butan

From Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, from *bī (“by”) + *ūtan, dative of Proto-West Germanic *ūtō (“exterior, outside”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”)), corresponding to be- + ūtan.

der

Hū biþ middanġeard būtan ūs?

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Greater Litany"
Būtan þām ǣhtum, ġelīċe sind þā þe biddaþ and þā þe hīe æt biddaþ.

Apart from possessions, beggars are the same as the people they beg from.

c. 995, Ælfric, on Grammar in English
Suburbānus: sē þe sitt būtan þǣre byrġ.

Suburbanus: someone who lives outside the city.

c. 992, Ælfric, St. Benedict, Abbot
Hwæt cwist þū, sweostor? Ne mæġ iċ nāteshwon būtan mynstre nihtes wunian.

What are you saying, sister? Ain't no way I can stay outside the monastery at night.

for all, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding (+ dative)


oman

From Old Norse ofan, from Proto-Germanic *ubanē.


cu

Inherited from Latin cum, from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”).

inh

Vreau să vin cu tine.

Vin cu bicicleta.

Lovesc o oglindă cu ciocanul.


jr

Sentence-initial form of r (“regarding, with respect to, if”)


pon

From English upon. Compare Belizean Creole pahn.

Weh yuh deh pon?


kina

Ang awiting ito ay para kina papa at mama.

This song is for (my) father and (my) mother.

Used to mark oblique cases of personal nouns


como

From Old Galician-Portuguese como (“how; in what way”), from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo.

Todos queriam jogar como feiticeiro/mago.


como

Inherited from Old Spanish commo, from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo (“how”). Cognate with Catalan com, Italian come and French comme.

Mis ahijados me ven como un tío.

Algunos países de Asia, como Laos y Vietnam...

Some countries in Asia, such as Laos and Vietnam...

Llevan gafas redondas como las de John Lennon.

They wear round glasses like John Lennon's.


V

(stenoscript) Abbreviation of over, prefix over-.


U

An abbreviation of a word or term beginning with the letter U. Adjective sense 1 (“characteristic of the upper classes”) was coined by British linguist Alan S. C. Ross (1907–1980) in a 1954 article, and popularized by the English journalist and writer Nancy Mitford (1904–1973).

In 1992 Susan Lockhart was Captain of the England U16 Hockey Squad.

2013, Pam Mansell, The Girls of Southend High School 1913-2013: A Century for Women:

(stenoscript) Abbreviation of under, prefix under-.


barring

/ˈbɑːɹɪŋ(ɡ)/

Barring any further red tape, we will finally be able to open the restaurant.

Barring any sudden storms, the plane should arrive on time.

Unless something happens; excepting; in the absence of.


f.

Inst. f. datalogi


trots

From Old Swedish tratz, from Middle Low German trotz, tratz, from Middle High German trotz, trutz, tratz. Cognate with Norwegian Bokmål tross, Norwegian Nynorsk trass, Danish trods, older forms trotz, tratz, German trotz.

Stranden var full av barn, trots regnet.

The beach was full of kids, despite the rain.

De kom i tid trots att de försov sig.

They arrived on time despite the fact that they overslept.


teco

Don Giovanni, a cenar teco m'invitasti, e son venuto!

Don Giovanni! You have invited me to dine with you, and I have come!


ohi

Olimme jo ohi sillasta, kun onnettomuus tapahtui.

We were already past the bridge, when the accident took place.

(spatial) past (when going or having gone past, i.e. passing, usually physically)


O

(stenoscript) Abbreviation of out, letter/sound sequence out.


meco

From Latin mēcum (probably through Old Italian conmeco), from Latin cum mēcum.

Dintorno mi guardò, come talento
avesse di veder s’altri era meco

1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto X”, in Inferno [Hell], lines 55–56; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2ⁿᵈ revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:

He looked around me, as if he wanted to see if someone else were with me

E quando penſo alla mia ardente face,
Il cor meco s’adira, ed io con lui.

c. 1440, Giusto de' Conti, La bella mano [The beautiful hand]; republished in La bella mano di Giusto de' Conti romano, con una raccolta di rime d'antichi toscani, revised and expanded edition, Verona: Giannalberto Tummermani, 1750, page 122:

And when I think about my burning light, my heart becomes angry with me, and I with it.


envers

Univerbation of en + vers. Compare endroit.


hace

Él nos visitó hace tres años.

Lo compré hace poco.

Mi padre y yo no nos hablamos desde hace un año.

My father and I haven't talked since a year ago.

ago (Note: unlike in English, hace precedes the number.)

Hace un mes que no te veo.

Hace quince años que mis padres se casaron.

It has been fifteen years since my parents got married.

Hace dos años que no viajo a Europa.

It has been two years since I traveled to Europe.

¿Cuánto tiempo hace de eso?

(followed by que) in, it has been...since (a past period of time)


amé

(Vivaro-Alpine) Alternative spelling of ambe


après

2002, Jorge Ramos, The Other Face of America, Patricia J Duncan tr. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN0060938242&id=D_xrZF1gTi8C&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&sig=ERHjCVnyrDm_50Up1nULZ7JeH2s
How about an après ski massage? Well, it’ll cost you $80 for fifty minutes at the Aspen Club, tip included. Thank goodness.


après

Haitian Creole: apre

Louisiana Creole: apré

→ English: après

Inherited from Middle French aprés, from Old French aprés, from Late Latin ad pressum, from Latin ad + pressum. Compare Spanish aprés.

On mange après avoir bu.

après la fête

J’en pense que dans cette boîte il y a quelqu’un qui en a après nous et cherche à nous faire virer.

1957, Roger Vailland, Drôle de jeu, Editions Le Manuscrit, →ISBN, page 38:

I think that there's someone in this company who's after us and is looking to get us fired.

after, coming for, trying to get (someone).


après

From Old French aprés, from Late Latin ad pressum, from Latin ad + pressum.

Six s'maïnes avant Noué, et six s'maïnes après, les nits sont les pûs longues, et le jours les pûs freds.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 533:

Six weeks before Christmas and six weeks after, the nights are the longest and the days the coldest.


après

From Old Occitan, from Late Latin ad pressum from Latin ad + pressum.


ís

íssum (first-person singular)
íssa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

From Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu, from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”).

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 350, line 17

Let there be a bridge of life beneath me, [and] the blessing of God the Father above me.

Drochet bethad bīd íssum bennacht Dé athar úasum.

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 357, line 15

Christ in me, Christ below me, Christ above me

Fom·glúaissi mór ndubai sund ís riched rindmas...

c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Epilogue, line 377; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:

Much sorrow disquiets me here, below star-beautiful heaven...

hís bronnait

under a small belly (glossing Latin infra ventriculum)


vs

Confusedly borrowed from English vs (“versus”), based on the notion that it means “with” in pairing phrases.
Alternatively, this abbreviation can be explained as the S key corresponds to dấu sắc (“acute accent”) in the Telex typing method.

Abbreviation of với (“with; along with; and”).


nearer

I'd like to live nearer the office.

The star grew—it grew with a terrible steadiness hour after hour, a little larger each hour, a little nearer the midnight zenith, and brighter and brighter, until it had turned night into a second day.


throughout

From Old English þurh ūt, equivalent to through + out. Compare German durchaus (“all the way, fully, absolutely”).

cog

And though a philosopher may live remote from business, the genius of philosophy, if carefully cultivated by several, must gradually diffuse itself throughout the whole society.

1748, David Hume, Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral., London: Oxford University Press, published 1973, §5:

“My father had ideas about conservation long before the United States took it up.[…]You preserve water in times of flood and freshet to be used for power or for irrigation throughout the year.[…]”

1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

But through the oligopoly, charcoal fuel proliferated throughout London's trades and industries. By the 1200s, brewers and bakers, tilemakers, glassblowers, pottery producers, and a range of other craftsmen all became hour-to-hour consumers of charcoal.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:

His spere went clene thrughout hys body, and so he fell downe deed.

1560, John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, Arthur of Brytayn: the hystory of the moost noble and valyaunt knyght Arthur of lytell brytayne:

The dedlye sworde throughout my brest to stryke I will applye.

1561, John Heywood, Seneca's Hercules Furens:

His barnisht blad throughout his body share,

1756, William Hamilton, A New Edition of the Life and Heroick Actions of the renoun'd Sir William Wallace, page 33:

Palamon at seeing Arcite , feels a colde fwerde glide throughout his heart: he starts from his ambuscade, and instantly salutes Areite with the appellation of false traitour.

1778, Thomas Warton, The History of English Poetry:

(obsolete) Completely through, right the way through.


on the brink of

The old building seemed to be on the brink of collapse.

So in a week's time she was beginning to hearken to her mother when she spoke of incantations and charms for restoring love. She kenned it was sin, but though not seven days syne she had sat at the Lord's table, so strong is love in a young heart that she was on the very brink of it.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

Very near, imminently approaching; ready to, about to.


пут

пут Сарајева

пут школе

Возимо се пут села.

Кренуо сам пут града.


take away

Five take away two is three. (5-2=3)


unto

Inherited from Middle English unto, from Old English *untō, *und tō, equivalent to un- (“against; toward; up to”) + to. Cognate with Old Frisian ont to ("until"; > Saterland Frisian antou (“until”)) (cf. Old Frisian und (“up to; till”), Old Frisian til (“till; to”)), Old Saxon untō, untuo (“until”), Old High German unze, unzi, unza (“until”), Old Norse und (“as far as; up to”), Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 (untē, “until; as long as”).

gloss

"until"; > Saterland Frisian <i class="Latn mention" lang="stq">antou</i> (“until”)

do unto others as you would have them do unto you

sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof

Sir Gawain rode unto the nearby castle.

Come unto these yellow sands,
And then take hands;
Curtsied when you have, and kiss'd
The wild waves whist,
Foot it featly here and there,
And sweet sprites bear
The burthen.[…]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Up to; indicates a motion towards a thing and then stopping at it.

And the Lord said unto Moses […]

So please my lord the duke and all the court
To quit the fine for one half of his goods
I am content; so he will let me have
The other half in use, to render it,
Upon his death, unto the gentleman
That lately stole his daughter:
Two things provided more,—[…]

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

Again, whereas men affirm they perceive an addition of ponderosity in dead bodies, comparing them usually unto blocks and stones, whensoever they lift or carry them; this accessional preponderancy is rather in appearance than reality.

1650, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], 2nd edition, London: […] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, […], →OCLC:

[…] And, doubtless, unto thee is given
A life that bears immortal fruit
In such great offices as suit
The full-grown energies of heaven.

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXXIX, page 61:

I do but sing because I must,
And pipe but as the linnets sing:
And unto one her note is gay,
For now her little ones have ranged;
And unto one her note is changed,
Because her brood is stol’n away.

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXI, page 36:

Down to the last; encompassing even every.


unto

English: unto

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


ovan

From Old Norse ofan, from Proto-Germanic *ubanē. Cognate with Faroese oman, Icelandic ofan, Swedish ovan, and Danish oven.


ovan

From Old Swedish ovan, from Old Norse ofan.
Cognate with Danish oven and German oben, as well as with the compound forms Dutch boven and English above.

