z

Inherited from Old Czech z, ze, from Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.

Toto víno pochází z Francie.

Pět z deseti doktorů doporučuje tuto zubní pastu.

Five out of ten doctors recommend this toothpaste.


z

denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside [with instrumental]


z

Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Slavic language

From Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.

ze

used before sibilants and certain consonant clusters


z

From Proto-Slavic *sъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom.

Stej bratš ze sotšu.


z

Czech: z

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


z

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz. First attested in the 14th century.

denotes the composition of an item; from, out of, of

denotes origin or cause; because of, from

with a noun, denotes manner; by means of, from


z

Polish: z

Silesian: z

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n). First attested in the 14th century.

denotes instrumental relation; with, by means of


z

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Jesteś z przodu czy z tyłu?

Jestem z Polski.

jeden z dziesięciu

motyka z drewna


z

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

Podróżuje z prędkością światła!


z

požgat su pritili sela naša stane,
žene z dicom htili vest u svoje strane,
inim dati rane, svih smrtno sikući;

od svjetlosti zrak otvori,
i ostaše razlučene,
z bielim danom noćne sjene:

1622, Ivan Gundulić, Suze sina razmetnoga:

I srce mi greje
I z menom se smeje
I v žalosti plače takaj.

(Kajkavian, Chakavian, Croatia) (+ instrumental case) with

Oblaček po nebu
Si stiha putuje,
A z trave još samo
Šćurica se čuje.

1927, Dragutin Domjanić, Kaj vrt si senja:

(Kajkavian) (+ genitive case) from, out of


z

denotes a point in space or time from which movement or an action starts; from

denotes a material from which something is made; from, out of, made of


z

denotes that something is a component; with

denotes that something is the contents of a container; with

denotes conditions or environment in which something occurs; with


z

(with instrumental) with, by means of, using

(with instrumental) (together) with, in the company of


near

From Middle English nere, ner, from Old English nēar (“nearer”, comparative of nēah (“nigh”), the superlative would become next), influenced by Old Norse nær (“near”), both originating from Proto-Germanic *nēhwiz (“nearer”), comparative of the adverb *nēhw (“near”), from the adjective *nēhwaz, ultimately from Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂nḗḱwos, a lengthened-grade adjective derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).
Cognate with Old Frisian niār (“nearer”), Dutch naar (“to, towards”), German näher (“nearer”), Danish nær (“near, close”), Norwegian nær (“near, close”) Swedish nära (“near, close”). See also nigh.
Near appears to be derived from (or at the very least influenced by) the North Germanic languages; compare Danish nær (“near, close”), Norwegian nær (“near, close”) Swedish nära (“near, close”), as opposed to nigh, which continues the inherited West Germanic adjective, like Dutch na (“close, near”), German nah (“close, near, nearby”), Luxembourgish no (“nearby, near, close”). Both, however, are ultimately derived from the same Proto-Germanic root: *nēhw (“near, close”).

cog

There are habitable planets orbiting many of the stars near our Sun.

Ts'ai Ch'ien 蔡乾 was born in 1908 in Changhua near Taichung, Taiwan (Formosa).

1957, Edgar Snow, Random Notes on Red China, Harvard University Press, published 1968, →OCLC, page 103:

He entered the inn, and asking for dinner, unbuckled his wallet, and sat down to rest himself near the door.

This time was most dreadful for Lilian. Thrown on her own resources and almost penniless, she maintained herself and paid the rent of a wretched room near the hospital by working as a charwoman, sempstress, anything.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

It shied, balked, and whinnied, and in the end he could do nothing but drive it into the yard while the men used their own strength to get the heavy wagon near enough the hayloft for convenient pitching.

1927, H.P. Lovecraft, The Colour Out of Space:

Most of the Himalayan rivers have been relatively untouched by dams near their sources. Now the two great Asian powers, India and China, are rushing to harness them as they cut through some of the world's deepest valleys.

2013 August 16, John Vidal, “Dams endanger ecology of Himalayas”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 10, page 8:

Physically close to, in close proximity to.

The voyage was near completion.

His opinions are near the limit of what is acceptable.

There was no way Brín felt anything anywhere near what I felt for him. He saw me as a friend.


з

From Proto-Slavic *sъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom. Compare Polish z, Russian с (s), Ukrainian з (z).

льв- and possibly other consonant clusters


з

From Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs. Compare Polish z, Russian из (iz), Ukrainian з (z).


з

зі

before мно́ю (mnóju); Льво́ва (Lʹvóva), and words that begin with multiple constants, first of which is a sibilant fricative

із

before words that begin with a single sibilant fricative consonant and between consonants

from (from inside a place, e.g., a building or a geographical place: "I come from Ukraine", Я родом з України. Otherwise, від must be used since it indicates a movement "away from" a general point of departure: "I walk away from the table", Я відходжу від столу. Moreover, in the fixed expressions "to be far from" and "stay away from...!", від must be used: далеко від, тримайся подалі від...!)

of, out of (as above, with the meaning of "from inside a place", e.g., "I get out of school", Я виходжу зі школи)

in (in the fixed expression "specialist in", e.g., "I am a specialist in Medicine", Я спеціаліст з медицини)


з

with (somebody, with a comitative meaning; otherwise, to express "with/using/through something" with an instrumental meaning, the instrumental case is used directly, without any preposition)


к

к до́му

к бра́ту

ко мне

ко вто́рнику

к стене́


к

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *kom.


к

LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Po ukraińsku (Andriana)-к.wav


с

Той отиде с приятелите си.

мляко с кафе

ние с тебе

хляб с масло

смесвам се с тълпата

режа с нож

пътувам с кола/автобус/влак

used to show the instrument of the action, with, by, by means of

пиша с мастило

работя с метали

търгувам с жито

Той говореше за дъщеря си с голяма гордост.

He spoke about his daughter with great pride.

Toj govoreše za dǎšterja si s goljama gordost.

слушам с внимание

стоя с ръце в джобовете

to stand with one's hands in one's pockets

с всичка сила

със сила

улучвам с първия изстрел

used to show how or in what way something is done, with, by

Сенките се издължиха с наближаването на залеза.

The shadows lengthened with the approach of sunset.

Senkite se izdǎlžiha s nabližavaneto na zaleza.

Умението идва с практика.

because of something and as it happens, with

Книгата падна на пода с голям трясък.

The book fell to the floor with a loud bang.

С влизането попита стопанина дали може да пренощува.

Immediately after he entered he asked the landlord if he could spend the night there.

S vlizaneto popita stopanina dali može da prenoštuva.

used to indicate simultaneous happening, or immediate succession or consequence, with

Налягането се мени с дълбочината.

Здравето ѝ трябва да се подобри с времето.

Zdraveto ì trjabva da se podobri s vremeto.

Тя се промени много с годините.

used to indicate according to what something develops or changes, with, over

момче със зелени очи

яке с качулка

човек с голям опит

having a particular characteristic, possession, etc., with, of

Моля те, внимавай с тези кутии.

Не съм много добре с компютрите.

used to indicate the specific thing or person that is being referred to, with

гордея се с някого

Какво стана с приятеля ти?

used to say that someone or something is the object of attention, behavior, or a feeling, with, to, towards, of

Какъв е проблемът с колата ти?

in the performance, condition, behavior, or quality of something/someone, with

Глупак с глупак!

used in exclamations consisting of a repeated noun phrase and expressing blame, indignation, dissatisfaction, etc.

заменям A с B

Бих искал да заменя този пуловер с по-малък.

I'd like to exchange this sweater for a smaller one.

Bih iskal da zamenja tozi pulover s po-malǎk.

used to indicate the thing or person that replaces something/someone, for, by, with

Чаках те с часове в дъжда.

Не съм го виждал с години.

Хора с хиляди се тълпяха да я видят.

People flocked in their thousands to see her.

Hora s hiljadi se tǎlpjaha da ja vidjat.

used to indicate a large amount of something (most commonly time), for, in

с няколко години по-млад

в сравнение с

used when comparing to indicate the difference in quantity, age, etc., by, with

Полицията не можаха да я свържат с престъплението.

Police were unable to connect her to the crime.

Policijata ne možaha da ja svǎržat s prestǎplenieto.

свързвам се с някого

used to indicate connection, joining, with, to

Тя се раздели с приятелите си заради инцидента.

She broke ties with her friends because of the incident.

Tja se razdeli s prijatelite si zaradi incidenta.

used to indicate separation from someone/something, with

боря се с бедността

Скарахме се със съседите заради височината на оградата.

We had a disagreement with our neighbors over the height of the new fence.

Skarahme se sǎs sǎsedite zaradi visočinata na ogradata.

in opposition to somebody/something, with, against

Гаражът е пълен с боклуци.

бутилка, пълна с мляко

Езерото е заобиколено с дървета.

used to say that something fills something, covers something, etc., with, of, by

Със здраве!

с най-добри пожелания

с поздрав

с уважение

сбогом

used in wishes, greetings, salutations, parting phrases, etc.


с

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom.

со

before words beginning with certain awkward consonant clusters such as мн (mn); вс (vs), and сн (sn)

с (мои́м) бра́том ― s (moím) brátom ― with (my) brother

с (мое́й) сестро́й ― s (mojéj) sestrój ― with (my) sister

со все́ми

со мной

с тобо́й

с ка́ждым го́дом

from year to year, year by year, year after year (literally, “with each year”)

[with instrumental]
with (in certain time expressions)

с по́чты

с по́ля

с рабо́ты

со стола́

сдёрнуть ска́терть со стола́

с нача́ла до конца́

from, off, from off, from below (with abstract nouns; nouns entailing a flat, open area; and special exceptions)

с испу́га

because of, since (expressing a cause of motivation)

Ремо́нт гла́вного зда́ния бу́дет проводи́ться с два́дцать пя́того января́ по седьмо́е февраля́

The renovation of the main building will be conducted from January 25th to February 7th.

Remónt glávnovo zdánija búdet provodítʹsja s dvádcatʹ pjátovo janvarjá po sedʹmóje fevraljá

с трёх лет

from the age of three / since one was three

+obj

по (po + accusative) с (s + genitive) ‘to an ending time’

from (indicating a duration of time) [with по (po, + accusative) or с (s, + genitive) ‘to an ending time’]

[with genitive]
from (indicating a duration of time)

Там бы́ло гру́за ве́сом с то́нну.

Ма́льчик-с-па́льчик

С гу́лькин но́сик

for, about (indicating approximate time or number)


с

Гледам живу, тесну улицу, ограђену високим зидовима, с великим капијама и разгранатим дрвећем, које се пружа, те је кити зеленом.

