ل

لَـ (canonical)
la- (romanization)
لَـ (stem)
لِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
لِيَ (feminine first-person masculine singular)
لَنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
لَكَ (masculine second-person singular)
لَكِ (feminine second-person singular)
لَكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
لَكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
لَكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
لَهُ (masculine singular third-person)
لَهَا (feminine singular third-person)
لَهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
لَهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
لَهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

يَا لَلْعَجَبِ!

يَا لَهُ مِنْ عَالَمٍ رَائِعٍ!

يَا لَلْأُمِّ لِلْأَطْفَالِ!

Oh for mother to the children! (Oh mother, help your children!)


ل

From Arabic لِ (li, “to, for, towards”). The initial syllable in suffixed forms is likely a contemporary development rather than influence from Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, for, towards”), whose initial glottal stop would have naturally been lost as seen below; instead, compare the development of the initial syllable in إِجَا (ʔija, “to come”).


ل

From Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, for, toward”).


ἐν

grc-preposition

ἐν • (en) (governs the dative, genitive, and accusative)

Greek: εν (en)

PIE word
 *h₁én
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), cognate with Latin in, Old Armenian ի (i), English in.
The dative is from the PIE locative. The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

(location) (with dative) in, on, at; (with dative plural) among

(elliptical, with genitive) in the house or the land of

Ζεὺς δ’ ἔλαχ’ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσι

[Poseidon answering Iris:]
and Zeus got the wide heaven surrounded by clear air and clouds

Zeùs d’ élakh’ ouranòn eurùn en aithéri kaì nephélēisi

ἐν τῇ δὲ ἐσθῆτι ἔτυχε ταῦτα κατεργασάμενος, ἀνέθηκε τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι πέμψας ἐς Βραγχίδας τὰς Μιλησίων.

The clothes that he happened to be wearing when he achieved this, Necos dedicated to Apollo and sent to the Branchidae of Miletos.

en têi dè esthêti étukhe taûta katergasámenos, anéthēke tôi Apóllōni pémpsas es Brankhídas tàs Milēsíōn.


touchant

Et, en la première, on trouvera diverses considérations touchant les sciences.

1637, René Descartes, Discours de la méthode:

And, in the first part, we are going to find diverse considerations about science.


ἐξ

Alternative form of ἐκ (ek) (used before vowels)


εἰς

Greek: εις (eis), σε (se)

From Proto-Hellenic *en-s (compare the Ionic form ἐνς (ens), later ἐς (es)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), from which also ἐν (en, “in, at, on”). Possibly was created to contrast with ἐν (en) as the result of analogy with the pair ἐκ (ek) / ἐξ (ex), of which the latter is the older form (see *h₁éǵʰs); the -/s/ in ἐξ (ex) is ultimately from the PIE genitive–ablative marker *-(e)s.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.


ἐκ

Greek: εκ (ek), ξε- (xe-)

Esperanto: ek-

Ido: ek

From Proto-Hellenic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”).
Cognates include Latin ex, ē, Old Irish ess-, a, ass (Irish as), Lithuanian ìš, Old Church Slavonic из (iz), Northern Kurdish ji, Albanian ith.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation.

both in compounds and as a separate word

ἐξ Ἰταλίας

ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς αὐτῶν, κεἰς τὴν μου

to denote change from one place or condition to another

to express separation of distinction from a number

(of place)
(of position) outside, beyond

ἐκ τούτου

(of particular points of time) just, after

(of origin)
(of materials) made out of something

ἐκ πατρὸς εὐγενοῦς

ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων

(of origin)
(of descent, parentage) descended from

(of causation) done by someone, something

of the cause, instrument, or means by which a thing is done

ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον

turns a following noun into a periphrastic adverb

(of origin)
(with numerals) in such an order


afară

Inherited from Latin ād forās. Compare Spanish afuera, Portuguese afora, Aromanian afoarã.


ἐπί

ἐπῐ́ • (epí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: επί (epí)

From Proto-Hellenic *epí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on”).
Cognate with Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹 (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, and Old English bī (English by).
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνου.

ἔκλαγξαν δ’ ἄρ’ ὀϊστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων χωομένοιο

The arrows rattled on the shoulders of the angry god as he moved.

éklanxan d’ ár’ oïstoì ep’ ṓmōn khōoménoio

ἀλλ’ ἄγε δὴ φεύγωμεν ἐφ’ ἵππων

[with genitive]
on, upon (on the upper surface of)

ἔγχεα δέ σφιν / ὄρθ’ ἐπὶ σαυρωτῆρος ἐλήλατο

But their spears were driven into the ground erect on their spikes.

énkhea dé sphin / órth’ epì saurōtêros elḗlato

ἇς ἔχρῃζε γᾶς ἐπὶ ξένας / ἔθανε

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1705–1706

He died on the foreign ground that he desired.

τὴν θυγατέρα τὴν ἑωυτοῦ κατίσαι ἐπ’ οἰκήματος

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.121E.2

tḕn thugatéra tḕn heōutoû katísai ep’ oikḗmatos

[with genitive]
(mostly post-Homeric) in

ἔνθα δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασι / καλοὶ λαΐνεοι

And there near these selfsame [springs] are broad washing-tanks, fair and wrought of stone.

éntha d’ ep’ autáōn plunoì eurées engùs éasi / kaloì laḯneoi

ὁρμεῖν ἐπ’ ἀγκύρας

[with genitive]
(of ships) at (dependent upon)

ἐφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν

(with reflexive or personal pronoun) by oneself

ἐτάχθησαν ἐπὶ τεττάρων

οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι οὐκ ἔλαττον ἢ ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα ἀσπίδων συνεστραμμένοι ἦσαν

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.12

The Thebans, however, were massed not less than fifty shields deep.

hoi dè Thēbaîoi ouk élatton ḕ epì pentḗkonta aspídōn sunestramménoi êsan

(with numerals, of a body of soldiers) deep

οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μαρτύρων ἀλλὰ κρυπτόμενα πράσσεται τὰ τοιαῦτα

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, First Tetralogy 3.8

Crimes of this kind are committed in secret, not before witnesses.

ou gàr epì martúrōn allà kruptómena prássetai tà toiaûta

(with a person) before (in the presence of)

[with genitive]
before (in the presence of)

ἐπὶ τῶν πλουσίων […] αἰσθάνομαι
epì tôn plousíōn […] aisthánomai
In the case of the rich, I can see that […]

ὁρῶ δ’ ἔγωγε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὁμοίως καὶ φύσει διαφέροντας ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.9.3

And similarly in all other points, I find that human beings naturally differ from one another.

horô d’ égōge kaì epì tôn állōn pántōn homoíōs kaì phúsei diaphérontas allḗlōn toùs anthrṓpous

τό γε νύσσα τέτυκτο ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων, / καὶ νῦν τέρματ’ ἔθηκε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς

Haply it was made the turning-post of a race in the days of men of old, and now swift-footed goodly Achilles has appointed it his turning-post.

tó ge nússa tétukto epì protérōn anthrṓpōn, / kaì nûn térmat’ éthēke podárkēs dîos Akhilleús

οἰ έπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων

Δερκύλλου δὲ τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας στρατηγοῦ συλλαβεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπιχειρήσαντος

But Dercyllus, the Athenian general in command of the district, made an attempt to arrest him.

Derkúllou dè toû epì tês khṓras stratēgoû sullabeîn autòn epikheirḗsantos

[with genitive]
(of authority, power, etc.) in

καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντων φαίνεται προῃρημένος μ’ ὑβρίζειν

And not only on that, but on every [occasion] he has shown a deliberate intention to insult me.

kaì ouk epì toútou mónon, all’ epì pántōn phaínetai proēirēménos m’ hubrízein

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνῳ.

ἀλλ’ ἄγε νῦν εἴσελθε καὶ ἕζεο τῷδ’ ἐπὶ δίφρῳ

But come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair.

all’ áge nûn eíselthe kaì hézeo tôid’ epì díphrōi

σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρων

408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1131

This device his shield bore upon its iron back: an earth-born giant carrying on his shoulders a whole city which he had wrenched from its base.

sidēronṓtois d’ aspídos túpois epên / gígas ep’ ṓmois gēgenḕs hólēn pólin / phérōn mokhloîsin exanaspásas báthrōn

νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσι

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.77.2

And after overcoming them as well, they left four thousand tenant farmers on the lands of the horse-breeders.

nikḗsantes dè kaì toútous tetrakiskhilíous klēroúkhous epì tôn hippobotéōn têi khṓrēi leípousi

αἱ δὲ νέμονται / πὰρ Κόρακος πέτρῃ ἐπί τε κρήνῃ Ἀρεθούσῃ

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.408

They are feeding by the rock of Corax and near the spring Arethusa.

hai dè némontai / pàr Kórakos pétrēi epí te krḗnēi Arethoúsēi

τοῖο δ’ ἐπ’ Ἰφιδάμαντι κάρη ἀπέκοψε παραστάς

And he drew near and struck off his head over [the body of] Iphidamas.

toîo d’ ep’ Iphidámanti kárē apékopse parastás

οἷ’ ἐπὶ σοὶ κατέθηκε θεὰ περικαλλέ’ ἄεθλα

Such beautiful prises did the goddess set there in thy honor.

hoî’ epì soì katéthēke theà perikallé’ áethla

ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃ

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.74.1

From there he came to Arcadia and stirred up disorder, uniting the Arcadians against Sparta.

entheûten dè apikómenos es tḕn Arkadíēn neṓtera éprēsse prḗgmata, sunistàs toùs Arkádas epì tê Spártēi

ὢ πόποι, οὐκ ἄρα σοί γ’ 'ἐπὶ εἴδεϊ καὶ φρένες ἦσαν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.454

Well, now, it seems that you at least do not have wits in addition to your beauty.

ṑ pópoi, ouk ára soí g’ 'epì eídeï kaì phrénes êsan

[with dative]
in addition to, over, besides

ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει

βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃ

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 404

Murder cries out on the Fury, which from those killed before brings one ruin after another.

boâi gàr loigòs Erinùn / parà tôn próteron phthiménōn átēn / hetéran epágousan ep’ átēi

[with dative]
(with duplication of head noun) after

νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.29.2

And now we bear such weight with the foreigner that it is in our power to have you deprived of your lands and enslaved.

nûn te parà tôi barbárōi tosoûto dunámetha hṓste ep’ hēmîn esti tês gês esterêsthai kaì pròs ēndrapodísthai huméas

τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 56

Judgements and awards given according to the law while the government was democratic, shall be valid.

tàs díkas kaì tàs diaítas, hósai egénonto epì toîs nómois en dēmokratouménēi têi pólei, kurías eînai

σέο δ’ ὀστέα πύσει ἄρουρα
κειμένου ἐν Τροίῃ ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ
séo d’ ostéa púsei ároura

And the earth will rot your bones as you lie in the land of Troy with your task unfinished.

keiménou en Troíēi ateleutḗtōi epì érgōi

κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀεί

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1554

And in your prosperity, remember me in my death, and be fortunate evermore.

kap’ eupraxíāi / mémnēsthé mou thanóntos eutukheîs aeí

τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.12

He furnished them such amusement at dinner.

tosaútas mèn autoîs euthumías pareîkhen epì tôi deípnōi

(of conditions or circumstances) in, with

ἀλλ’ ἤτοι ἐπὶ νυκτὶ φυλάξομεν ἡμέας αὐτούς

Surely at night we will guard our own selves.

all’ ḗtoi epì nuktì phuláxomen hēméas autoús

ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι

But here may he, who on this day of his own will shrinks from fight, become the sport of dogs.

all’ aûthi kunôn mélpēthra génoito, / hós tis ep’ ḗmati tôide hekṑn methíēisi mákhesthai

[with dative]
(of time, never in proper Attic) at, on

μαθὼν δὲ ἐπ’ ἐξεργασμένοισι τὸ μαντήιον ἐὸν τοῦτο

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.164.3

Then, perceiving after the deed had been done that this was the meaning of the oracle […]

mathṑn dè ep’ exergasménoisi tò mantḗion eòn toûto

ἦ τ’ ἔτι πολλὰ τετεύξεται ἄλγε’ ἐπ’ αὐτῇ

Many be the woes that shall yet be wrought because of her.

