vo

From Middle High German von (“from”), from Old High German fon, fona (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, *funē (“from”), compound of *afa (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“from, off”)) + *ana (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“on”)). Cognate with German von, Old Saxon fana, fan (“from”), Dutch van (“from; of”), Old Frisian fon (“from”).

der

Se san vo Wien nåch Minga gfoan.

Mia san vo Minga.

Des håb i vo meiner Muader kriagt.

Des is des Auto vo meim Opa.

Unter d'Wochn werd da Kloane vo da Oma betreut.

During the week, the little one is looked after by the grandma.

Vo wås red ma jetz eigentle?

Vo wejchan Gäid soi i lebn?


vo

From Middle High German von, from Old High German fon (“from”). Cognate with German von.

Bar soin vo dar Tetsch.


voici

Literally, “look here”. From vois (“see!, look!”), second-person singular imperative of voir (“to see, to look”) and ici (“here”).

Il est parti voici trois jours.


ins

ins (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ins (eclipsis mutation)
hins (mutation prothesis-h)

(archaic or dialectal) Alternative form of i (“in”)


af

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab. Related to English of, off and German ab.

the active part, originator: En roman af Hemingway

indicating connection: Ejeren af huset

in descriptions: En mand af format - A man of stature; Et hus lavet af træ - A house made of wood

part of: ni ud af ti

of origin: Jeg hørte det af ham

away from: Jeg faldt af cyklen

caused by: grøn af misundelse

motivated by: Han gjorde det af nysgerrighed


af

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab.


af

Icelandic: af

Faroese: av

Norn: av

Elfdalian: åv

Old Swedish: af, āf, aff

q

Swedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)

Danish: af

Norwegian Bokmål: av

From Proto-Germanic *ab, whence also Old English æf, af, of (English of), Old Saxon ab, af, Old High German aba, abo (German ab), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af). Compare also au- in Icelandic auvirði.


propter

For *propiter, from prope. Compare with inter (“between”) and subter (“beneath”).
The accusative is from *-teros used adverbially.

Propter hunc.

Clara etiam propter pulchritudinem suam est.

She is renowned also because of her beauty.

because of, on account of, for, according to

Propter quos vivit.


nå

From Middle High German nāch, from Old High German nāh. Cognate with German nach; see there for more.


nå

2018, Susanne Bliemel, Dat wier de Nachtigall un nich de Uhl ... : Plattdeutsche Geschichten, Hinstorff (publisher)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Un ik bün jå in Polen nå Schaul gåhn vun Lemberg ut, ik kunn Polnisch.

(Mecklenburgisch) Alternative spelling of nao (“to, towards”)


langa

→ English: longa

From English along. Compare Bislama and Tok Pisin long.


astraddle

[…] see that your men reload their muskets the meanwhile, ready for any old woman we may see riding through the air astraddle a broomstick.

1848, Joseph Holt Ingraham, chapter 2, in Mark Manly: or, The Skipper’s Lad, New York: Williams Brothers, page 15:

The used-to-be sheriff sat rakishly astraddle his horse.

1969, Maya Angelou, chapter 3, in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →LCCN, page 17:

He spies a group of Irish officers astraddle the road, conferring on horseback.

2011, Guy Vanderhaeghe, chapter 22, in A Good Man, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, page 359:


hos

Originally an unstressed form of hus (“house”) undergoing a development in meaning from "at someone's house" to "with someone" – analogous to the development of Latin casa (“house”) to French chez (“at (the house of)”). Displaced Old Norse hjá.

Vi var på besøg hos Ahmad.

Jeg sov hos en veninde.

Maalet er hos Kierkegaard som hos Hegel et selvbevidst Liv, der af begge kaldes Aand, ...

1877, Fredrik Petersen, Dr. Søren Kierkegaards Christendomsforkyndelse, page 544:

The goal, according to Kierkegaard is, as according to Hegel, a self-conscious life, which both of them call spirit/spirituality, ...

Muligheden for at vælge forkert er hos Hegel til stede.

2001, Sundhedsplejerske-institutionens dannelse: en kulturteoretisk og kulturhistorisk analyse af velfaerdsstatens embedsvaerk, Museum Tusculanum Press, →ISBN, page 132:

The possibility of choosing wrong is present in the view that Hegel expresses.

Etik er derfor hos Foucault noget andet end moral, der er det filosofiske studium af gode, rigtige handlinger.

2015, Svend Brinkmann, Identitet, Klim, →ISBN:

In Foucault's writings, ethics is therefore different from morality, which is the philosophical study of good, right actions.

in X's view; as X expresses it in their writings


hos

Developed from hus; cognate with Danish hos, Swedish hos. Partially displaced inherited hjå from Old Norse hjá.


hos

Compare Old Swedish i hoss (“close by, nearby”); probably from a weak form of Old Swedish hūs (“house”) (Swedish hus); cognate with Danish hos. Compare Icelandic hjá (“at, by”) from hjón (“married couple”), French chez (“to/at the house of”) from Latin casa (“house”).

Jag är hos djävulen.

I am at the devil's place; I am in hell.

Johan är hos sig.

at someone's place or building, usually their home or workplace. Same as Icelandic hjá.

Stanna hos mig!

with someone (used instead of med with a few static verbs, such as stay)


bie

From Middle Dutch bi, from Old Dutch bi, from Proto-Germanic *bi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Ich bin bie g'm Jeanette.

Die wirke bie einem bekker.

(with an organization or company) for; at; in

V'r hant 't nit bei ós.

(with an event considered certain) upon, at the time of

Bien oonval.

(with an event considered theoretical) in case of, in the event of

(with a continuing activity or condition) during; while; during the existence of

(with an item that implies an activity) over; during

(takes the accusative) with, to, towards


bie

y'ast, bie ractzom o'honde, ee-delt t'ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 16-18:

you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that.

proo'th, y'at wee alane needeth ye giftes o'generale rights, az be displayte bie ee factes o'thie goveremente.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 23-24:

proves that we alone stood in need of the enjoyment of common privileges, as is demonstrated by the results of your government.


all for

I'm all for people being able to speak their minds.

Esau sold Jacob his birthright all for a bowl of lentil stew.

(of an undertaking) Merely for the sake of.


אָב

From Old High German ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab.


па

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po. Compare Polish po, Russian and Ukrainian по (po), more distantly Lithuanian pa-.

па вуліцы: along the street

ехаць па абочыне: drive on the roadside

бегчы па сцежцы: run on a trail

(with the locative case) along, on (movement or location)

ісці па полі: go in the field

рэчка цячэ па даліне: the river flows over the valley

Падарожжа па Беларусі: Journey over Belarus

(with the locative case) over, in, on (place or space where something takes place)

Ісці па слядах: Follow the footprints

Уверх па ручаіне: Up along the brook

Накіроўвацца па маршруце: Follow the route

(with the locative case) along (direction)

Дзеці гулялі па той бок дарогі: The kids were playing across the street.

Хаты стаялі па абодва бакі вуліцы: The huts were located on both sides of the street.

Па парвую руку быў лес: There was a forest to the right.

старана старана

(with the accusative case) + бок, старана, край, рука) on (a place where something takes place or something situated; place is determined by pointing at a direction)

Улезці ў ваду па пояс: To come into the water half height.

Снег па калені: Snow up to one's knees.

Калёсы вязнуць у пяску аж па ступіцу: The wheels fall down in the sand as deep as the axis.

(with the accusative case) to used to name something that is a spatial border


all over

He dropped the bucket and got paint all over the floor and his clothes.

(idiomatic) Everywhere; covering completely.

جَمِيع أَنْحَاء

jamīʕ ʔanḥāʔ


gen

From Middle High German gēn, gein, from gegen with elision of intervocalic -g- (compare Getreide, Maid). Doublet of gegen (“against”). Cognate with Yiddish קיין (keyn).

gen Norden

gen Abend

towards the evening, in the late afternoon

(literary, somewhat dated) in the direction; to; towards (a place or time)


после

head

по́сле • (pósle)


ymb

Middle English: umbe, embe
Scots: umbe-

From Proto-West Germanic *umbi.
Cognate with Old Saxon umbi (Dutch om), Old High German umbi (German um), Old Norse um (Swedish om).
The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin ambi-, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí), Old Irish imb, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (abiy, “towards, against, upon”).


округ

head

окру́г • (okrúh)

навко́ло навколо#Ukrainian

(colloquial) Synonym of навко́ло (navkólo, “around, about”).


usque

desc

Old French: enjosque, enjusque, enjesque, josque, jusque

French: jusque

Occitan: duscas

From Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from *úd-s (“out, outward”, genitive) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Sanskrit उच्चा (uccā́), Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca, “up, out”), Russian вы- (vy-, “out from”), Proto-Germanic *ūt, English out.

af

usque somni tempus


im

head

im (plus dative, triggers lenition, does not mutate b, m, or p)

m (triggers-lenition)
p (triggers-lenition)
im (mutation mutation-radical)
n-im (eclipsis mutation)
him (mutation prothesis-h)
t-im (mutation prothesis-t)


adversus

Catalan: advers

English: adverse

French: adverse, avers

Italian: avverso

Occitan: advèrs

Portuguese: adverso

Romanian: advers

Spanish: adverso

[äd̪ˈu̯ɛrs̠ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of advertō (“I turn toward”).


up against

If you try to change the school schedule like that, you'll be up against legions of angry parents.

(idiomatic) Facing; challenging, or opposing.

If the tree grows up against the garden wall then either the tree will be crowded and stunted or the wall will be pushed out.


tills

Contraction of Old Swedish til þäs. Equivalent to till dess.

Nu faller snön i nästan hela landet och så kommer det att fortsätta hela dagen och ända tills i morgon[…]

2019, Johanna Cederblad, “Snöblask i söder och köldrekord i norr”, in Svenska Dagbladet:

Now the snow ls falling in almost the whole country and it will continue throughout the day and until tomorrow.

(colloquial, sometimes proscribed) until (up to a certain time)


towards

[tʰə̥ˈwɔːdz]

[tʰə̥ˈwɔɹ̠d̠z]

[tʰw̥ɔɹ̠d̠z]

From Middle English towardes, from Old English tōweardes, tōwærdes, equivalent to toward + -s (adverbial suffix).

Towards the following morning, the thermometer fell to 5°; and at daylight, there was not an atom of water to be seen in any direction.

1835, Sir John Ross, Sir James Clark Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-west Passage …, Volume 1, pages 284–5:

To the left towers the Jungfrau, with the train heading directly towards it.

1960 December, Voyageur, “The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated, page 752:

But with Goodison Park openly directing its full hostility towards Atkinson, Liverpool went ahead when Carroll turned in his first Premier League goal of the season after 70 minutes.

2011 October 1, Phil McNulty, “Everton 0-2 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:


neah

From Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
See also Old Saxon nāh, Old Dutch nā (Dutch na), Old High German nāh (German nah), Old Norse ná (Icelandic ná-), Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nēƕ). Extra-Germanic cognates include Albanian nesër (“tomorrow, in short time”).


uti

Han hoppa uti sjøen.

