at

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Germanic *at
Old English æt
Middle English at
English at
From Middle English at, from Old English æt (“at, near, by, toward”), from Proto-Germanic *at (“at, near, to”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognate with Scots at (“at”), North Frisian äät, äit, et, it (“at”), Danish at (“to”), Swedish åt (“for, toward”), Norwegian åt (“to”), Faroese at (“at, to, toward”), Icelandic að (“to, towards”), Gothic 𐌰𐍄 (at, “at”), Latin ad (“to, near”).

etymon

Caesar was at Rome.

at the corner of Fourth Street and Vine

at Jim’s house

Hirtius and Pansa, who were good men and admirers of Cicero, begged him not to desert them, and undertook to put down Antony if Cicero would remain at Rome.

1919, Plutarch, “The Life of Cicero” in Parallel Lives, 43 (Bernadotte Perrin, trans.)

(b) sporophyte with foot reduced, the entire sporophyte enveloped by the calyptra, which is ± stipitate at the base.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

Today my friend Marsha is at her friend’s house.
Audio (US): (file)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

In, near, or in the general vicinity of a particular place.

em

not distinct from the senses expressed in English by in or on

a (unproductive; only used with a few words, as in à mesa: at the table)

at six o’clock

at closing time

at night

Lafayette was major-general in the American army at the age of 18 […]

Other global taboos, such as sex and suicide, manifest themselves widely online, with websites offering suicide guides and Hot XXX Action seconds away at the click of a button. The UK government will come under pressure to block access to pornographic websites this year when a committee of MPs publishes its report on protecting children online.

2012 April 19, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in the Guardian:

Hi, Anne. Are you busy? — Hi, Anna. Yes. At 10 a.m. I am writing.
Audio (US): (file)

(indicating time) Indicating occurrence in an instant of time or a period of time relatively short in context or from the speaker’s perspective.

五点 (wǔ diǎn, literally “at five o'clock”)

Don’t just talk at someone; really listen to what they have to say.

He threw the ball at me.

He shouted at her.

“My Continental prominence is improving,” I commented dryly.
 Von Lindowe cut at a furze bush with his silver-mounted rattan.
 “Quite so,” he said as dryly, his hand at his mustache. “I may say if your intentions were known your life would not be worth a curse.”

1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

Come on in. I’ll play the guitar at you.

2023 July 9, Barbie, spoken by Ken (Ryan Gosling):

In the direction of (often implied to be in a hostile or careless manner).

3 apples at 2¢ (each)

The offer was at $30,000 before negotiations.

men at work

She is at sixes and sevens with him.

They are at loggerheads over how best to tackle the fiscal cliff.

The city was at the mercy of the occupying forces.

Sell at 90.

Tiger finished the round at tenth, seven strokes behind the leaders.

I’m offering it—just to select customers—at cost.

Indicates a position on a scale or in a series.

to laugh at a joke

mad at their comments

[…] to be sold at auction for sixty gold francs.

1995, Richard Klein, Cigarettes are Sublime, →ISBN, page 41:

A few days later, on 1 October, King Hussein opened the Jordanian Parliament by speaking at length about the crisis in Syria,

2012, Sami Moubayed, Syria and the USA: Washington's Relations with Damascus, →ISBN:

It is growing at the rate of 3% a year.

Cruising along at fifty miles per hour.

The twins were both bad at chemistry.

He slipped at marksmanship over his extended vacation.

She’s good at playing musical instruments, singing and dancing, chess, calligraphy, and painting.

2015, Sanyan Stories: Favorites from a Ming Dynasty Collection, →ISBN, page 157:

(used for skills (including in activities) or areas of knowledge) On the subject of; regarding.

I think ‘Jesus, my back is at me’. Then I get the ball. Off you go for 10 yards and you don’t feel a thing. Then you stop and think: ‘Jesus, it’s at me again’[.]

1995 Keith Wood, quoted in David Hughes, "Wood odds-on to take one against the head", in The Independent (London) 18 January

He seems to be saying. “Ah, go on, you’re making the other lads feel bad.” But the 4th fella says, “No. Don’t be ‘at’ me. I’m just not in the form right now, I’ll stay where I am, thanks.”

