aboon

From Middle English abone, abowne, from abuven, from Old English abūfan (“above”).


abeam

From a- (“in the direction of”) + beam (“keel”).

prefix

She came abeam the crippled ship.


abord

English: aboard

Scots: aboord, abaird

On board of; onto or into a ship, boat, train, plane.


aboard

From Middle English abord, from a- (“on”) + bord (“board, side of a ship”); equivalent to a- + board.

haul the tacks aboard

something done when one is setting the courses of a ship

We all went aboard the ship.

Conditions were horrendous aboard most British naval vessels at the time. Scurvy and other diseases ran rampant, killing more seamen each year than all other causes combined, including combat.

2012 March 5, William E. Carter, Merri Sue Carter, “The British Longitude Act Reconsidered”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 87:

inessive or illative case of the means of transport

Nor iron bands aboard The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast.


abreast

From Middle English abrest. By surface analysis, a- (“on, at”) + breast, meaning “breasts (chests) in line, side-by-side and exactly equally advanced”; roughly “breast-by-breast”.

surf

This ship sank abreast the island.


abaft

From Middle English obaft, baft, baften, from Old English beæftan; be (“by”) (modern English by) + æftan (“behind”) (modern English after). See also aft.

The captain stood abaft the wheelhouse.

[…] two drunken Turkes, that were in the Frigot with twelue others, discharged two Calieuers, with which they killed two Souldiours, that stood abaft our Gally.

1620, Miguel de Cervantes, chapter 63, in Thomas Shelton, transl., The Second Part of the History of the Valorous and Witty Knight-Errant, Don Quixote of the Mancha, London: Edward Blount, page 432:

1773, James Cook, An Account of a Voyage Around the World, Book 3, Chapter 5, in John Hawkesworth (ed.), An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty: for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, Volume 3, p. 558,
[…] we could hear the water rush in a little abaft the foremast, about three feet from the keel: this determined me to clear the hold intirely.

“[…] Read the sign up there—NO SMOKING ABAFT THE WHEEL!”

1869, Mark Twain, chapter 3, in The Innocents Abroad, Hartford: The American Publishing Company, page 35:

The bulkhead that separates ladies’ country from the rough characters who shave is not necessarily No. 30 but, by tradition, it is called “bulkhead thirty” in any mixed ship. […] Male officers had a lounge called the cardroom just abaft thirty.

1959, Robert A. Heinlein, chapter 13, in Starship Troopers, New York: Ace, published 2010, page 260:

(nautical) Behind; toward the stern relative to some other object or position; aft of.

خَلْف

(nautical) behind; toward the stern relative to some other object or position; aft of


abut

From Middle English aboute, abouten, from Old English abūtan.


abroad

First attested in mid 13th century. From Middle English abrood (“broadly widely scattered”), from a- (“on, in”) + brood (“broad”). Equivalent to a- + broad.


kun

Kun mabanggi na, nagluluwas man an mga bituon.

When the night comes, the stars come out also.

when; at (or as soon as) that time that; if


kun

Ultimately from Latin cum. Compare Italian con, Spanish con, Portuguese com.

Vorto dirita en ĝusta tempo estas kiel oraj pomoj kun arĝentaj ŝeloj.

1961, L. L. Zamenhof, Proverbaro esperanta:

A word said at the right time is like golden apples with silver skins.

characteristic considered separately from the whole


kun

Ilu iris kun elu a la parko.


ab

Before a voiced consonant or a vowel in betacist dialects


ab

Norwegian Bokmål: ab

From Middle High German abe, ab, from Old High German ab, from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab.

Ab heute verfügbar.

beginning at that time or location; from


ab

French: à

Italian: a

Spanish: a

Portuguese: a

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a, ab (learned)

From Proto-Italic *ap, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”) (whence English off, of and after). See also po-. Cognate with ᾰ̓πό (apó). The reconstruction of the Proto-Italic form is somewhat uncertain, as it's not clear when or how the final vowel of the PIE form was lost. The voicing of the final consonant to -b can be interpreted as an example of regular voicing of plosives in word-final position, as in fēced < *fēcet, a sound change that some reconstruct at the common Italic stage. Others explain -b here as the result of analogical extension from clusters ending in a voiced consonant. The form ap- is attested in composition in Latin aperiō and Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre).

Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.

(indicating ablation): from, away from, out of

Rex ab suis appellatur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.4

(indicating agency): (source of action or event) by, by means of

Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui, ius valeat necesse est, id est iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, vis dominetur necesse est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret. altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur.

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Oration in favor of P. Sestius Pro P. Sestio Oratio.Ch. 42, sect. 92

...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.

(indicating instrumentality): (source of action or event) by, by means of, with

Heauton Timorumenos (“The Self-Tormentor”) by Publius Terentius Afer

I am a man, I consider nothing that is human alien to me.

Homo sum, humani nihil ā me alienum puto.


ab

From German ab (“from”), from Middle High German ab, from Old High German ab (“of”), from Proto-Germanic *ab (“away, away from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).

NB - Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «ab».ogg

ab Frankfurt

ab varelager

ab fabrikk

(economics) from; (i.e. delivered) for the seller's expense at a location and forwarded for the buyer's expense

ab mai


ab

From Latin ab (“from, away from, on, in”), from Proto-Italic *ab, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).


ab

avoec

used throughout Old French into the Middle and modern French periods


ab

German: ab

Norwegian Bokmål: ab


ab

Occitan: amb

Catalan: amb

Non comprarias ab mil liuras d’argent.

[That] you couldn't buy with a thousand pounds of silver.


ab

Compare German ab, Dutch af, English off.


absent

From Middle English absent, from Middle French absent, from Old French ausent, and their source, Latin absens, present participle of absum (“to be away from”), from ab (“away”) + sum (“to be”).

Absent taxes modern governments cannot function.

If the accused refuse upon demand to pay money or deliver property (absent any excuse or excusing circumstance) which came into his hands as a bailee, such refusal might well constitute some evidence of conversion, with the requisite fraudulent intent required by the statute.

1919, “State vs. Britt, Supreme Court of Missouri, Division 2”, in The Southwestern Reporter, page 427:

the Princess Caroline case […] established that – absent a measurable ‘public interest’ in publication – she was safe from being photographed while out shopping.

2011, David Elstein, London Review of Books, volume 33, number 15:

About 25 percent of Russia’s large farms continue to be unprofitable, and that number would be considerably higher absent government subsidies and assistance programs.

2013, Stephen K. Wegren, “Agriculture”, in Stephen K. Wegren, editor, Return to Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain, 5th edition, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., →ISBN, page 223:

And the distraction-management software Freedom offers a mode that won’t unlock affected apps absent a telephone-support call.

2019 September 5, Ian Bogost, “I tried to limit my screen time (It didn't go well)”, in The Atlantic:

California cannot promulgate regulations that are inconsistent with US federal laws absent an explicit waiver from the federal government.

2020, Anu Bradford, “8. Is the Brussels Effect Beneficial?”, in The Brussels Effect. How the European Union Rules the World, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 258:


may

From Proto-Central Philippine *may (existential marker). See also Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mai (“and”).

Kunin mo ang araro doon sa may puno ng mangga.

(literally, “Get the shovel at the place with the mango tree.”)


menos

From Old Galician-Portuguese menos, which displaced the semi-learned form mẽos, learned borrowing from Latin minus comparative of parum.

Vinche todos eses filmes menos o último

I saw all that movies, except the last one


menos

From Old Galician-Portuguese menos, displacing collateral form mẽos, from Latin minus, neuter of minor (“lesser; smaller”), comparative of parvus (“small”).

Li todos, menos o último.

Três menos dois é um.

(mathematics) minus (indicates subtraction)


menos

Inherited from Old Spanish menos, inherited from Latin minus, comparative of parum.

Dos menos uno son uno.

Todos menos Juan vinieron a la fiesta.


the

valued at half a pound the bushel; paying seven dollars the year interest

Next morning I was up at an early hour, to see the market held near the water gate. The beef was excellent: but at the high prices of ten-pence and one shilling the pound; mutton at the same price; fowls a dollar the couple, and showing “more feathers than flesh.”

1837, James Edward Alexander, Narrative of a Voyage of Observation Among the Colonies of Western Africa, in the Flag-ship Thalia; and of a Campaign in Kaffir-land, on the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, in 1835, volume 1, London: Henry Colburn, pages 251–2:


fa

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

fa molts anys...


fa

Obsolete form of um (“about, concerning”).


cum

Learned borrowing from Latin cum (“with”).

lbor

He built a bus-cum-greenhouse that made a bold statement, but the plants in it didn't live very long.

But instead of being a salesperson cum barista cum waitress merely serving the wordsmiths, I'm one of them, reading her latest baby out loud.

He is too good an actor to need that sort of tomfoolery: the effect will be far better if he is a credible mining camp elder-cum-publican.

1926-1950, George Bernard Shaw, Collected Letters: 1926-1950, University of California/Viking, published 1985, page 31:

One driver-cum-fireman-cum-fitter looks after the three locomotives, [...].

1944 May and June, “Notes and News: The Snailbeach District Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 183:

The banner shows a yellowed silhouette of a boy (possibly Calvin, of Calvin & Hobbes) urinating on an EU flag. Sites such as this show the full power of the Internet as a propaganda medium cum travel service cum organizing tool. Oh, and nightlife directory.

2001 Nov/Dec, David Sachs, “LET THEM EAT BITS”, in American Spectator, volume 34, number 8, page 78:

Coffee shops-cum-meeting-spots dotted across the city are teeming (Equator, Blue Bottle and Saint Frank). Caffeine-fuelled, lactose-intolerant, macadamia milk latte-drinking young folk are journalling, manifesting, coding, ChatGPT-ing and pitching their ideas.

