vnto

And for a drinke offering, thou ſhalt offer the third part of an Hyn of wine, for a ſweete ſauour vnto the Lord.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 15:7, column 1:

A helpe vnto deuotion: containing certaine moulds, or formes of prayer (title)

1632, Samuel Hieron, A helpe vnto deuotion: containing certaine moulds, or formes of prayer:


بیرون

From Middle Persian bylwn' (bērōn, “outside”), synchronically analyzable as بیـ (bi-, “un-, -less”) + رون (run, “direction, yearning”). The latter component is from Proto-Iranian *raun(a)- (“direction, yearning”), from Proto-Iranian *hraw- (“to stream, flow”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sraw- (“to stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to stream, flow”).

der

پنبهی وسواس بیرون کن ز گوش، تا به گوشت آید از گردون خروش

c. 1260, Rumi, “2:1943”, in The Masnavi:

take the cotton of whispers [of temptation] out from your ear, so the shouts from Heaven may enter your ears

panbe-ye vasvâs birun kon ze guš, tâ be guš-at âyad az gardun xoruš


زیر

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hcdl /azēr/, “underneath”), from Old Persian *hacā-adari, equivalent to 𐏃𐎨𐎠 (h-c-a /hacā/, “from”, from Proto-Iranian *háčaH, from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷ-eh₂) + *adari (“under”, from Proto-Iranian *Hadárah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hadʰáras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰ-ér-o-s, distantly related to English under).
The prepositional usage is a contraction of older در زیرِ (dar zir-e, literally “in the underneath of”) or به زیرِ (be zir-e, literally “at the underneath of”); the full forms are dated in Iran but more common in the eastern lands.

inh

زیر میز

زیر نظر ستاد

خانه ی ماهی کوچولو و مادرش پشت سنگ سیاهی بود؛ زیر سقفی از خزه.

1967, Samad Behrangi, ماهی سیاه کوچولو [The Little Black Fish]:

The house of the little fish and his mother was behind a black stone, under a roof of moss.

xâne-ye mâhi-ye kučulu o mâdar-eš pošt-e sang-e siyâhi bud; zir-e saqfi az xaze.


дѣльма

head

дѣл҄ьма • (dělʹĭma)

cu-prep

дѣл҄ьма • (dělʹĭma)

дѣл҄ьма (canonical)
dělʹĭma (romanization)


междю

head

междю • (meždju)

cu-prep

междю • (meždju)


дѣлꙗ

head

дѣлꙗ • (dělja)

cu-prep

дѣлꙗ • (dělja)

Russian: для (dlja)


междоу

head

междоу • (meždu)

cu-prep

междоу • (meždu)

Russian: между (meždu)


объ

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.


объ

Old Ruthenian: объ (ob)

Belarusian: аб (ab)

Carpathian Rusyn: об (ob)

Ukrainian: об (ob)

Russian: об (ob)

From Proto-Slavic *ob. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic объ (obŭ) and Old Czech ob.


отъ

(obsolete) Pre-1945 spelling of от (ot).


отъ

head

отъ (otŭ) (pre-cluster form ото, + genitive)

Old Ruthenian: отъ (ot)

Belarusian: ад (ad)

Carpathian Rusyn: вӱд (vüd)

Ukrainian: від (vid)

Russian: от (ot)

From Proto-Slavic *otъ. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic отъ (otŭ) and Old Polish ot.


надъ

надъ • (nadŭ)

cu-prep

надъ • (nadŭ)


надъ

head

надъ • (nad)


angående

Compare Swedish angående, Norwegian angående and Dutch aangaande.


angående

Compare Danish angående, Swedish angående and Dutch aangaande.


angående

Compare Danish angående, Norwegian angående, Dutch aangaande.


aboot

c. 1686, Ed. Halley, “An Hiſtorical Account of the Trade Winds and Monſoons, obſervable in the Seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to aſſign the Phyſical Cauſe of the ſaid Winds”, re-printed in Miſcellanea Curioſa: Containing a Collection of ſome of the Principal Phænomena in Nature, Accounted for by the Greateſt Philoſophers of this Age; Being the Moſt Valuable Diſcourses, Read and Delivered to the Royal Society, for the Advancement of Phyſical and Mathematical Knowledge, As alſo a Collection of Curious Travels, Voyages, Antiquities, and Natural Hiſtories of Countries; Preſented to the ſame Society, second edition, volume I, R. Smith (1708), page 65,
The one is, why, notwithſtanding the narroweſt part of the Sea between Guinea and Brazile be aboot five hundred Leagues over, yet Ships bound to the Southward, ſometimes, eſpecially in the Months of July and August, find a great difficulty to paſs it.

Maister Fothergill West and the meenister say that I maun tell all I can aboot General Heatherstone and his hoose, but that I maunna say muckle aboot mysel'.

1889, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, chapter 8, in The Mystery of Cloomber:

1926 August, Zane Grey, “From Missouri”, re-printed in The Lawless West, Dorchester Publishing (2007), →ISBN, page 12,
“Heah he reads in a Kansas City paper aboot a schoolteacher wantin’ a job out in dry Arizonie. And he ups an’ writes her an’ gets her a-rarin’ to come. Then, when she writes an’ tells us she’s not over forty, then us quits like yellow coyotes. […]”

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


aboot

From Middle English aboute, from Old English onbūtan.


aangaande

From Middle Dutch aengaande. Compare the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish angående which comes from Low Saxon or Dutch.


depois de

after (subsequent; following in time; later than)


d'après

Malgré que a été formé sur la préposition malgré, d’après le modèle de nombreuses locutions conjonctives correspondant à des prépositions (avant que, après que, dès que, sans que, etc.).

1936, Maurice Grevisse, André Goosse, editors, Le bon usage, 14th edition, De Boeck Duculot, Éditions De Boeck Université, published 2008, →ISBN, §1148, page 1500:

Malgré que [despite the fact that] was formed from the preposition malgré [in spite of], following the model of many conjunctions corresponding to prepositions (avant que [before], après que [after], dès que [as soon as], sans que [without], etc.).

after, following a model; correspondingly, in accordance with


į

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *in; compare Old Prussian en (“in, into”), Proto-Slavic *vъ(n) (“in, into”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én, *h₁n̥; compare Ancient Greek ἐν (en), Latin in, Proto-Germanic *in. The discrepancy between the u-vocalism seen in Slavic and the i-vocalism in Baltic is unclear, but both forms can be derived from the zero-grade. Latvian ìe- displays a full-grade and is confined to nominal compounds. Compare Lithuanian príe- / pri-, núo- / nu- and pó / pa-.

Sùk į̃ dẽšinę ir̃ matýsi màno nãmą.

Turn to the right and you'll see my house.

to, into, toward (in the direction of, and arriving at)


vanuit

Vanuit mijn kamer kan ik alles goed zien.

From (inside) my room I can see everything well.

De radiozender zendt vanuit Hilversum.

The radio transmitter transmits out of Hilversum.


segon

From Old Occitan segon, from Latin secundus.


segon

Occitan: segon

From Latin secundus. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French selonc.


a pesar de

Cumplirás tus sueños a pesar de todo.

You will fulfill your dreams, regardless.


blizu

Jesmo li blizu kuće?

s(j)edni blizu mene


dekat

From Proto-Malayic *dəkət, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəkət, from Proto-Austronesian *dekeC.

Saya beli baju ni dekat Parkson.

(informal) At, in, on; within or nearing a location.

Bagi kertas ni dekat Mathan.


adu

adu tfřewt


beze

Alternative form of bez (“without, lacking”)


beze

Alternative form of bez (“without, lacking”); used only with the pronoun mnie


kolem

cesta kolem světa


kromě

Inherited from Old Czech kromě, krom, from Proto-Slavic *kromě, the locative case of Proto-Slavic *kroma (“edge, boundary”).

Které jazyky znáš kromě češtiny?

What languages do you speak besides Czech?

Nikdo kromě krále.


přes

Inherited from Old Czech přěs, from Proto-Slavic *perz.

Naštěstí přes řeku vedl most.

Fortunately, there was a bridge across the river.

Jeli z New Yorku do Los Angeles přes Omahu.

They drove from New York to Los Angeles via Omaha.

Přes výslovný zákaz vstoupil na pozemek.

He entered the land despite it being explicitly forbidden.


mezi

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *meďi, locative singular of *meďa, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos. Cognate with Polish między and miedzy, Slovak medzi.

Mezi slepými jednooký králem.

Among the blind, the one-eyed man is king.


σαν

From Hellenistic Ancient Greek ὡσάν (hōsán), merged form of ὡς (hōs, “like as, just as”) + ἄν (án, particle expressing potentiality).

com

σα used optionally without the ending ⟨ν⟩ before consonants ⟨ β δ θ φ χ λ ρ σ ζ γ μ ν ⟩ but not before ⟨γκ

να ζήσει σαν βασιλιάς

σαν φίλος

συμπεριφέρεται σαν μεγιστάνας

Σταμάτησε να μιλάει σαν να κατάλαβε το λάθος που έκανε.

He stopped talking when he realized the mistake he had made.

Stamátise na miláei san na katálave to láthos pou ékane.


לידה

head

לְיָדָהּ • (lyadá)

לְיָדָהּ (canonical)
lyadá (romanization)

לְיַד ליד#Hebrew

Form of לְיַד (lyad) including third-person feminine singular personal pronoun as object.


in advance of

He travelled in advance of his master, making the necessary arrangements.


anigh

Inherited from Middle English aneh, equivalent to a- + nigh.


independente

Borrowed from Latin indēpendentem (“independent”).


až

položky 1 až 40


agaynst

And from thence he went agaynſt yͤ inhabiters of Debir (but Debir was called Kiriath Sepher afoꝛetyme.)

1535 October 14 (Gregorian calendar), Myles Coverdale, transl., Biblia: The Byble, […] (Coverdale Bible), [Cologne or Marburg]: [Eucharius Cervicornus and Johannes Soter?], →OCLC, Judges j:[3], folio xiij, recto, column 2:


on the heels of

A quarrelsome band of footsore sulky niggers trod on the heels of the donkey.

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 219, column 2:

On the heels of the little lop-sided man appeared an overgrown dolt of a fat youth, followed by another youth.

1915, Jack London, chapter 5, in Mutiny of the Elsinore:

[T]he men got out quickly, the first ones running on the heels of those who had gotten out of the Mercedes.

2001, Yonatan Netanyahu, The Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu, →ISBN, page 288:

Hard on the heels of of punctuality and reliabilty comes capacity. That's either trains frequent enough to meet demand, or long enough.

2023 April 5, Philip Haigh, “Comment: Pay deal a positive result”, in RAIL, number 980, page 3:

(idiomatic) In close pursuit of; close behind.

One woe doth tread upon another's heel.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vii]:

To avoid these dreadful consequences, that tread upon the heels of those allowances to sin, will be a task of far more difficulty.

1644, J[ohn] M[ilton], chapter 4, in The Doctrine or Discipline of Divorce: […], 2nd edition, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, book 2:

[A] familiar voice chimed instantly in on the heels of my last word, […]

1870–1871 (date written), Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], “”, in Roughing It, Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company [et al.], published 1872, →OCLC, page 553:

[W]hen such accidents kept happening, one on the heels of another, even the most callous public could not help asking questions.

1917, Upton Sinclair, chapter 32, in King Coal:

As it happened, the shooting came on the heels of a two-day “peace march” against American drone aircraft targeting suspected Islamist militants in Pakistan’s tribal areas close to the border with Afghanistan.

2012 October 13, “Pakistan’s politics: The peace and love tour”, in The Economist:

(idiomatic, of events, facts, etc.) Closely following; in succession immediately after.


מעל

head

מֵעַל • (me'ál)

מעל למאה מתמחים הגישו שוב מכתבי התפטרות

2011 July 4, דן אבן (Dan Even) and אסף שטול־טראורינג (Asaf Shtull-Trauring), Haaretz Online:

Over a hundred residents submitted letters of resignation again

me'ál l'mé'a mitmakhím higíshu shúv mikht'véi hitpat'rút

(figuratively) over, more than (a given number or amount)


vedle

Inherited from Old Czech vedlé, from Proto-Slavic *vъ dьlě.