Högt ovan molnen

above, at some unspecified point of higher altitude


avec

Inherited from Middle French avec, avecques (“with”), from Old French avoc, avoec, avuec (“with”), from an assumed Vulgar Latin *aboc, *abhoc, *apud hŏque, from Latin apud (“with, near, close to”) + hoc (“this”) + -que. First used as a replacement for Latin cum (“with”) in Merovingian and Carolingian documents from France. Gradually supplanted Old French od (“with”), itself from apud (od survives however in some dialects in Western France under the form d'ot).
Cognate with Picard avuc, Norman aveuc, Walloon avou and, more distantly, with Franco-Provençal avoi (from *ab hoc and not *abhocque).

Je suis revenu avec lui.

Voudriez-vous y aller avec moi ?

Ils m’ont dit qu’ils étaient avec toi.

Je l’ai fait avec plaisir.


avec

From Old French avoc, avoec, avuec (“with”) (compare French avec).


midi

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *midi
Old English: mid, miþ, mit
Middle English: mid
English: mid
Old Frisian: mith, mit, mei, mithi, mithe, methe
North Frisian: mits
Saterland Frisian: mäd
West Frisian: mei
Old Saxon: mid, midi, mit, met
Middle Low German: mēde, mid
Low German: mit, met
Old Dutch: mit, bit
Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Limburgish: mit
Old High German: mit, miti
Middle High German: mite, mit
Bavarian: mit
Cimbrian: met
German: mit
Hunsrik: mit
Luxembourgish: mat
Vilamovian: myt
Yiddish: מיט (mit)

Old Norse: með
Icelandic: með
Faroese: með
Norwegian Nynorsk: med
Elfdalian: min
Old Swedish: mæþ, mz
Swedish: med
Danish: med
Norwegian Bokmål: med

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌸 (miþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, from *me (“with”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “among, between, with”), Sanskrit स्मत् (smat, “together, at the same time”).


midi

Old English: mid, miþ, mit

Middle English: mid

English: mid

desc

Old Frisian: mith, mit, mei, mithi, mithe, methe

North Frisian: mits

Saterland Frisian: mäd

West Frisian: mei

Old Saxon: mid, midi, mit, met

Middle Low German: mēde, mid

Low German: mit, met

desctree

Old Dutch: mit, bit
Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Limburgish: mit

Old High German: mit, miti
Middle High German: mite, mit
Bavarian: mit
Cimbrian: met
German: mit
Hunsrik: mit
Luxembourgish: mat
Vilamovian: myt
Yiddish: מיט (mit)

From Proto-Germanic *midi, from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, from *me (“with”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “among, between, with”), Sanskrit स्मत् (smat, “together, at the same time”).


midst

From Middle English middes, midst, myddest (“middle”), from Old English midde, reshaped in Middle English phrases like in middes (“in the middle”) by analogy with adverbs in -(e)s; also compare Old English on middan, tōmiddes. Forms in -(e)st are probably due to influence of superlatives.

Mildred comes home from work early only to discover her husband, Robert, midst of a lewd affair with their neighbor, Gladys.

She puts the period often from his place ; And 'midst the sentence so her accent breaks

1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:


contra

Against; contrary or opposed to; in opposition or contrast to.


contra

→ Maltese: kontra

→ Turkish: kontra

(archaic) Alternative form of contro (“against”)


contra

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: către, cătră

Dalmatian:

cuantra

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: contra

Italian: contro

Sicilian: contra

Padanian:

Friulian: cuintri

Ladin: contra

Venetian: contra

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: cuntre, contre

French: contre

→ English: counter

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: contra, cuentra

Catalan: contra

Occitan: contra

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: contra

Galician: contra

Portuguese: contra

Old Spanish: contra, cuentra (tonic variant)

Spanish: contra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: contra

Borrowings:

→ English: contra

→ Albanian: kundër

→ Hungarian: kontra

→ Italian: contra

→ Polish: kontra

→ Romanian: contra

→ Swedish: kontra

[ˈkɔn̪t̪räː]

From Proto-Italic *komterād, ablative singular feminine of *komteros (“the other of the two who meet, opposite”). The ablative singular masculine/neuter of the same is continued in Latin contrō-, cognate to Oscan contrud. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱómteros, from *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix); thus, a doublet of cum, comparable to the relation between intrā and in, and extrā and ex, but unlike these lacking external cognates, and therefore of Italic origin.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


contra

Ele é contra a proposta.

Tiveram que nadar contra a corrente.

Não é justo, são três contra um.

It's not fair, it's three against/on one.


contra

Borrowed from French contre, Italian contra, Latin contrā. Doublet of the inherited către.


contra

Hiligaynon: kontra

Tagalog: kontra

Inherited from Latin contrā. Old Spanish had cuentra as well, with diphthongization of stressed Latin /ŏ/. As the word was generally atonic, the unstressed variant contra prevailed over time.

la lucha contra el prejuicio


eli

From Proto-Semitic *ʕalay- (“on, over”). Cognate with Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā) and Biblical Hebrew עַל (ʕal), עֲלֵי (ʕălé).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒇷𒂊𒀉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒊭 𒂊𒇷𒋗 𒊏𒁍𒌑 𒅎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒄿𒈾 𒁍𒌔𒊑𒅎 𒄿𒈾 𒋢𒉮 𒄞 𒁹𒋗𒅆 𒅎𒈤𒄩𒊍

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 202:

If a man has struck the cheek of a man who is of higher rank than he, he will be struck with an ox whip sixty times in the assembly.

šum-ma a-wi-lum le-e-et a-wi-lim ša e-li-šu ra-bu-u₂ im-ta-ḫa-aṣ i-na pu-uḫ₂-ri-im i-na ^(kuš)USAN₃ GUD 1 šu-ši im-maḫ-ḫa-aṣ


iki

Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”). Cognate with Latvian ik (“how often; every”).


nearest

Mercury is the planet nearest the Sun.

Fastening one end of this at that point of the trunk of the tree which was nearest the peg, he unrolled it till it reached the peg and thence further unrolled it, in the direction already established by the two points of the tree and the peg, for the distance of fifty feet[…]


saat

From Malay saat, from Arabic سَاعَة (sāʕa).


tå

Aasen, in his 1850 dictionary, lists it as a variant of ut av. As such, the origin of this word is not too dissimilar from that of på (“on”) from Old Norse upp á. See also tu and poinni.

Æ skjønne itj bæra tå det som stend ti paperom

I don't understand a word of what is written in the papers

Æ drømme' mæ bort i dokkers røyk tå krutt, sjarm og ildvann.

2018, NDL (lyrics and music), “Morgan Cockaine”, in Demo:

I'm dreaming me away in your's smoke of gunpowder, charme and firewater

(dialectal, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) Nonstandard form of av.


circum

Adverbial accusative of circus (“circle, ring”).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


bajo

→ Cebuano: baho

Inherited from Late Latin bassus. Cognate with English base and bass.

No hay nada nuevo bajo el sol.

under (in both literal and figurative senses)


sota

Inherited from Old Catalan sota, from Vulgar Latin *subta, alteration of Latin subtus (whence Old Catalan sots), derived from sub, from Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo.


sota

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Vulgar Latin *subta, from Latin subtus (cf. also Old Catalan sots), from sub, from Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo. Cognate with Catalan sota, French sous, Italian sotto, Sicilian sutta.

Me soi assetat sota l'arbre.


sota

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

Borrowed from Catalan sota, from Vulgar Latin *subta, from Latin subtus (“below”), which is derived from Latin sub. Cognate to French sous and Italian sotto.


blízko

Hotel je blízko hlavního náměstí.


foon

From Old Frisian fon. Compare Dutch van, German von.


moins

Inherited from Middle French moins, from Old French meins, from Latin minus.

Cinq moins deux font trois


b/w

SnowAngel:maybe it's not healthy to like someone as much as i like him, but i can't help it. when things are good b/w us, they're so so good, he's, like, my soulmate, i swear to god.

2004, Lauren Myracle, ttyl, New York, NY: Amulet Books, →ISBN, page 66:


contre

Inherited from Middle French contre, from Old French contre, from Latin contra.

La paille est contre la maison

Elle s’appuie contre le mur.

Les citoyens sont pour, mais les hommes politiques sont contre.

The citizens are for, but the politicians are against.

Ce soir: Lille contre Marseille en direct.
Tonight: Lille against Marseille live.

10% des hommes ont eu plus de cent partenaires sexuels, contre 5% seulement des femmes.

10 percent of all men have had more than a hundred sexual partners, as opposed to 5 percent of all women.

as against (as opposed to, compared to, in contrast with)

On peut échanger ces billets contre un repas gratuit.

These tickets can be exchanged for a free meal.


contre

French: contre


puis

From Old French pois, from Latin *postius, from post.

Oncques puis la mort de son frere, il n'y vint

Never since the death of his brother has he gone there

puis dist a l'enfant

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 47:


de la

(not interchangeable)

Au furat ceva de la casa ta.

Am învățat mult de la tine.

Am obosit de la citit.

de la A la Z

de la distanță

(not interchangeable, see notes)

Este treaz de la ora opt.

de la început

de la sine

buzunar de la pantalon

apă de la robinet

abatere de la lege

Word to join the parts of a compound; sometimes corresponding to "of".


kontraŭ

Tiuj, kiuj ne havas multan teron, helpas la aliajn, kontraŭ porcio de la rikoltaĵo.

Those, who do not have much land, help the others, in return for a portion of the harvest.


malgraŭ

From Italian malgrado, French malgré + -aŭ.

notwithstanding (someone's contrary wishes or some obstacle), in spite of, despite

kvankam

a conjunction rather than a preposition; despite that, although


laŭ

Borrowed from German laut, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlūdaz (“loud; famous”). Compare Yiddish לויט (loyt). Doublet of laŭta.

laŭdire

according to what they say, supposedly, reportedly

laŭ tiu eksperto

laŭ mi

Ni faru laŭ via sugesto.

danci laŭ la muziko

Kanado estas la due plej granda lando en la mondo laŭ areo.

Canada is the second largest country in the world by area.

Ni decidos, ĉu ni venos, laŭ la vetero.

We'll decide whether to come depending on the weather.

Li marŝis laŭ la strato.

Ni veladis supren laŭ Tamizo.

karesi katon laŭ la haroj

to pet a cat in the direction of its fur


preter

From Latin praeter. Compare English preter-.


preter

Borrowed from Esperanto preter, Latin praeter.

io-bor

La kavaliero ne haltis apud la kirko ma kavalkadis preter ol.

The knight did not stop at the church but rode past it.

passing, past (by): indicates motion from one side to the other past a certain object


от

прибирам се от работа

излизам от стаята

падам от стълба

ставам от масата

далеч от

used to indicate movement away from a position, from, away from, out of, off

Сградата е на десет километра от епицентъра.
Sgradata e na deset kilometra ot epicentǎra.
The building is ten kilometres from the epicentre.

От моята къща се вижда морето.

наляво от вратата

от лявата ми страна

used to indicate the position relative to which something is, from, on, of

изваждам три от десет

отстранявам от училище

used to show separation or removal, from

Беше сляп от раждането си.

Започвам работа от понеделник.

Познавам я от миналата година.

used to indicate a starting point in time, from, since

един от нас

трима от приятелите му

used to show the group someone/something belongs to, of

Някой беше пил от виното.

Яде ли от тортата?

used to indicate an indefinite amount of something, some (of), a part of, a piece of

Аз съм от България.

Това вино идва от Франция.

родом от

деца от първия брак

студент от университета

used to indicate the origin of someone/something, from, of

Сиренето се прави от мляко.

кутия от дърво

тълпа от хора

армия от просяци

used to indicate what something is made of or consists of, from, of, out of

писмо от брат ми

информация от очевидци
informacija ot očevidci
information from witnesses

уча се от грешките си

От това, което чух, той е получил сърдечен удар.