2023 February 5, Kathryn Parsons, “Boom times are back in San Francisco’s tech mecca”, in The Sunday Times:

Used in indicating a thing or person which has two or more roles, functions, or natures, or a which has changed from one to another.


cum

→ English: cum

Aragonese: con

Aromanian: cu

Asturian: con, cun, co

Corsican: cù, cun

Dalmatian: con

Emilian: con

Friulian: cun, cu

Istriot: cun, cu'

Italian: con

Ladin: con, co, cun

Ligurian: con

Lombard: cond

Megleno-Romanian: cu

Mirandese: cun

Neapolitan: cu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: con
Fala: con
Galician: con
Portuguese: com (see there for further descendants)

Piedmontese: cun

Romagnol: cun

Romanian: cu

Leonese: cun

Romansch: cun

Sardinian: chin, cun

Sicilian: cu

Spanish: con

Venetian: co

From Old Latin com, from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ga- (“co-”), Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) (“with”), Proto-Germanic *hansō. More at Hanse.
The ablative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

inh

Titus cum familiā habitat.

magnā cum laude

Mīlitēs cum prīmā lūce vēnērunt.

at (denoting a point in time with which an action coincides)

cum centesimo efficere


cum

(Brazil, Internet slang) Eye dialect spelling of com.


f

(Kajkavian) in, at (location) [with locative]

(Kajkavian) to, into (direction) [with accusative]

(Kajkavian) on, in, at, during (time) [with accusative]

(Kajkavian) in, during (time) [with accusative]


f

A dialectal variant of v made by analogy to s/z in dialects where [w] turned into [v] and got its devoiced part, [f].

I ko ne vrjameš več v njega, on še skus vrjame f tebe.

2020 July 24, “Dejo: Pa kdu je ta Branko?”, in Radio Odeon:

And when you don't believe in him anymore, he still believes in you.

(dialectal, particularly eastern dialects, with accusative) into, in

(dialectal, particularly eastern dialects, with locative) in, at


about

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *ana-
Proto-West Germanic *ana-
Old English on-?
Proto-West Germanic *biūtan
Old English būtan?
Old English onbūtan
Middle English aboute
English about
Preposition and adverb from Middle English aboute, abouten, from Old English abūtan, onbūtan, from on (“in, on”) + būtan (“outside of”), itself from be (“by”) + ūtan (“outside”). Cognate with Old Frisian abûta (“outside; except”).
Adjective from Middle English about (adverb).

etymon

The snake was coiled about his ankle.

So look about you; know you any here?

c. 1604–1605 (date written), William Shakespeare, “All’s Well, that Ends Well”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart:

1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Proverbs, iii, 3

Nothing daunted, the fleet put to sea, and after sailing about the island for some time, a landing was effected in the west of Munster.

1886, Duncan Keith, A history of Scotland: civil and ecclesiastical from the earliest times to the death of David I, 1153, volume 1:

The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the fell simoom. […] Roaring, leaping, pouncing, the tempest raged about the wanderers, drowning and blotting out their forms with sandy spume.

1892, James Yoxall, chapter 5, in The Lonely Pyramid:

In a circle around; all round; on every side of; on the outside of.

Rubbish was strewn about the place.

The children were running about the room.

He was well known about town.

[I]n likeneſs of a Dove / The Spirit deſcended, while the Fathers voice / From Heav'n pronounc'd him his beloved Son. / That heard the Adverſary, who roving ſtill / About the world, at that aſſembly fam'd / Would not be laſt, […]

1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 3, lines 30–35:

He had been known, during several years, as a small poet; and some of the most savage lampoons which were handed about the coffeehouses were imputed to him.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout.

Indicates that something will happen very soon; indicates a plan or intention to do something.

(with 'to' and verb infinitive) See about to.

[It] was held, that the latter requirement was fulfilled by an affidavit declaring that "the defendant was about leaving the State permanently."

1866, Charles Daniel Drake, A treatise on the law of suits by attachment in the United States, page 80:

(with present participle, obsolete or dialect) On the point or verge of.

He talked a lot about his childhood.

We must do something about this problem.

I already have made way / To some Philistian lords, with whom to treat / About thy ransom.

There have been violent quarrels about whether the whole is greater than a part.

1856, Voltaire, Philosophical dictionary:

"I'll tell you what, Fanny: she must have her way about Sarah Thompson. You can see her to-morrow and tell her so."

1860, Anthony Trollope, Framley Parsonage:

I told him about everything I could think of; and what I couldn't think of he did. He asked about six questions during my yarn, but every question had a point to it. At the end he bowed and thanked me once more. As a thanker he was main-truck high; I never see anybody so polite.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013 June 22, “Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 70:

Well, let’s not talk about yesterday.
Audio (US): (file)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

Concerning; with regard to; on account of; on the subject of; to affect.

hakkında (+ genitive pronouns, but no endings on nouns)

to be about one’s business

Have you much hay about? (Chester) ― Have you much in the process of making?

“What’s Mary doin'?” “Oh! oo’s about th’ butter.” (Chester) ― “What’s Mary doing?” “Oh, she’s making the butter.”

And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?

1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Luke, ii, 49

RON: And I’ll have the number 8.
WAITER: That’s a party platter, it serves 12 people.
RON: I know what I’m about, son.

2013 March 14, Parks and Recreation, season 5, episode 16, Bailout

I can’t find my reading glasses, but they must be somewhere about the house.

John’s in the garden, probably somewhere about the woodshed.

Within or in the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place.

I had no weapon about me but a stick.

At this assurance the traveller rose, and approached Alice softly. He drew away her hands from her face, when she said gently, "Have you much money about you?" / "Oh the mercenary baggage!" said the traveller to himself; and then replied aloud, "Why, pretty one?—Do you sell your kisses so high, then?"

1837, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], Ernest Maltravers […] , volume I, London: Saunders and Otley, […], →OCLC, book I, page 16:

He has his wits about him.

There was an air of confidence about the woman.

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.[…]A silver snaffle on a heavy leather watch guard which connected the pockets of his corduroy waistcoat, together with a huge gold stirrup in his Ascot tie, sufficiently proclaimed his tastes. […] But withal there was a perceptible acumen about the man which was puzzling in the extreme.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(figurative) In or near, as in mental faculties or (literally) in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.

in or near, as in mental faculties or in possession of


van

van (prepositional)
van (adverb postpositional)
ervan
hiervan
daarvan
waarvan
ergens van
nergens van
overal van

Afrikaans: van

Berbice Creole Dutch: fan

Javindo: fan

Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n

Negerhollands: van, fan, fa

→ Virgin Islands Creole: fam

Skepi Creole Dutch: fan

From Middle Dutch van, from Old Dutch fan (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *fanē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂poneh₁ (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo, *h₂pó (“off, of”). Cognate with Old Saxon fana, fan (“from”), Old Frisian fan, fon (“from”), Old High German fona, fon (“from”).

de hoed van het meisje

het gewicht van een olifant

Zij was van adel.

een stad van één miljoen inwoners

Hij is een man van eer.

Dat is hier niet van toepassing.

de trein van tien uur

een schilderij van Rubens

een plaat van de Beatles

Hij komt van Griekenland.

Hij ging van deur tot deur.

van vader op zoon.

from (starting point of a movement or change)

van toen af aan.

van 's avonds laat tot 's morgens vroeg

from late at night till the early morning

van dag tot dag

het vlees van de beenderen snijden.

from, off (removal of something from off something else)

sidderen van angst

tranen van geluk

Deze tafel is gemaakt van hout.

Van dit geld kan ik een basgitaar kopen.

de jongste van zijn dochters

Van alle mensen ben ik de mooiste.

Out of all people I am the most beautiful.

Drink niet te veel van dat bier, het is erg sterk.

Don't drink too much of that beer, it is very strong.

of, out of, among (out of a larger whole; partitive)

van 5 €, voor 3 €

from, was, formerly (indicating a change in price)

Ik dacht van hé wat gek.

(colloquial) like (quotative (used to introduce direct speech))


van

desctree

Dutch: van
Afrikaans: van
Berbice Creole Dutch: fan
Javindo: fan
Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n
Negerhollands: van, fan, fa
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fam
Skepi Creole Dutch: fan

Limburgish: ven

From Old Dutch fan, from Proto-Germanic *fanē.


van

Borrowed from Dutch van (“of, from”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fanē. Doublet of von.


van

van kuće

van zemlje


pie

es biju pie tēva

māja pie jūras

braukšu pie tevis


y

y te hết

do like he/she does (literally do along him/her)

Đăm nà y thỏi cáu

Follow the old customs (literally "plant rice like the previous rows")

y cằm po̱ me̱


above

From Middle English above, aboven, abuven, from Old English ābufan, onbufan, from on (“on”) + bufan (“over”), (akin to Icelandic ofan (“from above”), Middle Dutch bōven, Old Frisian bova, Middle High German bobene) from bī (“by”) + ufan (“over”); also cognate with Danish oven, Dutch boven, German oben, Swedish ovan, Old Saxon oƀan, Old High German obana.
The preposition, adjective and the noun derive from the adverb.

He always put his coat on above his sweater.

Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.

And God said, Let the waters bring foorth aboundantly the mouing creature that hath life, and foule that may flie aboue the earth in the open firmament of heauen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:20:

Then came a maid with hand-bag and shawls, and after her a tall young lady. She stood for a moment holding her skirt above the grimy steps, […] and the light of the reflector fell full upon her.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:

In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface.

Idaho is above Utah.

Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise.

to cut above average

Even the chief of police is not above suspicion.

He was always above reproach.

I thought you said you were above these kinds of antics.

That's above my comprehension.