2014 Marian Keyes "Antarctic Diary - Part 2" personal website (January 2014)

(Ireland, stressed pronunciation) Bothering, irritating, causing discomfort to

balance as at 20th March 1999

n.d., quoted in Longmans Business Dictionary

(UK, Commonwealth, Ireland, especially finance) (also as at; before dates) On a particular date.


at

Compare Pangasinan ta and tan, Remontado Agta at, Tagalog at, Malay dan, Indonesian dan, Hawaiian a.

Mapagpasubuk at alang pamagkakelanganan.


at

English: at

Scots: at

Yola: adh, ad

From Old English æt, from Proto-Germanic *at, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd.


at

Icelandic: að

Faroese: at

Norwegian Nynorsk: åt

Old Swedish: at, āt

Swedish: åt

Old Danish: at

Danish: ad

Norwegian Bokmål: ad

From Proto-Germanic *at (“at, to”). Cognate with Old English æt, Old Frisian et, Old Saxon at, Old High German az, Gothic 𐌰𐍄 (at).

at heiðnum lǫgum

hann þá mjǫð at goðum

ek nam frǿði at Snorra

(with dative) from, when acquiring something


at

From earlier apt, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ (ᴀfatʀ /afᵃtr/). Related to eptir, ept.

Hávamál

sjaldan bautarsteinar · standa brautu nær

menhirs [do] seldom stand near the road, unless a kinsman raise one in memory of a kinsman

Grágás
sonr á at taka arf at fǫður sinn

the son ought to take inheritance after his father

(with accusative) after, following, in memory of


at

ataf (first-person singular)
atom (first-person plural)
atat (second-person singular)
atoch (plural second-person)
ato m (singular third-person)
ati f (singular third-person)
atynt (plural third-person)
ato i (first-person singular)
fi (first-person singular)
ata i (first-person singular)
aton ni (first-person plural)
atot ti (second-person singular)
atat ti (second-person singular)
atoch chi (plural second-person)
ato fe (singular third-person)
fo m (singular third-person)
ati hi f (singular third-person)
atyn nhw (plural third-person)

Variant of Old Welsh ad (alongside the now-obsolete add), from Proto-Celtic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd.


at

Old English: ot, æt

desctree

Middle English: at, et, ed
English: at
Scots: at
Yola: adh, ad

Old Frisian: et, it

North Frisian: et, it, äät, äit

Old Saxon: at

Old Dutch: at

Old High German: az, ez

Old Norse: at

Danish: at, ad

Elfdalian: að

Faroese: at

Icelandic: að

Norwegian Nynorsk: åt, at, å

Old Swedish: at, āt

Swedish: att, åt

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄 (at)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognate with Latin ad (“to”).


to

From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō ~ *ta, from Proto-Indo-European *de ~ *do (“to”). Cognate with Scots tae, to (“to”), North Frisian to, tö, tu (“to”), Saterland Frisian tou (“to”), Low German to (“to”), Dutch toe (“to”), German zu (“to”), West Frisian ta (“to”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian ndaj (“towards”), Irish do (“to, for”), Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Russian до (do, “to”). Doublet of too.

uses the dative case or նկատմամբ (nkatmamb)

(first number in genitive case) suhde (second number in illative case) (e.g. yhden suhde yhteen ~ one to one)

(ordinal number of the exponent in illative case)

ב־

written together with the following word

(ordinal number of the exponent in superessive case)

We are walking to the shop.

Driven by a perceived political need to adopt a hard-line stance, Mr. Cameron’s coalition government has imposed myriad new restrictions, the aim of which is to reduce net migration to Britain to below 100,000.

2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-09-28:

Indicating destination: In the direction of, so as to arrive at.

nach (in this sense only used for and sole preposition option for constructions without articles, i.e. general directions (e.g. up, west), most countries and cities etc. and nachhause/nach Hause (home))

-δε (-de) (adverbial suffix added to certain nouns)

-σε (-se) (adverbial suffix added to certain pronouns and adjectives)

felé (postposition, in the direction of)

h

if the next word begins with a "k" or "g"

I gave the book to him.

