the green link o' the burn where the sands begin, on the ebb o' the tide when midnight is by, but afore cockcrow. For,' said he, 'that was our forbears' tryst for true lovers, and wherefore no for you and me?'

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

"Oh aye!" his face lit up with a smile. "I mind that! Where was that?" "That was us when we all worked in the shop, afore the War." "Oh aye …?" he frowned. "Who …?" She took the photograph back from him and reached inside her apron pocket for her spectacles.

1982, Edward Chisnall, Bell in the Tree: The Glasgow story:

Before; situated geographically or metaphorically in front of.


afore

From Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.

Affor tyme thei wer but bestiall,
Till thei to resoun be lawes wer constreyned,

c. 1370–1450, Laurence de Premierfait, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes, as quoted in Lydgate's Fall of Princes (1923, The Carnegie Institution of Washington)

before; afore: in advance of the time of

and somme were so ffers
at ffrist come,
that they bente on a bonet,
and bare a topte saile

to make a good ffare
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

before; afore: situated geographically or metaphorically in front of


pera

Galician: para

Portuguese: para

Santa maria / ſtrela do dia / moſtra nos uia / pera deus ⁊ nos guia.

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 100 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/217small.gif] facsimile])

Holy Mary, / star of the daytime; / show us the way / towards God, and guide us.


opposite

From Old French oposite, from Latin oppositus, perfect passive participle of oppōnō (“I oppose”). Compare oppose.

He lives opposite the pub.

It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street.[…]. He halted opposite the Privy Gardens, and, with his face turned skywards, listened until the sound of the Tower guns smote again on the ear and dispelled his doubts.

1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., →OCLC, page 01:

He played opposite Marilyn Monroe.

The game show Just Men! aired opposite The Young and the Restless on CBS.

(television) On another channel at the same time.


amidst

From amids + -t (excrescent), from amid + -s (genitive). By surface analysis, amid + -st (excrescent). Root amid from Middle English amidde, amiddes, on midden, from Old English on middan (“in the middle”), from midd (“central”) (English mid).

surf

Be a philosopher ; but amidst all your philosophy, be still a man.

1748, [David Hume], chapter 4, in Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

Not so, however, with Tarzan, the man-child. His life amidst the dangers of the jungle had taught him to meet emergencies with self-confidence, and his higher intelligence resulted in a quickness of mental action far beyond the powers of the apes.

1912 October, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “Tarzan of the Apes”, in The All-Story, New York, N.Y.: Frank A. Munsey Co., →OCLC; republished as chapter 5, in Tarzan of the Apes, New York, N.Y.: A. L. Burt Company, 1914 June, →OCLC:

In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among.

بَيْن

in the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among


raro

From Proto-Polynesian *lalo (compare with Hawaiian lalo), from Proto-Oceanic *ralom, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daləm (compare with Malay dalam), from Proto-Austronesian *daləm.


raro

From Proto-Polynesian *lalo, from Proto-Oceanic *ralom, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daləm, from Proto-Austronesian *daləm.

i raro i te pakoga

I te ahiahi-ata he garo te raá ki raro ki te vai kava.

In the evening the sun disappears under the sea.


raro

Teie râ, te vai noa ra te tahi mau tuhaa o te oire i raro a‘e i te mau haapueraa pehu.

Yet all the while part of the city lay buried under mounds of apparent rubbish.


od

Inherited from Old Czech ot, from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Dostal jsem dopis od bratra.

Od té doby jsem tam nebyl.

To je od tebe moc hezké.


od

Norman: d'ot


od

Polish: od

Silesian: ôd

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ. The final d is due to analogy with other prepositions such as nad and pod. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

etydate

indicates the beginning of an action has lasted; since, from, for

indicates source or cause; from, because of

indicates physical origin, sometimes used in names; from

indicates relation, intended purpose or use, material, or age; from


od

Jesteśmy dość daleko od domu.

Odsuń się od niej!

indicates separation, distance, loss of contact; from, away

Dostałem dziś list od siostry.

Odchodzę od tego budynku.

indicates origin of movement; from, away

Pracuję codziennie od siódmej do piętnastej.

Od jutra będę mieszkał we własnym mieszkaniu.

Starting tomorrow I'll be living in my own flat.

Odlicz od dziesięciu w dół.

Czekam na ciebie od osiemnastej.

indicates moment of origin in time; from, since, for

Jestem mokry od deszczu

Czy widzisz przez dziurkę od klucza?

Can you see through the keyhole? (literally, “Can you see through the hole for the key?”)

Zamknąłeś okno od samochodu?

Janusz jest wyższy od Piotra.

(Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by

(Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by

(Middle Polish) indicates material; from


od

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti. See od-, ot-, o, oda-.

od Zagreba do Beograda

od jutra do mraka

od 5 do 10 sati

od danas

od sad(a)

od tad(a)

od kraja zime

selo od tri kuće

jedan od njih

čovjek od (svoje) r(ij)eči.

Hvala! To je bilo jako l(ij)epo od tebe!

Avioni su brži od helikoptera.

Stariji je od svoje sestre.

stolica od drveta

Plastika se proizvodi od nafte.

U slamovima, ljudi često žive u kućama napravljenim od otpadnog metala.

In slums, people often live in houses made out of scrap metal.

made of, made out of, made from [with genitive]

Bomba je bila pronađena od (strane) policije.

(proscribed, passive voice) (+ genitive case) by (usually followed by strane ("side/party") denoting the party which is doing the action; active form is preferred in formal language)

Umrla je od raka kože.

Umrla je od alkoholizma.

umr(ij)eti od dosade

drhtati od straha

tresti se od hladnoće

because of, from, with (denoting a direct or indirect cause) [with genitive]


od

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.


od

From Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

since or starting from (place or time) [with genitive]

originating from, having origin in [with genitive]

of, belonging to, part of [with genitive]

of, from, because of, due to [with genitive]


alongside

/əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd/

/əˌlɔŋˈsaɪd/

/əˌlɑŋˈsaɪd/

/əˈlɑŋˌsaɪd/

/əˌlɔŋˈsɑɪd/

USNS John Lenthall (T-AO-189)
USS Harry S. Truman

à côté de

side by side with — see also beside, next to

The nurse worked alongside the doctor.