Thy worth, sweet friend, is far above my gifts,

1594, Christopher Marlowe, Edward II, act I, scene i:

At midday, O king, I saw in the way a light from heaven, above the brightnes of the Sunne, shining round about mee, and them which iourneyed with me.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 26:13:

(figuratively) Higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; higher in measure, degree, volume, or pitch, etc. than; out of reach; not exposed to; not likely to be affected by; incapable of negative actions or thoughts.

to stand head and shoulders above the rest

☞ This word [wrap] is often pronounced wrop, rhyming with top, even by ſpeakers much above the vulgar.

1791, John Walker, A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary […] , London: Sold by G. G. J. and J. Robinſon, Paternoſter Row; and T. Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC, page 557:

above and beyond the call of duty

over and above

That amount is way above our asking price.

Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.

The owner was above taking more than a token salary.

Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;


os

os (mutation mutation-radical)
n-os (eclipsis mutation)
hos (mutation prothesis-h)
t-os (mutation prothesis-t)

From Old Irish úas, ós, from Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-.


um

From Middle English um, from Old Norse um, umb (“around, about”), from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Old English ymbe (“around”), West Frisian om (“around”), Dutch om (“around”), German um (“around”). More at umbe.


um

From Old Norse um, from Proto-Germanic *umbi. Cognate with Swedish om.


um

From Old Norse umb, from Proto-Germanic *umbi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”).


um

From Middle High German umbe, ümbe, from Old High German umbi, from Proto-West Germanic *umbi.
Central German dialects show regular umlaut; the standard form is from Upper German, where umlaut of -u- was blocked before labial geminates and clusters. Cognate with Luxembourgish ëm, Dutch om, English umbe.

Es geht um den Kuchen.

Um die Ecke

Um acht Uhr reisen wir ab

Die Verkaufsmengen gingen um 6% zurück.

Um einen Euro bekommt man heute nicht besonders viel.

You can't buy much for one euro these days.

Heute im Sonderangebot um nur 99 Euro.


um

Ich hon mich en Duch um de Kopp gebunn.

Um acht Uher.


um

From Old Norse um, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about”).

ganga um gólf

to walk up and down the floor, to pace the floor

hver um sig

each one of them, each in turn, each one on his/her own

um morguninn

in the morning, in the course of the morning

Um hvað ertu að tala?

Spurning um líf og dauða.

Áin rennur um dalinn.

Að fara út um gluggann.

Vestur um haf.

Við förum um alla sveitina.

Hann var breiður um herðar.

Hún hafði klút um hálsinn.

Hvenær gerðist þetta? - Þetta gerðist um sumarið.

When did this happen? - It happened during the summer.

Ég fór um nóttina.

Pokinn er um fjögur kíló.


um

head

um (plus dative, triggers lenition, except of b, m, and p)

m (triggers-lenition)
p (triggers-lenition)
umam (first-person singular)
umamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
umat (second-person singular)
umatsa (emphatic second-person singular)
uime (masculine singular third-person)
uimesean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
uimpi (feminine singular third-person)
uimpise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
umainn (first-person plural)
umainne (emphatic first-person plural)
umaibh (plural second-person)
umaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
umpu (plural third-person)
umpusan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish imb, from Proto-Celtic *ambi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”).


um

From Middle High German umbe, ümbe, from Old High German umbi, from Proto-West Germanic *umbi, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about”). Cognate with German um, English umbe.

Um biavle ist s?

What time is it? (literally, “How many is it at?”)


um

(pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of om


um

From Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about”). Cognate with Old English ymbe, Old Frisian umbe, ombe, Old Saxon umbi, Old High German umbi.

during, at a point in time [with accusative]


um

Compare German um, Dutch om, Old English ymb.


is

is (mutation mutation-radical)
his (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh is, from Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu (“under”), from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”). Cognate with Old Irish ís.


आ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“to, at”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *at (whence English at) and Latin ad. The final *d in the Proto-Indo-European term regularly alternated with *h₁, the latter appearing before certain consonants originally. Indo-Iranian languages generalized the form ending in *h₁ and other fellow Indo-European languages generalized the form ending in *d.

c. 700 BCE – 500 BCE, Aitareya Brāhmaṇa

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

វិមទ*យន្តិយេភូមី*
ទាសាន្ទេវស្យបាបី*នះ
តេសវ្វ៌នរកេយាន្តុ
យាតនាមាភវក្ឞយាត៑ ៕
* Read ទ, មី and បី as ទ៌, មិ and បិ.

900-1100 AD; copied later, Arlo Griffiths, Kunthea Chhom, “A problematic inscription (K.1237)”, in Udaya: Journal of Khmer Studies, volume 14 (PDF), Yosothor, published 2019, halshs-02168837, page 10:

May the evil ones who disturb the land and servants of the god undergo torment in every hell until the end of existence.

vimardayanti ye bhūmi
dāsāndevasya pāpinaḥ
te sarvvanarake yāntu
yātanām ā bhavakṣayāt· ॥

With senses determined by the ablative case

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda


secondo

From Latin secundum (“after, behind, according to”, preposition and adverb).

der

Secondo me, …

In my opinion … (literally, “According to me”)


te

From Proto-Albanian *te-k(u), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“it”). Governs the nominative determinative, due to its relatively recent use as a preposition and its origin as a shortened form of Albanian *te-k(u).

Unë jam te pijetorja.

të duash ndokënd.

Jemi te unë.

(with a human referent) at (someone's) place


te

Jersey Dutch: te

Negerhollands: toe

From Old Dutch te, ti, from Proto-Germanic *ta.

Er is iets te eten

Te Amsterdam

En zo rijden we te paard


te

Dutch: te

Limburgish: te, tö

From Old Dutch te, from Proto-Germanic *ta.


te

(dialectal, Trøndelag, Østlandet) Alternative form of til


te

Heom te cwæþ (He said to him)

Ālēfed te habbanne (Allowed to have)


te

Eye dialect spelling of till, for some dialects.


on

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *ana
Old English on
Middle English on
English on
From Middle English on, from Old English on, an (“on, upon, onto, in, into”), from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
Cognate with North Frisian a (“on, in”), Saterland Frisian an (“on, at”), West Frisian oan (“on, at”), Dutch aan (“on, at, to”), Low German an (“on, at”), German an (“to, at, on”), Swedish å (“on, at, in”), Faroese á (“on, onto, in, at”), Icelandic á (“on, in”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “up, upon”), Albanian në (“in”); and from Old Norse upp á: Danish på, Swedish på, Norwegian på, see upon.

etymon

Southern US, Midland US, Philadelphia, Baltimore

"di lunedì" - "on Monday", "di martedì" - "on Tuesday", ...; not always used)

in

used only with generic days, as in "in un giorno differente" - "on a different day"; not always used

(the definite article is used before the time period)

A vase of flowers stood on the table.

Please lie down on the couch.

The parrot was sitting on Jim's shoulder.

I stood on the bridge at midnight.

1845, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Bridge:

Positioned at the upper surface of, touching from above.

He had a scar on the side of his face.

There is a dirty smudge on this window.

The painting hangs on the wall.

The fruit ripened on the trees.

Positioned at or resting against the outer surface of; attached to.

He wore old shoes on his feet.

All of the responsibility is on him.

I put a bet on the winning horse.

Expressing figurative placement, burden, or attachment.

tug on the rope; push hard on the door

Denoting physical contact or interaction with an object, such as impact or application of force.

With verbs describing an action of pushing, pulling, pressing, etc., designates the thing to which force is applied.

I stubbed my toe on an old tree stump.

I caught my fingernail on the door handle.

The rope snagged on a branch.

With verbs describing an action of hitting, rubbing, scratching, binding against, etc., designates the thing impacted or contacted.

to play on a violin or piano

Denoting performance or action by contact with the surface, upper part, or outside of anything; hence, by means of; with.

We live on the edge of the city.

on the left, on the right, on the side, on the bottom

At or in (a certain region or location).

Denoting relative position or position within the whole.

The Tories are on twenty-five percent in this constituency.

At or in (a certain region or location).

The lighthouse that you can see is on the mainland.

The suspect is thought to still be on the campus.

The fleet is on the American coast.

Croton-on-Hudson, Rostov-on-Don, Southend-on-Sea

A table can't stand on two legs.

After resting on his elbows, he stood on his toes, then walked on his heels.

Supported by (the specified part of itself).

on a bus, on a train, on a plane, on a ferry, on a yacht

on a bicycle, on a motorbike, on a horse, on a scooter

Aboard (a mode of transport, especially public transport, or transport that one sits astride or uses while standing).

Born on the 4th of July.

On Sunday I'm busy. I'll see you on Monday.

Can I see you on a different day?

Smith scored again on twelve minutes, doubling Mudchester Rovers' lead.

The Spain striker had given Chelsea the lead on 29 minutes but was shown a straight red card 10 minutes later for a rash challenge on Mark Gower.

2011 September 24, Aled Williams, “Chelsea 4-1 Swansea”, in BBC Sport:

(UK, especially in sports reporting) At a given time after the start of something; at.

At a given time after the start of something; at.

I was reading a book on history.

The city hosted the World Summit on the Information Society

I have no opinion on this subject.

[...] I received a note from that gentleman on a most trivial matter. I answered it as trivially.

1869 May, Anthony Trollope, “Lady Milborough as Ambassador”, in He Knew He Was Right, volume I, London: Strahan and Company, […], →OCLC, page 85:

Dealing with the subject of; about; concerning.

I haven't got any money on me.

to arrest someone on suspicion of bribery

to contact someone on a hunch

Because of; due to; upon the basis of (something not yet confirmed as true).

On Jack's entry, William got up to leave.

On the addition of ammonia, a chemical reaction begins.

(also often 'upon') At the time of (and often because of).

I need to get my planting done, as the season will soon be on us.

Before we knew it, the forest was on us, and the air grew colder and damper.