From what I heard, he had a heart attack.

Ot tova, koeto čuh, toj e polučil sǎrdečen udar.

купувам нещо от някого

купувам от магазин

пия от чаша

преписвам от книга

used to show the source that provides something, from

Страхувам се от кучета.

Срам ме е от това, което направих.

Той беше спасен от удавяне.

Какво криеш от мен?

Това лекарство лекува от много болести.

отървавам се от някого

used to show the person or thing someone/something is afraid of, ashamed of, saved from, hidden from, etc., from, of

По-висок съм от нея.

Мария е различна от Виктория.

Не мога да различа единия от другия.

used when comparing or distinguishing things, to introduce the basis of comparison/distinction, than, from

Лодката беше залята от водата.

роман от Дикенс

used to indicate the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice, by

заспивам от умора

to fall asleep from weariness/with fatigue

очи, зачервени от плач

умирам от болест/глад

треперя от студ

викам от яд/отчаяние

питам от любопитство

от нужда/завист

от мързел/невнимание

used to show the reason for something, from, out of, with, of, through

Нещата станаха от лоши по-лоши.

превеждам от български на английски

събуждам се от сън

used to show the state of somebody/something before a change, from

вървя от град на град

used to show where somebody/something was before they/it changed place, from

от сутрин до вечер

от понеделник до петък

от глава до пети

Магазинът работи от 9 до 18.

used to indicate the range of something, from

Познавам я от четири години.

Не съм го виждал от известно време.

used to indicate the amount of time that has passed since the beginning of something, for


от

Inherited from Old East Slavic отъ (otŭ), from Proto-Slavic *otъ.

ото

before words beginning with certain awkward consonant clusters such as мн- (mn-); вс- (vs-), and сн- (sn-)

отойти́ от костра́

оторва́ть пу́говицу от пиджака́

сообще́ние от бра́та

from, away from, of, with (in the following senses):

to denote the starting point of the movement of something:

сле́ва от меня́

к се́веру от Москвы́

to denote a reference point in comparison with the position of something else:

отказа́ться от сде́лки

изба́виться от привы́чки

защища́ть от инфе́кции

зави́сеть от ситуа́ции

used with certain verbs to denote literal or figurative distance from the indirect object:

от 1 неде́ли до 1 ме́сяца

от 1 до 2 миллио́нов рубле́й

пронумеро́ванные от 1 до 12

умере́ть от разры́ва се́рдца

дрожа́ть от стра́ха

расстро́иться от чьи́х-то слов

to denote the cause or origin of some condition:

от души́

от всего́ се́рдца

used in a few set phrases to denote the nature of an action:

слепо́й от рожде́ния

ука́з президе́нта от 1 сентября́

from, since, of (about a time of origin)


ĝis

From French jusque, influenced by German bis.

Nenia el la vestoj de la reĝo ĝis nun havis tian sukceson.

1903, L. L. Zamenhof, Fundamenta Krestomatio:

None of the clothing of the king, until now had had that much success.

Inventita ĉirkaŭ 2500 a.K., ĉifrado ne alvenis al sia ora epoko ĝis la invento de la komputilo en la 20-a jarcento.⁽ⱽᴾ⁾

Invented circa 2500 B.C., encryption did not reach its golden age until the invention of the computer in the twentieth century.

La aranĝoj devas esti pretaj ĝis vendredo.

The arrangements must be ready by Friday.

by, on or before, completed no later than


har

Uncertain. The word is widespread in the Sahel, but may ultimately be from either Tuareg har (“until”) or Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until”).


enne

A mitä siin oli enne sottaa?

2008, “Läkkäämmä omal viisii [We're speaking [our] own way]”, in Inkeri, volume 4, number 69, St. Petersburg, page 12:

Ennee sottaa mittää sitä vennään keeltä meil ei olt - kaik oli oma keeli!

2021, Kati Kallio, Riho Grünthal, Lasi Saressalo, quoting Olga Filatova, Inkerikot, setot ja vatjalaiset (overall work in Finnish), →ISBN, page 40:

Before the war we didn't have any Russian language - everything was our own language!


enne

From the genitive or instructive singular of Proto-Finnic *enci. Cognates include Finnish ennen, Ingrian ennen and Estonian enne.


på

Rebracketing of older oppå, from Old Norse upp + á, compare English 'pon from upon. The preposition å (“on”) is still used in some Jutlandic dialects in the same sense.


på

Rebracketing of Old Norse upp á, compare English upon.

Boken er på bordet

Eplet henger på den grenen.

Skiltet på veggen.

on, against, touching; hanging from or being attached to (a vertical surface)

På julaften.

Jeg er på jobb.

På den tiden...

Si det på norsk.


på

Boka ligg på bordet

on (touching from above or touching, hanging from)

Eplet som heng på den greina

Skiltet på veggen

på julaftan

på jobben

på den tida

på Island

på Hamar
in Hamar

in (islands and many towns that are not on the coast)

på nynorsk
in Nynorsk

på ettermiddagen


på

From Norwegian Nynorsk på and Russian по (po).

Davai på skip kom


på

Rebracketing of uppå, from Old Norse upp á. Compare English 'pon, formed in a similar way from upon.

å

obsolete except in certain fixed expressions and compounds

Boken ligger på bordet.

Äpplet som hänger på den grenen

Skylten på väggen

på julafton

på jobbet

på begravning

på festen

på hockey

på sjukhuset

på stationen

på marknaden

på toaletten

på dass

at (some abstract concepts, and locations associated more with their purpose than architecture)

på svenska

på eftermiddagen

Ögat på nålen

Slå huvudet på spiken


на

on (denotes a place or an object on the surface of which movement or action is directed) [with accusative]

to (denotes a place, object or person towards which an action is directed or which is the end point of a movement) [with accusative]

Я падрыхтаваў твой абед і пакінуў яго на стале.

I prepared your lunch and left it on the table.

Ja padryxtavaŭ tvoj abjed i pakinuŭ jahó na stalje.

in, on (denotes a place or an object on which someone or something is located, something is happening) [with locative]


на

София е столицата на България.

къщата на баща ми

Дай го на Петър.

Дай на Петър една книга.

used to indicate the indirect object, to (or it's not translated)

пристигането на гостите

избухването на войната

used with nouns formed from intransitive verbs to indicate the subject of the action, of

четенето на книгата

изобретяването на компютъра

used with nouns formed from transitive verbs to indicate the direct object of the action, of

Дъхът му миришеше на чесън.

Опитът ни на бежанци ни научи на много ценни уроци.

Our experience as refugees taught us many valuable lessons.

Opitǎt ni na bežanci ni nauči na mnogo cenni uroci.

мириша мириша#English

used with some verbs such as уча, мириша, etc. to give a description of the action

Книгата е на масата.

на двора

на море

на планина

на сватба

на север

на улицата

на училище съм

седя на масата

positioned at the upper surface of, within the limits of, on, on, at, in

Отивам на плажа.

на ляво/дясно

отивам на училище

отивам на работа

отивам на почивка

отивам на разходка

ходя на лов/риба/ски/покупки

used to indicate destination, in the direction of, and arriving at, on, to, for

Времето е на дъжд.

Вятърът духа на пролет.

The wind is blowing like spring is coming.

да обичаш на инат

used to introduce a noun phrase that describes the verb, or if it is a linking verb, to describe the subject of the verb

Събрахме се на вечеря.

Занесох колелото си на поправка.

Роден на 4 юли.

На следващия ден имах изпит.

На сутринта имах ужасен махмурлук.

I had a terrible hangover in the morning.

на залез слънце

на часа

used with certain time expressions to show when something happens, on, at, in (or it is not translated)

На тръгване го погледна още веднъж.

While she was leaving, she looked at him once more.

На връщане минахме по по-кратък път.

When we were coming back we took a shortcut.

used to introduce a verbal noun and to indicate that the action described by the verbal noun happens at the same time as another action, while, when

от време на време

от ден на ден

used with от to indicate the period over which something happens, to

спя на запалена лампа

стоя на студено/топло

used to show the circumstances under which something happens, with, in

Тя е на 12 години.

Той се ожени на 28.

на 20-годишна възраст

на една ръка разстояние

Той стоеше на няколко метра от мен.

He was standing a few metres away from me.

used to indicate the distance away from something, at (or it is not translated)

продавам на метър/литър

работя на парче

used to indicate the quantity used for buying, selling or measuring something, by

Лесно е да обърнеш 2 на 2 матрица.

Стаята беше около 4 на 6 фута.

Използвахме 10 на 20 на 30 сантиметрови тухли, за да построим станата.

We used 10 by 20 by 30 cm bricks to build the wall.

Izpolzvahme 10 na 20 na 30 santimetrovi tuhli, za da postroim stanata.

used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something, by

два пъти на ден/месец/година

на глава

Плащат им на час.

по пет лева на човек

used to indicate the rate at which something happens, per, by, a

разделям на две

режа на парчета

6 делено на 2 прави 3.

used to indicate the parts into which something is divided, in, into, by

Учениците пристигнаха на малки групи.

на голо

на дело

на теория

на ръка

на дребно ― na drebno ― retail

на едро

на кръст

на шега

used to show how or in what way something is done, by, in

ставам на прах

счупвам се на парчета

преструвам се на някого

правя се на болен

used to indicate a change in state, to, into

работя на машина

свиря на пиано

гледам на карти

гледам на кафе

броя на пръсти

играя на шах

Суматранските тигри са на изчезване.

Припасите ни са на свършване.

Кажи го на английски.

Той говореше на висок глас.

used to indicate a language, a way of speaking, etc., in


на

Парите се на масата.

На концерт сум.

Скопје е главен град на Македонија. ― Skopje e glaven grad na Makedonija. ― Skopje is the capital of Macedonia.

Изгоре куќата на сестра ми.

Дај му го писмово на син ти.


на

From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-. Cognates Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “on, up”).


на

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.

uxi

собака на пне

собака на пне ― sobaka na pne ― a dog on a stump

на стол

Поста́вь/Положи́ таре́лку на стол.

Я сел на стул. ― Ja sel na stul. ― I sat on a chair.

Я сел на́ пол ― Ja sel ná pol ― I sat on the floor.

Я наступи́л на что-то. ― Ja nastupíl na što-to. ― I stepped on something.

Я наступи́л на ми́ну. ― Ja nastupíl na mínu. ― I stepped on a mine.

Я на тебя случа́йно наступи́л, извини́.

Я наступи́л на жва́чку. ― Ja nastupíl na žváčku. ― I stepped in chewing-gum.

Твоё пальто́ виси́т на крючке́ на стене́.

Your coat is hung on the hook on the wall.

Не хочу́, что́бы на меня́ пове́сили уби́йство.

I don't want the murder to be pinned on me.

Ne xočú, štóby na menjá povésili ubíjstvo.

Мы живём на мо́ре/реке́/о́зере, в кото́ром/кото́рой/кото́ром живёт мно́го рыб.

We live by a sea/river/lake in which many fish live.

My živjóm na móre/reké/ózere, v kotórom/kotóroj/kotórom živjót mnógo ryb.

(places, only certain nouns) nearby, by (in the sense of near) (interchangeable with у (u), which requires the genitive case)

places; only certain nouns; places; only certain nouns

на по́чту

Всё, я ухожу на работу.

Он дви́нулся на се́вер, зате́м обра́тно.