Han låg uti sjøen.


à côté de

J’habiterai bientôt à côté de chez toi.

I shall soon be living next to your house.

T’es complètement à côté de la plaque !


kuni

The ku- stem (from Proto-Finnic *ku-) with the terminative case suffix -ni. Compare Finnish kunnes and Votic kuniz.

Saadan sind kuni järgmise tänavanurgani.

I'll walk you to the next street corner.

Käed olid kuni küünarnukkideni sidemeis.

My hands were bandaged up to the elbows.

Töötasin sellel kohal kuni 1965. aastani.

Pidutseti kuni keskööni.

Ma ei unusta seda kuni surmatunnini.

I won't forget it till the hour of my death.

See komme on säilinud kuni tänapäevani.

Kotka tiibade siruulatus küünib kuni 2 meetrini.

The eagle's wingspan reaches up to 2 metres.

Kõik oli kuni pisiasjadeni läbi mõeldud.

Everything was planned down to the last detail.

Võttis riided kuni särgini seljast.

He took his clothes off down to his shirt.

up to, to; until, till (emphasises the boundary marked by a noun up to which something occurs)


côté

Inherited from Middle French costé, from Old French costé, from Latin costātus. Compare Spanish costado, Catalan costat.


före

From Old Swedish fyrir, from Old Norse fyrir, from Proto-Germanic *furi, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.


wiz

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(slang, especially represents slurred or drunken speech) Pronunciation spelling of with.


gemang

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English gemang
From ġe- + mang (Proto-Germanic *mang-, from Proto-Indo-European *menk- (“knead”)). Cognate with Old Saxon gimang. The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Slavic *mǭkà (“flour”) (Old Church Slavonic мѫка (mǫka), Russian мука́ (muká)), Proto-Baltic *minki- (Lithuanian minkiti).


en ce qui concerne

En ce qui me concerne, il y a plein de travail.

As far as I'm concerned, there's plenty of work.

concerning, as to, as far as ... is concerned


mas

Gheg variant of Tosk pas (“behind, beyond, after”). From mbasi, mbas (“after”). A compound of më (“more, most”) + pas (“behind, after, beyond”) (pas from Proto-Albanian *pa ̊ (see pa), from Proto-Indo-European *pos(t) (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”)).


ger

Probably a mutated form of cer (“second-person singular imperative of mynd”).
Alternatively, related to er (“for, through”).


vör

Alternative spelling of för: in front of.


é

From Old French el, contraction of en + lou. This form is now archaic and replaced by au from ài + lou, but may still be encountered in fixed sentences and proverbs.


à l'insu de

Il était content à son insu.

Il est possible qu’en émettant un message ayant une signification consciente apparemment claire, l’émetteur ait voulu en fait, à son propre insu, provoquer le récepteur et induire chez lui une réaction de rejet.

2011, Alain Séguy-Duclot, Recherches sur le langage, page 295:

It is possible that in sending this message having such an apparently clear meaning, the sender had in fact wanted, unbeknownst to even themselves, to provoke the recipient and induce in him an angry reaction.

"[…] Mais le Québec se fait tous les jours et à l’insu de ceux qui ne voudraient pas qu’il se fasse comme à l’insu de ceux qui le font."

2009, Fernand Couturier, Un peuple et sa langue: Pour l'avenir du Québec, page 210:

But Québec is being made every day, unbeknownst to those who would prefer that it not be made, as well as unbeknownst to those who do.

Cela ne se fait à l’insu de personne.

2001, Jean-François Chappuit, Cruauté et amitié d'après Montaigne et Shakespeare : renaissance d'une théologie laïque, page 453:

This is not done with anyone's knowledge.

unbeknownst to, unbeknown to, without the knowledge of


für

From Middle High German vür, from Old High German furi, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi.

Das Geschenk ist für dich.

Ich bin für die erste Option.

Für einen Ausländer sprichst du sehr gut Deutsch.

For a foreigner, you speak German very well.

Mein Anwalt wird das für mich beantworten.

My lawyer will answer to that on my behalf.

Was für ein Kuchen ist das?

Für die Hose hab ich jetzt den Rock genommen.

Instead of the trousers [which I chose not to buy], I took the skirt.

Der Papa holt das Werkzeug, für die Waschmaschine zu reparieren.

Daddy is getting his tools in order to repair the washing machine.

(colloquial, nonstandard) in order to [with zu (+ infinitive) ‘do something’]


apres

2003, Rasheed Lumumba Jones et al. The Humours of Black Life http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN0595246206&id=uCEBP_P04JcC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&sig=JQRYacsNjABY5mMVEtCv0qEDZ6I
We must comment and critique the film while its in progress or else some crucial nuance of a technical or creative nature might be forgotten during an apres-movie discussion.


apres

Alternative form of aprés (in original manuscripts)


apres

From Late Latin ad pressum from Latin ad + pressum. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French aprés.


μέχρι

Greek: μέχρι (méchri)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri (locative), from *me (“with”) (see also μετά (metá)) + *ǵʰes- (“hand”) (whence χείρ (kheír, “hand”)). Cognate with its zero-grade ἄχρι (ákhri, “utterly, as far as”), Old Armenian մերձ (merj, “near, by”) and Albanian ndjerë (“until, near”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.

Marker of general extent: to the point of, so far as


μέχρι

head

μέχρι • (méchri)

el-prep

μέχρι • (méchri)

Inherited from Ancient Greek μέχρι (mékhri).

θα μείνω μέχρι…

μέχρι το 1975

μέχρι τέλους

Περπατάω μέχρι την ταβέρνα.


including

/ɪŋˈkluːdɪŋ/

All this has led to an explosion of protest across China, including among a middle class that has discovered nimbyism.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

All you have to do is to fill in the details, including your name and address and the amount you wish to give.

Such as, among which; introducing one or more parts of the group or topic just mentioned.

I have always argued that it is one that deserves a thorough-going policy review, which might come to all sorts of conclusions, including it is doing what the Government of the day wants it to.

2006 March 27, John Whiting (of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLC), transcribed in The 2006 Budget: Fourth Report of [United Kingdom House of Commons Treasury Committee] Session 2005-06, Volume II, page 20

(rare, nonstandard) Introducing a finite clause.


ال

head

اِلـ • (il-)

Could be directly from Arabic إِلَىٰ (ʔilā).


дар

dar (romanization)
spelling در (Persian)

Inherited from Classical Persian دَر (dar).


bak

kedua anak muda itu wajahnya mirip, bak pinang dibelah dua


bak

From Old Norse bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

bak kulissene


bak

bak kulissane


bak

From Old Swedish baker, from Old Norse bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką. Related to English back.

när månen döljer sig bak vinrankan

when the moon hides 'hind the grape vine


пас

Пас вахцызку Игор ту стратыю,
Пую ас та фтыя-м айдъуна.

1987, L. N. Kir'jakov, transl., Лого пас Игор ту стратыю [Tale of Igor's Campaign]:

About unlucky Igor the general,
Who [is] in my ears of a nightingale.

Pas vaxcyzku Ihor tu stratyju,
Puju as ta ftyja-m ajðuna.


ăn

From Latin in. Compare Aromanian ãn, Romanian în.


tō

Proto-West Germanic: *tō

desctree

Old English: tō, ti — Northumbrian
Middle English: to
English: to, too
Geordie English: te, tiv
Scots: tae

Old Frisian: tō, to

North Frisian: to, tö, tu

Saterland Frisian: tou

West Frisian: ta

⇒ Old Frisian: tote, tot

Old Saxon: tō, tuo, thuo, te, ti
Middle Low German: tô
Low German: to
⇒ Old Saxon: tōtō, tōte
Middle Low German: tôte, tote, tôt, tot

Old Dutch: tuo

Middle Dutch: toe
Dutch: toe
Afrikaans: toe
Jersey Dutch: tû
Negerhollands: tu, toe, due

⇒ Old Dutch: tuote (< *tō + *ta)

Middle Dutch: tote, tot, toete, toet
Dutch: tot
Afrikaans: tot
Berbice Creole Dutch: tutu
Jersey Dutch: tut, tût
Negerhollands: tot, tee
Limburgish: tót

Old High German: zuo, za, zi
Middle High German: zuo
Cimbrian: zo
East Central German: zu
German: zu
Luxembourgish: zou, zu
Vilamovian: cy
Yiddish: צו (tsu)

⇒ Old High German: zuoza, zuozi

Middle High German: zuoze

From Proto-Indo-European *doh₁ (“to”), instrumental singular of *de. Cognate with Russian до (do, “to”), Latvian da (“until, to”).


ova

OK, get in dat pirogue ova dere, en be
still. Don't move hombre!!! We don't you and larry to flip!

2005 May 12, William Jennings, “Awww, shucks ...... Lunch is over”, in rec.music.classical.guitar (Usenet):

(nonstandard, dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of over.


achter

achter (prepositional)
achter (adverb postpositional)
erachter
hierachter
daarachter
waarachter
ergens achter
nergens achter
overal achter

Afrikaans: agter

Berbice Creole Dutch: atre, atri

desc

Negerhollands: aastu, astu, aster, na aster, naastu

→ Virgin Islands Creole: aster, asta (archaic)

Petjo: achter

From Middle Dutch achter, from Old Dutch after, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar, from Proto-Germanic *after.

De bal ligt achter de kast.

The ball is (lying) behind the cupboard.


achter

Dutch: achter

Limburgish: achter

From Old Dutch after, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar.


achter

From Middle Dutch achter, from Old Dutch after, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar.


achter

From Old Frisian after, efter, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar.


ليل

līl (romanization)
ليل (stem)
ليلي (first-person singular)
ليلنا (first-person plural)
ليلك (masculine second-person singular)
ليلك (feminine second-person singular)
ليلكم (plural second-person)
ليله (masculine singular third-person)
ليلها (feminine singular third-person)
ليلهم (plural third-person)

ary-prep-inflection

ليلها (līlha)

ليلنا (līlna)

From Arabic لِ (li). The final -l may be due to backformation from the personal forms, themselves derived by reduplication. Compare Maltese lil (“to, with”).


ад

head

ад • (ad) (before consonant clusters ада)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ. Cognate with Russian от (ot) and Ukrainian від (vid), од (od).


with an eye towards

He began saving all the money he could, with an eye towards someday buying a house.

(idiomatic) With an intention, goal, or consideration to.


x

The multiplication sign × (which is visually similar to the letter x) is pronounced per in Italian.

(text messaging, slang) Abbreviation of per (“for”).


x

From ixf (“head”) by means of grammaticalization.

yeqqim x řkursi

indicates location on top of something: on, on top of


fins

From Latin fīne ad, where fine had an adverbial -s attached.


fins

From Latin fine ad, where fine had an adverbial -s attached.


all up with

It's all up with him: he's bankrupt and has lost his family.

