anent

From Middle English anent, anentes, anempt (“insofar as, inasmuch as, in comparison with, with respect to, as regards, concerning, in the opinion or judgment of; next to, close to, up to, near, adjoining, across from, over against, facing”), from Old English on efn (“by; near”), from on + efn. Compare Dutch neven, German neben.

Mr Bloom and Stephen entered the cabman’s shelter, an unpretentious wooden structure, where, prior to then, he had rarely, if ever, been before; the former having previously whispered to the latter a few hints anent the keeper of it […]

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

1937, L. Ron Hubbard, letter to Russell Hays, quoted in Literary Correspondence: Letters and Journals, p. 101,
I have just found out something with which to repay that very kind favor of yours anent the "lift" angle on stories.

The wings of the driver's Marlenesque nose shone, having shed or burned up their ration of powder, and she kept up an elegant monologue anent the local traffic, […]

1955, Vladimir Nabokov, chapter 11, in Lolita, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, published August 1958, →OCLC, part 1, page 53:

This question remains a vital consideration anent the debate over the possibility of limiting nuclear war to military objectives, […]

The invasion of privacy anent banking and financial activities was mainly an outcome of the income tax and the Drug War

2015, LT Wolf, The World King (fiction), →ISBN:

(now rare) Concerning, with regard to, about, in respect to, as to, insofar as, inasmuch as, apropos.

(obsolete) In the opinion or judgment of.

[…] if Painter did ever abide in the old bark mill said to be anent his brother's freehold.

2005, R.T. Smith, “Ina Grove”, in The Virginia Quarterly Review, volume 81, number 4, page 230:

(obsolete) Against, in front of, fronting; before; opposite; over against, on the other side.

ANENT, opposite. Usually "ovver-anent."

1865, William Stott Banks, Wakefield Words, page 4:

(obsolete) In a line with; side by side with; on a level with.


anent

From Middle English anent, anempt (“insofar as, inasmuch as, in comparison with, with respect to, as regards, concerning, in the opinion or judgment of; next to, close to, up to, near, adjoining, across from, over against, facing”), from Old English onemn (“by; near”); equivalent to modern in + even. Compare Dutch neven, German neben.

foreanent

over against, opposite to; on the opposite side

thareanent

the matter already mentioned, relating to what has been said above

in a line with, on a level with, alongside of

before the face of, in the presence of (of persons)

fronting, opposite, over against (of position)


ala

Borrowed from French à la, by way of its English derivation a la.

The film is told in reverse ala Memento.

2006, WorstPreviews.com, archived from the original on 2020-06-07:

[…] interactive plasma screens with flashing digits and what not, ala “Minority Report,” […]

2008 November 14, admin, “Quantum of Solace”, in Film Threat:

[…] we might be getting to the point where Palin is a bona fide liability—ala Pelosi—for the GOP.

2011 March 11, Aaron Blake, Chris Cillizza, “Palin: The GOP's Pelosi?”, in The Fix, archived from the original on 2011-06-24:

[…] the NYSE didn't implode ala Merrill […]

2011 April 11, Charles Gasparino, “Duncan Niederauer Calling the Shots for NYSE Is Bad News for Shareholders”, in HuffPost:


ala

(colloquial) a la, in the style or manner of.


past

From Middle English, past participle of passen (“to pass, to go by”), whence Modern English pass.

the room past mine

count past twenty

What's the time? - It's now quarter past twelve midday (or 12.15pm).

But they were stunned when Glen Johnson's error let in Peter Odemwingie to fire past Pepe Reina on 75 minutes.

2012 April 22, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0-1 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

(time) Any number of minutes after the last hour

I'm past caring what he thinks of me.

Having recovered or moved on from (a traumatic experience, etc.).

Ignore them, we'll play past them.

Please don't drive past the fruit stand, I want to stop there.

Passing by, especially without stopping or being delayed.


dot

From Middle English *dot, dotte, from Old English dott (“a dot, point”), from Proto-West Germanic *dott, from Proto-Germanic *duttaz (“wisp”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Dot, Dotte (“a clump”), Dutch dot (“lump, knot, clod”), Low German Dutte (“a plug”), dialectal Swedish dott (“a little heap, bunch, clump”).

cog

The work is equal to F dot Δx.

Dot product of the previous vector and the following vector.


za

Inherited from Old Czech za, from Proto-Slavic *za.

sednout si za volant

Schoval jsem se za auto.

Smím tě vzít za ruku?

by (to grab by, to take by) (denotes the object being grabbed)

Sejdeme se tady za dvě hodiny.

Za celou dobu, co jsem ji znala, se ani nepodívala na jiného chlapa.

For as long as I've known her, she never even looked at another man.

údaje za leden 2022

for (amount accumulated during a certain period)

Kolik dolarů dostanu za 100 korun?

How many dollars will I get for 100 crowns?

for (in exchange of / in return for) (e.g. price)

boj za nezávislost

za vládu

Kdo za to odpovídá?

Who is responsible for that? / Who is behind that?

Se omlouvám za to, co jsem včera řekl.

Jsem vděčný za příležitost.

Je za trest smrti.

Pokládali jsme ho za přítele.

100 km za hodinu


za

Zahrada je za domem.

den za dnem

Běžel za ním.

Pojď za mnou.

Všichni stojíme za vámi.

Ona je za tím vším?


za

Brali jsme se za války.

Telefonovala za jízdy.

She was talking on the phone while she was driving.


za

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *za. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Polish za.

sl

behind, beyond, after denotes location [with instrumental]

behind, beyond denotes movement [with accusative]


za

Žarim za nowy kompjuter.

Mam list za tebje.

Wóna jo za amt kandiděrowała.

Něnto pokuśim za swóje zmólki.

Ja som raz za njogo źěłał.

Smej awto za 200 euro kupiłej.

Za ten lětny cas jo južo pśeliš górucy.

It’s already too hot for this time of year.

Buźom tam za pěś minuty.

in (after a period of time) [with accusative]

Wón jo šeł za dom.

behind (goal-oriented) [with accusative]

Wón stoj za domom.

behind (stationary location) [with instrumental]


za

Czech: za

in, after with time constructions [with accusative]

behind denotes location [with instrumental]


za

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *za. First attested in the 14th century.

Geszthly... vethknye sza nadrą kapyczą

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 448:

(attested in Masovia) denotes location where an action is directed toward [with accusative]

denotes location where an action is directed toward

Vzyąly (pro zvyązaly) yemu rącze opak albo za szye

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 820:

denotes movement to a location behind something behind [with accusative]

denotes movement to a location behind something behind

Yze spadl stolcza vznak za drzvy

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 630:

denotes general location by, at [with accusative]

Naywodl cyen pan po tich rzøtkoch, gymysz ivsz bil sstøpyl na orloiv Achasowu zasyø za dzesyøcz slopyenyow (retrorsum decem gradibus)

1930 [c. 1455], “IV Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 20,11:

denotes distance behind [with accusative]

Yaco Yan... rwal gi sza wlosi

1974 [1405], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kaliskie, volume IV, number 131, Kalisz:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes location of grabbing or contact by [with accusative]

denotes location of grabbing or contact by

Taco tih crolew [syn boży żądnie tam] o chacal, ize za trinadesce dny ot narodena gih […]

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page cv 41:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes how long an action occurs for [with accusative]

Jaco Potrasz Iandrzeya ne wranczil do pana santoczskego w pancz grziwen, ale za dve nedzeli na postauene

1967 [1408], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 376, Kościan:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes length after which an action will begin in [with accusative or instrumental]

denotes length after which an action will begin in

Ale ya thesch mlodzyenyecz we szyrzoda wthora za Popyelecz przed obyadem pyszma dokonal

1877-1881 [1464], Władysław Wisłocki, editor, Katalog rękopisów Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, number 783:

denotes position in time relative to a certain moment before

Aby... pyenyądzi szwych poszyczayącz, nye wyączey za kaszdy thydzen (pro qualibet septimana) wszącz myely, nyszly tylko geną qwartą

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 47:

(attested in Masovia) denotes frequency of payment for; per [with accusative]

Acz... w lesye drwa kv swemv poszythkv rąbal, ten, czyg lyas gest, za pyrwe ma wzącz syekyrą, za wtore syekyrą, plascz y suknya, za trzecze woly abo konye ma wzącz

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 58:

(attested in Lesser Poland) with an ordinal number; denotes which time in a sequence; for the _ time [with accusative]

used in verb government [with accusative or instrumental]

O swyathy Voczyesze..., prosz sza nasz gospodna

1937 [Second half of the 15th century], Józef Birkenmajer, editor, Bogarodzica dziewica. Analiza tekstu, treści i formy, number C, Warsaw:

1937 [End of the 15th century–beginning of the 16th century], Józef Birkenmajer, editor, Bogarodzica dziewica. Analiza tekstu, treści i formy, number E, Cieszyn:

(attested in Masovia, Silesia) denotes benefactive action for [with accusative or instrumental]

attested in Masovia; Silesia; attested in Masovia; Silesia

Tako isczy Rymane szøcz gy ony sza boga bily mely

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 5a:

Od tego tako omdlal, yze owscheya za marthwe (quasi mortuus) lyezal

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 109:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes function or similarity as; for

Jaco ten scot, czso gy ranczil Prandotha Maczeyewy, ten stal za szecz grziwen

1959 [1387], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 22, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes cost for [with accusative]

Za to (pro eo), by mø mylowaly, wwloczyly sø mne

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page 108:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes replacement with, for [with accusative]

S taynego sircha [strumienie gor]skich slez za grehi uilige

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page cr 17:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes cause because of [with accusative or instrumental]

Abi nygeden... zemyenyn... kostek nye gygral na pozyczki..., yano tylko za pyenyądze gothowe (pecunia pro parata)

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 46:

(attested in Masovia) denotes manner [with accusative or instrumental]

Genze cyrpal gest za zbawyenye nasze (pro salute nostra)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ath 36:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes aim or goal for [with accusative]