ê t’ éti pollà teteúxetai álge’ ep’ autêi

[with dative]
(expressing a cause) on account of, for

ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ,
υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι
hò dè teíreto gḗraï lugrôi,

And their father was fordone with grievous old age, and begat no other son to leave in charge of his possessions.

huiòn d’ ou téket’ állon epì kteátessi lipésthai

γαστέρες αἵδ’ αἰγῶν κέατ’ ἐν πυρί, τὰς ἐπὶ δόρπῳ / κατθέμεθα

Here at the fire lie goats' paunches, which we set there for supper.

gastéres haíd’ aigôn kéat’ en purí, tàs epì dórpōi / katthémetha

[with dative]
(expressing a purpose) for

ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμα

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.60.3

When this offer was accepted by Pisistratus, who agreed on these terms [with Megacles], they devised a plan to bring Pisistratus back.

endexaménou dè tòn lógon kaì homologḗsantos epì toútoisi Peisistrátou, mēkhanôntai dḕ epì têi katódōi prêgma

ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόντας

They offered to make peace on the condition that the Athenians destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus.

all’ epoioûnto eirḗnēn eph’ hôi tá te makrà teíkhē kaì tòn Peiraiâ kathelóntas

τίς κέν μοι τόδε ἔργον ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειε / δώρῳ ἔπι μεγάλῳ

Who is there now that would promise me this deed and bring it to pass for a great gift?

tís kén moi tóde érgon huposkhómenos teléseie / dṓrōi épi megálōi

[with dative]
for (i.e. in exchange for)

ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμος

Now the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction, and for that of the alien is war.

epì mèn oûn têi toû oikeíou ékhthrāi stásis kéklētai, epì dè têi toû allotríou pólemos

Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅς μ’ ἐπὶ βουσὶν / εἷσ’ ἔτι τυτθὸν ἐόντα

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.209

Blameless Odysseus, who set me in charge of his cattle […]

Odusêos amúmonos, hós m’ epì bousìn / heîs’ éti tutthòn eónta

ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον

ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίου

But she went onto the great wall of Ilios.

οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.131.2

They are accustomed to go up onto the highest peaks of the mountains to offer sacrifices to Zeus.

hoì dè nomízousi Diì mèn epì tà hupsēlótata tôn oréōn anabaínontes thusías érdein

[with accusative]
onto (the upper surface of)

ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα

For he had come to the swift ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter.

hò gàr êlthe thoàs epì nêas Akhaiôn lusómenós te thúgatra

αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο

Now when they were come to the beautiful palace of Alexander, the handmaids turned forthwith to their tasks.

haì d’ hót’ Alexándroio dómon perikallé’ híkonto, amphípoloi mèn épeita thoôs epì érga tráponto

ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.1

Beyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt up to the Pillars of Heracles.

hupèr dè tês thēriṓdeos ophrúē psámmēs katḗkei parateínousa apò Thēbéōn tôn Aiguptiéōn ep’ Hērakléas stḗlas

οὐ γάρ πω πάντων ἐπὶ πείρατ’ ἀέθλων / ἤλθομεν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.248

We have not yet come to the end of all our trials.

ou gár pō pántōn epì peírat’ aéthlōn / ḗlthomen

καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 10:18

Yes, and you will be brought before governors and kings for my sake.

kaì epì hēgemónas dè kaì basileîs akhthḗsesthe héneken emoû

(with a person) to before, into the presence of

[with accusative]
to before, into the presence of

ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντο

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.93

The Thebans formed twenty-five shields deep.

ep’ aspídas dè pénte mèn kaì eíkosi Thēbaîoi etáxanto

Χαλκιδέες τε ἐπὶ τὰ ἕτερα ἐσίνοντο ἐπιόντες χώρους τῆς Ἀττικῆς

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.74

The Chalcidians however attacked on another side and raided lands in Attica.

Khalkidées te epì tà hétera esínonto epióntes khṓrous tês Attikês

[with accusative]
to or into a certain side

τοὺς δ’ Ἕκτωρ ἐνόησε κατὰ στίχας, ὦρτο δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς / κεκλήγων

But Hector marked them across the ranks, and rushed against them shouting aloud.

toùs d’ Héktōr enóēse katà stíkhas, ôrto d’ ep’ autoùs / keklḗgōn

οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης

Is it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?

hoútō dḕ oîkon dè phílēn es patrída gaîan / Argeîoi pheúxontai ep’ euréa nôta thalássēs

τλῆτε φίλοι, καὶ μείνατ’ ἐπὶ χρόνον

Endure, my friends, and abide for a time.

ἔνθα μὲν ἐν φύλλοισι φίλον τετιημένος ἦτορ / εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶ

So there among the leaves I slept, my heart sore stricken, the whole night through, until the morning.

éntha mèn en phúlloisi phílon tetiēménos êtor / heûdon pannúkhios kaì ep’ ēô

[with accusative]
(of time) up to, until

ἀλλ’ ἄγ’ ὁ μὲν πεδίονδ’ ἐπὶ βοῦν, ἴτω

Come now, let one go to the plain for a heifer.

ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρην

Our hands are clean with respect to this girl.

ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμων

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.58

He also instructed each one of the newly-mounted officers to appoint some other peer to take his place of command over the infantry of the peers.

epì dè toùs pezoùs tôn homotímōn anth’ hautoû hékaston kathistánai állon árkhonta tôn homotímōn

οἳ μὲν τὰ προϊδόντες ἐπέδραμον, ὦκα δ’ ἔπειτα / τάμνοντ’ ἀμφὶ βοῶν ἀγέλας καὶ πώεα καλὰ / ἀργεννέων οἰῶν, κτεῖνον δ’ ἐπὶ μηλοβοτῆρας

But the liers-in-wait, when they saw these coming on, rushed forth against them and speedily cut off the herds of cattle and fair flocks of white-fleeced sheep, and slew the herdsmen as well.

hoì mèn tà proïdóntes epédramon, ôka d’ épeita / támnont’ amphì boôn agélas kaì pṓea kalà / argennéōn oiôn, kteînon d’ epì mēlobotêras

(without a noun) as well, besides (often with δέ (dé))


ἀνά

ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (aná) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: ανά (aná)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Hellenic *aná. Beekes' derivation from *h₂en- (“up, on high”) doesn't explain the second syllable. LIPP reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *áno (“up, over, along”). For /o/ > /a/ a vowel harmony is posited, cf. παρά (pará), κατά (katá), ἄντα (ánta), μάλα (mála), σάφα (sápha), θαμά (thamá). For the stress shift, an analogy with other prepositions. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Latin an- (“up”) in an-hēlō (“to gasp”), an-testor (“to call up as a witness”), and English on.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with accusative]
in sequence, each, throughout

(of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for

[with accusative]
at a rate, speed, or price of, for

ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν

ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος

(of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase


ضد

ar-prep

ضِدَّ • (ḍidda)

ضِدَّ (canonical)
ḍidda (romanization)
ضِدَّ (stem)
ضِدِّي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
ضِدَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
ضِدَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
ضِدَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
ضِدَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
ضِدَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
ضِدَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
ضِدَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
ضِدَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
ضِدَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
ضِدَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
ضِدَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)


ضد

ḍadd (romanization)
ضد (stem)
ضدي (first-person singular)
ضدنا (first-person plural)
ضدك (masculine second-person singular)
ضدكي (feminine second-person singular)
ضدكم (plural second-person)
ضده (masculine singular third-person)
ضدها (feminine singular third-person)
ضدهم (plural third-person)


ضد

ajp-prep

ضدّ • (ḍidd)


innanzi

From Latin in anteā. Compare Sicilian nnanzi.


имени

head

и́мени • (ímeni)

Библиоте́ка и́мени Ле́нина

named after (usually not translated, see и́мя (ímja))


kaka

kàkà kí eku máà jẹ sèsé, a fi ṣe àwàdànù

Rather than have a rat not eat beans, it will spill them away (proverb on bad consequences)


genom

From Old Norse gegnum (dative of gegn/gjegn).

Bollen gick rakt genom fönstret.

through; from one side of an opening to the other

Bussen stannade aldrig i stan, utan körde rakt genom.

The bus never stopped within the town, but went right through.

through; entering something at one place, exiting somewhere else (on the opposite side)

Genom att gå genom skogen sparade vi en halvtimme.

By walking through the woods we saved half an hour.

Fick du reda på det genom att tjuvlyssna?

Did you get to know that by eavesdropping?

Poesin talar genom tidsåldrarna.


ym

ym Mangor

ym Mhontypridd

Alternative form of yn (“in”) used before m.


misalnya

(conjunctive) for example (as an example)


tentang

of; about; on; regarding (with regard to; on account of; on the subject of)

toward (in relation to someone or something)

(obsolete) near (physically close to, in close proximity to)

(obsolete) above (physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing)

(obsolete) around (forming a circle or closed curve containing something)


tentang

Indonesian: tentang


ootwi

Outside (mainly in abstract senses); beyond; outside of; outwith.


aff

From Middle English off, from Old English of, af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab.


fae

Whaur are ye fae?


pó

(with accusative) after (in pursuit of, seeking)

Pó jatšach se zmakajomy.

(with locative) after (subsequently; following in time; later than)

Smej pó Bramborskej drogowałej.

Droga źo pó rěce.

(with locative) along (by the length of; in a line with the length of; lengthwise next to)


cò

en cò sieu

en cò nòstre

a cò de las graminèas


anns

Extension of san with ann (“in it, there”), compare ann an from ann (“in it, there”) + an (“in”).

Tha iad a' fuireach anns a' bhaile.

Thachair sin anns an naoitheamh linn deug.

That happened in the nineteenth century.

Tha iad anns na bàtaichean.

the form of (ann) an, am (“in”) used before definite article: in


օրինակ

օրինակ • (ōrinak)

xcl-prep

օրինակ • (ōrinak)

Middle Armenian: օրինակ (ōrinak)

Armenian: օրինակ (ōrinak)

→? Ottoman Turkish: اورنك (örnek)

The original spelling is աւրինակ (awrinak), from Parthian *awδēnak. See օրէն (ōrēn) for more.

as, in imitation of, after the fashion of, by way of, like


off of

Card. What, art thou lame?
Simpc. I, God Almightie helpe me.
Suff. How cam'st thou so?
Simpc. A fall off of a Tree.

1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

Do, my dearest child, get me off of this difficulty, and I can have no other […].

1741, [Samuel Richardson], Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […]; and J. Osborn, […], →OCLC:

The coach bounced up and down in such a terrific way that it jolted the buttons all off of Horace’s coat, […]

1870–1871 (date written), Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter XX, in Roughing It, Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company [et al.], published 1872, →OCLC, page 151:

"The green curtains that hung there for years and years... have been taken down and the blood-red cardinal velvet curtains have been hung up, and they have taken the green top off of the President's desk and put a red one on that..."

1928 September 28, “Eye of Gawd”, in Time:

You're just too good to be true / I Can't take my eyes off of you.

1967, Bob Crewe / Bob Gaudio, Can't Take My Eyes Off You:

Though it was only bass and drums I could hear, you could tell it was that (Don't Fear) The Reaper, offof Some Enchanted Evening.