Over for, finished for. (with negative connotation)


sob

From Old Galician-Portuguese sob, so, su, from Latin sub, from Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, below”).


lä

at, with (expressing affiliation with a group)


behalve

Afrikaans: behalwe

Negerhollands: behalven

From Middle Dutch behalven, from Old Dutch bīhalvon (literally “at the side”), thus originally “left aside, not counted” (compare English besides).


boven

boven (prepositional)
boven (adverb postpositional)
erboven
hierboven
daarboven
waarboven
ergens boven
nergens boven
overal boven

Afrikaans: bo

Berbice Creole Dutch: bofu

Javindo: bofen

Jersey Dutch: bôve

desc

Negerhollands: boven, bovo, bobo, bu, bo

Inherited from Middle Dutch bōven, from Old Dutch *biovan, from Proto-West Germanic *biobanā, from *bi- + *obanā.

Het vogelnestje zat hoog boven in de boom.

The bird's nest was high above in the tree.

Hang de foto's op de muur, net boven de bank.

Hang the pictures on the wall, just above the couch.


tua

tua (mutation mutation-radical)
nhua (irregular mutation mutation-nasal)
thua (irregular mutation mutation-aspirate)

tua naw o’r gloch

tua phum pwys o datws


beneden

Afrikaans: benede

Skepi Creole Dutch: bener

mensen beneden de zestig


tras

From Old Galician-Portuguese [Term?], from Latin trāns (“across, beyond”).


tras

Inherited from Old Spanish [Term?], from Latin trāns (“across, beyond”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“through, throughout, over”). Doublet of trans-.

der

Tras el mortal sismo, se derrumbaron numerosos edificios.

In the wake of the deadly earthquake, many buildings collapsed.

año tras año

semana tras semana

Los malos están tras de ti.


richting

2022-06-22, editorial team, “Druk op de wegen richting Den Haag”, AD:
Vanwege het boerenprotest had Rijkswaterstaat de A12 bij knooppunt Prins Clausplein richting Den Haag enige tijd afgesloten.
Because of the farmers' protest, Rijkswaterstaat had closed the A12 at the Prins Clausplein junction in the direction of The Hague for some time.

2022-01-11, Coen Hagenaars, “Roosendaalse bordes-scène als stil protest tegen lockdown: ‘De stress is echt enorm’”, BN DeStem:

Met deze actie - een kopie van de presentatiefoto van het nieuwe kabinet Rutte IV op het bordes met koning Willem-Alexander - willen Roosendaalse ondernemer[s] een signaal afgeven richting Den Haag.

With this action - a copy of the presentation photo of the new Rutte IV cabinet on the steps with King Willem-Alexander - Roosendaal entrepreneurs want to send a signal to The Hague.


zonder

Afrikaans: sonder

Berbice Creole Dutch: sondro

Jersey Dutch: zonder

Negerhollands: sonder, sondu

→ Aukan: sondee

→ Caribbean Javanese: sonder

→ Malay: sonder

→ Indonesian: sonder, zonder

→ Saramaccan: sondò

→ Sranan Tongo: sondro

From Middle Dutch sonder, from Old Dutch sunder, from Proto-Germanic *sundraz. Cognate with English sunder.


zonder

From Dutch zonder, from Middle Dutch sonder, from Old Dutch sunder, from Proto-Germanic *sundraz.

(Netherlands, Indonesia) Alternative form of sonder


durch

From Middle High German durch, from Old High German duruh, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw. Cognate with English through, thorough, Dutch door, West Frisian troch, Yiddish דורך (durkh).

Das Haus wurde durch ein Feuer zerstört.

Wir wandern durch den Wald.

Sie hat mir durch eine schwierige Zeit geholfen.

She helped me through a difficult period.


buiten

buiten (prepositional)
buiten (adverb postpositional)
erbuiten
hierbuiten
daarbuiten
waarbuiten
ergens buiten
nergens buiten
overal buiten

Afrikaans: buite

→ Sranan Tongo: boiti

→ Saramaccan: boítí

From Middle Dutch buten, from Old Dutch *būtan, from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan (“outside of, around, without, except”), equivalent to be- + uit + -en. Cognate to English but, Luxembourgish baussen, West Frisian bûten, Saterland Frisian buute (“without”), Dutch Low Saxon buten.


as soon as

He might arrive as soon as three o'clock.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see as, soon.


outre

Inherited from Old French oltre, inherited from Latin ultra. Doublet of ultra-.


ji

from Proto-Iranian *Hača. Cognate with Persian از (az).


según

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

Inherited from Old Spanish segund, segunt, inherited from Latin secundus with, per Coromines, a 'semi-learned' treatment of the stressed vowel (*segón would have been expected otherwise). Doublet of segundo. Related to seguir (“follow”).

Según dice Marta...

Según la leyenda...

Todo queda según estaba.


uur

head

uur (neuter or distal adverb deeruur, proximal adverb hieruur, interrogative adverb wieruur)

deeruur (adverb distal neuter)
hieruur (adverb proximal)
wieruur (adverb interrogative)

From Old Frisian over, from Proto-West Germanic *obar. Cognates include West Frisian oer and German ober.

Uur twäin Dege gunge iek tou Spoanjen.

Die Film is uur trjo Úre lang.


noch

From Middle High German nāh, from Old High German nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Compare German nach, Dutch na.


derrière

Inherited from Old French deriere, from Late Latin dē retrō, from Latin dē + retrō. Cognate with Italian dietro.

Coordinate term: devant

Va derrière moi.

Je me demande qui est derrière tout ça.

I wonder who is at the bottom of all this.

at the bottom of, behind (covertly responsible for)


demi

(by extension) In the name of (something/someone).

For the sake of, for something's sake.
In the name of (something/someone).

Per, by; to each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

(uncommon) When, whereupon, after which.

(uncommon, literary or archaic) As if, as though


binnen

binnen (prepositional)
binnen (adverb postpositional)
erbinnen
hierbinnen
daarbinnen
waarbinnen
ergens binnen
nergens binnen
overal binnen

Afrikaans: binne

Berbice Creole Dutch: ben

Jersey Dutch: bänne

Negerhollands: bini

desc

→ Virgin Islands Creole: abini, bini, nabinisi (archaic)

→ Indonesian: binnen

From Middle Dutch binnen, from Old Dutch *binnan.

U mag enkel binnen de parkeervakken parkeren.

You may only park inside the parking spaces.

binnen tien minuten


binnen

From Middle Low German binnen (“within”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”) + *innan << *in (“in”). The form is also Central German in Middle High German binnen (compare Luxembourgish bannen). It is originally an adverb meaning “within, inside” chiefly in local sense, equivalent to German innen. Binnen was adopted in modern standard German as a temporal preposition, while the prefix binnen- takes on the local sense of the word. Cognate with Dutch binnen.

Die Aktienbörsen schalten oftmals binnen weniger Stunden von Depression auf Optimismus um – und wieder zurück.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 27/2010, page 70:

The stock markets often switch within a few hours from depression to optimism – and back again.


binnen

Dutch: binnen

Limburgish: binne

From Old Dutch *binnan, from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”) + *innan << *in (“in”).


binnen

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“by, at”) + *innan << *in (“in”).


wegen

+obj

gen<qq:standard>/dat<qq:informal, or standardly in certain circumstances>

genitive (standard) dative (informal standardly in certain circumstances)

[with genitive (standard) or dative (informal, or standardly in certain circumstances)]

Shortened version of von + [genitive object] + wegen, from Middle High German von + [genitive object] + wegen, with wegen being the dative plural of wec, modern-day Weg, but with a meaning similar to Ort, Stelle, Seite.

inh

Wegen des schlechten Wetters werden wir zu Hause bleiben.

Because of the bad weather, we will stay at home.


σύν

Greek: συν (syn)

Yevanic: שִׁין (šin)

→ Dutch: syn-

→ English: syn-, sym-

→ French: syn-

→ German: syn-

→ Italian: sin-, sim-, sil-

→ Polish: syn-

Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *ksún, but further connections are uncertain. Younger form of Homeric and Old Attic ξύν (xún), Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su /*ksun/). These probably reflect Proto-Indo-European *som- (“one, together (with)”) contaminated with the *ḱ of *ḱóm (“beside, with”) along with a conflation of their meanings. However, the /u/ is unexpected and unexplained under this proposal. Note that a derivation from *som- alone is impossible since the *s- would be expected to give h- (aspiration); neither is the ks- explainable from *ḱóm alone. This makes its exact relation to Lithuanian sù and Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) dubious, but if indeed a conflation of *ḱóm and *som-, it is a cognate relation regardless.
The dative that this preposition governs continues the PIE comitative-instrumental.


διά

grc-preposition

δῐᾰ́ • (diá) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Greek: για (gia), διά (diá)

From *δισα (disa), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) (related to δίς (dís, “twice”) and δύο (dúo, “two”)). Cognates include Latin dis- and Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE accusative of direct object.

der

[with genitive]
(of a place)
in the midst of, between

[with genitive]
in the midst of, between

[with genitive]
(of a place)
at intervals of, at every

[with genitive]
at intervals of, at every

[with genitive]
(time)
every (interval of time)

[with genitive]
every (interval of time)

(attested from 1ˢᵗ century BCE) out of (materials from which something is made)

[with accusative]
(of a place, poetic) through, among

[with accusative]
(causality)
thanks to, by aid of

[with accusative]
(causality)
because of

[with accusative]
(causality)
for the sake of


διά

Learnedly, from Ancient Greek δῐᾰ́. Doublet of για (gia).

δέκα διά πέντε ίσον δύο


ὑπέρ

grc-preposition

ῠ̔πέρ • (hupér) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

→ English: hyper-

→ French: hyper

→ Irish: hipir-

→ Russian: гипер- (giper-)

From Proto-Hellenic *hupér, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Cognates include Latin super and Proto-Germanic *uber (whence English over).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with genitive]
(nautical, of ships at sea) off of

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
in defense of, on behalf of

[with genitive]
in defense of, on behalf of

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
for the prosperity or safety of

[with genitive]
for the prosperity or safety of

for, instead of, in the name of; by commission from

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
as representative of, in the name of

[with genitive]
as representative of, in the name of

for, because of, by reason of, on account of

for the purpose of preventing or avoiding, for the sake of

[with accusative]
(of place) over, beyond

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
(after comparative) than

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
than

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
(of number) above, upwards of

[with accusative]
(of time) before, earlier than


παρά

grc-preposition

πᾰρᾰ́ • (pará) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.

der

μένειν παρὰ τισί

beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)

παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο


παρά

Είναι έξι παρά είκοσι πέντε.
Eínai éxi pará eíkosi pénte.
It's twenty-five to six
(literally, “It's six less twenty-five.”)

Στις έντεκα παρά τέταρτο.
Stis énteka pará tétarto.
At a quarter to eleven.
(literally, “At eleven less (a) quarter.”)