Yaco Jarochna... rosipala copcze s prawem vsute a za timi kopczi vczinila dwadzeszcza grziwen scodi Zacharzewi, poszegwszi domi y dzena

1981 [1403], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, t. V, A. Roty gnieźnieńskie, s. 76-274, number 125, Gniezno:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes position behind something behind [with instrumental]

denotes position behind something behind

Tedi poslali comornika hy vosnego... prossącz gych prze bok, aby gim othpuscili przissangą hy kgnew pirwey, nisli posli hy ius copczi począti snamonowacz za nimi

1861 [1398], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 34:

denotes the leader or causer of an action

Przistala iest dusza moia za tobø (adhaesit... post te)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page 62,8:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes connection with someone with [with instrumental]

Iacom Maczeya ne szyndowal swym pomocznykem za dnem any za noczø korzystnø rzeczø

1888 [1404], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 118:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes when something occurs at, during [with instrumental or genitive]

denotes when something occurs at, during

Eze Groth yma trzi grziwni y osm groszi na Cusszowey czøsczi y za nim szedzi i plat yemu ma placzicz

1888 [1402], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 101:

(attested in Greater Poland) based on [with instrumental]

Iaco kedy *nyeprzyeczele byezeli w zemya a [a] sskodzyly zemyą a kyedy pan Barthoss byezal za pogonem..., tedy nye slal do domv pana Gila, aby byezal za nyeprzyaczelmy

1967 [1424], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 1064, Kościan:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes actions occurring alongside other actions [with instrumental]

denotes actions occurring alongside other actions

Napelneny pyrzwey, za chlebmy sø se posadzely (pro panibus se locaverunt I Reg 2, 5)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ann 7:

(attested in Lesser Poland) denotes object of payment for work [with instrumental]

Kedi[by] mi ne dal tego lista, tedibi mi swog mal na sø dacz sza swø peczanczø

1974 [1402], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kaliskie, volume IV, number 52, Kalisz:

(attested in Greater Poland) denotes an accompanying object


za

Dzieci schowały się za murem.

Skręć w prawo tuż za restauracją.

behind, beyond, after denotes location [with instrumental]

Ciekawe, co kryje się za jej dziwnym zachowaniem.

I wonder what's behind her strange behaviour.

behind indicates the cause of something [with instrumental]

Jestem za strajkiem.

Czy ona jest za naszym pomysłem?

godzina za godziną

after later in time or sequence [with instrumental]

Wyjeżdżamy za granicę na kilka dni.

We're going abroad for a few days. (literally, “We're going beyond the border for a few days.”)

behind, beyond denotes movement [with accusative]

Trzymać kogoś za rękę.

by denotes the object being grabbed [with accusative]

Za miesiąc będę miał 25 lat.

za pięć szósta

in, to with time constructions [with accusative]

On był wdzięczny za naszą pomoc.

Ile zapłaciłeś za to?

za starych czasów

za królowej Wiktorii


za

glasati za nekoga

prodati nešto za 100 dolara

platiti za radoznalost

bojati se za nekoga

doći kući za praznike

for (expressing a reason) [with accusative]

sjediti/sedeti za stolom

Idi za mnom.

behind, in back of, at (without change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with instrumental]

za dana

za života

za vr(ij)eme rata

cesta za Beč

putovati za Beč

doći opet za nekoliko dana

pretrčati 100 metara za 9 sekundi

in (in expressions with time) [with accusative]

uzeti za ruku

uhvatiti za ruku

vući za uši

postaviti nekoga za preds(j)ednika

držati nekoga za pametnog čov(j)eka

for, as (with verbs denoting naming, appointing, declaring, considering, etc.) [with accusative]

jedan za drugim

praviti grešku za greškom

to make one error after another; to make errors repeatedly

Ponovite za mnom.

tugovati za nekim

čeznuti za srećom

Ljudi koji svakodnevno imaju potrebu za čokoladnim stvarima.

People who have a daily need for chocolate stuff.

Često se misli da je želja za određenom vrstom hrane psihološke prirode.

It is often thought that the desire for certain type of food is of psychological nature.


za

denotes location; behind [with instrumental]

denotes movement; behind, beyond [with instrumental]

denotes period; in, during [with genitive]

denotes object of emotions; for [with instrumental]

denotes object of exchange; for [with accusative]

denotes source or cause; for [with genitive]

denotes desired object; for [with accusative]

dziyń za dniym

with repeated nouns; denotes time after [with instrumental]

denotes location not within; outside [with instrumental]

with an ordinal number and rŏz for (the Xth time) [with instrumental]

used to denote elapsing time; in [with accusative]

denotes a trait; for, as [with accusative]


za

after, following (in time) [with instrumental]


za

denotes movement; behind, beyond [with accusative]

denotes object being grabbed; by [with accusative]

denotes time after which something happens; in [with accusative]

denotes object of defense, help, etc.; for [with accusative]

denotes aim or object of determination; for [with accusative]

denotes manner of buying and selling; for [with accusative]

denotes location; behind [with instrumental]

denotes object of desire; for [with instrumental]


za

From Latin circa (“around”) and its descendants, ultimately from Ancient Greek κρίκος (kríkos, “ring”).


za

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: за (za)

Belarusian: за (za)

Carpathian Rusyn: за (za)

Ukrainian: за (za)

Russian: за (za)

Old Novgorodian: ꙁа (za)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: за (za)

Glagolitic script: ⰸⰰ (za)

Bulgarian: за (za)

Macedonian: за (za), зад (zad)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: за

Latin script: za

Slovene: za (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: za
Czech: za

Old Polish: za
Polish: za
Silesian: za

Slovak: za

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: za, zó

Slovincian: za

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: za

Lower Sorbian: za

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *źō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰō (“behind, under, out of, because of”), itself perhaps a pronominal instrumental form from the *gʰe, *gʰo. Cognate with East Lithuanian аžù (аž before vowels) from *аžúо (“behind”), dial. Latvian аz, âz alongside with àiz- (“behind, beyond”).

inh

(+instrumental) behind, after (stationary)

(+accusative) for, in exchange for, for the purpose of, in favour of


afër

From Proto-Albanian *apsera or *asper(a), representing a contamination of *aps, reflected in Ancient Greek ἄψ (áps, “backwards”), a variant of Proto-Indo-European *apo- (“off, away”), with Proto-Indo-European *apero-. Cognate to Sanskrit अपर (ápara, “posterior, later, following”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (a-p-r /apara/, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).
Alternatively, from a + -fër.

cog

at, beside, by, near, nearby, near to, next to


vs.

(sometimes proscribed) Alternative spelling of vs


aba

Jaba aba Jalir

Aba bilik iya


le

Chester-le-Street is a town in County Durham near an old Roman road.

Witton-le-Wear, Dalton-le-Dale, Hetton-le-Hole

(obsolete) Next to, near (still used in some place names).


le

head

le (plus dative, triggers h-prothesis, before the definite article leis)

liom (first-person singular)
liomsa (emphatic first-person singular)
leat (second-person singular)
leatsa (emphatic second-person singular)
leis (masculine singular third-person)
leis-sean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
léi (feminine singular third-person)
léise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
linn (first-person plural)
linne (emphatic first-person plural)
libh (plural second-person)
libhse (emphatic plural second-person)
leo (plural third-person)
leosan (emphatic plural third-person)

From a conflation of two Early Modern Irish prepositions:
# re (“to”), from Old Irish fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).
# le (“with”), from Old Irish la, from Proto-Celtic *let-, from Proto-Celtic *letos (“side”) (compare leath, Welsh lled).

le héadach

Is liomsa an hata.

Is le Cáit an peann luaidhe.
The pencil is Cáit’s; the pencil belongs to Cáit.

used in conjunction with the copula particle is and a noun to indicate possession

Is beag liom an cheist.

The issue is unimportant to me/in my opinion.

(in conjunction with the copula particle is and an adjective) in the opinion of, in the consideration of

rud le n-ithe

oiriúnach le n-ól

ró-the le n-ól

Cé mhéad atá le n-íoc?

to (indicating purpose; in this sense triggering eclipsis of vowel-initial verbal nouns)

le rud a dhéanamh


le

le (+ dative, no mutation, before the definite article leis)

leam (first-person singular)
leamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
leat (second-person singular)
leatsa (emphatic second-person singular)
leis (masculine singular third-person)
leis-san (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
leatha (feminine singular third-person)
leathase (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
leinn (first-person plural)
leinne (emphatic first-person plural)
leibh (plural second-person)
leibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
leotha (plural third-person)
leothasan (emphatic plural third-person)
lem (first-person possessive singular)
ler (first-person plural possessive)
led (possessive second-person singular)
lur (plural possessive second-person)
le a (masculine possessive singular third-person)
len (masculine plural possessive third-person)
lem^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
le a (feminine possessive singular third-person)
len (feminine plural possessive third-person)
lem^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

From Old Irish la. Cognates include Irish le and Manx lesh.

Thuit e leis a' chreig.

deòir a' ruith leis a h-aodann


le

Wọ́n bí Àlàbá lé Ìdòwú.


seco

(archaic, literary) with oneself; within oneself; among themselves

(archaic, literary) with him; with her; with them


nest

From Old Norse næstr, cognate with Swedish näst, English next.


lada

used together with the name of a time unit, indicating that something is going to happen in the near future [with nominative]


mat

From Old High German mit, from Proto-Germanic *midi. Cognate with German mit, Dutch met, West Frisian mei, Icelandic með.


tot

From Dutch tot, from Middle Dutch tot, tōte, from Old Dutch tote, toti (“to, until”).


tot

tot (prepositional)
toe (adverb postpositional)
ertoe
hiertoe
daartoe
waartoe
ergens toe
nergens toe
overal toe

Afrikaans: tot

Berbice Creole Dutch: tutu

Jersey Dutch: tut, tût

Negerhollands: tot, tee

From Middle Dutch tot, tōte, from Old Dutch tote, toti (“to, until”), equivalent to toe + te. Compare Old Saxon tōte (“to, until”), Old Frisian tot (“until”), Old High German zuo ze.