1995, Alan Warner, Morvern Callar, Vintage, published 2015, page 13:


instead of

From Middle English in stede of, in stude of (“instead of”, literally “in stead of, in place of”), equivalent to in + stead + of. Cognate with Saterland Frisian insteede, ansteede (“instead of”), West Frisian ynstee (“instead of”), German anstatt (von) (“instead of”), Danish i stedet (“instead of”).

He walked to school instead of taking the car.

And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him instead of God.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 4:16:

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(if a gerund is expressed with a verb form) ahelyett, hogy


ibland

From Old Norse í bland með, compare with Norwegian Bokmål ibland and Norwegian Nynorsk ibland


contro

Inherited from Old Italian contra, from Latin contrā.


aig

agam (first-person singular)
agamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
agad (second-person singular)
agadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
aige (masculine singular third-person)
aigesan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
aice (feminine singular third-person)
aicese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
againn (first-person plural)
againne (emphatic first-person plural)
agaibh (plural second-person)
agaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
aca (plural third-person)
acasan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Middle Irish oc, from Old Irish oc. Cognates include Irish ag and Manx ec.

Tha am balach na laighe aig an taigh.

A bheil iad aig an taigh?

Bha dithis mhac aig an duine.

Tha lèine gheal agam, ach tha lèine dhubh agad.

I have a white shirt, but you have a black shirt.

aig meud aigheir


S.T.

Abbreviation of subject to, used in optimisation problems.


اندر

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN /andar/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian *Hántarah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hántaras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).

inh

Archaic and poetic form of در (dar, “in; inside”)


cata

Aragonese: cada

Aromanian: cãte

Asturian: cada

Catalan: cada

Corsican: caa

Extremaduran: cá, ca

Old Francoprovençal: cha

Franco-Provençal: cha

Old French: cha, chascun

French: cha (dialectal), chacun, chaque

Galician: cada

Italian: cadauno

Leonese: ca

Mirandese: cada

Occitan: cada

Portuguese: cada

Romanian: câte

Spanish: cada

Venetian: cada

Euangeliu[m] cata Lucam

c. 4th century (copied 9th century), Codex Gatianus (VL 30), folio 52ʳ:


sitten

From siten, formed from se + -ten; the t has doubled likely by contamination from dialectal siittä (which is se, stem si(i)- + -ttä, the same suffix as in että and jotta). Not related to Swedish sedan or Old English siþþan.

Emme ole tavanneet sitten viime vuoden.


dore

desctree

Dutch: door
Afrikaans: deur
Berbice Creole Dutch: doro
Jersey Dutch: dœr
Negerhollands: door
Petjo: door
Skepi Creole Dutch: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Aukan: doo
Kwinti: doo, doro
Saramaccan: dóu
→ Kari'na: dorome
→ Caribbean Javanese: dhur, dhur-dhuran
→ Papiamentu: dor

Limburgish: doear, doearch, dórch

West Flemish: deur

Zealandic: deu, deur, door

From Old Dutch thuro, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw.


dins

From Old Occitan dins, from Vulgar Latin dē intus.


dins

Occitan: dins


mangels

From genitive singular of Mangel (“lack”). Compare betreffs (“in regards to”), from genitive singular of Betreff (“subject (of an email)”).

Mangels Geld konnte ich mir kein Mittagessen kaufen.

For lack of money, I could not buy lunch.


voorbij

voorbij (prepositional)
voorbij (adverb postpositional)
ervoorbij
hiervoorbij
daarvoorbij
waarvoorbij
ergens voorbij
nergens voorbij
overal voorbij

From Middle Dutch vorebi. Compare English forby, German vorbei.

Voorbij die boom kun je mijn huis zien.


atilt

A butterfly flew into the garden, danced a stately minuet mid-air, courtsied, and settled atilt the top rail of the old “snake fence.”

1911, Jennie Brooks, Under Oxford Trees, Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham, page 80:

1982, Jean Scott Wood Creighton (as J. S. Borthwick), The Case of the Hook-billed Kites, New York: St. Martin’s Press, Chapter 11, p. 29,
[He] was balanced atilt a wooden chair, his legs resting on a low file cabinet.

With his shy grin, bushy black hair, and thick plastic-framed glasses riding atilt his nose, Reza looked like a high school techno-whiz temporarily locked out of the computer lab.

2004, Tracy Dahlby, chapter 11, in Allah’s Torch,, New York: William Morrow, page 146:


back in

back in the time of the dinosaurs

back in the ’60s


mimo

Inherited from Old Czech mimo, from Proto-Slavic *mimo.


mimo

mimo źěła


mimo

outside; next to, beside, alongside [with genitive]

(with verbs of motion) around [with genitive]

denotes time; for, over [with accusative]

In comparisons, denotes exceptionality beyond


mimo

Polish: mimo

Silesian: mimo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mìmo. First attested in the second half of the 14th century.

etydate

Okropisz miø, pane, yzopem y ocziscion bødø, zmigesz miø y nad, gl. mymo, sneeg vbielon, gl. byaly, bødø (super nivem dealbabor Psal 50, 9)

1401–1425, Karta Świdzińskiego, przekład psalmu 50, Krakow:

Przecz tako mymo wszitki gyne (prae omnibus), gisz bidlyø na wschod sluncza, cy wzgardzily mnø?

1930 [c. 1455], “Judith”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 5, 4:

Vyathschey mylosczy mymo tey nykt nye moze myecz (maiorem hac dilectionem nemo habet Jo 15, 13), aby kto duschą svą dal prze przyaczyelye

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 568:

(attested in Lesser Poland) used in comparitives; more than

Jaco to swatczø, iaco Boguszka lankø trz[y]mala s *pogogem mimo trzi lata

1959 [1402], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 528, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes limit of time; longer than, more than, over

Wawrzinecz ne mal nouego dzalu s Yanem mymo stare granicze

1959 [1397], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 343, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes location beyond reach; outside, beyond

To drzeuo... bylo posvyączono sczyem Iesvcristvsovem mymo ye (ex Jesu Christi transitu... sanctificatur)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 90:

denotes proximal location; next to, alongside

Yako nye mam wyanczey listow mymo trzy

1960 [1432], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty pyzdrskie, volume II, number 717, Pyzdry:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes people or things not taking part in an action; except, outside

Micolay prosil prze bok ('bog'), by mu othpustil *przisigą hy pirwe, hy druge esz do czwartego mimo prawo, a wosni gi hupominal

1861 [1398], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 34:

Bar wycupil membranø ot Bolika, an mimo to berze s nego przeprawne penandze

1959 [1400], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 441, Poznań:

Contra mutuum pactum mymo pospolythy slvb

c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 33v:

(attested in Greater Poland) despite, in spite of

Dzeczanczu wiszla latha mymo szemske vloszene

1888 [1407], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 88:

(attested in Greater Poland) used for naming additional, typically unforeseen events; beyond


mimo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mìmo. First attested in 1458.

Denotes lack of engagement with something, i.e. the law; around


mimo

Inherited from Old Polish mimo. By surface analysis, minąć + -mo.

+obj

despite, in spite of [with accusative or (less commonly) genitive]


mimo

by, past (of movement in relation to an object)

despite, in spite of (law, custom, agreement, hardship etc.; contrary to something established or expected)


mimo

Inherited from Old Slovak mimo, from Proto-Slavic *mìmo.

Denotes someone or something not engaged in an action; besides, outside, except


mimo

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: мимо (mimo)

desc

Old Ruthenian: ми́мо (mímo), мы́мо (mýmo)

Belarusian: мі́ма (míma); мі́мо (mímo) (dialectal)

Ukrainian: ми́мо (mýmo)

Russian: ми́мо (mímo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: мимо (mimo)

Glagolitic script: ⰿⰺⰿⱁ (mimo)

Bulgarian: ми́мо (mímo) (obsolete)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: мимо, ми̏мо

Latin script: mimo, mȉmo

Slovene: mȋmo, mȇmo; mȋm (dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: mimo
Czech: mimo

desctree

Old Polish: mimo
Polish: mimo
Silesian: mimo

Old Slovak: mimo
Slovak: mimo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: mimò

Polabian: maimü

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: mimo

Upper Sorbian: nimo


sobra

[…] E l’ombra
débiri ancora di li rati nudi
sobr’a la terra nuda mi commobi

1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Primabéra [Spring]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Sassarese and Italian), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 13:

And again the feeble shadow of the naked branches 'on the naked earth moves me


tramite

From Latin trāmitem (“path”). Cognate to Catalan tràmit, Portuguese trâmite and Spanish trámite.

Tramite posta aerea, per piacere.

Potrei pagare tramite Mastercard?

by means of, by, through, using, by way of


gehende

From Proto-West Germanic *gahandī. Cognate with Old High German gihenti. Equivalent to ġe- + -hende.


自……開始

/t͡su²² kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si⁵³/

/t͡su²² kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si⁵³/

/t͡su³³ kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/

/t͡su³³ kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴¹/

/t͡su²² kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si⁵³/

/t͡su²² kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si⁵³/

/t͡su³³ kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/

/t͡su³³ kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴¹/

From that time on, the emperors all lived there. Accordingly, Tokyo also became the seat of government for Japan.

chū hit-chūn khai-sí, thian-hông to lóng tòa hiâ, Tang-kiaⁿ mā tòe leh chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún ê hú-siâⁿ

自彼陣開始，天皇都攏帶遐，東京每綴扵成做日本的府城

自彼阵开始，天皇都拢带遐，东京每缀扵成做日本的府城

(Southern Min) from ... on; from; starting; starting from


除了……以外

ㄔㄨˊ ˙ㄌㄜ ... ㄧˇ ㄨㄞˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ lə³ i²¹⁴⁻²¹ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ liːu̯¹³ jiː¹³ ŋɔːi̯²²/

/ti²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/tu²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/ti²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴ i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡua⁴¹/

/tu²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴ i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡua⁴¹/

/ti¹³⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/tu¹³⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/ti²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/tu²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/ti²³⁻³³ liau⁴¹ i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/tu²³⁻³³ liau⁴¹ i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ lə³ i²¹⁴⁻²¹ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ liːu̯¹³ jiː¹³ ŋɔːi̯²²/

/ti²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/tu²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/ti²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴ i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡua⁴¹/

/tu²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴ i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡua⁴¹/

/ti¹³⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/tu¹³⁻²² liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua²²/

/ti²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/tu²⁴⁻¹¹ liau⁵³ i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/ti²³⁻³³ liau⁴¹ i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

/tu²³⁻³³ liau⁴¹ i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡua³³/

Except for him, nobody else is willing to go.

除了他以外，誰也不肯去。

除了他以外，谁也不肯去。

Tî-liáu i í-gōa, siáⁿ-lâng iā m̄-goān khì.

除了伊以外，啥人也毋願去。

除了伊以外，啥人也毋愿去。

Except for spring, that kind of scene is something that cannot be seen at other times.

Hit-khoán ê kong-kéng sī tî-liáu chhun-thiⁿ í-gōa, kî-thaⁿ ê sî-chūn só͘ khòaⁿ bē tio̍h.

彼款的光景是除了春天以外，其他的時陣所看袂著。

彼款的光景是除了春天以外，其他的时阵所看袂着。

除了他以外，我也同意去。

In addition to languages, there should still be other similar distinguishing characteristics.

Tî-liáu gí-giân í-gōa, èng-kai oân-á ū kî-thaⁿ chhin-chhiūⁿ ê te̍k-chit.