Co kdybych si sedl vedle tebe?


dhe

dhybm (first-person singular)
dhymm (first-person singular)
dhèm (first-person singular)
dhyn (first-person plural)
dhis (second-person singular)
dhywgh (plural second-person)
dhodho (m) (singular third-person)
dhedhy (f) (singular third-person)
dhedhans (plural third-person)
dhodhans (plural third-person)
dhedha (plural third-person)

From Proto-Brythonic *di, from Proto-Celtic *dū, related to Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Irish do (“to, for”).

me a vedn mɐz δa huillaz huêl δɐ îl

1707, Edward Lhuyd, “Dzhûan Tſhei An Hɐr”, in Archæologia Britannica:

Na meδ e veſter rei δem, ha me a vedn laveral δîz

No, said his boss, give [it] to me, and I will tell you

(when inflected for person) to someone, towards someone


ov

Respelling of of popularized by Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth.

Scholar ov the unlight / Great volcano ov excrement

(very rare, nonstandard) Alternative spelling of of


-la

at, on, in, near, with, etc. for proper nouns that end with a vowel. The equivalent of -ngka, and -ta.

an ending that you use before -kutu and -nguru with proper nouns.


благодаря

благодаря́ • (blagodarjá)

благодаря́ (canonical)
blagodarjá (romanization)

[bɫəɡədɐˈrʲa]

Ru-благодаря.ogg

Мы разрабо́тали но́вую компью́терную програ́мму благодаря́ нове́йшим технологи́ческим зна́ниям.

We developed a new computer program owing to recent technological knowledge.

My razrabótali nóvuju kompʹjútɛrnuju prográmmu blagodarjá novéjšim texnologíčeskim znánijam.

Благодаря́ ва́жному откры́тию ре́дких артефа́ктов архео́логи мо́гут изуча́ть о́браз жи́зни в про́шлом.

Due to the important discovery of rare artifacts, archaeologists can study the lifestyle in the past.

Blagodarjá vážnomu otkrýtiju rédkix artefáktov/artɛfáktov arxeólogi mógut izučátʹ óbraz žízni v próšlom.

Охо́тники живу́т на суро́вой земле́ благодаря́ му́дрости свои́х пре́дков.

Hunters live on this harsh land due to the wisdom of their forefathers.

Oxótniki živút na suróvoj zemlé blagodarjá múdrosti svoíx prédkov.

благодаря́ моему́ дру́гу (мои́м друзья́м),
blagodarjá mojemú drúgu (moím druzʹjám),
thanks to my friend (my friends) that

thanks to, owing to, through (by means of), due to


gjennom

From Old Norse gegnum (dative of gegn/gjegn).

Ser du hunden gjennom vinduet?

through (from one side of an opening to the other)

De kjøpte billettene gjennom reisebyrået.

They bought tickets via the travel agency


gjennom

Dei kjøpte billettane gjennom reisebyrået.

They bought the tickets via the travel agency.


fãrã

From Latin foras. Compare to Daco-Romanian fără.


but for

I once did lend my body for his wealth,
 Which, but for him that had your husband's ring,
 Had quite miscarried: […]

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

She had a woman to take care of her called Mrs Poole — an able woman in her line, and very trustworthy, but for one fault — a fault common to a deal of them nurses and matrons — she kept a bottle of gin by her, and now and then took a drop over-much.

1847 October 16, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], Jane Eyre. An Autobiography. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC:

But for that beneficent drug, not one of those men would have slept a moment during that fearful night.

In the whole extent of the house, which but for the old woman remained otherwise empty, Mr. Hyde had only used a couple of rooms

1886 January 5, Robert Louis Stevenson, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC:

In reconditioning existing locomotives, carriages and wagons, it is intended to replace obsolete types which would have been scrapped but for the war and to embody the latest scientific improvements.

1945 March and April, “Higher speeds”, in Railway Magazine, page 67:

But for the stinging cold of January, this Casanova would not have taken shelter behind the coffeehouse window, […].

1992, Najīb Maḥfūẓ, Sugar Street, page 48:

Except, except for, not counting; were it not for.


arter

His right name was Compeyson; and that's the man, dear boy, what you see me a-pounding in the ditch, according to what you truly told your comrade arter I was gone last night.

1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, chapter III, in Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:

It was the money left me, and the gains of the first few year wot I sent home to Mr. Jaggers - all for you - when he first come arter you, agreeable to my letter.

1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, chapter XXXIX, in Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:

"Is he asleep at last?"...

2000, Alexander Kent, Colours Aloft!, McBooks Press, →ISBN, page 115:

"Aye, sir. So 'e should, arter what I put in 'is Madeira!"


secundum

Italian: secondo

Portuguese: segundo

Old Spanish: segund, según

Spanish: según

[s̠ɛˈkʊn̪d̪ʊ̃ˑ]

according to, conforming to, in line with

secundum deorum opes

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.4

after, behind, following, next to, subsequently to


blisko

blisko torma


blisko

Inherited from Old Polish blisko. By surface analysis, bliski + -o.

Mieszkam blisko sklepu.

Spotkajmy się bliżej wtorku.


após

From Old Galician-Portuguese apos, from Latin ad post.


após

Almoçaremos após a aula.

O prédio fica logo após a escola.

Um ano inteiro de fracasso após fracasso.

(preceded and followed by the same noun) after (a great amount of)


przed

denotes time; before [with instrumental]

denotes location; before, in front of; ahead of [with instrumental]


przed

Polish: przed

Silesian: przed

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *perdъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pred uolem a pred oslem v yaslkach s[ię położył] bil

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page cr 30:

Przebiwacz *bodze se slunczem y przed *mesoczem (ante lunam) w pocolene y w pocolene

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 71, 5:

Yaco ne szabyl szarni przet yego psy any gey iego psi gonily do yego wsy

1959 [1422], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 1099, Poznań:

Angyyel palmą rayszką yey dal, aby przeth panną noszona, gdy do grobu prowadzona

1908 [c. 1500], Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego, volume V, page 12:

Takoz za ssobą y przed sobą byl (sc. Jesus) tako sylnye vbyth, yze v yego vschythkym zyvoczye... nye bylo myescza czalego

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 822:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) denotes location; before, in front of; ahead of [with instrumental]

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

Jaco Potrek ne obszaloual Sandziuoya przet szeczø nedzel

1959 [1390], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 82, Poznań:

Jako mi sø Wanczlaw poclonil przeth swantim Marczinem

1959 [1391], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 284, Poznań:

Wszitci gyny wyøczsy vrodzenym, gysz przed nym (ante eum) bily, zmordowany sø

1930 [c. 1455], “II Par”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 22,1:

Gdysz gescze byla przeth lathy alybo molthsza (pro mlothsza) lath (dum... esset minor annis)

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 37:

Zalowal szyą Pyotr na Andrzeya, ysze chcze gy wygnacz sz domv przed czasszem

1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 42, 1:

(attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) denotes time; before [with instrumental]

Iaco Buthka... uczinila zaplaczene przed Yanem

1967 [1394], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 65, Kościan:

Dzeczøthko... gestcy ono bilo przeth svø milø mathkø plakalo, allecz... [p]przed svøth[y]my angoly gestcy szø ono bylo ssmalo

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 4b:

Then, ktho mye przethobą (leg. przed tobą) vyny, memv szerczv czyaskoscz czyny

1915 [Fifteenth century], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, page 444:

(attested in Greater Poland, Lesser Poland) denotes witnesses to an action; in front of [with instrumental]

attested in Greater Poland; Lesser Poland; attested in Greater Poland; Lesser Poland

denotes witnesses to an action; in front of

Byly sprawyedlywy oba przed bogyem (ante deum Luc 1, 6)

1928 [End of the fifteenth century], Jan Janów, editor, Zespół ewangelijny Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamoyskich nr 1116, Warsaw, page 287:

(attested in Masovia) according to, in someone's opinion [with instrumental]

Isci szø ony pred luczmy vkaszugø dobrzy, allecz ony szø pred bodzem sly

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 11b:

(attested in Lesser Poland) in relation to [with instrumental]

Yaco Marczin nye mogl przeyachadz przed slim powetrzim ieszora oglandacz

1967 [1420], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 812, Kościan:

(attested in Greater Poland) because of [with instrumental]

Chosci bi gy (sc. synka) ona pred szimnem bila przycrila

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 5b:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes source of fear; of [with instrumental]

Ale genø tø rzecz zatayl ocyecz moy przede mnø

1930 [c. 1455], “I Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 20,2:

denotes a person blocking an action [with instrumental]

Welyky gest gospodzyn a bog nasz przed wszemy boghy (prae omnibus diis)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 134, 5:

Ya wasz chwalø, panny, pane, ysz przeth wami niczsz lepszego ne

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 84:

Nye bødzyesz myecz bogow czudzich przede mnø (coram me)

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 20,3:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) used in comparisons; than [with instrumental]

Yestesmy przed trzemy personamy (sub personis tribus) v yednym bostvye

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 165:

denotes a form or shape which someone takes; as [with instrumental]

denotes a form or shape which someone takes; as

Ktorykole chcze zbawon bycz, przede wszym (ante omnia) potrz[e]byszno gest, aby dzerszal krzesc[ij]anskø werø

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ath 1:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes higher position of importance; above [with instrumental]

denotes higher position of importance; above

Pospesihø sø do coscola na modlituø pred boga usemogøcego

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page ar 5:

Vyrzvczyly y (leg. ji, sc. Jesusa) przed myasto (extra civitatem Luc 4, 29)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 253:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes movement; in front of [with accusative]

Panny, na to szø trzymaycze, male køszy przed szø kraycze

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 71:

(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) forward; ahead of [with accusative]

Vyeczczye, yzecz rychlo vstane z marthvych... y przydą pr[z]ed vass (praecedam vos Mat 26, 32) do Galyleey

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 580:

Thv my szya nye vszpravyethlyvyl, gdzye szyą przeth vaszą myloszcz oblygoval, ysz my myal zaplaczycz

1937 [Fifteenth century], Středověké listy ze Slovenska. Sbírka listů a listin, psaných jazykem národném., volume I, Lesser Poland, page 23:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes person accompanying an action; before [with accusative]

denotes person accompanying an action; before

Kyedy dlusznyk wynydzye sz myasztha przed dlugy (propter debita)

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 58:

(attested in Greater Poland) because of [with accusative]

Przymicze tho powedane przed waszø czescz, panni, pane

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 110:

(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) for, benefitting [with accusative]

Czokoly szwyathczy gayony sand, to gydze przed wszythky gyne szwyadeczstwa

1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 89, 1:

denotes higher position of importance; above [with accusative]


przed

denotes location; before, in front of; ahead of [with instrumental]

denotes movement; in front of [with accusative]

denotes time; before [with instrumental]

denotes how long ago something happened; ago [with instrumental]

before (under consideration, judgment, authority of)

uciekać przed czymś

chować się przed kimś

used in government with some verbs to denote prevention; against, for; from [with instrumental]

denotes witnesses to an action; in front of [with instrumental]


przed

denotes location; before, in front of [with instrumental]

used in government with some verbs to denote prevention; against, for [with instrumental]

before (under consideration, judgment, authority of) [with instrumental]


í gegnum

Icelandic: í gegnum

Faroese: ígjøgnum

Norwegian Nynorsk: igjennom

Norwegian Bokmål: igjennom

Swedish: igenom

Danish: igennem


trí

trí (plus dative, triggers lenition, before the definite article in singular tríd)

tríom (first-person singular)
tríomsa (emphatic first-person singular)
tríot (second-person singular)
tríotsa (emphatic second-person singular)
tríd (masculine singular third-person)
trídsean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
tríthi (feminine singular third-person)
tríthise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
trínn (first-person plural)
trínne (emphatic first-person plural)
tríbh (plural second-person)
tríbhse (emphatic plural second-person)
tríothu (plural third-person)
tríothusan (emphatic plural third-person)
trí (mutation mutation-radical)
thrí (lenition mutation)
dtrí (eclipsis mutation)

From Middle Irish tri, tre, from Old Irish tri, tre, from Proto-Celtic *trei (compare Welsh trwy), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”).


trí

trí (mutation mutation-radical)
thrí (mutation mutation-nasal)
trí (mutation)


ambi

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: am, em

Old Welsh: im

Middle Welsh: am

Welsh: am

desctree

Old Irish: imb
Irish: um
Scottish Gaelic: mu
Manx: mysh


usprkos

From uz (“up, beside”) + prkos (“spite”).


poput

on nije poput mene

ponašaš se poput budale

ne(t)ko poput tebe

(in comparisons) like, as, such as (= kao)


izvan

izvan kuće

outside (literally, “outside the house”)

izvan dosega

Izvan toga, ne vidim drugu opciju.


usred

usred razgovora

crkva usred grada

a church located in the middle of the city


poslije

poslije zalaska sunca


nasuprot

nȁsuprot (canonical)
на̏супрот (Cyrillic)

contrary to, against, opposite, vis-à-vis, across from


bardante

From gardante de, from gardar (“to keep, guard”).