А е́сли Герма́ния дви́нется на нас?

У тебя́ две мину́ты на сбо́ры.

You have two minutes to pack [your belongings].

На́ша благотвори́тельная компа́ния напра́влена на улучше́ние ми́ра.

Our charitable organisation is aimed at improving the world.

Náša blagotvorítelʹnaja kompánija naprávlena na ulučšénije míra.

Не иди́ на э́того драко́на, ты его́ не смо́жешь уби́ть пока́, тебе́ на́до снача́ла тот квест вы́полнить.

Don't go for that dragon, you can't kill it yet, you need to complete that other quest first.

Ne idí na étovo drakóna, ty jevó ne smóžešʹ ubítʹ poká, tebé nádo snačála tot kvest výpolnitʹ.

Ну ла́дно, я прокача́лся доста́точно, так что (пойду́) на гла́вного бо́сса сейча́с я.
Nu ládno, ja prokačálsja dostátočno, tak što (pojdú) na glávnovo bóssa sejčás ja.
Okay, I've levelled up enough, and now I'm [set out] for the final boss.

Эй! Не на́до на меня́! Я же твой сою́зник.

Hey! Don't [attack] me (don't [go] after me)! I'm your teammate.

Ej! Ne nádo na menjá! Ja že tvoj sojúznik.

to set out for (in the sense "to start an activity with the intention of finishing it"), to go for

На что?

Э́то тебе́ на уда́чу!

Я на тебя́ 500 рубле́й поста́вил, не подведи́ меня́.

I've bet 500 roubles on you, don't let me down.

Ja na tebjá 500 rubléj postávil, ne podvedí menjá.

Пода́йте на пропита́ние!

Give [us] [something; money, food, etc.] to eat!

На кого́ рабо́таешь? На Алексе́я?

[with accusative]
(duration, value, purpose) for

Он объяви́л програ́мму на сле́дующий день. ― On obʺjavíl prográmmu na slédujuščij denʹ. ― He announced a program for the next day.

Шесть де́лится на три — это два. ― Šestʹ délitsja na tri — eto dva. ― Six divided by three is two.

Пять на два не де́лится

[with accusative]
(mathematics) over, by, divided by

На сего́дня всё!

На за́втра тебе тако́е зада́ние.

Here is a task [to be completed] for tomorrow.

Хо́чешь оста́ться тут на сего́дня?

Would you like to stay here for the day (i.e. until tomorrow)?

Придёшь на сле́дующую неделю?

Will you come for next week (i.e. stay the whole week)?

на столе́

Сижу́ на сту́ле.

Он (сиди́т) на герои́не. ― On (sidít) na geroíne. ― He's on heroin.

на по́чте

Извини́те, он сейча́с на рабо́те.

на заво́де

на балко́не

Стра́на стои́т на краю́ бе́здны.

The country is at the brink of an abyss.

на Украи́не ― na Ukraíne ― in Ukraine

[with prepositional]
(only with certain nouns) in, at

Мы обы́чно на авто́бусе, и вот тепе́рь опя́ть на нём; сиди́м в нём, стои́м, иногда́ пры́гаем.

We usually go by bus, and now we're [going] by it again; we're sitting in it, standing, sometimes jumping.

My obýčno na avtóbuse, i vot tepérʹ opjátʹ na njom; sidím v njom, stoím, inogdá prýgajem.

by (using a means of transport to get somewhere (while в is just 'to be in something'))

Да на нём полфи́рмы стои́т, а то и вся, не дай бог с ним что случи́тся.

Half of the company is surviving thanks to him, if not all, god forbid something happens to him.

Da na njom polfírmy stoít, a to i vsja, ne daj bog s nim što slučítsja.

Их компа́ния стои́т на строи́телях, а они́ — жа́дины — сидя́т на кре́слах свои́х и при э́том получа́ют в де́сять раз бо́льше, чем трюдя́ги.
Ix kompánija stoít na stroíteljax, a oní — žádiny — sidját na kréslax svoíx i pri étom polučájut v désjatʹ raz bólʹše, čem trjudjági.
Their company exists because of construction workers, but they — the greedy guys — sit on their armchairs and yet earn ten times more than the sloggers.

Да́нный компью́тер рабо́тает не на электри́честве, а на ко́ка-ко́ле.

This computer runs not on electricity but on Coca-Cola.

Dánnyj kompʹjúter rabótajet ne na elektríčestve, a na kóka-kóle.

runs/operates only because of someone/something; works on, runs on

На мне (стои́т) ку́хня, а на ней (стоя́т) де́ти, одна́ко и ку́хнею она́ поро́ю да́же занима́ется заме́сто меня́, хотя́ её того́ и не прошу́.
Na mne (stoít) kúxnja, a na nej (stoját) déti, odnáko i kúxneju oná poróju dáže zanimájetsja zamésto menjá, xotjá jejó tovó i ne prošú.
I do the kitchen, while she does the children, however she sometimes also does the kitchen instead of me, although I don't ask her to.

На тебе́ дочь моя́, пока́ я ве́чером не верну́сь.

My daughter is yours (your responsibility) until I come back in the evening.

Na tebé dočʹ mojá, poká ja véčerom ne vernúsʹ.

[with prepositional]
assigned to (a certain responsibility)

Придёшь на сле́дующей неделе?

Я вся́ на не́рвах, расска́зывай, что́ у тебя́ там случи́лось.

I'm so freaking nervous, tell me what happened to you.

Ja vsjá na nérvax, rasskázyvaj, štó u tebjá tam slučílosʹ.

Он и так на не́рвах по́сле вчера́шнего, не пристава́й к нему́.

He is already on edge after what happened yesterday, don't bug him.

On i tak na nérvax pósle včerášnevo, ne pristaváj k nemú.

(neologism) being dominated by a certain emotional state

being dominated by a certain emotional state

Неожи́данно проигра́в три ра́за подря́д, его охватила дизмора́ль (у него́ появи́лась дизмора́ль), и на ней проигра́л и все други́е 8 раз.
Neožídanno proigráv tri ráza podrjád, jevo oxvatila dizmorálʹ (u nevó pojavílasʹ dizmorálʹ), i na nej proigrál i vse drugíje 8 raz.
After he had suddenly lost 3 times in a row, he got dismoral, and while being affected by it he lost all the remaining 8 times.

По́сле тако́й до́лгой разлу́ки, мы не удержа́лись, и на ра́достях, да́же как сле́дует не приоде́вшись, сра́зу же пошли́ в ЗАГС жени́ться.

After such a long separation, thanks to us being so happy we couldn't hold it any longer and went straight to the marriage registrar's office in order to marry, without us even having dressed up appropriately.

Pósle takój dólgoj razlúki, my ne uderžálisʹ, i na rádostjax, dáže kak slédujet ne priodévšisʹ, srázu že pošlí v ZAGS ženítʹsja.

Понима́ете ли, сын мой ваш но́вый телеви́зор вы́кинул в окно́ (из окна́) не специа́льно… про́сто он был на эмо́циях по́сле того́, как заста́л её, а те́лик — он про́сто пе́рвое, что ему́ подверну́лось.
Ponimájete li, syn moj vaš nóvyj televízor výkinul v oknó (iz okná) ne speciálʹno… prósto on byl na emócijax pósle tovó, kak zastál jejó, a télik — on prósto pérvoje, što jemú podvernúlosʹ.
You see, my son threw your new TV set out of the window unintentionally… it's just that he had such an outburst of emotions after having caught her, that he had had to do something, and the first thing that crossed his mind was your new TV set.

(neologism) accomplishing something while being dominated by a certain emotional state and primarily because of it


на

ићи на концерт

ставити књигу на сто(л)

to, on, onto (with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]

књига је на столу

бити на концерту

бити на улици

on, at, in (without change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with locative]

отићи некуда на пар дана

на љето/лето

на вр(иј)еме

бити плаћен на сат

by, for, at (in expressions with time) [with accusative]

подморница на атомски погон

to indicate a source of power or energy [with accusative]


на

onto (movement that reaches the top of an object or place, e.g., 'Land on, put on, throw on, fall on')

on (for the position/localization of an object or person, e.g. 'The book is on the table')


mun

about the, about their, about my, about whom, about which

around the, around their, around my, around whom, around which

concerning the, concerning their, concerning my, concerning whom, concerning which


uz

Middle High German: ūz

Alemannic German: us

Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)

German: aus

Luxembourgish: aus

Yiddish: אויס (oys)

From Proto-Germanic *ūt, whence also Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old Dutch, Old English ūt, Old Norse út, Gothic 𐌿𐍄 (ūt).


uz

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъz (Russian воз- (voz-), Polish wz-). Cognate with Lithuanian už.

ići uz stepenice

uz brdo

uz r(ij)eku

peti/penjati se uz konopac

uz cestu

uza samu granicu

uz sm(ij)eh/plač

uz p(j)esmu

uz piće

p(j)evati uz klavir

with, while, along with (circumstances or conditions accompanying the action)

uza sve to


uz

desctree

Old Norse: ór, úr, ýr
Icelandic: úr
Faroese: úr
Norwegian Nynorsk: or, ur
Old Swedish: ūr
Swedish: ur
Old Gutnish: yr (< *ýʀ)
Gutnish: ör, öir

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃 (us)

From Proto-Indo-European *úd-s (“up, off”), from *úd (“out, outward”).


pri

From Latin per. Compare Romanian pe (archaic pre).


pri

Borrowed from Ancient Greek περί (perí). Compare French péri-, Italian, English and Spanish peri-.


pri

Borrowed from Esperanto pri, from Ancient Greek περί (perí).


pri

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pri, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei.

pri samom ulazu

pri kraju ulice

pri vrhu brda

close to, near, at (denoting spatial proximity)

biti pri novcu

biti pri sv(ij)esti

biti pri (zdravoj) pameti

biti pri sebi

pri temperaturi od 20° C

pisar pri sudu

(archaic) at (belonging to, collaborating with)

pri zalasku sunca

during the sunset, while the sun was/is setting

pri jelu

pri kraju razgovora

pri vožnji

during, while, at (denoting temporal co-occurrence)

biti nekome pri ruci

ostajem pri svojoj izjavi

ostajem pri svome mišljenju

pri tome

while doing so; in this connection/matter


pri

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: при (pri)

Belarusian: пры (pry)

Russian: при (pri)

Ukrainian: при (pry)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: при (pri)

Glagolitic: ⱂⱃⰻ (pri)

Bulgarian: при (pri)

Macedonian: при (pri)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: при

Latin script: pri

Slovene: pri (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: při
Czech: při

Old Polish: przy
Polish: przy
Silesian: przi

Slovak: pri

Polabian: prei

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: przë

Slovincian: przë

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: při

Lower Sorbian: pśi

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *préy.


до

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de.

един до друг

до кръста

до последната минута


до

Ќе седнам до тебе.

Ќе одиме до езерото.

Нема да се видиме до крајот на годинава.

We won't see each other until the end of this year.

Nema da se vidime do krajot na godinava.


до

Old Ruthenian: до (do)

Belarusian: да (da)

Carpathian Rusyn: до (do)

Ukrainian: до (do)

Russian: до (do)

From Proto-Slavic *do. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic до (do) and Old Polish do.

ѥгда чьтеши книгꙑ· не тъштисѧ бърꙁо иштисти до дроугыꙗ главиꙁнꙑ·

when you read books, don't strive to quickly read on to the following chapter.


до

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, whence English to.