The Italian opted for Bolton's Cahill alongside captain John Terry - and his decision was rewarded with a goal after only 13 minutes. Bulgaria gave a hint of defensive frailties to come when they failed to clear Young's corner, and when Gareth Barry found Cahill in the box he applied the finish past Nikolay Mihaylov.

2011 September 2, Phil McNulty, “Bulgaria 0-3 England”, in BBC:

A “moving platform” scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

2013 June 1, “Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 13 (Technology Quarterly):

Gatwick, on the other hand, is alongside the Brighton main line, with rail services both to the north (City and West End) and south.

2019 October, John Glover, “Heathrow rail expansion”, in Modern Railways, page 71:


dengan

Inherited from Malay dengan, from Proto-Malayic *dəŋan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəŋan.

Aku berbicara dengan Martin.

Kututupi telingaku dengan dua tanganku. Biarlah cepat berlalu dan kugadaikan cintaku.

1986, “Kugadaikan Cintaku [I Pawn My Love]”, in Apel, performed by Gombloh:

I close my ears with your two hands. Let (time) pass quickly and I pawn my love.

Om Djati panggilan akrabnya mengatakan kami anggota Hipakad sengaja terjun ke lokasi untuk bergabung dengan masyarakat dan Satgas TMMD ikut menyukseskan Program TMMD Reguler Ke-103 Kodim 0732/Sleman dengan menyumbangkan tenaga serta pikiran kami guna meningkatkan jiwa nasionalisme anak bangsa.

2018 October 23, “Tingkatkan Jiwa Nasionalisme Dengan Sumbang Tenaga Dalam TMMD [Increase the Spirit of Nationalism by Contributing Energy in the TMMD]”, in Suara Merdeka, archived from the original on 2018-10-24:

Om Djati, which is his nickname, says that, "We, the (squad) members of Hipakad deliberately plunged to the location to join with the community and the TMMD Task Force also made successful the TMMD Program for the 103rd Regular Kodim 0732/Sleman by contributing our energy and minds to increase the spirit of nationalism of the nation's people."

Used to indicate simultaneous happening, or immediate succession or consequence.

Jagalah rumah dengan ketat.

used to form adverbs from adjectives; -ly


dengan

Indonesian: dengan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəŋan.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as [script needed] (daṅan).

Seperti kutahu, dari abad bahang ini, petaka mewabah
di dada manusia dengan harapan cacar-cacar,
menyambut dengan tangan sopak dan hati calar
semua ledakan keinginan dengan darah bara

2005 [1959 August 2], A. Samad Said, A. Samad Said: Sebuah antologi puisi yang menghimpunkan karya-karya selama setengah abad [A. Samad Said: An anthology of poems assembled from works spanning half a century], Utusan Publications, Tempat Lahir (Poem No. 58), page 85:

As I know, from this scorching century, disaster spreads
in the breasts of humans with everchanging hopes,
greets with vitiligous hands and scratched hearts
all thoughts exploding with raging blood


amid

From Middle English amidde, Old English on middan, a- + mid.

At last the first glimpse from a bridge of an open-top red bus, and a noticeable darkening of the atmosphere from the smoke of London: then the increasingly dingy stations with double-barrel names, set amid what has always been to me the outstanding feature of the "Premier Line" approach to London—the positively marvellous display of crazy chimney-pots on the grey inner suburban houses. As many as twenty, all of varying style, standing together like ranks of jagged teeth, and providing a Dickensian back-cloth which no other route can boast.

1951 October, R. S. McNaught, “Lines of Approach”, in Railway Magazine, page 704:

The resulting social divisions can seem so "real" and "natural" to those living amid them that there is a strong tendency to believe that they are timeless biological or scientific facts, rather than social facts that have been assembled and built up through human effort.

2006, Matt Wray, Not Quite White, page 141:

Amid all the fevered anticipation of this fixture, few would have expected to witness an aesthetically pleasing example of the beautiful game.

2014 November 14, Stephen Halliday, “Scotland 1-0 Republic of Ireland: Maloney the hero”, in The Scotsman:

In Osaka, the big action scenes take place with arrows as well as swords, amid glass display cases holding samurai costumes, a classic Wick setting.

2023 March 14, Caryn James, “John Wick: Chapter 4: 'Soars above most action films'”, in BBC:

In the middle of; in the center of; surrounded by.


aloof

From Middle English loof (“weather gage, windward direction”), probably from Middle Dutch (Compare Dutch loef (“the weather side of a ship”)), originally a nautical order to keep the ship's head to the wind, thus to stay clear of a lee-shore or some other quarter, hence the figurative sense of "at a distance, apart".

cog

Rivetus […] would fain work himself aloof these rocks and quicksands.

1643, John Milton, Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909


nei

Saterland Frisian: nai

West Frisian: nei

From Proto-Germanic *nēhw (“near”). Cognates include Old English nēah and Old Saxon nāh.


arti

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-t-i, from *h₂er- (“to fit”). The Lithuanian form is probably an old locative; compare dialectal artiẽ and namiẽ (“at home”). Exact cognates include Ancient Greek ἄρτι (árti, “just, just now”), Old Armenian արդ (ard, “just now”). For the meaning, compare Ancient Greek ἄρτιος (ártios, “right, fitting”).

Džiaugiúosi, kàd studijúosiu artì namų̃ ir̃ priẽ jū́ros.

I'm glad I'll be studying close to home and by the sea.


gila

Koli Teŋella dahi leyɗe heewɗe gila e Fuuta Tooro haa yottoyii Fuuta Jaloo.
Koli Tengella conquered several territories, from Fouta-Toro to Fouta-Jallon

(Pular, Pulaar) since, from (a place in time or space) onward


along

→ Tok Pisin: long

From Middle English, from Old English andlang, from prefix and- + lang (“long”). Doublet of endlong.

They were waiting for me in the drawing-room, which is a very large room, stretching along the entire front of the house, with three long windows reaching down to the floor

1892, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Copper Beeches”, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, page 294:

My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter III, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

2013 July-August, Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist:

By the length of; in a line with the length of; lengthwise next to.