(also often 'upon') Arrived or coming into the presence of.

The drinks are on me tonight, boys.

The meal is on the house.

I paid for the airfare and meals for my family, but the hotel room was on the company.

с

с меня, с тебя...

I saw it on television.

Can't you see I'm on the phone?

My favorite shows are on BBC America.

The Beatles' appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show is on YouTube.

The film was released on DVD.

They planned an attack on London.

The soldiers mutinied and turned their guns on their officers.

Her words made a lasting impression on my mind.

What will be the effect on morale?

Indicating the target of, or thing affected by, an event or action.

Have pity or compassion on him.

Toward; for; indicating the object of an emotion.

'[…] the hunger is on me to carry my sword in distant places.' Mynyddog bowed his head.

2013 February 27, Rosemary Sutcliff, The Shining Company, Random House, →ISBN:

“Christ, the thirst on me.” “Sure, it's serious work, all that talk of independence.” The theater's stained-glass doors had first flung open in 1904, all in the hope of “rewriting the Irish identity,” of using culture in the fight[…]

2017 January 24, Ruth Gilligan, Nine Folds Make a Paper Swan, Tin House Books, →ISBN:

“I've got the hunger on me, I do.” Riordan snorted. Hardly a man knew hunger as he did. The prison rations at Point Lookout, spare enough, had been a feast compared to the black years in Ireland.[…]

2017 August 29, Ralph Peters, Judgment at Appomattox: A Novel, Forge Books, →ISBN, page 18:

(especially Ireland) Indicating the person experiencing an emotion, cold, thirst, hunger, etc.

I'm on question four.

Indicating the position that one has reached in a sequence.

They lived on ten dollars a week.

The dog survived three weeks on rainwater.

He's on his lunch break.

I'm on nights all this week.

on vacation; on holiday; on a mission; on the job; on the fiddle

Engaged in or occupied with (an action or activity).

You've been on these antidepressants far too long.

He's acting crazy because he's on crack right now.

Under the influence of (a drug, or something that is causing drug-like effects).

heaps on heaps of food

mischief on mischief; loss on loss

In addition to; besides; indicating multiplication or succession in a series.

I depended on them for assistance.

He will promise on certain conditions.

He is on the jury; I am on the committee.

He affirmed or promised on his word, or on his honour.

(informal, chiefly in set phrases) Ellipsis of I swear on: on my life, on God, on everything, etc.

On us be all the blame.

A curse on him!

Please don't tell on her and get her in trouble.

He turned on her and has been her enemy ever since.

He went all honest on me, making me listen to his confession.

His blood be on vs, and on our children.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 27:25:

To the account or detriment of; denoting imprecation or invocation, or coming to, falling, or resting upon.

The fight was three on one, and he never stood a chance.

(especially when numbers of combatants or competitors are specified) Against; in opposition to.

On naturalism, it is therefore difficult to find a ground for ultimate moral hope.

2021, Gavin Ortlund, Why God Makes Sense in a World That Doesn't: The Beauty of Christian Theism, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, →ISBN:

(philosophy, logic) According to, from the standpoint of; expressing what must follow, whether accepted or not, if a given premise or system is assumed true.

All the way around the table, off four cushions, and ... and he's on the black!

(snooker) In a position of being able to pot (a given ball).

In a position of being able to pot (a given ball).

a function on #x5C;mathbb#x7B;R#x7D;

(mathematics) Having as identical domain and codomain.

Having as identical domain and codomain.

an operator on #x5C;mathbb#x7B;Z#x7D;

(mathematics) Having Vⁿ as domain and V as codomain, for the specified set V and some integer n.

mathematics: having V as both domain and codomain

mathematics: having Vn as domain and V as codomain

the free group on four letters

Twenty on three.

I never seen 'im, and that's the truth on it.

Be not jealous on me.

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Or have we eaten on the insane root / That takes the reason prisoner?

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

Hence on thy life: the captive maid is mine; / Whom not for price or pray'rs I will reſign: [...]

a. 1701 (date written), John Dryden, “The First Book of Homer’s Ilias”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume IV, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, →OCLC, page 415:

(obsolete) At the peril of, or for the safety of.


on

From Old Norse ón, án (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēno, *ino (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḗnu (“without”). Cognate with North Frisian on (“without”), Middle Dutch an, on (“without”), Middle Low German āne (“without”), German ohne (“without”), Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without, except”), Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu, “without”).


on

From Old English on, an, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”).


on

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana.

On þæm huse

late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
...and ðā syndon swȳþe fæġere and lustsumlīce on tō sēonne...

...and those are very beautiful and pleasant to look at...

Early 11th c., Defensor's translation of Liber Scintillarum
...nā besēoh þū on wīfes hiw...

...do not look at a woman's appearance...

+obj

on, in, at, among [with accusative or dative or instrumental]

On midne winter

On þæt hus

Heo awende þa boc on Englisc

onto, into (to express allative motion or a change of state) [with accusative]


on

North Frisian: a

Saterland Frisian: an, oun

West Frisian: oan

From Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *an (“on”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“up”). Cognates include Old English on, Old Saxon ana and Old Dutch ana.


on

From Middle English on, an, from Old English on.

An a priesth o' parieshe on his lhaung-tyel garraane.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 94:

And the priest of the parish on his long tail pony.

An a priesth o parieshe on his garrane baun,

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:

The priest of the parish on his white pony,

Mizluck mye lhygt on Tam Busheare;

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 5, page 104:

Fad didn'st thou cum t' ouz on zum other dey?

1867, DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH, page 131:

[Why didn't you come to us on some other day?]


because

From Middle English bi cause, from bi (“by”) + cause, modelled on Old French par cause.

He rejected me because revenge, I guess.

It doesn't work because reasons.

You probably know it better, however, as explanation by way of Internet—explanation that maximizes efficiency and irony in equal measure. I'm late because YouTube. You're reading this because procrastination. As the language writer Stan Carey delightfully sums it up: “‘Because’ has become a preposition, because grammar.”

2013 November 19, Megan Garber, “English Has a New Preposition, Because Internet”, in The Atlantic:

(colloquial, Internet slang) On account of, because of.


because

La fenêtre était ouverte because la chaleur aoûtienne, si moite.

The window was open because of the muggy August heat.

(colloquial) Synonym of à cause de (“because of”)


ad

Norwegian Bokmål: ad

From Old Danish at, from Old Norse at, from Proto-Germanic *at.


ad

Borrowing from French à, Italian ad, Spanish a, all ultimately from Latin ad, from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“near, at”).

Il iris a la kirko.

Il venas de Paris a London.

La hundo jetis su a la kato.

De la esto ad la westo.

De tempo a tempo.

De un dio a l'altra.

From one day to another; From day to day.

De la supro a l'infro.

Donez a me la bastono

Il parolis ad el.

Il elevas su a la richeso e a la honori.

Atencema a la diskurso.

Surda a la ditreso-krii.

Amo a Deo.

Me deziras a vu omna feliceso.

Agreabla a la gusto.

Ca okupo konvenas ad il.

Tri raportas a non quale du a sis.

Evaluar lua revenuo a 10.000 franki.

To estimate his income as 10,000 francs.

Taxar ol a 400 franki.


ad

Dallo ad Adamo.

(before vowels) Alternative form of a for euphony, especially before /a/; to, at, in


ad

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: a

Dalmatian:

a

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: à

Italian: a(d) (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: a

Western Romance of N. Italy:

Friulian: a

Ligurian: a

Romagnol: a

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: a

Franco-Provençal: a

Old French: a

French: à (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: a

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: a

Old Leonese: a

Asturian: a

Extremaduran: a

Leonese: a

Mirandese: a

Old Galician-Portuguese: a (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: a

Borrowings:

→ English: ad

From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at.
The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.

Fugere ad puppim collēs campīque videntur.

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 4

The hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship.

Meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 2

At noon the shadows fall towards the north, [and] at sunrise, point to the west.

Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas.

ad Murciae datae sedes

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.33

the residences being given near the Murcia

near, by, close by, at, to (indicating location)

Sē ad arborēs applicant.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 6.27

at, about, around, on, in (indicating a point in time)

until, to, up to, till (indicating the extent of time)

Ad maiōrem Deī glōriam.

for, to, toward (indicating purpose or aim)

Ad vim atque ad arma confugere.

in comparison with, in comparison to, in relation to

against, at (indicating movement 'toward' but in a hostile manner)

among, amongst (indicating the sharing of a characteristic)


ad

Alternative form of a, sometimes used before vowels


ad

Allora Gesù li dizisi: Andaddinni, Satana: palchì è ilcrittu: Hai a adurà lu Signori Deju toju, e ad eddu solu hai a silvì.

1866, “Cap. IV, 10 [Chapter 4, verse 10]”, in Giovanni Spano, transl., L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju [The Gospel according to St. Matthew] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), London, translation of Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, page 10:

Then Jesus said to him: "Begone, Satan! For it is written "You shall adore the Lord your God, and Him alone you shall serve.""

Alternative form of a, found before a vowel


ad

Dü lif vobafulik oka ekanom tuvön timi ad studön pükis e dialegis 88 difikis, ed ad pläyön degtelati musigömas.

1937, “‚Johann Martin Schleyer’”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:

During his working life, he managed to find the time to study 88 different languages and dialects, and to play twelve musical instruments.


ad

But zit ad hime wi vlaxen wheel,

Kathleen A. Browne (1927) The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Sixth Series, Vol.17 No.2, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland


ad

Latin: ad (see there for further descendants)

Osco-Umbrian:

Oscan: ad-, ⇒ 𐌀𐌆 (az) (*ad-s)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌛- (ař-), -𐌀𐌛 (-ař)

South Picene: ad-

Volscian: ar-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”).


de

Conwoman Jeanne de La Motte stole a 2,800-carat diamond necklace, The Slave's Collar, by convincing the Cardinal de Rohan that Queen Marie-Antoinette wanted it.