Gaat een telefoon over ergens in Paramaribo. "Ja, halloo tot Rabin."

2020 August 25, Gerold Rozenblad, “Tafra drai [The table has turned]”, in De Ware Tijd, retrieved 2021-07-14:

A phone rings somewhere in Paramaribo. "Yes, hello. This is Rabin."

(telephony, Suriname) Used to answer a telephone call, followed by one's name, shortened from "u spreekt tot..."


око

Заплијењено је око 45 кг.


v.

Brown v. Board of Education


v.

finns v. S:a Vrå k:a
found by South Vrå church

Carl v. Linné
Carl von Linné


bin

From Proto-Iranian *buHnáh (“base, foundation”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰudʰnás (“bottom, ground”), from a reshaping of Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰ(m̥)nés, genitive singular of *bʰudʰmḗn (“bottom”). Related to Ossetian бын (byn), Persian بن (bon).


upon

From Middle English upon, uppon, uppen, from Old English upon, uppon, uppan (“on, upon, up to, against, after, in addition to”), equivalent to up (“adverb”) + on (“preposition”). Cognate with Old Saxon uppan (“upon”), Old High German ūfan, ūffan (“upon”), Icelandic upp á, upp á (“up on, upon”), Swedish uppå (“up on, upon”) (thence Swedish på), Danish på (“up on, upon”), Norwegian på (“up on, upon”).

A vase of flowers stood upon the table. — The painting hangs upon the wall. — All of the responsibility is upon him. — She plays upon a violin (or piano). — The lighthouse that you can see is upon the mainland. — He rested upon his elbows. — Tug upon the rope; push hard upon the door! — I stubbed my toe upon an old tree stump. — He wore old shoes upon his feet. — Born upon the 4th of July. — I have no opinion upon this subject. — They proceeded to arrest someone upon suspicion of bribery. — Upon Jack's entry, William got up to leave. — Before we knew it, the forest was upon us, and the air grew colder and damper. — What will be the effect upon morale? — Have pity or compassion upon him. — They lived upon ten dollars a week. — We ate heaps upon heaps of food. — I depended upon them for assistance. — He affirmed or promised upon his word. — Upon my life, I am innocent. — A curse upon him!

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

No news of them? Why, so: and I know not what's spend in the search: why thou loss upon loss! the thief gone with so much, and so much to find the thief; and no satisfaction, no revenge: nor no ill luck stirring but what lights on my shoulders; no sighs but of my breathing; no tears but of my shedding.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

The drums play on
The year of the dog is upon us.

2023, Patricia Taxxon (lyrics and music), “DEDGDEDCEGEOGCGHCOCTOHOTHTHT”, in TECHDOG:

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Little disappointed, then, she turned attention to "Chat of the Social World," gossip which exercised potent fascination upon the girl's intelligence.

1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter I (Anarchy), page 373, column 2:

A higher-register or more formal alternative to on in most, though not all, prepositional uses.


upon

From Old English upon, uppon, uppan (“on, upon, up to, against, after, in addition to”), equivalent to up + on.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


nuo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nō; compare Latvian nò (“from”), Old Prussian no, na (“onto, against, over”), Proto-Slavic *na (“on, to”). In East Baltic the meaning somehow switched from "movement onto" to "movement away". Often connected with Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “up, along”) ἄνω (ánō, “upwards”) Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Old Persian 𐎠𐎴𐎠 (a-n-a /anā/, “upwards, along”) < Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“up, on high”). A similar Balto-Slavic loss of initial *a can be seen in põ (“under, after”).

cog

Bė́gau tolỹn nuo šitõs vietõs.

Kū̃dikis nukrìto nuo lóvos.

Jõ dárbas nuo namų̃ nutõlęs apiẽ 30 km.

His work is about 30 km removed from his home.

Nuo kurios pusės pradėti pjauti žolę?

Which is the side to begin with in mewing the grass?

(with genitive) (away) from, off, out of (movement or position away from; separation from)

Darýsime vìską nuo pradžiõs ikì gãlo.

We'll do everything from start to finish.

Výrauja núomonė, kàd pil̃vas áuga nuo alaũs.

There is a prevailing view that the belly grows due to beer.

(with genitive) from; since; due to (indicates the origin, start or cause)

Kokiùs váistus tùrite nuo dantų̃ skaũsmo?

What medicine do you have for toothache?

Añt grindų̃ lìko kelì tuštì bùteliai nuo alaũs.

Some empty bottles of beer were left on the floor.

(with genitive) for, of; against (indicates purpose)

Pérduok jám linkė́jimus nuo manę̃s.


tarp

From the singular instrumental of tárpas (“gap, space”); compare dialectal tar̃pu.

Kóks skìrtumas tar̃p výrų ir̃ móterų?

What's the difference between men and women?

Kẽlias tar̃p Vìlniaus ir̃ Kaũno - The road between Vilnius and Kaunas

between (located in the middle of, connecting, dividing, or shared by two objects)

Kaĩp vaĩkui ràsti viẽtą tar̃p bendraam̃žių?

How can a child find a place amongst his peers?

among, amid (surrounded or encompassed by)


jar

jar ubrid d yeɣzar


through

From Middle English thrugh, thruch, thruh, metathetic variants of thurgh, thurh, from Old English þurh, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw (“through”), from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂kʷe, suffixed zero-grade from *terh₂- (“to pass through”) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Scots throch (“through”), West Frisian troch (“through”), German durch (“through”), Dutch door (“through”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh, “through”), Latin trans (“across, over, through”), Albanian tërthor (“through, around”), Welsh tra (“through”). See also thorough.

thorough

except in compounds such as thoroughfare

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

look as if one has been dragged through a hedge backwards

the way to a man's heart is through his stomach

I went through the window.

A “moving platform” scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

2013 June 1, “Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 13 (Technology Quarterly):

From one side of an opening to the other.

خِلَالَ

from one side of an opening to the other

I drove through the town at top speed without looking left or right.

Athelstan Arundel walked home all the way, foaming and raging. […] He walked the whole way, walking through crowds, and under the noses of dray-horses, carriage-horses, and cart-horses, without taking the least notice of them.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 16:

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact), page 382, column 1:

Inf America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year. Yet of those who received unsolicited adverts through the post, only 3% bought anything as a result. If the bumf arrived electronically, the take-up rate was 0.1%. And for online adverts the “conversion” into sales was a minuscule 0.01%.

2013 May 25, “No hiding place”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8837, page 74:

We slogged through the mud for hours before turning back and giving up.

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

2013 June 22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76:

This team believes in winning through intimidation.

But the home side were ahead in the eighth minute through 18-year-old Oxlade-Chamberlain.

2011 September 28, Tom Rostance, “Arsenal 2-1 Olympiakos”, in BBC Sport:

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013 July 20, “The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

Our minds and hearts are corrupted with the Adamic virus at birth, and through a lifetime of sin and tragedy, our hearts and thoughts get more evil and more corrupted as we experience life's tragedies.

2012, Dimitri Yanuli, You Might Be Right, but You Ain't Right with the Word of God:

He worked through the night.

from 1945 through 1991;  the numbers 1 through 9;  your membership is active through March 15, 2013

It includes patent requests in machine learning through 2016, the last year for which details are available.
Audio (US): (file)

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

(Canada, US) To (or up to) and including, with all intermediate values.


wast

Inherited from Middle English west, from Old English west, from Proto-West Germanic *westr, from Proto-Germanic *westraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wek(ʷ)speros. Cognate to English west.

She wis walkin wast the road.


più

Inherited from Latin plūs, from Old Latin *plous, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-, *pelh₁u- (“many”).
The initial autogemination, though lost in standard pronunciation, is still found in most varieties of regional Italian. The gemination occurs predictably before the palatalization of the original liquid -l-, compare doppio, orecchio, etc.


oko

Zaplijenjeno je oko 45 kg.


t'

t’art


t'

Our eein wode b' mistern t' dearnt up ee skee.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 7, page 86:

Our eyes would be dazzled to look up to the sky.

Na, now or neveare! w' cry't t' Tommeen,

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:

T' brek up ee bathès h' had na poustee;

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 10, page 88:

To break up the goal they had not power;

Oore hart cam' t' oore mouth, an zo w' all ee green;

Our hearts came to our mouth, and so with all in the green;

Craneen t' thee wee aam, thee luggès shell aake.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 100:

Choking to thee with them. Thy ears shall ache.

Fad didn'st thou cum t' ouz on zum other dey?

1867, “DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH”, in APPENDIX, page 131:

[Why didn't you come to us on some other day?]

Tommeen was eepit t' drive in

1867, “DR. RUSSELL ON THE INHABITANTS AND DIALECT OF THE BARONY OF FORTH”, in APPENDIX, page 132:


during

/ˈd(j)ʊəɹɪŋ/

From Middle English during, durynge, durinde, durand, durende, present participle of duren (“to last”), equivalent to dure + -ing. Compare Dutch gedurende (“during”). More at dure.

I lived with my parents during the 1970s.

The shop was one of the few able to stay open during the war.

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:

They stayed together during three dances, went out on to the terrace, explored wherever they were permitted to explore, paid two visits to the buffet, and enjoyed themselves much in the same way as if they had been school-children surreptitiously breaking loose from an assembly of grown-ups.

1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], “A Court Ball”, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC, page 9:

Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

I lived with my parents at several points during the 1980s.

Many of the best examples were produced during the Restoration.

I told him about everything I could think of; and what I couldn't think of he did. He asked about six questions during my yarn, but every question had a point to it. At the end he bowed and thanked me once more. As a thanker he was main-truck high; I never see anybody so polite.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

These infamous little green men appeared during the decisive seizures or buildings and facilities, only to disappear when associated militias and local troops arrived to consolidate the gains. In this way they provided a measure of deniability—however superficial or implausible—for Moscow.⁴⁰

2014, “Little Green Men”: A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013–2014, Fort Bragg, North Carolina: The United States Army Special Operations Command, page 43:

At any time or period within a given time interval.


pus

From Old Galician-Portuguese pos, pus, from Latin post.