Do porco aprovéitase todo, bardantes da vexiga do fel

You can use everything of a pig, excluding the gallbladder


između

Koja je razlika između muškaraca i žena?

What is the difference between men and women?


pokraj

Dođi, s(j)edni pokraj mene.

alongside, next to, beside (= pȍred, krȁj, dȍ)

Metak je proletio točno pokraj mene.

past, by (so as to move from one side of something to the other (= pȍred, krȁj)

C(ij)elu večer proveli smo hodajući pokraj obale.

We spent the entire evening walking along the shore.

(regional) along, down (in a constant direction with or opposite another (= nȉz, dȕž, ȕzdūž)


duž

dȕž (canonical)
dȗž (canonical)
ду̏ж (Cyrillic)
ду̑ж (Cyrillic)

duž obale

duž ulice

along, down (in a constant direction with or opposite another; = nȉz, ȕzdūž, pȍkraj)

duž c(ij)ele godine


unatoč

From u (“in”) + na (“on”) + tok (“flow, stream”).


prije

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *prъje, *prěj.


među

pogòditi mȅđu ȍči

between (with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]

nàlaziti se mȅđu ljúdima

among (without change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with locative]


nakon

From na- + Proto-Slavic *konъ (“end”) (compare Old Church Slavonic конь (konĭ, “end”)).

nakon nekoliko dana

nakon toga

nakon čega

Nakon što ju je ugledao po prvi put, nije mogao skinuti oči s nje.

After he saw her for the first time, he couldn't take his eyes off her.


getreu

From Middle High German [Term?], from Old High German [Term?].

Getreu dem Leitgedanken


iza

iza toga

tamo iza

iza kiše

Došao je iza nas.


along the lines of

I was thinking along the lines of writing to the local paper, to see if we can get some reaction.

"The railman on the platform, whom I knew well, looked a bit bemused and asked what I was doing. Thinking it a silly question, I said something along the lines of 'what do you think? I'm going home to bed'.
"He then said 'but you don't live here anymore'.

2022 September 7, “Stop & Examine”, in RAIL, number 965, page 71:


sinnum

Fimm sinnum sextán eru áttatíu.


𐎁

Cognate with Arabic بِـ (bi-), Hebrew בְ- (bə-).


𐎋

Cognate with Arabic كَـ (ka-), Hebrew כְּ־ (kə-).


kreng

(dialectal, Trøndelag) eye dialect spelling of kring.


ณ

Uncertain. Probably a corrupted form of ใน (nai), according to some. Compare Old Khmer ណា (ṇā), នា (nā, “place, position, site, location; destination; time, moment, occasion; etc”); Modern Khmer ណា (naa), នា (niə); Old Mon na, Lao ນະ (na).

(used as part of noble family names) of; from.


między

Inherited from Old Polish miedzy. The nasal vowel was added later due to the preceding m-. Doublet of miedzy (locative of miedza).

denotes movement; to in between [with accusative]

denotes location; between [with instrumental]

denotes objects mutually affected by something; between, among [with instrumental]

between (in transit from (one to the other, or connecting places)) [with instrumental]

denotes result of division; between [with accusative]

denotes individual of a group; among; between [with instrumental]


крај

с(ј)едни крај мене

near, next to, beside (= по̏ред, по̏крај, до̏, бли́зу)

Метак је пролетио точно крај мене.

past, by (= по̏ред, по̏крај)

крај свега тога ипак сам успио

у̏спркос успркос#Serbo-Croatian

(proscribed) in spite of, despite (= у̏пркос/у̏спркос, по̏ред)


वि

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wí, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wí, from Proto-Indo-European *wi. Cognate with elements of Hittite [script needed] (na-wi, “not yet”) and Old English wiþ (English with).


שלו

head

שֶׁלּוֹ • (sheló)

שֶׁלּוֹ (canonical)
sheló (romanization)

איפה הבן שלו?

Form of שֶׁל (shel) including third-person masculine singular personal pronoun as object.

שֶׁל

שֶׁלְּ־ של־#Hebrew

(archaic) Form of שֶׁלְּ־ (shel'-) including third-person masculine singular personal pronoun as object. (This sense was synonymous with the previous, but was only found in attributive use.)


më

From Proto-Albanian *ambi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí). The simplification of /mb/ to /m/ is expected in Gheg but not in the standard language, hence the alternative form mbë.

indicates position in space or time. in, at, on

bredh fshat më fshat

wander village by village; wander in every single village

between two repetitions of a noun means “every”. by, to


teenoor

/ˈtɪə̯nʊə̯r/

From Dutch tegenover. Equivalent to a univerbation of teen + oor.


aginst

(dialect, nonstandard) Archaic spelling of against.


agin

From Scots agin, variant form of again (“against”).

[The Court] said: "Young man, this ere Court is satisfied that there ain't nothin' in the laws of Vermont agin tippin' over a churn full of sap. […] But I want ye should remember one thing—that this ere Court has made up his mind that it's a very naughty trick, and it's a shame that there's so many maple-trees in the State, and no law agin tippin' over sap."

1859, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, volume 19, page 278:

when I got to that old shackly brick store by the Temperance Tavern, I backed up agin the wall to have another think.

1876, Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, page 228:

[Howland Owl:] Boy! There's prejudice for you... I got a pure, pristine boy here an' you're agin him.
 [Porky Pine:] I ain't AGIN him... I jus' ain't FOR him...

1960 September 22, Walt Kelly, Pogo, comic strip, →ISBN, page 183:

(dialectal, colloquial, or now often humorous) Alternative form of against


gus

gus (+ nominative with the definite article, + dative otherwise)

with the definite article (with-nominative)
otherwise (with-dative)


niż

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *niže. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

Londyn jest większy niż Warszawa.


abowt

May 20th, after dynner, I with my brother, Mr. Justice Yong, went to the Archebishop of Canterbury to Lambeth, abowt the personagis who used me well.

1842, John Dee, The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee, page 34:

(obsolete, outside of dialects) Alternative spelling of about


alongst

Probably from earlier alonges, from Middle English alongest, alonge, on longe, from Old English onlong, andlang. By surface analysis, along + -st (excrescent ending).


handa

Hann keypti hálsfestina handa Ástu.
He bought the necklace for Ásta.


anear

the measure of misery anear us

1860, Isaac Taylor, “(please specify the page)”, in Ultimate Civilization and Other Essays, London: Bell and Daldy […], →OCLC:

And soon I heard a roaring wind: / It did not come anear; / But with its sound it shook the sails, / That were so thin and sere.

1798, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner:

As slowly, one by one, / The stars appear, / My burdened heart I lift, / And feel to God anear.


framhjá

Ég gekk framhjá honum.


ד־

Kaddish
וְיִתְנַשֵּׂא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל
שְׁמֵהּ דְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא.
And extolled and honored, adored and lauded
be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He.

בראשית רבה ע, טז
[כט, יז] "וְעֵינֵי לֵאָה רַכּוֹת", אֲמוֹרָאֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן תִּרְגֵּם קוֹדְמוֹי: וְעֵינֵי לֵאָה הֲווֹ רַכִּיכִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עֵינוֹהִי דְּאִימָּךְ הֲווֹ רַכִּיכִין

Talmud Bavli, Khagiga 2a
ואיבעית אימא לעולם כדאמרי מעיקרא ודקא קשיא לך הא דרבינא לא קשיא


ל־

l- (romanization)
לְ־
ל־
לִ־
לַ־
לֶ־
לָ־
לִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
לַנָא (feminine first-person masculine plural)
לְךָ (masculine second-person singular)
לָךְ (feminine second-person singular)
לְכוֹן (masculine plural second-person)
לְכֵין (feminine plural second-person)
לֵהּ (masculine singular third-person)
לַהּ (feminine singular third-person)
לְהוֹן (masculine plural third-person)
לְהֵין (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־ (lə-, l-, li-, la-, le-, lo-, “to”)

לַנָא (lánā, “to us”)

לְכוֹן (ləḵōn, “to ye”)

לְכֵין (ləḵēn, “to ye”)

(Babylonian Talmudic) Forms the direct object.


ל־

he-prep

לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־

לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־ • (l'-, l-, li-, la-, le-, la-)

לְ־ (canonical)
ל־ (canonical)
לִ־ (canonical)
לַ־ (canonical)
לֶ־ (canonical)
לָ־ (canonical)
l'- (romanization)
l- (romanization)
li- (romanization)
la- (romanization)
le- (romanization)
לְ־
ל־
לִ־
לַ־
לֶ־
לָ־
לִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
לָנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
לְךָ (masculine second-person singular)
לָךְ (feminine second-person singular)
לָכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
לָכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
לוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
לָהּ (feminine singular third-person)
לָהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
לָהֶן (feminine plural third-person)
לְ־
ל־
אליי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אֵלַי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אֵלֵינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
אֵלֶיךָ (masculine second-person singular)
אלייך (feminine second-person singular)
אֵלַיִךְ (feminine second-person singular)
אֲלֵיכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
אֲלֵיכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
אֵלָיו (masculine singular third-person)
אֵלֶיהָ (feminine singular third-person)
אֲלֵיהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
אֲלֵיהֶן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

Original, usual forms

לְ־, ל־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־ (l'-, l-, li-, la-, le-, la-)

לָנוּ (lánu)

לָהֶם (lahém)

לָהֶן (lahén)

Forms borrowed from <i class="Hebr mention" lang="he">אל</i> (el)

אליי / אֵלַי (eláy)

אֵלֶיךָ (elékha)

אלייך / אֵלַיִךְ (eláyikh)

אֵלָיו (eláv)

אֵלֶיהָ (eléha)

אֵלֵינוּ (elénu)

אֲלֵיכֶם (alekhém)¹

אֲלֵיכֶן (alekhén)¹

אֲלֵיהֶם (alehém)¹

אֲלֵיהֶן (alehén)¹

# In Modern Hebrew, the second- and third-person plural forms are usually pronounced with leading /e/ rather than /a/.

בשבוע שעבר נסעתי לירושלים.

באיזו שעה נגיע לעיר?

To; indicating a destination or end-point.

יש כביש ישר מפה לשם.

There's a straight road from here to there.

לא יצלצלו בין שש לשמונה.

Indicating the second end-point of a range or interval.

נתתי לה מתנה.

To, for; corresponding to an English indirect object or a Latin dative.

אמרו לנו מה קרה.

Indicating the addressee of an utterance.

תפתח לי בבקשה את הדלת?

Indicating the beneficiary of an action.

מה עושים לאוכל?

Indicating the person or thing affected by an action.

אנחנו הולכים לנו ברחוב.

We're walking down [literally walking us in] the street.

Introducing an ethical dative, especially after a verb of motion.

היתה להם בעייה.

They had [literally To them was] a problem.

הָיָה היה#Hebrew

Of; indicating a possessor.
Used with a form of הָיָה (hayá).

לרופאה יש עינים כחולות.

The doctor has [literally To the doctor there are] blue eyes.

אין לך כסף?

Don't you have [literally Isn't there to you] money?

אֵין אין#Hebrew

Used with יֵשׁ (yesh) or (for non-possession) אֵין (en).

אֲנִי לְדוֹדִי וְדוֹדִי לִי הָרֹעֶה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּים׃

Tanach, Song of Songs [[s:he:T3006#ו_ג|6:3]], with translation of the King James Version:

I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the lilies.

aní l'dodí v'dodí li haro'é bashoshaním.

(now rare) Used as a bare predicate, with no copula.

הוא יושב לי על הכובע.

He is sitting on my hat [literally to me on the hat].

היא נגעה לו במרפק.

Used with another verb, indicating the possessor of another object of the verb.

מה גרם לזה?

What caused this? [literally What caused to this?]

הספה הופכת למיטה.

Indicating the result of a transformation.

לדעתי, אין ברירה.

לדבריו, האירוע נגמר בחצות.

He said that [literally To his words] the event ended at midnight.

For, according to, in the opinion of; indicating the holder of a viewpoint, or the source of a claim.

נראה לי שגבוה מדי.

I think [literally It seems to me] that it's too high.

קר לכם?

לא מגיע להם.

They don't deserve it. [literally Not arrives to them.]

Indicating the theme of an impersonal verb or other impersonal predicate.

צפונה ל־

מתחת ל־

under, underneath [literally from bottom to]

חוץ לארץ

Of; indicating the reference-point relative to which a direction may be specified.

רבע ל־10

עשרה לחמש

Of, to, before: indicating the hour before which a number of minutes or fraction of an hour is specified.