عَلَى طُول

by the length of; in a line with the length of; lengthwise next to

The kine[…]went along the highway.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Samuel 1 1-Chapter-6/#2 6:2:

In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

1852, Mrs M.A. Thompson, “The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion, page 266:

Swiftly and silently he made his way along the track which ran through the meadows.

1892, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Boscombe Valley Mystery”, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, page 93:

We tiptoed into the house, up the stairs and along the hall into the room where the Professor had been spending so much of his time.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter XIII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

In a line with, with a progressive motion on; onward on; forward on.

بِالتَّوَازِي مَعَ

in a line with, with a progressive motion on; onward on; forward on


monk

From Old Frisian mong, mang, from Proto-Germanic *mangą (“crowd”). Compare English among.


den

From Portuguese dentro and Spanish dentro and Kabuverdianu dentu.


da

dimp (singular)
dimp (plural)
deomp (plural)
dit (singular)
deoc'h (plural)
dezhañ (singular)
dezho (plural third-person)
dezhi (singular)
deor (plural)

From Proto-Brythonic *di, from Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”). Cognate to Welsh i (“to”).

An den a zo aet da Vreizh.


da

From French de, Italian di, altered to differentiate de.

glaso da vino

kilogramo da viando

grupo da homoj

kvar metroj da ĉi tiu ŝtofo kostas naŭ frankojn

four meters of this cloth costs nine francs

Li ligis la tri florojn en bukedon, kaj prezentis al ŝi tiun bukedon da floroj

He tied the three flowers into a bouquet, and presented her with this bouquet of flowers

Damasko [...] estos amaso da ruinaĵoj

tuto da kondiĉoj kaj cirkonstancoj, en kiuj iu troviĝas

all of the conditions and circumstances in which we find ourselves

sistemo da sonoj por la esprimado de pensoj

a system of sounds for the expression of thought

Of, -ful (used instead of de with quantities, to emphasize the quantity rather than the thing quantified, or to indicate the unity of a shape and its material, a container and its contents, or a group and its members)


da

La genitori amesas da lia filii.

The parents are loved by their children.

di

of (indicates possession or association)


da

From Latin dē (“from”) + ā/ab (“of, from”). In the meaning of “at, near, by”, da probably comes from Latin unde + ad.

Giacomino da Verona

interviste dal libro

traduzione dall’“Inferno” di Dante

dalla terra alla luna

da Giovanni

andare dal dottore

Used to indicate the house, place, or establishment of; at or to + -'s

da quando?

non c'è (niente) da fare

un bel libro da leggere

fare una vita da cani

to live like a dog (literally, “to live like dogs”)

correre da matti

to run like crazy (literally, “to run like crazies”)

trattare da amico

saccheggiato dai ladri

era riconosciuto dalla voce

le giudico dalle azioni

c'è tanto rumore da impazzire

there's enough noise to make me go crazy

una ragazza dai capelli scuri

a dark-haired girl (literally, “girl of dark hair”)

un edificio dalla facciata classica

a building with a classical facade (literally, “of a classical facade”)

Used to express a quality or characteristic of.

cieco da un occhio

zoppo da un piede

un martello da pochi soldi

a cheap hammer (literally, “a hammer worth little money”)

una lampadina da 60 watt

a 60 watt lamp (literally, “lamp of 60 watt”)

Used to indicate a price, measure, or value of; worth

tenuta da poliziotto

police gear (literally, “gear for a policeman”)

copricapo da ciclista

cyclist headgear (literally, “headgear for (a) cyclist”)

una macchina da scrivere

un cavallo da corsa

a race horse (literally, “a horse used for racing”)

Used to indicate a scope, purpose, or goal of; used to/for; in/with which to

da per tutto/dappertutto/da ogni parte

da presso/dappresso

da lontano

da solo

adverbial phrase
adverbial phrase#English


da

dou (first-person singular)
dhyt (second-person singular)
da (masculine singular third-person)
jee (singular)
dooin (first-person plural)
diu (plural second-person)
daue (plural third-person)
dooys (emphatic first-person singular)
dhyts (emphatic second-person singular)
dasyn (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
jeeish (emphatic singular)
dooinyn (emphatic first-person plural)
diuish (emphatic plural second-person)
dauesyn (emphatic plural third-person)


tali

between, concerning two people or groups


ante

Borrowed from Italian ante, Spanish ante, and to some extent English anterior, all ultimately from Latin ante. (Compare Esperanto antaŭ (“before”, time and space).)

cog

Ante parolar on devas pensar.


ante

From Proto-Italic *anti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti, locative singular of the root noun *h₂ent- (“front, front side”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”), Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), Old Armenian ընդ (ənd), Tocharian B ānte, and English and.
The change from PIE ablative to Latin accusative is like the confrontational accusative used with Ancient Greek παρά (pará).

indicates anteriority. before
of space. in front, before, forwards

non te justifices ante Deum

do not pass yourself off as righteous in the presence of God

before, in the presence of, in the sight of

ante omnia

ante litteram (literally, “before the letter”)

indicates anteriority. before
of time. before

necessitas ante rationem est

c. 1 CE – 100 CE, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 7.7.10

necessity is more important than reason
necessity goes before reason

indicates anteriority. before
of importance. before, more than


ante

in front of (at or near the front part of)

in front of (in the presence of someone)


ante

Tengo que comparecer ante el juez.

Ante la inédita situación en democracia de que dos candidatos se ofrecieran a ser investidos sin tener aún los apoyos suficientes, el Rey Felipe VI ha priorizado la “costumbre” de que se presente primero la lista más votada en las elecciones y ha encargado al líder del PP, Alberto Núñez Feijóo, que intente una investidura.

2023 August 22, Elsa García de Blas, “El Rey encarga a Feijóo una investidura abocada al fracaso”, in El País:


out of

From Middle English oute of, from Old English ūt of.

exterior to

Expressing motion away, literal or figurative; opposed to into.; So as no longer to be in a given condition or state.

without

Expressing motion away, literal or figurative; opposed to into.; From a thing or or place as a source, place of origin etc.

The audience came out of the theater.

The cat jumped out of the basket.

I have fallen out of love with you.

They will soon be out of business.

