outside

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-outside.wav

1919 June 28, the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, Treaty of Versailles, Part IV—German Rights and Interests outside Germany,
In territory outside her European frontiers as fixed by the present Treaty, Germany renounces all rights, titles and privileges whatever in or over territory which belonged to her or to her allies, and all rights, titles and privileges whatever their origin which she held as against the Allied and Associated Powers.

There is jurisdiction over an offense under section 601 committed outside the United States if the individual committing the offense is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence (as defined in section 101(a)(20) of the Immigration and Nationality Act).

1982, 97th Congress of the United States, Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982:

Hepaticology, outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, still lies deep in the shadow cast by that ultimate "closet taxonomist," Franz Stephani—a ghost whose shadow falls over us all.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

On the outside of, not inside (something, such as a building).

(often following a preposition) חוּץ לְ־ (khutz l'-)

tourists from outside the country

Beyond the scope, limits, or borders of.

Up the hill Richmond town was burning briskly; outside the town of Richmond there was no trace of the Black Smoke.

1898, H. G. Wells, The War of the Worlds:

Jane Green […] lives outside New York City with her husband and children.

2002, Jane Green, Bookends, 2003 trade paperback edition, outside back cover

Kastner lives in University City with his wife, Leslie Cohen, who works for the Jewish Federation, and their 17-month-old old son. Kastner grew up outside Cleveland.

2010 December, Patricia Corrigan, "Beyond Congregations", OY! (magazine section), St. Louis Jewish Light, volume 63, number 50, page 24

Outside of winning the lottery, the only way to succeed is through many years of hard work.


ilma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.


ilma

Compare Estonian ilma, Finnish ilman and Ingrian ilman.


över

över (prepositional)
över (adverb postpositional)
röver
hieröver
doröver
woröver
enerwegens över
nargens över
överall över

From Middle Low German över, from Old Saxon ovar, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér, from *upo.


över

From Old Swedish ivir, yvir, ø̄wer, from Runic Swedish ufiR, from Old Norse yfir, from Proto-Germanic *ubiri, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér, from *upo.

Det finns en bro över floden.

over; about clothes worn over something else

Middag börjar att serveras fem [minuter] över sex på kvällen.

Dinner will begin to be served five [minutes] past six in the evening.

past; after the latest full hour or, if used in the phrase "fem över halv", the latest half-hour


di

From Portuguese de. Cognate with Kabuverdianu di.


di

La domo di mea matro


di

Inherited from Malay di, from Proto-Malayic *di, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *i, from Proto-Austronesian *i. Doublet of -i.

Gelasnya di meja.

positioned at the upper surface of, touching from above

Ada luka besar di punggungnya.

positioned at or resting against the outer surface of; attached to

on
at or in (a certain region or location)

on
near; adjacent to; alongside; just off

Kami makan cukup banyak saat di kereta.

(with certain modes of transport, especially public transport) inside (a vehicle) for the purpose of travelling

Ada sedikit sisa air di botolku.

There is a little water left in my bottle.

Ada banyak pohon di taman itu.

Kita ada di kemah musuh.

Ulang tahunku di bulan Januari.

(indicating time) indicating occurrence in an instant of time or a period of time relatively short in context or from the speaker's perspective.

(used for skills (including in activities) or areas of knowledge) on the subject of; regarding

(dialect) to (in the direction of, so as to arrive at)

(dialect, especially in Central Sumatra) about; of (used as a function word to indicate what is dealt with as the object of thought, feeling, or action)

(dialect, especially in Central Sumatra) from


di

L’ira di Apollo

Apollo’s wrath (literally, “The wrath of Apollo”)

la coda del cane

Canto dello sciatore

Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo

Universal declaration of the Rights of the Man

Simbolo degli Apostoli

Manifesto della cucina futurista

Dei delitti e delle pene

(literally, “Of the crimes and of the punishments”)

used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s

Lei è di Monreale in Sicilia, ma adesso vive a Roma

She's from Monreale in Sicily, but she now lives in Rome

La mia canzone preferita degli U2? 'One' !

La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri

Jack è più alto di sua moglie, Joan.

Biden ha detto che l'economia USA è in condizioni peggiori di quanto pensasse

Biden says US economy is in worse shape than he thought.

Pont Neuf è il più antico ponte di Parigi

Pont Neuf is the oldest bridge in Paris.

Euclide scrisse diversi libri di matematica.

Parliamo di sentimenti.

Sei Nazioni: la Scozia gioca con l'Italia in un incontro decisivo per il cucchiaio di legno.

Six Nations: Scotland meet Italy today in a wooden-spoon decider.

Ho comprato una collana d'oro bianco.

expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted

Lei ha detto di non preoccuparsi.

Che devo fare se penso di avere un virus nel mio computer?

What should I do if I believe I have a virus on my computer?

(followed by an infinitive) to or omitted

Vuoi dell'acqua?

used with the definite article in partitive constructions; some

penso di sì

niente di meglio

Che c’è di nuovo?

used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article


di

di yexxam-inu

Izeddeɣ di Lezzayer.


di

From Portuguese de, from Old Galician-Portuguese de (“of”), from Latin dē (“of”).

guínde di águ

Ui di bôm!

Êle pôssa di grándi!

Êle bem di capaz!

of (indicates the semantic relation between two elements: such as possession, origin, place)

d'

optionally, before certain words starting with a vowel


di

head

di (Jawi spelling before consonant-initial words د, Jawi spelling before vowel-initial words دأ)

before consonant-initial words د (Jawi)
before vowel-initial words دأ (Jawi)

First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683AD. From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, *i, from Proto-Austronesian *di, *i.

di Kuala Lumpur

di sungai

di jalan


di

Akin to Central Kurdish دە (de), Zazaki de, Persian در. For the second sense compare Zazaki -en (used for the present tense but after the stem) which is a cognate of Northern Kurdish li and English in, probably initially used for present continuous much like Persian می.

-bêj- > di bêjim

-k- > di ke

-ê-, -hê- > t'ê, di hê

Used to mark present tense put before the stem of the verb.


di

dím (first-person singular)
díim (first-person singular)
dímsa (emphatic first-person singular)
díimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
dít (second-person singular)
de (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dé (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
desom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
dín (first-person plural)
dínn (first-person plural)
dínni (emphatic first-person plural)
díb (plural second-person)
díbsi (emphatic plural second-person)
diib (dative plural third-person)
díb (dative plural third-person)
díib (dative plural third-person)
diibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
díbsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: de

Manx: jeh

Scottish Gaelic: de

From Proto-Celtic *dī, from Proto-Indo-European *de; cognate with Latin dē.


di

Middle Welsh: y

Welsh: i

From Proto-Brythonic *di, from Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”).


di

From Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Lu cani di Pàuru

Edda è un'amigga di mamma

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; 's

Eu soggu di Sàssari

La poltrona è più còmuda di la caddrea

The armchair is more comfortable than the chair

Canne al vento è un libru di Gràzia Deledda

Canne al vento is a book by Grazia Deledda

E eddi cosa ni pènsani di te?

Edda è la più bedda di tutti

Un'ampulla di veddru

A glass bottle (literally, “A bottle of glass”)

Expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted


di

A raggia di Apollu

a cuda dû cani

Dichiarazziuni Univirsali dî Diritti di l’Omu

Universal declaration of the Rights of [the] Man

Sìmmulu di l'Apòstuli

Manifestu dâ cucina futurista

Di li dilitta e di li peni

Of [the] crimes and [of the] punishments

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s

Iḍḍa è di Murriali, 'n Sicilia, ma ora campa a Ruma

A me canzuni prifiruta dî Pink Floyd? 'Echoes' !

My favorite song by Pink Floyd? 'Echoes'!

A Divina Cummedia di Danti Aligheri

Jack è cchiù autu di so mugghieri, Joan.

Biden dissi ca l'ecunumìa USA è 'n cunnizziuna pijuri di quantu pinzassi

Pont Neuf è u ponti cchiù anticu di Parisi

Euclidi scrissi diversi libbra di matimàtica.

Parramu di sintimenta.

Sei Nazziuna: a Scozzia joca cu l'Italia nni nu ncontru dicisivu pâ cucchiara di lignu.

Acchattai na cuḍḍana d'oru jancu.

I bought a white [made of] gold necklace.

Iḍḍa dissi di nun priuccupàrisi.

Ch'avissi a fari si penzu d'aviri nu virus nnô me cumputer?

Ca penzu di se

Nenti di megghiu

Chi cc’è di novu?

Used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article.


di

aqa-t di taddart

nudef deg waman

expresses a location inside something or movement into something: in, into


di

di (after an open syllable and/or before a vowel: d')


di

Breton: da

Cornish: dhe

Old Welsh: di

Middle Welsh: y (“to, for”)

Welsh: i (“to, for”)


apropos

/ˌæp.ɹəˈpəʊ/

/ˌæp.ɹəˈpoʊ/

Borrowed from French à propos (“on that subject”).
Similar in meaning and form, and to some extent etymology, to appropriate, but not a doublet of it.

Few have the same root and branch obsession with the recent past or the avenger’s recall (‘the necessity for long memory and sarcasm in argument’, as he wrote apropos the old left intelligentsia in New York).

2011, Jeremy Harding, “Diary”, in London Review of Books, 33.VII:


ek

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐκ (ek). Also seen as a borrowing from Latin ex, with the x changed to just k so not to interfere with ex-, which shares the same origin.

Adportez stulo ek ta chambro

Lu prenis ca folio ek la tir-kesto

(indicating motion) out, out of, out from, from

Ek quon esas ta tasi?

Li esas ek porcelano.

Nonadek ek cent.

En ca armeo, 5 ek 100 esas ocidita, 10 ek 100 vundita.

In this army, five out of (every) 100 were killed, and ten per cent were wounded.

(mathematics) (indication fractional parts) out of


av

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab, from Proto-Indo-European *apó/*h₂epó.


av

From Old Norse af (“of, from, off, by”), from Proto-Germanic *ab (“away from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).

inh

Huset ble malt av ham.

by (in construction of the passive tense)

Avhengig av.


av

From Old Norse af. Akin to English of and English off.