רבע ל־10

a quarter [of a year] less than ten [years]

(by extension, slang) Before: indicating the number of years before which a fraction of a year is specified.


ຫາ

From Proto-Tai *kraᴬ (“to seek”). Cognate with Thai หา (hǎa), Northern Thai ᩉᩣ, Lü ᦠᦱ (ḣaa), Tai Dam ꪬꪱ, Shan ႁႃ (hǎa), Tai Nüa ᥑᥣᥴ (xáa), Ahom 𑜁𑜡 (khā) or 𑜁𑜞𑜠 (khra), Zhuang ra, Saek หร่า.


ໃນ

From Proto-Tai *C̥.daɰᴬ (“inside”). Cognate with Thai ใน (nai), Lü ᦺᦓ (nay), Shan ၼႂ်း (náue), Tai Dam ꪻꪙ, Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw), Zhuang ndaw.


בשבילי

head

בִּשְׁבִילִי

בִּשְׁבִילִי • (bish'vilí)

בִּשְׁבִילִי (canonical)
bish'vilí (romanization)

בִּשְׁבִיל בשביל#Hebrew

First-person-singular-personal-pronoun-including form of בִּשְׁבִיל (bishvíl).


בשביל

he-prep

בִּשְׁבִיל • (bishvíl)

בִּשְׁבִיל (canonical)
bishvíl (romanization)
בשביל
בשבילי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
בשבילינו (feminine first-person masculine plural)
בשבילך (masculine second-person singular)
בשבילך (feminine second-person singular)
בשבילכם (masculine plural second-person)
בשבילכן (feminine plural second-person)
בשבילו (masculine singular third-person)
בשבילה (feminine singular third-person)
בשבילם (masculine plural third-person)
בשבילן (feminine plural third-person)

From בְּ־ (b'-, “in”) + שְׁבִיל (sh'vil, “trail of”); hence, literally, “in the trail of”.

af

For, for the sake of, for the benefit of, in order for.


לה

אונקלוס, בקדמין לא מז
וּקְרָא לֵהּ לָבָן יְגַר שַׂהֲדוּתָא וְיַעֲקֹב קְרָא לֵהּ גַּלְעֵד׃

Form of ל־ including third-person masculine singular personal pronoun as object


לה

head

לָהּ • (lah)

יוני בלוך, שיר אחר
יושב ומנגן לה שיר אחר

Form of ל־ (l'-) including third-person feminine singular personal pronoun as object.


𐤀𐤁

ʾb (romanization)
ab (romanization)
eb/ (romanization)

desc

Punic: 𐤁 (b /bi/), 𐤁𐤉 (by /bi/), 𐤀𐤁 (ʾb /eb, ab/), ef-


prei

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *préy. Cognate with Lithuanian priẽ (“at, with, to”), príe- (“at, with, to”), Latvian prie- and Proto-Slavic *pri (“at, with, by”).


prei

Latvian: prie-, pie-, pie

Lithuanian: priẽ, príe-

Old Prussian: prei

Proto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr-éy, from *per-.


𐎀𐎃𐎗

Compare Hebrew אַחַר (ʾaḥar), אַחֲרֵי (ʾaḥărē).


𐎍𐎔𐎐

lpn (romanization)
lipanī (romanization)


𐎁𐎚𐎋

cog

Hebrew בְּתוֹךְ (bəṯōḵ)


𐎚𐎈𐎚

Compare Hebrew תַּחַת (táḥaṯ), Arabic تَحْتَ (taḥta).


𐎓𐎎

Cognate with Hebrew עִם (‘im, “with”), Aramaic עם (“with”). Arabic مَعَ (maʕa, “with”) (via metathesis).


iban

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ibah (“other”).


直至

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚² t͡siː³³/

/tit̚²⁴⁻² t͡si⁴¹/

/tit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/

/tit̚⁴⁻³² t͡si²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚² t͡siː³³/

/tit̚²⁴⁻² t͡si⁴¹/

/tit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si²¹/

/tit̚⁴⁻³² t͡si²¹/


naargelang

/naːrɣəˈlɑŋ/

Dan verschijnt er een letter, naargelang de toets die je indrukt.

Then a letter occurs, depending on the button you push.

Naargelang dat mensen ouder worden, worden ze gematigder.

As people grow older, they become more moderate.


segund

Spanish: según

Vivién segund la regla en toda onestad

13th c., Gonzalo de Berceo, Los milagros de nuestra señora 506

They lived following the rule in all honesty

Lo cual yo no niego, pero atrevime a ello pensando que me harías merced no segund quien la pedía, mas segund tú, que la haviés de dar

1492, Diego de San Pedro, Cárcel de Amor 151

I don't deny this, but I dared to do it thinking that you would forgive me, not because of who was asking for forgiveness, but because it's proper of you, who had to do it


rel

Since M#x5F;0 and M#x5F;1 are cobordant rel boundary and f#x5F;0,f#x5F;1 are n-connected, the number #x5C;delta#x3A;#x3D;#x5C;frac12(#x5C;mathrm#x7B;rk#x7D;H#x5F;nM#x5F;0-#x5C;mathrm#x7B;rk#x7D;H#x5F;nM#x5F;1) is a nonnnegative integer.

1994, N[ikita] Netsvetaev, “Diffeomorphism Criteria for Simply Connected Even-Dimensional Manifolds”, in Oleg Viro, editor, Topology of Manifolds and Varieties (Advances in Soviet Mathematics [series] 18), American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 237:

The following notations are in common use: H#x3A;f#x5C;simeqg (rel A) means that H is a homotopy rel A from f to g....

1997, Paul Selick, Introduction to Homotopy Theory (Fields Institute Monographs), American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 15:

Then in n#x5C;gen', there is a map h#x3A;Z#x5C;toZ' such that h#x7C;A#x3D;g and gf#x5C;simeqf'h rel A, so the diagram above is commutative up to homotopy rel A.

2002, Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge, →ISBN, page 355:

(mathematics) Abbreviation of relative to.


supo

Latin: sub (see there for further descendants)

Oscan: συπ (sup)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌖 (supu), su


uansett

From u- + ansett (“past participle of anse”).

prefix

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="nb">anse</i>


apan

From Middle English apan, upan, from Old English upon, uppon, uppan (“on, upon, up to, against, after, in addition to”).

Wee aar lhaung vlealès an pikkès, to waaite apan a breede.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:

With their long flails and picks, to wait upon the bride.

Aar was a muskawn o buthther ee-laaide apan hoat shruaanès,

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 94:

There was a great heap of butter laid upon hot scraps,

[Wee] vaate apan vaate a met-borde was ee-halt.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 98:

[With vat upon vat a meat-borde was held.]

Amang wefty jhemes, 'cha jeist ee-rid apan.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 100:

Among cobwebby scraps, I have just alighted on.

Ich aam a vat hog it's drue. Aar is ken apan aam.

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:

I am a fat hog, 'tis true. There is ken upon them.


ຂອງ

From Proto-Tai *χɔːŋᴬ (“thing”). Cognate with Thai ของ (kɔ̌ɔng), Northern Thai ᨡᩬᨦ, Lü ᦃᦸᧂ (ẋoang), Tai Dam ꪄꪮꪉ, Shan ၶွင် (khǎung), Zhuang hong, Zuojiang Zhuang kong.


𐌰𐍆

𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌿𐌺 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌲 𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌿𐍃...

And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee...

iþ jabai augō þein þata taihswō marjzai þuk usstagg ita jah wairp af þus...

𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌺 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽...

And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil...

jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai ak lausei uns af þamma ubilin...

(+ dative) 's, of, from, by, away from, out of


𐤀𐤕

From Phoenician 𐤀𐤉𐤕 (ʾyt), from Canaanite. Compare Hebrew את.

Used to introduce a semantically definite direct object


než

Projekt zabral více času než se plánovalo.

Čtyři je větší než dva.


jusqu'à

Depuis la nuit des temps jusqu’à la fin des nuits

From the dawn of time to the end of days

to (used together with depuis to indicate a time range)

Afin de conduire la comparaison dans des conditions identiques, ils ont délimité le champ de l’analyse en choisissant le point jusqu’auquel et le point à partir duquel les procédés sont les mêmes, indépendamment de la substitution des procédés.

2001, Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, Les biotechnologies au service de la durabilité industrielle, page 112:

In order to conduct the comparison in identical conditions, they defined the scope of the analysis by choosing the point up to which and the point from which the same method would be used, before and after the different techniques were tried.


móti

venjingardysturin móti Íslandi


kringum

fara í kringum eins og köttur í kringum heitan graut


päälle

päälle (no-possessor possessive)
päälleni (first-person possessive singular)
päällemme (first-person plural possessive)
päällesi (possessive second-person singular)
päällenne (plural possessive second-person)
päälleen (possessive third-person)
päällensä (possessive third-person)
päälle (allative)
päällä (adessive)
päältä (ablative)

(colloquial) (just) over (slightly more than; with quantities)


outen

From Middle English outen, uten, from Old English ūtan (“from outside, on the outside, without”), from Proto-Germanic *ūtanē (“from without, outside of”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“up, over”). Cognate with Middle Low German ûten (“out, forth”), German außen (“outside, out”), Swedish utan (“without, free from”). More at out.

der

[…] so if any of you ginks are me frien's yeh better keep outen here so's yeh won't get hurted.

1914 October – 1916 July, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Mucker, Chicago, Ill.: A[lexander] C[aldwell] McClurg & Co., published 31 October 1921, →OCLC:

And there was silence again. Then: ‘And you sent that girl away, didn't you? With the money outen that box?’

1953, James Baldwin, “Gabriel's Prayer”, in Go Tell It on the Mountain (Penguin Classics), London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN:

(archaic or dialectal) Out; out of; out from.


kring

From Old Norse kringr, originally "turn or go about in circles," from Proto-Germanic *kringaz.


𐎼𐎠𐎮𐎡𐎹

r-a-di-i-y (romanization)
rādiy (romanization)

Cognate to Northern Kurdish ra (rā, 'for') and Northern Kurdish re (ra. 'for'), and Persian rā. Compare Old Church Slavonic ради (radi, “because of”). Most probably originally instrumental singular of the noun rādi- (“accomplishment”).


अभि

head

अभि • (abhí)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Habʰí, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Latin ambi-, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (abiy, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Old Irish imb (“around”).

cog

(with accusative) to, towards, in the direction of, against

on, upon, with regard to, by, before, in front of

over. It may even express one after the other, severally


𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹

From Proto-Iranian *Habí, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰi (compare Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”).
Compare Latin ambi-, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “for, about, around”), Old High German umbi (“around”), Old Irish imb (“around”).


virun

From Old High German fora, from Proto-Germanic *funai. Cognate with German vor, Dutch voor, English fore.


blijkens

→ West Frisian: blikens

From earlier blijkends, from blijkend + -s.

according to, judging from, as is apparent from


بعد از

[bɔːd̪̥ ʔäz]

[bæʔd̪̥ ʔæz]

بعد (ba'd, “after”, from Arabic بَعْد (baʕd)) + از (az, “from”).

af

from Arabic <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar">بَعْد</i> (baʕd)

فروشگاههای چینی بعد از سال نو چینی تعطیل میشوند. (more literary)

The Chinese shops are closed after the Chinese New Year.

forušgâh-hâ-ye čini ba'd az sâl-e now-e čini ta'til mi-šavand.

فروشگاههای بعد از سال نو چینی تعطیل میشن. (more colloquial)

forušgâh-â-ye čini ba'd az sâl-e now-e čini ta'til mi-šan.

بعد از اینکه حالت خوب شد (more literary)

بعد از اینکه حالت خوب شد (more colloquial)


ovanför

above; located close by but at a higher level (also figuratively)


نفس

هادا نفس الشي.


بعد

ar-prep

بَعْدَ • (baʕda)

بَعْدَ (canonical)
baʕda (romanization)
بَعْدَ (stem)
بَعْدِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
بَعْدَنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
بَعْدَكَ (masculine second-person singular)
بَعْدَكِ (feminine second-person singular)
بَعْدَكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
بَعْدَكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
بَعْدَكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
بَعْدَهُ (masculine singular third-person)
بَعْدَهَا (feminine singular third-person)
بَعْدَهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
بَعْدَهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
بَعْدَهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

→ Swahili: baada


بعد

head

بعد • (baʿd)


بعد

بعد • (baʕd)


بعد

بعد • (baʿd)


بعد

ajp-prep

بعد • (baʕd)

بكرة حفلة التخرّج وبعدنا مش مخلّصين امتحانات مدارس.