(time) to (preceding the next whole hour)

less (minus; not including)
to (preceding the next whole hour)


πρός

grc-preposition

πρός • (prós) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: προς (pros)

From Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti. Cognates include Sanskrit प्रति (práti), Latin pretium, and Old Church Slavonic противъ (protivŭ). May be related to πρό (pró, “before”).
Equivalent prepositions in use for πρός (prós) from another root are ποτί (potí) — Epic, Doric, ποί (poí) — Doric, πός (pós) — Arcadocypriot.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, with some of the metaphorical uses like παρά (pará).

(expressing direction) on the side of, from, at, to, forward to, toward

from, on the side of, towards, pertaining to, at the hand of, by [with genitive]

(mostly in religious formulas) before, in presence of, in the eyes of, in the sight of, in the name of

(derivable from) agreeable to, becoming, like

expressing direction; derivable from; derivable from

(with dative, expressing proximity) hard by, near to, at, among

off (a coast or island), bordering on (countries, peoples)

(with verbs of motion) towards, upon, against

(expressing close engagement) at the point of, engaged in

expressing direction; expressing proximity; expressing close engagement; expressing close engagement

(expressing union or addition) besides, in addition to

expressing direction; expressing proximity; expressing union or addition; expressing union or addition

(with accusative, expressing motion or direction) towards

(with verbs implying motion) upon, against

expressing direction; expressing motion or direction; expressing addition; expressing addition

(with verbs of seeing) towards, facing sth., to, against (the wind), in the light of, in (e.g. open day)

(in hostile or discursive sense) against, in reply to, in accusation

(for various kinds of intercourse or reciprocal action) with, (have certain feelings) towards, at the hands of, of, inspired by

before (a gremium, witness etc.), in the eyes of (a God etc.) (of legal or other business contracted)

towards (the evening etc.), at, about (of time)

relating to, in reference to, in respect of, touching (some matter); in consequence of, in view of (some fact); according to (a certain document, habitude etc.)

(in various adverbial phrases) with, under (e.g. compulsion), by means of, in (e.g. due proportion)


ἀπό

Greek: από (apó)

From Proto-Hellenic *apó, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).
Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Proto-Slavic *po, and Proto-Germanic *ab (English of; see also after), Albanian pa (“without”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause.


fru

Only used in the adverbial phrase wan fru wan (one by one).


ἅμα

Greek: άμα (áma)

From the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).
The dative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

never used in Classical Attic proseRelative also used in exclamations

indefinite relative used in indirect questions

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.8


μετά

grc-preposition

μετᾰ́ • (metá) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta); further derivation is uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, with the first part from *me (“with”), in which case cognates include Proto-Germanic *midi and Albanian mjet (“middle”), me. See also μέχρι (mékhri, “until”) and μέσος (mésos, “middle”).
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

[with genitive]
in the midst of, among, between, with

[with genitive]
in common, along with, by aid of

[with genitive]
concerning one's dealings with

(only in poetry, usually Epic) [with dative]

[with accusative]
as a movement into
in pursuit of

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(of a place) after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(time) after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(worth, rank) next, after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
next, after


μετά

head

μετά • (metá)

el-prep

μετά • (metá)

Μετά το δείπνο, έπεσα για ύπνο.

Το γράμμα βήτα έρχεται μετά το άλφα. ― To grámma víta érchetai metá to álfa. ― The letter beta comes after alpha.

Ήλθε μετά της συζύγου του.

μετά τιμής

yours sincerely (literally, “with honour”)


πρό

From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).
Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96

before
(of place) before, in front of
(with verbs of motion)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811

before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24

before
(of place) before, in front of
further on, forward, onward

before
before, in front of
further on, forward, onward

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279

c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73

95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83

411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97

175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64

50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14

before
(of time) before
(in later writers, with numerals)

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3

(of preference) before, sooner, rather than

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495

before
(in other relations)
(of cause or motive) for, out of, from


gegenüber

[ɡeːɡŋ̍ˈʔyːbɐ]

1917, Franz Kafka, Ein Landarzt, in: Die neue Dichtung. Ein Almanach, Kurt Wolff Verlag, page 21

Badly paid, I am still generous and helpful toward the poor.

Schlecht gezahlt, bin ich doch freigebig und hilfsbereit gegenüber den Armen.

vis-à-vis, in dealings with, in dealing with, towards


ὑπό

grc-preposition

ῠ̔πό • (hupó) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

English: hypo-

Spanish: hipo-

Russian: гипо- (gipo-)

From Proto-Indo-European *upó (“under, below”), with regular rough breathing ῾ (h) before initial υ (u). Cognates include Latin sub and Sanskrit उप (upa).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the PIE locative and metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE accusative of direct object.

inh

Proto-Indo-European *upó (“under, below”)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.56

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 669

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.141, (compare Plato, Phaedrus 230B)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.17

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.248

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.198

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.224

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.86

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.543

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.39

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.463

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 1.55, (compare Olympian Ode 6.74)

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 441

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 53

[with genitive]
(of place) from underneath

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.375

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.375

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.106

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 717

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.372

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.14

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.52

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 588

[with genitive]
(of place) from underneath
under, beneath

[with genitive]
from underneath
under, beneath

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.334

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.149

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.153

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.320

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.1.5

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.78

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 99

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.78

(in pregnant phrases) of immediate acts of an agent, as well as further results

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.77

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 142B

7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Demeter 372

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 541

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1153

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.85, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.33)

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.129

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.1

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.21

(in Herodotus and Attic, of things as well as persons)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.334

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.277

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.220

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.276

denoting the attendant or accompanying circumstances

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 278

680 BCE – 645 BCE, Archilochus, Collected Works 110

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1001

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.492, (compare Euripides, Helen 639)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1553

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1299

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 970

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 630

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of Sparta 5.7

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.45

(of accompanying music) to give the time

[with genitive]
by, through
to give the time

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.242

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.137

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.436

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.61

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 16.303

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.77

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.66

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.6

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, 4 64

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1321

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.98

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 737, (compare Thucydides, 6 32)

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 391, (compare Plato, Philebus 66A)

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 359A

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1024

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.34

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 532

[with genitive]
(of cause or agency) by, through

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.784

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.307

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.866, (compare Odyssey 1.186)

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.105

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 764, (compare Aeschylus, Agamemnon 860)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.533

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 222E

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.402

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.478

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1164

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.453

[with dative]
(of place or position) under, near

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.304, (compare Iliad 9.156)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.68

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.32

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 391C

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.26

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 563C

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Cicero 44

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.64)

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.157

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by
expressing subjection or dependence

[with dative]
under, through, by
expressing subjection or dependence

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 205B

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 511B

390 BCE, Plato, Hippias Major 295D

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by
of logical subordination

[with dative]
under, through, by
of logical subordination

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 283

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.470E

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.402

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Publicola 10

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1030

300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1022

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Galba 14

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by
of attendant circumstances

[with dative]
under, through, by
of attendant circumstances

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.121

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.637

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.82

[with dative]
(of agency) under, through, by

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.603

484 BCE – 425 BCE, Herodotus, 5 10

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.17

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.114

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.371

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.26

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.278

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1154

(of place) to express motion towards and under

[with accusative]
to express motion towards and under
of position or extension

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Categories 3.3

[with accusative]
to express motion towards and under
of logical subordination

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.279

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.383

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.333

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.335

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.12

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.271

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.96

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.146

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.181

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.72

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.60

[with accusative]
of subjection, control

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.102

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.2

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.142

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 139

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.27

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 14

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.202

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.51

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.8.1

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 670A

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Symposium 6.3

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 493C

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 1290


hacia

Asturian: hacia

According to Coromines and Pascual, from Old Spanish fazia (attested ca. 1300), with the variant faza (att. in Cid, Berceo, Calila e Dimna), and in pre-literary Latinized spelling faze ad (att. 1208, in a legal document), from Latin faciem ad (facing towards). Unlike in faz, the final -e of Latin faciem was conserved due to appearing in an established phrase, cf. Spanish pese a and its variant pesia. Cognate with Leonese faza.

Сaminaremos hacia el centro de la ciudad.

We'll walk towards the center of the city.

El cohete se dirige hacia la luna.

Actitudes negativas hacia personas con discapacidades

Negative attitudes towards people with disabilities


בין

head

בֵּין • (bēn)

בֵּין (canonical)
bēn (romanization)
בֵּין
בֵּינִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
בֵּינֵינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
בֵּינְךָ (masculine second-person singular)
בֵּינֵךְ (feminine second-person singular)
בֵּינֵיכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
בֵּינֵיכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
בֵּינוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
בֵּינָהּ (feminine singular third-person)
בֵּינָם (masculine plural third-person)
בֵּינֵיהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
בֵּינֵיהֶן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

בֵּינִי (bēní)

בֵּינְךָ (bēnchá)

בֵּינֵךְ (bēnéch)

בֵּינוֹ (bēnó)

בֵּינָהּ (bēnáh)

בֵּינֵינוּ (bēnḗnu)¹

בֵּינֵיכֶם (bēnēchém)¹

בֵּינֵיכֶן (bēnēchén)¹

בֵּינָם (bēnám)
בֵּינֵיהֶם (bēnēhém)¹

בֵּינֵיהֶן (bēnēhén)¹

# The forms for the plural pronouns use the plural stem <i class="Hebr mention" lang="he">בֵּינֵי</i> (bēnḗ).

Compare Arabic بَيْنَ (bayna) and Aramaic 𐡁𐡉𐡍 (byn /bēn/).

בֵּינִי וּבֵין בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹת הִוא לְעֹלָם […]
bēní uvḗn bənḗ yisraél ot hi lə'olám […]

It is a sign between me and the children of Israel for ever: […]

ברוך אתה […] המבדיל בין קודש לחול, בין אור לחושך, בין ישראל לעמים, בין יום השביעי לששת ימי המעשה.
barúch atá […] hamavdíl bēn qódesh ləḥól, bēn or ləḥóshech, bēn yisraél la'ammím, bēn yom hashəvi'í ləshéshet yəmḗ hamma'asé.

Blessed are You […] who distinguish between holy and profane, between light and darkness, between Israel and the nations, between the seventh day (Saturday) and the six days of creation.

[…] תיאסר נסיעת משאיות במשקל של יותר מ־12 טון, בקטע שבין שער הגיא ומחלף שורש לירושלים בין השעות 06:30 עד 09:30.
[…] tēasér nəsi'át massaiyyót bəmishqál shel yotér mi-12 ton, baqéta' shebēn shá'ar hagáy umeḥláf shóresh lirushaláyim bēn hasha'ót 06:30 'ad 09:30.

2009 November 16, דליה מזור (Dalia Mazor), “בקרוב: כביש 1 ייסגר למשאיות בשעות הבוקר” (“Soon: Highway 1 closed to trucks in the morning”), in מעריבnrg

[…] Passage of trucks over 12 tons will be forbidden in the section [of Highway 1] between [at one end of the section] Sha'ar HaGai and Shoresh and [at the other end] Jerusalem between the hours of 06:30 and 09:30.