Det er laga av bly.

Huset vart måla av honom.

by (in construction of the passive voice)

Eg lånte ei bok av han.

Avhenging av.


av

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab.

Jag fick den av Tomas.

I got it from Tomas. (Tomas gave it to me.)

Huset målades av honom.

by (in construction of the passive voice).

Bordet är av trä.

of; denoting the material of which something is made

En av dem sjunger.


über

+obj

dative (indicating location) accusative (indicating movement)

[with dative (indicating location) or accusative (indicating movement)]

→ Serbo-Croatian: iber

per se western German, and Berlin to a lesser extent, but also elsewhere when unstressed

From Middle High German über, from Old High German ubiri, ubari, from Proto-Germanic *ubiri, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér (ultimately from *upo + *-i). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”), Latin super (“above”).
Akin to Dutch over, English over, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir.

Über dem Wald ist der Himmel blau.

Die Vögel flogen über den Wald.

[with accusative or dative] above, over (spatially)

Die ganze Klasse lachte über ihren Witz.

[with accusative] about, concerning, over, at (in reference to)

Der Zug fährt über den Hauptbahnhof.

Ich kaufe alles über das Internet.

[with accusative] via, through, by way of

Ich fahre mit der Fähre über die Ostsee.

I travel on the ferry across the Baltic Sea.

Das Schiff legt an, und die Besucher steigen in einen weißen Bus, der sie über die Insel fährt.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 24/2010, page 128:

The ship docks and the visitors step into a white bus, which drives them across the island.

Die Popularität von Jeans reicht über alle Altersklassen und soziale Schichten hinweg.

2012 June 29, Die Welt, archived from the original on 2013-04-12, page 22:

The popularity of jeans extends across all age classes and social classes.

Es regnete über das Wochenende.

Er hat uns über Jahre belogen.

[with accusative] during, for, over a time period

Ich schreibe ein Buch über Goethes Leben.

Die technischen Probleme in der Welt von heute gehen weit über den Rahmen des Technischen hinaus.

The technological problems in today's world extend far beyond the scope of technology.

at (when 'over' or 'about' could roughly be substituted)


over

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.
Akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári).
Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

Hold the sign up over your head.

Over them gleamed far off the crimson banners of morning.

1858 October 16, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Courtship of Miles Standish”, in The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone,[…]. Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read.

2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

On top of; above; higher than; further up.

There is a bridge over the river.

I looked out over the sea.

My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter III, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

If I saw the wild geese fly over the dark lakes of Kerry...

1918, Dora Sigerson Shorter, Sick I Am and Sorrowful:

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

Expressing spatial relationship.
Across or spanning.

عَبْرَ

physical positioning: across or spanning

Drape the fabric over the table.

There is a roof over the house.

Expressing spatial relationship.
In such a way as to cover.

վրա

physical positioning: in such a way as to cover

The dog jumped over the fence.

I'll go over [the fence] first and then help you.

Let's walk over the hill to get there.

From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.

през

physical positioning: from one position to another over an obstacle

A stern voice boomed over the loudspeaker.

The message came over FM radio.

(figurative) Transmitted using a particular medium

Expressing spatial relationship.
Transmitted using a particular medium

I prefer the purple over the pink.

Expressing comparison.
More than; to a greater degree.

فَوْقَ

by comparison: more than; to a greater degree

I think I’m over my limit for calories for today.

Beyond; past; exceeding; too much or too far.

Sales are down this quarter over last.

(in certain collocations) As compared to.

The owner's son lorded it over the experienced managers.

The prince ruled over a portion of the kingdom.

Indicating relative status, authority, or power

Two over six equals one over three.

9♦9♠9♣6♥6♠ = nines over sixes

(poker) Separates the three of a kind from the pair in a full house.

We got over the engineering problems and the prototype works great.

I am over my cold and feel great again.

I know the referee made a bad call, but you have to get over it [your annoyance with the referee's decision].

She is finally over [the distress of] losing her job.

He is finally over his [distress over the loss of the relationship with his] ex-girlfriend.

Finished with; done with; from one state to another via a hindrance that must be solved or defeated; or via a third state that represents a significant difference from the first two.

Six diners in business clothes—five attractive young women and a balding middle-aged man—relax over cigarettes.

1990, Seymour Chatman, Coming to Terms, Cornell, →ISBN, page 100:

Sunday had been my favorite day at Woodlawn. A long W.A.A. [="work as assigned" period], having coffee and croissants with Mark over the Sunday Times.

1998, Marian Swerdlow, Underground Woman, Temple, →ISBN, page 88:

Over meatloaf and mashed potatoes (being careful not to talk with his mouth full), Stanley told about his adventure.

2009, Sara Pennypacker, The Great Egyptian Grave Robbery, Scholastic, →ISBN, page 79:

While using, especially while consuming.

The two boys had a fight over whose girlfriend was the best.

It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

We triumphed over difficulties.

The bill was passed over the veto.

It was a fine victory over their opponents.

Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding.

-stä (elative case in the sense "above")

He was fired over that.

Microsoft CEO should be fired over cyber failure

2024 May 24, “https://www.afr.com/technology/microsoft-ceo-should-be-fired-over-cyber-failure-20240523-p5jg4q”, in Financial Review:

Expressing causation; due to, as the result of


over

Skyer hænger over byen.

Klokken er fjorten minutter over sytten.


over

over (prepositional)
over (adverb postpositional)
erover
hierover
daarover
waarover
ergens over
nergens over
overal over

Afrikaans: oor

Berbice Creole Dutch: ofru

Javindo: ofer

Jersey Dutch: ôver

Negerhollands: over, aobu, obu, ovoor

Skepi Creole Dutch: over, ofer

→ Caribbean Javanese: oper, ngoper

→ Papiamentu: ofer, over

From Middle Dutch ōver, from Old Dutch *ovar, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo. Compare German ober, English over.


over

Dutch: over
→ Indonesian: oper

Limburgish: euver

From Old Dutch over, from Proto-West Germanic *obar.


over

English: over

Geordie English: ower

Scots: ower

Yola: ower, oer, owr

From Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar.


over

From Old Saxon ovar, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, and Old Saxon *uvir from Proto-Germanic *ubiri.

over dat rode mêr

(accusative) across, moving through or over something

(accusative) across, moving to the other side of something

over alle lant

(accusative) in, across, describing the spread of something

over deme watere

(dative) across, situated on the other side of

over deme werke begripen

over deme dische

(dative) over, at, on, on top of, describing where something is situated; does not mean above


till

From Middle English til, from Northern Old English til, from or akin to Old Norse til (“to, till”); both from Proto-Germanic *til (“to, toward”), from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“planned point in time”). Not a shortening of until; rather, until comes from till with the prefix un- (“against; toward; up to”) also found in unto. Cognate with Old Frisian til (“to, till”), Danish til (“to”), Swedish till (“to, till”), Icelandic til (“to, till”). Also related to Old English til (“good”), German Ziel (“goal”), Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til, “something fitting or suitable”).

cog

don't sell the skin till you have caught the bear

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never know what you've got till it's gone

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

She stayed till the very end.

I have to work till eight o'clock tonight.

Similar sentiments will recur to everyone familiar with his writings all through them till the very end.

1854, Prof. John Wilson, The Genius and Character of Burns, page 194:

The line was authorised on June 23, 1864, but not opened till July 11, 1881.

1946 May and June, G. A. Sekon, “L.B.S.C.R. West Coast Section—3”, in Railway Magazine, page 148:

While the PA has not always seen eye-to-eye with US foreign policy, its survival remained, till recently, a top American priority.

2019 March 14, Ramzy Baroud, “Chasing mirages: What are Palestinians doing to combat ‘Deal of the Century’?”, in Ma'an News, archived from the original on 2019-03-30:

Until; to, up to; as late as (a given time).

It's twenty till two. (1:40)

Is that the town-clock striking? / I think that it is to-night / My fever will reach its crisis, / There are long hours yet till light.

1880, A. T. Fullerton, “Fever”, in Littell's Living Age, volume 147, page 578:

They led him till his tent

She, poor bird, as all forlorn / Lean'd her breast up-till a thorn / And there sung the dolefull'st ditty, / To to hear it was great pity.

1599, William Shakespeare (attributed), The Passionate Pilgrim:

And till the kirk she wadna gae, / nor till't she wadna ride, / Till four-and-twenty men she gat her before, / And twenty on ilka side

1806, “Lord Wa'Yates and Auld Ingram”, in Robert Jameson, editor, Popular Ballads and Songs, volume 2:

For a king to gang an outlaw till / Is beneath his state and his dignitie.

1838, “The Outlaw Murray”, in Walter Scott, editor, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border:

(obsolete or dialectal) To, up to (physically).

"Here's at you old hoss!" hiccupped I, with a friendly pitch in the way of a nod at Rice.
"Go it, young grampus, that's me! Here's till ye, my infant progidy!" replied he, as he clinked his glass against mine.

1861, E. J. Guerin, Mountain Charley, page 20:

And then she changed her voice and would be as saft as honey: 'My puir wee Ailie, was I thrawn till ye? Never mind, my bonnie. You and me are a' that's left, and we maunna be ill to ither.'

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

(obsolete or dialectal) To, toward (in attitude).

1953?, Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot
VLADIMIR: Together again at last! We'll have to celebrate this. But how? (He reflects.) Get up till I embrace you.

(dialectal) So that (something may happen).


till

From Old Swedish til, from Old Norse til, from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”), from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“near, at”).

Välkommen till Sverige!

Ge den till mig

Vi behöver två till fem nya datorer

en bra TV till ett bra pris

Vad vill du ha till middag?

en present till min syster

pengar till resan
money for the trip

Jag tar mjölk till mitt kaffe

Till sommaren ska vi åka på semester till Island

This summer (the upcoming summer), we're going on vacation to Iceland


till

To our pleoughès an mulk-pylès till a neeshte holy die.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 6, page 96:

To our ploughs and our milk-pails till the next holiday.

till ee zin o'oure daies be var aye be ee-go t'glade.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 14-15:

until the sun of our lives be gone down the dark valley (of death).


ilo

Rālik dialect reflex of Etymology 2. Both forms have the same orthographic spelling.


ilo

Ratak dialect reflex of Etymology 1. Both forms have the same orthographic spelling.