I spoke to him earlier.

He devoted himself to education.

They drank to his health.

Used to indicate the target or recipient of an action.

-lle

e.g. annoin lantin hänelle ~ I gave a coin to her/him; puhuin hänelle ~ I spoke to her/him

kanssa

e.g. puhuin hänen kanssa(an) ~ I spoke with her/him

His face was beaten to a pulp.

To everyone's great relief, the tuneless carol singers finally ceased their warbling.

Used to indicate a resulting feeling or emotion.

similar to ..., relevant to ..., pertinent to ..., I was nice to him, he was cruel to her, I am used to walking.

Used after an adjective to indicate its application.

used after certain adjectives to indicate a relationship

It takes 2 to 4 weeks to process typical applications.

-en

e.g. kahdesta neljään ~ from two to four

With God to friend (with God as a friend); with The Devil to fiend (with the Devil as a foe); lambs slaughtered to lake (lambs slaughtered as a sacrifice); took her to wife (took her as a wife); was sold to slave (was sold as a slave).

one to one = 1:1

ten to one = 10:1.

I have ten dollars to your four.

The hoſt of Xerxes, which by fame is ſaid
To drinke the mightie Parthian Araris,
Was but a handfull to that we will haue.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene iii:

In total, the Reds had 28 shots to their opponent's nine, and 15 corners to the Baggies' three.

2012 April 22, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0-1 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

Used to indicate a ratio or comparison; compared to, as against.

Three squared or three to the second power is nine.

Three to the power of two is nine.

Three to the second is nine.

(arithmetic) Used to indicate that the preceding term is to be raised to the power of the following value; indicates exponentiation.

What's the time? – It's quarter to four in the afternoon (or 3:45 pm).

It’s quarter to (3:45, or 4:45, or whatever time ending in 45 would make the most sense)

(time) Preceding the next hour.
(informal) Often used without the hour

Preceding the next hour.
Often used without the hour

Anyone could do this job; there's nothing to it.

There's a lot of sense to what he says.

The name has a nice ring to it.

Used to describe what something consists of or contains.

Our holiday did not go to plan.

Stay where you're to and I'll come find you, b'y.

Where are you to?

(Canada, Cornwall (UK), Newfoundland, Wales, West Midlands (UK)) At.

Cornwall (UK); West Midlands (UK); Cornwall (UK); West Midlands (UK)


to

English: to

Scots: tae

Yola: ta, to, t'

From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.


to

From Proto-West Germanic *tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Old Saxon tō (“to”), Old High German zuo (“to”), Old Irish do.

Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
...ðā beseah hē tō Petre sumere ælmessan wilniġende...

Then looked he towards Peter, desiring an alms,...

tō drīfenne

(grammar) used to mark the infinitive (supine) of the verb

iċ wyrċe tō īsensmiðe

þā nam iċ hīe tō wīfe

tō bōte

to boot (literally: as an improvement, thus in addition)

Blickling Homilies, "The Dedication of St. Michael's Church"
Englas bēoð tō ðeġnunge gǣstum fram Gode hider on world sended...

Angels will be sent by God as spirits of service hither into the world...


to

Middle Low German: tô

Low German: to

⇒ Old Saxon: tōtō, tōte

Middle Low German: tôte, tote, tôt, tot

Proto-Germanic *tō, whence also Old English ti and Old High German zuo


to

Coome to thee met.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:

Shoo ya aam zim to doone, as w' be doone nowe;

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 14, page 90:

She gave them some to do, as we are doing now;

A near a haapney to paay a peepeare.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:

Wee aar lhaung vlealès an pikkès, to waaite apan a breede.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:

With their long flails and picks, to wait upon the bride.

Hea marreet dear Phielim to his sweet Jauane.

He married dear Phelim to his sweet Joan.


al

Likely from Italian al, Catalan al, and Spanish al.