על

עַל (canonical)
'al (romanization)
עַל
'al (clitic)
עליי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
עָלַי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
עָלֵינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
עָלֶיךָ (masculine second-person singular)
עלייך (feminine second-person singular)
עָלַיִךְ (feminine second-person singular)
עֲלֵיכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
עֲלֵיכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
עָלָיו (masculine singular third-person)
עָלֶיהָ (feminine singular third-person)
עֲלֵיהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
עֲלֵיהֶן (feminine plural third-person)

עליי / עָלַי ('alái)

עָלֶיךָ ('alékha)

עלייך / עָלַיִךְ ('aláyikh)

עָלָיו ('aláv)

עָלֶיהָ ('aléha)

עָלֵינוּ ('aléinu)

עֲלֵיהֶם ('aleihém)

עֲלֵיהֶן ('aleihén)

Root
 ע־ל־ה (ʿ-l-h)
Cognate to Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā), Ge'ez ላዕለ (laʿlä), Maltese għal.

עָלֵינוּ לְשַׁבֵּחַ לַאֲדוֹן הַכֹּל

We must praise the master of all
(literally, “It is upon us to praise the master of all”)

(with enclitic pronoun and followed by ל־) Must.


mediante

Borrowed from Medieval Latin mediante, from the ablative singular of Late Latin mediantem, present active participle of mediō (“to be in the middle”).

(archaic or literary) because of, as a result of


תחת

תַּחַת (canonical)
tákhat (romanization)
תַּחַת
תַּחְתַּי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
תַּחְתֵּנִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
תַּחְתֵּינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
תַּחְתֶּיךָ (masculine second-person singular)
תחתייך (feminine second-person singular)
תַּחְתַּיִךְ (feminine second-person singular)
תַּחְתֵּיכָם (masculine plural second-person)
תַּחְתֵּיכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
תַּחְתָּיו (masculine singular third-person)
תַּחְתֶּיהָ (feminine singular third-person)
תַּחְתֵּיהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
תַּחְתָּם (masculine plural third-person)
תַּחְתֵּיהֶן (feminine plural third-person)
תַּחְתָּן (feminine plural third-person)

תַּחַת (tákhat)

תַּחְתַּי (takhtái), תַּחְתֵּנִי (takhténi)

תַּחְתֵּינוּ (takhtéinu)

תַּחְתֶּיךָ (takhtékha)

תחתייך / תַּחְתַּיִךְ (takhtáyikh)

תַּחְתֵּיכָם (takhteikhém)

תַּחְתֵּיכֶן (takhteikhén)

תַּחְתָּיו (takhtáv)

תַּחְתֶּיהָ (takhtéha)

תַּחְתֵּיהֶם (takhteihém), תַּחְתָּם (takhtám)

תַּחְתֵּיהֶן (takhteihén), תַּחְתָּן (takhtán)

Root
 ת־ח־ת (t-kh-t)
Related to Arabic تَحْتَ (taḥta), Ge'ez ታሕተ (taḥtä), Ugaritic 𐎚𐎈𐎚 (tḥt /taḥta/).

וַיִּשָּׂא אַבְרָהָם אֶת עֵינָיו וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה אַיִל אַחַר נֶאֱחַז בַּסְּבַךְ בְּקַרְנָיו וַיֵּלֶךְ אַבְרָהָם וַיִּקַּח אֶת הָאַיִל וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ לְעֹלָה תַּחַת בְּנוֹ׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0122#כב_יג|22:13]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in the thicket by his horns. And Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt-offering in the stead of his son.

וְהַנַּעֲרָה אֲשֶׁר תִּיטַב בְּעֵינֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ תִּמְלֹךְ תַּחַת וַשְׁתִּי וַיִּיטַב הַדָּבָר בְּעֵינֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּעַשׂ כֵּן׃

Tanach, Esther [[s:he:T3302#ב_ד|2:4]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

and let the maiden that pleaseth the king be queen instead of Vashti.’ And the thing pleased the king; and he did so.


tote

desctree

Dutch: tot
Afrikaans: tot
Berbice Creole Dutch: tutu
Jersey Dutch: tut, tût
Negerhollands: tot, tee

Limburgish: tót

From Old Dutch tuote, equivalent to toe + te.

up to, towards, to (a specific destination or point in time)


withal

PIE word
 *wi
The adverb is derived from Middle English withal, with-al, withalle (“against, in opposition to; in association with, together with; by means of”), from with (“against; close to, near; directly opposite to; in the company of, together with; on, upon; within; etc.”, preposition) + al (“total number in a group, all, everyone, everything”). The word displaced Old English mid ealle.
The postposition is derived from the adverb.

What ſhall hit proffet a man, yf he ſhulde wyn all the whoole worlde: ſo he looſe hys owne ſoule? Or els what ſhall a man geve to redeme hys ſoule agayne with all?

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew xvj:[26], folio xxiij, verso:

Tam[burlaine]. Tis braue indeede, my boy, wel done, / Shoote firſt my Lord, and then the reſt ſhall follow. / Ther[idamas]. Then haue at him to begin withal.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The Second Part […], 2nd edition, part 2, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act V, scene i:

Time trauels in diuers paces, vvith diuers perſons: Ile tel you vvho Time ambles vvithall, vvho Time trots vvithal, vvho Time gallops vvithal, and vvho he ſtands ſtil vvithall.

c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 197, column 1:

You can take nothing from me ſir, / I vvill more vvillingly part vvith all, […]

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

[I]n every nine miles diſtance, there is about ſix feet of the earth's ſvvell betvveen us and any object; ſo that a man that ſtood in a boat at that diſtance at ſea, vvould be totally unſeen, though vve took the beſt teleſcope to obſerve him vvithal.

a. 1775 (date written), Oliver Goldsmith, “Hydrostaticks”, in A Survey of Experimental Philosophy, Considered in Its Present State of Improvement. […], volume I, London: […] T. Carnan and F[rancis] Newbery jun., […], published 1776, →OCLC, book I, page 365:

[He has] produced new varieties of poison, more horribly deleterious than Nature, without the assistance of this learned person, would ever have plagued the world withal.

1844 December, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Rappaccini’s Daughter”, in Mosses from an Old Manse. […], new (2nd) edition, volume I, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, published 1854, →OCLC, page 116:

(archaic, Used postpositively, after the object, at the end of a clause or sentence): with.

Used postpositively; at the end of a clause or sentence; Used postpositively; at the end of a clause or sentence


דש

Inherited from Late Latin dē ex. Compare Old Galician-Portuguese and Old Spanish des.

cog

דש כנד מו סדילה בניד


durante

From Latin dūrantem (“enduring”), from dūrō (“last, endure”), from dūrus (“hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *deru-, *drew- (“hard, fest”).

O preço das maçãs subiu durante a guerra.

The price of apples rose during the war.

during (for all of a given time interval)

Um aluno dormiu durante a aula.

during (at any point within a given time interval)

Corri durante vinte minutos hoje cedo.

for (introduces the duration of an occurrence)


durante

Durante el verano nos gusta ir al parque acuático.

In the summer we like to go to the water park.

durante la noche

Acabo de enterarme de que me ha estado mintiendo durante años.

I just found out that he's been lying to me for years.


עלי

וקאם מלך גׄדיד עלי מצר מן לם ישאהד יוסף׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 1:8:

And a new king arose over Egypt who had not witnessed Joseph.

waqāma malikun jadīdun ʕalā miṣra man lam yušāhid yūsufa.

عَلَى على#Arabic

Judeo-Arabic spelling of عَلَى (ʕalā, “on, upon, over”)


עלי

he-prep

עֲלֵי • ('aléi)

Root
 ע־ל־ה (ʿ-l-h)
Cognate to Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā), Maltese għal.

(biblical, poetic) Alternative form of עַל ('al)


עלי

עָלַי • (aláy)

Form of עַל including first-person singular personal pronoun as object, defective spelling.


בר

head

בַּר • (bar)


miasto

Polish: miasto

Ellipsis of w miasto. First attested in 1424.

Crol gy ostawil myasto ssyebye

1861 [1424], Józef Przyborowski, editor, Vetustissimam adiectivorum linguae Polonae declinationem monumentis ineditis illustravit, Greater Poland, page 6:


miasto

Inherited from Old Polish miasto (“instead of”).


bang on

I managed to arrive bang on five o’clock.

She’s bang on the dot, as usual.

(informal, British, Australia) Exactly at


in re

From Latin, literally meaning "in the matter [of]".

Various groups throughout the country are thinking in terms of having a counter-demonstration in re the Fundamentalists' March to Return Morality to America.

1979 December 29, Vern Hall-Smith, “Fundamentalists March”, in Gay Community News, volume 7, number 23, page 5:

(chiefly law) In the matter of; with regard to.


پا

(dialectal, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) (used only when followed by possessive suffixes) with

پی

used only when not followed by possessive suffixes


cabe

A contraction of a cabo de; a deriving from Latin ad, cabo from Latin caput, and de from Latin de.


sê

denotes delative movement; off of [with genitive]


sê

denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside [with instrumental]

denotes instrumental relation; with, by means of [with instrumental]


excepting

Nothing was to be sacrosanct or sacred, excepting reason itself.

It is pleasant to see the Chinese domestics and their families; or native ladies dressed in silks, their glossy hair held in by a broad black velvet band with a spray of pearls in front, being propelled along the bund in their hand-carts; but they are not used among Europeans, excepting after dark.

1875, John Thomson, The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China, page 408:

with the exception of
with the exception of


ó

uaim (first-person singular)
uaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
uait (second-person singular)
uaitse (emphatic second-person singular)
uaidh (masculine singular third-person)
uaidhsean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
uaithi (feminine singular third-person)
uaithise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
uainn (first-person plural)
uainne (emphatic first-person plural)
uaibh (plural second-person)
uaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
uathu (plural third-person)
uathusan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish ó, úa, from Proto-Celtic *au, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away”).

ó ghleann go gleann

ó Mháirt

Tá bainne uaim.

used in conjunction with the verb bí to indicate need/want


ó

ó (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ó (eclipsis mutation)
hó (mutation prothesis-h)
t-ó (mutation prothesis-t)

-wards: Only used in ó thuaidh and ó dheas


ó

Irish: ó

Scottish Gaelic: o, bho

Manx: veih, voish

ó (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ó (mutation mutation-nasal)

Tancas o Ailill ocus o Meidb do chungid in chon.

c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

People came from Ailill and from Medb to ask for the dog.