для

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dьľa, *děľa.

У мяне́ не́шта ёсць для цябе́.

for (directed at; intended to belong to)

Усё, што я раблю́, я раблю́ гэ́та для цябе́.

Usjó, što ja rabljú, ja rabljú héta dlja cjabjé.

for (in order to help, benefit, gratify, honor etc.)

Гэ́та зана́дта склада́на для пачатко́ўцаў.

for (befitting of someone’s beliefs, needs, wants, skills, or tastes; best suited to)

Гэ́та но́вы звано́к для майго́ ро́вара.

Wiédama czym dla káwy sałódka śmiatána;

1859 [1834], Adam Mickiewicz, translated by Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich, Pan Tadeusz, Wilno: Drukarnia A. Syrkina, translation of Pan_Tadeusz, page 90:

Everyone knows how cream for coffee makes it tasty;

for (to be used or treated in a stated way, or with a stated purpose)


для

для дете́й


для

пісня “Для Анюти” (pisnja «Dlja Anjuty») — the song «For Anyuta» (female given name)


pace

From Latin pāce (“in peace”), ablative form of pāx (“peace”).

She is marvelous here, but he (pace many critics) is no bumpkin

1998, Harold Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human:

With all due respect
with all due respect


sub

Old Galician-Portuguese: sob

Galician: so

Portuguese: sob

Old Spanish: so

Spanish: so (in certain fossilized expressions)

→ English: sub

From Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upó. Compare Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó).
The usage with the accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, while with the ablative it is from both the locative, “under”, and the ablative, “from underneath”.

about, around (time); just before, just after, shortly before, shortly after

under, up to, up under, close to (of a motion)

(with accusative)
until, before, up to, about


sub

Inherited from Latin subtus, from sub. Compare Aromanian sum.


until

From Middle English vntil, until, untill, ontil, ontill, perhaps representing a northern variant of Middle English unto (see Modern English unto). By surface analysis, un- (“against; toward; up to”) + till.

surf

If you can wait until after my meeting with her, we'll talk then.

Seeing the British establishment struggle with the financial sector is like watching an alcoholic […]. Until 2008 there was denial over what finance had become. When a series of bank failures made this impossible, there was widespread anger, leading to the public humiliation of symbolic figures.

2013 June 28, Joris Luyendijk, “Our banks are out of control”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 3, page 21:

Up to the time of (something happening).

Keep walking until the second set of traffic lights, then turn left.

I was about to say that I had known the Celebrity from the time he wore kilts. But I see I will have to amend that, because he was not a celebrity then, nor, indeed, did he achieve fame until some time after I left New York for the West.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Across Japan, technology companies and private investors are racing to install devices that until recently they had little interest in: solar panels. Massive solar parks are popping up as part of a rapid build-up that one developer likened to an "explosion."

2013 June 21, Chico Harlan, “Japan pockets the subsidy …”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 30:

He rousd himselfe full blith, and hastned them untill.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto XI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 4:


со

Пишувам со молив.

Разговарам со пријател.


со

Alternative form of с (s): with, off, from, etc.


ко

ко мне́

ко вто́рнику

Alternative form of к (k): to, towards; by, for (a specified time); etc.


sobre

sobre les cinco

around, about (roughly near to in time or space)


sobre

Inherited from Old Catalan sobre, from Latin super (“above”), from *eks-uper, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”) (Latin ex) and *uperi (“above”), from *upo. Doublet of the borrowed súper.


sobre

From Old Galician-Portuguese sobre, from Latin super (“above”), from Proto-Indo-European *eḱs *uperi.

Non poemos analizar con pormenoris estis siglos, pero tampoco se debi toleral que, sin fundamentus, se poña en duda algo que a Historia documentá nos lega sobre nossa terra.

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme II, Chapter 2: Recunquista:

We can’t thoroughly analyse these centuries, but one mustn’t tolerate that, unfoundedly, something documented history tells us about our land be questioned.


sobre

From Old Galicia and Old Galician-Portuguese sobre, from Latin super.


sobre

From Old Galician-Portuguese sobre, from Latin super, from *eks-uper, which consists of Proto-Indo-European *eḱs (“out of”) and *uperi. Doublet of the borrowed súper and super.
Cognate to Spanish sobre, French sur, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”) and English over, super and sur-.

Deixaram um livro sobre a mesa.

on; atop; on top of (located on the top surface of)

O pássaro voou sobre a muralha.

over; above (in or through the space above)

Discorremos sobre a guerra.

[...] o único professor presente quando entraram [na sala de aula] era Binns, [...] preparando-se para continuar sua monótona lengalenga sobre a guerra dos gigantes.

2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix [Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix] (Harry Potter; 5), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 294:

… the only teacher present when they entered [the classroom] was Binns, … preparing to continue his monotonous explanation about the giants' war.


sobre

Inherited from Old Spanish sobre, from Latin super (“above”), from *eks-uper, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”) (Latin ex) and *uperi (“above”), from *upo. Doublet of the borrowed super.

La pluma de mi tía está sobre la mesa.

Dime algo sobre ti.


che

Partio che me!

Me lojas che mea patro.

Irez che la mediko!

at, in, to (someone in his or her house, home or place), with (a people, in respect of their customs)


che

From a contraction of Old Logudorese co e (“as, like”), from Latin quō(modo) et.


under

From Middle English under, from Old English under, from Proto-Germanic *under (whence also German unter, Dutch onder, Danish and Norwegian under), from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”) and *h₁entér (“inside”). Akin to Old High German untar (“under”), Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar, “within”), Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”).

We found some shade under a tree.

About £10,000 was stuffed under the mattress.

There is nothing new under the sun.

There is an oil leak under the car.

The little boys in the front bedroom had thrown off their blankets and lay under the sheets.

1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC:

Nanny Broome was looking up at the outer wall. Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 14, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Floods in northern India, mostly in the small state of Uttarakhand, have wrought disaster on an enormous scale.[…]Rock-filled torrents smashed vehicles and homes, burying victims under rubble and sludge.

2013 June 29, “High and wet”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 28:

At the bottom of or in the area covered or surmounted by.

The crocodile lurked just under the water.

I crawled under the fence.

There is a tunnel under the English Channel.

From one side of to the other, passing beneath.

Interest rates are now under 1%.

We can get there in under an hour.

genitive case + འོག་ལ ('og la) (as postposition)

He served in World War II under General Omar Bradley.

During the pandemic, we had to live under severe restrictions.

Under the law and concession agreement with other parties, the private company must pay taxes in time and on a right amount.

There is general agreement that his military forces were organized into six divisions. They were stationed at the following places: at Ti-hua under the command of Liu Hsi-tsen, at T'a-ch'eng under Chiang Sung-lin, at Ili under Niu Shih, at A-shan under Wei Chen-kuo, at A-k'o-su under Chang Tzu-t'ing, and at Ko-shih-ko-erh (Kashgar) nominally under Tsou-ying, but in reality under Chin's brother, Chin Shu-chih.

1987, Arthur C. Hasiotis, Jr., Soviet Political, Economic, and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949, Garland Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 62:

He was then denied by a magnificent tackle from captain Terry as Liverpool continued to press - but Chelsea survived as the memories of the nightmare under Villas-Boas faded even further into the background.

2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

Dati launched a blistering attack on the prime minister, François Fillon, under whom she served as justice minister, accusing him of sexism, elitism, arrogance and hindering the political advancement of ethnic minorities.

2011 December 14, Angelique Chrisafis, “Rachida Dati accuses French PM of sexism and elitism”, in Guardian:

Subordinate to; subject to the control of; in accordance with; in compliance with.

File this under "i" for "ignore".

Within the category, classification or heading of.

England's World Cup dreams fell apart under a French onslaught on a night when their shortcomings were brutally exposed at the quarter-final stage.

2011, Tom Fordyce, Rugby World Cup 2011: England 12-19 France:

to collapse under stress; to give in under interrogation

(figuratively) In the face of; in response to (some attacking force).

J.K. Rowling has written a crime novel called 'The Cuckoo's Calling' under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith.

2013, The Huffington Post, JK Rowling Pseudonym: Robert Galbraith's 'The Cuckoo's Calling' Is Actually By Harry Potter Author:

He writes books under the name John Smith.

She now lives under a new identity.

Using or adopting (a name, identity, etc.).


under

From Old Norse undir, from Proto-Germanic *under, cognate with English under, German unter.


under

English: under

Scots: unner

Yola: unnere

From Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under.


under

From Old Norse undir, from Proto-Germanic *under.


under

From Old Norse undir, from Proto-Germanic *under. Akin to English under.


under

desctree

Middle English: under, vnder, onder
English: under
Scots: unner
Yola: unnere

From Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under. Compare Old Saxon undar, Old High German untar.


under

From Old Swedish undir, from Old Norse undir, from Proto-Germanic *under.

Under lektionen pratade de hela tiden.

During the lesson, they talked all the time.


under

Proto-West Germanic: *undar
Old English: under
Middle English: under, vnder, onder
English: under
Scots: unner
Yola: unnere
Old Frisian: under
North Frisian: öner
Saterland Frisian: unner
West Frisian: ûnder
Old Saxon: undar
Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
Low German: ünner
Plautdietsch: unja
Old Dutch: under
Middle Dutch: onder
Dutch: onder
Afrikaans: onder
Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro
Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu
→ Aukan: ondoo
Limburgish: ónger
Old High German: untar, undar, under
Middle High German: unter
German: unter
Hunsrik: unne
Luxembourgish: ënner
Yiddish: אונטער (unter)

Old Norse: undir
Icelandic: undir
Faroese: undir
Norn: onjder, onder
Norwegian Bokmål: under
Norwegian Nynorsk: under
Old Swedish: undir
Swedish: under
Danish: under
Gutnish: undar, unda, undur

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (undar)

→? Old Galician-Portuguese: unter

Galician: unter, ontre

From a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (“inside”), from which also Latin inter; and *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”), whence Latin īnfrā, Sanskrit अध (adhá, “below”), Ossetian дӕлӕ (dælæ, “below”).


utanför

Utanför köpcentret är det kallt


dell

dell, for till;

1867, OBSERVATIONS BY THE EDITOR, page 17:


pro

From Late Middle English pro, from Latin prō (“on behalf of”).