This train will be going out of service at the next station.

He ate out of a big bowl.

Turns out he's some rapper out of New York called Buster Bigmouth.

Mike Morgillo, a cop out of the Bronx borough command — who is married to a detective — says he's sick of sitting around other cops' backyards hearing the same old he-shot, she-shot stories.

1997, New York, volume 30, number 31, page 33:

(informal) From a thing or or place as a source, place of origin etc.

There's the Titanic out of Liverpool.

(nautical) Stating the port in which a boat has been registered.

Only three out of a thousand are born with this rare disease.

Out of the entire class, only Cynthia completed the work.

Out of all men beg for a chance to drill your lots, maybe one in twenty will be oilmen.

2007 September 27, Paul Thomas Anderson, There Will Be Blood, spoken by Daniel Plainview (Daniel Day-Lewis), distributed by Paramount Vantage & Miramax Films:

Taken from among; expressing a fraction of (a larger number).

She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.

(now chiefly horse breeding) Born from a given mother (cf. by).

His feet rested out of the water.

Is your mother out of hospital?

Expressing position outside, literal or figurative; opposed to in.

I'm rather out of practice right now.

He cannot see you because he's feeling out of spirits today.

Sorry, we're out of bread.

Once out of the farm the approach of poverty would be sure.

1874, Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, Barnes & Noble, published 2005, page 276:

I laughed out of embarrassment.

She only did it out of love for him.

She asked the question out of mere curiosity.

It's made out of mahogany.

From a given material as means of construction.

They're out of Tampa and they cover the Southeast.

He works out of the main office.

This company, based out of England has a full line of magickal products but I can really on^([sic]) comment on their charcoal incense.

2007, Raven Womack, The Raven's Flight Book of Incense, Oils, Potions and Brews, page 107:

The first major radio networks were based out of New York, and these chains of radio stations would broadcast the same programs that would originate from New York to its subsidiary stations across the nation.

2015, Alan C. Turley, Urban Culture: Exploring Cities and Cultures, page 81:

(informal) In a manner based in but not always in (a certain place); (loosely) in.

Five months out of the election

Several yards out of the ocean

(often informal) expression of how distant a person, an event or object is.


apart

Adverbial sense ultimately from German apart, possibly via Kashubian apart and/or dialectal Polish apart (“separately”). Prepositional sense most likely borrowed from English apart.

Apart valgio, tu nieko daugiau nežinai!

Apart from food, you don't know anything else!

Apart jo, dar buvo du


ago

From Middle English ago, agon (“passed”), past participle of agon (“to depart, escape, pass”), from Old English āgān (“to go away, pass away, go forth, come to pass”), from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”), *gāną (“to go”), equivalent to a- + gone, and by surface analysis, a- + go. Cognate with German ergehen (“to come to pass, fare, go forth”). Compare also Old Saxon āgangan (“to go or pass by”), Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (usgaggan, “to go forth”).

cog

I got married ten years ago.

Two years ago a pair of scientists sparked fears of a devastating virus.

2013 August 10, “Damned if you don’t”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

-a/-e/-ja/-je (e.g. egy órája: one hour ago)


סין

lad-prep

סין (Hebrew spelling, Latin spelling sin)


out

From Middle English out, oute, from a combination of Old English ūt (“out”, preposition & adverb), from Proto-West Germanic *ūt, from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”); and Old English ūte (“outside; without”, adverb), from Proto-Germanic *ūtai (“out; outside”); both from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“upwards, away”).
Cognate with Scots oot, out (“out”), Saterland Frisian uut, uute (“out”), West Frisian út (“out”), Dutch uit (“out”), German Low German ut (“out”), German aus (“out”), Norwegian/Swedish ut, ute (“out; outside”), Danish ud, ude (“out; outside”).

inh

Can you, when you have pushed out your gates the very defender of them, and in a violent popular ignorance given your enemy your shield, think to front his revenges with the easy groans of old women, the virginal palms of your daughters, or with the palsied intercession of such a decayed dotant as you seem to be?

c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

Thy roselips and full blue eyes / Take the heart from out my breast.

After she'd made her single cup of coffee she sat looking out the window into the slushy, halficy backyard and dialed Tony's number on Staten Island.

2012, Thomas Gifford, Woman in the Window:

From the inside to the outside of; out of.

Translation notes
In many languages there is no direct translation, as the idea expressed by the English adverb is expressed by a prefix in many languages. Other West Germanic languages are halfway in-between to some extent as it uses a prefix in the infinitive of its verbs, but often, though not always, separates the prefix into the same form as the English adverb when conjugating them.

usually expressed by the prefix el- and/or preposition el (1)

ablative case (-lta, -ltä) or elative case (-sta, -stä)

usually expressed by the prefix вы- (vy-)

sometimes expressed by the prefix ut. In some cases considered somewhat formal.


bagi

From Malay bagi (standard bahagi), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqagi (“share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property”).


bagi

Clipping of bahagi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqagi (“share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property”).


up

From Middle English up, from Old English upp, from Proto-Germanic *upp, see more there.

The cat climbed up the tree.

They walk up the steps.

Her eyes scanned up and down the page.

Judge Short had gone to town, and Farrar was off for a three days' cruise up the lake. I was bitterly regretting I had not gone with him when the distant notes of a coach horn reached my ear, and I descried a four-in-hand winding its way up the inn road from the direction of Mohair.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

-ra/-re fel (used simultaneously with the suffix)

The information made its way up the chain of command to the general.

I felt something crawling up my arm.

Toward the center, source, or main point of reference; toward the end at which something is attached.

We sailed up the East Coast of England from Ipswich to South Shields.

Though the storm raged up the East Coast, it has become increasingly apparent that New Jersey took the brunt of it.

2012 October 31, David M. Halbfinger, New York Times, retrieved 2012-10-31:

Go up the street until you see the sign.

He led an expedition up the Amazon.

From the mouth towards the source of (a river or waterway).

Phwoar, look at that bird. I'd love to be up her.

(vulgar slang) Of a person: having sex with.

I'll see you later up the snooker club.

“I'll tell you how I got on in the fight if I should see you up the Smokers.”