2009 November 5, Alex von Tunzelmann, “The Affair of the Necklace: nothing to get hot under the collar over”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-10:

When Prosper Mérimée had next seen Mercedes after Spain, in March 1846, he told the Countess de Montijo that Mercedes "looked less well preserved [and] limped a little."

2014, Alina García-Lapuerta, La Belle Créole: The Cuban Countess Who Captivated Havana, Madrid, and Paris, Chicago, I.L.: Chicago Review Press, →ISBN, page 236:

(historical) Used in the titles of French nobility; of.


de

hopia de Cebu
Cebu's hopia or hopia of/from Cebu

Isabel biyuda de Cortes

(dated) of, from (only in names with Spanish origins or in phrases with Spanish construct)


de

An unstressed variety of Middle Dutch die. See die for more information.

Ze namen drie biertjes de man.

We betaalden vijftien euro de neus.

(informal, in restricted contexts, mostly with "man") per


de

Mi ne aĉetas ion ajn de ĉi tiu vendejo!

I don't buy anything at all from this store!

La aŭto de Davido estas nigra.

Ĉu vi havas esperantan tradukon de Drakulo de Bram Stoker?

Do you have an Esperanto translation of Dracula by Bram Stoker?

La viro estis mordita de hundo.


de

From Old Galician-Portuguese de, from Latin dē (“of; from”).

Español falan millós de persoas.

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:


de

From Middle French de, from Old French de, from Latin dē.

Paris est la capitale de la France.

Dans une bourgade de la Manche, dont je ne veux pas me rappeler le nom, vivait, il n’y a pas longtemps, un hidalgo ....

1837, Louis Viardot, chapter I, in L’Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche^(fr.Wikisource), translation of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra:

In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do not want to remember, lived, not long ago, an hidalgo ....

Œuvres de Fermat

Elle est la femme de mon ami.

le voisin de Gabriel

of (used to express property or association)

Elle vient de France.

Êtes-vous de Suisse ?

Ce fromage vient d’Espagne.

C’est de l’ouest de la France.

Le train va de Paris à Bordeaux.

5 kilos de pommes.

Un verre de vin

Une portion de frites

Un jus de pomme

Un verre de vin

Une boîte de nuit

Un chien de garde

Une voiture de sport

Un stade de football

used attributively, often translated into English as a compound word

De 9:00 à 11:00 je ne serai pas libre.

Je travaille de huit heures à midi.

un groupe de cinq à huit personnes

from (used to indicate the start of a time or range)

J’ai arrêté de fumer.

Il continue de m’embêter.

Elle m’a dit de venir.

Nous vous exhortons de venir.

used after certain verbs before an infinitive, often translated into English as a gerund or an infinitive

Boire trois tasses par jour réduirait de 20 % les risques de contracter une maladie.

Drinking three cups a day would reduce the risks of catching an illness by 20%.


de

Veño de Lugo.

Socorro é a avoa de Clara e de Daniel.

Socorro is Clara and Daniel's grandmother


de

di

of (indicates possession or association)

Me kompris la frukti de la merkato.

from (indicating departure, dependency, starting point, origin or derivation)

Me esis un de kin en la konkurso.

Me prizas tre multe tasego de kafeo ye la matino.

I really like a big cup of coffee in the morning.

of (with a noun: indicating measurement, quantity, amount, content)

Me havas tri boteli plena de aquo.

of (with an adjective: indicating measurement, dimension)

Rejio de Anglia


de

head

de (plus dative, triggers lenition, used only before consonant sounds)

díom (first-person singular)
díomsa (emphatic first-person singular)
díot (second-person singular)
díotsa (emphatic second-person singular)
de (masculine singular third-person)
desean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
di (feminine singular third-person)
dise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dínn (first-person plural)
dínne (emphatic first-person plural)
díbh (plural second-person)
díbhse (emphatic plural second-person)
díobh (plural third-person)
díobhsan (emphatic plural third-person)


de

Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.

2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Sunday night we're going to light the first candle of our Hanukiyas.


de

Aragonese: de

Asturian: de

Aromanian: di

Old Catalan: de

Catalan: de

Corsican: di

Dalmatian: de

→ Esperanto: de

Franco-Provençal: de

Old French: de

Middle French: de

French: de

Friulian: di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Old Galician-Portuguese: de

Galician: de

Portuguese: de

→ Ido: de

→ Interlingua: de

Italian: di

Ladin: de

Ladino: de

Old Lombard: de

Lombard: de

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: d', d′, di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Neapolitan: 'e

Old Occitan: de

Occitan: de

Romanian: de

Romansch: da

Sicilian: di

Old Spanish: de

Spanish: de

From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.
All 3 ablative senses are from the PIE ablative of cause, origin, and separation.

actum est de aliquo

It is over for someone, someone's fate is sealed

de rebus mathematicis

De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.

c. 1772, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ, page 1:

Of the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.

emere de aliquo

aliquid mercari de aliquo

from, away from, down from, out of; in general to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds.

Saepe hoc audivi de patre. ― I have often heard this from Father.

De mausoleo exaudita vox est. ― A voice was heard from the mausoleum.

Ut sibi liceret discere id de me... ― Just as he himself permitted for me to learn...

Hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

De digito anulum detraho. ― From the finger I pull the ring.

de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere ― to rip someone away from the embrace of their mother and drag them away

Nomen suum de tabula sustulit. ― He removed his name from the tablet.

Ferrum de manibus extorsimus. ― We tore the sword from their hands.

Juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest. ― The utility of a law is able to be produced either from an expert or from books.

de caelo aliquid demittere ― to bring down something from the sky

De vicino terra petita solo.

Peto de te.

Animam de corpore mitto.

Aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit.

Somehow the spirit has already passed somewhere from the body.

Civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent.

He persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions.

decedere de provincia

de vita decedere

exire de vita

to exit out of life (compare excedere e vita)

de triclinio, de cubiculo exire

to go out from the triclinium, from the cubiculum

de castris procedere

Decido de lecto praeceps.

de muro se deicere

de sella exsilire

nec ex equo vel de muro etc., hostem destinare

to aim at the enemy from neither the horse nor the wall

De altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere juberet.

He ordered the Sequani to withdraw from another third part.

from, away from, to indicate the place from which someone or something departs or withdraws.

de Germanis

de Britannis

(particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory


de

Pertual ye un paíç localizado ne l sudoeste de la Ouropa.

Portugal is a country located in the south-west of Europe.


de

used in set expressions (such as de jure); translates to "from" and "of"


de

Middle French: de

French: de


de

Fala: de

Galician: de

Portuguese: de

Eſta ·xviiii· é como ſṫa maria aiudou · á emperadriz de roma · a ſofrer as grãdes coitaſ per que paſſou.

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de Toledo, cantiga 5 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/To/bob018.gif] facsimile])

This 19th is how Holy Mary helped the empress of Rome suffer the great pains she underwent.

d-

elided form when followed by a word which begins with a vowel

D-

elided form when followed by a capitalised word which begins with a vowel


de

De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.


de

From Old Galician-Portuguese de (“of”), from Latin dē (“of”).

fones de ouvido

acampamento de verão

of (forms compounds; often untranslated)

Do que estavam falando?

of (in relation to)
of; about (on the subject of)

a casa de alguém

of (in relation to)
of; -'s (belonging to)

Você provou o bolo da minha mãe?

capa do livro

of (in relation to)
of (being a part of)

Primeiro de janeiro.

of (introduces the month a given day is part of)

Hitler foi um exterminador de judeus.

pt:in relation to
pt:object of agent noun

of (introduces the object of an agent noun)

A vila de Iorque.

pt:in relation to
pt:introduces a placename

of (introduces the name of a place following its hypernym)

O protesto de Hermione foi abafado por uma risadinha alta.

2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 138:

Hermione's objection was interrupted by a loud little laugh.

os amigos dele
his friends
(literally, “the friends of him”)

um filme de duas horas

of; -en (made or consisting of)
-long (having the duration of)

Milhares de pessoas vieram.

pt:indicates composition of a collective or quantitative noun

of (indicates the composition of a given collective or quantitative noun)

O templo não é mais um local de paz.

The temple is no longer a place of peace.

of (characterised by; having the given quality)

De que é feito?

Um balde cheio de água.

pt:introduces noun that applies an adjective

of (introduces the noun that applies a given adjective or past participle)

De onde você é?

Eu sempre vou trabalhar de ônibus.

Na festa, ele estava de bruxo.

At the party, he was dressed as a wizard.

Homens de Preto


de

Beau o ceașcă de ceai.

Este profesor de matematică
He’s a teacher of mathematics.

Apa picură de sus.

De unde vine sunetul?

Gloanțele acestea nu sunt bune decât de aproape.

These bullets are only good from a short distance.

Seara la ora de vârf toată lumea se întoarce de la serviciu.

In the evening during rush hour everybody is returning from work.

Ia plasa de lângă radiator! O să se topească!

Take the bag away from near the heater! It will melt!

O foaie de hârtie poate fi trasă repede de sub un pahar.

A sheet of paper can be quickly pulled from under a glass.

(before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of motion: from.

Mâncarea de acolo e bună.

Pământul de sub Turnul din Pisa este prea moale.

The earth from under the Leaning Tower of Pisa is too soft.

(before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of origin: from.

Ziua de mâine va fi mai bună decât ziua de azi.

(literally, “the day of tomorrow”, “the day of today”)

Întâlnirile de mâine, de marți și de săptămâna viitoare se amână.

Tomorrow’s, Tuesday’s and next week’s meetings are being postponed.

Arhiva este plină cu documente de demult.