He is pro exercise but against physical exertion, quite a conundrum.


pro

Inherited from Old Czech pro, from Proto-Slavic *pro.

Zabili ho pro peníze.


pro

motivated by, for the sake of, on account of, for


pro

Samt Mehrwertsteuer ergibt sich ein Kaufpreis von rund 30 Euro pro Stück

After VAT the price comes to around 30 euros each.

Der durchschnittliche Pro-Kopf-Konsum von Bier in Deutschland im Jahr 2018 summierte sich auf rund 101,1 Liter.

Average beer consumption in Germany in 2018 came to 101.1 liters per head.


pro

From Latin prō, which is the predecessor of French pour, Italian pro and Spanish para via Vulgar Latin por. See also por.

Ille ha un dono pro te.

Io ha votate pro iste candidato.

Medicamento pro uso interne.

Illa prendeva le robo pro solmente vinti euros!

She got the dress for only twenty euros!

in place of, in exchange for, in return for

Io vole cantar pro facer te retornar.

(+ infinitive) to, in order to (expressing the intended purpose of an action)


pro

prō (canonical)
in Late Latin (accusative)

Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: pro, po

→ English: pro

→ Finnish: pro

→ German: pro

→ Indonesian: pro

→ Portuguese: pró

From Proto-Italic *prō, from an innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ derived from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).
Use with accusative nouns is originally by analogy to ante, amplified in Late Latin due to the merger of other cases with the accusative.

𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd.

6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I² 2658; image (page 18))

Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.

on behalf of, in the interest of, for the sake of

pro nuntio fuit

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.14


pro

N'i a pro.

Una rauba pro polida.


pro

(very early Old French) Alternative form of por


pro

A recent Latinism, borrowed from Latin prō; see above. Doublet of por.


pro

Yel epasetiköl no ebinon bönik pro muf obsik.

1938, “Pö yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:

The past year has not been favorable for our movement.

If xamobs yufapükis dabinöl, täno mutobs dasevön, das ons valik jenöfo binons geboviks pro disein.

1938, “Ge lü Volapük!”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, pages 17-19:

If we examine the existing auxiliary languages, we must admit that they are all indeed useful for the purpose.


pro

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: про (pro)

Belarusian: про (pro)

Russian: про (pro)

Carpathian Rusyn: про (pro)

Ukrainian: про (pro)

West Slavic:

Czech: pro

Kashubian: pro

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pra, from Proto-Indo-European *pró.
Cognate with Old Prussian pra, pro, Ancient Greek πρό (pró), Sanskrit प्र (prá).


segundo

From Old Galician-Portuguese segundo, from Latin secundus, probably taken as a semi-learned term.


segundo

Segundo a lenda.

according to (based on what is stated by)


porno

next to, beside, alongside, adjacent to, near, near to


ut

Middle Low German: ût

German Low German: uut

Low German: ut


off

(older Received Pronunciation, General American) -ɔːf

From Middle English of, from Old English of, af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“from, off, back”). Doublet of of.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots of, af (“off, away”), West Frisian af, ôf (“off, away”), Dutch af (“off, from”), German Low German of (“off, from”), German ab (“off, from”), Danish af (“of, off”), Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish av (“of, off”), Icelandic af (“of, off”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of, from”); and with Latin ab (“of, from, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “from”), and others.

-sta

used to indicate the location or direction of one thing relative to another

He's off the roof now.

I took it off the table.

Keep off the grass.

Not positioned upon, or away from a position upon.

The phone is off the hook

The coat fell off the peg.

He was thrown off the team for cheating.

We've been off the grid for three days now.

We're off their radar.

He's off the computer, but he's still on the phone.

Detached, separated, excluded or disconnected from; away from a position of attachment or connection to.

poissa

detached, separated, excluded or disconnected from

pois

His office is off this corridor on the right.

We're just off the main road.

Look! There's a UFO off our left wing!

Used to indicate the location or direction of one thing relative to another, implying adjacency or accessibility via.

The island is 23 miles off the cape.

Used to express location at sea relative to land or mainland.

-lta

used to express location at sea relative to land or mainland

There's 20% off the list price.

He's been off his feed since Tuesday.

He's off his meds again.

poissa (+ elative or ablative; cannot be used in all contexts, else use other phrasing, like "no longer taking meds")

He didn't buy it off him. He stole it off him.

(colloquial, more properly 'from') Out of the possession of.

Tantalum bar 6 off 3/8" Dia × 12" — Atom, Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority, 1972

samples submitted … 12 off Thermistors type 1K3A531 … — BSI test report for shock and vibration testing, 2000

I'd like to re-order those printer cartridges, let's say 5-off.

Placed after a number (of products or parts, as if a unit), in commerce or engineering.

The guy was off a perc.

The team won off a late-game fumble by an opposing player.

The economy is rising off the strength of the tech sector.


lez

Inherited from Old French lez, from Late Latin latus (“next to, beside”), from Latin lātus (“side”).

Saint-André-lez-Lille est une ville proche de Lille.
Saint-André-lez-Lille is a town near Lille.

(obsolete) next to, near (still used in some place names)


sa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Tagalog sa, Bikol Central sa, Hiligaynon sa.

Gihatag na nako ang tanan sa akong amigo.

marks the indirect object or recipient of the verb: to

Naa sa lamisa.

Sa Pilipinas ko gipanganak.

refers to the location of something or some action: in; at; on

Moadto siya sa sinehan unya.

refers to motion towards or away from a definite location:

Mihawa ko sa balay.

Sa Lunes mi mouli.

refers to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)

Nikuyog si Juan sa iyang papa.

refers to accompaniment with a definite partner or object: with; together with; in company with

Mas paspas ang eroplano sa imong sakyanan.

Namatay sila sa kagutom.

refers to the cause of action: due to; because of

Iyang gisagpa sa kamot.

refers to the definite tool or instrument used for doing: with, through, by

Migawas ang estudyante sa pagsugot sa maestro.

The student went out by the teacher's permission.

refers to the basis of action: through, by, on the basis of


sa

Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā. Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.

Se nħobbok sal-aħħar nifs ta’ ħajti.

I’ll love you until the last breath of my life.


sa

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost


sa

Alternative form of s; used instead of s when the following word or group of words start with sibilants s, z, š or ž and before instrumental form of first-person pronoun ja (mnom).


sa

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.

Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko.

Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak.

Wala siya sa opisina.

used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)

Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya.

used to refer towards a location: to; toward

Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya.

used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with

Sa Lunes kami uuwi.

used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)

Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo.

Tubo siya sa Cebu.

used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)

Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono.

Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.

a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of

Namatay sila sa gutom.

used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of

Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro.

The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.

used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on

Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang.

used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of

sa pamamagitan ng

mula sa

used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases


med

From Old Norse með (“with, along with”), from Proto-Germanic *midi (“with, by, through; along, together”), from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, from *me (“in the middle of, near, by, around, with”).

med båt / tog

fat med olje


med

Kven vert med oss?

med båt / tog

fat med olje


med

(with instrumental) between (stationary)

(with accusative) between (motion towards)


med

From Old Swedish mæþ, from Old Norse með, from Proto-Germanic *midi.

Han tränar (tillsammans) med vänner.

Han hittade en plånbok med 100 euro.

Med dig blir vi 4 (stycken).

Including you, there will be four of us.

Han har en motorcykel med sidovagn.
He has a motorcycle with a sidecar.

En hög med sand.

including, containing, with; in addition to

Han reste med tåg.

Han öppnade dörren med nyckeln.

Han kör med en hastighet av 90 km/h

Sluta skriva med stora bokstäver!

Han gjorde det med avsikt.

Han talar med brytning.

1 + 1 är lika med 2

Hon är gift med en svensk

to (in the expression "lika med" = "equal to")


cap

Inherited from Vulgar Latin capus (“head, chief”), from Latin caput (“head, etc.”), from Proto-Italic *kaput, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kauput-, *káput. Compare Occitan cap. Compare also French personne (which can mean either "person" or "nobody").


vice

From Latin vice (“in place of”), ablative form of vicis. Compare French fois (“time”) and Spanish vez (“time, turn”).

He was gardener and out-door man, vice Upton, resigned.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XXI, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume I, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849, →OCLC:

A very small cab-boy, vice Stoopid retired, swung on behind Foker's vehicle; knock-kneed and in the tightest leather breeches.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter XXVIII, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume I, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849, →OCLC:

(chiefly dated) Instead of; in place of; versus.


vice

Borrowed from English vice-, French vice-, German vize-, Italian vice-, Russian ви́це- (více-), Spanish vice-.


vice

English: vice-

French: vice

German: vize-

Ido: vice

Italian: vice

Piedmontese: vice

Swedish: vice

vice alicuius fungor


por

From Spanish por, from Late Latin pōr. Doublet of per and pro.

La edzo donis al sia edzino perlan kolĉenon por Kristnasko.

The husband gave his wife a pearl necklace for Christmas.


por

From Old Galician-Portuguese por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō (“for”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro-, form of *per-.

En esta época en que otras lenguas de España son recuñucias por tos cumu uficiais en sei territoriu […]

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

In this time when other languages of Spain are recognised by everyone as official in their territory […]


por

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō (“for”) (with metathetic shift due to per), from Proto-Indo-European *pro-, form of *por-. See also porto.

inh+

pola rúa

pola porta

por dez anos

polas seis

por aquí

about, around (near, in the vicinity of)

Fun á tenda por xabón.

oito por sete

by (indicates the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice)


por

From various Romance derivatives of Late Latin pōr from Latin prō.


por

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: por, pô

desctree

Old French: por, pur
Middle French: pour
French: pour
Norman: pouor, pour (Guernsey)

Occitano-Romance:

q

Old Occitan: por ("beyond, more" in the context of price)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: por

Old Galician-Portuguese: por

Fala: por

Galician: por

Portuguese: por

Spanish: por

→ Gascon: por

Esperanto: por

From Classical Latin prō, probably reshaped by analogy with the preposition per. Attested in an imperial inscription from what is now Budapest and another from Tunis. Replaced in much of Romance with descendants of per.


por

Middle French: pour
French: pour

Norman: pouor, pour (Guernsey)


por

From Old Galician-Portuguese por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō (“for”) (with metathetic shift under the influence of per). Usurped the roles of Latin per.