1898, Vojislav Stanković, “Đurđevdan”, in Stari Dani, page 1:

I look at lively, narrow streets, high fenced walls, with large gates and branched trees, which stretch, and adorn it with green.

радити с неким

свађати се с неким

ратовати с неким

д(ј)евојка с плавом косом

с годинама долази мудрост

с љубављу

with, together with, along with [with instrumental]

Тако су се и овде, с временом, ројиле куће и множила насеља на оба краја моста.

1942-1945, Ivo Andrić, chapter 1, in Na Drini Ćuprija:

Here also in time the houses crowded together and the settlemnts multiplied at both ends of the bridge.

шта/што је с тобом?

с временом

поздравити се с неким

miscellaneous prepositional senses in various phrases [with instrumental]

пао сам са стабла

с друге стране

са запада

с леђа

проматрати с прозора

људи с планине

с тог разлога

because of (= из, збо̏г) [with genitive]


в

влизам в стаята

качвам се в колата

пристигам в хотела

going inside (of) or within the limits of, into, in, at, to

Колата се блъсна в дървото.

Не внимавах и се блъснах в стена.

I wasn't careful, and walked into a wall.

against, especially with force or violence, into

в стаята съм

Срещнахме се в училище.

пътувам в автобуса/метрото

used to indicate where something is or where something happens, in, at, on

в 8 часа

в петък

в 1988

в деветнадесетия век

в това/същото време

в момента

в един миг

в началото

в началото на годината

used with certain time expressions to say when something happens, at, in, on, during

превръщам в камък

превръщам в пепел/прах/развалини

превръщам километри в мили

used to indicate a change in state, to, into

в безсъзнание съм

в движение

в добро здравословно състояние

в покой

в кома
v koma
in a coma

used to indicate a state or condition, in, on

плащам в долари/брой

меря в километри

марширувам в строй

вървя в крак

слушам в захлас

в галоп/тръс

used to show how or in what way something is done, in, at

роман в три части

филм в два епизода

used to indicate the parts forming something, in

облечен в черно/черна риза

стени, боядисани в синьо

used to describe the clothes or the colour of something, in

Той е много добър в професията си.

used to indicate a sphere where a certain quality is present, at


в

PIE word
 *h₁en
Inherited from Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥, zero-grade form of *h₁én.

Он в теа́тре

[with prepositional]
(location) in, at, on

Он идёт в теа́тр

в три часа́

в часа́ три

в пя́тницу

три ра́за в день

ра́за три в день

сказа́ть в шу́тку

[with accusative]
(indicating aim or purpose) for, as

оди́н в оди́н

копе́йка в копе́йку ― kopéjka v kopéjku ― dollar for dollar (literally, “kopeck for kopeck”)

душа́ в ду́шу

in perfect harmony (literally, “soul for soul”)

(indicating exact correspondence, equivalence) for

идти́ в го́сти

идти́ в банди́ты

to become a bandit/bandits (literally, “to go as bandits”)

пойти́ в поли́тики

to enter politics (literally, “to go as politicians”)

выйти́ в рабо́чие

to join the workforce (literally, “to exit as workers”)

выйти́ в лю́ди

to go out (literally, “to leave as people”)

про́чить кого-то в нача́льники (насле́дники) ― próčitʹ kovo-to v načálʹniki (naslédniki) ― to expect someone to become the boss (the heir) (literally, “to expect as bosses (heirs)”)

уйти́ в профессиона́лы

to go pro/professional (literally, “to leave as professionals”)

переквалифици́роваться в управдо́мы

оста́вить себя́ в зало́жники

to become a hostage (literally, “to leave oneself as hostages”)

вы́брать (себе́) в мужья́/жёны/супру́ги ― výbratʹ (sebé) v mužʹjá/žóny/suprúgi ― to choose a husband/wife/spouse (for oneself) (literally, “to choose (for oneself) as husbands/wives/spouses”)

взять в жёны

бежа́ть в мона́хини

to run away to become a nun (literally, “to flee as nuns”)

пода́ться в бе́сы

to become a demon/demons (literally, “to give in as demons”)

[with nominative]
(indicating becoming, joining) as


в

Inherited from Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥, zero-grade form of *h₁én.

in, at [with locative] (used to express static position/location; followed by a vowel)

in, into, to [with accusative] (movement to reach a place and go inside it; followed by a vowel)


ore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

When I behold the violet paſt prime, / And ſable curls or ſiluer'd ore with white: […]

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 12”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC, signature B3, recto:


fri

Wennergren (canonical)
Bertilo “Neoficialaj rolvortetoj” (canonical)
retrieved 2010-10-08 (canonical)

a thousand euros including shipping costs

in Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko

one hundred dollars including customs duty


fri

desc

Irish: ré, re (“against, towards, with”)

⇒ Irish: fa ré, fara, frae (“along with, beside”)

Manx: rish

Scottish Gaelic: ri

From Old Irish fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

Ro·ferad failte friu uile, ocus ructha chuci-sium isin mbruidin.

c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

They were all made welcome and brought to him in the hall.


fri

frimm (first-person singular)
frium (first-person singular)
friumm (first-person singular)
frimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
friumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
frit (second-person singular)
fritt (second-person singular)
friut (second-person singular)
friutt (second-person singular)
fritso (emphatic second-person singular)
fritsu (emphatic second-person singular)
fris (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
friss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissium (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frie (accusative feminine singular third-person)
frinn (first-person plural)
frinni (emphatic first-person plural)
frinnai (emphatic first-person plural)
frib (plural second-person)
fribsi (emphatic plural second-person)
friu (accusative plural third-person)
friusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: fri
Irish: ré, re (“against, towards, with”)
⇒ Irish: fa ré, fara, frae (“along with, beside”)
Manx: rish
Scottish Gaelic: ri

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

from (with scaraid (“to separate”) and its compounds and synonyms)


dank

Cognate with danken and Dutch dank; compare the Latin grātia.

Dank seiner Arbeit hat er genug Geld zum Leben.

Thanks to his work he has enough money to live.


short

From Middle English schort, short, from Old English sċeort, sċort (“short”), from Proto-West Germanic *skurt, from Proto-Germanic *skurtaz (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-.
Cognates
shirt, skirt, curt, Scots short, schort (“short”), French court, Dutch kort, German kurz, Old High German scurz (“short”) (whence Middle High German schurz), Old Norse skorta (“to lack”) (whence Danish skorte), Albanian shkurt (“short, brief”), Latin curtus (“shortened, incomplete”) and Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ. Doublet of curt. More at shirt.

We are short a few men on the second shift.

He's short common sense.

I don’t want to be short the market going into the weekend.

(finance) Having a negative position in.


о

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

вълни́те разби́ваха о брега́

взи́рам се о стена́та

(archaic or literary, persist) in, (adhere) to (a theory, view, etc.)

(archaic) (bend/fold) in (a number) (indicating how many times something is bent or folded)

Ivan Bogorov, KP(?), book 1, page 2, quoted in Rechnik na Bǎlgarskiya Ezik
На́шта кни́жна търгови́я е о три пъ́ти по́вече от тя́хната.
Nášta knížna tǎrgovíja e o tri pǎ́ti póveče ot tjáhnata.

Our book trade is three times more than theirs.

(archaic or literary) indicating how many times something is bigger, smaller, greater or less than something else


о

Old Ruthenian: о (o)

Carpathian Rusyn: о (o)

Ukrainian: о (o)

Russian: о (o)

From Proto-Slavic *o. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic о (o) and Old Polish o.

[Слово] нѣкоѥг[о] [калꙋ]г[е]ра· о чь[тѥнии кн]игъ⁖

The speech of a certain monk on the reading of books.

[Slovo] někojeg[o] [kalu]g[e]ra· o čĭ[tjenii kn]igŭ⁖


о

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

Я чита́л о нём ― Ja čitál o njom ― I’ve read about him.

опира́ться о сте́ну

[with accusative]
(literary) against, upon


о

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See о-, об-.

об(ј)есити нешто о куку

ударити главом о зид

огр(иј)ешити се о закон

бринути се о некоме

в(иј)ест о катастрофи

Р(иј)еч је о..., ради се о...

Написао сам есеј о раном средњем вијеку.

I wrote an essay on the Early Middle Ages.


о

о шо́стій годи́ні

о дру́гій ра́нку

о пів на во́сьму

(before a vowel)

(with locative case) at (for indicating time in hours)


и

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

(+ locative) Alternative form of въ (vŭ, “inside”)

(+ accusative) Alternative form of въ (vŭ, “into”)


у

Old Belarusian language
Old East Slavic language
Proto-Slavic language

From Old Belarusian въ (v), from Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n).

ва

when the next word starts in ў; also before мне

ува

before мне; ўсіх, ўсім; according to the Taraškievica standard, may be used before any word starting with ў and is mandatory before мне, ўсё, ўсіх, ўсім, ўсенькім

ўва

according to the Taraškievica standard, is used after vowels before мне, ўсё, ўсіх, ўсім, ўсенькім


у

From Old Belarusian у (u), from Old East Slavic у (u), from Proto-Slavic *u.

at, by, near, in the possession of (+ genitive case)


у

у нас

у дома́

У кого́ е кни́гата?
U kogó e knígata?
Who has the book?

literally, “In whose possession is the book?”

with (someone), in (someone's) possession

това́ ка́чество се нами́ра у ня́кои хо́ра

създа́вам впечатле́ние у ня́кого

among (people/animals) (in reference to a quality)


у

у до́ма

у ме́не сè е до́бро.

I'm fine. (literally, “Everything's fine with me.”)

у на́с

У те́бе и́ма мо́лив?

У ме́не не́ма мо́лив.

(dialectal) in the possession of (used to express "to have")


у

О́дам у поне́делник.


у

Old Ruthenian: у (u)

Belarusian: у (u)

Carpathian Rusyn: у (u)

Ukrainian: у (u)

Russian: у (u)

Old Church Slavonic language
Old Polish language
Proto-Slavic language

From Proto-Slavic *u. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic оу (u) and Old Polish u.


у

Alternative form of въ (vŭ, “inside”) [with locative]

Alternative form of въ (vŭ, “into”) [with accusative]


у

Old East Slavic language
Proto-Slavic language

Inherited from Old East Slavic у (u), from Proto-Slavic *u.

сиде́ть у окна́

жить у мо́ря

Оте́ц у сы́на.

Ско́лько у тебя́ вре́мени?

У меня́ всё хорошо́.

У нас всё получи́лось.

We managed to do it. (literally, “Everything worked out for us.”)

Чуть свет уж на нога́х! и я у ва́ших ног.