除了語言以外，應該原仔有其他親像的特質。

除了语言以外，应该原仔有其他亲像的特质。


aveu

From Old French avoc, avuec, avoec (“with”), from an assumed Vulgar Latin *aboc, *abhoc, *apud hŏque, a Frankish alteration consisting of Latin apud (“with, near, close to”) with hoc (“this”) and -que. Cognate with French avec, Bourguignon aivou, Picard aveuc, Norman aveu, Walloon avou and Franco-Provençal avouéc.


對……起

/ui⁴¹ kʰi⁵⁵⁴/

/ui⁴¹ kʰi⁵⁵⁴/

From 1993 on, Shishi city's overall economic strength was within the top 100 for a number of years; in 2002, it rose to number 6.

Ùi 1993 nî khí, Chio̍h-sai-chhī ê keng-chè chong-ha̍p si̍t-la̍t, liân-sòa kúi-nā-nî pâi tī choân-kok 100 kiông chi-lāi, 2002 nî chhèng-kàu 第-6 miâ.

對1993年起，石獅市的經濟綜合實力，連煞幾若年排於全國100強之內，2002年昇到第6名。

对1993年起，石狮市的经济综合实力，连煞几若年排于全国100强之内，2002年升到第6名。


vanwege

Dat moest vanwege mijn werk.


przy

Polish: przy

Silesian: przi

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pri. First attested in the 14th century.


przy

Ona siedziała przy mnie.

Nie rób tego przy dzieciach!

Przy nim wyglądał bardzo nisko.

in front of (in the presence of, or in contrast to)

Guziki przy sweterze.

Asystent przy szefie.

indicates belonging to something higher in position or power

Wypadek przy pięćdziesięciu kilometrów na godzinę.

An accident at fifty kilometers an hour.

Pogadamy o tym przy piwie.


pá

(nonstandard, colloquial) Contraction of para a.


przez

Polish: przez

Silesian: przez

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *perz. First attested in 1388.

Gensze przewodl lvd swoy przes pusczø (per desertum)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 135, 16:

Przes gynszą drogą (per aliam viam Mat 2, 12) vroczyly szyą sa do krolyestwa svego

1928 [End of the fifteenth century], Jan Janów, editor, Zespół ewangelijny Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamoyskich nr 1116, Warsaw, page 294:

Abi mu dwoye coni przeprawil przes przewosz

1959 [1411], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 678, Poznań:

O ctore kopanye y oranye przesz graniczą Jan... y Raczybor... na mya zalowali, thom ya nye oral v[o] gich, ale w swym

1885-2024 [1462], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne, volume VIII, Chęciny, page 19:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Masovia, Greater Poland) denotes movement from one side to the other, either on the surface or through the middle; physically or metaphorically across, through; along

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

Kthory s tobą zywye y kroluye... bog przesz wszythky wyeczne wyeky (per omnia saecula saeculorum)

1413–1414, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume I, Iłża, page 263:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes lengths of time for

Navczczye nasz, gestly then powod doszycz vkazal... takym *thysz tramow y szkleppem (leg. z sklepem) gego w mvrze [j] oszyądzenym (leg. osadzenim) daleko przesz rok y dzyen (die et anno et multo diutius) przesze wszey odmowy

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, pages 126-127:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes a period occurring after something else after

*Jakom ia mam Micolayewy zastawą w dwdzestv (leg. w dwudziestu) cop przes thi na oui Godi

1950 [1429], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 353, Warsaw:

Svyathy Ieronym nalasl v zydovskych kxyągach pyecznasczye znamyon pyeczynasczye dnyow przed sadnym dnyem, alye yedenly po drugym ma przydz, czyly przestąpvyącz czasch albo przeze dny, albo dalyey (sed utrum continui futuri sint dies illi, an interpolatim), tego nye vymynyl

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 478:

A paklibi wol bodøczy bilbi od wczyorayszego dnya asz przes trzeczy dzen (ab heri et nudiustertius)..., wol kamyenym obrzuczon bødzye

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 21,29:

Gdy szyą od zbythkow czyelesthnych przesz czysthotą, per continenciam, powczyągamy

1882 [Post fifteenth century], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Kleinere altpolnische Texte aus Handschriften des XV. und des Anfangs des XVI. Jahrhunderts, page 273:

denotes intended recipient or goal aimed at; for

Adam mye w yeplcze vkuszyl, przetho przesz mya vmrzecz mvszyl

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 142:

Quia przes zapowecz pomloczyl pszenycza w gumne

1950 [1427], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 203, Warsaw:

Pres ti dary milosc sina deuicego moze otrimach

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page dr 3:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes an agent thanks to, due to

Ktoricz clouek thy to dary gest straczil, szukagsze gych mylosczyue..., a tako vøcz ge thy nadzesz presz svøthø spouecz a tesze pres dostognø pokuthø

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 172a:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes manner or adverbial use of a noun

denotes manner or adverbial use of a noun

Ty to sø kszyøszøta domow przesz czelyadz swø (per familias suas)

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 6, 14:

Ustawysz ludu granycze przez *okrøøk (per circuitum)

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 19, 12:

Na tem *drogu bily czasky cztyrzy... y krøszky przez wsziczky (per singulos)

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 37, 20:

Nas... wybranich twych przykaszy *szawszky w czrzeedze vdarowacz presz Yesu Crista (per Christum dominum nostrum)

1424, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume III, page 55:

Eze Sulek przepraszal Groth trzemi grziwnami przes posla

1888 [1400], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 99:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes instrumentality through, by means of

Bo tu molwy o myloszyerdzyu, yez yest z wnętrza, a przes to sze rozumye wyelyka myloszcz

1916 [second half of the 15th century], Stanisław Słoński, editor, Psałterz puławski, Greater Poland, page 118 arg. 7:

Jakom ya Philippowi kmecziewi... rol v ozimynie przesz Philippą podoranych nye zaoral gwalthem

1921 [1471], Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editor, Wolność kmieca na Mazowszu w wieku XV, Masovia, page 53:

(attested in Masovia) used in passive constructions by

Szeczdzesyøci (sc. lat) a przes to samyecz (sexagenarius et ultra masculus) da pyøcznaczcze rvblow, a zona dzesyøøcz

1930 [c. 1455], “Lev”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 27, 7:

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Pothem przyszedl ten, czso... swego dlusznyką gymyenye zapowyedzal,... przesz gayony szand (in iudicium banitum, OrtMac 106: przed gaynym sządem) a rzekl

1972 [15th century], Józef Reczek, Wacław Twardzik, editors, Najstarsze staropolskie tłumaczenie ortyli magdeburskich wg rkpsu nr 50, pages 78, 2:

denotes a time Earlier than something before


przez

Polish: przez

From przez, due to confusion with the rhyming preposition bez. The two words were and are used interchangeably in various dialects, and in Old Polish przez nearly replaced bez around the 14th-15th century. However, in the written language the earlier distinction ultimately prevailed. First attested in 1388.

Dzedzina odvmarta uel pvsczina przez dzedzicza

1875 [c. 1455-1460], Zygmunt Celichowski, editor, Słowniczek łacińsko- polski wyrazów prawa magdeburskiego z wieku XV. Przedruk homograficzny z kodeksu kórnickiego, page 5:

Iz iesc.... taco smerne narodene sina bozego, ienze prez pocøthka s bogem occem jesc croleual

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page cr 36:

(attested in Lesser Poland) used adverbially

Ize przes czazu wyszla, a ya gey nicz ne *wsyal

1958 [1395], “Nieznane czternastowieczne roty polskie z ksiąg sądowych ziemskich krakowskich [Unknown fourteenth-century Polish oaths from court records of Krakow landowners]”, in Zbigniew Perzanowski, Mieczysław Karaś, editors, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego [Scientific Journals of the Jagiellonian University], volume I, Krakow, page 242:

denotes a time earlier than something before

By bog ne podpomogl me, przes mala (paulo minus) przebiwalabi bila w pekle dusza moia

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 93, 17:

(attested in Lesser Poland) nearly, almost

Gdiscy svøthy Gan gestcy on bil stho lath pres gednego latha star

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 181a:

Jaco Wanczenecz wszal Marczinoui scztirzi clody sledzi przes praua

1959 [1388], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 42, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes action against something against

Sbygesz wszistko w nyem, czosz bødze plodv samczowego, myeczem, przesz zon y przes mlodzenczow (absque mulieribus et infantibus)

1930 [c. 1455], “Deut”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 20, 14:

denotes exclusion besides, excluding, but


przez

Inherited from Old Polish przez, from Proto-Slavic *perz.

Dlaczego kurczak przeszedł przez ulicę?

Why did the chicken cross the road? (literally, “Why did the chicken walk across the road?”)

Nic nie widać przez to małe okienko.

You can't see anything through this tiny window.

Film ten został nakręcony przez studentów.

Mój korepetytor oferuje lekcje przez internet.

My tutor offers lessons via the internet.

Samolot leci przez góry.

Przez nas umarł mężczyzna.

Był w domu przez 6 dni.


przez

Ja jestem kaleka przez chleba.

1960, Kazimierz Nitsch, Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych, page 179:

I am a cripple without livelihood [lit. bread].

(regional, Chełmno-Dobrzyń) without, lacking


przez

Inherited from Old Polish przez. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from Polish przez.

sl

(proscribed) used in passive constructions; by


in for

The forecasters say that we are in for a very cold winter.

England seem in for a tough match against Italy.

About to encounter or undergo; usually said of unwelcome things in prospect.


apart from

"All right, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us?" - Monty Python, Life of Brian

Except for; besides, (postposition) apart.


oc

Irish: ag

Manx: ec

Scottish Gaelic: aig

From Old Irish oc, from Proto-Celtic *onkos (“near”). Compare Middle Irish ocus.

Bui cu oca, no ditned in cu Lagniu uile.

c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

He had a dog; the dog protected all Leinster.

at, beside, by (also used with a form of the substantive verb at·tá to express “have”)


oc

ocum (first-person singular)
ocom (first-person singular)
ocut (second-person singular)
oco (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occo (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
oca (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occi (dative feminine singular third-person)
occai (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocae (dative feminine singular third-person)
occae (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocunn (first-person plural)
occaib (plural second-person)
occaib (dative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

From Proto-Celtic *onkos (“near”), probably ultimately related to the root of the verbal suffix icc. Compare Old Irish ocus.


'round

I’m sure I look demure enough, as I go ’round the city, / And do my best to hide the fact that I am young and pretty, / And I, therefore, cannot see, when I go out to preach, / Why men must say to me that I’m a perfect peach; […]

1897, Hugh Morton [pseudonym; Charles Morton Stewart McLellan], “They All Follow Me”, in Wehman’s Song Book, number 61, New York, N.Y.: Henry J. Wehman, […], →OCLC, page 10, column 1:

Morning might never come 'round these parts / Sun never gonna come up


aslant

From Middle English aslant (“at an angle, in a curve; from the side, deviously”), from on slante; equivalent to a- + slant.

inh

There is a willow grows aslant a brook,
That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vii]:

I oft have passed your cottage, and still prais’d
Its beauty, and that trim orchard-plot, whose blossoms
The gusts of April shower’d aslant its thatch.

1816, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Zapolya, London: Rest Fenner, published 1817, Scene 1, p. 45:

But aslant this particular glass reclined a single, white, wintry rose, possibly the last rose ever, its invalid complexion infused with a delicate transcendent green.

1979, Patrick White, The Twyborn Affair, Penguin, published 1981, Part 2, p. 209:

(archaic, literary) Diagonally over or across.


en face

Le cinéma est en face de la boulangerie.


close to

The chair was close to the window.

They burned the old gun that used to stand in the dark corner up in the garret, close to the stuffed fox that always grinned so fiercely. Perhaps the reason why he seemed in such a ghastly rage was that he did not come by his death fairly. Otherwise his pelt would not have been so perfect.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:


endlong

From Old English andlang ( > along), re-formed by popular etymology in Middle English as end + long; partly from Old Norse cognate endlangr.