ó

úaim (first-person singular)
húaim (first-person singular)
úaimm (first-person singular)
húaimm (first-person singular)
úaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
húaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
úait (second-person singular)
húait (second-person singular)
úaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
úaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
úad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úadi (dative feminine singular third-person)
húade (dative feminine singular third-person)
úadisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
úainn (first-person plural)
húainn (first-person plural)
úain (first-person plural)
húain (first-person plural)
úan (first-person plural)
húan (first-person plural)
úann (first-person plural)
húann (first-person plural)
úanni (emphatic first-person plural)
húanni (emphatic first-person plural)
úaib (plural second-person)
húaib (plural second-person)
úaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
húaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
úadib (dative plural third-person)
húadib (dative plural third-person)
úaidib (dative plural third-person)
húaidib (dative plural third-person)
úaidibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
húadibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: ó
Irish: ó
Scottish Gaelic: o, bho
Manx: veih, voish

Contested.
* From Proto-Celtic *au (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу- (u-).
* From Proto-Celtic *aɸu (“away”), from *apó/*h₂epó (“away”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Old Church Slavonic по (po), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af).

inh

ó thurcbáil co fuinud


ґ

Inherited from Old Ruthenian кг (g), voiced counterpart of Proto-Slavic *kъ(n).


afront

These four came all afront, and mainly thrust / at me. I made me no more ado, but took all their seven / points in my target, thus!

a. 1597, William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1, act 2, scene 4, lines 195–197:


outtake

From Middle English outtake, outtaken, from the past participle of outtaken (“to take out”). See above. Compare earlier Middle English outnime, out-neme (“except, except for”).

this is for everyone outtake my wife


modulo

/ˈmɒd͡ʒələʊ/

/ˈmɑd͡ʒəloʊ/

From Latin modulō, ablative of modulus (“a measure”).

21 and 84 are congruent to each other modulo 9, since both numbers leave the same remainder, 3, when divided by 9.

Thus 21 modulo 9 is 3, because when 21 is divided by 9, the remainder is 3.

21 is congruent to 3 modulo 9.

(mathematics) Given a specified modulus of.

"A is the same as B modulo C" means A is the same as B except for differences accounted for by C.

Thus, the underlying structure which I would assign to Navajo will be identical, modulo word order, to the one that we found to be projected in all of the languages studied in chapter 3.

1990, Margaret Speas, Phrase Structure in Natural Language, page 281:

Moreover, in the role of consumer, each individual (modulo his location) faces the same array of goods and services on sale to anyone who can pay the purchase price[.]

2002, Richard Arneson, “Egalitarianism”, in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

(technical) Except for differences accounted for by.

In the Lisp programming language, the "tail recursion modulo cons" technique allows functions that would be tail recursive but for a cons call to be transformed into a tail recursive form.

All mammals, modulo the monotremes, give birth to live young.

I think it still holds up relatively well, modulo Joss Whedon's quirks, but a fuller version would probably have to include some more of the aftermath.

2019 March 23, AliasiSudonomo, “Doctor Horrible - 10 Years Later”, in rpg.net:

I recently upgraded my PC and bought a UHD monitor, but after installing Smite I realised that it is basically impossible to play it on a resolution bigger than 1080p, the reason being : basically everything modulo the HUD, does NOT scale with the resolution(everything from the minions to the ennemy^([sic]) health bar becomes tiny).

2019 August 6, Blaziken2222, “Smite on a 4k monitor”, in Reddit, r/Smite:

(extended use) With due allowance for (a specified exception or particular detail).


eccetto

From Latin exceptus, the past participle of excipere.


eccetto

From Latin exceptus, the past participle of excipere. Compare Italian eccetto.


ⴷ

From Proto-Berber *d. Cognate with Kabyle d.


laut

→ Esperanto: laŭ

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Shortened version of Middle High German nach lūt, alternatively nach lūte, with the modern German meaning of nach dem Wortlaut (“according to the wording”).


onder

From Dutch onder, from Middle Dutch onder, from Old Dutch under, from Proto-Germanic *under.


onder

onder (prepositional)
onder (adverb postpositional)
eronder
hieronder
daaronder
waaronder
ergens onder
nergens onder
overal onder

Afrikaans: onder

Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro

Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu

→ Aukan: ondoo

From Middle Dutch onder, from Old Dutch under, from Proto-Germanic *under. Cognate with Old Saxon undar, German unter, English under.

De hagedissen verstoppen zich onder de stenen.

The lizards are hiding under the stones.

Er is niets nieuws onder de zon.

Hij is onder ons!

Onder de schrijfles zaten de kinderen sigaren te roken.

The children were smoking cigars during the writing lesson.

(in relation to durative actions and processes) during


אחר

he-prep

אַחַר • (achár)

after (subsequent to, following in time)


נגד

נֶגֶד (canonical)
néged (romanization)
נֶגֶד
נֶגֶדִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
נֶגֶדֵנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
נֶגֶדְךָ (masculine second-person singular)
נֶגֶדֵךְ (feminine second-person singular)
נֶגֶדְכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
נֶגֶדְכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
נֶגְדוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
נֶגְדָהּ (feminine singular third-person)
נֶגֶדָם (masculine plural third-person)
נֶגֶדָן (feminine plural third-person)


עקב

Related to Arabic عاقب (“to guard, follow at the heel”).


wy

Alternative form of w, used mostly before words that begin with consonant clusters


as of

All leave is cancelled as of now.

The server will be down for maintenance as of tomorrow afternoon.

Under the most splendid house in the city is still to be found the cellar where they store their roots as of old, and long after the superstructure has disappeared posterity remark its dent in the earth.

1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

(idiomatic) At or by a specified time, with the implication that the said condition will be true from that time onward.


respecting

/ɹɪˈspɛktɪŋ/

I wrote to him respecting the proposed lawsuit.


prag

From Middle Cornish pyrag. Cognate with Breton perak


עבור

he-prep

עֲבוּר • ('avúr)

Root
 ע־ב־ר (ʿ-b-r)
Passive participle of עָבַר ('avár, “to cross”).

because of, for, for the sake of, in order to


אין

lad-prep

אין (Hebrew spelling, Latin spelling en)

מילייארדאס די איסטרילייאס רילומבראבֿאן איינדה אין איל פירמאמינטו

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

Billions of stars were still shining in the firmament

Milyardas de estrelyas relumbravan ainda en el firmamento


אין

yi-prep

אין • (in) (contracted dem-form אינעם (inem) or אין (in))

in (romanization)
אינעם (contracted-dem-form)
אין (contracted-dem-form)

From Middle High German in, from Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.


froward

From Middle English froward, fraward, equivalent to fro + -ward. Compare Old English fromweard, framweard (“turned away, having the back turned”).

Whan Sir Galahad herde hir sey so, he was adrad to be knowyn; and therewith he smote hys horse with his sporys and rode a grete pace froward them.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xvii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


קדם

head

קֳדָם • (qŏḏām)

arc-prep

קֳדָם • (qŏḏām)

From the root Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”). Compare Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama), Hebrew קדם and Classical Syriac ܩܕܡ.


קדם

he-prep

קֹדֶם • (kódem)

From the root Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”). Compare Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama) and Classical Syriac ܩܕܡ.

קודם קודם#Hebrew


דרך

דֶּרֶךְ (canonical)
dérekh (romanization)

Root
 ד־ר־ך (d-r-k)
Compare Aramaic דְּרַךְ (dəraḵ, “to tread”), Arabic أَدْرَكَ (ʔadraka, “to reach, to overtake”). Possibly related to Arabic طريق.

cog

ראיתי את זה דרך החלון.


مگر

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭫 𐭧𐭲 (ʾl ḥt /ma agar/, “perhaps; lest”), from 𐭠𐭫 (ʾl /ma/, “not”) + 𐭧𐭲 (ḥt /agar/, “if”).

inh

همه بودند مگر علی.

اکنون همه بر جایند مگر حسنک.

c. 1075, Abu'l-Fażl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī, تاریخ بیهقی [Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī]:

Presently, all of them are alive except for Hasanak.


furth

(obsolete or Scotland) Alternative form of forth.


עם

עִם (canonical)
im (romanization)
עִם
איתי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אִתִּי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
איתנו (feminine first-person masculine plural)
אִתָּנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
איתך (masculine second-person singular)
אִתְּךָ (masculine second-person singular)
איתך (feminine second-person singular)
אִתָּךְ (feminine second-person singular)
איתכם (masculine plural second-person)
אִתְּכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
איתכן (feminine plural second-person)
אִתְּכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
איתו (masculine singular third-person)
אִתּוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
איתה (feminine singular third-person)
אִתָּהּ (feminine singular third-person)
איתם (masculine plural third-person)
אִתָּם (masculine plural third-person)
איתן (feminine plural third-person)
אִתָּן (feminine plural third-person)
עִם
עִמִּי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
עִמָּדִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
עִמָּנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
עִמְּךָ (masculine second-person singular)
עִמָּךְ (feminine second-person singular)
עִמָּכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
עִמָּכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
עִמּוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
עִמָּהּ (feminine singular third-person)
עִמָּהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
עִמָּם (masculine plural third-person)
עִמָּהֶן (feminine plural third-person)
עִמָּן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

Usual modern forms

איתי / אִתִּי (ití)

איתנו / אִתָּנוּ (itánu)

איתך / אִתְּךָ (it'khá)

איתך / אִתָּךְ (itákh)

איתכם / אִתְּכֶם (it'khém)

איתכן / אִתְּכֶן (it'khén)

איתו / אִתּוֹ (itó)

איתה / אִתָּהּ (itáh)

איתם / אִתָּם (itám)

איתן / אִתָּן (itán)

Traditional forms (now formal)

עִמִּי (imí) or עִמָּדִי (imadí)¹

עִמָּנוּ (imánu)

עִמְּךָ (im'khá)

עִמָּךְ (imákh)

עִמָּכֶם (imakhém)

עִמָּכֶן (imakhén)

עִמּוֹ (imó)

עִמָּהּ (imáh)

עִמָּהֶם (imahém) or עִמָּם (imám)²

עִמָּהֶן (imahén) or עִמָּן (imán)²

1. Both imí and imadí occur a number of times in the Bible, but today imadí is archaic.
2. Imám is somewhat more common than imahém in the Bible, but today imahém and imahén are more common than imám and imán.

Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎓𐎎 (ʿm) and Arabic مَعَ (maʕa).

את

except in inflected forms; see inflection table

וַיָּבֹא יַעֲקֹב לוּזָה אֲשֶׁר בְּאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן הִוא בֵּית־אֵל הוּא וְכָל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר־עִמּוֹ׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0135#לה_ו|35:6]], with translation of the King James Version:

So Jacob came to Luz, which is in the land of Canaan, that is, Bethel, he and all the people that were with him.