Tomorrow is the graduation ceremony and we still haven't finished [our] school exams.

bukra ḥaflat it-taḵarruj w-baʕᵉdna miš mḵallaṣīn imtiḥānāt madāres.


بعد

بَعْد (canonical)
ba'd (romanization)
बाद (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بعد (ba'd).

bor+

بَعْد عَصْر


לכבוד

head

לִכְבוֹד • (likh'vód)

לִכְבוֹד (canonical)
likh'vód (romanization)

Root
 כ־ב־ד (k-b-d)
From ל־ (l'-, “to”) + כבוד (k'vod, “honor-of”).

prefix

לכבוד יום ההולדת שלו, הלכנו לראות סרט.

In honor of his birthday, we went to see a movie.

Likh'vód yom ha-hulédet sheló, halákhnu lir'ót séret.

In honor of (a person or occasion), for.


m.

m

without period but with italics; in dictionaries and in grammar


בגלל

he-prep

בִּגְלַל • (biglál)

בִּגְלַל (canonical)
biglál (romanization)

ביטלנו את הטיול בגלל הגשם.

We canceled the trip because of the rain.


cois

head

cois (plus genitive, triggers no mutation)

cois (mutation mutation-radical)
chois (lenition mutation)
gcois (eclipsis mutation)

cois na tine


vosco

From Vulgar Latin vōscum, from Latin vōbiscum.

Per altro sopranome io nol conosco,
s’io nol togliessi da sua figlia Gaia.
Dio sia con voi, ché più non vegno vosco.

1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XVI”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 139–141; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2ⁿᵈ revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:

I know him by no other nickname, if I didn't take it from his daughter Gaia. God be with you, for I will no longer come with you.

tosto prendete ognun l'arco e lo strale,
 di Marte el dolce ardor sen venga vosco.

1475, Angelo Poliziano, “Libro II”, in Stanze de messer Angelo Politiano cominciate per la giostra del magnifico Giuliano di Pietro de Medici, Turin, section 16; collected in Poemetti italiani, volume 1, publ. Michel Angelo Morano, 1797, page 88:

Each of you take a bow and arrow, quickly;
 may the sweet fervor of Mars be with you.


appo

From Latin apud with the confluence of ad post.

E la lucciola errava appo le siepi

1818–1836, Giacomo Leopardi, “XXII — Le ricordanze”, in Canti, lines 14–15; republished as Alessandro Donati, editor, Bari: publ. Laterza, 1917:

And the firefly was wandering nearby the hedges

Livro non ne facevano, ché lettera non se trovava appo li Grieci.

1350s, anonymous author, “Prologo e primo capitolo [Preface and first chapter]”, in Cronica [Chronicle] (overall work in Old Italian); republished as Giuseppe Porta, editor, Anonimo romano - Cronica, Adelphi, 1979, →ISBN:

No books were made, because there were no letters among the Greeks.

denotes a sharing of a common feature in a group; among

Taïde è, la puttana che rispuose
al drudo suo quando disse "Ho io grazie
grandi apo te?": "Anzi maravigliose!".

1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XVIII”, in Inferno [Hell], lines 133–135; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2ⁿᵈ revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:

It is Thais the harlot, who replied to her paramour, when he said, 'Have I great gratitude from you?'--'Nay, marvellous'

quantunque appo coloro che discreti erano ed alla cui notizia pervenne io ne fossi lodato e da molto piú reputato

1349–1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, “Proemio”, in Decameron; republished as Aldo Francesco Massera, editor, Il Decameron, volume 1, Bari: Laterza, 1927:

Whereby, among people of discernment to whose knowledge it had come, I had much praise and high esteem, […]

Taccia Argo i Mini, e taccia Artù que’ suoi
Erranti, che di sogni empion le carte:
Ch’ogni antica memoria appo costoro
Perde: or qual duce fia degno di loro?

1575, Torquato Tasso, “Canto 1”, in Gerusalemme liberata, stanza 52; republished as La Gerusalemme liberata di Torquato Tasso, Paris: Agostino Delalain; Pietro Durand; Gio. Claudio Molini, 1771:

Let Argo silence the Minyans, and let Arthur silence those errants of his, whom fill pages with dreams, for any old memory is lost before them; now, what leader will be worthy of them?

appiattandosi appo una macchia di pruni per non esser veduta, udì tutto che dicevano

1812, Annibale Caro, transl., Gli amori pastorali di Dafni e Cloe [The Bucolic Loves of Daphnis and Chloe], Società Tipografica de' Classici Italiani, translation of Δάφνις καὶ Χλόη (Dáphnis kaì Khlóē) by Longus, Ragionamento terzo, page 89:

having crouched down behind some shrubs so as not to be seen, she heard everything they were saying

Men vo alle navi, appo aver fatte in guerra
ben gravi, e dure, e faticose imprese

1723, Anton Maria Salvini, transl., Iliade [Iliad], Milan: Giovanni Gaetano Tartini, Santi Franchi, translation of Ἰλιάς (Iliás) by Homer, Book Ⅰ, page 9:

I return to the ships, after having carried out grave, hard and laborious war endeavours/endeavors


tar éis

tar éis (plus genitive or possessive determiner, triggers no mutation)

tar m’éis (first-person singular)
tar m’éis-se (emphatic first-person singular)
tar d’éis (second-person singular)
tar d’éis-se (emphatic second-person singular)
tar a éis (masculine singular third-person)
tar a éis-sean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
tar a héis (feminine singular third-person)
tar a héis-se (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
tar ár n-éis (first-person plural)
tar ár n-éisne (emphatic first-person plural)
tar bhur n-éis (plural second-person)
tar bhur n-éis-se (emphatic plural second-person)
tar a n-éis (plural third-person)
tar a n-éis-sean (emphatic plural third-person)

/t̪ˠaɾˠ ˈeːʃ/

leathuair tar éis a dó

tar m’éis

tar éis na scoile


ofan

Icelandic: ofan

Faroese: oman

Norwegian Nynorsk: ovan

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ova-

Old Swedish: ovan

Swedish: ovan

Danish: oven

Norwegian Bokmål: oven

From Proto-Germanic *ubanē. Akin to of + -an.


לפני

לִפְנֵי • (lif'néi)

לִפְנֵי (canonical)
lif'néi (romanization)
לִפְנֵי
לְפָנַי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
לְפָנֵינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
לְפָנֶיךָ (masculine second-person singular)
לְפָנַיִךְ (feminine second-person singular)
לִפְנֵיכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
לִפְנֵיכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
לְפָנָיו (masculine singular third-person)
לְפָנֶיהָ (feminine singular third-person)
לִפְנֵיהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
לִפְנֵיהֶן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

לִפְנֵי (lif'néi)

לְפָנַי (l'fanáy)

לְפָנֵינוּ (l'fanéinu)

לְפָנֶיךָ (l'fanécha)

לְפָנַיִךְ (l'fanáyich)

לִפְנֵיכֶם (lifneichém)

לִפְנֵיכֶן (lifneichén)

לְפָנָיו (l'fanáv)

לְפָנֶיהָ (l'fanéha)

לִפְנֵיהֶם (lifneihém)

לִפְנֵיהֶן (lifneihén)

Root
 פ־נ־ה (p-n-h)
לְ־ (l'-, “to, for”) + פְּנֵי (p'néi, “face of”), the latter being the construct form of פָּנִים (paním, “face”).

af

דקה לפני הסוף

לפני שהגעת ― lif'néi shehigá'at(a) ― before you arrived

יורד לפני התיבה

מודה אני לפניך

לפני יומיים

לִפְנֵי לפני#Hebrew

(לְפָנַי, l'fanáy) Form of לִפְנֵי (lifnéy) including first-person singular personal pronoun as object.


on pain of

From on + pain (“suffering inflicted as punishment or penalty”) + of; compare French sous peine de.

On paine of death, no perſon be ſo bold, / Or daring, hardy, as to touch the liſtes, / Except the Martiall and ſuch officers / Appoynted to direct theſe faire deſignes.

1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], published 1597, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

[N]o flattery for't: / No lick-foote, paine of looſing your proboſcis:[…]

[1629 (first performance), B[en] Jonson, The New Inne. Or, The Light Heart. […], London: […] Thomas Harper, for Thomas Alchorne, […], published 1631, →OCLC, Act II, scene vi:

Seb[astian]. […] [M]y duty, then, / To interpoſe; on pain of my diſpleasure, / Betwixt your Swords[.] / Dor[ax]. On pain of Infamy / He ſhould have diſobey'd.

1690, [John] Dryden, Don Sebastian, King of Portugal: […], London: […] Jo. Hindmarsh, […], →OCLC, Act IV, page 105:

Translated, it was a warning to the Claytons to refrain from reporting the loss of the revolvers, or from repeating what the old sailor had told them—to refrain on pain of death.

1912 October, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “Tarzan of the Apes”, in The All-Story, New York, N.Y.: Frank A. Munsey Co., →OCLC; republished as “Out to Sea”, in Tarzan of the Apes, New York, N.Y.: A. L. Burt Company, 1914 June, →OCLC, page 16:

The White Queen is offered for sacrifice six times in succession, and must be refused each time on pain of checkmate!

1943 January, Irving Chernev, “Chess Thrillers”, in Chess Review:

Used to warn of consequences if a specified act is done or not done: subject to the punishment of (some penalty); or (generally) subject to the circumstance of (some thing).

op straffe van

subject to the punishment or (generally) circumstance of


sence

(dialectal) Alternative spelling of since


podczas

Univerbation of pod czas. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Belarusian падча́с (padčás), Kashubian pòdczas, Russian подча́с (podčás), Silesian podczas, and Ukrainian під ча́с (pid čás).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “podczas”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

during (at the same time of) [with genitive]


vastoin

[ˈʋɑ̝s̠to̞i̯n]

vastoin tahtoaan

vastoin lakia

vastoin luuloa


gemäß

From messen. Cognate to Old English ġemǣte (whence English meet).


bikasi

From English because, with the unrounded pronunciation of -au- common in many English dialects of the Americas, e.g. the pronunciation of because in the US:
 Audio (US): (file).


samt

From Middle High German sament, Old High German samant, ultimately from the root of sammeln. Compare Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸 (samaþ).

samt Kind und Kegel


uber

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *obar
Old English: ofer
Middle English: over
Scots: ower
English: over
Northumbrian: ower
Old Frisian: over, uver
Saterland Frisian: uur
West Frisian: oer
Old Saxon: ovar
Middle Low German: över, over, oever, aver
Low German: över
Old Dutch: over, ovir
Middle Dutch: ōver
Dutch: over
Afrikaans: oor
Old High German: obar, ubar
Middle High German: ober, over, uber
German: ober-
Yiddish: אייבער־ (eyber-)

Old Norse: of, ofr-, ofr

Icelandic: of, ofur-, ofur

Faroese: ov, ovur-

Norwegian: ov-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar)

From Proto-Indo-European *upér, *supér, ultimately from the root *upo. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”), Latin super (“above”).

over, above (positioned above) [with dative]


thanks to

Amy was given a scholarship thanks to her excellent grades.

Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.

1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:

Because of; normally used with a positive connotation, though it can be used sarcastically.


ἀντί

English: anti-, ant-

desc

Greek: αντί (antí, “instead of”, preposition)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“front, opposite”). Cognates include English and, Latin ante, Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), and Old Armenian ընդ (ənd).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or comparison.

der

ἀντίθεος, godlike

γυναικὸς ἄρ’ ἀντὶ τέτυξο, for you have become no better than a woman (Iliad 8.163)


obok

Univerbation of o + bok (“side”). First attested in 1621–1632. Compare Kashubian òbòk.

ref

“OBOK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 14.04.2011


בו

Form of בְּ־ (b-) including third-person masculine singular personal pronoun as object.


faoi

fúm (first-person singular)
fúmsa (emphatic first-person singular)
fút (second-person singular)
fútsa (emphatic second-person singular)
faoi (masculine singular third-person)
faoisean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
fúithi (feminine singular third-person)
fúithise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
fúinn (first-person plural)
fúinne (emphatic first-person plural)
fúibh (plural second-person)
fúibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
fúthu (plural third-person)
fúthusan (emphatic plural third-person)

A generalization of the third-person masculine singular inflected form, from Old Irish foí, the third-person masculine singular inflected form of fo (“under”), from Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo. Compare Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó), Middle Welsh go. During the Early Modern Irish period, this preposition began to take over the meaning of Old Irish imm (“around, about”) (modern um), which had variant forms ma and lenited fa, bha that were probably conflated with faoi. Doublet of ó (“-wards”).