до

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

од Загреба до Београда

од јутра до мрака

од 5 до 10 сати

од врха до дна

до р(иј)еке

сад је пет до седам

до понед(ј)ељка

до сада

до недавна

до дана данашњега

све до

до куда

до туда

до рата

before (= при̏је/пре̏)

с(ј)еди до мене

један до другога

није ми до тога

није ми до см(иј)еха

њему је само до секса

није ми пуно стало до тога

није до мене


до

From Old East Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Я йду до школи. ― Ja jdu do školy. ― I go to school.

Ласкаво просимо до Італії!

Ласкаво просимо до Аргентини!

to (in the fixed expression 'Welcome to...!')

до кінця́ столі́ття


kiel

From ki- (“interrogative and relative correlative prefix”) + -el (“correlative suffix of manner or degree”).

Mi ne estas tiel alta kiel la plimulto de svedaj knabinoj, sed mi estas blonda kaj havas bluajn okulojn, kaj en miaj vejnoj certe fluas la sango de la Vikingoj — maltrankvila kaj vojaĝema mi estas.

I am not as tall as the majority of Swedish girls, but I am blond and have blue eyes, and in my veins certainly flows the blood of the Vikings — I am restless and inclined to travel.

Ili aperis kiel arĝentaj piramidoj naĝantaj sur orumitaj nuboj.

They appeared like silver pyramids swimming over gilded clouds.

La viroj surhavas ĝenerale maldikan jakon sed, kiel la virinoj, ne uzas ŝuojn.

The men generally wear thin jackets but, like the women, do not wear shoes.


krom

From Russian кроме (krome) and Polish krom.


krom

(archaic) except, apart from, but [with genitive]

(archaic) besides, beyond, other than [with genitive]


per pro

per procurationem; by the agency of (used when signing a letter in place of someone else)


depuis

From de + puis. From Middle French depuis, from Old French depuis. Compare Portuguese depois (“after”).

On habite ici depuis l’an 2000.

Depuis son arrivée à la tête du Barça, l’entraîneur catalan a tout gagné.
Ever since he took the helm of Barça, the Catalan coach has won everything.

Je vis ici depuis trois ans.

Le Marché Monétaire et Ses Crises depuis Cinquante Ans

The Money Market and Its Crises over the Last Fifty Years

(regarding time) for the last ~, over the past ~

Le train part depuis Stockholm.

2020 September 6, “Etats-Unis : ‘J’ai mal quand je respire’, dit Jacob Blake depuis son lit d’hôpital” (“United States: ‘It hurts when I breathe’, says Jacob Blake from his hospital bed”), L’Express.


depuis

French: depuis


devant

devant que tu partes perdras le poing en lieu de mon escu

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 23:

before you leave you will lose your hand for my shield [which you lost]


devant

Et devant aus un nain boçu

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:


tae

From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō. Cognates include English to, too and West Frisian ta.

Ah tried tae keep ma attention oan the Jean–Claude Van Damme video.

1993, Irvine Welsh, “Kicking”, in Trainspotting:

I tried to keep my attention on the Jean–Claude Van Damme video.


sau

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *krawʔ. Cognate with Muong khau, Mon တြဴ.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 牢 (MC law) (modern SV: lao) and 娄, alternative form 婁 (MC luw) (modern SV: lâu).

Sau nhà có vườn.


ofer

Middle English: over
English: over
Geordie English: ower
Scots: ower
Yola: ower, oer, owr

From Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo.

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 10, verse 19

And now I gave you power to tread over adders and snakes and over each fiends' force. And no thing harms you.

And nū ic sealde ēow ānweald tō tredenne ofer nǣddran. And snacan and ofer ǣlc fēondes mæġen. And nān þing ēow ne derað...

"Gospel of Saint Luke", chapter 19, verse 14

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Nys nāht ofor hyne...

Exeter Book, Chrtist A, The Navitivity
...Ne lǣt awyrġde ofer us onwald āgan...

Let not the accursed have power over us...

over, Indicating relative status, authority, or power

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Agnes, Virgin"
He gesette his tacn on minum nebbe þæt ic nænne oðerne ofer hine ne lufige.

He hath set His token upon my face that I should love none other beside Him.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Basilius, Bishop"
Bide nu æt gode þæt ic grecisc cunne. Þa cwæþ se biscop him to, þu bæde ofer mine mæðe ac uton swa þeah biddan þas bena æt gode.

Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Pray now to God that I may know Greek. Then said the Bishop to him, 'Thou hast asked beyond my power, but let us, nevertheless, ask this boon of God.'

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Prayer of Moses (Mid-Lent)"
Swa swa sume menn doð þe dyslice fæstað ofer heora mihte on gemænelicum lenctene, swa swa we sylfe gesawon oðþæt hi seoce wurdon.

Even as some men do who foolishly fast beyond their strength in the catholic Lent, even as we ourselves have seen, until they have fallen sick.


nam

nam (first-person possessive singular)
nar (first-person plural possessive)
nad (possessive second-person singular)
nur (plural possessive second-person)
nam^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
nam^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

Bha mi nam chadal.

I was sleeping (literally I was in my sleep).


nam

head

nam (+ dative, triggers eclipsis of a vowel)

of a vowel (triggers-eclipsis)
nam (first-person possessive singular)
nar (first-person plural possessive)
nad (possessive second-person singular)
nur (plural possessive second-person)
nam^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
nam^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

Univerbation of an (“in”) + am (“their”).

univ

Form of of nan used before the consonants b-, f-, m- or p-.


adown

From Middle English adoun, from Old English adūn, earlier ofdūne (“down”), from of dūne (“off the hill”) (compare Latin ad vallum > Old French à val, used in the same way).

I fell from one dream into another; found myself wandering through impossible places; […] peering out into the darkness, to catch a sight of a vague figure standing somewhere in the shadow, and looking, with the sun streaming into my eyes and blinding me, adown long white roads filled with a multitude of people […]

1875, Charlotte Riddell, The Uninhabited House:


á milli

Á milli mín og þín.


verso

From Latin versus (past participle of vertere). Cognate to French vers (“towards”).

vieni verso di me

il fiume scorre verso il mare

non devi nutrire odio verso nessuno

vive verso Roma

vengo verso le sei

l'ha scritto verso i vent'anni

he wrote it when he was about twenty (years old)


verso

Arriverà verso mezzogiorno.


á móti

Ég er á móti eiturlyfjum.

(governs the dative) against, opposed to

Við erum að spila fótbolta— strákar á móti stelpum.

We're playing football— boys against girls.


eftir

From Old Norse eptir, eptr, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after, from Proto-Indo-European *apotero (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *apo- (“off, behind”).


eftir

From Old Norse eptir, eptr, from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after, from Proto-Indo-European *apotero (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *apo- (“off, behind”).

Ég kem eftir tíu mínútur.

after, in (temporal; e.g., after three days)


för

From Old Saxon furi, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi. Cognate with German für.


för

From Old Saxon furi, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi. Cognate to German für.

(in some dialects, including East Frisian) for


för

From Old Saxon fora, from Proto-West Germanic *forē, from Proto-Germanic *furai. Cognate to German vor.


för

From Dutch voor, from Middle Dutch vore, voor, from Old Dutch fora, fore, from Proto-Germanic *furai.


för

Partly from Old Swedish for, Proto-Germanic *furai. Partly from Old Swedish fyrir, firi, fyre, from Old Norse fyrir, from Proto-Germanic *furi.

for, for the sake of something or somebody

Hon klättrade upp för en stege

Used before the object of verbs indicating movement in conjunction with upp and ner


án

From Old Norse án, ón, from Proto-Germanic *ēnu.

Mig langar í bollu, þó án rjómans!

Litli frændi minn knúsaði mig í tíu mínútur án þess að segja stakt orð.

My little cousin hugged me for ten minutes without saying a single word.


án

Icelandic: án

Faroese: ón

→ Middle English: *on, on-

English: on, ohn

Scots: on-, ohn-

From Proto-Norse *ᚨᚾᚢ (*anu), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu.


fyrir

From Old Norse fyrir (“before, for”), from Proto-Germanic *furi (“before, for”).

Þetta er ekki fyrir börn.


fyrir

Icelandic: fyrir

Faroese: fyri

Norwegian Nynorsk: føre, for, fyre (dated)

Old Swedish: fyri(r), for

Swedish: före, för

Danish: for

From Proto-Germanic *furi (“before, for”). Cognate with Old English for, Old Saxon furi, Old High German furi, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 (faur).


hjá

bilurin hjá Jógvan

(in possessive constructions) of, belonging to:


hjá

(with dative) by, near, next to, at (someone's) place


hjá

Icelandic: hjá

Faroese: hjá

Norwegian Nynorsk: hjå

Old Swedish: hiā

Originally the dative of *hjá (“household”) (from Proto-Germanic *hīwô), thus literally "at home"; compare hjú, hjó, hjón.


frá

From Old Norse frá, from Proto-Germanic *fram.


frá

From Proto-Germanic *fram (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“forth, forward”). Cognate with Old English fram, Old Saxon fram, Old Dutch fram-, Old High German fram, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram).


með

„Ég fann höfud af hrúti
hrygg og gæruskinn.“
Komdu nú og kroppaðu með mér,

1928, Krummavísa (“Raven Song”, on the Icelandic Wikisource) by Jón Ásgeirsson Krummi krunkar úti, kallar á nafna sinn

“Krummi croaks outside,
calling his namesake:
‘I found the head of a ram,
backbone and sheepskin.’
Come now and peck with me,
Krummi, my namesake.”

Ég fór þangað með konunni minni.


með

Icelandic: með

Faroese: með

Norwegian Nynorsk: med

Elfdalian: min

Old Swedish: mæþ, mz

Swedish: med

Danish: med

Norwegian Bokmål: med

(with dative, with accusative) with, along with


donde

From de (“from”) + Old Spanish onde (“whence, from where”), from Latin unde.
Replaced Old Spanish o (“where”), from Latin ubi, although the latter survives, in a marginal way, in the form do, which is also prefixed with de.

Estamos donde la plaza mayor.

Cenamos donde Daniel.

We're having dinner (round) at Daniel's place.


next to

Would you mind if I sit next to you?

Cleanliness is next to godliness.

Beside, alongside, by, adjacent to, or near.

The living room was the main gathering spot in Fine Manor, and next to that the most used room was the dining room, where, on Sunday nights, Larry and Mabel hosted card games, penny-ante poker nights, and even bingo nights...

2006, Steve Cox, Jim Terry, One Fine Stooge: Larry Fine's Frizzy Life in Pictures : an Authorized Biography, Cumberland House Publishing, →ISBN, page 59:

“Next to you, I'm all Lani has,” she confided. “But you knew that already, too, right?” He should have. That message came loud and clear. “She loves flowers, did you know that?” Jennie asked.

2016, Jill Shalvis, The Bachelor's Bed, Harlequin, →ISBN:

Immediately after, in choice or consideration; aside from.

This last he explained to me once, though the explanation didn't matter much, not next to the feeling of those low hairy clouds and the sea bashing itself against the shore. The explanation, in fact, made the poem less wonderful, ...

2002, Michael Hettich, Greatest hits, 1987-2001, Pudding House Publications, →ISBN, page 5:

As the world's drug habit shows, governments are failing in their quest to monitor every London window-box and Andean hillside for banned plants. But even that Sisyphean task looks easy next to the fight against synthetic drugs.

2013 August 10, “A new prescription”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:


ug

Zing ug a mor fane a zour a ling.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 108:

[Sing for the moor iris, the sorrel and the ling.]