бес

ни правьдникъ [съставить сѧ] бес почитаниꙗ книжьнааго

nor [can] a righteous person [be built] without a reading of the books


jos

From Old Occitan jos, from Late Latin iōsum, from Classical Latin deorsum.


jos

Occitan: jos

Inherited from Late Latin iūsum~iōsum, from Classical Latin deorsum.


around

From Middle English around, arounde, from a- (from Old English a- (“on, at”)) + Middle English round (“circle, round”) borrowed from French, equivalent to a- + round. Cognate with Scots aroond, aroon (“around”). Displaced earlier Middle English umbe, embe (“around”) (from Old English ymbe (“around”)). See umbe.

throw nickels around like manhole covers

She wore a gold chain around her neck.

I planted a row of lilies around the statue.

The jackals began to gather around the carcass.

Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame. With more settled people, animals were harnessed to capstans or caged in treadmills to turn grist into meal.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

Forming a circle or closed curve containing (something).

حَوْلَ

forming a circle or closed curve containing

We could use some clarification around the new rules.

There has been a lot of controversy around the handling of personal information.

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives. And, as their ubiquity spreads, so too does the debate around whether we should allow ourselves to become so reliant on them – and who, if anyone, is policing their use.

2013 July 26, Leo Hickman, “How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 7, page 26:

(of abstract things) Centred upon; surrounding; regarding.

We walked around the football field.

She went around the track fifty times.

Following the perimeter of a specified area and returning to the starting point.

ympäri

following the perimeter of a specified area and returning to the starting point

The road took a brief detour around the large rock formation, then went straight on.

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

But Richmond[…]appeared to lose himself in his own reflections. Some pickled crab, which he had not touched, had been removed with a damson pie; and his sister saw, peeping around the massive silver epergne that almost obscured him from her view, that he had eaten no more than a spoonful of that either.

1959, Georgette Heyer, chapter 1, in The Unknown Ajax:

Following a path which curves near an object, with the object on the inside of the curve.

I left my keys somewhere around here.

I left the house around 10 this morning.

I don't want you around me.

The pages from the notebook were scattered around the room.

Those teenagers like to hang around the mall.

She went around the office and got everyone to sign the card.

Men that I knew around Wapatomac didn't wear high, shiny plug hats, nor yeller spring overcoats, nor carry canes with ivory heads as big as a catboat's anchor, as you might say.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter X, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

-lla

e.g. vetelehtiä koululla ~ linger around the school


circa

Julius Caesar visited this area circa 50 BC.

Approximately, about, around (typically in relation to time)


circa

Asturian: cerca, cierca

Catalan: cerca, circa

Dutch: circa

English: circa

French: circa

German: circa

Italian: circa

Norwegian Bokmål: cirka

Portuguese: cerca

Romanian: circa

Sicilian: circa

Spanish: cerca, circa

A later form for circum, or from circum + eā.
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

Circa advenam manifestae reum caedis

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.7

around the stranger accused of open murder

quem misi ad vos in hoc ipsum ut cognoscatis quae circa nos sunt et consoletur corda vestra

Whom I have sent to you for this very thing, so that you can know things that are about us, and so that he can comfort your hearts.


yen

Yen (ke) la treno arivas!


ma

Marks a prospective role of the subject; as, for


wif

That's what I mo' wear wif my shoes.

1998, Ted Shine, Contributions, →ISBN, page 31:

I been at the gym gettin' down wif my peeps.

2000, Jan King, It'a A Girl Thing: The Hilarious Truth About Women, →ISBN, page 161:

If I don' have no problem wif my high school test?

2002, Stan Hayes, The Rough English Equivalent, →ISBN, page 324:


wid

“An’ wid all d’ bringin’ up she had, how could she?” moaningly she asked of her son. “Wid all d’ talkin’ wid her I did an’ d’ t’ings I tol’ her to remember. When a girl is bringed up d’ way I bringed up Maggie, how kin she go teh d’ devil?”

1893, Stephen Crane, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets http://print.google.com/print?hl=en&id=vQi_d7a7sZoC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&sig=N8UFY9cvyaBxRcr0Asm4JuLf9Y8

1922, Eugene O'Neill, The Hairy Ape, http://print.google.com/print?hl=en&id=Z2ZgNkU5r18C&pg=PA258&lpg=PA258&sig=_ZQWa7a1p_C4jGCG0woMSdujZhw
Oh, there was fine beautiful ships them days—clippers wid tall masts touching the sky—fine strong men in them—men that was sons of the sea as if ’twas the mother that bore them.

1940, Shirley Graham, “It’s Morning,” in Black Female Playwrights, Kathy A Perkins ed. http://print.google.com/print?hl=en&id=ZV3afTMMSHsC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&sig=32zaTsB-Xv0Yi-dHcTbtr-8rNCA
Cissie. But, when da saints ob God go marchin’ home
Mah gal will sing! Wid all da pure, bright stars,
Tuhgedder wid da mawnin’ stars—She’ll sing!

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(regional) Pronunciation spelling of with.


wid

Evribadi av di rait fi uon prapati bai demself ar wid ada piipl.

2023, Yuunivorshal Deklarieshan a Yuuman Raits, United Nations, Aatikl 17:

Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.


afloat

early 1600s, John Webster and William Rowley, The Thracian Wonder, London: Thomas Johnson, 1661, Act I, Scene 1,
But Huswife, as for you, / You with your Brat, wee’l send afloat the Main,

[…] great wee see must be the art and cunning of that man, that keeps him afloat the streame of Soveraigne favour,

1642, Robert Cotton, The Troublesome Life and Raigne of King Henry the Third, London: George Lindsey, page 5:


å

From Middle High German an, ane, from Old High German ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, onto”). Cognate with German an, English on.

on; For stationary objects, e.g. It is on the table. [with dative]

on, onto; For moving objects. e.g. I put it on the table. [with accusative]


å

From Old Norse á, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, onto”). Cognate with Swedish å, English on, and German on.


å

aa

Etymologies 2-6, obsolete typography (pre-1917)

Han fall å bak

Ho låg å gruve.

used in certain fixed expressions regarding position

Det er midt å natta.


å

From Old Norse á, from Proto-Germanic *ana.

(obsolete except in certain expressions) on


ur

From Old Norse ór, úr, from Proto-Germanic *uz.


15 items @ $10

@ 80 km/h ― at eighty kilometres per hour

@ 20°C ― at twenty degrees Celsius

Text message: “im @ school.”


beyond

From Middle English biyonde, from Old English beġeondan, from be- + ġeond; related to yonder.

No swimming beyond this point.

England were graphically illustrating the huge gulf in class between the sides and it was no surprise when Lampard added the second just before the half hour. Steven Gerrard found his Liverpool team-mate Glen Johnson and Lampard arrived in the area with perfect timing to glide a header beyond Namasco.

2012 September 7, Phil McNulty, “Moldova 0-5 England”, in BBC Sport:

Your staff went beyond my expectations in refunding my parking ticket.

He was a painter who was trying to get beyond painting, to escape from purely visual experience and lead his art in a more conceptual direction with a systematic approach.

2006, Janis Mink, Joan Miró, →ISBN, page 55:

Greater than; so as to exceed or surpass.

She had no reason for the conviction beyond the very inadequate one that she had seen him around London.

You won't last beyond my first punch.

The patient was beyond medical help.

Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

The 1300 class (Nos. 1301-16), one of which was damaged beyond repair in an accident, are Co-Cos, weigh 111 tons and have a top speed of 85 m.p.h.

1962 March, J. M. Tolson, “The Netherlands Railways today—I”, in Modern Railways, page 172:

He understood geometry well, but algebraic topology was beyond him.

(figurative) Not within the comprehension of.


antes

→ Zoogocho Zapotec: antzle

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

Inherited from Old Spanish antes, from ante + adverbial -s, the former from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

antes de 1910

antes de que pudiera responder

Antes de ver el documental, no sabíamos nada del tema.

Before watching the documentary, we didn't know anything about the issue.

before (earlier than) (triggers the subjunctive in subordinate clauses)

justo antes de

just before, right before, just prior, immediately before, immediately prior, just ahead of


despite

The noun is from Middle English despit, dispit, from Old French despit, from Latin dēspectum (“looking down on”), from dēspiciō (“to look down, despise”).
The preposition is from Middle English dispit, from the phrase in dispit of (in despite of).

Despite no arrests being made, investigators maintain that the suspects are fully identified.

So thou through windowes of thine age ſhalt ſee,
Diſpight of wrinkles this thy goulden time.

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 3”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

Yet doe thy worſt old Time diſpight thy wrong,
My loue ſhall in my verſe euer liue young.

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 19”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

The highway to the East Coast which ran through the borough of Ebbfield had always been a main road and even now, despite the vast garages, the pylons and the gaily painted factory glasshouses which had sprung up beside it, there still remained an occasional trace of past cultures.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 7, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Despite all my rage I am still just a rat in a cage.

1995, Billy Corgan (lyrics and music), “Bullet with Butterfly Wings”, in Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, performed by Smashing Pumpkins:

Despite personal schisms and differences in spiritual experience, there is a very coherent theology of Snape shared between the wives. To examine this manifestation of religious fandom, I will first discuss the canon scepticism and anti-Rowling sentiment that helps to contextualise the wider belief in Snape as a character who extends beyond book and film.

2014 March 3, Zoe Alderton, “‘Snapewives’ and ‘Snapeism’: A Fiction-Based Religion within the Harry Potter Fandom”, in Religions, volume 5, number 1, MDPI, →DOI, pages 219–257:


fro

From Middle English fro, fra, from Old English fra (“from”), from Old Norse frá (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *fram (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *promo- (“forth, forward”). Cognate with Scots frae (“fro, from”), Icelandic frá (“from”). More at from.

der

The preest that hawkys so,
All grace is far hym fro.

c. 1503–1512, John Skelton, Ware the Hauke; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC, page 62, lines 15–16:


dor

From earlier dort, from Middle High German dort, from Old High German dorot, doret (“there”). Cognate with German dort (“there, yonder”).

de mèrchar dor de biizen


salvo

From Latin salvus. Cognate to French sauf.


salvo

From Latin salvus. Compare Italian and Spanish salvo and French sauf.


mod

From Old Norse í mót, i.e. the preposition í (“in”) + the noun mót (“meeting”) (compare i møde), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą, cognate with English moot.