1825, Александр Грибоедов [Alexander Griboyedov], “Действие первое. Явление 7”, in Горе от ума; English translation from Elizabeth C. Hulick, transl., Woe from Wit, New York: Columbia University Press, 2020:

It’s daybreak, and you’re up! I’m at your feet.

Čutʹ svet už na nogáx! i ja u vášix nog.

У вас есть каранда́ш?

У меня́ нет карандаша́.

но́жка у сту́ла

У меня́ боли́т живо́т.

У вас в голове́ не укла́дывается.

belonging to (used to denote ownership of body parts or appendages of objects)

узна́ть у друзе́й

попроси́ть у кого́-либо проще́ния

укра́сть у кого́-либо


у

бити у школи

у ц(иј)елом друштву

in, at (without change of position, answering the question гдје̏/где̏) [with locative]

ићи у школу

путовати у Америку

to, into (with change of position, answering the question ку̀да) [with accusative]

у подне

у ср(иј)еду

у зору

У колико сати?

on, in, at, during (in expressions concerning time) [with accusative]

у једном дану

у младости

in, during (in expressions concerning time) [with locative]


у

in, at [with locative] (to express static position/location; the following word starts with a consonant)

in, into, to [with accusative] (movement to reach a place and go inside it; the following word starts with a consonant)


у

at, by, near, in the possession of [with genitive]


u

Inherited from Old Czech u, from Proto-Slavic *u.


u

Czech: u

denotes approximate location; by, at; with [with genitive]


u

Alternative form of v (often before labial consonants)


u

Polish: u

Silesian: u

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *u. First attested in the 14th century.

denotes position in a group; among, between

denotes possession; in the possession of

with być; creates a possessive phrase meaning "to have"

denotes witness or subject of some action; in front of, on behalf of

denotes opinion; in one's eyes, in one's opinion, according to

denotes person from whom someone receives; from

denotes person being asked or requested; from, of

denotes object to which something belongs; 's

denotes perpetrator or performer of an action to create a passive voice; by


u

palce u nogi

denotes a part belonging to a larger whole; of

u drzwi

u bram

u Kasi

u rodziców

u lekarza

u dentysty

denotes position with something else; at, by; with; chez

denotes tutor or doer of an action; at, with; from

Near-synonyms: pośród, wpośród, wśród

denotes someone or something for which something else is named

u mężczyzn

u dzikich zwierząt

denotes someone or something about which something may apply; among; in


u

biti u školi

u c(ij)elom društvu

(+ locative case) in, at (without change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ)

ići u školu

putovati u Ameriku

(+ accusative case) to, into (with change of position, answering the question kùda)

u podne

u sr(ij)edu

u zoru

U koliko sati?

(+ accusative case) on, in, at, during (in expressions concerning time)

u jednom danu

u mladosti

(+ locative case) in, during (in expressions concerning time)


u

denotes approximate location; by, at; with


u

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: у (u)
Old Ruthenian: у (u)
Belarusian: у (u)
Carpathian Rusyn: у (u)
Ukrainian: у (u)
Russian: у (u)

Old Novgorodian: оу (u)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: оу (u)

Bulgarian: у (u)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: у

Latin script: u

Slovene: u

West Slavic:

Old Czech: u
Czech: u

Old Polish: u
Polish: u
Silesian: u

Slovak: u

Polabian: ai̯, au̯

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: ù

Slovincian: wù

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: wu

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *au, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew. Cognate with Lithuanian au-.


e

* Conjunction e (“and, also”): according to Orel from Proto-Albanian *ō(d), from Proto-Indo-European *ēd ~ *ōd (ablative sg. stem of Proto-Indo-European *ē- ~ *ō-).

Besa e shqiptarit nuk shitet pazarit.

The honor of an Albanian can not be sold or bought in a bazaar.


e

ennon (singular)
ennomp (plural)
ennout (singular)
ennoc'h (plural)
ennañ (singular)
enno (plural third-person)
enni (singular)
ennor (plural)

From Proto-Brythonic *ɨn, from Proto-Celtic *eni.


e

by (indicating the agent of a verb in the passive voice)


e

..et ignis semina convolvunt e nubibus.

c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 6

..and the seeds of fire roll from the clouds.


e

From Proto-Polynesian *e. Cognates include Hawaiian e and Samoan e.

Marks the subject of a transitive verb; by


than

then (unstressed form, also for some speakers stressed form)

From Middle English than, thanne, from Old English þanne, a variant of þonne (“then, since, because”), from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“at that, at that time, then”), from earlier *þam, from Proto-Indo-European *tóm, accusative masculine of *só (“demonstrative pronoun, that”).
Cognate with Dutch dan (“than”), German denn (“than”), German dann (“then”). Doublet of then.

inh

Patients diagnosed more recently are probably surviving an average of longer than two years.

No player is more skillful than Greg.

introduces a comparison, and is associated with comparatives, and with words such as more, less, and fewer. Typically, it seeks to measure the force of an adjective or similar description between two predicates.

partitive case followed by a comparative adjective


than

tan (mutation mutation-radical)
dan (mutation mutation-soft)
nhan (mutation mutation-nasal)
than (mutation mutation-aspirate)


than

From Middle English than, from Old English þonne.

An neeat wooden trenshoorès var whiter than snow.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 96:

And neat wooden trenchers far whiter than snow.


wee

From Middle English wiþ, from Old English wiþ.

Wee aar lhaung vlealès an pikkès, to waaite apan a breede.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:

With their long flails and picks, to wait upon the bride.

Aar was lhaung kaayle an nettles, ee-mixt wee prasaugh buee,

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 94:

There was long kale and nettles, mingled with yellow-weed,

Tibbès an crockès wee drink war ee-felt.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 98:

[Tubs and crocks were filled with drink.]

Craneen t' thee wee aam, thee luggès shell aake.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 100:

Choking to thee with them. Thy ears shall ache.

Risheenearès! Leth aam gaame wee aar barish-amang,

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 100:

Snack-eaters! let them game, with their barley-mung.


aa

From Old High German ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“up, on high”). Compare German an, Dutch aan, English on.


link

From a clipping of liñki, liñkui, or liñkuo, ultimately from the same root as liñkti (“to tend”), linkė́ti (“to wish”).


AKA

That man by the bar is Frank, AKA "the lady killer".


fier

From Middle High German vür, from Old High German furi, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi.
Compare Luxembourgish fir, German für, English for.


bij

bij (prepositional)
bij (adverb postpositional)
erbij
hierbij
daarbij
waarbij
ergens bij
nergens bij
overal bij

Jersey Dutch: bai

Negerhollands: bi, bie

Petjo: bij

Skepi Creole Dutch: bi

From Middle Dutch bi, from Old Dutch bī, from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi.

Bij ons is het altijd feest.

Ik woon in een hutje bij de zee.

Kom bij mij!

(obsolete) by, through, by means of, through the action or presence of


sense

Ultimately from Latin sine, possibly conflated with absentia, or more likely from sens, itself from Old Catalan sen (with an adverbial -s-), from Latin sine. Compare French sans, Occitan sens, Italian senza.


sense

From a variant of Latin sine (“without”), influenced by absēns (“absent, remote”).


tre

head

tre (with the accusative; triggers lenition)

desc

Irish: trí, tré, tré- (combining), fríd (Ulster), ⇒ fríd

Scottish Gaelic: tre

⇒ Manx: trooid

From Old Irish tre, from Proto-Celtic *trei (compare Welsh trwy), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”); compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras), Latin trāns and Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh).

der

Secht ndoruis isin bruidin ocus secht sligeda trethe ocus secht tellaige indi ocus secht cori.

c. 1000, anonymous author, edited by Rudolf Thurneysen, Scéla Mucca Meic Dathó, Dublin: Stationery Office, published 1935, § 1, page 1, line 11:

[There were] seven doors in the hall, and seven passages through it, and seven hearths in it, and seven cauldrons.


tre

tre (mutation mutation-radical)
thre (mutation mutation-nasal)
tre (mutation)


tre

From Old Irish tri (“through”), from Proto-Celtic *trei (compare Welsh trwy), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”).


tres

From Latin trāns (“beyond, on the other side”).


mot

Kjør mot byen.

En paraply skjermer deg mot regnet!

Det var et kappløp mot tiden.


mot

Han kom mot dei.

Har de noko som verkar mot tett nase?

Do you have anything that works for a stuffy nose?

Kven skal me spela mot?


mot

From Old Norse mót, from Proto-Germanic *mōtą, *gamōtą.

Kör mot stan.

Det där är mot lagen!


mot

From Middle English but, from Old English būtan. The b was changed to m as a back-formation from the Irish mutated forms, where *mbot and *bhot were reinterpreted as mot and *mhot.

Mot w'all aar boust, hi soon was ee-teight

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 5, page 86:

But with all their bravado they were soon taught

Wode zar; mot, all arkagh var ee barnaugh-blowe,

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 11, page 88:

Would serve; but, all eager for the barnagh-stroke,

Aar was nodhing ee-left mot a heade,

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 102:

Mot earch oan to aar die. Ich mosth kotch a bat.

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 106:

But every one to his day. I must catch the bat.

Vear'd nodhing mot Portheare. Na skeine e'er ee-waare.

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:

I feared nothing but Porter. No skein I ever wore.


st.

+obj

gen/dat<q:colloquially or in certain circumstances in formal German>

[with genitive or (colloquially or in certain circumstances in formal German) dative]


bilong

sista bilong mi

ol bai kisim retpela plaua bilong en

James Leach and Porer Nombo, Reite Plants, p. 10

they gather the red flowers of this [shrub]

God i kamapim ol kain kain animal bilong ples na ol bikpela na liklik animal bilong bus. God i lukim olgeta dispela samting i gutpela, na em i amamas.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:25:

man bilong dringim bia

man bilong paitim

Orait dispela banis i kamap. God i mekim dispela banis i kamap bilong banisim wara antap na wara daunbilo.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:7:

Ol dispela lait i mas kamap long skai bilong givim lait long graun.”

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:15:

Skin diwai bilong rausim tewel

James Leach and Porer Nombo, Reite Plants, p. 38


mm

Both Gardiner and Allen suggest the preposition could be a reduplication of m (“in”). Gardiner takes the adverb separately and considers it apparently an 18th Dynasty development from jmj.


mu

head

mu (+ dative, triggers lenition, combined with the singular definite article mun)

umam (first-person singular)
umamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
umad (second-person singular)
umadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
uime (masculine singular third-person)
uimesan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
uimpe (feminine singular third-person)
uimpese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
umainn (first-person plural)
umainne (emphatic first-person plural)
umaibh (plural second-person)
umaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
umpa (plural third-person)
umpasan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish imb. Cognates include Irish um and Manx mysh.