Faça isso por mim.

Espero por uma resposta.

Eu farei de tudo por uma cópia deste livro.

I will do anything for a copy of this book.

Esperei por uma semana.

Ela deu sua bicicleta pela minha.

for (indicates something given in an exchange)

A manutenção é feita por engenheiros.

The maintenance is carried out by engineers.

Os livros por Tolkien são ótimos.

Pela lei, deveríamos estar presos.

oito por sete

Venceremos essa batalha, pelo rei!

Tome uma pílula por dia.

per; a; each (expresses the ratio of units)

Vinte por quatro é cinco.

(arithmetic) by (indicates a mathematical division)

Ainda passaríamos por muitos túneis antes de chegarmos.

We would still pass through many tunnels before we arrived.

Passar por uma situação difícil.

through (entering and then leaving; being the medium of)

O tesouro foi encontrado por Dudinka.

Gostamos de passear por aí.

around; about; near (in the vicinity of)

O preço de um prato nos mercados daqui é por vinte euros.

The price of a plate in the local markets is around twenty euros.

Partiremos pelas dez.

around; about; approximately (close in quantity, amount or value to)

Esse tipo de ruína é encontrado pela Escócia.

This type of ruin is found throughout Scotland.

Somos pela melhora da educação.

We are for the improvement of education.

Eu falei aquilo só por falar.

(in the formula “X por Y”, where X is a clause and Y the infinitive of the verb in the clause, or of a synonym) for its own sake; without a motive

where X is a clause and Y the infinitive of the verb in the clause; or of a synonym; where X is a clause and Y the infinitive of the verb in the clause; or of a synonym

A chuva está por parar.


por

Inherited from Old Spanish por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō. Doublet of pro, which was borrowed.

de no ser por

if it weren't for, if it hadn't been for

por todos lados

everywhere, all over the place, on all sides, all around

La novela Cien años de soledad fue escrita por Gabriel García Márquez.
The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude was written by Gabriel García Márquez.

es:indicates the agent in a passive sentence

Lo compré por cincuenta euros.

La mujer ve la puesta de sol por la ventana.

The woman watches the sunset through the window.

Supongo que nuestra huésped se fue por la puerta trasera porque no la he visto.

I guess our guest went out the back door because I haven't seen her.

El hombre camina por la calle.

Él no pudo venir por eso.

Por amor a su esposo, ella aguanta a sus suegros.

Out of love for her husband, she puts up with his in-laws.

due to, because of, for, for the sake of, out of (to express cause or motive)

por allí

ocho por siete

Por mí, está bien.

¡Bien por ti!

according to, for, regarding (to express opinion or something concerning someone)

Por favor, devuelva este documento completado por correo electrónico.

Please, return this document completed via email.

via, through, by (indicating the means of something)

Mi profesor se salió por la tangente por una hora entera.

My professor went off on a tangent for a whole hour.

No lo hago por ti.

Ella irá a trabajar por mí mañana.

She will be filling in for me at work tomorrow.

for, for the sake of, on behalf of (indicating doing something for someone's benefit)

Cuesta diez dólares por artículo.

Eso está por ver.

La hora aún está por confirmar.

to (indicating something that has not yet passed)

Su hermana está por llegar del aeropuerto en cualquier momento.

Her sister is about to arrive from the airport any minute now.

about to (indicating something that will soon happen)

seis errores en los dos primeros parciales. Seis. 14 al final, por los 52 del rival.

2020 October 11, Alejandro Ciriza, El País:

six errors in the first two sets. Six. 14 at the end, compared to his rival's 52.

compared to; against; versus (indicating a comparison)


conform

(somewhat formal) in accordance with, according to


super

From Proto-Italic *super, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”).
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. The ablative is from the ablative of cause.

inh

Cibus super mēnsam est.

(with accusative or ablative) [of place] above, on the top of, upon

terra autem erat inanis et vacua et tenebrae super faciem abyssi et spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

(with accusative) [of place] above, beyond

(with accusative) [of measure] above, beyond, over, in addition to


super

Latin: super (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super)


dû

From the Univerbation of di (“of, from”, preposition) + u (“the”, masculine singular definite article). Doublet of di lu.

univerbation

A fera dû luni.

The Monday market (lit. the market [of the] monday).


að

From Old Norse at (“at, to”), from Proto-Germanic *at (“at, to”). More at at.

Göngum að húsinu.

ber er hver að baki, nema sér bróður eigi


að

Middle Welsh: að

From Proto-Celtic *ad. Cognate with Old Irish ad.


vu

Past participle of voir. Inherited from Old French veü, from earlier vedüt, possibly corresponding to a Vulgar Latin *vidūtus in place of Latin vīsus. Compare Italian veduto, Romanian văzut.

Vu le nombre de personnes ici, il vaut mieux partir !

Given the number of people here, we're better off leaving!


vu

(Kajkavian) (+ accusative case) to, into

(Kajkavian) (+ accusative case) on, in, at, during (in expressions concerning time)

(Kajkavian) (+ locative case) in, during (in expressions concerning time)


belong

Compare Australian Kriol blanga, Bislama blong, Tok Pisin bilong, and Torres Strait Creole blong.

Jim Campbell, Charlie, Dick, ... Fred, lubra b’longa him, me, thass all.

By an’ bye ’im grow ’m up make ’m good fella stockman b’longta you.

Those who had persevered with the course and had acquired some skill were now almost deferentially called ‘Maban (expert) belonga clay’.

Them two bin help’m too, and that father blung to this one old Frank.

There’s the bloke that’s kill that feller, uncle belong you an me.

Get that fire [wood] stacked up like that tree there, that high ... It wasn’t wood belong to that fire pile. Might be for station, or somebody else, you know.

(Australian Aboriginal, optionally followed by to) Of, belonging to.

Australian Aboriginal; optionally followed by to; Australian Aboriginal; optionally followed by to


belong

From English belong. Compare Tok Pisin bilong.

地士鼻郎㕭
di⁶ si⁶ bi⁶ long⁴ ju¹
Thisee belong you?
Is this yours?


sous

From Middle French soubs, from Old French soz, from Latin subtus.


sous

Alternative form of souôs (“below, under”)


enter

From Proto-Celtic *enter (“between”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁enter (“between”). Cognates include Celtiberian entara (“between”), Old Irish eter (“between”) (Irish idir (“between, both”)), Latin inter (“between”), Sanskrit अन्तर् (antár, “between, within, into”), Oscan 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓 (anter, “between”), and Old High German untar (“between”).


enter

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨntr
Old Breton: entr-
Middle Breton: entre, intre
Breton: etre
Middle Cornish: yntre, ynter
Cornish: yntra, ynter
Old Welsh: ithr
Welsh: ythr

Old Irish: etar-, eter
Irish: idir
Manx: eddyr
Scottish Gaelic: eadar

Gaulish: entar-

Celtiberian: entara

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér. Cognate with Latin inter, Proto-Germanic *under, Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar) and Albanian ndër.


longa

From Australian Kriol langa, from English along. Compare Bislama and Tok Pisin long.

This fella song all about the Aboriginal people, coloured people, black people longa Australia.

1991, Jimmy Chi, Bran Nue Dae, in Heiss & Minter, Macquarie PEN Anthology of Aboriginal Literature, Allen & Unwin 2008, p. 137

He wait longa river.

2000, Queensland Department of Justice, Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook:

(Australian Aboriginal) Belonging to; of, in, at, to.


into

From Middle English in-to, from Old English intō, equivalent to in + to. Cognate with Scots intae.

enough sense to pound sand into a rathole

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

knock someone into the middle of next week

you can't put the toothpaste back into the tube

Mary danced into the house.

Pour the wine into the decanter.

The nomads shave intricate designs into their camels' fur.

He used to drop into my chambers once in a while to smoke, and was first-rate company. When I gave a dinner there was generally a cover laid for him. I liked the man for his own sake, and even had he promised to turn out a celebrity it would have had no weight with me.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 2:

This time Cudicini was left helpless when Natcho stepped up to expertly curl the ball into the top corner.

2011 November 3, Chris Bevan, “Rubin Kazan 1-0 Tottenham”, in BBC Sport:

εἴσω (eísō) (postposition + genitive, accusative)

We left the house and walked into the street.

The eagle flew off into the wide blue sky.

The car crashed into the tree.

I wasn't careful, and walked into a wall.

Against, especially with force or violence.

I carved the piece of driftwood into a sculpture of a whale.

Right before our eyes, Jake turned into a wolf!

His English is still in its beginning stages, like my Creole, but he was able to translate some Creole songs that he's written into English—not the best English, but English nonetheless.

2002, Matt Cyr, Something to Teach Me: Journal of an American in the Mountains of Haiti, Educa Vision, Inc., →ISBN, page 25:

Indicates transition into another form or substance.

A cow's stomach is divided into four chambers.

Imagine a country where children do nothing but play until they start compulsory schooling at age seven. Then, without exception, they attend comprehensives until the age of 16. Charging school fees is illegal, and so is sorting pupils into ability groups by streaming or setting.

2013 July 19, Peter Wilby, “Finland spreads word on schools”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 30:

Indicates division or the creation of subgroups or sections.

About 20 minutes into the flight, the pilot reported a fire on board.

"[…] They talk of you as if you were Croesus—and I expect the beggars sponge on you unconscionably." And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

She's really into Shakespeare right now.

My date for tonight has black hair, and I'm into that.