2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, published 2016, page 94:

(colloquial) At (a given place, especially one imagined to be higher or more distant from a central location).


deur

From Dutch door, from Middle Dutch dōre, from Old Dutch thuro, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw.


deur

From Middle Dutch duere, variant of dōre, from Old Dutch thuro, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw.


atas

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *atas, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *atas, from Proto-Austronesian *aCas.


atas

From Malay atas, from Proto-Malayic *atas, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *atas (compare Tagalog taas), from Proto-Austronesian *aCas.

mengatasi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mengataskan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

teratasi [agentless action + causative benefactive]

in connection with, with reference to, regarding

Buku itu terdiri atas beberapa bab.

Ia berlagak tidak mengerti atas masalah itu.

He/she pretended not to understand about that problem.

Sifat distributif perkalian atas penjumlahan dan pengurangan

The distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction.


atas

Indonesian: atas

→ English: atas

From Proto-Malayic *atas, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *atas (compare Tagalog taas), from Proto-Austronesian *aCas.

Kami mengucapkan terima kasih atas kerjasama anda.

We would like to express our gratitude for your cooperation.

Dia tidak dapat menyertai pertandingan atas masalah kesihatan.

He cannot participate in the competition due to health issues.


atas

Ibanic

Iban: atas

Keninjal: atas

Seberuang: atau

Mualang: atau

Malayan

desctree

Malay: atas
Indonesian: atas
→ English: atas

Minangkabau: ateh

Negeri Sembilan Malay: ateh

Kedah Malay: ataih

Pattani Malay: อาตะฮ (atah)

Urak Lawoi': อาตัยฮ (atas)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *atas, from Proto-Austronesian *aCas.


по

Вървя по улицата.

used to indicate movement over a surface or movement bound to certain limits (usually continuous or repeating in time), on, over, through, along

Потупах го по рамото.

Ударих го по главата.

Тъгувам по лятото.

introducing the object of a targeted action or for an action related to certain state, on, over, for

По евро за книга.

Двама по двама.

Тичам по малко (всеки ден).
Tičam po malko (vseki den).
I am running a little (every day).

in conjunction with countable nouns for price or quantity, expressing quantity, expressing distribution, by

По обед.

По Коледа.

Ходя по чорапи.

used to describe attire, in, with ... on

Пращам го по автобус.

Пращам го по въздушна поща.

Говоря по телефона.

Учител по история.

Факултет по физика.

indicating an activity or its domain, of

Съдя го по външността му.

Работя по усмотрение.

Пропуснато е по погрешка.

По негова вина закъснях.

Плувам по течението.

Ходя по пътеката.


по

Ќе се вратат по вечерата.

Одам по улицата.

Влезете еден по еден.

Два по два е четири.

По тебе, што ќе се случи следно?

According to you, what's going to happen next?

Излегува по кратки ракави.

Отиде на пазар по пиперки.

He went to the marketplace to get peppers.


по

Тарака́н бе́гал по столу́.

Он плыл по реке́.

Они́ путеше́ствовали по Евро́пе.

Они́ путеше́ствовали по ра́зным города́м.

Он погла́дил меня́ по щеке́.

He stroked my cheek. / He stroked me on/across the cheek.

Они́ уда́рили меня́ по голове́.

used broadly to indicate action, typically involving movement, across a surface or across several things in a generally flat plane; across, on, along, down, up, all over, (all) around:

Министе́рство по чрезвыча́йным ситуа́циям (МЧС) ― Ministérstvo po črezvyčájnym situácijam (MČS) ― The Ministry of Emergency Situations (MChS)

руково́дство по шитью́

рекоменда́ции по устране́нию угро́з

recommendations to eliminate threats / recommendations for/on eliminating threats

экза́мен по биоло́гии

biology exam (literally, “exam on/in/for biology”)

used to indicate the object/field/topic that something applies to; for, on, about, in, of (or translated with an attributive noun followed by a noun)

су́дя по его́ поведе́нию

Я по́нял э́то по его́ го́лосу.

по пла́ну

де́йствовать по пра́вилам

to act according to / in accordance/line with the rules

used to indicate accordance with, adherence to or judgement based on something; according to, from, by

Он ушёл на пе́нсию по боле́зни.

Аро́н вчера́ опозда́л по рассе́янности.

Aaron was late yesterday because of a distraction.

used to indicate the reason for something, typically undesired/undesirable (see usage notes on из-за (iz-za)); due to, on account of, out of, from, by

по четверга́м

по вечера́м

used with time (usually times of day or days of the week) to indicate regular repetition; on, in (the), every (or translated with a plural noun)

Я дал ка́ждому челове́ку по двадцати́ одному́ рублю́.

Ja dal káždomu čelovéku po dvadcatí odnomú rubljú.

Он пла́вал ка́ждый день по ты́сяче ме́тров.

On plával káždyj denʹ po týsjače métrov.

Они́ продаю́т по миллио́ну альбо́мов в год.

Oní prodajút po milliónu alʹbómov v god.

used with numbers when there is distribution among multiple objects or repetition across multiple instances in time (dative case is used with the numbers one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion etc. and numbers ending in these words)

Они́ бы́ли разделены́ на гру́ппы по три челове́ка. ― Oní býli razdelený na grúppy po tri čelovéka. ― They were divided into groups of three people. (Note: not the animate трёх (trjox).)

Он получа́л по два́дцать пять фу́нтов в неде́лю. ― On polučál po dvádcatʹ pjatʹ fúntov v nedélju. ― He received £25 a week.

used with numbers when there is distribution among multiple objects or repetition across multiple instances in time (inanimate accusative case is used with numbers other than one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion etc. or numbers ending in these words)

Я всади́л в ружьё штык по са́мое ду́ло.

I stuck a bayonet into a gun to the very barrel.

Used to indicate something serving as the boundary of the extent of some action.

по прие́зде/прибы́тии

по истече́нии полуго́да

(literary, official) Used to indicate a temporal or spatial boundary; (immediately) after, upon, on

по нём

Он горева́л по моём отсу́тствии. ― On gorevál po mojóm otsútstvii. ― He grieved (over) my absence.

Они́ сходи́ли по нём с ума́.