Dette tog kører mod Vanløse.
This train goes towards Vanløse.

Peg mod det sted, hvor lyden kommer fra.

Point towards the place the sound is coming from.

toward, towards; to (physical motion, direction)

Hun stillede sig med ansigtet mod havet.

She stood facing [or with her face towards] the sea.

Værelset vender ud mod gaden.

toward, towards; to (physical orientation, facing)

Han er godt på vej mod de 40 år.

He's well on his way towards 40 years old.

mod slutningen af aftenen

De sigter mod at skabe 10.000 nye job.

They're aiming to create [or toward(s) creating] 10,000 new jobs.

Aktiekursen faldt med hen mod 20 procent.

The share price fell by close to 20 percent.

almost, nearly, close to (in terms of quantity)

Man må nogle gange svømme mod strømmen.

One must sometimes swim against the current.

Intet sejlskib kan sejle lige mod vinden.

No sailing ship can sail directly against [or into] the wind.

against; into (in the opposite physical direction of)

Han lagde øret mod døren og lyttede.

He put his ear against [or to] the door and listened.

Bilen kørte mod muren.

The car crashed into [or against] the wall.

Skibet støder mod isbjerget.

The ship collided with [or against] the iceberg.

against, into, with (forceful collision)

USA har aldrig formelt erklæret krig mod Irak.

The US never formally declared war against [or on] Iraq.

Gårsdagens tenniskamp var Federer mod Nadal.
Yesterday's tennis match was Federer versus Nadal.

against, versus; on (having as an opponent)

mod reglerne

mod sin vilje

against (in constrast to; inconsistent with; contradicting)

Hans vrede var rettet mod præsidenten.

His anger was directed at [or against or toward(s)] the president.

Bogserien sigter mod unge voksne.

The book series is aimed at [or toward(s)] young adults.

at; toward, towards; against (a recipient or target)

Hun har altid været venlig mod mig.

She has always been friendly to(ward(s)) me.

I dag var han meget utålmodig mod mig.

to; toward, towards; with (as an attitude or behavior)

beviser mod sagsøgte

Hvordan kunne du gøre sådan en forfærdelig ting mod mig?

How could you do such a horrible thing to me?

at skærme sig mod vinden

to shield oneself from [or against] the wind

et værn for at beskytte mod onde ånder

a ward to protect from [or against] evil spirits

Han tog piller mod smerterne.

for (e.g., as a treatment, cure, or prophylaxis)

Slutresultatet blev 33 mod 17.

Fordele og ulemper skal vejes op mod hinanden.

Advantages and disadvantages must be weighed against each other.

Hvad ville du gerne have mod din hjælp?

What would you like in return for your help?

in return for; in exchange for; as compensation for

i silhuet mod himlen

against (as foreground re: a background)


inter

Borrowed from Esperanto inter, English inter-, French inter-, Italian inter-, Spanish inter-, from Latin inter.

io-bor

(figuratively) division, exchange, reciprocity


inter

English: entrée, entry, enter, entre

Sardinian: inter

Sicilian: intra

Romanian: între

desctree

Old French: entre
Middle French: entre
French: entre

French: entrée

Franco-Provençal: entre

Old Occitan: entre
Occitan: entre

West Iberian

Extremaduran: entri

Aragonese: entre

Asturian: ente

Mirandese: antre

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: entre, antre, ontre

Fala: entre

Galician: entre

Portuguese: entre

Old Spanish: entre

Spanish: entre

Ladino: entre

From Proto-Italic *ənter, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”). Cognates include Sanskrit अन्तर् (antár, “between, within, into”), Oscan 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓 (anter, “between”), Old Irish eter (“between”), Albanian ndër (“between, among, amid, throughout”), Old High German untar (“between”) and German unter (“among”).
PIE adverb *h₁entér gave rise to the adjective *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”), whence also interior (“interior”) and intrā (“inside, within”).
The change from instrumental/ablative and accusative to accusative only is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


pol

Esti libru hue escritu pol Gabriel García Márquez.
This book was written by Gabriel García Márquez.


Anvwaye espesyal Etazini pou Venezuela, Elliot Abrams, ak vis-minis afè etranjè Larisi, Sergei Ryabkov, ap fè reyinyon nan vil Wòm ann Itali pou yo pale sou “sityasyon Venezuela kap agrave.”

2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik:

American Special Envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams and Russian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Ryabkov are having a meeting in the city of Rome, Italy to speak about "the worsening situation in Venezuela."


head

nan (+ dative, triggers eclipsis of a vowel)

of a vowel (triggers-eclipsis)
nam (first-person possessive singular)
nar (first-person plural possessive)
nad (possessive second-person singular)
nur (plural possessive second-person)
nam^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
nam^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

Univerbation of an (“in”) + an (“their”).

univ

Bha iad nan cadal.

They were sleeping. (literally, “They were in their sleep.”)


kay

An kantang ini, para kay papa.

Yaon kay ate an selpon mo.

(Daet, Tabaco–Legazpi–Sorsogon) Used to mark oblique cases of personal nouns


kay

Ang awiting ito ay para kay Tatay.

Ibigay mo ito kay Juan.


sou

Anvwaye espesyal Etazini pou Venezuela, Elliot Abrams, ak vis-minis afè etranjè Larisi, Sergei Ryabkov, ap fè reyinyon nan vil Wòm ann Itali pou yo pale sou sityasyon Venezuela kap agrave.”

American Special Envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams and Russian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Ryabkov are meeting in the city of Rome, Italy to talk about "the worsening situation in Venezuela."


ere

From Middle English er, from Old English ǣr (adverb, conjunction, and preposition), from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, comparative of Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyeri (“day, morning”) (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬫𐬀𐬭 (ayar, “day”), Gk. ἠέριος (ēérios, “at daybreak”), see also era, Albanian herët (“early in the morning, at daybreak”) ). The adverb erstwhile retains the Old English superlative ǣrest (“earliest”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eer (“before”), Dutch eer (“before, sooner than”), German ehe (“before”).

inh

My ſelfe was ſtirring ere the breake of day, […]

1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC, signature I3, verso:

The hill-tops rejoicing will ere long be at their ruddiest, and blush Good-night.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, “Old-Dragoon Drouet”, in The French Revolution: A History […], volume II (The Constitution), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, book IV (Varennes), page 173:


dehors

(law) Out of; without; foreign to; out of the agreement, record, will, or other instrument.


dehors

Inherited from Middle French dehors, defors, from Old French defors, from Vulgar Latin dē forīs, from Latin dē + forīs (“outdoors”).


jo

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

more; used with adjectives to form comparatives


jo

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

amād jo ītist äb peļļõt

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")

not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")


ana

𒈦 𒆬𒌓𒊭 𒀀𒈾 𒀀𒄭𒉌 𒍣𒄴𒊑𒅎 𒉌𒆠𒅖
[mišil kaspīša ana aḫīni ṣeḫrim niqīš]
MAŠ KUG.BABBAR-ša a-na a-ḫi-ni ṣe-eḫ-ri-im ni-qi₂-iš
We gave half of her silver to our young(est) brother.


ana

From Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *ana, whence also Old English on, Old Norse á.


ana

Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wi' mattoke, an zing t'oure caulès wi plou,

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 6-8:

In our valleys where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough,


hep

hepdon (singular)
hepdomp (plural)
hepdout (singular)
hepdoc'h (plural)
heptañ (singular)
hepto (plural third-person)
hepti (singular)
hepdor (plural)

From Middle Breton hep, from Old Breton ep, from Proto-Brythonic *heb, from Proto-Celtic *sekʷo-, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“follow”). Cognate to Welsh heb.


toward

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English toward, from Old English tōweard, from Proto-West Germanic *tōward, equivalent to to + -ward. Cognate with Middle Low German tôwart, Middle Dutch toewaert (Modern Dutch toewaarts), Middle High German zuowart, zūwart (Modern German zuwärts). Compare also Middle English tilward, tillward (“toward”).

She moved toward the door.

[A]Nd when Balaam ſawe that it pleaſed the LORD to bleſſe Iſrael, hee went not, as at other times to ſeeke foꝛ inchantments, but hee ſet his face toward the wilderneſſe.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 24:1:

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact), page 382, column 1:

2019, Voice of America, Learning English (public domain), archived from the original on 2019-03-11:

China has claimed that South Korea's dust flies toward Shanghai.

What are your feelings toward him?

So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye ſhalbe euill toward his bꝛother, and toward the wife of his boſome, and towards the remnant of his childꝛen which he ſhall leaue:

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Deuteronomy 28:54:

I'm saving money toward retirement.

Our place is over toward the station.

I am toward nine years older since I left you, yet that is the least of my alterations; […]

a. 1746 (date written), Jonathan Swift, “To Mr. Gay”, in Thomas Sheridan, John Nichols, editors, The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, […], new edition, volume XII, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1801, →OCLC, page 92:

Located close to; near (a time or place).


toward

English: toward

From Old English tōweard, tōwærd; equivalent to to + -ward.

Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

Towards Saluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]

c. 1190 - 1215, Layamon, Laȝamon's Brut
Þe while þe he spac touward Goden.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

In an exchange or communication with; to.


bail

From Proto-Tai *pajᴬ (“to go”). Cognate with Thai ไป (bpai), Northern Thai ᨻᩱ (pai), Khün ᨻᩱ (pai), Lao ໄປ (pai), Lü ᦺᦔ (ṗay) and ᦺᦗ (pay), Tai Dam ꪼꪜ, Shan ပႆ (pǎi), Aiton ပႝ (pay), Zhuang bae.


pas

From Proto-Albanian *pa ̊, from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”).


pas

Possibly borrowed and adapted from Dutch pas, a deverbal from passen, from Middle Dutch passen, from pas, from Old French pas, from Latin passus. Therefore related to etymology 1.