(archaic) Along (as opposed to across), from end to end of.


by virtue of

Modification of Middle English in vertu of, a calque of Anglo-Norman par vertu de or Middle French par la vertu de (“by the authority of”); from Old French vertu (“goodness; honour; valour; virtue”) (whence English virtue (“(obsolete) inherent power of a god or other supernatural being; inherent power or efficacy of something”)).

cog

Moreouer the perfit beleue of this article, worketh in all true chriſten people, aloue to continue in this vnitie, and afeare to be caſte out of the ſame, and it worketh in them that be ſinners and repentant, great comforte, and conſolacion, to obteine remiſſion of ſinne, by vertue of Chriſtes paſſion, and adminiſtracion of his ſacramentes at the miniſters handes, ordained for that purpoſe, [...]

1543 June 8, Henry VIII of England, “The Nynthe Article. The Holy Catholike Churche.”, in A Necessary Doctrine and Erudicion for Any Chrysten Man, Set furth by the Kynges Maiestye of Englande, &c., imprinted at London: […] by Thomas Berthelet, […], →OCLC:

But in the high Court of Parliament, every Man by virtue of the King's Authority, by Writ under the Great Seal, hath a judicial Place; and ſo conſequently the killing of every of them had been a ſeveral Treaſon, and Crimen læſæ Majeſtatis.

1605 February 16, “The Tryal of the Conspirators Concern’d in the Gunpowder-Plot, on Monday the 27th of January, Anno 1605. [Julian calendar] and in the Third Year of King James the First, in Westminster-Hall, before the Lords Commissioners there; [...]”, in [Thomas Salmon], editor, A Compleat Collection of State-Tryals, and Proceedings upon Impeachment for High Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; […] In Four Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, […]; John Walthoe […]; Benj[amin] Tooke […]; John Darby […]; Jacob Tonson […]; and John Walthoe Jun. […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 193, column 1:

I call that an Inſtitution that hath an efficacie in it for the attaining of ſuch an end by virtue of the Inſtitution, not by virtue of any naturalneſſe that is in the thing. [...] So in preaching the Word, and Eccleſiaſticall cenſures, there is more to be expected, more efficacie to work upon the ſoule, for the ſpirituall man; by virtue of the Inſtitution, then there is in the naturall things that are done there.

1642 July 28, Jer[emiah] Burroughes [i.e., Jeremiah Burroughs], “The Sixth Lecture. Hosea I. the middle of the 11. Verse.”, in An Exposition of the Prophecie of Hosea. […], London: Printed by W. E. and J. G. for R. Dawlman, published 1643, →OCLC, page 151:

[Samuel Keme] became [...] a retainer, if I miſtake not, to the family of Edward Wray of Ricot Eſq, Patron of the ſaid Church, by virtue of his marriage with Elizabeth the dau[ghter] and heir of Francis L[ord] Norris Earl of Berks[hire].

1691, [Anthony Wood], “SAMUEL KEME”, in Athenæ Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops who have had Their Education in the Most Ancient and Famous University of Oxford from the Fifteenth Year of King Henry the Seventh, Dom. 1500, to the End of the Year 1690. […], volume II (Completing the Whole Work), London: […] Tho[mas] Bennet […], →OCLC, column 341:

[W]e found there was but one way; Don Clavijo ſhould demand the young lady in marriage before the curate, by virtue of a promiſe under her hand, which I dictated for the purpoſe, and ſo binding, that all the ſtrength of Sampſon himſelf could not have broken the tie.

1749, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, “The Account which the Disconsolate Matron Gives of Her Misfortune”, in [Peter Anthony] Motteux, transl., edited by [John] Ozell, The History of the Renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha. […], 8th edition, volume IV, London: […] W[illiam] Innys, […], →OCLC, part II, pages 32–33:

We guarantee by virtue of our power and the confidence of those who accept the guarantee; it is given by means of a word, which is accepted as a pledge for the future performance of a contract; [...]

1826, George Crabb, “To Guarantee, be Security, be Responsible, Warrant”, in English Synonymes, with Copious Illustrations and Explanations. Drawn from the Best Writers, new enlarged edition, London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, […]; and Simpkin and Marshall, […]; by C. Baldwin, […], →OCLC, page 173, column 1:

Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to theorize that any two objects would be attracted towards each other by virtue of their masses, and that strength of the force of attraction – the gravitational force – would depend on the masses of the two objects and their distance apart.

1999, Steve Farrow, “Key Idea 4.1: Sources and Forms of Energy”, in The Really Useful Science Book: A Framework of Knowledge for Primary Teachers, 2nd edition, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: RoutledgeFalmer, published 2006, →ISBN, section 4 (Physical Processes), page 147:

England's domination of the first half was almost total, but they somehow contrived to allow Tunisia to raise themselves off the floor by virtue of rank carelessness from [Gareth] Southgate's side.

2018 June 18, Phil McNulty, “Tunisia 1 – 2 England”, in BBC Sport, archived from the original on 2019-04-21:

For nearly the entire television age, his mother was the visual representation of royalty. His wedding was one of the biggest TV events of the 20th century, but he came first in “Charles and Diana” only by virtue of birth and, perhaps, the alphabet.

2023 May 6, James Poniewozik, “Charles III Was Crowned King. But Can He Ever Be the Star?”, in The New York Times:

(idiomatic) (originally) By the authority or power of; (now) because of; on the grounds of; by reason of.


haec

From Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), from Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”). Cognate with Thai ให้ (hâi), Northern Thai ᩉᩨ᩶, Lao ໃຫ້ (hai), Lü ᦠᦹᧉ (ḣue²), Tai Dam ꪻꪬ꫁, Shan ႁႂ်ႈ (hāue), Tai Nüa ᥞᥬᥲ (hàue) or ᥞᥫᥲ (hòe), Aiton ꩭၞ် (haü), Ahom 𑜑𑜧 (haw), Zhuang hawj.

Lü ᦠᦹᧉ (ḣue²)


dietro

From an earlier Italian form drieto, from Late Latin dē retrō, from Latin dē + retrō. Compare French derrière.


vore

desctree

Dutch: voor
Afrikaans: voor
Berbice Creole Dutch: foro
Javindo: foor
Negerhollands: voor, fo, for
Jersey Dutch: för, f'r
→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)
Petjo: voor, foor
Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou

Limburgish: veur

From Old Dutch fora, fore, from Proto-West Germanic *forē, from Proto-Germanic *furai.


gånger

Fyra gånger fem är tjugo

Ett gånger ett är ett


dunt

Middle French: dont

French: dont

From Vulgar Latin *de unde, from Latin dē + unde.

mais de l'el dunt vos oi parler

c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, page 94 (of the Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN), line 853:


прежде

head

пре́жде • (préžde)

пре́жде (canonical)
préžde (romanization)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прѣжде (prěžde).

bor+

пре́жде всего́


intra

Aromanian: ntrã

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: tra,

Sicilian: intra, ntra, tra

→ Czech: intra-

→ English: intra-

→ French: intra-

→ German: intra-

→ Italian: intra-

→ Spanish: intra-

→ Romanian: intra-

→ Portuguese: intra-

From earlier *interus (whence also interior), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”). Cognates include Sanskrit अन्तर (ántara, “interior”) and Ancient Greek ἔντερον (énteron, “intestine, bowel”), Northern Kurdish hindirr (inside), Persian اندرون (andarun, “inner”).
The change from instrumental/ablative and accusative to accusative only is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


crosta

head

crosta (plus genitive, triggers no mutation)

/ˈkrˠɔs̪ˠt̪ˠə/


asta

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used until this day.


forbi

Bussen kører forbi Tivoli.

Near or next to. Will stop at or be near something

Jeg kommer forbi dig senere


forbi

Et tog gikk forbi vinduet.


то

Inherited from Classical Persian تَا (tā)


â

In origin a specialised prepositional use of a (“and”). (The distinction in spelling and pronunciation between the two prevocalic forms ag and ac is artificial.)


secus

* From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”), the same root of sequor. Properly, following, later in rank or order, i. e. less than something mentioned before.
* Others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *swe- + *-ḱʷo-.


oant

Oant 1944 hearde Yslân by Denemarken.

Until 1944, Iceland belonged to Denmark.

X oant en mei Y

X up to and including Y; from X to Y inclusive


foar

From Old Frisian for, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi.

foar Kristus


oer

From Old Frisian over, from Proto-Germanic *uber.

oer lân of oer see

ynformaasje oer rinnende saken


oer

At skelpearès an slaugheardhès mye leeigh aar oer vill.

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 106:

That the piglings and pigs may laugh their overfill.


troch

From Proto-Germanic *þurhw. Cognate with English through, thorough, Dutch door, German durch, Yiddish דורך (durkh).

Dit boek waard troch my skreaun.

by; used to identify the agent of a verb


seach

head

seach (plus nominative, triggers no mutation)

seacham (first-person singular)
seachamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
seachad (second-person singular)
seachadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
seacha (masculine singular third-person)
seachasan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
seacha (feminine singular third-person)
seachaise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
seachainn (first-person plural)
seachainne (emphatic first-person plural)
seachaibh (plural second-person)
seachaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
seacha (plural third-person)
seachasan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish sech, from Proto-Celtic *sekʷo-, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follow”). Cognate with Welsh heb (“without”).

seachas

besides, other than, rather than; compared to


seach

From Old Irish sech, from Proto-Celtic *sekʷo-, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follow”).

Tha e neònach na dhòighean seach iomadh ainmhidh eile.

It is peculiar in its behaviour compared to many other animals.

Tha a chòig uiread de dhaoine a’ fuireach ann an Nepal, seach Alba.

Five times as many people live in Nepal as in Scotland.

after, past (usually when referring to a sequence)


ở

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ở.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ʔəh (“to stay”); cognate with Muong ớ.
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: cho (“to give; for”), đến (“to come; to”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), vào (“to enter; in, into”), theo (“to follow; according to”), về (“to return; about”).
Similarity to Chinese 於／于 is coincidental, as semantically the Vietnamese word is a grammaticalized verbal and phonetically there is a tonal mismatch.


oan

From Old Frisian on, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *an. Cognates include Dutch aan, Low German an and English on.

Example: "oan 'e oare kant" (on the other hand, lit, "on the other side")

Example: "it skilderij hinget oan 'e muorre" (the painting hangs on the wall)


no

From Middle English no, na, from Old English nā, nō (“no, not, not ever, never”), from Proto-Germanic *nai (“never”), *ne (“not”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne, *nē, *nēy (negative particle), equivalent to Old English ne (“not”) + ā, ever, always. Cognate with Scots na (“no”), Saterland Frisian noa (“no”), West Frisian né (“no”), nea (“never”), Dutch nee (“no”), Low German nee (“no”), German nie (“never”), dialectal German nö (“no”), Danish nej (“no”), Swedish nej (“no”), Icelandic nei (“no”). More at nay.

نَعَم

used to show agreement with a negative question (in some languages this response is the usual word for "yes")

means yes, but used in response to a negative question

ei (usually receives a possessive suffix and often followed by a verb:) en

Ug no like veggie.

(colloquial, usually humorous) not, does not, do not, etc.

ní hea.

The verb of the question is repeated in negated form; if there is no verb, then


no

skaitīt no viens līdz desmit

viņš ir no Latvijas

iziet no istabas

viens no viņa draugiem

izgatavots no koka

no sirds


no

From Middle High German nāh, from Old High German nāh, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.


no

From Middle High German nāch, from Old High German nāh. Cognate with Cimbrian nå and German nach; see there for more.


to the power of

Two to the power of four equals sixteen. 2⁴=16.


in light of

The United Nations then became the one great attempt to establish a formal institution to unify the world, especially in light of the darkness that preceded it.