без

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic безъ (bezŭ), from Proto-Slavic *bez, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeǵʰs.


без

Не съставитъ бо сѧ корабль без гвоздии ни правьдьникъ бес почитаниꙗ кънижьнааго.

from СЛОВО НѢКОЕГО КАЛОУГЕРА О ЧЬТЕНИИ КЪНИГЪ

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


без

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bez (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeǵʰs.
Cognate with Lithuanian bè (“without; besides”), Latvian bez (“without”), Old Prussian bhe (“without”), Sanskrit बहिस् (bahís, “outside”), Persian بی (bi, “without”).

без воды́

бе́зо всего́

не без интере́са

без сомне́ния

Не могу́ жить без тебя́

without, aside from, except, minus, free of/from (signifying absence)

без че́тверти час

a quarter to one (literally, “one hour less one quarter”)


без

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bez. Compare без- and бес-.

без сумње

остати без нечега

to lose something, to run out of something, (literally: to stay without something)

без обзира на..

без краја и конца

не без разлога

без срца

без р(иј)ечи

бити без нечега

to be lacking in, to be deficient in, to lack (literally: to be without something)


без

From Proto-Slavic *bez, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeǵʰs.


fá

Ulster form of faoi (“about, concerning”)

fánarb corresponding to standard faoinarb

fánarbh corresponding to standard faoinarbh


undir

From Old Norse undir, from Proto-Germanic *under.


undir

Icelandic: undir

Faroese: undir

Norn: onjder, onder

Norwegian Bokmål: under

Norwegian Nynorsk: under

Old Swedish: undir

Swedish: under

Danish: under

Gutnish: undar, unda, undur

(with accusative or dative) under, underneath


vegna

because of, due to, for the sake of, on account of


vegna

Vegurinn er lokaður vegna veðurs.


tro

head

tro (+ dative, triggers lenition, combined with the singular definite article tron)

tromham (first-person singular)
tromhamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
tromhad (second-person singular)
tromhadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
troimhe (masculine singular third-person)
troimhesan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
troimhpe (feminine singular third-person)
troimhpese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
tromhainn (first-person plural)
tromhainne (emphatic first-person plural)
tromhaibh (plural second-person)
tromhaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
tromhpa (plural third-person)
tromhpasan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish tremi, tre, from Proto-Celtic *trimo-, *trei, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-.


gegen

Inherited from Middle High German gegen, from Old High German gagan, from Proto-West Germanic *gagin, from Proto-Germanic *gagin. Cognate with Dutch tegen, English against, Icelandic gegn.

Die Erklärung der Vereinten Nationen über die Beseitigung der Gewalt gegen Frauen.

The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women.

toward (i.e. directed to someone/something)


gegen

Alemannic German: gege

Cimbrian: ghéghen

German: gegen

Hunsrik: geghe

Yiddish: קעגן (kegn)

Inherited from Old High German gagan, gagen, gegin.


andspænis

Ég sat andspænis bróður mínum.
I sat vis-à-vis my brother.

(with dative) opposite, facing, vis-à-vis


all along

All along the beach, people were lounging on orange chairs. Why orange?

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see all, along.


yfir

From Old Norse yfir, from Proto-Germanic *ubiri, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér, from *upo. Related to of (“too”) and ofan (“from above”).


yfir

Icelandic: yfir

Faroese: yvir

Norwegian: over

Danish: over

Old Swedish: yvir, ivir, over

Swedish: över; öv (dialectal)

Gutnish: yfvar, yfver

Dalian: yvyr

From Proto-Germanic *ubiri, from Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér, from *upo.


í

From Old Norse í, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.


í

fara í kringum eins og köttur í kringum heitan graut

Ég geng í kirkjuna.

Hann er í húsinu.

Við ókum í tvær klukkustundir.

for; over (spanning a time period) [with accusative]


í

Icelandic: í

Faroese: í, íggj

Norn: i

Norwegian Nynorsk: i

Norwegian Bokmål: i

Elfdalian: i

Old Swedish: ī

Swedish: i

Danish: i

From Proto-Germanic *in (“in, into”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

in motion towards a place [with accusative]


efter

From Old Norse eptir, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after. Related to Norwegian Bokmål etter, Swedish efter, and English after.


efter

From Danish efter, from Old Norse eptir, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after. Related to Norwegian Bokmål etter, Swedish efter, and English after.

(Riksmål) after; subsequent; later in time than


efter

From Middle English after, from Old English æfter, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar.


efter

From Old Norse eptir, from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after, from Proto-Indo-European *apotero (“further behind, further away”), comparative form of *apo- (“off, behind”).

after; subsequent; later in time than or later in a sequence than

att ringa efter hjälp

en efter en

Sortera dem efter storlek och färg

by; in a manner conforming or corresponding to


efter

From Old Frisian efter, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar (“more aft, further behind”).


síðan

Icelandic: síðan

Faroese: síðan, síðani

Norwegian Nynorsk: sidan, sia

Norwegian Bokmål: sia

Old Swedish: siþan, sedhan

Swedish: sedan

Old Danish: sithan, sithæn

Danish: siden

Norwegian Bokmål: siden

Old Gutnish: siþan

Contracted from Proto-Germanic *sīþuz (“late”) *þanō (instrumental form of *sa (“that”)), similar to Old English siþþan (“since”). See also Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (seiþus).

síðan laugardaginn


við

Ég stend við vegginn.

(with accusative, idiomatic, between people) with, to


við

Icelandic: við, viður

Faroese: við

Norwegian: ved

Elfdalian: wið

Old Swedish: vīþ, viþer

Swedish: vid, veder-

Danish: ved

Old Gutnish: wiþr, wiþ

From Proto-Germanic *wiþi, a shortened form of Proto-Germanic *wiþrą (“against”), from Proto-Indo-European *wi-tero- (“more apart”), from *wi (“separation”).

der

horfa við e-m

(with dative)
(of direction) towards, against

(denoting barter, exchange) against, for

denoting barter; exchange; denoting barter; exchange

(with dative)
(denoting contest) against

við sólarsetr

(with accusative)
(about time) towards, at

(about a person) towards, respecting, regarding

falla við hǫgg

(with accusative)
as compared with, set off against


i'

Abà mi posu i' la caddrea

Apocopic form of in, chiefly used before definite articles


gan

head

gan (plus nominative, triggers no mutation in specific references but lenition in general references)

From Old Irish cen (“besides; without”), from Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”); compare Middle Welsh am-gen (“otherwise”), Breton ken (“otherwise”).


gan

gennyf (first-person singular)
gennym (first-person plural)
gennyt (second-person singular)
gennych (plural second-person)
ganddo m (singular third-person)
ganddi f (singular third-person)
ganddynt (plural third-person)
gen i (first-person singular)
gin i (first-person singular)
gennyn ni (first-person plural)
ganddon ni (first-person plural)
gynnon ni (first-person plural)
gen ti (second-person singular)
gin ti (second-person singular)
gennych chi (plural second-person)
ganddoch chi (plural second-person)
gynnoch chi (plural second-person)
ganddo fe (singular third-person)
fo (singular third-person)
gynno fo m (singular third-person)
ganddi hi (singular third-person)
gynni hi f (singular third-person)
gennyn nhw (plural third-person)
ganddyn nhw (plural third-person)
gynnyn nhw (plural third-person)

From Middle Welsh cant, from Old Welsh cant, from Proto-Celtic *kanta. Cognate with Breton gant and Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “against; downwards”).

cog

Mae gen i wallt hir.

(North Wales) used with bod to indicate possession

Cafodd y car ei ddwyn gan ddau llanc.

King, Gareth (1993) Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Grammars), London and New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 131:
Aeth o gwmpas y stafell gan ofyn yr un cwestiwn i bawb.
He went around the room [while] asking everyone the same question.

used with verbal noun to indicate an action simultaneous with that of the main verb, while, whilst


hali

bcl-head

halì (plural harali, Basahan spelling ᜑᜎᜒ)

Hali ako duman sa saod.


како

Сакам да бидам како тебе.


til

From Middle English til, from Old English til (“to, until”), possibly from Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”), or Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”). Compare to Old Frisian til.

I just don't know how to just come out in the blue and say it, so I just wait til it comes up...

2004 Nov, Harper, Gary W., Gannon, Christine, Watson, Susan E., Catania, Joseph A., and Dolcini, M. Margaret, “The Role of Close Friends in African American Adolescents' Dating and Sexual Behavior”, in Journal of Sex Research, volume 41, number 4, pages 351–362:

Let him wander round and kids gone meddle him til he get to fighting again.

2008 Winter, Michael Copperman, “Gone”, in Arkansas Review, volume 39, number 3, Arkansas State University, pages 139–145:

EVEN IF YOU MAKE ME WRITE IN THIS EVERY DAY TIL THEY LET ME OUT OF HERE

2010 May, James Parker, “Revenge of the Wimps”, in The Atlantic Monthly, volume 305, number 4, page 38:


til

From Old Norse til, from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”), cognate with Swedish till (“to”), English till, German Ziel n (“goal”). The preposition has arisen from an adverbial use of the noun, lit. "(with) the goal of something". In Old Norse, the preposition governs the genitive, a usage which is preserved in certain fixed phrases in Danish.

which is either 1) an old genitive plural

2) an old genitive singular in a different declension

analogically after other case relict phrases:

to, towards (the direction or goal of a physical movement)

Fra 12 til 18 år.

Jeg har en gave til dig.

Beklager, jeg er kun til kvinder.

Er du til analsex?

into, interested in (especially sexually)

De var samlet hele familien til jul.

The whole family was gathered at Christmas.

at (at a certain point in time, with certain nouns)

Den er færdig til (på) torsdag.

De drak vin til maden

They were drinking wine with their food.

(together) with (e.g., accompanying food)

Jacob Enevoldsen Seefeld til Visborg og Sostrup
Jacob Enevoldsen [lit. Enevold’s-son] Seefeld of Visborg and Sostrup

nobiliary particle
nobiliary particle#English

(in personal names) of (a nobiliary particle denoting residence)


til

From Old Norse til, from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”), from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“near, at”).

(with accusative or with genitive) to, towards


til

Ég fer til Japans.

Ég er með bréf til þín.

koma til dyranna eins og maður er klæddur


til

English: til, till

Scots: til

Yola: del, dell, tell, 'tell, till

From Old English til (“to, until”), possibly from Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”), or Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”). Cognate with Old Norse til, Old Frisian til.

And Y ſiȝ as a licneſſe of electre, as the biholding of fier with ynne, bi the cumpas therof; fro the lendis of hym and aboue, and fro þe lendis of him til to bynethe, Y siȝ as the licneſſe of fier ſchynynge in cumpas,[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Ezechiel 1:27”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And I saw something like amber, which had something fire spread around within it. From above his torso and his torso up to the bottom (of him), I saw something like fire shining around him, […]

[…]and bifore the face of the ȝate that laſtid til to the face of the porche of the ynner ȝate, he mad fifti cubitis.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Ezechiel 40:14-15”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And from in front of the gate's front up to the porch of the inner gate, he measured fifty cubits.

(with "to") as far as; down to; up to, until


til

From Old Norse til, from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”).

fra mandag til fredag

fra Oslo til Bergen

to (indicating range, direction or destination)

Det er til høyre.

at or on (indicating position or location relative to another reference point)

Har du nye klær til intervjuet?