(colloquial, nonstandard) during, at the time of


pas

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pos, from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“afterwards, post-”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pozdь́nъ (“late”), Latin post (“behind, after”).

inh

Ar tu norėtum sėdėti pas mane?

Mes galime valgyti pas tave.

Jis gyvena pas savo tėvus.


sen

From Latin sine. Compare Spanish sin, Italian senza, Portuguese sem and Galician sen.


sen

From Old Galician-Portuguese sen, from Latin sine.


sen

Borrowed from Esperanto sen, French sans, Italian senza, Spanish sin, ultimately from Latin sine.


sen

Fala: sin

Galician: sen

Portuguese: sem


sen

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *san. Cognate to Lithuanian su, Latvian sa-, Russian с (s).

twais ſwints Engels baūſei ſen māim

1561, Martin Luther, translated by Abel Will & Paul Megott, Stas Likuts Catechismus [The Small Catechism], →OCLC, page 79, line 19:

(with dative and accusative) with, together with


behind

From Middle English behinde, behinden, from Old English behindan (“on the back side of, behind”), from Proto-West Germanic *bihindan, *bihindini (“on the back side of, in the rear of, behind”), from Proto-West Germanic *bi- + *hindō (“the hind side, back part”), equivalent to be- + hind. Compare Old Saxon bihindan (“behind”, adverb), Middle High German behinter (“behind; back”).

noncog

behind every successful man there stands a woman

Behind the smile was a cruel intention.

(figuratively) Concealed by (something serving as a facade or disguise).

All my problems are behind me.

(figuratively) In the past, from the viewpoint of.

At or to the back or far side of.
In the past, from the viewpoint of.

The children were hiding behind the wall.

The sun went behind the clouds.

Look behind you!

But then I had the [massive] flintlock by me for protection.
[…]The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window[…], and a 'bead' could be drawn upon Molly, the dairymaid, kissing the fogger behind the hedge, little dreaming that the deadly tube was levelled at them.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013 July 19, Timothy Garton Ash, “Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 18:

Smith finished the race a lap behind the others.

About the center, and a good way behind the rest, Silver and I followed — I tethered by my rope[…].

1883, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island:

Less forward or advanced than; after.
After in physical progress or distance.

I'm ranked sixth in the French class, behind five other pupils.

In the cricket match, England are 120 runs behind India.

For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 11:5:

After in developmental progress, score, grade, etc.; inferior to.

London is nine hours behind Tokyo.

Less forward or advanced than; after.
After in time.

Who is behind these terrorist attacks?

Mr Jones was the man behind the redevelopment plan.

Bud Light replaces Marketing VP behind Dylan Mulvaney partnership.

Responsible for, being the creator or controller of.

What is behind this unexpected decision?

Underlying, being the reason for or explanation of.

The republicans are fully behind their candidate.

He was like, 'Fuck the police! Fuck you! You know who I am, you gonna quit playing with me, bitch.' I'm like let's go. 'Cause I wasn't trying to go to jail behind that shit.

2012, DeShawn Dorsey, Longsuffering Through Emotional Wounds, page 40:

(sometimes regarded as nonstandard, US, informal) Following, subsequent to; as a result or consequence of.


regardless

/ɹɪˈɡɑɹd.lɪs/

/ɹɪˈɡɑːd.lɪs/

Tatiana ate the cauliflower regardless its colour.

(proscribed) Synonym of regardless of; paying no attention to.


except

Borrowed from Middle French excepter, from Latin exceptus.

There was nothing in the cupboard except a tin of beans.

Except that he is wearing polka-dot drawers, he is buck naked.

One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.

2014 June 14, “It's a gas”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8891:

Used to introduce a noun or noun phrase forming an exception or qualification to something previously stated.

إِلَّا

introducing a noun or noun phrase forming an exception or qualification


syne

From Middle English syne, syn, sin, a contracted form of sithen (“since”). More at sithen.

I've niver set fute i' Gibb's Ha' syne his father's death.

Shoo's […] gitten fair pratty, syne Maister Allen gat wed.


hinder

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-tér- (“down, back, along, over, through”), from *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”). Cognate with Latin contrā (“back, against”), Old Welsh cant (“with, at, along”); > Modern Welsh gan (“with, by”), Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “downwards”).

der

(with accusative or dative) behind, beyond


extra

Aromanian: strã-

Emilian: strasoura, strasora (extra + horam)

Italian: stra-

Old French: estre

Old Occitan: estra

Old Spanish: gestra

Romanian: stră-

Sicilian: stra-, nestra (in + extra)

→ English: extra-

→ Friulian: stra-

→ Italian: extra-, estra-

→ Portuguese: extra-

→ Romanian: extra-

→ French: extra-

→ Spanish: extra-

[ˈɛks̠t̪räː]

Adverb contracted from the ablative exterā (parte), of exter.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


o'

Gimme two o’ those ones.

from two o’clock until closing time

top o’ the mornin to ye

(unstressed form) Contraction of of, usually before vowels.

A pox o' your throat, you bawling, blasphemous, incharitable dog!

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

(obsolete, unstressed form) Contraction of on.


o'

Come adh o' mee gazb.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 41:

Ty o' letch.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 53:

Outh o' harr; Out o' harr.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 60:

Udh o' harr.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 73:

Vull o' graace.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 76:


unlike

From Middle English unlic, unlich, from Old English unlīċ, unġelīċ (“unlike, different, dissimilar, diverse”), from Proto-Germanic *ungalīkaz. By surface analysis, un- + like. Cognate with Dutch ongelijk, German ungleich, Old Norse úlíkr (see there for North Germanic descendants).

The disgust I felt after watching last weekend's horror movie was unlike anything I had felt before.

Hal kept pace beside her in his ambling, arm-swinging way. He walked unlike other men she knew, like someone who had never carried a briefcase.

1995 Fall, Marcia Guthridge, “Henry V, Part 2”, in Paris Review, volume 37, number 136, page 176:

These drugs work unlike any medicine ever created.

1999 December, Joe Oldham, “Design & Engineering Awards 2000”, in Popular Mechanics, volume 176, number 12, page 67:

She goes to preschool, plays with dolls, and she loves to draw and paint. But Marla paints unlike any other four-year-old in the world.

2005 February 23, “Four-Year Old Abstract Artist Discussed, Jesse James Profiled”, in CBS Sixty Minutes:

Differently from; not in a like or similar manner.

Claudia hardly ever drinks beer or wine, unlike Phillip, for whom the bar is practically a second home.

Canadians can not bring a "national" piece of litigation, unlike what can be done in the United States.

1999, Philip Spencer with Glenn M. Zakaib[b], “Product liability aspects of the risks of technological change - a Canadian perspective.”, in Canada-United States Law Journal, volume 25, page 125:

Unlike the elbows-out jostling in New York, there will be no campaigning:

2009 February 10, Nelson Pressley, “Signature Laps The Field With 39 Hayes Noms”, in Washington Post, page C01:

But unlike many other tunnels that lay idle and decaying, Catesby has now found a new use as an aerodynamic wind tunnel for the motor industry.

2023 November 29, Peter Plisner, “The winds of change in Catesby Tunnel”, in RAIL, number 997, page 56:

Being late is unlike him.

Not typical of one's character or personality.


supra

Aromanian: disuprã, prisuprã

Dalmatian: saupra, de zupra

English: supra

Friulian: sore, disore

Italian: sopra, sovra

Romanian: asupra, deasupra

Romansch: sura, soura

Sicilian: supra, sùpira

Venetian: sovra, sora, desora

From Old Latin suprād, superā; further from Proto-Italic *superād, cognate to Umbrian 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

Supra naturam.

(of location) over, above, beyond, on top of, upon

Supra septingentesimum annum.

Paulo supra hanc memoriam.

(of number, degree, or quantity) over, above, beyond, more than

degree; or quantity; degree; or quantity

Quos supra somnum habebat.

(of employment or office) over, in authority over, in charge of


fir

From Old High German furi, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi. Cognate with German für, English for.


infra

Ti me pari oûna dea infra li dai,

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 40:

You seem to me a goddess among the gods,


infra

> Friulian: fra (inherited)

Istriot: infra

> Italian: fra (inherited)

desc

אֵינְפֵֿירַה

Judeo-Italian: אֵינְפֵֿירַה (enfera)

Venetian: infrà

→ English: infra- (learned)

→ French: infra- (learned)

→ Indonesian: infra- (learned)

→ Italian: infra- (learned)

→ Dutch: infra- (learned)

→ Portuguese: infra- (learned)

→ Spanish: infra- (learned)

⇒ Finnish: infra- (internationalism)

Adverb contracted from the ablative īnferā (parte), of īnferus. Compare Faliscan 𐌉𐌅𐌓𐌀 (ifra), Oscan 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌔 (huntrus), Umbrian 𐌇𐌏𐌍𐌃𐌓𐌀 (hondra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


cis

LL-Q143 (epo)-Robin van der Vliet-cis.wav

Ili loĝas cis tiuj montoj.

They live on this side of those mountains.

...la mortinta oficisto komencis aperi eĉ cis la ponto Kalinkin, kaŭzante grandan timon al ĉiuj malkuraĝuloj.

2003, Aleksander Korĵe (tr.), “Palto”, in Rusa novelaro, Kaliningrad: Sezonoj, translation of original by Nikolaj Gogol, archived from the original on 2013-05-08:

...the dead office worker began to appear even on this side of the Kalinkin bridge, causing great fear to all cowards.

Trans la strato, laŭ mia vidkapablo, troviĝas nur amaso da arboj; kaj cis, malnovaj mallarĝaj domoj kun komunaj muroj kaj nur etaj gazonoj, kvazaŭ oni devis enŝovi ilin pro manko de spaco.