Up in the lighthouse, under twinkling stars, Bronach sings the Song of the Sea to her five-year-old son, Ben.

2015 [2014], Will Collins, translated by Proinsias Mac a' Bhaird, edited by Maura McHugh, Amhrán na Mara (fiction; paperback), Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, Howth, Dublin: Cartoon Saloon; Coiscéim, translation of Song of the Sea (in English), →ISBN, page 1:

Cuir faoi do choim é.

Chuir mé gad faoi mhuineál an chapaill.

a trí faoi a hocht

faoi dhó


באשר

head

בַּאֲשֶׁר • (ba'ashér)

בַּאֲשֶׁר (canonical)
ba'ashér (romanization)

with regard to, in re, as to, as regards, concerning, with respect to, regarding


evel

eveldon (singular)
eveldomp (plural)
eveldout (singular)
eveldoc'h (plural)
eveltañ (singular)
evelto (plural third-person)
evelti (singular)
eveldor (plural)

From Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃al, itself from Proto-Celtic *samalis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”). Cognate with Welsh fel.


przeciw

Polish: przeciw

Silesian: przeciw

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pretivъ, *protivъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Tedy on gest vczynyl naprzeczywko szwey przyszadze y przeczyw swemv prawu

1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 90, 4:

Konyecz themv bandze, gdy lekarsz w mey scolye szandze, bovyem *przyczyw szmyertelney sc[z]odze nye naydze szelya na ogrodze

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 315:

(attested in Masovia) against (protecting from)

Oth mathky bosze tø mocz mayø, ysz przeczyw gym kszøzøta wstayø

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 102:

(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) towards, heading to

Ysze ta niua, czso yey Swansek dobil na Gnewomirze, tey Yandrzey ma trzeczą czanscz dzedzicznim prawem y lang tich, czso szø przecziw tey niue

1959 [1415], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 901, Poznań:

Nądza a blogo stoyą przecziw schobye yako gorzkye a slotkye

1874-1891 [Middle of the 15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 248:

(attested in Greater Poland) opposite; across from, in front of

O wystawyenyv slvgy przeczyw panv

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 52:

Marta, Martha, pyeczalvyącza yesz a smączysz sye przeczyw vyelykyey rzeczy (sollicita es et turbaris erga plurima Luc 10, 41)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 334:

(attested in Masovia) in relation to; vis-à-vis

Yaco... skodzenem dzesacz grziven o nezaplaczene penądzy przecziw Paskowi

1959 [1426], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 1226, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) for, benefitting

Thysz my vyelmy szwyathy, a ya przeczyw thobye lycha

1875 [End of the 15th century], Stanisław Motty, editor, Książeczka do nabożeństwa Jadwigi księżniczki polskiej, Modlitewnik Nawojki, page 124:

Veswalem czebye, aby pokløøl nyeprzyaczele me, a ty przeciw temv (e contrario) blogoslavis gim

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 23, 11:

Sluchay, kakocz myloscz k tobye myal, kyedycz taką mąką za czye czyrpyal, baczysch, czosz thy przeczyv temv vczynyl albo czyrpyal

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 823:


przeciw

Inherited from Old Polish przeciw. Cognate with Latin pretium (whence English price).

against (experience detracting action from)

(archaic) against (in opposite motion to)

(obsolete) denotes object of negative emtions; for

(obsolete) across (on the other side of)

(Middle Polish) about, concerning, as for

(Middle Polish) denotes object of efforts

Y záſie ine mákowice ná wierzchu ſlupow z wierzchu podług miáry ſlupá przećiw ſiatkám [contra retiacula].

1561, J. Leopolita, Biblija, page 3.Reg 7/20:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.

Adversus et adversum praepositio. Przećiwko. [...] Aliquando pro Erga, Przećiw.

In – Przecziw, na przécziw.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 515b:

(Middle Polish) against; Further details are uncertain.


तिरस्

head

तिरस् • (tirás)

hi:सुभद्र झा

desc

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔 (tirikkha) (with various Middle Indo-Aryan extensions)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔 (tirikkha) (with various Middle Indo-Aryan extensions)

Old Marathi:

Marathi: तिरके (tirke)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: تِرڪو

Devanagari script: तिर्को

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙 (tiriccha) (with various Middle Indo-Aryan extensions)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: તિરકસ (tirkas)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tr̥Hás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tr̥Hás, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-ós, from *terh₂-. Cognate with Old Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬋 (tarō), Old Persian [Term?] (/taraʰ/), Latin trāns, English through.

so as to pass by, apart from, without, against [with accusative]


około

Polish: około

Silesian: ôkoło

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *okolo. First attested in the 14th century.

Glod cirzpecz bødø iaco psi y chodzicz bødø ocolo masta (circuibunt civitatem)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 58, 7:

Obeczuycze y napelnaycze gospodnu... wszitczi, gisz ocolo iego (qui in circuitu eius) nosycze dari

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 75, 11:

A ony zvyązaly yemv rącze y zvyązaly okolo slupa

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 817:

(attested in Lesser Poland) around (in all directions; near)

Czirwyen mą szwoye szwyątha, prąszmą patrzy okolo Vitha

1927 [1471], Jan Fijałek, editor, Cyzjojan kłobucki, Kłobuck, page 444:

(attested in Silesia) around (of time, nearly, more or less; approximately)

Stharostha... ma przidacz woznego... ku oglądanyv onego gwalthv albo skodi kv opithanyu, iesli yesth yawna slawa okolo vczinkv thego zlego (si culpatus vel culpati laborant publica infamia de accusato et patrato scelere)

1858 [1498], Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich, 2 edition, volume VI, page 272:


około

denotes inexactitude of location; near, about, around [with genitive]

Józek był tu około trzeciej.

denotes inexactitude of time; near, about, around, circa [with genitive]

(obsolete) denotes inexactitude of subject matter; near, about, around [with genitive]

Circum, około

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 242:

(Middle Polish) around; Further details are uncertain.


loke

From ní (“at”) + òkè (“top”), literally “at the top”


प्रथमम्

प्रथमम्-अनन्तरम् (prathamam-anantaram) or प्रथमम्-पश्चात् (prathamam-paścāt)

प्रथमम्-ततस् (prathamam-tatas)


niczym

Stał niczym drzewo.


binne

From Dutch binnen, from Middle Dutch binnen, from Old Dutch *binnan.


togeanes

English: togains


à cause de

Coordinate term: grâce à (“thanks to”)

À cause de toi, j’ai renversé mon verre d’eau.

Because of you, I have spilt my glass of water.


autrement dit

in other words (a phrase indicating that the following thought is a reiteration of the previous one.)


à partir de

LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-à partir de.wav

À partir du règne de Louis le Gros, les communes ont commencé à être affranchies de la féodalité.

Starting with the reign of Louis the Fat, communes began to be incorporated into the feudal system.

À partir d’aujourd’hui, soyez plus exact.

À partir du troisième acte, l’intérêt de cette pièce va en s’affaiblissant.

Starting in the third act, interest in this play starts to weaken.

starting at, beginning in, from […] onward

Vous prétendez que l’homme n’est pas libre ; à partir de là, nos actions ne seraient ni bonnes, ni mauvaises.

You claim that man is not free; if we assume that, then our actions would be neither good nor bad.


ऊर्ध्व

head

ऊर्ध्व • (ūrdhvá)

Pali: uddha, ubbha

Phalura:

Latin script: huṇḍ

Arabic script: ہُنڈ

desc

Prakrit: 𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀠 (uḍḍha), 𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥 (uddha), 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha) (see there for further descendants)

Irula: உத்த்ய (uttya)

/ˈuːɾd̪ʱ.ʋɐ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s (“high, upright”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬡𐬀 (ər^əδβa), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), Latin arduus, Old Norse ǫrðugr (“steep”).

inh

अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), or इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam)

hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter

ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात्

ऊर्ध्वं देहात्

in the sequel, in the later part (e.g. of a book or manuscript; because in Sanskrit manuscripts the later leaves stand above), subsequent, after (with ablative)

ऊर्ध्वं पितुः


aan de hand van

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see aan, de, hand, van.


upwards of

The cheap ones won't last, while a good quality product could cost upwards of $500.

"[…] The quay is upwards of 1,000 feet in length, and capable of accommodating more than 100 sail of traders; and there are generally a considerable number of vessels of from 40 to 300 tons burden, from various parts of the world, waiting to receive their cargoes."

1945 May and June, Charles E. Lee, “The Penrhyn Railway and its Locomotives—1”, in Railway Magazine, page 142, text published 1848:


แต่

th-prep

แต่ • (dtɛ̀ɛ)


ผ่าน

ผ่าน • (pàan)

Cognate with Lao ຜ່ານ (phān), Northern Thai ᨹ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨶ, Khün ᨹ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨶ, Lü ᦕᦱᧃᧈ (ṗhaan¹).

cog

Lü ᦕᦱᧃᧈ (ṗhaan¹)

from one to another; past; over; beyond; across; through.


หา

From Proto-Tai *kraᴬ (“to seek”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᩉᩣ, Lao ຫາ (hā), Lü ᦠᦱ (ḣaa), Tai Dam ꪬꪱ, Shan ႁႃ (hǎa), Tai Nüa ᥑᥣᥴ (xáa), Ahom 𑜁𑜡 (khā) or 𑜁𑜞𑜠 (khra), Zhuang ra, Saek หร่า, Tày xa.


ใส่

From Proto-Tai *s.cɤːlᴮ (“to put (on/in)”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᩈᩲ᩵, Lao ໃສ່ (sai), Lü ᦺᦉᧈ (ṡay¹), Tai Dam ꪻꪎ꪿, Shan သႂ်ႇ (sàue), Tai Nüa ᥔᥬᥱ (sǎue), Ahom 𑜏𑜧 (saw) or 𑜏𑜧𑜤 (sawu), Saek จอ.

Lü ᦺᦉᧈ (ṡay¹)


กับ

From Proto-Tai *kapᴰ (“with; and”). Cognate with Lao ກັບ (kap), Lü ᦂᧇ (k̇ab), Shan ၵပ်း (káp), Tày cắp. Compare to Cantonese 及 gap6 (MC *ɡˠiɪp̚).

ไปกับใคร

เห็นกับตา

เล่นกับไฟ

เท่ากับ

ฝากปลากับแมว
fàak bplaa gàp mɛɛo
to entrust a cat with a fish
(literally) to entrust a fish to a cat

used to indicate a point, person, etc, reached or approached, a relation, condition, amount, etc: to; towards; etc.

เขาร้ายกับฉัน

แข่งกับเวลา

to; in opposition or opposite direction to; against; hostile to; versus.

นอนกับพื้น

nɔɔn gàp pʉ́ʉn

used to indicate a place, location, spot, etc: on; upon; at; etc.


ตาม

From Proto-Southwestern Tai *taːmᴬ¹ (“to follow; to continue”). Cognate with Lao ຕາມ (tām), Lü ᦎᦱᧄ (ṫaam), Shan တၢမ်း (táam), Tai Nüa ᥖᥣᥛᥰ (täam).


ชอบ

th-prep

ชอบ • (chɔ̂ɔp)

/t͡ɕʰɔːp̚˥˩/

(somewhat archaic) in accordance (with); in line (with); in conformity (to).


บน

th:prep-place บน (canonical)
bon (romanization)

From Proto-Tai *ɓɯnᴬ (“sky; heaven”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨷᩫ᩠ᨶ, Lao ບົນ (bon), Lü ᦥᦳᧃ (bun) or ᦢᦳᧃ (ḃun), Shan ဝူၼ် (wǔun) or မူၼ် (mǔun), Zhuang mbwn, Bouyei mbenl, Saek บึ๋น, Tày bôn.


หนึ่ง

From Proto-Tai *nɯːŋᴮ (“one”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ, Lao ໜຶ່ງ (nưng) or ນຶ່ງ (nưng), Lü ᦓᦹᧂᧈ (nueng¹), Shan ၼိုင်ႈ (nūeng), Aiton လိုင် (lüṅ), Ahom 𑜎𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 (lüṅ), Zuojiang Zhuang nwngq.

cog

Ahom 𑜎𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 (lüṅ)


ใต้

th:prep-place ใต้ (canonical)
dtâai (romanization)

From Proto-Tai *taɰꟲ (“downstream; below”). Compare Middle Chinese 底 (MC tejX, “bottom; underneath”). Cognate with Lao ໃຕ້ (tai), Lü ᦺᦎᧉ (ṫay²), Shan တႂ်ႈ (tāue), Tai Nüa ᥖᥬᥲ (tàue), Ahom 𑜄𑜧 (taw) or 𑜄𑜨𑜧 (tow), Zhuang dawj, Zuojiang Zhuang dawj. Compare Proto-Be *ɗaːwᴬ².