Я скуча́ю по тебе́. ― Ja skučáju po tebé. ― I miss you.

used to indicate an object of rumination, yearning, mourning; over, for


по

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)po.

отићи по мл(иј)еко

по ц(иј)ели дан

по шести пут

бити штетан по некога/нешто

добро/лоше по њега

ударити по глави

сн(иј)ег је пао по цести

вода се пролила по поду

шетати по шуми

over, through, across, in, on [with locative]

Послао сам му пакет по заједничком пријатељу.

I've sent him a package via a mutual friend.

по зраку/води

by, with, through (using an intermediary or medium) [with locative]

све иде по плану

everything is going according to the plan

Америка је прва држава по богатству у св(иј)ету.

America is the richest country in the world.

по глави становника

жив(ј)ети по принципима

по мом(е) мишљењу

по мом рачуну

по мени

свирати по слуху

судити по вањштини

по свршетку сукоба

по киши/сунцу

по дану

разум(иј)е се (само) по себи

нека буде по твоме

једнак по величини

све је по старом

everything is/goes in the accustomed/usual manner

по обичају

по вр(иј)едности

по свој прилици

по роду

по нарави/природи

по тој ц(иј)ени

по параграфу 13

по што по то

по могућности

по реду

по мом укусу

по квалитети

по томе

according to this/that, accordingly, consequently, then

по закону

по дуљини

in miscellaneous senses in various phrasal constructs [with locative]


по

По столі́/столу́ розки́дані ру́чки.

По мі́сті/мі́сту/мі́стові ді́є коменда́нтська годи́на.

Po místi/místu/místovi díje komendántsʹka hodýna.

used to indicate a physical object on which an action is taking place, or to indicate a space in which something is taking place.

йти вниз по ріці́

to follow the river downstream (literally, “to go down in the direction of the river”)

плисти́ по ві́трі/ві́тру

Мене́ вда́рили по голові́.

Він зи́ркає по на́товпі час від ча́су.

He looks at the crowd from time to time.

used to indicate a direct object upon which an action is performed.

По ньо́му пла́кала вся Украї́на.

All of Ukraine was mourning his death. (literally, “All of Ukraine was crying over him.”)

(colloquial) used to indicate someone or something that is being mourned over.

Пам'ята́й, си́нку: по те́мній но́чі завжди́ настає́ сві́тлий ра́нок.

Remember, son: after a dark night, a bright morning always comes.

Pamʺjatáj, sýnku: po témnij nóči zavždý nastajé svítlyj ránok.

Ку́хлик ви́слизнув з мої́х рук і по ньо́му ста́ло!

The mug slipped out of my hands and it broke! (literally, “The mug slipped out of my hands and the aftermath of it has become!”)

Kúxlyk výslyznuv z mojíx ruk i po nʹómu stálo!

(colloquial) used to indicate the disappearance, irreparable damage, or death of someone or something.

по яскра́вому мі́сяці/мі́сяцю

по ночах

during the night (literally, “at nights”)

(colloquial) used to indicate a time-frame during which an action occurs.

годи́на по годи́ні

пи́во по пи́ві ― pývo po pývi ― beer after beer

Йому́ було́ по шо́стому ро́ці коли́ він пішо́в до шко́ли.

He was six years old when he went to school. (literally, “He was at the sixth year when he went to school.”)

Jomú buló po šóstomu róci kolý vin pišóv do škóly.

(dialectal) used with a temporal noun to indicate the age of something

бабу́ся по ма́тері

maternal grandmother (literally, “grandmother through the mother”)

по ба́тькові

patronymic (literally, “through the father”)

това́риш по шко́лі

school friend (literally, “friend through school”)

підня́тися по моту́зці

to climb a rope (literally, “to climb via a rope”)

транслюва́ти по ра́діо

used to indicate the object with which an action is performed.

По її́ поведі́нці мо́жна було́ зрозумі́ти, що щось не так.

One could tell something is wrong by her behaviour.

Po jijí povedínci móžna buló zrozumíty, ščo ščosʹ ne tak.

Не суди́ кни́жку по обкла́динці.

used to indicate a justification by which one arrives at a conclusion.

Це, по су́ті, відве́рта брехня́.

Він, по ща́стю/ща́сті, зміг утекти́.

used with certain nouns to form parentheses.

Дай усі́м ді́тям по цуке́рці.

Лю́ди ви́мушені чека́ти по ти́жню/ти́жні, аби отри́мати ї́жу.

People are forced to wait for a week to get food.

Ljúdy výmušeni čekáty po týžnju/týžni, aby otrýmaty jížu.

with locative case
for (a length of time)

Мандрівники́ прохо́дять по п'ятна́дцать кіломе́трів на годину

Travelers travel fifteen kilometres each hour. (literally, “Travelers travel by fifteen kilometres each hour.”)

Mandrivnyký proxódjatʹ po pʺjatnádcatʹ kilométriv na hodynu

used to indicate distance traveled in a certain period of time.

Івасько́ прийшо́в до ньо́го по ді́лу.

(colloquial) used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Ми по ду́рості забу́ли ви́мкнути пра́ску вдо́ма.

We have forgotten to turn off the iron at home due to our foolishness.

My po dúrosti zabúly výmknuty prásku vdóma.

(colloquial) used to indicate the reason for an action.

по пра́ву ру́ку

по лі́ву сто́рону

used with directional nouns to indicate direction

по колі́на

Треба́ піти́ до крамни́ці по хліб.

We need to go to the store for some bread.

Гайда́ візьме́м сачки́ та й по мете́лики!

Let's take butterfly nets and go after the butterflies!

used to indicate an object which is the target of an action

Я коха́тиму тебе́ по смерть! ― Ja koxátymu tebé po smertʹ! ― I will love you until death!

Міст буду́ється по сей день.

The bridge is still being built to this day. (literally, “The bridge is being built until this day.”)

Сашко́ ро́бить усе́ по його́.

(with a personal pronoun) used to indicate an action done according to someone's wish or request.

Не тре́ба мені́ повто́рювати по де́сять разі́в!

You don't have to repeat it to me ten times!

Ne tréba mení povtórjuvaty po désjatʹ razív!