Do you have new clothes for the interview?

for (used to indicate purpose or suitability)

Lykke til!


til

Dei er på veg til fylkesgrensa.

They are on their way to the county border.

Denne presangen er til deg.

Han er faren til guten.

Me køyrde til me kom fram.


til

desctree

Middle English: til
English: til, till
Scots: til

Possibly from Old Norse til though the OED has it as "Germanic" and related to Old Norse til and to Old Frisian til

Ðá cueð til him ðe Hǽlend

ᛣᚱᛁᛋᛏᚹᚫᛋᚩᚾᚱᚩᛞᛁᚻᚹᛖᚦᚱᚫᚦᛖᚱᚠᚢᛋᚫᚠᛠᚱᚱᚪᚾᛣᚹᚩᛗᚢᚫᚦᚦᛁᛚᚫᛏᛁᛚᚪᚾᚢᛗ

Christ was on the cross, yet there in haste from afar came noble men unto him.

Krist wæs on rōdi, hweþræ þēr fūsæ fearran kwōmu æþþilæ til ānum.


til

Icelandic: til

Faroese: til

Norwegian Bokmål: til

Norwegian Nynorsk: til

Runic Old East Norse: ᛏᛁᛚ (til)

Old Swedish: til, tel, te

Swedish: till

Old Danish: til

Danish: til

From Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”). Cognate with Old English til, Old Frisian til, German Ziel n (“goal”). The preposition has arisen from an adverbial use of the noun, lit. "(with) the goal of something"; this is also the reason it takes the genitive.

mæla til mart


til

W Arer alle wälkomne til Vbsala by /
 Och så til thenna Comoedia ny /

We are all welcome to Uppsala village /
 And so to this new comedy /

Då jag war tolf år, fölgde jag min Farbror första gången til Sjöß på en expedition til America: […]

1759–1780, Hans Gustaf Rålamb, En Swensk Adelsmans Äfwentyr (2001), page 90:

When I was twelve years old, I accompanied my Uncle at Sea for the first time on an expedition to America: […]


á

fo-lit-Sv

aa² in: Jens Christian Svabo: Dictionarium Færoense : Færøsk-dansk-latinsk ordbog. (ed. Christian Matras after manuscripts from late 18th century). Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1966. (p. 1f.)


á

From Old Norse á, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚾ (an), from Proto-Germanic *ana.

Hvar eru lyklarnir? - Þeir eru á borðinu.

Where are the keys? - They are on the table.

Ég bý á Íslandi.

Hvað heitir þetta á íslensku?


á

Icelandic: á

Faroese: á

Norwegian Nynorsk: å (dialectal)

Elfdalian: ą̊

Old Swedish: ā

Swedish: å, a (dialectal)

Old Danish: ā

Danish: å (dialectal)

From Proto-Norse ᚨᚾ (an), from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, onto”). Cognate with Old English on, Old Frisian on, Old Saxon ana, an, Old Dutch ana, an, in, Old High German ana, an, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana).

Þeir eru á hólmi.

Ek bý á Islandi.


bez

Inherited from Old Czech bez, from Proto-Slavic *bez, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeǵʰs.


bez

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *beź. Cognates include Latvian bez and Lithuanian be.

Bez desmit deveni.


bez

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *beź. Cognates include Latgalian bez and Lithuanian be.


bez

Czech: bez

bez diva

bez čísla

Umřěl bez časa.

V ten čas bez města budieše

Jest juž bez ňeho.

Denotes action carried out against someone's wishes.


bez

Polish: bez

Silesian: bez

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bez. First attested in 1418.

Zblandzyly sø na pvsczy bez wod (erraverunt in solitudine, in inaquoso)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 106, 4:

(attested in Lesser Poland) without [with genitive]

Albertus jan mego czloweka... besz prawa

1897 [1409], Teki Adolfa Pawińskiego, volume IV, number 1742, Łęczyca Land:

Ysze Jan Marczina kmecza *Szvinanywa dzirszal gy w yanczwe... y puszczyl gy bez urzandu szemskyego

1901 [1425], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume II, Radom, Sandomierz, Opoczno, page 304:

Helwig ne poslal trzidzeszanth woszow do laszu Oppatowa besz yego woley

1895 [1425], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 166:

Besz gych dzyaky an eren wyllen

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, volume VII, page 564:

(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Lesser Poland) contra, against [with genitive]

Mogaly przyszyasznyczy myecz oszobnego pyszarza besz raczkyego, szlowye myesczkyego pyszarza?

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 129:

(attested in Greater Poland) besides, except [with genitive]

Przyszaszely ku przysząstwu besz wyrzeczonego czassv, ten nye moze szye szam szandzycz przez przysząstwa przesz swe obesczye

1886 [c. 1455-1460], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Die polnische Recension der Magdeburger Urtheile und die einschlägigen deutschen, lateinischen und czechischen Sammlungen, page 185:


bez

Polish: bez

Silesian: bez

From bez, due to confusion with the rhyming preposition przez. The two words were and are used interchangeably in various dialects, and in Old Polish przez was about to replace bez around the 14th-15th century. In the written language the earlier distinction ultimately prevailed, however. First attested in c. 1512.

Bez chytrość (per astutiam) Antypatrową lepak synowie Herodowi... byli podeźrani ojcu

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 103:


bez

Proszę o kawę bez mleka.

extra placitum, besz voley, nad volyą

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 116b:

(Middle Polish) without; Further details are uncertain.


bez

(Poznań) because of [with accusative ‘what’]

Nie tu szosą tylko drogą polną bez pola my jechali z chłopem sąsiadki.

2000, Aneta Majkowska, Polszczyzna mówiona mieszkańców Częstochowy, page 185:

We drove through the fields with the neighbor's man, not on the paved road, but on a dirt road.

(dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia) across, through [with accusative ‘what’]


bez

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bez. Compare bez- and bes-.

bez sumnje

ostati bez nečega

bez obzira na..

bez kraja i konca

ne bez razloga

bez srca

bez r(ij)eči

biti bez nečega


o'er

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

We see him now — the old slouched hat cocked o’er his eye askew,
The shrewd, dry smile, the speech so pat, so calm, so blunt, so true.

1862, John Williamson Palmer, Stonewall Jackson's Way


a

* From Middle English a, o, from Old English a-, an, on.
* Unstressed form of on.

torn a pieces

I brush my teeth twice a day.

A Sundays

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene v]:

Patent requests for machine learning activities grew on average by 28 percent a year between 2013 and 2016, the study found.
Audio (US): (file)

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

To do with time; Each, per, in, on, by. Often occurs between two nouns, where the first noun occurs at the end of a verbal phrase.

To set the people a worke.

stand a tiptoe

(archaic) To do with position or direction; In, on, at, by, towards, onto.

The times, they are a-changin'.

1964, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “The Times They Are a-Changin'”:

(archaic) To do with process, with a passive verb; In the course of, experiencing.

It was a doing.

c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

Jacob, when he was a dying

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 11:21:

(archaic) To do with an action, an active verb; Engaged in.

(archaic) To do with an action/movement; To, into.

Stands here a purpose.

c. 1589–1590 (date written), Christopher Marlo[we], edited by Tho[mas] Heywood, The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Iew of Malta. […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Nicholas Vavasour, […], published 1633, →OCLC, (please specify the page):

a God’s name

(obsolete) To do with role or capacity; In.


a

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *ab
Old English æf
Old English of
Middle English of
English a
From Middle English of, with apocope of the final f and vowel reduction.

etymon

The name of John a Gaunt.

What time a day is it?

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

It’s six a clock.

1598, Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Euery Man in His Humour. A Comœdie. […]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

Two bottles 'a whiskey for the way

Isis rode my mug like she was on a ten-inch dick, and as soon as she nutted I tossed her ass off a me and flipped her on her back, then fucked the shit outta her cause it was payback time.

2006, Noire [pseudonym], Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.: One World, Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 152:


a

ac'hanon (singular)
ac'hanomp (plural)
ac'hanout (singular)
ac'hanoc'h (plural)
anezhañ (singular)
anezho (plural third-person)
anezhi (singular)
ac'hanor (plural)

From Proto-Brythonic *o, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó.

tud a Vrest

un tamm brav a gig

ur plac’h a enor

ur voutailh leun a sistr

after certain adjectives or adverbs expressing quantity

tri a vugale

after ordinal numbers with a plural noun

nʼem eus ket ken a vutun

used in negative sentences with the grammatical object

paouezet eo ar glav a gouezhañ

it has stopped raining [lit. the rain has stopped falling]

before the infinitive after certain verbs like paouez, mirout, diwall, c'hwitañ

ur vrav a blacʼh

after substantivized adjectives used as nouns

gwelet em boa acʼhanout

an den a gomzan anezhañ


a

Sóc a Barcelona.

in, at; indicating a particular time or place

Vaig a Barcelona.

to; indicating movement towards a particular place

Escric una carta a la meva àvia.

to; indicating a target or indirect object

dia a dia.


a

ahanaf (first-person singular)
ahanan (first-person plural)
ahanas (second-person singular)
ahanowgh (plural second-person)
anodho (m) (singular third-person)
anedhy (f) (singular third-person)
anodhans (plural third-person)
anedha (plural third-person)

From Proto-Brythonic *o, from Proto-Celtic *ɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó.

of (expressing separation, origin, composition/substance or a quality)

of (between a preceding large number and a following plural noun to express quantity)


a

From Old Galician-Portuguese a, from Latin ad (“to”).

A grandeda da lengua española é indiscotibli, i sei estudio, utilización defensa debin sel algo consostancial a nos, […]

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

The greatness of the Spanish language is unquestionable, and its study, use and defense must be something consubstantial to us, […]


a

to, toward; indicating direction of motion

de cinco a oito

(with de) to, until; used to indicate the end of a range

a pé

by, on, by means of; expresses a mode of action


a

[…], que da-cá su quião que ta pertencê a êll.

1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3 (overall work in German):

[…] , to give him his share which belongs to him.


a

sala a attender


a

a (mutation mutation-radical)
n-a (eclipsis mutation)
ha (mutation prothesis-h)

síol a chur

uisce a ól

an rud atá sé a scríobh

D’éirigh sé a chaint.

Téigh a chodladh.


a

A poûpa, a prùa a xì doûto bandere,

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99

At the stern, at the bow everything is flags,


a

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a (learned)

From Latin ad. In a few phrases, a stems from Latin ā, ab.

Porta questo cesto alla nonna.

Ai gatti piacciono i pesci.

(literally, “Fish are pleasable to cats.”)

E lo chiedi a me?

Andiamo a casa?

Ora sto a Palermo, a Roma ci torno domani.

I'm in Palermo now, I'll go back to Rome tomorrow.

Indicates the place, used in some contexts, in others in is used. in, to

appena, a nuoto, a piedi, a caso

a cappella, a bestia, a braccio, a pennello, etc.

Forms adverbs meaning “in a manner related or resembling ~”.

A domani!

A dopo!

Al prossimo Natale!

Forms goodbye formulas from the time the persons will meet again. see you...

pasta all'uovo

cornetto al cioccolato

shampoo al limone

patatine alla pizza

Introduces the ingredients of a dish, perfume, etc. with

Chiama a Paolo.

E non ci avevi visto a noi?

the "us" here is repeated twice for emphasis

Ascolti a me, signó!

(central-southern Italy) Denotes the direct object, but only if it's not preceded by articles

Al ladro!

Al fuoco!

Al lupo!

All'attacco!

All'arrembaggio!