Bha craobhan mu ghàrradh an taighe.

There were trees around the house's yard.

Bha sinn a' bruidhinn mu làithean san sgoil againn.

We were talking about our days at school.

Bidh a' chuairt a' toirt mu thrì uairean.

Dè chuireas mi umam?


con

From Old Galician-Portuguese con, from Latin cum, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.

Cumu to é custión de proporciós, sin que sirva de argumentu por nun fel falta, poemus vel que en a misma Europa hai Estaus Soberarius con menus territoriu que os tres lugaris nossus, cumu:

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 2: Númerus:

As everything is a matter of proportions, without its presence being an argument, we can see that even in Europe there are Sovereign States with less territory than our three places, such as:


con

From Old Galician-Portuguese con, from Latin cum (“with”).


con

From Latin cum (“with”), from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”).


con

Fala: con

Galician: con

Portuguese: com (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Latin cum, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.


con

Ladino: kon

Spanish: con

Çid, en el nuestro mal vos non ganades nada;
mas ¡el Criador vos vala con todas sus vertudes sanctas!»

Cid, from our ill you gain nothing;
but may the Creator protect you with all his holy powers!


con

Inherited from Latin cum (“with”), from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”).

Yo cuento con ustedes.


without

From Middle English withoute, withouten, from Old English wiþūtan (literally “against the outside of”). Compare Dutch buiten (“outside of, without”), Danish uden (“without”), Swedish utan (“without”), Norwegian uten (“without”). By surface analysis, with- + out.

a prophet is not without honor save in his own country

a woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle

can't live with them and can't live without them

let he who is without sin cast the first stone

let him that is without sin cast the first stone

let him who is without sin cast the first stone

you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs

zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

Without the gate / Some drive the cars, and some the coursers rein.

1697, Virgil, “The Seventh Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

From thence we came without the Eaſtern gate, (ſtanding on a low Banke, called the daughter of Syon, that over-toppeth the valley of Iehoſaphat,) unto an immoveable ſtone, upon the which they ſaid St. Stephen was ſtoned to death, the firſt Martyr of the Chriſtian faith; and the faithfull fore-runner of many noble followers.

1640, William Lithgow, “The Sixt Part”, in The Totall Diſcourſe, Of the rare Adventures, and painefull Peregrinations of long nineteene yeares Travailes from Scotland, to the moſt famous Kingdomes in Europe, Aſia, and Affrica […], London: I. Okes, page 249:

Eternity, before the world and after, is without our reach.

c. 1689, Thomas Burnet, The Sacred Theory of the Earth:

[…] though it was pitch-dark, and we were obliged to be escorted by grooms and groomlings with candles and lanterns; a very necessary precaution, as the winds blew not more violently without the house than within.

1835, William Beckford, Italy: With Sketches of Spain and Portugal, volume 1, page 13:

(archaic or literary) Outside of, beyond.

It was a mistake to leave my house without a coat.

From another point of view, it was a place without a soul. The well-to-do had hearts of stone; the rich were brutally bumptious; the Press, the Municipality, all the public men, were ridiculously, vaingloriously self-satisfied.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

One day my dreams were surely dying, dying, dying baby
Just like a flower without rain

1968 December 8, Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy, Stevie Wonder (lyrics and music), “I’d Be a Fool Right Now”, in For Once in My Life, performed by Stevie Wonder:

1967, Paul McCartney (writer), The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Life goes on within you and without you.

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 55:

"Read lips: Without gas or without you? Without you. Without light or without you? Without you. Without water or without you? Without you. Without food or without you? Without you.
"Cold, hunger, darkness and thirst are not as terrible and deadly for us as your "friendship and brotherhood."

2022 September 11, Scott McDonald, quoting President Volodymyr Zelensky, “Cold, Hunger and Darkness in Ukraine 'Not as Terrible' as Russia: Zelensky”, in Newsweek, archived from the original on 2022-09-12:

Not having, containing, characteristic of, etc.

(if a gerund is expressed with a verb form) anélkül, hogy

He likes to eat everything without sharing.

He shot without warning anyone.

But in the meantime Robin Hood and his band lived quietly in Sherwood Forest, without showing their faces abroad, for Robin knew that it would not be wise for him to be seen in the neighborhood of Nottingham, those in authority being very wroth with him.

1883, Howard Pyle, chapter V, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:

Athelstan Arundel walked home[…], foaming and raging. […] He walked the whole way, walking through crowds, and under the noses of dray-horses, carriage-horses, and cart-horses, without taking the least notice of them.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 16:


ta

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of to, representing the standard unstressed pronunciation before consonants.


ta

Maybe borrowed from Occitan entà, used only in Gascon.

Ta la dreta ye la botiga de Francho.

Alternative form of pa (in benasqués and chistavín)


ta

Aasen, in his 1850 dictionary, lists it as a variant of ut-av. As such, the origin of this word is not to dissimilar from that of på (“on”) from Old Norse upp á. Other variants include tå.


ta

From Old Frisian to, from Proto-Germanic *tō.


ta

From Middle English ta, to, from Old English tō, ta.

A laafe ing lemethès chote wel ta ba zang,

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 100:

A leaf in tatters, I know well to be sung,

At ye mye ne'er be wooveless ta vill a lear jock an cooan.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 100:

That you may never be unprovided to fill an empty jack and can.


ta

Old English: ta, te

Middle English: ta, te

Old Frisian: te, ti

North Frisian: ta

(West Frisian: ta); te

Old Saxon: te, ti

Middle Low German: te

Old Dutch: te (with *tō also tuote)

Middle Dutch: te, tote, toet, tot

Dutch: te, tot

Afrikaans: te, tot

Old High German: za, ze, zi

Middle High German: ze

East Central German: ze

East Franconian: ze

i

merged with MHG <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">zuo</i> in spelling

German: zu (merged with MHG zuo in spelling)

From Proto-Indo-European *do (“to”). Cognate with Russian до (do, “to”), Latvian da (“until, to”).


dal

feminine plural of da (“from; by”) (used before a consonant)


em

From Old Galician-Portuguese en, from Latin in (“in”), from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Doublet of in.

Estou em minha casa.

Encontraram umas moedas no baú.

O livro está na mesa.

Então o sorriso reapareceu em seu rosto [...]

2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 417:

on; on top of (located just above the surface of)

Os soldados estão na Crimeia.

Só três jogadores ainda estão nesta equipa/e.

Only three players are still in this team.

A água entrou em várias casas.

in; into; inside (towards the inside of)

Quero dar um soco na tua cara.

Mete um processo neles.

Ela não passou em inglês.

Entraremos em contato com você em duas semanas.

We will get in contact with you in two weeks.

O jornal será publicado no dia cinco.

The newspaper will be published on the fifth.

Estamos em perigo!

Fomos pagos em moeda estrangeira.

in (indicates means, medium, format, genre or instrumentality)

Li um livro em holandês.

in (indicates a language, script, tone etc. of writing, speaking etc.)

A moça em preto.

Cadeia nele!

(slang) indicates that the object deserves a given punishment


ni

From Proto-Austronesian *ni (“marker of possession”).

inh

bisikleta ni Juan

of; possessive particle, used only with personal names

objective marker for personal names, objective form of si; functional equivalent of ng


ni

at, in (used when no movement is implied)

preposition used for creating adverbials


nah

Middle High German: nāh

German: nach

Luxembourgish: no

Yiddish: נאָך (nokh)


un

From Old High German ana. The form is phonetically regular through the developments -a- → -ue- in originally open syllables, and -ue- → -u- before nasals.

D’Biller hänken un der Wand.

u

used before consonants other than d, h, n, t, z


ac

(Quebec, informal) Pronunciation spelling of avec.


au

Proto-Brythonic: *ọ

Old Breton: o

Old Welsh: o, ho

Middle Welsh: o

Welsh: o

desctree

Old Irish: ó, hó, úa, húa
Middle Irish: ó
Irish: ó
Scottish Gaelic: o, bho
Manx: veih, voish

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу- (u-).


li

Cognate with Central Kurdish لە (le), from earlier *ne < *en. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *en.

li Kurdistanê

an element of several prepositions and circumpositions


co

nhonha co fula

Já gritâ co iou


co

head

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

Irish: chuig, chun, go

Scottish Gaelic: gu

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Celtic *kʷos.

Ro·ferad failte friu uile, ocus ructha chucisium isin mbruidin.

c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

They were all made welcome and brought to him in the hall.


co

co (takes the dative, triggers nasalization)

ɔ (abbreviation)
cono (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

Middle Irish: co

From Proto-Celtic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”).

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


co

cucum (first-person singular)
cuccum (first-person singular)
cucumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cuccumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cucut (second-person singular)
cuccut (second-person singular)
cucutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuccutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuice (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuicce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucunn (first-person plural)
cuccunn (first-person plural)
cucuib (plural second-person)
cuccuib (plural second-person)
cucuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cuccuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cucu (accusative plural third-person)
cuccu (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: co, go
Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *ku (“where”).
The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum + *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

cog

Olc líth do·lluid ind nathir cosin n-athir dia chathir!

[It was] a bad day when the Serpent came to the father [Adam], to the city [in Paradise]!

"Gairid damsa Findabair!", ol sé. Do·tháet Findabair cucai, ⁊ coíca ingen impe.

c. 775, “Táin Bó Fraích”, in Book of Leinster; republished as Ernst Windisch, editor, Táin bó Fraích, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1974, line 262:

"Call Findabair over to me!" [Ailill] said. Findabair came to him, with fifty maidens around her.

cid écen aisndís do neuch as doruid co léir, ní sechmalfaider cuimre and dano

though it is necessary to explain carefully anything that is difficult, however brevity will not be passed by

used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly


co

co drugi dzień

co miesiąc

co rok


tri

head

tri (with the accusative; triggers lenition)

trium (first-person singular)
triut (second-person singular)
triutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
triit (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
triitsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
trítsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
tree (accusative feminine singular third-person)
triunn (first-person plural)
triunni (emphatic first-person plural)
triib (plural second-person)
treu (accusative plural third-person)
treo (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: tre, tré, tri, trí
Irish: trí, tré, tré- (combining), fríd (Ulster), ⇒ fríd
Scottish Gaelic: tre
⇒ Manx: trooid

From Proto-Celtic *trei (compare Welsh trwy), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to pass through”); compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras), Latin trāns and Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh).


noi

counter, averse, against, versus, cross, opposed


acht

head

acht (plus nominative, triggers no mutation)

Obsolete spelling of ach (“except, but”).


this is 4 U ― this is for you

(text messaging, slang) Abbreviation of for.


am

From Proto-Celtic *ambi (compare Old Irish imb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi. Cognate with Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (a-b-i-y /abiy/, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “about, around”) and the first part of Old Armenian ամբ-ողջ (amb-ołǰ, “whole”).


am

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Form of an (“in”) used before the consonants b-, f-, m- or p-.


am

netta d ameḥḍar am necc


am

amdanaf (first-person singular)
amdanom (first-person plural)
amdanat (second-person singular)
amdanoch (plural second-person)
amdano m (singular third-person)
amdani f (singular third-person)
amdanynt (plural third-person)
amdano i (first-person singular)
fi (first-person singular)
amdana i (first-person singular)
amdanon ni (first-person plural)
amdanot ti (second-person singular)
amdanat ti (second-person singular)
amdanoch chi (plural second-person)
amdano fe (singular third-person)
fo m (singular third-person)
amdani hi f (singular third-person)
amdanyn nhw (plural third-person)

From Middle Welsh am, from Old Welsh im, from Proto-Celtic *ambi (compare Old Irish imb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi.
Cognate with Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (a-b-i-y /abiy/, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “about, around”) and the first part of Old Armenian ամբ-ողջ (amb-ołǰ, “whole”).