I was into you, but I'm over it now / And I was trying to be nice / But nothing's getting through, so let me spell it out[…]

2021 August 13, Gayle, Sara Davis, David Pittenger, “abcdefu”, in A Study of the Human Experience Volume One, performed by Gayle:

(colloquial) Interested in or attracted to.

Three into two won't go.

24 goes into 48 how many times?

(mathematics) Expressing the operation of division, with the denominator given first. Usually with "goes".

Five into three is fifteen.

w:Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(British, archaic, India, mathematics) Expressing the operation of multiplication.

do

taking distinct arguments to distinct values

There have been calls for research into the pesticides that are blamed for the decline in bee populations.


into

Middle English: in-to, into, inne to, jn to, jne to, inte
English: into
Scots: intae


breve

(colloquial) Pronunciation spelling of bredvid.


kot

Dia lalu kot jauh.

(informal) via (prepositioning the path taken by one to reach a destination)


fer

“[…] Them rich fellers, they don't make no bad breaks with their money. They watch it all th' time b'cause they know blame well there ain't hardly room fer their feet fer th' pikers an' tin-horns an' thimble-riggers what are layin' fer 'em. […]”

1899, Stephen Crane, chapter 1, in Twelve O'Clock:

‘Got summat fer yeh here – I mighta sat on it at some point, but it’ll taste all right.’

1997, J.K. Rowling, chapter IV, in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone:

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(dialectal, especially British) Pronunciation spelling of for.


fer

Compare Pennsylvania German fer, German für and English for.


fer

Compare German für, Dutch voor, English for, Hunsrik fer.


ayont

How he escaped a broken neck in that dreadful place no human being will ever ken. The sweat, he has told me, stood in cold drops upon his forehead; he scarcely was aware of the saddle in which he sat, and his eyes were stelled in his head so that he saw nothing but the sky ayont him.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

Ayont the windows in the waning of the afternoon, Chris could see the frozen glister of night on the Grampians […].

1934, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Grey Granite (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 485:


vast

From Proto-Finnic *vasta. Cognates include Finnish vasta and Estonian vast.


vast

From Proto-Finnic *vasta, from Proto-Finno-Permic *wasta (“a place opposite or across”). Cognate with Finnish vasta-, vastaan, vasten.


ode

Variant of od. From Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti

I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw ode złego.

And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.


adv.

Tert. adv. Valent. [Tertulliānus adversus Valentīniānōs]
Tertullian against the Valentinians


au lieu de

→ English: in lieu of (calque)

From the classical Latin expression (in) locō (“in place (of)”), consisting of the ablative of locus (“place”), preceded or followed by a genitive, as in “parentis locō esse”, Cicero, Div. in Caecil., 19.61.

Nous arriverons au lieu de rendez-vous une heure tôt

We'll arrive at the location of the meeting an hour early.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see au, lieu, de.


jus

Inherited from Late Latin iūsum~iōsum, from Classical Latin deorsum.


ayen

Variant or relative of again, in its obsolete sense "against".


avaunt

From Late Latin ab ante, from Latin ab + ante, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“front, forehead”).


ou

15th century, Chronique de Charles VII roi de France par Jean Chartier, Tomé II, edited by Vallet de Viriville. Paris: P. Jannet, 1858, page 18.
Discord et division ou royaulme de Castile.

Discord and division within the kingdom of Castile


ou

head

ou (neuter or distal adverb deerou, proximal adverb hierou, interrogative adverb wierou)

deerou (adverb distal neuter)
hierou (adverb proximal)
wierou (adverb interrogative)

From Old Frisian of, from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab. Cognates include West Frisian ôf and German ab.


din

din Spania

unul din doi


да

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de.

ад часу да часу


inn

From Middle High German in, from Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in. Cognate with German in, English in.
The sense “east” may be reinforced by or a semantic loan from Venetian: vago dentro a Axiago (“I go east to Asiago”, literally “I go inward to Asiago”).


inn

+obj

[with dative (indicating location) or accusative (indicating movement)]


ko

ko mākou hale

ko ke kumu kaʻa

of, belonging to first part of possessive constructions, o-type

The o-type forms are used for possessions that are inherited

and for things that can be got into. The a-type forms are used for acquired possessions.


ko

Ekö! jivirgan ogrodikof, ed omotof soni, keli onemoy eli ‚Emmanuel’, kela tradutod binon: God binom ko obs.

1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:

Look! the virgin is with child and will give birth to a son whom they will call Immanuel, a name which means „God-is-with-us”.


chez

Borrowed from French chez. Doublet of casa.

Even if I say so myself, Christmas chez the Forests is quite a heart-warming affair. For Ben, growing up, it was pure magic - a log fire in the grate, ...

2008 February 28, Lisa Forest, “Mind the gap: Empty house, empty nest, empty fridge”, in The Telegraph:


chez

→ English: chez

Inherited from Middle French chez, from Old French chies, from Latin casa (“house”). Doublet of case. The lack of final -e may be due to contraction in unstressed position; however, it has also been explained as the continuation of a Proto-Romance dative-genitive form case (from Latin casae).

chez moi

chez lui

chez Françoise

chez le dentiste

chez l’avocat

Je rentre chez vous, comme c’était chez moi, quand c’était chez nous, […]

I go into where the two of you live, because it was my place, when it was our place […]

to, at, in or into the home, office, etc. of

une spécialité bien de chez nous

rentrer chez soi

by extension, to, at or in the country of

Cette maladie se voit souvent chez les chiens.

le TDAH chez l’adulte

L’impression produite par l’aspect de la Chebka est la même chez tous les voyagers.

1903, M. Huguet, “Les Conditions Générales de la vie au Mzab”, in Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, volume 4, page 220:

The sight of the Chebka leaves the same impression in all travelers.

in; among (a group of things or people of the same type)

C’est un thème très important chez Baudelaire.

That is a very important theme in Baudelaire's work.

le symbolisme des couleurs chez Picasso


c.

In English law, in the sense of "chapter", a preservation of Latin capitulum or caput (“head; heading, chapter”).

The document was written in the Middle Ages, c. 1250.


c.

C.

for Caput, Capitulum and Capitel (dated)


senza

From Latin sine (“without”) conflated with absentia (“without, in the absence of”).


đ

Written form of de often found on signs rather than in literature


fin

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader) until, till

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader) by


fra

From Old Norse frá, from Proto-Germanic *fram. Cognate with English from, Swedish från, Norwegian Bokmål fra, Norwegian Nynorsk frå, Faroese frá, Icelandic frá.


fra

From Latin īnfrā, which stems from inferus.

Vi sarò fra due minuti


zo

Ultimately from both Proto-Germanic *ta and *tō. Cognate with German zu; see there for more.


avant

Haitian Creole: anvan

Inherited from Middle French avant, from Old French avant (“before, prior in time, forward”), from Late Latin ab ante (“before, in front of”), from Latin ab (“from”) + ante (“before”).

inh

Elle est arrivé un jour avant moi.

Il faut se laver avant de manger.

Tais-toi avant que je ne te tue.

before (in space), in front of, ahead of


avant

From Old French avant, from Late Latin ab ante (“before, in front of”), from Latin ab (“from”) + ante (“before”).

Six s'maïnes avant Noué, et six s'maïnes après, les nits sont les pûs longues, et le jours les pûs freds.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 533:

Six weeks before Christmas and six weeks after, the nights are the longest and the days the coldest.


avant

French: avant

Norman: avant

→ Middle English: avaunt

From Late Latin ab ante (“before, in front of”), from Latin ab (“from”) + ante (“before”).


avant

From Late Latin ab ante, from Latin ab + ante.

(Rumantsch Grischun, Surmiran, Vallader) before, beforehand

(Rumantsch Grischun, Surmiran, Vallader) ago


trans

Derived from Latin trāns (“across, beyond”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“through, throughout, over”). Doublet of tra.


trans

From Esperanto trans, from Latin trans. Not to be confused with the paronym tra.

Il pasas trans la rivero per ponto.


trans

Aromanian: trã

Catalan: tra-, tras-, trans-

→ English: trans-

→ Esperanto: tra
→ Ido: tra

desctree

Old French: trés
Middle French: trés
French: très
→ Esperanto: tre
→ Ido: tre

French: tré- (tres- before s)

Galician: tras

Italian: tra-, trans-, trans

Ladin: tres

Picard: ter-

Portuguese: trás, trans-, trans

Spanish: tras, trans-, trans

From Proto-Italic *trānts, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-n̥ts, from *terh₂- (“through, throughout, over”). Cognate with English through, Scots throch (“through”), West Frisian troch (“through”), Dutch door (“through”), German durch (“through”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh, “through”), Albanian tërthor (“through, around”), Welsh tra (“through”). See also thorough.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. Compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras).

etymon

trāns


d'

Contraction of the preposition de (“of, from”).

d’Asturies
of Asturias

d’hermanu

(before a vowel or a h) Apocopic form of de: of, from


d'

escola d'idiomes

(before a vowel or an h) Apocopic form of de: of


d'

(archaic, poetic, colloquial) Apocopic form of de: the


d'

un verre d’eau

(before a vowel or a mute h) Apocopic form of de: of

Hé Rémi / fais pas d’conneries / J’t’aime ben la face / pis tu m’dois encore cinquante piasses

2002, Jean-François Pauzé (lyrics and music), “Mon chum Rémi”, in Break Syndical, the s in pas is silent:

Hey Rémi / stop with the nonsense / I really like your face / and you still owe me fifty dollars

(informal, after a vowel sound) Apocopic form of de: of


d'

d’athair Sheáin
to Seán’s father, for Seán’s father

(before vowel sounds) Apocopic form of do: to, for


d'

d’athair Sheáin
from Seán’s father, of Seán’s father

(before vowel sounds) Apocopic form of de: from, of


d'

Contraction of the preposition di (“of, from”).

Follia d'amore

Un bicchiere d'acqua.

(sometimes before a vowel or an h) Apocopic form of di: of


d'

Aceitaria um copo d'água?

Camões é o autor d'Os Lusíadas.