(followed by the definite article) Forms an interjection that gives an instruction or calls attention to something.

che stai a di'?

stavo a dormi'

continuous tense
continuous tense#English

(regional) Forms continuous tense when preceded by stare and followed by verb infinitives. -ing. The standard language for this scope uses gerunds.

a due a due

a poco a poco

Repeated indicates the amount by which something grows. by

L'ho sentito dire a Livia.

(literally, “I heard it said by Livia.”)

Mi duole, creda, sinceramente, veder fare a un uomo come lei, per cui ho tanta stima, una figura... non bella, via! non bella.

c. 1909, Luigi Pirandello, chapter 2.3, in I vecchi e i giovani:

Indicates the agent of a verb in some contexts. by. Sometimes interchangable with da.


a

a mi yaad

Yunaitid Stiet a Amoerka
United States of America

Dem go a maakit. Mi a-go a skuul.

They go to the market. I'm going to school.


a

Italian: a

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a (learned)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a (learned)

Alternative form of ab by apocope (not used before a vowel or h).

Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Matrona et Sēquana dīvidit.
The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine (separate them) from the Belgae.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

(indicating ablation) from, away from, out of

Quamquam philosophiae quidem vituperātōribus satis respōnsum est eō librō, quō ā nōbīs philosophia dēfēnsa et collaudāta est, cum esset accūsāta et vituperāta ab Hortēnsiō.

45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.2

Although indeed to the vituperators of philosophy an adequate response is in that book, in which philosophy has been defended and highly praised by us [me], when it had been accused and vituperated by Hortensius.

(indicating agency: source of action or event) by, by means of

(indicating instrumentality: source of action or event) by, by means of, with

Homō sum, hūmānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō.

163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.77

I am a man; I consider nothing that is human alien to me.


a

Vàddo a câza.

I'm going home. (literally, “I go to home.”)

A mæ seu ghe fa mâ 'n bràsso.

My sister's arm hurts. (literally, “To my sister an arm hurts.”)

indicates the direct object, mainly to avoid confusion when it, the subject, or both are displaced, or for emphasis


a

Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet

(please add an English translation of this quotation)
it will be small vengeance if we are burnt or put to death because of the child

bychan a dial oed yn lloski ni, neu yn dienydyaw am y mab

used between a focused adjective and the noun it modifies


a

by (introducing the actor in the passive voice)


a

in (locative: staying in a place of relative width)

to (locative: moving towards a place of relative width)


a

From Latin ā (“from, away from, out of”), alternative form of ab (“from, away from, out of, down from”).

a posteriori, a prima vista, a priori, a tempo, a verbo, a viso, a vista

(used in Latin expressions, before a consonant) from, of


a

a battuta, a cappella, a due, a dato, a konto

(used in Italian expressions, before a consonant) from, of, with


a

From Old Norse af, from Proto-Germanic *ab, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.

fre a Gud okka far aa Jesu Christo den herræ.

c. 1700, Sigurd Kolsrud, quoting Jacob Rasch, “Eldste nynorske bibeltekst: Jacob Rasch c. 1700”, in Syn og Segn, volume 56, published 1950, page 110:

peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.


a

Danish: på

From Old Norse á, from Proto-Germanic *ana.


a

desctree

French: à
→ Danish: à
→ Dutch: à
→ German: à
→ Hungarian: à
→ Norwegian Bokmål: à, a
→ Swedish: à

à

not in manuscripts; occasionally used by scholars to differentiate between the preposition and the verb form

fil a putain


a

Fala: a

Galician: a

Portuguese: a
Indo-Portuguese: a

fugiu con el a Egipto. terra de Reẏ faraon.

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 14 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/080.html] facsimile])

ran away with him to Egypt. land of King pharaoh.


a

head

a (combined with plural article asnaib, combined with 1st singular possessive determiner asmo, combined with 3rd person possessive determiner assa)

asum (first-person singular)
essiut (second-person singular)
as (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ass (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
es (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
essi (dative feminine singular third-person)
eissi (dative feminine singular third-person)
esse (dative feminine singular third-person)
essisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
esib (dative plural third-person)
essib (dative plural third-person)
eissib (dative plural third-person)

Irish: as

Manx: ass

Scottish Gaelic: à

From Proto-Celtic *exs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


a

Indo-Portuguese: a

From Old Galician-Portuguese a, from Latin ad (“to”) and ab (“from, away, by”).

Dê-o a mim.

Meu coração pertence a você.

Deixe-me mostrar a você...

2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 143:

Não é bonito dizer isso a uma pessoa.

2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 516:

Vamos a Paris!

A vila fica a onze milhas

Comunicação à distância.

Mataram o cão a pauladas.

They bludgeoned the dog to death. (literally, “they killed the dog with bludgeonings”)

A cavalo.

Livro escrito a lápis.

with; by means of, using as an instrument or means

Quadro pintado a óleo.

Fornalha a carvão.

É mais barato comprar comida ao quilo.

It is cheaper to by food by the kilogram.

Os fracassos ocorrem às dezenas.

pt:in the specified measurement or quantity

by, using the specified measurement; in the specified quantity

Calma lá. Resolva o problema passo a passo.

Easy there. Solve the problem step by step.

(preceded and followed by the same word) by, indicates a steady progression

Ele puxou o temperamento ao pai.

He inherited his temperament from his father.

Camarão à grega.

Dormimos à noite.

O filme começa às duas horas.

(limited use, see usage notes) at, during the specified period

Isto fica à frente do altar.

(rare except in set terms) at; in, indicates a location or position

A mim ele não engana.

He doesn’t deceive me. (literally, “To me he doesn’t deceive.”)

pt:introduces the direct object emphatically

Estou a preparar a canja.

(Portugal, followed by a verb in the infinitive form) forms the present participle

Um trabalho a ser feito.

Nada a fazer.

(followed by an infinitive or present passive) to, forms the future participle


a

From Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *a. Cognates include Hawaiian ā and Maori ā.


a

Inherited from Latin ad, a (“to, toward”).


a

From Latin ad, from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“near; at”).

a fi

(used with infinitive verbs) the infinitive marker: to

(obsolete) at (now almost completely replaced by la)

(used only with a few perception verbs like suna, mirosi, arăta) like, of


a

From Latin ad from Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”).

a pe' (Logudorese)


a

From Latin ad, from Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd.

Used to indicate the target or recipient of an action; to, sometimes untranslated

Used with adverbs expressing position or proximity; to, sometimes untranslated


a

a (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


a

Porta stu panaru â nanna.

Ê jatti ci piàciunu i pisci.

(literally, “Fish are pleasable to cats.”)

E mû dumanni a mìa?

Jemu â casa?

Cchiui staju a Palermu, a Ruma cci tornu dumani.

I'm in Palermo now, I'll go back to Rome tomorrow.

indicates the place, used in some contexts, in others in is used; in, to

a pedi, a muzzu

Chiama a Paulu.

E nun ni vidisti cchiui a nuiautri?

the "us" here is repeated twice for emphasis

Ascutassi a mìa, signù!

denotes the direct object, but only if it's not preceded by articles


a

Tenía en su casa una ama que pasaba de los cuarenta y una sobrina que no llegaba a los veinte, y un mozo de campo y plaza que así ensillaba el rocín como tomaba la podadera.

1605, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quijote de la Mancha¹, Chapter I

He had in his house a housekeeper past forty, a niece under twenty, and a lad for the field and market-place, who used to saddle the hack as well as handle the billhook.

Lo busca a usted.

Used before words referring to people, pets, or personified objects or places that function as direct objects: personal a.


a

from (very formal, seldom used outside written formal texts.)


a

From Proto-Polynesian *qa. Cognates include Hawaiian a and Samoan a.


a

a del

a tel


a

Aar's dhurth a heighe.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 35:

Yer name var zetch avancet avare ye, e'en a dicke var hye, arent whilke ye brine o'zea an ye craggès o'noghanes cazed nae balke.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 4-6:

Your fame for such came before you even into this retired spot, to which neither the waters of the sea below nor the mountains above caused any impediment.


a

Nich th' hia thoras a Culpake.


hors

Inherited from Middle French fors, from Old French fors, from Latin forīs, or more likely derived from dehors (in Middle and Old French defors).

hors la ville

(obsolete except in set phrases) outside


agen

Variant of Old English ongēan (“again, eft, back”).

Se þe nis aġēn ēow, se is for ēow.

Þīn brōðor hæfþ ǣnig þing aġēn þē.


sus

French: sus (obsolete)


sus

Orguillaeux coume ùn pouâis sûs v'louss.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 524:


sus

French: sus

Norman: sus


fon

North Frisian: foon

Saterland Frisian: fon

West Frisian: fan

From Proto-Germanic *fanē (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó. Cognates include Old Saxon fan and Old Dutch fan.


fon

Middle High German: von, vone

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: bon

Mòcheno: va

German: von

Luxembourgish: vun

Vilamovian: fon

Yiddish: פֿון (fun)

From Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, *funē (“from”).


fon

head

fon (neuter or distal adverb deerfon, proximal adverb hierfon, interrogative adverb wierfon)

deerfon (adverb distal neuter)
hierfon (adverb proximal)
wierfon (adverb interrogative)

From Old Frisian fon, from Proto-West Germanic [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *fanē. Cognates include West Frisian fan and German von.

Wilst hie noch deeruur ättertoachte, ferskeen him n Ängel fon dän Here in n Droom un kwaad: Josef, Súun fon David, freze die nit, Maria as dien Wieuw bie die aptouníemen;

2000, Marron C. Fort, transl., Dät Näie Tästamänt un do Psoolme in ju aasterlauwerfräiske Uurtoal fon dät Seelterlound, Fräislound, Butjoarlound, Aastfräislound un do Groninger Umelounde [The New Testament and the Psalms in the East Frisian language, native to Saterland, Friesland, Butjadingen, East Frisia and the Ommelanden of Groningen], →ISBN, Dät Evangelium ätter Matthäus 1:20:

While he was still thinking about it, came to him an angel from the Lord in a dream and said: Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take Maria as your wife;

Ju skäl n Súun bere; him skääst du dän Nome Jesus reke; dan hie skäl sien Foulk fon sien Sänden ferleze.

2000, Marron C. Fort, transl., Dät Näie Tästamänt un do Psoolme in ju aasterlauwerfräiske Uurtoal fon dät Seelterlound, Fräislound, Butjoarlound, Aastfräislound un do Groninger Umelounde [The New Testament and the Psalms in the East Frisian language, native to Saterland, Friesland, Butjadingen, East Frisia and the Ommelanden of Groningen], →ISBN, Dät Evangelium ätter Matthäus 1:21:

She will bear a son; you shall give him the name Jesus; then he shall set his people free from its sins.


fon

From Middle High German von (“from”), from Old High German fon, fona (“from”). Cognate with German von.


ær

From Proto-Germanic *airiz, originally a comparative form (=‘earlier’).

Hēo becōm ānre niht ǣr mē.

Earge sweltaþ manigum sīðum ǣr heora dēaðum.

Cowards die many times before their deaths.


abies

E.D.D. suggests all-be-as, but see byes. The development of meaning in 3. seems a recent extension.


kolo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kȍlo. First attested in 1473.

around (surrounding, forming a circle around)


siþ

From Proto-Germanic *sīþuz. Cognate with Old High German sīd and Old Norse síðr.


cara

From Old Galician-Portuguese cara, from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin cara, from Ancient Greek κάρα (kára, “head, face”).