(with certain verbs) for, in exchange for

Am lanastr!

Am annheg!

(in exclamations) what a (+noun), how (+adjective)


tar

thorom (first-person singular)
thorum (first-person singular)
thoromsa (emphatic first-person singular)
thorumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
torut (second-person singular)
torutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
tarais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
tairse (accusative feminine singular third-person)
torunn+ (first-person plural)
torunni (emphatic first-person plural)
toraib (plural second-person)
tairsiu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: thar

Manx: har, harrish

Scottish Gaelic: thar

From Proto-Celtic *taras, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂és, from the root *terh₂- (“to cross”).
The voiced variant dar is the original one, since *t in proclitics regularly became d in Old Irish. Tar with a voiceless initial consonant is analogical after its conjugated forms.


pe

From Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *peri, derived from the root *per- (“to go over”).


pe

Inherited from Latin per, with meaning influenced by super.

cartea este pe masă

A plecat spre Europa acum o săptămână, mai exact, pe zece mai.

He left for Europe a week ago, that is, on the tenth of May.

O aștept pe mama.

(no lexical meaning) used to indicate direct object in some cases

a îi ieși (cuiva) pe gură

a sări pe geam/fereastră

L-am văzut prima oară pe undeva pe aici.

Hotelul e pe lângă gară.

The hotel is somewhere near the station.

(with spatial prepositions or adverbs) approximately, thereabouts


pe

natala pe peda da langalongi ne

yakor te pe sosodik

iwako pe de mai

he threw a stone at me (literally, “he threw to me (a) stone”)


I have 2 go now.

Send files 2 him.

(text messaging, informal) Abbreviation of to.

pdf2txt, i.e. conversion from PDF to plain text

(computing) Abbreviation of to; designating conversion from one format to another


ne

Expressing a fraction or a ratio. Preceded by a nominator and followed by the denominator.


à

Kook 2 à 3 aardappelen per persoon.

10 blikjes à 0,06 € is 0,60 € in totaal.

10 cans at €0.06 each is €0.60 in total.


à

→ Danish: à

→ Dutch: à

→ German: à

→ Hungarian: à

→ Norwegian Bokmål: à, a

→ Swedish: à

Inherited from Old French a, a merge of Latin ad and ab.

aller au bout

Je vais à Paris.

Le spectacle sera de 18h à 21h.

Tournez à gauche !

Ne tournez pas encore à droite !

Le vent vire au nord.

L’école est à gauche.

à dix heures et quart

Je pars à cinq heures précises.

à la maison

à l’hôtel

au comptoir du bar

au bois

J’habite à un demi-kilomètre d’ici.

La maison qui a été détruite hier soir ne se trouvait qu’à trois kilomètres de chez nous.

The house that was destroyed last night was only three kilometers from our place.

au voleur !

à l’assassin !

au meurtre !

à moi !

à l’aide !

au secours !

au feu !

aux armes !

à l’attaque !

à l’abordage !

au boulot !

au travail !

Found in various interjections used as warnings or exhortations

Nous prenons de l’eau au puits.

Je l’ai eu à la bibliothèque.

Voilà la femme à laquelle j’ai acheté mon chien

C’est un ami à moi.

Cette voiture est à John.

le chien à Marie

Mary's dog [nonstandard: one normally would use de here]

à plus tard

à bientôt

Salut, donc. À demain.

Bye, then. 'Til tomorrow / see you tomorrow.

moulin à poivre

sac à dos

boite à musique

Used to make compound nouns to state what something is used for

l’équipe à battre

Il n’y a jamais grand-chose à faire par ici.

Là où tu ne vois pas grand-chose, je ne trouve qu’une grande abondance de choses qui restent à faire.

Where you see nothing great, I only see a great abundance of things that need doing.

Il reste deux tâches à finir.

Il y a de la bière à boire.

(before an infinitive) to (used to express something not completed)

un animal à quatre pattes

une femme au visage pâle

un homme à longue barbe

a long-bearded man — a man with a long beard

une chemise à manches courtes

une maison aux murs de brique

a brick-walled house / a house with brick walls

Used to describe a part of something, often translated into English as a compound adjective

peu à peu

petit à petit

minute à minute

jour à jour

un à un

six à sept personnes

de vingt à trente ans

tous les cinq à six ans

or, to (used to express an approximate number)

mettre le feu à

clouer le bec à

donner la chasse à

Bien que la faim et le dénûment nous tourmentassent quelquefois, et même à peu près toujours, rien ne nous causait autant de tourment que d’être témoins des cruautés inouïes que mon maître exerçait sur les chrétiens. Chaque jour il en faisait pendre quelqu’un; on empalait celui-là, on coupait les oreilles à celui-ci […].

1836, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, chapter XL, in Louis Viardot, transl., L’Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche, volume I, Paris: J[acques]-J[ulien] Dubochet et Cⁱᵉ, éditeurs, […], →OCLC:

Even though hunger and destitution tormented us sometimes, and even almost always, nothing caused us as much torment as being witnesses to the unheard-of cruelties that my master exercised on the Christians. Every day, he made someone hang; they impaled that one, they cut the ears off of this one […] .

Used to indicate the recipient of certain phrasal verb.

On peut remarquer, à ce propos, que ce n’est pas non plus dans des livre à prétention plus ou moins scientifique que Kraus avait l’habitude de chercher les instruments dont il avait besoin pour la déscription et l’expliquation.

(Can we date this quote?), Jacques Bouveresse, "Et Satan conduit le bal..." Kraus, Hitler & le nazisme, which is an introduction to the book La Troisième nuit de Walpurgis, by Karl Kraus, translated by Pierre Deshusses:

It may also be noticed, on this matter, that it is also not on books with more or less scientific pretentions that Kraus used to search for the instruments which he needed for description and explanation.


à

+obj

[with nominative or dative or accusative]

Vier Briefmarken à 75 Cent, das macht drei Euro, bitte!

Four stamps at 75 cents each, that's three euros, please!

(business, colloquial) at (a specified price or rate of exchange per item)


à

1537, Cicero (original author), Epistres familiaires traduictz de latin en francois et nouvellement imprimez link
on les vend à Paris

(16th century onwards) Alternative form of a: at; to


à

NB - Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «a (fransk)».ogg

Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «A», «a».ogg

From French à (“to, on, in”), from Middle French à, from Old French a (“to, towards, belonging to”), from Latin ad (“to, towards, up to, at”), from Proto-Italic *ad (“toward, to, on, up to, for”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“to, at”).

der

på hver lystfarende nordmand kommer ti à tyve fremmede

1907, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons fortællinger, page 204:

on every pleasure-seeking Norwegian comes ten to twenty strangers

fem à seks kroner

to hundre og femti nummererte [bok]eksemplarer à tusen kroner

1998, Geir Pollen, Hutchinsons eftf., page 79:

two hundred and fifty numbered [book] copies for a thousand kroner

tre kilo à seksti kroner
three kilos at sixty kroner each

[75 thaler] i sedler à 25 thaler

1872-1883, Henrik Ibsen, Samlede verker XVII, page 92:

tolv perioder à ca. fire uker

tre ganger à uka

à jour, à la, à la carte, à la grecque, à la mode, vis-à-vis

(Used in French expressions, before a consonant) up to, in


à

forms adverbs meaning "in a manner related or resembling"

Ele escreveu à caneta.

accented preposition, the preposition a is accented when it comes before feminine words in prepositional, adverbial and conjunctive phrases; in


à

head

à (+ dative, no mutation, before the definite article às)

asam (first-person singular)
asamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
asad (second-person singular)
asadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
às (masculine singular third-person)
às-san (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
aiste (feminine singular third-person)
aistese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
asainn (first-person plural)
asainne (emphatic first-person plural)
asaibh (plural second-person)
asaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
asta (plural third-person)
astasan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish a. Cognates include Irish as and Manx ass.


à

From French à, from latin Latin ad 'to'.

Meso à 105 gramov.

1886, Krain Landtag, Bericht über die Verhandlungen des Krainischen Landtages zu Laibach: nach den stenographischen Aufzeichnungen, page 219:

for, per (the price, mass etc.) [with accusative]


à

2 à 3 kg
2 to 3 kilograms

Sistlidne Fredag gaf den sydliga vinden, som då började blåsa med laber kultie signalen till skådespelets början; dagen derpå defilerade i prydlig ordning en svärm af seglare omkring 40 à 50 tre- och två-mastare, många i full skrud, med läsegel och skyskrap!

1850 August 13, “Landsorts-tidningar, Wisby [Non-capital newspapers, Visby]”, in Post- och Inrikes Tidningar, page 2:

Last Friday, the southern wind, which began to blow gently, gave the signal for the start of the spectacle; the next day, a swarm of sailboats, around 40 to 50 three- and two-masters, paraded in orderly fashion, many in full regalia, with studding sails and skyscrapers!

Jag har hela mitt liv, dvs. en 25 à 30 år fantiserat om en ny form, någonting som inte vore roman och inte essä, […]

1963, Margit Abenius, Memoarer från det inre, page 136:

I have my whole life, ie. a 25 to 30 year fantasized about a new form, something that would not be a novel and not an essay, […]

2 st à 1 kr

Hade vi följt Sveriges exempel (LSS, 1994), skulle den personliga assistansen (à 11 euro per timme) vid det här laget vara en profession.