2010 September, Donald Broadribb, “Pri tramoj kaj tasoj da teo”, in Mirmekobo, number 10, page 24:

Across the street, as far as I can see, is found only a mass of trees; and on this side, little old houses with common walls and only small lawns, as if one had to shove into them for lack of space.


cis

Esperanto: cis

Cis la rivero la tereno esas pasable sika.

On this side of the river the terrain is pretty dry.


cis

From Proto-Italic *ki(s), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this”).
Cognate with ce-dō, hi-c, ec-ce, Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos, “that”), Old Irish cē (“here”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma, “to this”). More at he, here.
The accusative could be from either the adverbial derivation, a metaphor like in post and ante, or analogy with trāns.

on or to this or the near side of; short of


rag

ragov (first-person singular)
ragam (first-person singular)
raga'ma (first-person singular)
ragon (first-person plural)
raga nei (first-person plural)
ragos (second-person singular)
ragowgh (plural second-person)
raga hwei (plural second-person)
ragdho (singular third-person)
rag ev (singular third-person)
rag evm (singular third-person)
rygdhi (singular third-person)
rag hei (singular third-person)
rag heif (singular third-person)
ragdha (plural third-person)
ragtans (plural third-person)
rag anjei (plural third-person)

From Proto-Brythonic *rrak, from Proto-Indo-European *proko-, whence also Old Church Slavonic прокъ (prokŭ, “remaining”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.


clam

From Proto-Italic *klām perhaps from the accusative case of Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₂- (“concealment”) from *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). Cognate with Latin cēlō and others.

163 B.C.E. Terence, Heauton Timorumenos, Act II, Scene II

(with accusative or, rarely, ablative) without the knowledge of, unknown to


ד

Inherited from Latin dē. Compare Portuguese and Spanish de.

דשת אלזמאן

... פליו דבן אלדיאן

כם ראיה דשול אשיד

כי פראיו או כי שיראד דמיבי

What shall I do, what will become of me?

נון תיטולגש דמיבי


fern

Fern des Landes / dem Land, in dem sie geboren wurde

Far away from the land in which she was born

(higher register) far away from something


The number 100 in French (pronounced cent) is a homophone of sans (“without”), hence 100 used to be substituted for sans in informal writing when the length of text messages was limited.

(Internet slang, text messaging, abbreviation) Nonstandard spelling of sans (“without, -less”).


The number 100 in Portuguese is written as cem. It is a homophone of sem (“without”), hence 100 is often substituted for sem in informal writing.

um livro 100 capa

(Internet slang, text messaging, dated) Nonstandard spelling of sem (“without, -less”).


सह

2017 November 2, “भूतानचे राजे सहपरिवार पंतप्रधान मोदींच्या भेटीला! [bhūtānce rāje sahaprivār pantapradhān modīñcyā bheṭīlā!]”, in ABP Majha, New Delhi, archived from the original on 2017-11-22:

Bhutan's King at Prime Minister Modi's meeting with [his] family!


bah

Shortened form of bawah, from Proto-Malayic *babah, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *babah, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *babah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babaq, from Proto-Austronesian *babaq.


regarding

Santorum, in a comment regarding Senator John McCain's repudiation of torture, stated, "He doesn't understand how enhanced interrogation works. I mean, you break somebody, and after they've broken they become cooperative" (Summers 2011).

2015 November 30, Shane O'Mara, Why Torture Doesn’t Work: The Neuroscience of Interrogation, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 12:


ned

From Old Norse niðr, from Proto-Germanic *niþer, from Proto-Indo-European *niter. Cognates include Faroese and Icelandic niður, English nether, Dutch neder, German nieder.


specie

Under the pretext of. Under the guise of.


ente

From Old French entre, from Latin inter.


concerning

/kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/

From concern + -ing. The adjective and preposition follow from the verb.

Physically, everything is perfect, but concerning your mental state, you have some problems.

The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 10:29:


mai

From Proto-Central-Pacific *mai, from Proto-Oceanic *maʀi, *mai, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maʀi.


mai

From Proto-Polynesian *mai, from Proto-Oceanic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maʀi.

from (used in the sequence mai...mai or mai...aku)


mai

From Proto-Polynesian *mai. Cognates include Hawaiian mai and Samoan mai.

Mai te kāloā, ko nā tālaaga ki nā fenua o Atafu, Nukunonu, Fakaofo, ma Olohega na fauhia kē fai ma o matou kāiga.

1948, Tūlāfono fakavae a Tokelau [Constitution of Tokelau], page 1:

From the ancient times, of the tales, the islands of Atafu, Nukunonu, Fakaofo and Olohega You created together, as our home.


ley

A ɗuunnii sukkara ley cafe ɗe.

O tummbeke ley akalawal mobel am.

Taa ŋawlunduree ley suudu ga, njehee sella.


alla

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *alla (compare Finnish alla), from older *alna < *ala-na, an archaic locative formed with Proto-Uralic *-na (whence the essive suffix -na) from ala-.

See on kasvult alla keskmise.


alla

cotoletta alla milanese

cotoletta alla bolognese

cotoletta alla valdostana


alla

From the illative singular of Proto-Finnic *ala. Cognate with Ingrian allaa.


penes

From Proto-Italic *penets, from Proto-Indo-European *pen-et-s (“food”), from *pen-. Compare penetrō, penitus, penus, Lithuanian penė́ti (“to feed”).


fore

(archaic, literary) Alternative form of fuori

Foco d’amore in gentil cor s’aprende
come vertute in petra prezïosa,
[…]
poi che n’ha tratto fòre
per sua forza lo sol ciò che li è vile,
stella li dà valore

late 13ᵗʰ century, Guido Guinizelli, Al cor gentil rempaira sempre amore [Love always dwells in the noble heart], lines 11–12, 15–17; republished in Gianfranco Contini, editor, Poeti italiani del Duecento, volume 2, Milan, Naples: Riccardo Ricciardi, 1960:

The flame of love seizes the noble heart like virtue [does] a gem, […] after the Sun has brought out of it, through its might, what of it is lowly; a star gives it value

out, outside, outwards (towards the outside)


פֿיר

yi-prep

פֿיר • (fir)

From Old High German vür, from Old High German furi, from Proto-West Germanic *furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi (“for”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-i-.

פֿאַר פֿאַר#Yiddish

Alternative form of פֿאַר (far): before, in front of, ahead of, prior to


wi

Are-ta doin owt wi this?


wi

A war cowdealeen wi ooree.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 32:

wi vengem o' core t'gie oure zense o' ye gradès whilke be ee-dighte wi yer name;

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 6-7:

to pour forth from the strength of our hearts, our sense of the qualities which characterise your name,

Yn ercha an aul o' while yt beeth wi gleezom o' core th' oure eyen dwytheth apan ye Vigere o'dicke Zouvereine, Wilyame ee Vourthe,

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 9-11:

In each and every condition it is with joy of heart that our eyes rest upon the representative of that Sovereign, William IV.,

Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wi' mattoke, an zing t'oure caulès wi plou,

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 6-8:

Wi Irishmen owre generale hopes be ee-bond——

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 9-10:

With Irishmen our common hopes are inseparably bound up——

shorne o'lournagh an ee-vilt wi benisons, an yerzel an oure gude Zovereine,

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 12-14:

free from melancholy and full of blessings, for yourself and our good Sovereign,


אל

אֶל (canonical)
el (romanization)
אֶל
אליי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אֵלַי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אֵלֵינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
אֵלֶיךָ (masculine second-person singular)
אלייך (feminine second-person singular)
אֵלַיִךְ (feminine second-person singular)
אֲלֵיכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
אֲלֵיכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
אֵלָיו (masculine singular third-person)
אֵלֶיהָ (feminine singular third-person)
אֲלֵיהֶם (masculine plural third-person)
אֲלֵיהֶן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

אליי / אֵלַי (elái)

אֵלֶיךָ (elékha)

אלייך / אֵלַיִךְ (eláyikh)

אֵלָיו (eláv)

אֵלֶיהָ (eléha)

אֵלֵינוּ (eléinu)

אֲלֵיכֶם (aleikhém)¹

אֲלֵיכֶן (aleikhén)¹

אֲלֵיהֶם (aleihém)¹

אֲלֵיהֶן (aleihén)¹

# In Modern Hebrew, the second- and third-person plural forms are usually pronounced with leading /e/ rather than /a/.

From Proto-Semitic *ʾila (“towards, nigh”), cognate with Akkadian 𒀀𒈾 (ana), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā).


fel

From Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃al, itself from Proto-Celtic *samalis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”). Cognate with Breton evel, Cornish avel, Irish samhail, Latin similis.

der

Gwyn fel yr eira / Du fel y frân / Pinc fel y rhosyn / Coch fel y tân / Llwyd fel y wiwer / Melyn fel yr haul / Glas fel yr awyr / Gwyrdd fel y dail. / Dyna rai o'r lliwiau, / y lliwiau yn Gymraeg.

White like the snow / Black like the crow / Pink like the rose / Red like the fire / Grey like the squirrel / Yellow like the sun / Blue like the sky / Green like the leaves. / Those are some of the colours, / the colours in Welsh.


fi

We shoulda try fi produce more and market the things we have better so we can buy the things we need fi buy

2004, Deborah A. Thomas, Irene Silverblatt, Sonia Saldívar-Hul, Modern Blackness Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica:

I got the right temperature fi shelter you from the storm

2005, Sean Paul (lyrics and music), “Temperature”:

After the funeral you need fi find somewhere else fi live

2021, Maisy Card, These Ghosts Are Family, page 76:


fi

Isch fi enk enkro Dialekt lai a Dialekt oddo an eigna Schprouche?

Is your dialect just a dialect for you or is it a whole language?


fi

Mi head a hot mi. Yuh have supn can gimme fi it?

I have a headache. Can you give me something for the pain?