[…] וַתַּעַל עִמּוֹ דְּבוֹרָה׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0704#ד_י|4:10]], with translation of the King James Version:

יְהִי ד׳ אֱלֹקֵינוּ עִמָּנוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר הָיָה עִם־אֲבֹתֵינוּ אַל־יַעַזְבֵנוּ וְאַל־יִטְּשֵׁנוּ׃

Tanach, 1 Kings [[s:he:T09a08#ח_נז|8:57]], with translation of the King James Version:

The L-RD our G-d be with us, as he was with our fathers: let him not leave us, nor forsake us:

וְגָר זְאֵב עִם־כֶּבֶשׂ וְנָמֵר עִם־גְּדִי יִרְבָּץ וְעֵגֶל וּכְפִיר וּמְרִיא יַחְדָּו וְנַעַר קָטֹן נֹהֵג בָּם׃

Tanach, Isaiah [[s:he:T1011#יא_ו|11:6]], with translation of the King James Version:

The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them.

With: used to indicate togetherness, being together.

[…] נַעַר וְאַדְמֹנִי עִם־יְפֵה מַרְאֶה׃.

Tanach, 1 Samuel [[s:he:T08a17#יז_מב|17:42]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance.

[…] וּמָצָאתָ שְׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים עִם־קְבֻרַת רָחֵל בִּגְבוּל בִּנְיָמִן בְּצֶלְצַח […]

Tanach, 1 Samuel [[s:he:T08a10#י_ב|10:2]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] then thou shalt find two men by Rachel's sepulchre in the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; […]

[…] וּמַלְאַךְ ד׳ הָיָה עִם־גֹּרֶן הָאֲרַוְנָה [ק] הַיְבֻסִי׃

Tanach, 2 Samuel [[s:he:T08b24#כד_טז|24:16]], with translation of the King James Version:

And the angel of the L-RD was by the threshingplace of Araunah the Jebusite.

גֵּר־וְתוֹשָׁב אָנֹכִי עִמָּכֶם תְּנוּ לִי אֲחֻזַּת־קֶבֶר עִמָּכֶם וְאֶקְבְּרָה מֵתִי מִלְּפָנָי׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0123#כג_ד|23:4]], with translation of the King James Version:

I am a stranger and a sojourner with you: give me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I may bury my dead out of my sight.

[…] עִם־לָבָן גַּרְתִּי וָאֵחַר עַד־עָתָּה׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0132#לב_ה|32:5]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] I have sojourned with Laban, and stayed there until now:

[…] וְאָסְפוּ אֹתוֹ הָעִירָה אֲלֵיהֶם וְנָתְנוּ־לוֹ מָקוֹם וְיָשַׁב עִמָּם׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0620#כ_ד|20:4]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them.

[…] הָיָה עִם־לְבָבְךָ לִבְנוֹת בַּיִת לִשְׁמִי הֱטִיבֹתָ כִּי הָיָה עִם־לְבָבֶךָ׃

Tanach, 1 Kings [[s:he:T09a08#ח_יח|8:18]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] it was in thine heart to build an house unto my name, thou didst well that it was in thine heart.

With, among, at the place of, in the same place as.

[…] הַכֹּל הֶעֱלָה שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּר עִם הֵעָלוֹת הַגּוֹלָה מִבָּבֶל לִירוּשָׁלִַם׃

Tanach, Ezra [[s:he:T35a01#א_יא|1:11]], with translation of the King James Version:

All these did Sheshbazzar bring up with them of the captivity that were brought up from Babylon unto Jerusalem.

[…] וַתַּגְדֵּל חַסְדְּךָ אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ עִמָּדִי לְהַחֲיוֹת אֶת־נַפְשִׁי […]

Tanach, [[s:he:T0119#יט_יט|19:19]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] and thou hast magnified thy mercy, which thou hast shewed unto me in saving my life; […]

[…] זֶה חַסְדֵּךְ אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשִׂי עִמָּדִי […]

Tanach, [[s:he:T0120#כ_יג|20:13]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] This is thy kindness which thou shalt shew unto me; […]

מַלֵּא שְׁבֻעַ זֹאת וְנִתְּנָה לְךָ גַּם־אֶת־זֹאת בַּעֲבֹדָה אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲבֹד עִמָּדִי עוֹד שֶׁבַע־שָׁנִים אֲחֵרוֹת׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0129#כט_כז|29:27]], with translation of the King James Version:

Fulfil her week, and we will give thee this also for the service which thou shalt serve with me yet seven other years.

וַיִּוָּתֵר יַעֲקֹב לְבַדּוֹ וַיֵּאָבֵק אִישׁ עִמּוֹ עַד עֲלוֹת הַשָּׁחַר׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0132#לב_כד|32:24]], with translation of the King James Version:

And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.

[…] וּבָנִיתָ מָצוֹר עַל־הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר־הִוא עֹשָׂה עִמְּךָ מִלְחָמָה […]

Tanach, [[s:he:T0520#כ_כ|20:20]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, […]


according to

According to the directions, the glue takes 24 hours to dry.

According to him, every person was to be bought.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter 2, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

According to this saga of intellectual-property misanthropy, these creatures [patent trolls] roam the business world, buying up patents and then using them to demand extravagant payouts from companies they accuse of infringing them. Often, their victims pay up rather than face the costs of a legal battle.

2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

Based on what is said or stated by; on the authority of.

Our zeal should be according to knowledge.

1695, Thomas Sprat, A Discourse Made by Ld Bishop of Rochester To the Clergy of his Diocese:

there was only a frightening silence, unenlivened even by the invidious enquiries of former years, which culminated, according to its stern nature, in a still more frightening old woman, a figure awaiting her on the very doorstep.

Over the past 20 years, the station complex - including the main platform buildings, signal box and level crossing gates - has been lovingly restored, with the gates replaced according to original plans.

2022 December 14, Robin Leleux, “A royal occasion as heritage projects honoured: Wolferton”, in RAIL, number 972, page 61:

In a manner conforming or corresponding to; in proportion to; in accordance with. ,


bating

[A]nd bating a little wilfulness, and a little selfishness, and a little dandification, I don’t know a more honest, or loyal, or gentle creature.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 54, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

‘The laws of religious society, bating those which are only subservient to the order necessary to their execution, are immutable, not subject to any authority of the society, but only proposed by and within the society, but made by a lawgiver without the society, and paramount to it.’

1673-4, John Locke, On the Difference between Civil and Ecclesiastical Power, Indorsed Excommunication

I replied, That he was a very unworthy man, if it were true, to speak slightingly of a family, which was as good as his own, bating that it was not allied to the peerage […].

1748, [Samuel Richardson], “Letter LXXIX”, in Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], →OCLC:

There is but little I have heard from you which I did not expect to hear, and which I ought not to have expected; because, bating one circumstance, it is all very true.

1817 December 31 (indicated as 1818), [Walter Scott], chapter XIII, in Rob Roy. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, page 303:


uff

+obj

dative (indicating location) accusative (indicating movement)

[with dative (indicating location) or accusative (indicating movement)]

From Middle High German uf, northern variant of ūf, from Proto-Germanic *up.

(dialectal, otherwise obsolete) Alternative form of auf


uff

Das Buch leid uffem Disch.

Die Fraa stehd uff de Brick.

Er lehd das Buch uff de Disch.

Ich haue dich uff die Aarschbacke!

Meer gehn uffs Fest.


विना

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit विना (vínā). Doublet of बिना (binā).


ens

Middle French: ens


atop

He sat atop the mountain, waiting for the end of the world.

For example, when trailers containing new automobiles were first piggybacked two areas of potential damage became evident: (1) diesel locomotive exhaust left a film of oil on the new autos; and (2) auto windshields could be scarred or cracked by the metal-tipped "tell-tales" which warn men atop trains of oncoming bridges or tunnels.

1960 November, David Morgan, “"Piggyback"—U.S. success story”, in Trains Illustrated, page 684:

A virtue is made out of a necessity, with the child feeling far more atop and master of his oddness, his behavior now deliberate or even clever.

1966, The Minnesota Review, volume 6, page 242:

"And other things," she echoed, nodding slowly and resting her body a little more atop him again.

2006, Dewey Lambdin, The Gun Ketch, page 48:

2014, Paul Salopek, Blessed. Cursed. Claimed., National Geographic (December 2014)https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214621/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/pilgrim-roads/salopek-text
“Monotheism was born here,” Goren tells me atop a cliff overlooking the sheet of iron-colored water.

He sat atop of the mountain, waiting for the end of the world.


doro

From Dutch door (“through”). The added verbal aspect possibly results from the relexification of words in Gbe languages that have both a spatial and a verbal aspect, compare Ewe ɖé (“towards, to; to reach, to arrive”) and Fon dò (“towards, to; to reach, to arrive”).


sim

sim vegônha

sim ninguim

Já vai sim falâ co iou


gant

ganimp (singular)
ganimp (plural)
ganeomp (plural)
ganit (singular)
ganeoc'h (plural)
gantañ (singular)
ganto (plural third-person)
ganti (singular)
ganeor (plural)

From Old Breton cant, from Proto-Celtic *kanta (“together with”). Cognate with Welsh gan (“with; by”).


jako

as (in the role of; by way of) [with nominative]


под

From Proto-Slavic *podъ. Equivalent to по (po, “upon, at”) + -д (-d).


под

Кучето се скри под столот.

Тоа е закопано под земјата.


под

подо

before words beginning with certain awkward consonant clusters such as мн- (mn-); вс- (vs-), and сн- (sn-)

нырну́ть под во́ду

положи́ть под крова́ть

under, below, beneath (movement to beneath a location)

попа́сть под обстре́л

under (beginning to fall under a condition, state or period of action)

лет под со́рок

approaching, slightly less than (a quantitative characteristic, such as weight, age, etc.)

под ве́чер

под коне́ц

shortly before, towards, approaching (a time)

раскра́шенный под леопа́рда

га́лстук под цвет фо́рмы

a tie to match the colour/color of a uniform

под стать

уча́сток под строи́тельство

оста́вить уча́сток под карто́фель

отвести́ помеще́ние под музе́й

ту́мбочка тумбочка#Russian

телеви́зор телевизор#Russian

ту́мбочка под телеви́зор ― túmbočka pod televízor ― a bedside table for a television

земля́ земля#Russian

хлеб хлеб#Russian

земля́ под хлеб ― zemljá pod xleb ― ground for bread

гото́вый готовый#Russian

посе́в посев#Russian

гото́вый под посе́в ― gotóvyj pod posév ― ready for sowing

маленькую маленький#Russian

ко́мнату комната#Russian

отвели́ отвести#Russian

спа́льню спальня#Russian

маленькую ко́мнату отвели́ под спа́льню ― malenʹkuju kómnatu otvelí pod spálʹnju ― a small room was taken as a bedroom

корзи́на корзина#Russian

карто́шку картошка#Russian

корзи́на под карто́шку ― korzína pod kartóšku ― basket for potatoes

засыпа́ть под пе́сню

пла́вать под водо́й

под кры́шей

under, below, beneath (being beneath a location)

под руково́дством

под ви́дом

под прикры́тием

under (being under a condition, state or period of action)

Сражéние под Прóхоровкой ― Sražénije pod Próxorovkoj ― The Battle of Prokhorovka (literally, “The Battle near Prokhorovka”)

под руко́й

под о́стрым угло́м


под

с(ј)ела је под стабло

пао је под влак

under, beneath (with change of position, answering the question ку̀да) [with accusative]

она с(ј)еди под стаблом

под сунцем

under, beneath (stationary, answering the question гдје̏/где̏) [with instrumental]

бити под сумњом

бити под притиском

бити под дојмом

под оружјем

бити под надзором

бити под нечијом заштитом

бити под нагласком

to be accented (stressed), to be under the accent (stress)

писати под псеудонимом

to write under the pen name, pseudonymously

бити под заклетвом

under, beneath (being in a particular condition) [with instrumental]

под јесен

под крај

под старост

near, toward, in (temporal, with nouns denoting a final temporal segment) [with accusative]

под одмором

под паузом

под сатом

под владавином

покушати продати мркву под роткву

as, instead of, in lieu of [with accusative]

то је под морање

бацити под ноге

небу под облаке

под ув(ј)етом/условом да

under the condition of, on the condition that

под изговором

под Загребом

под Велебитом

at the foot of Velebit, on the foothills of Velebit

под коровом

ништа под (милим) богом

под контролом (wитх генитиве)

под тим(е) мислим

бити под антибиотицима

под правим кутом


mank

Compare German mang. Related to English among.