Lü ᦺᦎᧉ (ṫay²)

แมวอยู่ใต้โต๊ะ

down; below; beneath; under; underneath.


aufgrund

auf (“on”) + Grund (“ground, reason, soil”)

affix

Er ließ mich aufgrund eines Diebstahls zur Polizeidirektion bringen.

He had me brought to the police station because of a theft.

due to, because of, as a result of, by reason of, on account of


kvůli

"Poslušně hlásím," odpověděl šikovatel, "že jsem nucen vás zamknouti a postaviti kvůli vaší bezpečnosti k arestantovi stráž. Až si budete přát vyjít, račte, pane majore, zabouchat na dveře."

1925, Jaroslav Hašek, Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války:


ให้

From Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), from Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᩉᩨ᩶, Lao ໃຫ້ (hai), Lü ᦠᦹᧉ (ḣue²), Tai Dam ꪻꪬ꫁, Shan ႁႂ်ႈ (hāue), Tai Nüa ᥞᥬᥲ (hàue) or ᥞᥫᥲ (hòe), Khamti ꩭႂ်ႛ, Aiton ꩭၞ် (haü), Phake ꩭၞ် (haü), Ahom 𑜑𑜧 (haw), Bouyei haec, Zhuang hawj.

cog

Lü ᦠᦹᧉ (ḣue²)

Exodus 6:11, KJV:
จงเข้าไปเฝ้าฟาโรห์กษัตริย์แห่งอียิปต์ บอกให้ปล่อยชนชาติอิสราเอลไปจากแผ่นดินของเขา
jong kâo bpai fâo faa-roo gà-sàt hɛ̀ng ii-yìp · bɔ̀ɔk hâi bplɔ̀i chon-châat ìs-raa-eel bpai jàak pɛ̀n-din kɔ̌ɔng kǎo
Go in, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, that he let the children of Israel go out of his land.
(literally) Go in and see Pharaoh the king of Egypt, tell him to let the people of Israel go out of his realm.

ขุนช้างขุนแผน ฉบับหอพระสมุดวชิรญาณ, ตอนที่ ๗ พลายแก้วแต่งงานกับนางพิม:
ครู่หนึ่งถึงบ้านศรีประจัน แกตัวสั่นร้องเรียกให้ดูหมา
krûu nʉ̀ng tʉ̌ng bâan sǐi sǐi-bprà-jan · gɛɛ dtuua sàn rɔ́ɔng-rîiak hâi duu mǎa
After a while they reached the house of Si Prachan. Their bodies started trembling, as they called each other to look at the dog.

2002, จิระนันท์ พิตรปรีชา, ศึกหอคอยคู่กู้พิภพ:
ไม้เท้านั่น ข้าสั่งแล้วให้ริบไม้เท้าพ่อมด
mái-táao nân · kâa sàng lɛ́ɛo hâi ríp mái-táao pɔ̂ɔ-mót
His staff! I told you to take the wizard's staff!

ยวนพ่าย:
สั่งแสนฟ้าเรื่อให้กุํตวว หมื่นนครโทษอำ ผิดไว้ แสนสูตัดเอาหัว มันสยบ เสียนา ไว้หว่างทางเหนือใต้ ต่อกัน
sàng sɛ̌ɛn-fáa-rʉ̂ʉa hâi gum dtuua · mʉ̀ʉn-ná-kɔɔn tôot am · pìt wái · sɛ̌ɛn sǔu dtàt ao hǔua · man sìiap · sǐia naa · wái wàang taang nʉ̌ʉa dtâai · dtɔ̀ɔ gan
The king orders Saen Fa Ruea to arrest Muen Nakhon who is guilty of crime concealment, and says: "Saen, you shall have him beheaded and have his head impaled on a spike at the joint of the north and the south".

ไปให้พ้น
bpai hâi pón
Be gone!
(literally) Go to the point of [being] gone.

ทำให้ดี
tam hâi dii
To do [something] well.
(literally) To do to the point of [being] good; to do so that [it be] good; to do in a good manner.

ตีให้ตาย
dtii hâi dtaai
To beat to death.
(literally) to beat to the point of dying; to beat until dying; to beat [someone] until [he] dies; to beat [someone] so that [he] dies.

to; for; that, so that; to the point of, to the extent of, to the degree of, until; in a manner that (is).

ทำให้หน่อย

เขาทำให้

ใครทำให้

for, for the sake of, or on behalf of (someone).


pre

From Latin prae (“in front of”); see pre-.


pre

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Rozpárali aj ostatné vrecia a každý sa snažil uchytiť pre seba čo najviac.

1943, Dobroslav Chrobák, Drak sa vracia. Chapter 2

They ripped the other sacks open as well and everyone tried to take as much as possible for himself.

Vravel pomaly a smial sa ako tuční ľudia, ktorí pre nízky krk nemôžu jasne hovoriť, ani smiať sa hlasne.

He said slowly and he was laughing as fat people do, who cannot speak clearly nor laugh loudly because of their low neck.


pre

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“before, in front of”).


แก่

th-prep

แก่ • (gɛ̀ɛ)

ศาลฎีกาแผนกคดีอาญาของผู้ดำรงตำแหน่งทางการเมือง (2018 November 13) “คำพิพากษาของศาลฎีกาแผนกคดีอาญาของผู้ดำรงตำแหน่งทางการเมือง เรื่อง การแสดงบัญชีรายการทรัพย์สินและหนี้สิน [คดีหมายเลขดำที่ อม. ๑๓๕/๒๕๖๐ คดีหมายเลขแดงที่ อม. ๑๘๙/๒๕๖๐ ระหว่าง คณะกรรมการป้องกันและปราบปรามการทุจริตแห่งชาติ ผู้ร้อง นายธนนท์ หรือธนู ธำรงพนากุล ผู้คัดค้าน]”, in ราชกิจจานุเบกษา (in Thai), volume ๑๓๕, number ๙๓ ก (pdf), Bangkok: สำนักเลขาธิการคณะรัฐมนตรี, retrieved 2018-11-14, page 18
โทษที่จะลงแก่บุคคลนั้นจะหนักกว่าโทษที่บัญญัติไว้ในกฎหมายที่ใช้อยู่ในเวลาที่กระทำความผิดมิได้
tôot tîi jà long gɛ̀ɛ bùk-kon nán jà nàk gwàa tôot tîi ban-yàt wái nai gòt-mǎai tîi chái yùu nai wee-laa tîi grà-tam kwaam-pìt mí dâai
The penalty to be imposed upon that person cannot be more serious than the penalty set forth in the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.

รัฐบาลไทย (2004 October 22) “พระราชบัญญัติแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายอาญา (ฉบับที่ ๑๗) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๗”, in ราชกิจจานุเบกษา (in Thai), volume ๑๒๑, number ตอนพิเศษ ๖๕ ก (pdf), Bangkok: สำนักเลขาธิการคณะรัฐมนตรี, retrieved 2018-11-14, page 22
เอกสารหรือวัตถุอื่นใดไม่ว่าจะมีรูปลักษณะใดที่ผู้ออกได้ออกให้แก่ผู้มีสิทธิใช้
èek-gà-sǎan rʉ̌ʉ wát-tù ʉ̀ʉn dai mâi wâa jà mii rûup lák-sà-nà dai tîi pûu-ɔ̀ɔk dâai ɔ̀ɔk hâi gɛ̀ɛ pûu mii sìt chái
A document or any other object, irrespective of the form or appearance, which an issuer has issued to an eligible user

รัฐบาลไทย (2003 June 20) “พระราชบัญญัติแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายอาญา (ฉบับที่ ๑๖) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๖”, in ราชกิจจานุเบกษา (in Thai), volume ๑๒๐, number ๕๘ ก (pdf), Bangkok: สำนักเลขาธิการคณะรัฐมนตรี, archived from the original on 2022-05-08, page 1
โทษประหารชีวิตและโทษจำคุกตลอดชีวิตมิให้นำมาใช้บังคับแก่ผู้ซึ่งกระทำความผิดในขณะที่มีอายุต่ำกว่าสิบแปดปี
tôot bprà-hǎan-chii-wít lɛ́ tôot jam-kúk dtà-lɔ̀ɔt chii-wít mí hâi nam maa chái-bang-káp gɛ̀ɛ pûu sʉ̂ng grà-tam kwaam-pìt nai kà-nà tîi mii aa-yú dtàm gwàa sìp-bpɛ̀ɛt bpii
The penalty of death and the penalty of imprisonment for life shall not apply to a person who commits an offence whilst being at the age under eighteen years.

รัฐบาลไทย (1999 December 30) “พระราชบัญญัติแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายวิธีพิจารณาความอาญา (ฉบับที่ ๒๑) พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒”, in ราชกิจจานุเบกษา (in Thai), volume ๑๑๖, number ๑๓๗ ก (pdf), Bangkok: สำนักเลขาธิการคณะรัฐมนตรี, retrieved 2018-11-14, page 20
ผู้ใดกระทำการใด ๆ แก่ศพ...เว้นแต่จำเป็นต้องกระทำเพื่อป้องกันอันตรายแก่อนามัยของประชาชน...ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกตั้งแต่หกเดือนถึงสองปี...
pûu dai grà-tam gaan dai dai gɛ̀ɛ sòp ... wén dtɛ̀ɛ jam-bpen dtɔ̂ng grà-tam pʉ̂ʉa bpɔ̂ng-gan an-dtà-raai gɛ̀ɛ à-naa-mai kɔ̌ɔng bprà-chaa-chon ... dtɔ̂ng rá-waang tôot jam-kúk dtâng-dtɛ̀ɛ hòk dʉʉan tʉ̌ng sɔ̌ɔng bpii...
Any person who commits whatever act to a dead body...shall be liable to imprisonment from six months to two years...save where it needs to be done for preventing danger to the public health...

to: used for identifying the person or thing affected by or receiving something.


แก่

แก่ • (gɛ̀ɛ)

1681, พระราชพงษาวดารกรุงเก่า ฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์, กรุงเทพฯ: โรงพิมพ์ไทย, published 1907, page 6:
เอาเมืองเชียงใหม่แก่ท้าวลูก
ao mʉʉang chiiang-mài gɛ̀ɛ táao lûuk
seized the town of Chiang Mai from Thao Luk

1370, “จารึกวัดพระยืน”, in ฐานข้อมูลจารึกในประเทศไทย, published 2023:
ผู้เป็นลูกรักแก่พญาผายู เป็นหลานแก่พญาคำฟู เป็นเหลนแก่พญามังราย
pûu bpen lûuk rák gɛ̀ɛ pá-yaa pǎa yuu · bpen lǎan gɛ̀ɛ pá-yaa kam fuu · bpen lěen gɛ̀ɛ pá-yaa mang raai
who is a beloved child of Phaya Phayu, is a grandchild of Phaya Khamfu, is a great-grandchild of Phaya Mangrai


henger

From Middle High German hinter, hinder, from Old High German (*)hindar, northern variant of hintar, from Proto-Germanic *hinder.

hengerm

with the masculine and neuter dative of the definite article


นับ

From Proto-Tai *napᴰ (“to count”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨶᩢ᩠ᨷ, Lao ນັບ (nap), Lü ᦓᧇ (nab), Tai Dam ꪙꪚꪾ, Shan ၼပ်ႉ (nâ̰p), Phake ꩫပ် (nap, “to calculate”), Ahom *𑜃𑜆𑜫 (*nap).

คนนับล้าน

(of an amount or number) up to; as much as; as many as.


إلا

ar-prep

إِلَّا • (ʔillā)

Cognate with Ge'ez አላ (ʾälla), Hebrew אֶלָּא (ʾellā).

مولاي إني ببابك قد بسطت يدي
من لي ألوذ به إلاك يا سندي

(Can we date this quote?), Sayyid al-Naqšabandī (lyrics and music), “مَوْلَاي (mawlāy) [My Lord]”:

My Lord, I sit at your door, with arms outspread.
Who is there for me to whom I may flee,
Save for you, my prop?

(in affirmatives and rhetorical questions, rare) except (for), save (for), but (for), barring; other than, besides, apart from

(in negatives, rare) no more than; nothing more than; nothing but or no one but; only, but


բացի

head

բացի • (bacʻi)

hy-prep

բացի • (bacʻi)

From Old Armenian բաց ի (bacʻ i, “except, excepted, besides, save; without”).

der

Ոչ ոք չգիտեր հարցի պատասխանը, բացի Վահագնից։

No one knew the answer apart from Vahagn.