2017 April 1, "Ovärdigt Finland att marginalisera dem med autism och deras närstående" [Unworthy of Finland to marginalize those with autism and their relatives] (letter to the editor), Hufvudstadsbladet, Helsinki: KSF Media, accessed 11 November 2020

If we had followed Sweden's example (LSS, 1994), the personal assistance (at 11 euros per hour) would have been a profession by this point.


với

众, 喟, 某, 貝, 買, 𠇍

vi-prep

众, 喟, 某, 貝, 買, 𠇍

众 (CJK)
喟 (CJK)
某 (CJK)
貝 (CJK)
買 (CJK)
𠇍 (CJK)

Cognate with Muong Bi pỡi.
Probably related as etymology 1, as prepositions in Vietnamese are most often originally verbals.
The form vuối used to enjoy widespread usage in both Northern and Southern dialects, but is now completely obsolete. This form might be the diphthongized equivalent of vói (“to stretch out, to reach out”) mentioned above.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-với.wav

cộng 2 với 3

nhân tổng với hiệu

(arithmetic, after cộng (“to add”) or nhân (“to multiply”)) to or by

with; together with; along with; and
to or by

góc ABC kề với góc CBD

đường thẳng d song song/vuông góc với đường thẳng e/mặt phẳng p

line d is parallel/perpendicular to line e/plane p

(geometry, after kề (“adjacent”), bù (“supplementary”), song song (“parallel”), vuông góc (“perpendicular”), etc.) to

(Đối) với tôi, vấn đề này chẳng có gì đáng lo ngại cả.

To me, there's nothing to worry about this problem.

Dẹp cha nó ba cái vụ Vũng Tàu với vũng ghe đi! Bộ thằng Hai Hùng để tao mặc quần đùi bộ đội xuống biển, xuống đến đâu sủi bong bóng ra đến đó hả. Dẹp! Cùng đi, cùng vô, cùng về.

1995, Chu Lai, Đi tìm dĩ vãng [Seeking the Past], Nhà xuất bản Hội Nhà văn:

To hell with all that Vũng Tàu shit! Does Hai Hùng really expect me to dive into the ocean in trunks and froth all over my mouth? Fuck that! We go in and go out, together!


es

French: ès (archaic except in fixed expressions)

l'autre partie va es muscules

1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 186 of this essay:


tu

Da leta ya a kom fram mi, di elda — tu mi speshal fren, Gaiyos. Mi fren, mi riili riili lov yu.

2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, 3 Jan 1:1:

This letter comes from the elder to Gaius, my dear friend, whom I love in the truth.


tu

1867, Kleine Mittheilungen. Zur Sammlung der Sagen, Märchen und Lieder, der Sitten und Gebräuche der Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg. Nachträge, herausgegeben von Dr. Handelmann in Jahrbücher für die Landeskunde der Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg herausgegeben von der S. H. L. Gesellschaft für vaterländische Geschichte. Band IX., p. 126 (Von der Insel Amrum. Mitgetheilt von Chr. Johansen)

Am an Tram;
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


tu

(dialectal, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) Nonstandard form of ut or (“out from, out of”).


tu

tu (mutation mutation-radical)
du (mutation mutation-soft)
nhu (mutation mutation-nasal)
thu (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *tʉβ, from Proto-Celtic *toibos, whence also Old Irish tóeb and Irish taobh. Cognate with Breton tu, Cornish tu.


ar

head

ar (plus dative, triggers no mutation in general references but lenition in qualified or particularized references, triggers eclipsis in a few fixed expressions)

ga-prep

references but lenition in qualified (triggers-no-mutation usually)
particularized references (triggers-no-mutation usually)
in a few fixed expressions (triggers-eclipsis)
orm (first-person singular)
ormsa (emphatic first-person singular)
ort (second-person singular)
ortsa (emphatic second-person singular)
air (masculine singular third-person)
airsean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
uirthi (feminine singular third-person)
uirthise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
orainn (first-person plural)
orainne (emphatic first-person plural)
oraibh (plural second-person)
oraibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
orthu (plural third-person)
orthusan (emphatic plural third-person)

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
# ar (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
# for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸor (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
# íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Manx er and Scottish Gaelic air.
The pronunciation is taken from the third-person singular masculine inflected form air, although the spellings remain distinct in the standard language.

ar ball

a while ago; in a while, presently, by and by

ar bun

going on, happening, afoot; established, set up

ar fad

still; all, fully; always; quite, clean; altogether; away

de gheall ar

for the sake of; disposed to, intending to

Tá áthas orm.

Tá ocras orm.

Tá slaghdán orm.

Used with a variety of nouns to indicate feelings and minor medical conditions

ar crith

ar foluain

ar díol

Used with a verbal noun to indicate a state

ar éirí dom

upon (with a verbal noun plus personal form of do indicating the subject of the verb)

ar a theacht / arna theacht

ar a chríochnú dom / arna chríochnú dom

when I (had) completed it; upon my completion of it

upon (with a (“his, her, their”)—indicating the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb—plus verbal noun to indicate completion of an action)

Bhí orainn anailís a dhéanamh ar bhlúirí a bhí bainte as téacs.

We had to analyse fragments abstracted from a text.

(in conjunction with the verb bí) must, have to


ar

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ár. Cognates include Latvian ar (“with”) and dialectal Lithuanian ar (“and”).


ar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- Cognate with Lithuanian ar (“whether, if, and”), Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “then”).


ar

Welsh: ar

From Proto-Brythonic *ar, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.

Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet a oed yn arglwyd ar seith cantref Dyuet.

Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed was lord of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed.

over, of (of a ruler with respect to the area ruled)


ar

sga-prep-infl

airiund, erunn, erund, erond, eronn, airriun, airund

air(r)iu, err(i)u, erro, erthu, airthiu, airtho

airium (first-person singular)
erum (first-person singular)
erumm (first-person singular)
erom (first-person singular)
erumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
airiut (second-person singular)
aurut (second-person singular)
erut (second-person singular)
ærut (second-person singular)
airut (second-person singular)
erutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
airiu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
airi (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
airri (accusative feminine singular third-person)
airre (accusative feminine singular third-person)
airiund (first-person plural)
erunn (first-person plural)
erund (first-person plural)
erond (first-person plural)
eronn (first-person plural)
airriun (first-person plural)
airund (first-person plural)
airib (plural second-person)
airibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airiubsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airiuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
eruibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
airib (dative plural third-person)
airaib (dative plural third-person)
airiu (accusative plural third-person)
airriu (accusative plural third-person)
erru (accusative plural third-person)
erriu (accusative plural third-person)
erro (accusative plural third-person)
erthu (accusative plural third-person)
airthiu (accusative plural third-person)
airtho (accusative plural third-person)
airiusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
airriusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
errusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
erriusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: ar (conflated with for and íar)

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).


ar

head

ar (triggers soft mutation or h-prothesis if before ugain)

arnaf (first-person singular)
arnom (first-person plural)
arnat (second-person singular)
arnoch (plural second-person)
arno m (singular third-person)
arni f (singular third-person)
arnynt (plural third-person)
arno i (first-person singular)
fi (first-person singular)
arna i (first-person singular)
arnon ni (first-person plural)
arnot ti (second-person singular)
arnat ti (second-person singular)
arnoch chi (plural second-person)
arno fe (singular third-person)
fo m (singular third-person)
arni hi f (singular third-person)
arnyn nhw (plural third-person)

From Middle Welsh ar, from Proto-Brythonic *ar, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.

King, Gareth (1993) Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars), London and New York: Routledge, page 131


ar

Middle Breton: ar, er

Middle Welsh: ar, er
Welsh: ar

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare. Cognate with Old Irish ar.


po

From Old Czech po, from Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.


po

space; scales; lists; space; scales; lists


po

Borrowed from Russian по (po) and Polish po.

Mi kudrados ĉiutage po 10 horoj.

Oni povas nokti po 6 frankoj.

You can spend the night for 6 francs (a night).

La kurso daŭras dum 10 tagoj po 30 minutoj.

The course lasts 10 days at 30 minutes (a day).

La komitato estas rebalotota ĉiun trian jaron po triono.

A third of the committee is reelected every third year.

La gastoj trinkis po (unu) glaseton da vino.

The guests each drank one glass of wine.

Ili ricevis po 5 pomojn.

Elektu al vi po 3 homojn el ĉiu tribo.

Choose for yourselves 3 people (apiece) from each tribe.

A grammatical particle used with quantity words to indicate rate or a distributive quantity: each, apiece, at, @


po

Borrowed from Esperanto po, Russian по (po).

io-bor

Me kompris la domo po quaradek mil euri.

I bought the house for forty thousand euros.

for, at the price of, in exchange for; per


po

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa (“after, by”) (compare Latvian pa, pa-, Old Prussian po (“after, by, under”), Proto-Slavic *po (“after, by, at”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, *h₂epó (“away, from”). Other cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu, “from”), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 (a-p /apa/, “away”), Latin ab (“from”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of”). See pa-, pó- for more.

der

under, beneath (movement, position) [with instrumental]

(with instrumental or genitive case) beside, near, along (movement, position)

eik põ dešinei

(with instrumental or dative case) expresses the direction of movement

after, following a certain time period, event; after the disappearance or loss of [with genitive]

mẽtai põ mẽtų

expresses gradual progression; one after another [with genitive]

Teñ jiẽ gyvẽna ir̃ põ šiái diẽnai

until, up to a certain time [with dative]

keliáuti põ Europą

around, throughout the whole of [with accusative]

vaikaĩ gãvo põ gãbalą sū́rio

põ truputį

used to express division into equal parts [with accusative]

(with genitive, instrumental or dative case) expresses the manner of an action


po

Czech: po

for (for the purpose of) [with accusative or locative]

+obj

during, in the period of [with accusative or genitive or locative]

per, a piece [with accusative or locative]

after; because of [with dative or locative]

for (to what end) [with dative] (of a success or failure)

creates adverbs in conjunction with an adjective. [with dative]

denotes general area as scene of action; around, about; along [with locative]

denotes maximum amount; up to [with locative]

denotes price of something. [with locative]


po

Polish: po

Silesian: po

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po. First attested in the 14th century.

denotes sequence in time; after [with locative]

denotes general location; at, in, on [with locative or dative]

(more specifically) along [with locative]

denotes previous related person; after [with locative]

denotes next in a sequence of people; after [with locative]

denotes cause; after; because of [with locative]

according to, in accordance with [with locative]

denotes an instrument to an acction; with, by means of [with locative]

denotes manner of the object; like, as [with locative]

denotes distribution; per [with locative or dative]

used in grammatical government; [with locative]

it indicates a spatial limit; up to [with accusative]

denotes a time when something takes place; during [with accusative or dative]

denotes the aim or purpose of an action; for [with accusative]

creates an adverb from the next noun; [with accusative]

with an ordinal number; denotes which time in a sequence; for the _ time [with accusative]

denotes the source or agent of an action; [with dative]

denotes the distribution of the counted items; [with dative or accusative or locative]


po

W piątki po pracy często chodzimy do pubu.