The archive is full of documents from long ago.

Știrile acestea nu sunt de acum, ci de anul trecut.

These news are not from right now, but from last year.

Mă uit la poze de dinainte să mă fi născut.

I’m looking at photos from before I was born.

Retrăiesc amintiri de când eram copil.

I’m reliving memories from when I was a child.

Anii de după Revoluție au fost grei.

The years from after the Revolution were difficult.

(with adverbs of time, precisely referenced time-related nouns, or prepositions or conjunctions of time) of, from, ’s

precisely referenced time-related nouns; or prepositions or conjunctions of time; precisely referenced time-related nouns; or prepositions or conjunctions of time

În magazin hainele de bărbați sunt în stânga, iar cele de femei în dreapta.

In the shop, men’s clothes are on the left, while women’s are on the right.

Acestea sunt de începători.

Ai cizme de lucru?

Unele lemnuri sunt bune de tâmplărie, altele sunt bune de foc.

Some woods are good for woodworking, others are good for firewood.

for (intended for a certain destination)

Suma este de zece lei.

A fost instalat un stâlp de șase metri înălțime.

A pole six metres in height was installed.

Un procent de 40% din populația orașului este de etnie maghiară.

A percentage of 40% out of the town’s population is of Hungarian ethnicity.

― De ce culoare este casa? ― De culoare galbenă.

“What colour is the house?” “Yellow in colour”.

Nu mai cumpăr niciodată energizant de doi lei.

(literally, “an energy drink of two lei”)

I’ll never buy a two lei energy drink again.

Introduces a measure or a measurable or describable trait: of

Programul este susținut de statul român.
The program is supported by the Romanian state.

Introduces the doer of a passive verb or participle: by.

În cont sunt două sute șaisprezece lei și patruzeci și patru de bani.

In the account there are 216 lei and 44 bani.

Connects a cardinal numeral who is a multiple of 100 or whose tens are greater than 1 to the determinated noun.

Sunt nemaipomenit de atent să ajung suficient de devreme.

I’m exceedingly careful to arrive sufficiently early.

Motocicleta merge destul de repede.

E atât de frumos afară.

Connects most adverbs other than certain basic ones to the determinated adjectives or adverbs.

Este bine să locuiești aproape de centrul orașului.

It is good to live near the city centre.

Stația nu este departe de aici.

Dincolo de munți se află Transilvania.

Aceste clădiri au fost construite înainte de Primul Război Mondial.

These buildings were built before the First World War.

Follows certain adverbs of position (as well as the temporal adverb înainte) to form prepositional phrases.

Nu lua iepurele de urechi.

Plăcile se prind numai de margini.

L-a mușcat câinele de mână.

Pisicii nu îi place să fie trasă de coadă.

The cat doesn’t like having its tail pulled.

Marks the point of action of a force of grip: by.

La ora șase încă eram buimac de somn.

At six I was still groggy for lack of sleep.

Unii prizonieri au murit de foame, iar ceilalți de diverse boli.

Some of the prisoners died of hunger, and the rest of various diseases.

O să îți pierzi capul de zăpăcit ce ești.

(literally, “for absent-minded that you are”)

You’ll lose your own head for being so absent-minded.

În casa asta nu se poate locui de multe ce lipsesc.

(literally, “for many that are missing”)

One cannot live in this house for how many things are missing.

Muncitorii deja sunt obosiți de atâta drum.

(literally, “because of so much journey”)

The workers are already tired for having come such a long way.

(informal outside certain constructions; regarding physical or mental states or traits of living beings) for, because of, out of

informal outside certain constructions; regarding physical or mental states or traits of living beings; informal outside certain constructions; regarding physical or mental states or traits of living beings

Unii oameni stau în ușă fără să își dea seama că alții nu pot trece de ei.

Some people stand in the doorway without realising that others cannot pass because of them.

Nu se vede de ceață.

Mă auzi de zgomot?

Pe aici nu se poate trece de minele de teren.

One cannot pass through here due to landmines.

(informal, chiefly in the negative) Indicates the cause of a hindrance, physical or otherwise: because of

De câte ori a bătut ceasul? De șase ori.

How many times did the pendulum clock strike? Six times.

adverbial numeral
adverbial number#English

Forms an adverbial numeral with ori or dăți.

Dacă ai un opt, o să îți trebuiască trei de zece ca să îți iasă media zece.

If you have one grade of 8 (equivalent of a B), you’ll need three 10’s (equivalent of an A) to still get an average grade of 10.

„Nu fi” nu se scrie cu doi de i, ci cu unul.

Nu fi (“don’t be”) isn’t written with two i’s, but with one.

Precedes numbers and letters when they are themselves counted.

Puține orașe se află mai jos de nivelul mării.

Few cities are situated lower than sea level.

Război și pace are mai mult de o mie de pagini.

War and Peace has more than a thousand pages.

A trecut mai puțin de jumătate din vacanță.

Less than half of summer break has passed.

Nu se poate mai devreme de luna viitoare.

It isn’t possible any earlier than next month.

Poți chiar mai bine de atât.

(after indications of position or before numerals, time coordinates, or the word atât) than

after indications of position or before numerals

de acum încolo

Curentul e tăiat de ieri.

Noii angajați încep de săptămâna viitoare serviciul.

The new employees are beginning work starting next week.

Marks the starting point of a state or recurring event: since, starting, as of.

Compania noastră este prezentă în România de șase ani.

Our company has been present in Romania for six years.

Nu te-am mai văzut de multă vreme.

Marks the duration of a state or recurring event persisting to the present: for, in

De Anul Nou sau de 1 Mai se petrece.

Mi-am luat concediu de ziua mea de naștere.

De cincizeci de lei am luat cafea și de restul zahăr.

I bought fifty lei’s worth of coffee, and sugar with the remainder.

Poftim cinci lei, ia-ți bomboane de ei.

Here’s five lei, buy yourself candy with it.

De bonuri de masă nu se poate cumpăra alcool.

One cannot buy alcohol with meal vouchers.

(informal) Against a sum of money or the equivalent value of something.

Ce știe lumea de economie?

Tocmai vorbeam de tine.

(informal) Synonym of despre (“about, of”).

Aici stă un nesuferit de moș.

Prostul de mine, am uitat.

(informal) Connects an often negative qualifier to a noun or pronoun: of a.

zi de zi

an de an

Minut de minut se aude semnalul.

Stands between two repetitions of a unit of time to mark it as an interval of regular repetition: by.

Am văzut azi la magazin pantofi de pantofi. Bine, aveau și niște prețuri de prețuri.

I saw some world-class shoes at the store today. Well, they also had some crazy high prices.

Mi-a venit o idee de idee.

Toți se cred șmecheri de șmecheri.

They all think they’re some real cool guys.

(colloquial) Stands between two reduplications of a noun, with the resulting construction signifying that said noun is distinguished in its class in an impressive way.

Trenul de Timișoara face cincisprezece ore până la Iași.
The Timișoara train takes fifteen hours to Iași.

Indicates a specific train by its origin station.

Rația e de 2 litri de apă de persoană.

The ration is 2 litres of water per person.

Indicates the recipients of an equal distribution: per.


de

From Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s

Expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted

(followed by an infinitive) to or omitted

Used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article.


de

de (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhen)

dhìom (first-person singular)
dhìomsa (emphatic first-person singular)
dhìot (second-person singular)
dhìotsa (emphatic second-person singular)
dheth (masculine singular third-person)
dhethsan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
dhith (feminine singular third-person)
dhithse (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dhinn (first-person plural)
dhinne (emphatic first-person plural)
dhibh (plural second-person)
dhibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
dhiubh (plural third-person)
dhiubhsan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish di. Cognates include Irish de and Manx jeh.


de

Constitución española de 1812

la cola del perro

of; 's; used after the thing owned and before the owner

Soy de España.

agua de manantial

from (with the source or provenance of or at)

una mesa de madera

Están hablando del pasado.

tratarse de

Murió de hambre.

un hombre de fe

of (indicates a quality or characteristic)

el vuelo de Miami a Chicago

from (with the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at)

harto de

of (indicates the subject or cause of the adjective)

Nos protege del frío.

from (with the separation, exclusion or differentiation of)

más de

menos de

campamento de verano

attributive noun
attributive noun#English

used to construct compound nouns (with attributive nouns)

De haberlo sabido, no lo habría dicho.

If I had known, I wouldn't have said it.

(followed by the infinitive) indicates a conditional desire

de día

de niño

indicates a time of day or period of someone's life

goma de mascar

caña de pescar

(after a noun and before a verb) indicates the purpose of an object


de

Omotof soni, keli onemol Yesusi; om ga olelivükom pöpi de sinods onik.

1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:

She will give birth to a son and you must name him Jesus, because he is the one who is to save his people from their sins.

De 1852 jü 1855 ästudom in niver tö ‚Freiburg im Breisgau’ Godavi, pükavi, filosopi, jenavi e sanavi.

From 1852 to 1855 he studied theology, philology, philosophy, history and medicine at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau.


de

Ó gùn títí dé Èkó


bot

Im waan unu nof taim, bot unu naa lisn.

He warned you many times, but you didn't listen.


dar

From Old Irish dar, alternative form of tar. Doublet of thar (“over”).

dar Dia!

dar m'anam!


war

warnon (singular)
warnomp (plural)
warnout (singular)
warnoc'h (plural)
warnañ (singular)
warno (plural third-person)
warni (singular)
warnor (plural)

War ar sizhun.

War an doal emañ ar bara.