Apocopic form of de (used before words beginning in a vowel, archaic except in fixed expressions or before a facultative contraction containing part of a proper name)


d'

From the development of an epenthetic [d] in pronunciation between the prepositions cun/chin/in and the indefinite articles unu, una.

ortographic realization of a [d] sound in certain environments


d'

(before a vowel or an h) Apocopic form of di


kama

[…] lakini alipofika katikati, alisimama ghafla, kama mtu mwenye wasiwasi na shaka juu ya hilo linalompeleka darini kwa baba yake wakati ule.

1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:

[…] but when he reached the middle, he stopped suddenly, like a person worried and doubtful about that which had him going to his father's attic at that time.


su

Lezione d'inglese numero 1: Il libro è sulla tavola.

English lesson number 1: The book is on the table.

L'orologio sul polsino della camicia era il marchio di fabbrica di Gianni Agnelli.

The watch over the shirt cuff was Gianni Agnelli's trademark.

Gli italiani non sono d'accordo su molte cose sul come cucinare la pasta e soprattutto sul condimento.

Italians don't agree on many things about how to cook pasta and especially on the sauce.

La Paz, che sorge a circa 3600 metri sul livello del mare, è la più alta capitale del mondo.

La Paz, which lies about 3600 metres above sea level, is the world's highest capital city.

Un europeo su cinque avrà più di 65 anni entro il 2025.

One in five Europeans will be more than 65 years old by year 2025.


su

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *śun, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm, or from Proto-Indo-European *som-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

kalbėtis su draugu

identifies the object of a reciprocal action

mama su vaikais

gerti arbatą su pienu

identifies accompanying people or objects

dėžutė su dokumentais

pyragas su braškėmis

identifies an ingredient, feature, or contents

keltis su saule

identifies time by means of a simultaneous event

Aš panašus su tėčiu.

compares two things that are similar/identical

kalbėti su šypsena

identifies the state of a subject during an action

valgyti su šakute

identifies an instrument (equivalent to using the instrumental without su)


va

From Middle High German von, from Old High German fon. Cognate with German von.


tra

→ Ido: tra

Derived from Latin trāns (“across, beyond”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“through, throughout, over”). Doublet of trans.

Eĉ per verko lin koninte, multaj homoj tra la mondo lin rigardis kiel majstron la plej karan.

1920, Edmond Privat, Vivo de Zamenhof, London: Brita Esperanto-Asocio, page 202:


tra

From Esperanto tra, from Latin trāns. Not to be confused with the paronym trans.

Ni iris tra la tunelo.


tra

From Latin intrā, with influence from Latin inter.

tra due settimane

tra pochissimo


below

above

antonym(s) of “lower in spatial position than”

From Middle English bilooghe, equivalent to be- + low. Compare also earlier Middle English alogh, alow, aloȝ, alowe (“below”), benethen (“beneath”), Dutch omlaag (“downwards”).

One morning I had been driven to the precarious refuge afforded by the steps of the inn, after rejecting offers from the Celebrity to join him in a variety of amusements. But even here I was not free from interruption, for he was seated on a horse-block below me, playing with a fox terrier.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

The treasure is buried two meters below the surface.

The marmalade is on the shelf below the bread.

one degree below kings

1705, J[oseph] Addison, Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Surprisingly, this analysis revealed that acute exposure to solvent vapors at concentrations below those associated with long-term effects appears to increase the risk of a fatal automobile accident. Furthermore, this increase in risk is comparable to the risk of death from leukemia after long-term exposure to benzene, another solvent, which has the well-known property of causing this type of cancer.

2013 July-August, Philip J. Bushnell, “Solvents, Ethanol, Car Crashes & Tolerance”, in American Scientist:

The temperature is below zero.

Liverpool are below Manchester City in the Premier League.

Lower than in value, price, rank, concentration, etc.

The River Thames is tidal below Teddington Lock.

Sudan is below Egypt.

They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, […] how below all history the persons and their actions were.

1670, John Milton, “(please specify the page)”, in The History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. […], London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for James Allestry, […] , →OCLC:

who thinks no fact below his regard

1827, Henry Hallam, The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: John Murray, […], →OCLC:

Such petty behavior is below me.

Unsuitable to the rank or dignity of; beneath.

Below the sofa is a low, round coffee table.

1952, Frederick Knott, Dial "M" for Murder, 1954 Dramatists Play Service acting edition, act 1, scene 1


nigh

From Middle English neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, from Old English nēah, nēh, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian nai (“near”), West Frisian nei (“near, close by”), Dutch na (“close, near”), Luxembourgish no (“nearby, near, close”), German nah (“close, near, nearby”). See also near.

cog

When the Moon is horned […] is it not ever nigh the Sun?

1661-5, Thomas Salusbury (translator), Galileo Galilei, Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632

The cottage stood nigh the burn, in a little garden, with lilyoaks and grosart bushes lining the pathway.


dont

A l'ora d'ara, son de desenas d’estats qu’an reconegut lo genocidi armèni, dont l’estat francés.

2019 October 31, “Los Estats Units an reconegut lo genodici armèni”, in Jornalet:

Currently, there are dozens of states that have recognized the Armenian genocide, including the French state.


fur

A’most the moment as she lighted heer, all so desolate, she found (as she believed) a friend; a decent woman as spoke to her about the needle-work as she had been brought up to do, about finding plenty of it fur her, about a lodging fur the night, and making secret inquiration concerning of me and all at home, to-morrow.

1849 May – 1850 November, Charles Dickens, “The Beginning of a Longer Journey”, in The Personal History of David Copperfield, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC, page 516:


par

paw (non-rhotic, cot–caught merger, father-bother merger)

Borrowed from French par (“through, by”), from Latin per (“through”). Doublet of per.


par

par bali roko


par

→ English: par

Inherited from Middle French par, from Old French par, from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *peri.

par la fenêtre

aller par le parc

voyager par train

par surprise

le bateau est attaqué par des pirates.

the boat is [being] attacked by pirates.

by (used to introduce a means; used to introduce an agent in a passive construction)

Viens par ici !

voir par devant

le liquide est arrivé par le robinet

from (used to describe the origin of something, especially a view or movement)

par tout le cinéma

par terre

on (situated on, used in certain phrases)

par un beau jour

par un soir

on, at, in (used to denote a time when something occurs)

marcher par deux

trois fois par semaine

par pure colère

par tristesse

out of (used to describe the reason for something)


par

From Portuguese para, from Old Galician-Portuguese pera, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

Já fallou par su pai aquêl mais piquin, […]

1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:

The youngest one told (literally: said to) his father […]

Trasê tamêm um vaquinh bem gord e matá par nós comê e par nós regalá:

Bring also a small and very fat cow and kill (it) for us to eat and for us to regale ourselves:

(Diu) for (indicates subject of an infinitive)


par

Inherited from Latin per (“by means of”). Compare Italian per (“for; to; through”).


par

[…] O me’ ziddài, digussì bedda
e àipra, eu t’aggiu di dagà par eddu

1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Dipididda [Parting]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 15:

O town of mine, so beautiful and harsh, I'll have to leave you for it [destiny]

Alternative form of pa', sometimes used before vowel sounds


εν

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐν (en).

lbor

εν γνώσει + weak pronouns

μου; σου, του

εν ριπή οφθαλμού

in the blink of an eye, before you can say 'knife'


des

Galician: des

Portuguese: dês

Fala: desde

Galician: desde

Portuguese: desde

q̇ mui de coraçon ſenpre a amou des menỹnez

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 188 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/347.html] facsimile])

who loved her very heartily since childhood


within

From Middle English withinne, withinnen, from Old English wiþinnan; equivalent to with + in.

within her studio

The Rat[…] lightly stepped into a little boat which the Mole had not observed. It was painted blue outside and white within, and was just the size for two animals; and the Mole's whole heart went out to it at once[…].

1908 October, Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC:

In the inner part, spatially; physically inside.

within his hearing; her within five seconds of breaking the record; within an inch of falling overboard

England struck back with a fine try from Ben Foden and closed to within seven points with three minutes left when Mark Cueto capitalised on a break from replacement Matt Banahan.

2011, Tom Fordyce, Rugby World Cup 2011: England 12-19 France:

-nyira/-nyire (as in hajszálnyira, kőhajításnyira, karnyújtásnyira, köpésnyire, percnyire etc.)

Leave here within three days.

On October 6, 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer, the first sound-synched feature film, prompting a technological shift of unprecedented speed and unstoppable force. Within two years, nearly every studio release was a talkie.

2012, Christoper Zara, Tortured Artists: From Picasso and Monroe to Warhol and Winehouse, the Twisted Secrets of the World's Most Creative Minds, part 1, chapter 1, 27:

And Netherlands, backed by a typically noisy and colourful travelling support, started the second period in blistering fashion and could have had four goals within 10 minutes

2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport:


like

Adjective from Middle English lik, lyk, lich, like, from Old English ġelīċ by shortening, influenced by Old Norse líkr, glíkr; both from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“like, similar, same”). Related to alike; more distantly, with lich and -ly. Cognate with West Frisian like (“like; as”), Saterland Frisian gliek (“like”), Danish lig (“alike”), Dutch gelijk (“like, alike”), German gleich (“equal, like”), Icelandic líkur (“alike, like, similar”), Norwegian lik (“like, alike”) Swedish lik (“like, similar”)
Adverb from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, from Old English ġelīċe (“likewise, also, as, in like manner, similarly”) and Old Norse líka (“also, likewise”); both from Proto-Germanic *galīkê, from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“same, like, similar”).
Conjunction from Middle English like, lyke, lik, lyk, from the adverb Middle English like.
Preposition from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, lijc, liih (“similar to, like, equal to, comparable with”), from Middle English like (adjective) and like (adverb).

der

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path[…]. It twisted and turned,[…]and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn. And, back of the lawn, was a big, old-fashioned house, with piazzas stretching in front of it, and all blazing with lights. 'Twas the house I'd seen the roof of from the beach.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

It was a joy to snatch some brief respite, and find himself in the rectory drawing–room. Listening here was as pleasant as talking; just to watch was pleasant. The young priests who lived here wore cassocks and birettas; their faces were fine and mild, yet really strong, like the rector's face; and in their intercourse with him and his wife they seemed to be brothers.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter X, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry.