On Fridays after work we often go to the pub.

Cały dzień czyta książkę po książce o polityce.

All day long he reads book after book about politics.

after (later in time or sequence) [with locative]

Jadą po nas! Zmykajcie!

Mój brat spędził miesiąc podróżując po Polsce.

My brother spent a month travelling around Poland.

Wykłady zaczynają się o kwadrans po ósmej.

Kobiety siedzą po prawej stronie, a mężczyźni po lewej.

Women sit on the right hand, and men on the left.

Co zrobić ze słoikiem po dżemie?

for indicates that a container was previously used for something [with locative]

Tę całą biżuterię odziedziczyłam po matce.

I inherited all this jewellery from my mother.

Od razu rozpoznałem go po grzmiącym głosie.

I instantly recognised him from the booming voice.

Nazwaliśmy naszego syna po zmarłym wujku.

after (in allusion to), for [with locative]

Jest już po tobie, brachu.

Musimy pójść do sklepu po mleko.

for (in order to obtain) [with accusative]

Woda w piwnicy była po kolana.

The water in the cellar was up to our knees.

Mam trzy zgrzewki po sześć puszek, czyli osiemnaście puszek.

I have three multipacks of six cans, i.e. eighteen cans.

Kupiłem te bilety po 20 złotych, a oferuję je po 10.

I bought these tickets for 20 złoty each, but I'm offering them for 10.

in, for, at denotes a quantity of something [with accusative]

Jego ulubioną potrawą jest karkówka po cygańsku.

Lubię ją, ale tylko po przyjacielsku.

according to, in the way of, a la, as [with dative]

Świetnie mówisz po polsku jak na cudzoziemca.

Nie umiem pisać po chińsku.


po

From Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)po.

otići po ml(ij)eko

po c(ij)eli dan

po šesti put

biti štetan po nekoga/nešto

dobro/loše po njega

udariti po glavi

sn(ij)eg je pao po cesti

voda se prolila po podu

šetati po šumi

over, through, across, in, on [with locative]

Poslao sam mu paket po zajedničkom prijatelju.

I've sent him a package via a mutual friend.

po zraku/vodi

by, with, through (using an intermediary or medium) [with locative]

sve ide po planu

everything is going according to the plan

Amerika je prva država po bogatstvu u sv(ij)etu.

America is the richest country in the world.

po glavi stanovnika

živ(j)eti po principima

po mom(e) mišljenju

po mom računu

po meni

svirati po sluhu

suditi po vanjštini

po svršetku sukoba

po kiši/suncu

po danu

razum(ij)e se (samo) po sebi

neka bude po tvome

jednak po veličini

sve je po starom

everything is/goes in the accustomed/usual manner

po običaju

po vr(ij)ednosti

po svoj prilici

po rodu

po naravi/prirodi

po toj c(ij)eni

po paragrafu 13

po što po to

po mogućnosti

po redu

po mom ukusu

po kvaliteti

po tome

according to this/that, accordingly, consequently, then

po zakonu

po duljini

in miscellaneous senses in various phrasal constructs [with locative]


po

denotes general location about, around; along [with locative]

denotes point in space on [with locative]

dith certain verbs of speaking; denotes recipient of a message. [with locative]

denotes maximum amount; up to [with accusative or locative]

dreates an adverb from an adjective. [with dative] (archaic dative ending in -u)

denotes aim of an action; for [with locative]

denotes characteristic by which one might recognize something; from [with locative]

denotes absence of something or something; after [with accusative]


po

along, through (the length of) [with locative]


po

East Slavic:

Belarusian: по (po), па (pa)

Russian: по (po)

Carpathian Rusyn: по (po)

Ukrainian: по (po)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: по (po)

Glagolitic script: ⱂⱁ (po)

Bulgarian: по (po)

Macedonian: по (po)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: по

Latin script: po

Slovene: po (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: po
Czech: po

Old Polish: po
Polish: po
Silesian: po

Slovak: po

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: pò, pó

Slovincian: pô

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: po

Lower Sorbian: pó

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó. Balto-Slavic cognates include Latvian pa, Lithuanian pa-, Old Prussian pa-, po-.
Indo-European cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu), Sanskrit अप- (ápa-, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱 (apa, “away”), Proto-Germanic *ab (“away from”).
Another variant of the preposition (likely descending from pre-Slavic *pós) has been used to form the adverbs Proto-Slavic *pozdě (“lately”) and Proto-Slavic *poslě (“afterwards”).


vid

From Old Norse við, from Proto-Germanic *wiþr-. Cognate with Danish vid, Icelandic við, English with.

Jag är hemma vid fem.

Han står där, vid min bil. Ser du honom inte?

He's standing there, next to my car. Don't you see him?

at, beside, next to, by; indicating either a position close to or a time

(indicating an oath) by; with the authority of

En rimlig uppskattning vid det här fallet är att det ska vara en bra lösning för situationen.

A reasonable estimate in this case is that it should be a good solution for the situation.


sine

Franco-Provençal: sen

Friulian: cence

Italian: senza

Old Catalan:

Catalan: sense, sens

desctree

Old French: senz, sens, sans, san, saunce
→ Middle English: saunz, sauns, sanz, sans, saunce, san, saun, sawnz, sauncz, sance
English: sans
Scots: sans (obsolete)
Middle French: sans
French: sans
Norman: sans (Jersey)

Old Galician-Portuguese: sen
Fala: sin
Galician: sen
Portuguese: sem

Old Spanish: sin
Ladino: sin
Spanish: sin

Sardinian: sine

The function of this preposition was previously done with the use of sē, sēd (see sē-, sed), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”), thus meaning "by itself", "without". Some still refer the si- in sine to this root, others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *só (“this”), whence si (“if”). And as sometimes nesi was also written, with -ne being nē (“not”), sine might literally mean "not this". Compare with nisi.
Yet others refer sine to Proto-Indo-European *sen(H)i (“for oneself, without”), itself possibly related to *swé or more likely a locative of *senH-. Thus cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́νευ (áneu), ἄτερ (áter, “without”), Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off”), Old English sundor; compare especially Tocharian B snai and Old Irish sain (“separated, different”) (Proto-Celtic *sanis), which may reflect the original PIE adverb.
The ablative is from a PIE ablative of separation or a comitative-instrumental analogous to cum. Compare Sanskrit विना (vinā).

der

Sum sine rēgnō.


la

Ni-nja la wawa-mu.


la

Kak la marabay, Səmon kona aŋa Yuhana, kà uwana dza asik à uwana apə̀hakala dziriga uwaga aw, ama Baba gulo uwana la zagəla la afik la uwana apə̀hakala uwaga.(Mata 16:17)

Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but my Father who is in heaven.(Matthew 16:17)

Ama ləv aŋatà kà kərkər la gi (Mata 15:8)

But their heart is far away from me. (Matthew 15:8)


la

lem (first-person singular)
lemm (first-person singular)
lim (first-person singular)
limm (first-person singular)
leim (first-person singular)
lium (first-person singular)
liumm (first-person singular)
lemsa (emphatic first-person singular)
limsa (emphatic first-person singular)
liumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
lat (second-person singular)
latt (second-person singular)
latso (emphatic second-person singular)
latsu (emphatic second-person singular)
leiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
les (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
less (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
laiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
letha (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lesom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leissem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
laisem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
laee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lǽ (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lési (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
linn (first-person plural)
liunn (first-person plural)
lenn (first-person plural)
leinn (first-person plural)
linni (emphatic first-person plural)
linnai (emphatic first-person plural)
lib (plural second-person)
libsi (emphatic plural second-person)
leu (accusative plural third-person)
léu (accusative plural third-person)
leo (accusative plural third-person)
lethu (accusative plural third-person)
leusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
leosom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: le

Manx: lesh

Scottish Gaelic: le

From a form of Proto-Celtic *letos (“side”), from which leth, which could be related to *ɸletos (“side”). However, compare Latin latus. The sense “in the language of” is a semantic loan from Latin apud and is perhaps encountered only in glosses of the Latin construction.

by (indicating the agent of a passive verb)


la

Suntem la Paris.


in the wake of

In the noticeable disturbance of water behind (a maritime vessel).


pa

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).

cog

even without counting
even without counting


pa

La zagala va crompar un regalo de nadal ta yo.

The girl bought a Christmas gift for me.

M'aganaría de fer un truco de machia pa vusaltros.

I'd like to perform a magic trick for you all.

Estudio cada nueit sin descansar pa conseguir un treballo decent.

I study every night tirelessly so that I get a decent job.

Saldré luego pa evitar el trafico.

I am going to leave early to avoid traffic.

to, in order to, so, for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)

Necesito la tuya decisión pa esta semana.

Es vuestros treballos grupals son ta'l viernes.

by, due, due on, due by (expressing a deadline)

Pa estar un turista estadounidense, él ye prou respetuoso.

For an American tourist, he is pretty respectful.

for (expressing contrast from what is expected)

Pa yo, las rosas bllancas son més bonicas que las royas.

For me, the white roses are more beautiful than the red ones.

Pa'l mio germano, la suya muller tien tota la razón.

As far as my brother is concerned, his wife is totally in the right.

Vam treballar pa la mesma empresa encara que no al mesmo tiempo.

We worked for the same company but not at the same time.

Ella treballó pa Microsoft muitos anyos, pero agora treballa pa Apple.

She worked for Microsoft for many years, but now she works for Apple.

for, to, in one's opinion, as far as one is concerned (expressing an opinion, perception or perspective)


pa

Compare Spanish pa, a contracted form of para.


pa

A radón mais grandi pa defendela é que é nossa LENGUA MATERNA, a “primeira lengua que un indivíduu aprendi de maneira ínnconscienti duranti a sua infancia” i en ela han aprindiu a idel as primeiras palabras […]

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 3: Radós:

The greatest reason to defend it is that it is our NATIVE LANGUAGE, the “first language that an individual learns in an unconscious manner during his infancy” and in it learned how to say his first words […]

to (indicates application of an adjective)

Encontramus opiniós pa tos os gustus.