War an doal e vez ar bara.


war

warnav (first-person singular)
warnam (first-person singular)
warna vy (first-person singular)
warnan (first-person plural)
wara nei (first-person plural)
warnas (second-person singular)
warna chy (second-person singular)
warnowgh (plural second-person)
wara hwei (plural second-person)
warnodho (singular third-person)
war ev (singular third-person)
war evm (singular third-person)
warnedhi (singular third-person)
war hei (singular third-person)
war heif (singular third-person)
warnedha (plural third-person)
warnedhans (plural third-person)
war anjei (plural third-person)


in

PIE word
 *h₁en
Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.
Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.
Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.

The dog is in the kennel.

There were three pickles in a jar.

Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or other limits.

בְּ־

written together with the following word

e

before masculine noun, without article; before feminine noun, with article "l'"

I like living in the city.

There are lots of trees in the park.

He sat in the chair.

She stood in the front-desk spot.

GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory.

2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

We are in the enemy camp.

Her plane is in the air.

Waiter! There's a fly in my soup!

I glanced over at the pretty girl in the red dress.

You are one in a million.

She's in an orchestra.

Part of; a member of; out of; from among.

My birthday is in the first week of December.

Easter falls in the fourth lunar month.

The country reached a high level of prosperity in his first term.

Will you be able to finish this in a week?

The massacre resulted in over 1000 deaths in three hours.

Within (a certain elapsed time); by the end of.

They said they would call us in a week.

Many English nouns in -is form their plurals in -es.

The ball was accidentally kicked in Kevin Nolan's face in the opening seconds of the contest – an incident that set the tone for an extremely uncomfortable encounter for the Premier League side.

2011 January 8, Paul Fletcher, “Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle”, in BBC:

Less water gets in your boots this way.

She stood there looking in the window longingly.

My fat rolls around in folds.

Used to indicate limit, qualification, condition, or circumstance.

He stalked away in anger.

John is in a coma.

You've got a friend in me.

He's met his match in her.

Indicates, connotatively, a place-like form of someone's (or something's) personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical characteristics.

There has been no change in his condition.

What grade did he get in English?

In returning to the vault, I had no very sure purpose in mind; only a vague surmise that this finding of Blackbeard's coffin would somehow lead to the finding of his treasure.

[1898], J[ohn] Meade Falkner, Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934, →OCLC:

In replacing the faucet washers, he felt he was making his contribution to the environment.

Please pay me in cash — preferably in tens and twenties.

The deposit can be in any legal tender, even in gold.

Her generosity was rewarded in the success of its recipients.

[…] tourists sometimes attempt to pay in euros or British pounds.

2014, Carla Bethmann, Clean, Friendly, Profitable?: Tourism, page 114:

Used to indicate means, medium, format, genre, or instrumentality.

(of something offered or given in an exchange) In the form of, in the denomination of.

Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" in C minor is among his most popular.

His speech was in French, but was simultaneously translated into eight languages.

When you write in cursive, it's illegible.

Military letters should be formal in tone, but not stilted.

Used to indicate a language, script, tone, etc. of a text, speech, etc.


in

From Dutch in, from Middle Dutch in, from Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.


in

From Middle High German in, from Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”).


in

in (prepositional)
in (adverb postpositional)
erin
hierin
daarin
waarin
ergens in
nergens in
overal in

Afrikaans: in

Jersey Dutch: än, in

From Middle Dutch in, from Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

De geest in de fles


in

+obj

dative (indicating location) accusative (indicating movement)

[with dative (indicating location) or accusative (indicating movement)]

From Middle High German in, from Old High German in.

Es ist im (in dem) Haus.

Ich habe die Schlüssel im (in dem) Kühlschrank gefunden.

Unsere Kinder sind in der Schule.

Er ist in einem Café.

Letzte Nacht waren sie im (in dem) Club.

[with dative] in, inside, within, at (inside a building)

in diesem Sinne

Er schloss sein Studium im (in dem) Alter von vierzehn.

He completed his studies at/by the age of fourteen.

im (in dem) Alter

im (in dem) Mittelalter

in den 1960er Jahren

[with dative] in, at, by (at the end of or during a period of time)

Er geht ins (in das) Haus.

Wir gehen in die Schweiz.

Wir treten in ein neues Zeitalter ein.

[with accusative] into, to (going inside (of))


in

Cume li va puleîto in alto mare!

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:


in

Ho qualcosa in tasca.

Partirò in primavera.

Vado in quinta elementare.

Sono andato in panetteria.

Vado a scuola in autobus.

Ho messo un cappello in testa.

Metti il pane in tavola.

riso in bianco

camminare in punta di piedi


in

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãn

Istro-Romanian: ăn

Megleno-Romanian: ăn

Romanian: în

Dalmatian:

en

Italo-Romance:

Italian: in

Sicilian: 'n

Padanian:

Friulian: in

Ligurian: in

Piedmontese: ën

Romansch: en

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: en

Franco-Provençal: en

French: en

Occitan: en

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: אן (ʔn)

Portuguese: em

Spanish: en

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: in

From earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognate with English in.
The ablative is from the locative, and the accusative is from the directional.

29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
collapse into the frenzies and the fire.

Seneca

in, at, on, upon, from (space) [with ablative]

lentus in umbrā

during, within, while in (time) [with ablative]

about, respecting, concerning (of reference) [with ablative]

Et Verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis :

And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us,

Et ingressus angelus ad eam dixit : Ave gratia plena : Dominus tecum : benedicta tu in mulieribus.

And the angel being come in, said unto her: Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.

De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.

1774, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ 1

On the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.

Gallī in Rōmānōs incurrunt.

The Gauls are rushing against the Romans.

Scelera in se fratris

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.6

in adversum Romani subiere

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.12

toward, towards, against, at [with accusative]

generatimque distributi in civitates

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.19

and being distributed in tribes according to their respective nations


in

Dutch: in

Afrikaans: in

Limburgish: in

From Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.


in

English: in

Scots: in, i, i'

Yola: ing, in, yn, i, ee, eee

From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

in, inside; encircled or confined by, with the following special senses:

in; with the following special senses:
wearing, having on, clad in

in a quality or mode: with the following special senses:

in; with the following special senses:
inside, at or on a location or place.

in; with the following special senses:
secured with; bound with

in; with the following special senses:
in the midst of, while, currently doing

in; with the following special senses:
in (pieces or portions), into.

in; with the following special senses:
about; of, on the matter of.

versus; in conflict with; fighting with.


in

Middle English: in

English: in

Scots: in

Forðon dōmġeorne · drēoriġne oft
in hyra brēostcofan · bindað fæste;

Therefore, eager for glory men oft bind tightly in their breast-chambers the sad one.


in

Middle High German: in

Bavarian: i

Cimbrian: inn, in (preposition)

Central Franconian: en, ön, on

German: in

Luxembourgish: an

Rhine Franconian: in, en

Pennsylvania German: in

Yiddish: אין (in)

From Proto-West Germanic *in, from Proto-Germanic *in.


in

Alternative form of i (“in”) (often before cach, cech (“each, every”) and for (“your pl”))


in

Unadapted borrowing from Latin in (“in”). Doublet of em.


in

2024, Franco Alpini, Andrea Alpini, La Bébia In Dialét Rumagnól, Genesis 1:1

In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.

In te prinzipi Dio e creét i zil e la tèra.

A vég a Ravèna in bicicléta.


in

From Latin in, from earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).


in

Soggu in sigunda erementari

Canti seddi in crassi tóia?

Paràuri ischritti in rùiu

Fabeddàbani in sassaresu

In chissi dì poi vinisi Giuanni Battilta pridigghendi in lu diseltu di la Giudea

1866, chapter III, in Giovanni Spano, transl., L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju [The Gospel according to St. Matthew] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), London, translation of Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, verse 1, page 7:

In those days, then came John the Baptist, preaching in the desert of Judaea

E s’ammenta di nommi immintigaddi,
un basgiu dazi a facci risurani,
chi più no li vidia che in sonni fei

1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Puisia [Poetry]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others], Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 19:

And she remembers forgotten names, gives a kiss to smiling faces she would only see again in nightmares


in

head

in (neuter or distal adverb deerin, proximal adverb hierin, interrogative adverb wierin)

deerin (adverb distal neuter)
hierin (adverb proximal)
wierin (adverb interrogative)

From Old Frisian in, from Proto-West Germanic *in. Cognates include West Frisian yn and German in.


in

E kis-li? Logol cipi in log bloda olik, e bemi in log olik no küpol!

1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: VII:

Why do you observe the splinter in your brother’s eye and never notice the great log in your own?

In Siyop ya dü yels mödik krigastad bevü Yapän e Tsyinän dareigon, ed in Yurop krig jenon bevü Deutän e Polän, Linglän e Fransän, e bevü Rusän e Suomiyän.

1940, “Pötü yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:

In Asia, a state of war has been going on for years between Japan and China, and in Europe war is being waged between Germany and Poland, England and France, and between Russia and Finland.


in

At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 84:

A clugercheen gother: all, ing pile an in heep,

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:

A crowd gathered up: all, in pile and in heap,

An gooude usquebaugh ee-sarith uth in cooanès.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 94:

And good whiskey served out in wooden cans.

Raree met in plathearès, ee-zet in a rooe,

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 96:

There was choice meat in platters, set in a row,

Lickweese mee been deeth in aar heeve.

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 104:


in

Proto-West Germanic: *in

desctree

Old English: in
Middle English: in
English: in
Scots: in

Old Frisian: in

North Frisian:

Mooring: önj

Sylt: ön

Saterland Frisian: in

West Frisian: yn

Old Saxon: in

Middle Low German: in

Old Dutch: in

Middle Dutch: in

Dutch: in

Afrikaans: in

Limburgish: in

Old High German: in
Middle High German: in
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: inn, in (preposition)
Central Franconian: en, ön, on
German: in
Luxembourgish: an
Rhine Franconian: in, en
Pennsylvania German: in
Yiddish: אין (in)

Old Norse: í
Icelandic: í
Faroese: í, íggj
Norn: i
Norwegian Nynorsk: i
Norwegian Bokmål: i
Elfdalian: i
Old Swedish: ī
Swedish: i
Danish: i

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽 (in)


be

A variant of by which goes back to Middle English be (variant of Middle English bi).