2015, Roy Posner, A New Way of Living, page 103:

In light of such conceptualisations of the power of linguistic landscapes, we set out to examine the connection between the visual landscape and the spoken landscape in our institution[.]

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 2:

(idiomatic, Australia, Canada, US) given, considering

The star, 55, who has stepped away from her singing career in light of her health woes, was visibly emotional as she walked onstage with the support of eldest son […]

2024 February 4, “Celine Dion makes SHOCK appearance at Grammys 2024 amid battle with incurable stiff-person syndrome - as she presents historic award to tearful Taylor Swift”, in dailymail.co.uk:


ór

Icelandic: úr

Faroese: úr

Norwegian Nynorsk: or, ur

Old Swedish: ūr

Swedish: ur

Old Gutnish: yr (< *ýʀ)

Gutnish: ör, öir

From Proto-Germanic *uz (“out of”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃 (us).

denoting absolute completeness, as in "utterly"


dū

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *di
Breton: da
Cornish: dhe
Old Welsh: di
Middle Welsh: y (“to, for”)
Welsh: i (“to, for”)

Old Irish: do

Irish: do

Scottish Gaelic: do

Manx: da

Celtiberian: du


dī

Proto-Brythonic: *di (“from”)

desc

Middle Cornish: de, dy, dhe (attested in partitive use)

⇒ Cornish: dyworth

Old Welsh: di (a hapax, do not confuse with the homonym meaning "to, for")

⇒ Welsh: oddi (used to make more complex prepositions)

desctree

Old Irish: di, de
Irish: de
Manx: jeh
Scottish Gaelic: de

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, whence also Latin dē.


fó

(dialectal) Alternative form of faoi (“under; about”)

fónarb corresponding to standard faoinarb

fónarbh corresponding to standard faoinarbh


fān

From Old Dutch fan (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *fanē (“from”).


chí

(rare as a standalone word, usually in compounds) to; until


mō

From Proto-Polynesian *moqo. Cognates include Maori mo and Samoan mō.

Marks the intention of an inalienably possessed object; for, about


kā

From Proto-Polynesian *taʻa, from Proto-Oceanic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan, from Proto-Austronesian *taqan (“to hold back, keep in reserve”).

inh

kā lāua mau keiki their children

kā Kimo kālā Kimo's money

of, belonging to first part of possessive constructions, a-type

The o-type forms are used for possessions that are inherited

and for things that can be got into. The a-type forms are used for acquired possessions.


até

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese até, ata of uncertain origin. Possibly from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā), Latin ad ista (“to this”) or Latin ad tenus (“as far as”) (>"ad tenes"), which explain the large number of mediaeval variants (atrõe, atée, atrõo, attaa, atẽe, atães, tẽe and so on). However, considering the rarity of tenus, possibly from Latin intrā. Compare Spanish hasta.

inh+

A aula dura até às dez horas.

until (up to the time of something happening)

Será feito até dia quinze.

by (at some point before the given time)

Fui até à minha casa.

Podem comer até duas fatias de bolo.


along of

It’s all along of you that he ventured to do what he did.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge. Chapter 3.”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC:

"Flint was cap'n; I was quartermaster, along of my timber leg.[…]"

1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, chapter 11, in Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC:

You will find yourself in trouble all along of that nonsense, if you don't do what I say.

1888, Harry Castlemon, “Chapter 16”, in The Steel Horse:

Turning against your own poor father, to set them bloody-minded soldiers on him! And now he'll be taken and hanged, and I shall be a poor miserable widow woman all along of you!

1896, Charlotte Mary Yonge, The Carbonels:


má

má (mutation mutation-radical)
mhá (lenition mutation)


внутри

head

внутри́ • (vnutrí)

внутри́ (canonical)
vnutrí (romanization)


подо

Alternative form of под (pod): under, towards, near, etc.


вдоль

вдоль • (vdolʹ)


супротив

супроти́в • (suprotív)

супроти́в (canonical)
suprotív (romanization)


предо

пре́до • (prédo)

пред пред#Russian

(archaic, literary) Alternative form of пред (pred): in front of, before


посреди

посреди́ • (posredí)

посреди́ (canonical)
posredí (romanization)

Ru-посреди.ogg

Челове́к стои́т посреди́ ко́мнаты.

The person is standing in the middle of the room.

Я проснулся посреди́ ночи. ― Ja prosnulsja posredí noči. ― I woke up in the middle of the night.


из-под

и́з-под • (íz-pod)

и́з -под (canonical)
íz-pod (romanization)

из-подо

before certain awkward consonant clusters; see подо (podo)

Из-под ка́мня вы́ползла змея́.

The snake crawled out from under the stone.

Звёздный заме́чу я свет из-под ресниц.

I will notice the star light from under the eyelashes.

Пакет из-под молока.


передо

пе́редо • (péredo)

пе́редо (canonical)
péredo (romanization)

пе́редо мно́й

пе́ред перед#Russian

Alternative form of пе́ред (péred): in front of, before


передо

пе́редо • (péredo)

пе́реді переді#Ukrainian

(colloquial) Alternative form of пе́реді (péredi).


вокруг

вокру́г • (vokrúg)

вокру́г (canonical)
vokrúg (romanization)

Косме́тика для ко́жи вокру́г глаз — ва́жная часть ритуа́ла по ухо́ду за собо́й.
Kosmétika dlja kóži vokrúg glaz — vážnaja častʹ rituála po uxódu za sobój.
A cosmetic for the skin around the eyes is an important part of a self-care ritual.


средь

средь • (sredʹ)

1848, Dmitrij Davydov, “Думы беглеца на Байкале (Thoughts of a Runaway in Baikal)”
Шëл я и в ночь — и средь белого дня;
Близ городов я поглядывал зорко;
Хлебом кормили крестьянки меня,
Парни снабжали махоркoй.
Šël ja i v nočʹ — i sredʹ belovo dnja;
Bliz gorodov ja pogljadyval zorko;
Xlebom kormili krestʹjanki menja,
Parni snabžali maxorkoj.
I went by night - and in broad daylight;
Near towns I warily glanced around.
Peasant women fed me bread;
Blokes gave me rustic tobacco.


позади

позади́ • (pozadí)

позади́ (canonical)
pozadí (romanization)


насупротив

насу́против • (nasúprotiv)

насу́против (canonical)
nasúprotiv (romanization)


подле

по́дле • (pódle)

Inherited from Old East Slavic подьлѣ (podĭlě), from Proto-Slavic *podьlě. Cognates include Polish podle, Czech podle, Slovak podľa. Related to во́зле (vózle).


возле

head

во́зле • (vózle)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъzdьlě. Compare Polish wedle and Czech vedle from Proto-Slavic *vъdьlě, as well as по́дле (pódle) from Proto-Slavic *podьlě. Syntactically, воз- (voz-) + an element related to длина́ (dliná, “length”).


вопреки

вопреки́ • (voprekí)

вопреки́ (canonical)
voprekí (romanization)

Ru-вопреки.ogg

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic въпрѣкꙑ (vŭprěky), from Proto-Slavic *реr-kъ, whose first element comes from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- and is thus cognate with English for. Cognates include Bulgarian въ́преки (vǎ́preki).

bor+

вопреки́ распространённому мне́нию, лу́чшие рестора́ны Франции нахо́дятся во́все не в Париже

contrary to popular belief, the best French restaurants are nowhere around Paris

voprekí rasprostranjónnomu mnéniju, lúčšije restorány Francii naxódjatsja vóvse ne v Pariže

судьи, вопреки́ прогно́зам ске́птиков, префере́нций хозя́евам не де́лали

judges, in spite of the skeptics' forecast, did not favour/favor the owner

sudʹi, voprekí prognózam sképtikov, preferéncij xozjájevam ne délali

Вопреки ожиданиям Петеньки, Порфирий Владимирыч вынес материнское проклятие довольно спокойно и ни на волос не отступил от тех решений, которые, так сказать, всегда готовые сидели в его голове.

1880, Михаил Салтыков-Щедрин, “Племяннушка”, in Господа Головлёвы; English translation from I. P. Foote, transl., The Golovlevs, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986:

Contrary to Petenka’s expectations, Porfiry Vladimirych took his mother’s curse quite calmly and budged not the slightest from those decisions which were, so to speak, always at the ready in his mind.

Vopreki ožidanijam Petenʹki, Porfirij Vladimiryč vynes materinskoje prokljatije dovolʹno spokojno i ni na volos ne otstupil ot tex rešenij, kotoryje, tak skazatʹ, vsegda gotovyje sideli v jevo golove.

вопрѣки́ — Pre-reform orthography (1918)


ré

rium (first-person singular)
riumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
riut (second-person singular)
rïam (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ríam (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
remi (dative feminine singular third-person)
remisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
riun (first-person plural)
reuib (plural second-person)
remib (dative plural third-person)

desc

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">rïam</i> (third-person singular masculine)

⇒ Irish: roimh (from rïam (third-person singular masculine))

From Proto-Celtic *ɸrīs (compare Gaulish ris), from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognate with English first and Latin prīscus (“former”). The eclipsis trigger is analogical to íar (“after”). The inflected forms in -m, as well as the cognate prefix rem-, are from the superlative *ɸrīsamos (compare Latin prīmus (“first”)).

Is hé ru·fiastar cumachtae inna díglae do·mbi{u}r-siu húa londas, intí du·écigi{gi} is ar trócairi ⁊ censi du·bir-siu forunni siu innahí fo·daimem ré techt innúnn.

He who will know the power of the punishment which you sg inflict by means of wrath, it is he who will see that it is for the sake of mercy and gentleness that you inflict on us here the things that we suffer before going there.


сквозь

head

сквозь • (skvozʹ)

From Proto-Slavic *skvozъ (“aperture”). Cognate with Slovene skọ̑zi (“through”). Related to сква́жина (skvážina).

Лунный свет падал сквозь решётку окна внутрь комнаты, на пол, и освещал часть постели и измученное, бледное лицо больного с закрытыми глазами; теперь в нём не было ничего безумного.

1883, Всеволод Гаршин, chapter II, in Красный цветок; English translation from A Red Flower, Philadelphia: Brown Brothers, 1911:

The moonlight, entering through the window grating of our patient's room, illuminated a part of the bedding on the floor and the harassed, pale face of a man with closed eyes; there was nothing mad in him now.

Lunnyj svet padal skvozʹ rešótku okna vnutrʹ komnaty, na pol, i osveščal častʹ posteli i izmučennoje, blednoje lico bolʹnovo s zakrytymi glazami; teperʹ v njom ne bylo ničevo bezumnovo.


вне

Inherited from Old East Slavic вънѣ (vŭně). Cognate with вон (von), Slovene vənè (“outside”) (tonal orthography), vèn (“out”) (tonal orthography), Czech vně (“outside”), ven (“out”), Kashubian wnie (“outside”), wen (“out”). See вон (von) for further Slavic cognates. According to Vasmer, most likely related to Sanskrit वन (vána, “forest”), dialectal वने (váne, “in the forest”), although also sometimes compared with Sanskrit विना (vínā, “without, except for”), Old Prussian wins (“air”), winna (“outward”), winnen (“weather”, accusative).


вместо

head

вме́сто • (vmésto)

вме́сто (canonical)
vmésto (romanization)


вместо

вме́сто • (vmésto)

→ Ingrian: mesto

From в- (v-, “in”) + ме́сто (mésto, “place”). Originated in the early 17th century, where it can be seen in legal documents as a change from в (v) + genitive noun + ме́сто (mésto) ("in [something's] place") to вме́сто (vmésto) + genitive noun ("instead [of something]").