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 4: ¿Guerras, moas?:

for (directed at, intended to belong to or to be appropriate for)

I nos, inda hoxii, con autonomía i tó siguimus idendu: “Vo pa Castilla”, […]

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme IX, Chapter 4: ¿Fala transerrana?:

And to this day we, with autonomy and everything, keep on saying: “I’ll go to Castille”, […]


pa

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó. Balto-Slavic cognates include
Lithuanian pa-, Old Prussian pa-, po-, Proto-Slavic *po.

iet pa ceļu

pa naktīm

pa pastu

pa radio


pa

From Portuguese para and pra. Compare Kabuverdianu, Papiamentu pa.

Iou muto querê pa vôs

I love you very much (literally, “I very much love to you”)

metê limam pa tirâ amiz

add lemon to remove the unpleasant flavour

águ pa banhâ

bathwater (literally, “water for bathing”)

sô pa iou

passâ iou pa mentiroso

dâ ung'a tricada pa águ


pa

From the Proto-Indo-European root *upo- (“under, up”).


pa

From Portuguese para and Spanish para and Kabuverdianu pa.


pa

Pa ooree; Pa cawl.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 60:

Pa sthit.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 69:

A wuf is pa varreen.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 78:


se

ngori totagi butu se ngori rinongoru

I go to the market with my younger sibling

tabu se usipera

fire the gun (literally, “to shoot with the gun”)

instrumental preposition: with, by, using


ohne

From Middle High German āne, from Proto-Germanic *ēnu. The (partial) retention of the final schwa is irregular; the word must be inherited, however, because of the /ɔː/-vocalism, which is the regular outcome of Middle High German ā. Only the southernmost dialects show a raised vowel in line with Standard German ohne, but it is surely inherited there as well.

(western Ripuarian, archaic)


ohne

From Middle High German āne (“without”), from Old High German āna, ānu, āno (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁(n̥)new.
Cognate with Yiddish אָן (on), Old Saxon āno (“without”), Old Frisian ōni (“without”), Old Norse án, ón (“without”), English on, ohn (“without”), Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu, “without”), Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”).

Ohne dich bin ich nichts.


ohne

From Middle High German āne (“without”), from Old High German āna, ānu, āno (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁(n̥)new.

Ohne Rehn kannd-ma’s net planze.

Das Esse ist ohne Salz.

Ich wolld blos en Nacht ohne das Barullie.

2020, Aesop, Piter Keo, De Wollef un das Lamm (yt)

"Ah well," the wolf said, "but I won't leave without my food."

"Noja", saad de Wollef, "awer ich gehn net fort ohne mein Esse".


ach

head

ach (plus nominative, triggers no mutation)

From Old Irish acht (“but, except”), from Proto-Celtic *extos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


bü

before, ago (bü yels tel = two years ago)

Binos foldil bü düp kilid

Vipob binön tö stajon tü foldil düpa bü deveg trena.

1931, Arie de Jong, Gramat Volapüka, § 256:

I wish to be at the station a quarter of an hour before the departure of the train.


mit

→ Kashubian: mët (dated)

From Middle High German mite, mit, from Old High German miti, mit, from Proto-West Germanic *midi. Cognate with German Low German met, mihe- (separable part of verbs) (Paderbornisch) and Middle English mid (“with”).

cog

Ich spiele mit meinen Freunden.

Ich schreibe mit einem Bleistift.

Ich fahre mit dem Bus.

with, by (using as an instrument; by means of)


mit

From Middle High German mite, from Old High German mit.

Komm mit meer.

Ich schreive mit em Lappis.

Meer sin mim Onnibus komm.

Ich mache’s mit zimlicher Sicherheet.


mit

desctree

Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Limburgish: mit

From Proto-West Germanic *midi, from Proto-Germanic *midi, from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, from *me (“with”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “among, between, with”), Sanskrit स्मत् (smat, “together, at the same time”).


mit

Middle High German: mite, mit

Bavarian: mit

Cimbrian: met

German: mit

Hunsrik: mit

Luxembourgish: mat

Vilamovian: myt

Yiddish: מיט (mit)

From Proto-West Germanic *midi. Akin to Old English mid, Old Saxon mid, Old Norse með.


mit

From Middle High German mite, from Old High German mit. Compare German mit, Dutch met, Swedish med.


dü

Dü lif vobafulik oka ekanom tuvön timi ad studön pükis e dialegis 88 difikis, ed ad pläyön degtelati musigömas.

1937, “‚Johann Martin Schleyer’”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:

During his working life, he managed to find the time to study 88 different languages and dialects, and to play twelve musical instruments.


half

New York City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

From Middle English half, halfe from Old English healf (“half”); as a noun, 'half', 'side', 'part', from Proto-West Germanic *halb, from Proto-Germanic *halbaz.
Cognates:
Akin to Old Saxon, Old Frisian, and Dutch half, West Frisian heal, German halb, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian halv, Icelandic hálfur and Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs). Compare halve, behalf.

The time is 9:30; it is half nine.

(UK, Ireland) Half past; a half-hour (30 minutes) after the last hour.

In some countries, "half seven" means 6:30.

(rare, see usage notes) A half-hour to (preceding) the next hour.


autour

From au + tour, replacing Old French entor (compare alentour).

On ne sera jamais seul autour de nous ; on est une meute solide, on est une bande de loups.

You'll never be alone around us; we're a solid pack, we're a pack of wolves.

Entre 1 et 2 ans, l’enfant […] comprend de mieux en mieux le langage, il est de plus en plus à même de comprendre ce qui se passe autour de lui […]

1995, Jean-Pierre Dumont et al., Psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, volume 1, pages 52–3:

Between 1 and 2 years, the child […] understands language better and better, he's more and more able to understand what's happening around him […]


unter

+obj

dative (indicating location) accusative (indicating movement)

[with dative (indicating location) or accusative (indicating movement)]

From Middle High German under, unter, from Old High German untar, from Proto-Germanic *under (compare Old Saxon undar, Hunsrik unne, Dutch onder, English under).

Unsere Unterredung wurde jetzt im leichten Plauderton geführt wie ein harmloses Gespräch unter guten Bekannten.

1919, Walther Kabel, Irrende Seelen, Werner Dietsch Verlag, page 108:

Our discussion was now held in a light conversational tone like a harmless chat between friendly acquaintances.

Die englische Sprache überlebte die normannische Eroberung unter weitgehendem Verlust ihrer ursprünglichen Struktur.

The English language survived the Norman conquest, largely losing, however, its original structure.

(chiefly literary) with; along with; accompanied by an action (often concessive)


zwischen

From Middle High German [Term?], from Old High German in zuisken. Cognates include German zwischen and Luxembourgish zwëschen.

Zwischen d'Bam palästern a påår Lackeln,
 g'schrian uns söig mit an Fetzenbålln

1938, Josef Weinheber, Wien wörtlich, Impression im März:

Between the trees a few men play football,
 they're calling us, happy with a ball of scraps

(Vienna, of motion, + accusative) between


zwischen

From Old High German in zuiskēn, from Old High German zuiski, from Proto-Germanic *twiskaz (“twofold, double”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, doubly; in two”).

der

die Schere zwischen Arm und Reich

[…] entschlossen, in Übereinstimmung mit ihren Verpflichtungen aus der Charta der Vereinten Nationen freundschaftliche, auf der Achtung vor dem Grundsatz der Gleichberechtigung und Selbstbestimmung der Völker beruhende Beziehungen zwischen den Nationen zu entwickeln und andere geeignete Maßnahmen zur Festigung des Weltfriedens zu treffen, […]

1990, “Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag [Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany]”, in Bundesgesetzblatt, part 2, page 1318:

[…] resolved, in accordance with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; […]


amongst

From amongs + -t (excrescent), from among + -s (genitive). By surface analysis, among + -st (excrescent). Root among from Old English ongemang, from on (“in”) + gemang (“assemblage, mingling”).

surf

Janek feels very at ease amongst his friends, but gets incredibly nervous when meeting new people.

And novv thee vvorſhip, mongſt that bleſſed throng / Of heauenlie Poets and Heroes ſtrong.

[1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “The Ruines of Time”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC, signature C2, verso:

a. 1627 (date written), Francis Bacon, “[Baconiana Politico-Moralia. […].] It is my purpoſe to give a true and plain Account, of the Deſigns and Labours of a very great Philoſopher amongſt us; and to offer to the World, in ſome tollerable Method, thoſe Remains of his, which to that end, were put into my Hands.”, in [Thomas Tenison], editor, Baconiana. Or Certain Genuine Remains of Sr. Francis Bacon, […], London: […] J. D. for Richard Chiswell, […], published 1679, →OCLC, page 21:

The smart little locomotives, mostly 0-6-0 saddletanks, which are always busy shunting traffic amongst the vast dockside warehouses, belong to the Manchester Ship Canal Railway, a line of considerable importance.

1959 October, Norman Jones, “The Manchester Ship Canal Railway”, in Trains Illustrated, page 488:

Denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects. See usage note at amidst.

entre

Used to denote a mingling or intermixing


dans

Inherited from Old French denz, from Vulgar Latin dē intus, from Latin dē + intus, meaning "from inside" or "from within".

vieillir dans la misère

être dans l’infanterie

avoir quelque chose dans la bouche

dans les circonstances d’une pandémie

Il habite dans le quartier le plus riche de Paris.

He lives in the richest district of Paris.

Il nage comme un poisson dans l’eau.

Dans une bourgade de la Manche, dont je ne veux pas me rappeler le nom, vivait, il n’y a pas longtemps, un hidalgo[…]

1837, Louis Viardot, chapter 1, in L'Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche, translation of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra:

In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do not want to remember, lived, not long ago, an hidalgo […]

(literal, figurative) in, inside (enclosed in a physical space, a group, a state)

Aujourd’hui, je vais dans le Maine, et demain, je vais dans l’État de New York.

Today, I'm going to Maine, and tomorrow, I'm going to New York.

to (indicates direction towards certain large subdivisions, see usage notes)

Je serai prêt dans une heure.

Il arrivera dans trois jours.

dans un temps donné

dans ma jeunesse

boire dans une tasse

Il prend le beurre dans le réfrigérateur.

le marxisme dans Sartre

dans les trentes kilos

dans les dix euros

(colloquial) Used in dans les (“about, around”)


dans

From Vulgar Latin dē intus (“from inside, from within”). Cognate with French dans.

inh

Ch'est coume un bourdon dans une canne.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 524:

Dans les clios étout nou vait des tracteurs et des machinnes tandi qu'lé travas du fèrmyi r'prend san rhythme coumme tréjous.

2013 March 5, Geraint Jennings, “Mar martello”, in The Town Crier, archived from the original on 2016-03-13, page 20:

In the fields tractors and machines can be seen too as farm work picks up again as always.