2003, De Bibel, Markus (Mark) 10:43

But that shall not be so among you; whoever wants to be great among you shall be your servant;

Mank junt saul daut oba nich soo sennen; wäa mank junt well groot sennen, saul jun Deena sennen;


endo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó (“in”). Compare Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “in, within”).

cog

58-43 BC, Cicero, De Legibus
Divos et eos, qui caelestes semper habiti, colunto et ollos, quos endo caelo merita locaverint...

They shall worship as gods both those who have always been regarded as dwellers in heaven, and those whom merit has placed in heaven...


endo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁(e)ndó (“inside”).


ของ

head

ของ • (khɔ̂ɔŋ)

มารีย์จะเกิดลูกป้อจาย เมื่อเกิดมาแล้วหื้อตั้งจื้อว่า ‘เยซู’ ย้อนว่าต้านจะจ้วยคนของต้านหื้อรอดป๊นบาปโต้ษ

2017, Wycliffe Bible Translators, พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ [New Testament], →ISBN, Matthew i.21, page 4:

Mary shall give birth to a male child. Once he has been born, you shall give him 'Jesus' as his name for the reason that it is he who shall help his people to escape from their sins.

maa-rii cà kə̀ət lûuk pɔ̂ɔ-caai. mʉ̂ʉa kəət maa lɛ́ɛo, hʉ̂ʉ tâŋ cʉ̂ʉ wâa 'yeesuu' yɔ̂ɔn wâa tâan cà cûuai khon khɔ̂ɔŋ tâan hʉ̂ʉ rɔ̂ɔt pón bàap tôot


ของ

th-prep

ของ • (kɔ̌ɔng)

From Proto-Tai *χɔːŋᴬ (“thing”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨡᩬᨦ, Lao ຂອງ (khǭng), Lü ᦃᦸᧂ (ẋoang), Tai Dam ꪄꪮꪉ, Shan ၶွင် (khǎung), Tai Nüa ᥑᥩᥒᥴ (xóang), Phake ၵွင် (khoṅ), Ahom 𑜁𑜨𑜂𑜫 (khoṅ), Zhuang hong, Zuojiang Zhuang kong.

2020 March 17, กองบรรณาธิการวอยซ์ออนไลน์, “อนุพงษ์เห็นด้วยปิดเมือง ๑๔ วัน ลดเคลื่อนย้ายคน ผู้ว่าฯ มีอำนาจเต็ม”, in วอยซ์ออนไลน์, Bangkok: วอยซ์ทีวี, retrieved 2020-03-17:
รมว.มหาดไทย เห็นด้วยปิดเมือง ลดการเคลื่อนย้ายคน-การชุมนุม 14 วันบล็อกการกระจายของโควิด-19
rɔɔ-mɔɔ-wɔɔ má-hàat-tai · hěn-dûai bpìt mʉʉang · lót gaan-klʉ̂ʉan-yáai kon - gaan-chum-num · sìp sìi · wan blɔ́k gaan-grà-jaai kɔ̌ɔng koo-wìt-sìp-gâao
The interior minister concurs with [the idea of] shutting down cities [and] reducing human movements [and] gatherings [for] 14 days to block the spread of COVID-19.

2020 January 11, “Bang Bao Beach”, in บางเบ้า...ที่สุดแห่งจุดชม..., retrieved 2020-02-05:
ไม่ได้เห็นพระอาทิตย์ แต่แสงสีของท้องฟ้าก็สวยไม่เบา
mâi dâai hěn prá aa-tít · dtɛ̀ɛ sɛ̌ɛng sǐi kɔ̌ɔng tɔ́ɔng-fáa gɔ̂ sǔai mâi-bao
The sun could not be seen, yet the lights [and] colours of the sky were pretty beautiful.

2018, พิชญ์ พงษ์สวัสดิ์, เผด็จการวิทยา, Bangkok: มติชน, →ISBN, page 142:
ยิ่งทำความเข้าใจชาตินิยมแบบไทย ๆ...จะยิ่งพบว่า แกนสำคัญของชาตินิยมแบบไทย ก็คือ ความภักดีต่อระบบหรือเชื่อฟังระบบ
yîng tam-kwaam-kâo-jai châat-ní-yom bɛ̀ɛp tai tai ... jà yîng póp wâa · gɛɛn sǎm-kan kɔ̌ɔng châat-ní-yom bɛ̀ɛp tai · gɔ̂ kʉʉ · kwaam-pák-dii dtɔ̀ɔ rá-bòp rʉ̌ʉ chʉ̂ʉa-fang rá-bòp
The more [you] try to understand the Thai-style nationalism... the more [you] will realise that the [most] important core of the Thai-style nationalism is loyalty to the regime or obedience to the regime.

2012 February 20, “เฮี้ยน ชาวบ้านผวาผีตายทั้งกลม สั่งผ่าเด็กออกแล้วเผาแม่”, in คมชัดลึก, Bangkok: กะปุก, retrieved 2019-09-16:
เพื่อนำทารกออกจากครรภ์ของศพ
pʉ̂ʉa nam taa-rók ɔ̀ɔk jàak kan kɔ̌ɔng sòp
to take the baby out of the corpse's womb.

1976 October 15, “ประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์”, in ห้องสมุดกฎหมาย, Bangkok: สำนักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา, published 2017-06-07, archived from the original on 2020-07-05:
มาตรา ๑๕๖๑ บุตรมีสิทธิใช้ชื่อสกุลของบิดา ในกรณีที่บิดาไม่ปรากฏ บุตรมีสิทธิใช้ชื่อสกุลของมารดา
mâat-dtraa · nʉ̀ng-pan hâa-rɔ́ɔi hòk-sìp èt · bùt mii sìt-tí chái chʉ̂ʉ-sà-gun kɔ̌ɔng bì-daa · nai gà-rá-nii tîi bì-daa mâi bpraa-gòt · bùt mii sìt-tí chái chʉ̂ʉ-sà-gun kɔ̌ɔng maan-daa
Section 1561 A child has the right to use the family name of [its] father. In the case that the father is not known, the child has the right to use the family name of [its] mother.


ў

From Old Belarusian въ (v), from Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n).

у

after consonants or at the beginning of a clause


由於

/joʊ̯³⁵ y³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ jyː⁵⁵/

/iu²⁴⁻²² u⁴⁴/

/iu²⁴⁻²² ɯ³³/

/iu²³⁻³³ i²³/

/iu¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ i²⁴/

/iu²³⁻³³ u²³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ u²⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ i³³/

/ɦiɤ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

/joʊ̯³⁵ y³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ jyː⁵⁵/

/iu²⁴⁻²² u⁴⁴/

/iu²⁴⁻²² ɯ³³/

/iu²³⁻³³ i²³/

/iu¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ i²⁴/

/iu²³⁻³³ u²³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ u²⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ i³³/

/ɦiɤ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

owing to; due to; as a result of; because of


pisti

From Latin per + super. Compare Romanian peste.


hadi

Tutafungua shule saa moja hadi saa nne

Ninatuma kifurushi hadi Ujerumani

until, up to, till (both space and time)


ön

From Old Frisian in, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. Cognate with Saterland Frisian in, West Frisian yn.

Üüs Faađer ön Hemel.

2021, Tanno Hüttenrauch, Lord's Prayer Northfrisian / Vaterunser Nordfriesisch:


noin

Originally the instructive plural of nuo.

noin kaksi metriä


kundi

Dai nin tao sa kuwarto kundi siya.

There's no one in the room except him/her.


kundi

Univerbation of kung (“if”) + di (“not”).

univerbation

Walang natira kundi siya.


kohti

kohti tähtiä


lan

The sense of "up, upwards" comes from an abbreviation of the phrase i'r lan "to the shore, ashore; upwards".

Sa i'n mynd lan yr Wyddfa heb esgidiau addas.

I'm not going up Snowdon without appropriate footwear.


kiitos

From Proto-Finnic *kiit'os, equivalent to kiittää (“to thank”) + -os.

Amy sai stipendin kiitos hyvien arvosanojensa.

Amy was given a scholarship thanks to her excellent grades.


ak

Its usage as meaning "with" and "and" is modelled after usage of similar terms in substrate languages.http://books.google.com/books?id=11jHBcTTYWEC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=haitian+creole+substrate+languages&source=bl&ots=alL7ZZBqWU&sig=uYsZHspDcbkvIXm8C2zQdpyNWME&hl=en&ei=jvmcTZnzEYv6sAOH2sXcDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Its phonological form might be from French avec (“with”) or Wolof ak or both.


ak

(Quebec, informal) Pronunciation spelling of avec.


ak

Its usage as meaning "with" and "and" is modelled after usage of similar terms in substrate languages.http://books.google.com/books?id=11jHBcTTYWEC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=haitian+creole+substrate+languages&source=bl&ots=alL7ZZBqWU&sig=uYsZHspDcbkvIXm8C2zQdpyNWME&hl=en&ei=jvmcTZnzEYv6sAOH2sXcDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Its phonological form might be from French avec (“with”) or Wolof ak or both; in the former case, it is a doublet of avèk.


ak

Fransa itirar ak Uliman


kor

Ich ghèa inn kor Baan.


rak

razon (singular)
razomp (plural)
razout (singular)
razoc'h (plural)
razañ (singular)
razo (plural third-person)
razi (singular)
razor (plural)


tussen

From Dutch tusschen, from Middle Dutch twisschen, tusschen, a shortening of Old Dutch intwiskan, originally a prepositional phrase *in twiskan. The latter word is from Proto-Germanic *twiskaz, *twiskijaz (“twofold, double”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, doubly; in two”).