вме́сто того́, что́бы пойти́


между

между́ • (meždú)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *meďu, a fossilized dual locative case of *meďa (“boundary, middle”).

between (in the position or interval that separates two things)


между

+obj

[with instrumental or (rarely) genitive]

head

ме́жду • (méždu)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic междоу (meždu), from Proto-Slavic *meďu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos. Compare inherited East Slavic меж (mež).


кругом

head

круго́м • (krugóm)

круго́м (canonical)
krugóm (romanization)


вследствие

всле́дствие • (vslédstvije)

всле́дствие (canonical)
vslédstvije (romanization)

Ru-вследствие.ogg

Но Ни́ка она́ так и не прости́ла, всле́дствие чего́ ка́ждая их съёмка превраща́лась в настоя́щую схва́тку, иногда́ переходя́щую в дра́ку.

2015, Роман Злотников (Roman Zlotnikov), Землянин, page 59:

But she never forgave Nick, as a consequence of which every one of their shoots turned into a fight, sometimes even becoming physical.

No Níka oná tak i ne prostíla, vslédstvije čevó káždaja ix sʺjómka prevraščálasʹ v nastojáščuju sxvátku, inogdá perexodjáščuju v dráku.


кроме

кро́ме • (króme)

From Old Church Slavonic кромѣ (kromě, “outside, afar”), a locative case of Proto-Slavic *kroma (“edge, boundary”). Partially reintroduced into the modern language from Russian кро́ме (króme).

inh

(dialectal, rare) except for, aside from

а кро́ме


кроме

head

кро́ме • (króme)

→ Ingrian: krome

Inherited from Old East Slavic кромѣ (kromě, “outside”), old locative case of крома́ (kromá, “partition”), from Proto-Slavic *kroma (“edge, boundary”).

inh+

В библиоте́ке не бы́ло ни одно́й ру́сской кни́ги, кро́ме сочине́ний Сумаро́кова, кото́рых Поли́на никогда́ не раскрыва́ла.

1831, Александр Пушкин [Alexander Pushkin], Рославлев; English translation from Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, transl., Roslavlev, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016:

There was not a single Russian book in the library, except for the works of Sumarokov, which Polina never opened.

V bibliotéke ne býlo ni odnój rússkoj knígi, króme sočinénij Sumarókova, kotóryx Polína nikogdá ne raskryvála.


напротив

head

напро́тив • (naprótiv)

напро́тив (canonical)
naprótiv (romanization)

Ru-напротив.ogg

напро́тивъ — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

сиде́ть напро́тив кого́-ли́бо

Их дверь напро́тив на́шей. ― Ix dverʹ naprótiv nášej. ― Their door's opposite ours.


про

Inherited from Old East Slavic про (pro), from Proto-Slavic *pro, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pra, from Proto-Indo-European *pró.

inh+

А э́тот расска́з про тебя́.

Ты про меня́ ли́чно?

А э́тот газ не про вас.

про чёрный день (alteration of на чёрный день (na čórnyj denʹ))

про вся́кий слу́чай (alteration of на вся́кий слу́чай (na vsjákij slúčaj, literally “for any case”))


про

From Old East Slavic про (pro), from Proto-Slavic *pro, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pra, from Proto-Indo-European *pró.


mā

From Proto-Polynesian *maqa. Cognates include Maori mā and Samoan mā.

Marks the intent of an alianably possessed object; for, about


среди

head

среди́ • (sredí)

В этот вечер мы устроили себе праздник — печальный и странный праздник, на котором среди гостей присутствовали тени умерших.

1904, Леонид Андреев, “Отрывок четвёртый”, in Красный смех; English translation from Alexandra Linden, transl., The Red Laugh, London: T. Fisher, 1905:

That same evening we got up and entertainment—a sad and strange entertainment, at which, amongst the guests, the shadows of the dead assisted.

V etot večer my ustroili sebe prazdnik — pečalʹnyj i strannyj prazdnik, na kotorom sredi gostej prisutstvovali teni umeršix.


пред

Audio

From Proto-Slavic *perdъ. Equivalent to пре (pre, “afore”) (obsolete) + -д (-d).

ку́чето е пред кути́ята


пред

Пред смртта на мајка ти, живеевме на село.

Before your mother's death, we lived in the countryside.

Pred smrtta na majka ti, živeevme na selo.

Се вселивме пред две години.

Има камион пред влезот од гаражата.

There is a truck in front of the entrance to the garage.


пред

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прѣдъ (prědŭ). Doublet of пе́ред (péred), the inherited East Slavic form.


пред

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прѣдъ (prědŭ) from Proto-Slavic *perdъ.

C(ј)едни преда ме.

in front of, to the front of (with change of position, answering the question ку̀да) [with accusative]

пред рат

just before, shortly before (of occurrence, answering the question ка̏д) [with accusative]

С(ј)едим пред кућом.

before, in front of (without change of position, answering the question гдје̏/где̏) [with instrumental]

(figuratively) (+ instrumental case) in face of, facing


tou

head

tou (neuter or distal adverb deertou, proximal adverb hiertou, interrogative adverb wiertou)

deertou (adverb distal neuter)
hiertou (adverb proximal)
wiertou (adverb interrogative)

From Old Frisian to, from Proto-West Germanic [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *tō. Cognates include West Frisian ta and German zu.

Iek skoankte him Wien tou sin Bäidedai.

I gave him wine as a present for his birthday.


мимо

И се два слѣпцѧ сѣдѧща при пути слышавъша ꙗко їисусъ мимо ходитъ, възъписта глаголюща,....

And, behold, two blind men sitting by the way side, when they heard that Jesus passed by, cried out, saying,...


мимо

ми́мо • (mímo)

Мимо нас, мимо нас, пьяное солнце. Оно уйдёт и больше не вернётся.

2015, Alekseev, Пьяное солнце [Pʹjanoje solnce]:

Pass us by, pass us by, drunken sun. It departs and will return no more.


мимо

by, past (of movement in relation to an object)

outside, in spite of (law, custom, agreement, hardship etc.; contrary to something established or expected)


мимо

ми́мо • (mýmo)


надо

Inherited from Old East Slavic надъ (nadŭ), надо (nado), from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

inh+

надо мной

Alternative form of над (nad): above, over


надо

head

на́до • (nádo)

(colloquial) Alternative form of на́ді (nádi).


над

Я не мог знайсці свае ключы, таму што маё паліто было над імі.

I couldn't find my keys because my coat was over them.

Ja nje moh znajsci svaje ključy, tamu što majó palitó byló nad imi.

above, over (indicates the location, presence of someone or something on top of someone or something) [with instrumental]

Над яе няма прыгажэйшай.

There is no one more beautiful than her.

(obsolete) than (used to name the object of comparison) [with accusative]


над

From Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Equivalent to на (na, “on”) + -д (-d).


над

Галеби летаат над морето.


над

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare на (“on, onto”), над-, нат-.

над столом

власт над неким

херој над херојима

over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with instrumental]

Нагнуо се над воду.

over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]


над

Над на́ми со́нце.

перева́га над ки́мось/кимсь

іти́ над го́ру

(+ accusative case)
(rare) over (expression motion towards)

Люблю́ їх над усе́!

more than, like (used when increasing the higher measure, the degree of comparison, etc.)


ради

Russian: ра́ди (rádi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ра̏ди

Latin script: rȁdi

а тꙑ любиши гороу вельми, то не мози горꙑ ради оставити оучениꙗ своѥго, паче бо можеши кꙑмь съпасенъ бꙑти.

Though you have great love for the mountain, still leave not your teaching for the mountain’s sake, for you can sooner be saved through it.

a ty ljubiši goru velĭmi, to ne mozi gory radi ostaviti učenija svojego, pače bo možeši kymĭ sŭpasenŭ byti.


ради

ра́ди • (rádi)

ра́ди меня́

ра́ди дете́й


ради

ради мене

ради д(ј)еце

ради тог(а)


меж

Inherited from Old East Slavic *межу (*mežu), from Proto-Slavic *meďu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos. Doublet of ме́жду (méždu), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.

inh+

(dated or literary formal) between, among


vanaf

Negerhollands: van af

From van + af. Compare West Frisian fanôf.

Je rijbewijs is pas vanaf maandag geldig.

Your driving licence is only valid from Monday onwards.

starting from, from onwards, as of, as from

Er staat iemand vanaf het dak te roepen.

There's someone shouting from the top of the roof.


через

head

че́рез • (čérez)

Inherited from Old East Slavic чересъ (čeresŭ), from Proto-Slavic *čersъ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kert-. Doublet of чрез (črez), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.

inh+

Я бу́ду петь пе́сню че́рез пять мину́т.

че́рез семь мину́т по́сле отхо́да

до Киева через Москву́

В фи́нском ударе́ние па́дает че́рез слог.

In Finnish stress falls [on] every other syllable.


через

head

че́рез • (čérez)

Inherited from Old East Slavic чересъ (čeresŭ), from Proto-Slavic *čersъ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kert-.

across, over (from one side to the other of)

тому що
тому що

because of, due to (but it doesn't translate out of and of to express cause, e.g., "He died of cancer", Він помер від раку; "I fainted out of fear", Я знепритомнів від страху; moreover, it doesn't translate "because", тому що)


при

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pri, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei.

В момента съм при фризьора.

At the moment, I am at the hairdresser's.

При изпита, не бива да се говори.


при

Не ми е при рака.

При купувањето нов намештај треба да се имаат наум димензиите на просториите за кои тој е наменет.

When buying new furniture, one should bear in mind the dimensions of the rooms for which it is intended.

Pri kupuvanjeto nov nameštaj treba da se imaat naum dimenziite na prostoriite za koi toj e namenet.


при

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pri, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *prey, whence English for and per.

Э́то сло́во испо́льзуется при обще́нии с незнако́мыми людьми́.

This word is used when talking to strangers.

Éto slóvo ispólʹzujetsja pri obščénii s neznakómymi ljudʹmí.

Не́которые симпто́мы прису́тствуют при гри́ппе, но не при просту́де.

Some symptoms are present with the flu but not with the common cold.

Nékotoryje simptómy prisútstvujut pri gríppe, no ne pri prostúde.

Э́то обы́чная процеду́ра при допро́се.

This is a normal procedure during questioning.

Он ядови́т при прогла́тывании.

при ви́де чего́-либо

при Ста́лине

ни при каки́х обстоя́тельствах

при необходи́мости

при по́мощи

with / through / using / by means (of) / with the help (of)

Э́то мероприя́тие бы́ло организо́вано при их соде́йствии и подде́ржке.

This event was organised with their assistance and support.

Éto meroprijátije býlo organizóvano pri ix sodéjstvii i poddéržke.

при ко́мнатной температу́ре

И что бы я ни делала,
И что бы ни надела я
При тебе и без тебя,
Это только для тебя.

1969, w:Lyudmila Ivanova (lyrics and music), “Может быть [Maybe]”performed by w:Gelena Velikanova:

And what I wouldn't do
And what I wouldn't wear,
With you and without you
Is just for you.

I što by ja ni delala,
I što by ni nadela ja
Pri tebe i bez tebja,
Eto tolʹko dlja tebja.

with, when, during (in the time and/or presence (of))


при

при самом улазу

при крају улице

при врху брда

close to, near, at (denoting spatial proximity)

бити при новцу

бити при св(иј)ести

бити при (здравој) памети

бити при себи

при температури од 20° Ц

писар при суду

(archaic) at (belonging to, collaborating with)

при заласку сунца

during the sunset, while the sun was/is setting

при јелу

при крају разговора

при вожњи

during, while, at (denoting temporal co-occurrence)

бити некоме при руци

остајем при својој изјави

остајем при своме мишљењу

при томе

while doing so; in this connection/matter


при

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pri, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *pr-éy, from *per-.

at, by, near (in the general vicinity of)

при купі́влі нового комп'ютера

при поса́дці троя́нд

при наро́дженні

при схо́ді со́нця

бу́ти при сме́рті

при кімна́тній температу́рі


TCM

Abbreviation of también conocido como. (In English, a.k.a.)


supre

From Latin super, influenced by Spanish or Catalan sobre.