“A wanda how dem come fi tink dat di trial a di pastor is a fittin event fi a pikni witness. […]”

2016, Sylvia Gilfillian, The Road to Timnath: Di Ruod Tu Timnat, →ISBN:

I asked myself how they could possibly think that the pastor's trial would be an appropriate event for children to see. […]

Wi wah fi know wah gwaan.

“Me look up to di platform and see about eight wooden chairs up deh. Me eyeball dem fi see which wan a dem me kuda move because some a dem carve outa solid wood and look well heavy. […]”

I looked up at the platform and saw about eight wooden chairs up there. I studied them to see which one I could move because some of them were made of solid wood and looked extremely heavy. […]

How dem fi do dat?

“How unnu fi walk an' nyam, an' litter di street?
Mi jus' cyaan andastan' how unno fi dweet. […]”

2018, Shelley Sykes-Coley, Chat ’Bout!: An Anthology of Jamaican Conversations, →ISBN:

How can you walk and eat, and throw litter in the street?
I just can't understand how you can do it. […]

Im fi tap it. It a guh mash 'im up.

He/She should stop doing that. It's going to wreck him/her.

“Mi pickney unnu fi look n love nuff money
Horse pon track cah gallop without money […]”

2013, Selvin McRae, The Guilty Truth Revealed, →ISBN, page 108:

My children, you should seek and desire a lot of money
A horse on a track can't race without money […]


fi

Alternative form of f’: used before a consonant cluster


fi

(archaic) Archaic preposition meaning at, often used with prices or dates.


หลัง

th-prep

หลัง • (lǎng)

th:prep-place หลัง (canonical)
lǎng (romanization)

From Proto-Tai *ʰlaŋᴬ (“back”). Cognate with Lao ຫຼັງ (lang), Northern Thai ᩉᩖᩢᨦ, Lü ᦜᧂ (l̇ang), Tai Dam ꪨꪰꪉ, Shan လင် (lǎng), Aiton လင် (laṅ), Ahom 𑜎𑜂𑜫 (laṅ), Bouyei langl, Zhuang laeng.


muri

From Proto-Central Pacific *muri, from Proto-Oceanic *muri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)udəhi (compare Indonesian kemudian, Maori muri).


ku

(informal) to (in the direction of, and arriving at)


ku

From Portuguese com. Cognate with Kabuverdianu ku.


ku

Alternative form of k (used before ch, g, and k)


ku

Polish: ku

Silesian: ku

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъ(n). First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

etydate

used datively, used to indicate the target or recipient of an action; to

Jacom ya byl ku temu yednanyu natenczasz, yakom smowil sz Janem

1950 [1446], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 591, Warsaw:

in terms of accompanying circumstances; at


ku

denotes dative action, used to indicate the target or recipient of an action; to

ku mojemu zaskoczeniu

used to indicate a resulting feeling or emotion; to


ki

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ki, from Proto-Austronesian *ki.

inh+

An kantang ini, para ki papa.

Yaon ki ate an selpon mo.

(formal, Naga) Used to mark oblique cases of personal nouns

Nagkaon sana kami ki pamahawan.

(Tabaco–Legazpi–Sorsogon) indirect or object marker for nouns or phrases other than personal names

Nagkaon ki sira an ikos.

(Tabaco–Legazpi–Sorsogon) of (expressing possession)


ki

to, for, towards (used for common nouns and names of places)


ki

From Proto-Polynesian *ki. Cognates include Hawaiian i and Samoan 'i. The sense of the direct object stems from the comparison of a thought's motion to a physical motion.


fara

head

fara (plus dative, triggers no mutation, before the definite article fairis)

faram (first-person singular)
faramsa (emphatic first-person singular)
farat (second-person singular)
faratsa (emphatic second-person singular)
fairis (masculine singular third-person)
fairis-sean (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
farae (feminine singular third-person)
faraese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
farainn (first-person plural)
farainne (emphatic first-person plural)
faraibh (plural second-person)
faraibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
faru (plural third-person)
farusan (emphatic plural third-person)

From early modern double preposition fa ré (“along with”), from fa and ré (from Old Irish fri). Compare the Connacht form frae (“along with”) and freisin (“too, also”).

is beag fara leanbh atá ann

bacach fara bheith críonna


outwith

From Middle English outwith, outewith, a transposed variant of Middle English withoute (“without”). Cognate to Scots ootwi. By surface analysis, out + with.

All at once he’d wanted to buy a place there, but it had been too isolated for his wife – and outwith their means anyway.

1990, Ian Rankin, Dead Souls: An Inspector Rebus Novel, page 159:

2004, Official Journal of the European Union, 24.7.2004, C190/10, reporting on a judgment of the European Court of Justice.
Finally, the Court failed to examine, and thus to show, in what way such differentiated treatment is objectively justified. The fact that it is the result of circumstances outwith the control of the Communities does not constitute such justification […] .

It is not acceptable to have EU-US deals on extradition, information collection and exchange, and border controls which are cooked up in secret and outwith the democratic control of the European and national parliaments.

2009, Sarah Ludford MEP, Letters, The Guardian, 17 Jun 09

Although Burton’s work lies outwith the scope of the current book, Cockburn’s response reveals a great deal about how Hume and his works were received in Scotland in the half century after his death […].

2010, Mark Towsey, Reading the Scottish Enlightenment, Leiden: Brill, page 263:

These spent convictions for most purposes only fall outwith the scope of the exception of section 4(3)(b) if they are not included in a higher level disclosure sent in connection with the profession, office, type of employment, occupation, decision or proposed decision to which the exception would otherwise apply.

2018, The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exclusions and Exceptions) (Scotland) Amendment Order 2018

To others, it is an escape, a chance to think of ways of life outwith those we experience now […].

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page xix:

Trams are one of the easiest ways to get to and from the airport with fast and frequent services to Edinburgh city centre. Trams depart every 7 minutes, between 7am and 7pm, and every 15 minutes outwith these hours, with an end-to-end journey of just 30 minutes.

2023, Website of Edinburgh Airport, version dated 2023, accessed 12.04.2023

(now chiefly Scotland) Outside; beyond; outside of.


alle

[ˈɑ̝lːe̞(ʔ)]

Auto maksoi alle 200 000 [kaksisataa tuhatta] euroa.


alle

alle werra (that is no good)

Papers of Daisy Bates, National Library of Australia, MS 365, Section XII, Language: Grammar And Vocabularies, Part 2. B. 3. (a), Southwestern District, Jakbum & Wabbinyet of Albany


astride

The boy sat astride his father’s knee.

Chʻung-ming, an island astride the mouth of the Yangtze, had been captured against quite stiff opposition from the Chinese River Defense Force and was being developed into an advance naval and air base.

1937, Michael Calvert, “Shanghai”, in Jon E. Lewis, editor, The Giant Book of Battles, London: Magpie Books, published 2006, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 129:

The units have transverse seats, two and three astride the passageway with single or double longitudinal seats alongside the two entrance vestibules in each car.

1960 November, “New electric multiple-units for British Railways: Glasgow Suburban”, in Trains Illustrated, page 660:


forth

From Middle English forth, from Old English forþ, from Proto-West Germanic *forþ, from Proto-Germanic *furþą, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥-to-, from *per-. Cognate with Dutch voort. See also ford.

Some forth their cabins peepe.


forth

Middle Low German: fort, vort

German Low German: foort

→ Danish: fort

→ Norwegian: fort

→ Swedish: fort

From Proto-Germanic *furþą, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥to-.


basta

Basta li ma jkunx hemm riskju ta‘ konfużjoni.

As long as there is no risk of confusion.


plus

Two plus two equals four.

A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms plus one of oxygen.

And; sum of the previous one and the following one.

I've won a holiday to France plus five hundred euros in spending money!


plus

Ultimately from Latin plūs (“more”). Doublet of pli and plu.

Du plus du egalas kvar.


beneath

From Middle English benethe, from Old English bineoþan (“beneath, under, below”), equivalent to be- + neath. Cognate with Low German benedden (“beneath”), Dutch beneden (“beneath, under, down”), obsolete German benieden (“below”).

inh

Our country sinks beneath the yoke.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

1718, Alexander Pope, epitaph to Nicholas Rowe
Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies.

Here, in the transept and choir, where the service was being held, one was conscious every moment of an increasing brightness; colours glowing vividly beneath the circular chandeliers, and the rows of small lights on the choristers' desks flashed and sparkled in front of the boys' faces, deep linen collars, and red neckbands.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Their despicable behaviour is beneath contempt.

He will do nothing that is beneath his high station.

a.''' 1730, Francis Atterbury, in The Grub-Street Journal, Volume 1

In a position that is lower in rank, dignity, etc.


onto

From on + to, after into. Compare Saterland Frisian antou (“up to”).

My cat just jumped onto the keyboard.

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013 June 22, “Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 70:

Arriving upon or on top of (speaking of a physical or metaphorical movement).

The thought-police were onto my plans of world domination.

The exponential function maps the set of real numbers onto the set of positive real numbers.

(mathematics) Being an onto function with a codomain of (see below).


hug

hym (first-person singular)
hood (second-person singular)
huggey (masculine singular third-person)
huic (singular)
hooin (first-person plural)
hiu (plural second-person)
huc (plural third-person)
hyms (emphatic first-person singular)
hoods (emphatic second-person singular)
huggeysyn (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
huicish (emphatic singular)
hooinyn (emphatic first-person plural)
hiuish (emphatic plural second-person)
hucsyn (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish co (“to”). Compare Irish chuig and Scottish Gaelic gu.


versus

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

From Middle English versus, borrowed from Latin versus (“facing”), past participle of vertere (“to turn, change, overthrow, destroy”).

It is the Packers versus the Steelers in the Super Bowl.

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

If, for example, we select random people entering a workout gym, versus if we pick random people entering a hospital, we will get very different samples.

2005, Robert E. Weiss, Modeling Longitudinal Data, Springer, →ISBN, page 104:

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.

(law) Bringing a legal action against, as used in the title of a court case in which the first party indicates the plaintiff (or appellant or the like), and the second indicates the defendant (or respondent or the like).

Interacting with, especially to record reactions