Ко́жному дали́ по кількана́дцять гри́вень. ― Kóžnomu dalý po kilʹkanádcjatʹ hrývenʹ. ― Everyone was given umpteen hryvnias.

with accusative case
used to indicate quantity.

З глу́зду з'ї́хали! Прода́ють я́йця по 80 гри́вень дю́жина!

They've gone insane! They're selling eggs for 80 hryvnias a dozen!

Z hlúzdu zʺjíxaly! Prodájutʹ jájcja po 80 hrývenʹ djúžyna!

used to indicate the price of something.


bi-

Proto-West Germanic: *bi-

desctree

Old English: be-
Middle English: bi-, be-, by-, b- (in certain words)
English: be-
Scots: be-

Old Frisian: bi-, be-

Saterland Frisian: bi-

West Frisian: be-

Old Saxon: bi-

Middle Low German: bi-, be-

Low German: be-

→ Danish: be-

→ Swedish: be-

→ Norwegian: be-

Old Dutch: bi-, be-

Middle Dutch: be-, bi-

Dutch: be-

Afrikaans: be-

Old High German: bi-

Middle High German: bi-, be-

German: be-

Luxembourgish: be-

Yiddish: באַ־ (ba-)

Vilamovian: by-

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹- (bi-)


ng

From earlier nang, from Proto-Greater Central Philippine *naN (indefinite object marker). See also ni and ang.
The two-letter spelling originates in a now defunct Spanish language abbreviation convention of drawing a tilde over the abbreviated word, in this case nang, later rendered variously as ng̃, ñg or n͠g. The complications of typing ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨g̃⟩ or any such combination with tilde using English language typewriters in the American occupation period of the Philippines, caused it to be dropped in writing. Compare mga.

Kinain ng pusa ang isda.

Kumain ng isda ang pusa.

kuwento ng bayan

luto ng kusinero

(indirect or object marker for nouns or phrases other than personal names)

Pumasok ng silid si Tatay nang may dumating na bisita.

Dad went into his room when visitors had dropped by.

Bibiyahe ng Saudi ang kaibigan ko para magtrabaho.

My friend will depart for (to) Saudi to work.

to, into, towards; in the direction of; arriving at


ane

From Middle High German āne, from Old High German āna, ānu, āno, from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”). Cognate with German ohne, Icelandic án.

Ich pin nòch ane bètze.

Ane èssan manzich nèt léeban.


ane

From Old Dutch ana, from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana.

to, towards (also as strengthening of the dative case)


ane

From Old Dutch āna, from Proto-Germanic *ēnō (“without”).


ane

Alemannic German: ooni, ohni, ouni

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: ane

Central Franconian: ohne, ohni, ohnt

Luxembourgish: ouni

East Central German: ohne

Vilamovian: ona

German: ohne

Yiddish: אָן (on)

Inherited from Old High German āno, from Proto-Germanic *ēnu.


apa

Aar's a dole o' sneow apa greound to-die.

1867, “BIT OF DIALOGUE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 111:

There is a deal of snow upon the ground to-day.


و

سِرْتُ وَطُلُوعَ الْفَجْرِ

أَنَا وَإيّاكُم


okolo

Inherited from Old Czech okolo, from Proto-Slavic *okolo.

Šel okolo našeho domu.


okolo

okolo kuće


okolo

Okolo Súče vodička tečie.

In the neighborhood of Súča water flows.


okolo

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: около (okolo)

Russian: о́коло (ókolo)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: о́коло (ókolo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: о̏коло

Latin script: ȍkolo

Slovene: okȏli (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: òkòło

Old Czech: okolo

Czech: okolo

Old Polish: około
Polish: około
Silesian: ôkoło

Old Slovak: okolo

Slovak: okolo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: wokoło

Lower Sorbian: wokoło


uni

Alternative spelling of ṅūni, ṅūnin (“before”)


as well as

As well as the obvious financial benefits, the merger will allow us some breathing room with regards to R&D.


milli

Guð sagði: „Verði festing milli vatnanna, og hún greini vötn frá vötnum.“

And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

milli tveggja elda

between a rock and a hard place; between the Devil and the deep blue sea


aus

From Middle High German ūz, from Old High German ūz (“out”) from Proto-West Germanic *ūt. Compare Dutch uit, English out, Danish ud. Doublet of out.

Hol das Besteck aus der Schublade!

out of; from (from the inside of something)

Er kommt aus dem selben Dorf wie ich.

ein Haus aus Eis

etwas aus Freundschaft tun

to do something out of friendship (i.e. a sense of friendship)

etwas aus Feigheit unterlassen

for; out of (because of a feeling or inner quality)


aus

From Old High German ūz, from Proto-Germanic *ūt.

Hie kënnt aus Lëtzebuerg.
He comes from Luxembourg.

Den Dësch ass aus Holz.

Ech hunn et aus Frustratioun gemaach.


aus

From Middle High German ūz, from Old High German ūz (“out”). Compare German aus, Dutch uit, English out, Danish ud.


inside

From Middle English ynneside; equivalent to in- + side.
Compare German Innenseite (“inside”), Danish inderside (“inside”), Swedish insida (“inside”), Dutch binnenzijde (“inside”), German Low German Binnensied, Binnersied (“inside”), Saterland Frisian Binnersiede (“inside”).

cog

the call is coming from inside the house

He placed the letter inside the envelope.

Within the interior of something, closest to the center or to a specific point of reference.

دَاخِل

within the interior of something, closest to the center or to a specific point of reference

The job was finished inside two weeks.

Then he commenced to talk, really talk, and inside of two flaps of a herring's fin he had me mesmerized, like Eben Holt's boy at the town hall show. He talked about the ills of humanity, and the glories of health and Nature and service and land knows what all.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:


'til

From a reinterpretation of till as an aphetic form of until.


outta

I'm outta here!

If you're reading this... get the hell outta this place! Now!

2010, BioWare, Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Aequitas:


dan

From Middle Dutch dan, from Old Dutch than, from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan.