перед

пе́ред • (péred)

Inherited from Old East Slavic передъ (peredŭ), from Proto-Slavic *perdъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per-, whence also пере- (pere-), перез (perez). Doublet of пред (pred), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.


перед

head

пе́ред • (péred)

From Old East Slavic передъ (peredŭ), from Proto-Slavic *perdъ.

пе́ред ра́нком

just before, in front of (expressing position in space or time) (+ instrumental)

just before, in front of (expressing motion towards) (+ accusative)

пе́ред трьома́ ти́жнями


ō

From Proto-Polynesian *qoho (“journey provisions”), from Proto-Oceanic *qoso (“ibid.”) (cognate of Hawaiian ō (“food, provisions”)).

inh

Ka pekepeke te kurī ō tāua.

possessive article used before a pronoun, like the functions of and -’s in English


ovanpå

Skåla fekk ikkje plass i kjøleskåpet, så eg sette ho ovanpå så lenge

The bowl didn't fit in the fridge, so I put it on top of the fridge for the time being


ovanpå

Skålen fick inte plats i kylskåpet, så jag ställde den ovanpå så länge


fors

Tout est perdu fors l’honneur.


fors

Middle French: fors

French: hors (or from defors)

Et je reconois et otroi
Que nus n'i a coupes fors moi

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

And I recognize and admit
That nobody is responsible apart from me


leis

head

leis (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

leis an mbuachaill

leis na cailíní

form of le (“with”) used before the definite article


leis

From Old Irish leiss. Cognates include Irish leis and Manx lesh.

Form of le used before a definite article.


passant

La botiga és només passant la cantonada.


bort

From Old Norse burt, burtu, brott, brottu.


dessus

Inherited from Latin dēsūrsum, from dē and sūrsum.


'bout

That's what I'm talkin' 'bout. I need a man like that.

2010, Nikki Carter, Not A Good Look, page 20:


dessous

From Latin dē (“from”) + subtus (“beneath”), corresponding to de (“from”) + sous (“beneath”) in French. Compare Italian di sotto, Romanian dedesubt.


ἀπύ

Aeolic and Arcadocypriot form of ᾰ̓πό (apó)


𐀀𐀢

From Proto-Hellenic *apó, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo. Cognates include Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 (apa, “away”), Sanskrit अप- (ápa-, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”).


riva

From Portuguese arriba (“up”), with alternation of /b/ and /v/. Loss of initial unstressed vowel possibly due to re-analysis as à riba.

(with di) above (physically over; in a higher place)


inclusief

inclusief batterijen


περί

grc-preposition

περῐ́ • (perí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: περί (perí)

→ Dutch: peri-

→ English: peri-

→ Finnish: peri-

→ French: péri-

→ Italian: peri-

→ Spanish: peri-

From Proto-Indo-European *peri (“in crossing, in passing”), locative singular of *per- (“before, in front”). Cognates include Sanskrit परि (pári), Latin per, Lithuanian per, English for, and Albanian për.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is like παρά (pará).

inh

[with genitive]
about, concerning, because of

around (both in the circular sense and close proximity sense), near, about


περί

head

περί • (perí)

el-prep

περί • (perí)

περί τις πεντακόσιες δραχμές

Δεν ήξερα περί τίνος πρόκειται.


voorop

Univerbation of voor (“before, in front of”) + op (“up, onto”).


cho

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cho.wav

From Proto-Vietic *cəː; cognate with Arem cʌː.
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: ở (“to stay; at, in”), đến (“to come; to”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), vào (“to enter; in, into”), theo (“to follow; according to”), về (“to return; about”).


eer

Negerhollands: eer

From Middle Dutch êer, from Old Dutch ēr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.


eer

Dutch: eer

From Old Dutch ēr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.


presso

From Vulgar Latin *pressō, from Latin presse (“narrow, short”). Cognate with Walloon and French près.

Abito presso i miei zii.

Lavoravo presso la ditta Bianchi.


εις

σε (se, “to”)

From Ancient Greek εἰς (eis). Doublet of σε (se).


dica

From Latin de hinc ad, cognate with Galician deica and Asturian dica.


dica

From Latin de hinc ad, cognate with Galician deica and Aragonese dica.

Foi dica'l cruce


as per

Gentlemen—As per the rules of your Honorable Body, I advertised for bids for crockery, etc., that might be required by the various Cook County institutions from April 1st to June 30th, 1894, as per specifications on file in my office.

1895, C. Mamer, Official Proceedings of the Board of Commissioners of Cook County, Illinois. 1893/1894, page 403:

Consistent, or in accordance, with; according to


איבער

yi-prep

איבער • (iber) (contracted dem-form איבערן (ibern))

iber (romanization)
איבערן (contracted-dem-form)

From Old High German ubiri, from Proto-Germanic *ubiri. Compare German über.

איך בין געגאַנגען איבער די גאַסן פֿון ניו־יאָרק.

ikh bin gegangen iber di gasn fun nyu-york.


ondanks

Afrikaans: ondanks

From Middle Dutch ondancs (“against the will of”), from the genitive of the noun ondanc (“disdain, unwill”), from ane (“without”) + danc (“thought, will”).

compound

Coordinate term: dankzij


אויף

yi-prep

אויף • (oyf) (contracted dem-form אויפֿן (oyfn))

oyf (romanization)
אויפֿן (contracted-dem-form)

From Middle High German ūf, from Old High German ūf, from Proto-Germanic *upp.

ווי אַזוי זאָגט מען „אוי“ אויף ענגליש?
vi azoy zogt men „oy“ oyf english?
So how do you say "oy" in English?


פֿון

פֿון • (fun) (contracted dem-form פֿונעם (funem) or פֿון (fun))

fun (romanization)
פֿונעם (contracted-dem-form)
פֿון (contracted-dem-form)

From Old High German fon; compare German von.

די טאָכטער פֿונעם געוועזענעם פֿאָרזיצער פֿון דער פֿאָרווערטס־פֿאַרוואַלטונג

2019 September 6, “אַן אויסדרוק פֿון מיטגעפֿיל פֿאַרן געוועזענעם פֿאָרזיצער פֿון דער פֿאָרווערטס־פֿאַרוואַלטונג, ד״ר באַרני זומאָף [A Note Of Sympathy To Former Chair of the Forward Board, Dr. Barnett Zumoff]”, in Der Forverts:

the daughter of the former chair of the Forward Board of Directors

di tokhter funem gevezenem forzitser fun der forverts-farvaltung

וואָס איז פֿלינקער פֿון אַ מויז?


די

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

It was one of those fresh, tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Era una de akelyas maḏrugaḏas freskas i tiernas en el mes de septembre, entre Rosh Ashana i Yom Kippur.


theo

Theo điều tra dân số Hoa Kỳ...


هنا

hana (romanization)
هنت (feminine)
هني (plural)

وَ اللّٰهْ قَالْ لِآدَمْ: «إِنْتَ سِمِعْت كَلَامْ مَرْتَكْ وَ أَكَلْت مِنْ عِيَالْ هَنَا الشَّدَرَةْ الْأَنَا دَحَرْتَكْ مِنْهَا. فِي شَانَكْ إِنْتَ، التُّرَابْ يَبْقَى مَلْعُونْ. وَ تَلْقَى مَعَاشَكْ بِتَعَبْ فِي كُلَّ مُدَّةْ حَيَاتَكْ.

2019, الكتاب المقدس بالعربي الدارجي هنا تشاد [The Bible in Chadian Arabic], N'Djamena: Alliance biblique du Tchad, تكوين [Genesis] 3:17:

And to Adam God said: because you gave ear to the voice of your wife and took of the fruit of the tree which I said you were not to take, the earth is cursed on your account. And in pain you will get your food from it all your life.

Expresses the possessive or genitive: of, 's


acorde a

acorde a mis criterias

according to my criteria; in keeping with my criteria

es más acorde a mi estilo

es acorde a mi gusto

2015 November 2, “El 57% de los españoles cree que no tendrá trabajo acorde a su formación”, in El País:

57% of Spaniards don't think they will have a job befitting of their training.


nabij

Negerhollands: nabi


prie

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei, cognate with Proto-Slavic *pri (“at, by”), Latvian pie, Old Prussian prei.


經過

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (經過):
* → Japanese: 経(けい)過(か) (keika)
* → Korean: 경과(經過) (gyeonggwa)
* → Vietnamese: kinh qua (經過)

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ko²¹³/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/

/kin²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/

/kiɪŋ³³ kə⁴¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ko²¹³/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/

/kin²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/

/kiɪŋ³³ kə⁴¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/

/keŋ³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/


as to

As to your earlier question, I don't think I know the answer.

grading as to size and color

According to; in a manner conforming or corresponding to; in proportion.


due to

Rising unemployment due to the economic downturn is spreading.

The accident was due to the breaking of one of the blades of the propeller on the left side.

1908, “Fatal fall of Wright airship”, in The New York Times:

The steamship was due to arrive in the Port of New York tomorrow.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see due, to.


läpi

From Proto-Finnic *läpi (“hole”). Cognates include Finnish läpi and Estonian läbi.

Jos männä läpi turpian rikkaheinän, kumpa kasvaa mis ikkee entisiin hoonein sihal, ni vaattiilois leenöö tarttunt paljo rikkaheiniin plodiloja.

1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

If you go through thick weeds, which grow somewhere on the place of former buildings, then on [your] clothes there will stick a lot of the weeds' seeds.


prés

pres

manuscript form or alternative normalized form


prés

French: près


ette

From the illative singular of Proto-Finnic *eci. Cognate with Finnish eteen.

(~ + genitive/illative/allative) to the front of


all'infuori

all'infuori di alcune difficoltà, tutto è andato bene

outside of a few difficulties, everything went well

(with di) outside (of), except, apart (from)


tranne

From Italian tra' (imperative of trarre) + ne.

Conosco tutti tranne te. Chi sei?

I know everybody except you. Who are you?


oltre

Oltre alle funzioni di programmazione, offre anche altre funzioni utili.

In addition to programming functions, it also offers other useful functions.


ympäri

ympäri (lative singular)
ympäriinsä (illative singular)
ympärillä (adessive singular)
ympäriltä (ablative singular)
ympärille (allative singular)
ympäritse (prolative singular)

From Proto-Finnic *ümpärik (compare Estonian ümber, Ingrian ympäär, Karelian ümbari, Veps ümbri, Votic ümper), equivalent to lative ympär + -i, the root ultimately derived from Proto-Germanic *umbi.

Olet jättänyt likapyykkiäsi ympäri taloa.

You've left your dirty laundry all over the house.


meimei

From Portuguese meio and Kabuverdianu meiu.


vastaan

vasta- (nominative singular)
vastassa (inessive singular)
vastaan (illative singular)
vastakkain (singular situative)
vastatusten (oppositive singular)
vasten (instructive singular)
vastoin (instructive plural)
vastaan (no-possessor possessive)
vastaani (first-person possessive singular)
vastaamme (first-person plural possessive)
vastaasi (possessive second-person singular)
vastaanne (plural possessive second-person)
vastaansa (possessive third-person)

[ˈʋɑ̝s̠tɑ̝ːn]


mang

From Middle English mang, mangis, imang, emang, variants of Middle English on mang, in mange, from Old English on ġemang. More at among.