O ful tru un pertikler akeawnt o... th' greyt Eggshibishun. Be o felley fro Rachde.

1851, Oliver Ormerod, Felley fro Rachde:

Go thy way vorth be tha vootsteps uv tha vlock.

1860, Henry Baird, The Song of Solomon in the Devonshire Dialect, i 8:

Aw teuk me seat be day an' neet.

1870, Joseph Philip Robson, Evangeline: The Spirit of Progress, section 332:

Fetchin' it yan... be a round about rooad.

1870, Roger Piketah, Forness Folk, section 44:

Like a leeaf be firm decree / Mun fade an' fall.

1878, John Castillo, Poems in the North Yorkshire Dialect, section 35:

‘I'll meet you agin to-morra,’ says he, ‘be the chapel-door.’

(dialectal, possibly dated) Alternative form of by. Also found in compounds, especially oaths, e.g. begorra.


be

From Old High German bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi. Compare German bei.

(Erzgebirgisch) at; with; by; near; (close) to


be

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *beź, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰe (instrumental particle) + *-ǵʰs (“out”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bez(ъ) (“without”); see there for more cognates.


be

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Hū be mete? hū swīðe lyst þē þæs?

How about food? How much dost thou desire that?

late 10th century, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Iċ wāt eall be þām.
I know all about that.

by, in various senses:
based on, according to

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St.Alban, Martyr"
Eall swa þa unriht-wisan deman þe heora domas awendað, æfre be þam sceattum na be soðfæstnysse and habbað æfre to cepe heora soðfæstnysse, and swa hi sylfe syllað wið sceattum...

So likewise those unrighteous judges who pervert their judgments, always for gain, and not for justice, and always offer their justice for sale, and thus sell themselves for the sake of money,...


be

Ha-ho! be mee coshes, th'ast ee-pait it, co Joane;

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 13, page 90:

Hey-ho! by my conscience, you have paid it, quoth John;

FOR LOSS O' HIS CUCK AT WAS EE-TOOK BE A VOX.

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 102:

FOR LOSS OF HIS COCK THAT WAS TAKEN BY A FOX.


but

From Middle English but, buten, boute, bouten, from Old English būtan (“without, outside of, except, only”), from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out. Cognate with Scots but, bot (“outside, without, but”), Saterland Frisian buute (“without”), West Frisian bûten (“outside of, apart from, other than, except, but”), Dutch buiten (“outside”), Dutch Low Saxon buten (“outside”), German Low German buuten, buute (“outside”), obsolete German baußen (“outside”), Luxembourgish baussen. Compare bin, about.

cog

Everyone but Father left early.

I like everything but that.

Nobody answered the door when I knocked, so I had no choice but to leave.

Luiz struggled with the movement of Helguson in the box, as he collected a long ball and the Spaniard barged him over, leaving referee Chris Foy little option but to point to the spot.

2011 October 23, Becky Ashton, “QPR 1-0 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Away but the hoose and tell me whae's there.


next

From Middle English nexte, nexste, nixte, from Old English nīehsta, nīehste, etc., inflected forms of nīehst (“nearest, next”), superlative form of nēah (“nigh”) (the comparative would become near), corresponding to Proto-Germanic *nēhwist (“nearest, closest”); equivalent to nigh + -est. Cognate with Saterland Frisian naist (“next”), Dutch naast (“next to”), German nächst (“next”), Danish næste (“next”), Swedish näst (“next”), Icelandic næst (“next”), Persian نزد (nazd, “near, with”).

inh

D is so dainty a letter, that she admits no other consonant next her but R:[…]

1660, James Howell, Lexicon Tetraglotton, an English-French-Italian-Spanish Dictionary: […] By the Labours, and Lucubrations of James Howell, page 117:

All persons, in walking the streets, whose right sides are next the wall, are intitled to take the wall.

The fact that the line cannot be original is patent from the fact that Aias in the rest of the Iliad is not encamped next the Athenians […] .

1900, The Iliad, edited, with apparatus criticus, prolegomena, notes, and appendices, translated by Walter Leaf (London, Macmillan), notes on line 558 of book 2

Photographs indicate that the southern terminals of the ditch system next the west gate may be in echelon, whilst those marginal to the east gate may be slightly inturned.

1986, University of Wales Board of Celtic Studies, Bwletin Y Bwrdd Gwybodau Celtaidd - Volume 33, page 413:

(obsolete or poetic) On the side of; nearest or adjacent to; next to.

knock someone into the middle of next week


a la

[…] the flaming purification of Diane Johnson's Los Angeles a la Sodom and Gomorrah […]

1971, The New York Times, Book review of Burning

I’m also not totally ready to get rid of my beachy summer blonde. But instead of scrapping the highlights I worked so hard for, I’m asking my stylist for a root smudge à la Tate McRae above.

2024 September 5, Beth Gillette, “24 Fall Hair Colors Every Celebrity Is Asking for Rn”, in Cosmopolitan:


a la

NB - Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «à la».ogg

From French à la (“in the style or manner of”), short for à la mode (“in fashion”), first part from French à (“to, on, in”), from Middle French [Term?], from Old French a (“to, towards, belonging to”), from Latin ad (“to, towards, up to, at”), from Proto-Italic *ad (“toward, to, on, up to, for”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“to, at”). Last part from French la (“the”), from Middle French la (“the”), from Old French la (“the”), from Latin illam (“that, those”), which is the accusative singular feminine of ille (“that, those”), from Old Latin olle (“he, that”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no- or *h₂l̥-no-, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”).


king

indirect object marker: of, to, at, on, in, into, onto, among, around, for


four

From Latin foris, foras. Compare Italian fuori, Friulian fûr, Dalmatian fure, Venetian fora.


age

Ní raibh aoinne cloinne age n-a muinntir ach í agus do mhéaduigh sin uirrim agus grádh na ndaoine don inghean óg so.

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 193:

Her parents had no children but her, and that increased the esteem and love of the people for this young girl.

Munster form of ag (used before a possessive determiner)


qua

Qua work of art, the work of art cannot be interpreted; there is nothing to interpret; we can only criticize it according to standards, in comparison to other works of art; […]

1920, T. S. Eliot, “Hamlet and His Problems”, in The Sacred Wood:

As anatomy, physiology and, later, psychology have developed into more or less well-organized sciences, they have necessarily and rightly come to incorporate the study of, among other things, the structures, mechanisms, and functionings of animal and human bodies qua percipient.

1954: Gilbert Ryle, Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, dilemma vii: Perception, page 99 (The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press)

For sleep qua sleep has no experiential content: it cannot turn out, as remarked before, that a man was not asleep because he was not having some experience or other.
I am denying that a dream qua dream is a seeming, appearance or ‘semblance of reality’.

1962: Norman Malcolm; Dreaming; chapter nine: “Judgments in Sleep”, page 39; chapter twelve: “The Concept of Dreaming”, page 68 (1977 paperback reprint; Routledge & Kegan Paul; ISBN 0‒7100‒3836‒4 (c), 0‒7100‒8434‒X (p))

It was qua poet that Byron resurrected the exploded and discarded immortal Christian soul by bodying it forth through the notion of soul conceived as poetic imagination.

2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Penguin, published 2004, page 458:

2005: Ulfelder, Jay.Collective Action and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes. International Political Science Review, 26(3), p318. Retrieved 1615 240810 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30039035.pdf?acceptTC=true.
"In essence, military regimes are autocracies in which the military qua organization performs many of the functions performed by the ruling party in single-party regimes."

2009: Ken Levy, Killing, Letting Die, and the Case for Mildly Punishing Bad Samaritanism, Georgia Law Review, p. 24.
Blame qua attitude is the feeling or belief that an individual has committed a wrongdoing, usually a wrongful action and/or harm, and can be reasonably expected not to have committed this wrongdoing. Blame qua practice is the public expression of this attitude – usually by means of censure (written or verbal criticism) or punishment. Generally, the morally worse the wrongdoing, the more severe the censure/punishment.

Sometimes, though, you pick up a novel and it makes your skin prickle — not necessarily because it’s a great novel qua novel, which you can’t know until the end, but because of the velocity of its microperceptions.

2022 March 29, Dwight Garner, “In Jennifer Egan’s New Novel, Our Memories Are Available for All to See”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(chiefly philosophy) as; in the capacity of; acting as


qua

From Latin quā (“in the capacity of, by which, as far as”).

bor

Qua gezondheid ben ik helemaal in orde.


qua

+obj

dat/gen<q:alternatively when governing a noun accompanied by an adjective or article, rarely otherwise>

(alternatively when governing a noun accompanied by an adjective rarely otherwise) genitive

[with dative or (alternatively when governing a noun accompanied by an adjective or article, rarely otherwise) genitive]

qua Gesetz

Die Regierung von Individuen oder Kollektiven, sei es qua Verordnung oder qua Appell, ist deshalb stets an das „Regieren des Selbst“ gekoppelt, an durch das Subjekt aktiv anzueignende Selbsttechniken bzw. Technologien des Selbst.

2018, Kevin Rick, Verbraucherpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Nomos Verlag, →ISBN, page 84:


qua

Sino-Vietnamese word from 過 (“pass”). Doublet of quá.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-qua.wav

ô-tô chạy qua cầu

xe vượt qua đèo

nhìn qua cửa sổ

nhảy qua mương

lật qua trang khác

through, across (from one side to the other)

nói chuyện qua điện thoại

học tập qua kinh nghiệm

hiểu biết qua thực tế