Niets dan liefde.


dan

head

dan (triggers soft mutation on a following noun)

danof (first-person singular)
danom (first-person plural)
danot (second-person singular)
danoch (plural second-person)
dano m (singular third-person)
dani f (singular third-person)
danynt (plural third-person)
dano i (first-person singular)
fi (first-person singular)
dana i (first-person singular)
danon ni (first-person plural)
danot ti (second-person singular)
danat ti (second-person singular)
danoch chi (plural second-person)
dano fe (singular third-person)
fo m (singular third-person)
dani hi f (singular third-person)
danyn nhw (plural third-person)
tan (mutation mutation-radical)
dan (mutation mutation-soft)
nhan (mutation mutation-nasal)
than (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Soft mutation of tan (“under”). From Proto-Brythonic *tan, from Proto-Celtic *tanai, dative of *tanā, from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥néh₂.

dan adain

under the wing of, under the protection of

(literary) Soft mutation of tan (“under”).


outa

[…] and lo! here’s all humanity hep and weird wandering on the evening sidewalk amazing me outa my eyeballs[…]

1965, Jack Kerouac, Desolation Angels, page 101:


את

אֵת (canonical)
אֶת־ (canonical)
et (romanization)
et- (romanization)
אֵת
אוֹתִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אוֹתָנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
אוֹתְךָ (masculine second-person singular)
אוֹתָךְ (feminine second-person singular)
אֶתְכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
אוֹתְכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
אֶתְכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
אוֹתְכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
אוֹתוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
אוֹתׇהּ (feminine singular third-person)
אוֹתָם (masculine plural third-person)
אוֹתָן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

Inflection table (direct object marker)

אוֹתִי (otí)

אוֹתָנוּ (otánu)

אוֹתְךָ (otkhá)

אוֹתָךְ (otákh)

אֶתְכֶם (etkhém),
אוֹתְכֶם (otkhém)¹

אֶתְכֶן (etkhén),
אוֹתְכֶן (otkhén)¹

אוֹתוֹ (otó)

אוֹתׇהּ (otáh)

אוֹתָם (otám)

אוֹתָן (otán)

1. The forms etkhém and etkhén are considered more correct, but the forms otkhém and otkhén are also common in everyday usage.

Related to Phoenician 𐤀𐤉𐤕 (ʾyt), Punic 𐤀𐤕 (ʾt), and Aramaic ית.

בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ:

Tanach, [[s:he:T0101#א_א|1:1]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

bereshít bará elohím et hashamáyim ve'ét ha'árets.

וְאָ֣הַבְתָּ֔ אֵ֖ת יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ בְּכָל־לְבָֽבְךָ֥ וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁךָ֖ וּבְכָל־מְאֹדֶֽךָ:

Tanach, [[s:he:T0506#ו_ה|6:5]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.

veahávta et adonáy elohékha b'khól levav'khá uv'khól nafshekhá uv'khól me'odékha

אני הרגתי את מופסה!

1994, The Lion King, spoken by Scar (Eli Gorenstein):

את ספרו החשוב הראשון פירסם בישראל בשנות ה-70, ובחר לכתוב אותו בערבית ספרותית

2019 October 31, Naomi Niddam, Local Call:

He published his first important book in Israel in the 70s, and chose to write it in Literary Arabic.

Et sifró hakhashúv harishón pirsém b'yisraél bishnót hashiv'ím, uvakhár likhtóv otó be'aravít sifrutít.

Used to introduce a semantically definite direct object.


את

אֵת (canonical)
אֶת־ (canonical)
et (romanization)
et- (romanization)
עִם
אֵת
אֶת־
איתי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אִתִּי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
איתנו (feminine first-person masculine plural)
אִתָּנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
איתך (masculine second-person singular)
אִתְּךָ (masculine second-person singular)
איתך (feminine second-person singular)
אִתָּךְ (feminine second-person singular)
איתכם (masculine plural second-person)
אִתְּכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
איתכן (feminine plural second-person)
אִתְּכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
איתו (masculine singular third-person)
אִתּוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
איתה (feminine singular third-person)
אִתָּהּ (feminine singular third-person)
איתם (masculine plural third-person)
אִתָּם (masculine plural third-person)
איתן (feminine plural third-person)
אִתָּן (feminine plural third-person)

Inflection table (archaic sense “to” or “with”)

איתי / אִתִּי (ití)

איתנו / אִתָּנוּ (itánu)

איתך / אִתְּךָ (itkhá)

איתך / אִתָּךְ (itákh)

איתכם / אִתְּכֶם (itkhém)

איתכן / אִתְּכֶן (itkhén)

איתו / אִתּוֹ (itó)

איתה / אִתָּהּ (itáh)

איתם / אִתָּם (itám)

איתן / אִתָּן (itán)

Cognate with Akkadian 𒀉𒋾 (itti, “with”).

2015 September 29, Ran Boker, “לונדון את קירשנבאום תשודר כמו בימי חייו של מוטי (“London et Kirschenbaum will be broadcasted like [the way it was] in the lifetime of Moti”)”, in ynet:

וַיְהִי יְהוָה אֶת יוֹסֵף

Tanach, [[s:he:T0139#לט_ב|39:2]], with translation of the King James Version:


und

Old English: *und, *un; *un-

Middle English: un- (in until, unto)

English: until, unto

Old Frisian: und

North Frisian: ond

Old Saxon: und, unt; untat, unthat, untthat, antthat

Old Dutch: unt, untes

Old High German: unz

Middle High German: unz

German: unz

Old Norse: unz (< *und es)

Icelandic: uns

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳 (und)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂n̥tó, original allative to *h₂énts, *h₂ent- (“front”).


miesto

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *město. Cognates include Czech místo.


wie

Than stalket, an gandelt, wie o! an gridane.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 12, page 88:

Then stalked and wondered, with oh! and with grief.


mesto

[ˈme̞s̠tŏ̞̥]

Kuhu puuttui konna-reisumees mesto lounatta?

1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 17:

Where did the travelling frog arrive instead of the south?


chê

Local variant of chî, after the contraction of cu i, from an earlier cu li (“with the”).

Jìticci chê màchini.

(dialectal variant) Alternative form of chî (“with the”)


ona

From Middle High German āne, from Old High German āna, ānu, āno (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *anew, *enew (“without”). Cognate with German ohne.