Očʻ okʻ čʻgiter harcʻi patasxanə, bacʻi Vahagnicʻ.


pga.

Abbreviation of på grund af (“because of”).


pga.

på grunn av
på grunn av#Norwegian_Bokmål

Abbreviation of på grunn av (“because of, due to”).


pga.

på grunn av
på grunn av#Norwegian_Nynorsk


(text messaging, Internet slang, slang) Abbreviation of before.


bezüglich

(officialese) regarding, with respect to


ablow

a- + below, on analogy of above, afore, etc. See also aneth.

On the lower side or part of; lower down in; further down from.


ανά

ανά δύο έτη

ανά άτομο, ανά δύο άτομα

ανά την Ελλάδα


fyrir neðan

From fyrir (“which denotes placement when used with an adverb”) + neðan (“from the bottom of a place, below a place”).

(with accusative) below something, beneath something

það er betra að hafa vaðið fyrir neðan sig

hafa munninn fyrir neðan nefið

to have one's mouth beneath one's nose; to have a quick tongue


kontra

contra (against; contrary or opposed to; in opposition or contrast to)


kontra

kontrija (first-person singular)
kontrina (first-person plural)
kontrik (second-person singular)
kontrikom (plural second-person)
kontrih (masculine singular third-person)
kontriha (feminine singular third-person)
kontrihom (plural third-person)

Borrowed from Sicilian contra and/or Italian contra, both from Latin contra.


kontra

ništa kontra Splita


kontra

Hur mycket bör man fokusera på kebabsåsens krämighet kontra annat?

How much should you focus on the creaminess of the kebab sauce versus other things?


kontra

bakuna kontra tigdas


i.q.

From the Latin īdem (“same”) + quod the neuter nominative of quī (“what”).

Cleopatris, Egypti, i. q. Arsinoe Heroopolitana.

1851, William Hazlitt, The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane, London: Whittaker & Co., →OCLC, page 113:

כָּרְסֵא, the throne; m. n., i. q. Hebr. כִּסֵּא, סּ being changed into רס.

1859, George Longfield, An Introduction to the Study of the Chaldee Language, London: Whittaker & Co., →OCLC, page 157:

Bejuthno, i.q. Bojudno

1871, John Bannister, A Glossary of Cornish Names, London: Williams & Norgate, →OCLC, page 8:


אותו

head

אוֹתוֹ • (otó) (feminine counterpart אוֹתָהּ)

אוֹתוֹ (canonical)
otó (romanization)
אוֹתָהּ (feminine)

Form of אֵת (et) including third-person masculine singular personal pronoun as object: him, it.


צום

Contraction of צו דעם (tsu dem): to the.

Precedes a superlative adjective in the dative singular to create a superlative adverb.


siden

From Old Danish sithæn, from Old Norse síðan, from síð- + *-þan. Compare Swedish sedan, Old English siþþan, and — indirectly — with English since and Dutch sinds.


siden

From Danish siden, compare the Norwegian-derived sia, from Old Norse síðan. Cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk sidan and Swedish sen.


t.o.m.

Abbreviation of til og med (“up to and including”).


t.o.m.

Jag läste t.o.m. sidan 39.

Abbreviation of till och med (“up to and including”).


fao

Abbreviation of for the attention of. Used on an address or label, specifies an individual to whom the document should be delivered, usually put on when the address is of an organisation.


bifore

English: before

From Old English beforan, equivalent to bi- + fore.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


FAO

Alternative letter-case form of fao (“for the attention of”)


lần

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 輪 (“circle, wheel; turn”, SV: luân).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">luân</i>

vi-etym-sino

Ba lần ba là chín


angesichts

Die Verbraucher in Deutschland halten sich beim Konsum von Fisch angesichts hoher Preise eher zurück.

2012 June 18, Die Welt, archived from the original on 2013-04-12, page 10:

Consumers in Germany somewhat hold back from the consumption of fish in the face of high prices.


a differenza di

A differenza di suo fratello Marco, Giovanni è un grande appassionato di sport.

Unlike his brother Marco, Giovanni is very much into sports.


dindan

dindanon (singular)
dindanomp (plural)
dindanout (singular)
dindanoc'h (plural)
dindanañ (singular)
dindano (plural third-person)
dindani (singular)
dindanor (plural)


voller

+obj

[with genitive plural noun or uncountable noun or (rarely) dative]

Heute ist ein neuer Tag voller neuer Möglichkeiten.

Today is a new day full of new possibilities.

Wir wünschen euch ein Leben voller Liebe und Glück.

We wish you all a life full of love and happiness.


senz'

(sometimes before a vowel) Apocopic form of senza


při

Inherited from Old Czech při, from Proto-Slavic *pri.

při bližším pohledu


při

Czech: při

Denotes an edge where action takes place; on

Denotes location of some activities; in; at; on

Denotes witnessing or participation of event; at

Denotes time in which something took place; with; during

Denotes instrumentality of a person; by, through


při

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pri, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei.


vha.

ved hjelp av
ved hjelp av#Norwegian_Bokmål


vha.

ved hjelp av
ved hjelp av#Norwegian_Nynorsk


p'

Contraction of the preposition pa (“for”)


بین

→ Urdu: بَینـ (bain-)

Borrowed from Arabic بَيْنَ (bayna), بَيْن (bayn).

بین این دو beyn-e in do


dende

From Latin deinde. Cognate with the obsolete form in Spanish, Galician, and Asturian dende.

Vien dende casa suya china-chana cada día

he comes from his house walking (slowly) everyday

from (indicates the origin or initiation of an activity, either in space or time)

Vive con yo dende enguán


dende

From Latin deinde. Cognate with Spanish desde.


trés

head

trés (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

trés an bhfuinneog

trés na doirse

form of tré (“through”) used before the definite article


између

и̏змеђу (canonical)
ȉzmeđu (romanization)

Која је разлика између мушкараца и жена?

What is the difference between men and women?


หน้า

th-prep

หน้า • (nâa)

th:prep-place หน้า (canonical)
nâa (romanization)

From Proto-Tai *ʰnaːꟲ (“face”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣ, Lao ໜ້າ (nā), Lü ᦐᦱᧉ (ṅaa²), Tai Dam ꪘ꫁ꪱ, Tai Dón ꪘꪱꫂ, Tày nả, Shan ၼႃႈ (nāa), Tai Nüa ᥘᥣᥲ (làa) or ᥢᥣᥲ (nàa), Ahom 𑜃𑜠 (na) or 𑜃𑜡 (nā), Zhuang naj. Compare Proto-Be *naːᴮꟲ¹, whence Lingao na³.
Compare also Burmese နှာ (hna).

cog

Lü ᦐᦱᧉ (ṅaa²)


међу

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *meďu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos.

пого̀дити ме̏ђу о̏чи

between (with change of position, answering the question ку̀да) [with accusative]

на̀лазити се ме̏ђу љу́дима

among (without change of position, answering the question гдје̏/где̏) [with locative]


ຫຼັງຈາກ

lo-prep

ຫຼັງຈາກ • (lang chāk)

[laŋ˥˧˧.t͡ɕaːk̚˥˥˨]


ທາງ

From Proto-Southwestern Tai *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”). Cognate with Thai ทาง (taang), Northern Thai ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ, Khün ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ, Lü ᦑᦱᧂ (taang), Tai Dam ꪕꪱꪉ, Shan တၢင်း (táang), Tai Nüa ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang), Ahom 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ).


ເນື່ອງຈາກ

lo-prep

ເນື່ອງຈາກ • (nư̄ang chāk)

[nɯːə̯ŋ˧.t͡ɕaːk̚˧˩]

[nɯːə̯ŋ˧˨.t͡ɕaːk̚˥˥˨]


ທີ່

From Proto-Tai *diːᴮ. Cognate with Thai ที่ (tîi), Lü ᦑᦲᧈ (tii¹), Shan တီႈ (tīi), Ahom 𑜄𑜣 (tī). Outside Tai-Kadai: compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *tiʔ ~ tiiʔ ~ tiəʔ (“that yonder”), Mon တေံ (teʔ, “that”), Khmer ទី (tii), Vietnamese thì (“then, which, to be”).


erga

Same as ergō, from ex- and Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”). Compare with the adverbial use of "ē regiōne" ("directly, against"), with the same elements.

der

(literally, of locality, pre-Classical and post-Classical only, rare) over against, opposite to

(figuratively, of feelings and conduct) towards (a person or, more rarely, a thing)

(of friendly feelings etc., used chiefly thus in Classical Latin) with regard to, towards, for

(of unfriendly feelings, for the usual contrā or adversus) against

(in post-Augustean authors, especially in Tacitus, in general of every kind of mental relation to a person or thing) to, towards, with respect to, with regard to, concerning, about

Emō ergā aliquem.

quī aliquem ergā iūdicem accūsābit

one who will accuse another applying to the judge

(Medieval Latin) applying to, addressing (oneself) to


ຫຼັງ

From Proto-Tai *ʰlaŋᴬ (“back”). Cognate with Thai หลัง (lǎng), Northern Thai ᩉᩖᩢᨦ, Lü ᦜᧂ (l̇ang), Tai Dam ꪨꪰꪉ, Shan လင် (lǎng), Aiton လင် (laṅ), Ahom 𑜎𑜂𑜫 (laṅ), Bouyei langl, Zhuang laeng.


unner

From Old Frisian under, from Proto-Germanic *under.


unner

From Middle English under, from Old English under, from Proto-Germanic *under.


ໃນຖານະ

[naɰ˩˨.tʰaː˥˧˧.naʔ˧˨]


ເພື່ອ

lo-prep

ເພື່ອ • (phư̄a)


ກ່ຽວກັບ

ກ່ຽວກັບ • (kiāu kap)


با

From earlier ابا (abâ), from Middle Persian.


ແຫ່ງ

ແຫ່ງ • (hǣng)

Cognate with Thai แห่ง (hɛ̀ng), Shan ႁဵင်း (háeng).


lassus

Old French lassus, from la (“there”) + sus (“upon; on top of”).


in on

She was in on the surprise from the beginning.

We had to let him in on it after he overheard some of us talking.

Part of or privy to; involved in (something private, especially a plan or plot).


veu

French: vu

il ne pouvoit autrement eviter nostre importunité, veu la condition de ses enfans

1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 8:


pasca

Nonstandard form of pasca- (“after-, post-”).


setu

here you are, here's ..., voilà (also French voici)


myn

myn Duw


medelst

Based on German mittels (“by”) with the archaic suffix + -t. Also compare the noun medel (“means to an end”).


همراه

→ Armenian: համըռահ (haməṙah)

→ Kazakh: ымыра (ymyra)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: همراه (hemrah)
Turkish: hem-rāh

From هم (ham, “same”) + راه (râh, “way”).

همراه من بیا.


ชั่ว

th-prep

ชั่ว • (chûua)

Cognate with Northern Thai ᨩ᩠ᩅᩫ᩵, Khün ᨩ᩠ᩅᩫ᩵, Lao ຊົ່ວ (sūa), Lü ᦷᦋᧈ (tso¹), Shan ၸူဝ်ႈ (tsō), Phake ꩡုဝ် (cuw), Ahom 𑜋𑜥 (chū).

(of a time, period of time, length, etc) for; throughout; during; over; as long as.

period of time; length; etc; period of time; length; etc


a'

SIL. What, a' God's name, could come into the heads
Of this people to make them rebel?
ERN. Why, religion; that came into their heads
A' God's name.
GER. But what a devil made the noblemen
Rebel? they never mind religion.

1661, Samuel Tuke, "The Adventures of Five Hours", in 1876, Robert Dodsley, William Carew Hazlitt, A Select Collection of Old English Plays, page 217


de acuerdo con

Debes jugar de acuerdo con las normas.


such as

Waterbirds, such as the duck or the gull, are common in the area.

The San Juan market is Mexico City's most famous deli of exotic meats, where an adventurous shopper can hunt down hard-to-find critters such as ostrich, wild boar and crocodile.

2013 July 26, Nick Miroff, “Mexico gets a taste for eating insects […]”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 7, page 32:

I was never in a country such as that.

A plan such as you propose will never succeed.

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[…]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 46:

тако́й ... как

e.g. "такой день (denʹ) как ..." - a day such as ...


neven

From Middle Dutch nēven. Represents a contraction (corresponding to modern in even) originally meaning "on level ground"; cognate with German neben.


adi

(with numbers with the suffix -īšu) times, -fold