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

When Timothy and Julia hurried up the staircase to the bedroom floor, where a considerable commotion was taking place, Tim took Barry Leach with him.[…]. The captive made no resistance and came not only quietly but in a series of eager little rushes like a timid dog on a choke chain.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 36:

It would be just like Achilles to be sulking in his tent.

Popcorn costs something like $10 dollars at the movies.

He doesn't act like a president.

It's for websites like Wikipedia.

It looks like a hot summer in Europe.

I hear she has a new boyfriend. What's he like?

What's the weather like in Ürümqi today?

Used to ask for a description or opinion of someone or something


για

Inherited from Ancient Greek διά (diá, “during; because of”). Doublet of διά (diá).

inh

για στάσου

Φυλακίστηκε για πέντε χρόνια.

Φυλακίστηκε για κλοπή.

Αυτός ο δρόμος δεν είναι για μηχανάκια.

Aftós o drómos den eínai gia michanákia.

για σένα

πάω για ψώνια

Το τρένο φεύγει για Θεσσαλονίκη.

(end, intention, destination, takes accusative or genitive): for

end; intention; destination; end; intention; destination

Μου μίλησε για ό,τι συνέβη.


para

Back formation from përpara, from Proto-Albanian *pər-parə-a, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-e/o-s (“before, in front”)

der

para afatit

para dy shekujsh

para një pasqyre

para klasës

(presence) in front of, in the presence of


para

Para sain ini?


para

Para kaiyan?


para

From Spanish para (“for”). Displaced alang in most contexts.


para

From Old Galician-Portuguese pera, para, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

for (directed at, intended to belong to)


para

From earlier pera, from Old Galician-Portuguese pera, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

Ração para gatos.

O que é bom para gripe?

Tenho um recado para você.

2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 186:

for (directed at, intended to belong to or to be appropriate for)

E quantos serão bastante tolos para ficar longe de mim?

2001, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Cálice de Fogo [Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire] (Harry Potter; 4), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 514:

And how many will be foolish enough to stay away from me?

indicates application of an adjective; to

Comprei um baixo para tocar numa banda.

Vamos para a minha casa.

Ele podia ouvi-la se deslocando para a direita, para obter uma visão desimpedida dele.

2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix [Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix] (Harry Potter; 5), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 656:

He could hear her moving herself to the right, to obtain an unobstructed view of him.

towards; to; in the direction of (indicates destination)

Essa janela abre para um longo vale.

introduces the location, direction or context that applies to a verb

A cor da banana mudou de amarelo para preto.

The colour of the banana changed from yellow to black.

O valor da minha casa baixou para menos do que o que eu paguei.

The value of my house has fallen to less than what I paid.

Para mim, este livro é um dos melhores da história.

In my opinion, this book is one of the best ever.

Fiquem quietos que o filme está para começar.

Be quiet because the film is about to begin.

(with an infinitive) about to; soon to be (indicates that something will happen soon)


para

→ Hiligaynon: para

→ Tagalog: para

From earlier pora (a combination of por and a, or from Latin prō ad) via assimilation, influenced by the archaic preposition par.

La niña compró un regalo de navidad para su abuela.

The girl bought a Christmas gift for her grandmother.

Ahora me gustaría hacer un truco de magia para ustedes.

I'd now like to perform a magic trick for you all.

Estudio cada noche sin descanso para conseguir un trabajo decente al fin de todo esto.

I study every night tirelessly so that I get a decent job at the end of all this.

Voy a salir temprano para evitar el tráfico.

I am going to leave early to avoid traffic.

to, in order to, so, for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)

Necesito tu decisión para fin de mes.

I need your decision by the end of the month.

Sus proyectos de grupo son para el viernes sin excepción.

Your group projects are due on Friday without exception.

by, due, due on, due by (expressing a deadline)

Para un turista americano, él es en realidad bastante respetuoso.

For an American tourist, he is actually pretty respectful.

for (expressing contrast from what is expected)

Para mí, la música es lo único bueno sobre esa película.

For me, the music was the only good thing about that film.

Para mi hermano, su esposa tiene toda la razón.

As far as my brother is concerned, his wife is totally in the right.

for, to, in one's opinion, as far as one is concerned (expressing an opinion, perception or perspective)

Mi sobrino juega para el equipo de los Patos Poderosos.

My nephew plays for the Mighty Ducks' team.

Trabajamos para la misma jefe aunque no al mismo tiempo.

We worked for the same boss but not at the same time.

Ella trabajó para Microsoft durante años, pero ahora trabaja para Apple.

She worked for Microsoft for years, but now she works for Apple.

for (expressing using one's efforts for a group or an authority figure such as a sports team or a company/boss)

Para septiembre, me estaré quedando atrás.

Come September, I'll be getting left behind.

come (used to indicate a point in time at or after which a stated event or situation occurs)


para

Nagtatrabaho si Ate Virgie para sa kanyang pamilya.


pod

Potřebuju se dostat pod ten most.

Kočka leží pod stolem.

below, under (location, + instrumental case)


pod

Czech: pod

denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]

denotes movement up, upward [with accusative]

denotes movement down, below, downward [with accusative]

denotes duration to, until; by [with accusative]

denotes amount under; less than [with accusative]

denotes inferiority sub, less than [with accusative]

denotes subordination to under [with accusative]

as a result of [with accusative or instrumental]

for, to (an end, an aim, a purpose) [with accusative or instrumental]

denotes location near; under, underneath [with instrumental]

denotes relation of items worn under; in, dressed in [with instrumental]

denotes subordination under [with instrumental]

denotes duration during; in [with instrumental]

denotes elapsing of time in; after [with instrumental]

denotes period of someone's rule during [with instrumental]

denotes amount up to [with instrumental]

denotes inferiority sub, less than [with instrumental]

creates an adverb from a noun. [with instrumental]

denotes form or shape under; in the form of [with instrumental]

denotes instrumentality through, with, by means of [with instrumental]

used with documents, contracts, etc. on the basis of [with instrumental]

denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental]

denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]

despite, in spite of [with instrumental]


pod

Polish: pod

Silesian: pod

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ. First attested in the 14th century.

denotes location; under, underneath [with instrumental]

denotes near location; near; under, at [with instrumental]

denotes comitative location; with [with instrumental]

denotes time when something took place; during [with instrumental]

denotes sequence in time; after [with instrumental]

used with documents, contracts, etc. on the basis of; as a result of [with instrumental]

denotes subordination under [with instrumental]

denotes period of someone's rule during [with instrumental]

denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental or accusative]

denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental or accusative]

denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]

denotes movement; to; toward [with accusative]

denotes preceding time just before [with accusative]

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

denotes following time just after [with accusative]

denotes source of a given right or authority under [with accusative]

Ibant apostoli gaudentes a conspectu, pod oblicze (pro od oblicza?), concilli (Act 5, 41)

1956 [Fifteenth century], Jerzy Woronczak, editor, Teksty polskie w rękopisie nr 43 Biblioteki Kapitulnej we Wrocławiu z połowy XV wieku, Silesia, page 112r:


pod

pod ziemią

pod wiatr

Nie płyń pod prąd!

denotes movement against; against [with accusative]

Mieszkała pod Warszawą

denotes near location; near [with instrumental]

denotes movement to a near location; toward [with accusative]

denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental]

denotes motion towards protection, guidance, or watching to under [with accusative]

pod przymusem

pod wpływem

denotes cause under; under [with instrumental]

denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]

pod tytułem

denotes name of object; under [with instrumental]

denotes location, particularly of addresses; at [with instrumental]

denotes movement, particularly of addresses; to [with accusative]

pod piórem

denotes instrumentality or cause; because of, with [with instrumental]

denotes recepient; to, aimed at [with accusative]

(colloquial) denotes amount less than; under [with accusative]

(colloquial) denotes object of eating immediately after drinking [with accusative]

(colloquial) denotes cause of celebration [with accusative]


pod

S(j)ela je pod stablo.

Pao je pod vlak.

under, beneath (with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]

pod suncem

Ona s(j)edi pod stablom.

under, beneath (stationary, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with instrumental]

biti pod sumnjom

biti pod pritiskom

biti pod dojmom

pod oružjem

biti pod nadzorom

biti pod nečijom zaštitom

biti pod naglaskom

to be accented (stressed), to be under the accent (stress)

pisati pod pseudonimom

to write under the pen name, pseudonymously

biti pod zakletvom

under, beneath (being in a particular condition) [with instrumental]

pod jesen

pod kraj

pod starost

near, toward, in (temporal, with nouns denoting a final temporal segment) [with accusative]

pod odmorom

pod pauzom

pod satom

pod vladavinom

pokušati prodati mrkvu pod rotkvu

as, instead of, in lieu of [with accusative]

baciti pod noge

nebu pod oblake

pod uv(j)etom/uslovom da

under the condition of, on the condition that

pod izgovorom

pod Zagrebom

pod Velebitom

at the foot of Velebit, on the foothills of Velebit

pod korovom

ništa pod (milim) bogom

pod kontrolom (with genitive)

pod tim(e) mislim

biti pod antibioticima

pod pravim kutom

To je pod moranje.


pod

denotes location; under, underneath [with instrumental]

denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]

denotes near location; near; under, at [with instrumental]

denotes movement; to; toward [with accusative]

pod tytułym

denotes name of object; under [with instrumental]

denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]


ἄνευ

Greek: άνευ (ánef)

Unknown. Unlikely to be related to Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) and German ohne (“without”) because of the leading /a/. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *sń̥h₂u or *sn̥h₂eu, which could be derived from a more primary particle *sń̥ (“separated, without”) or the locative of some (hard to identify) noun. Likely related to Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutár, “far away”), Latin sine (“without”), Old Irish sain- (“separated”), Khotanese anau (“without”), Tocharian B snai (“without”).

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


mar

head

mar (+ nominative with the definite article, + dative otherwise, triggers lenition)

with the definite article (with-nominative)
otherwise (with-dative)


ĉ

Abbreviation of ĉirkaŭ (“around, about”).


az

(dialectal) behind; alternative form of aiz