Ŝi donis la libron al siaj gepatroj.


al

allo

before a cluster of two consonants other than cl, cr, pl, pr, fl, fr, tr

risotto al pecorino

risotto allo zafferano

pasta all'aglio

(cooking, in the singular) with (an ingredient)


ver

An unstressed pronunciation, from Middle High German vür, from Old High German furi, from Proto-Germanic *furi (“for, before”). Cognate with German für, English for.


ver

Compare German vor, Dutch voor, English fore.


as

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā (“just so; as”), thus representing a reduced form of also. Compare German Low German as, German als, Dutch als.

You are not as tall as my sister.

They are big as houses.

A great bargain also had been the excellent Axminster carpet which covered the floor; as, again, the arm-chair in which Bunting now sat forward, staring into the dull, small fire.

1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0016:

She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry.

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

Introducing a basis of comparison, with an object in the objective case.

What is your opinion as a parent?

He was never seen as the boss, but rather as a friend.

Directed by Howard Hawks, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes starred Marilyn Monroe as Lorelei and Jane Russell as Dorothy.

2000, Tom Pendergast, Sara Pendergast, St. James encyclopedia of popular culture, volume 2, page 223:

Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus.[…]A photo processing technique called focus stacking has changed that. Developed as a tool to electronically combine the sharpest bits of multiple digital images, focus stacking is a boon to biologists seeking full focus on a micron scale.

2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist:

I bought you a new toy as a special treat.


as

(The Hague dialect) Alternative spelling of als

(The Hague dialect) eive ... as: as ... as


as

asam (first-person singular)
asamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
asat (second-person singular)
asatsa (emphatic second-person singular)
as (masculine singular third-person)
as-san (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
aisti (feminine singular third-person)
aistise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
asainn (first-person plural)
asainne (emphatic first-person plural)
asaibh (plural second-person)
asaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
astu (plural third-person)
astusan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish ass (“out of it”), the third-person singular inflected form of a (“out of”) (compare Scottish Gaelic à), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (compare Latin ex).

Tóg leabhar aníos as an mála.

Tá Cathal ag déanamh bríste as an éadach.

Cathal is making trousers out of the cloth.

Bíonn Máire á dhéanamh as fearg.
Máire does it out of anger

Beidh Pádraig ag teacht as Meiriceá amárach.
Pádraig will be coming from America tomorrow.

Is as an nGearmáin í.

Bhí torann as an seomra leapa.

Bhí cor as na toim.

Tá boladh as an madra sin.

That dog smells (lit. There is a smell off that dog).


re

Borrowed from Latin rē, ablative of rēs (“thing, matter, topic”).

Re A (conjoined twins) [2000] EWCA Civ 254

"I know it's been a long haul, but can we please not get complacent re: our annual magic gunk explosion? I can't believe I just typed those words."

2020 July 24, HarryBlank, “SCP-5243”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 2024-09-02:

About, regarding, with reference to; especially in letters, documents, emails and case law.

فِي مَا يَخُصّ

fī mā yaḵuṣṣ


kali

From Malay kali, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”). Doublet of kala.

Dua kali tiga sama dengan enam.


while

From Middle English whyle, from Old English hwīl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu, from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (compare Dutch wijl, Low German Wiel, German Weile, Danish hvile (“rest”), Norwegian Bokmål hvile (“rest”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”). Cognate with Albanian sillë (“breakfast”), Latin tranquillus, Sanskrit चिर (cirá), Persian شاد (šâd).

der

I may be conveyed into your chamber; I'll lie under your bed while midnight.

c. 1613, Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, “Wit at Several Weapons. A Comedy.”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


since

From Middle English syns, synnes, contraction of earlier sithens, sithence, from sithen (“after, since”) ( + -s, adverbial genitive suffix), from Old English sīþþan, from the phrase sīþ þǣm (“after/since that (time)”), from sīþ (“since, after”) + þǣm dative singular of þæt. Cognate with Dutch sinds (“since”), German seit (“since”), Danish siden (“since”), Icelandic síðan (“since”) Scots syne (“since”).

(both postposition) ᠴᡳ (ci) (colloquial) ᡩᡝᡵᡳ (deri)

since Adam was an oakum boy in Chatham Dockyard

I have known her since last year.

Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia.

2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

Since the 1980s, computers have had increasing roles in all aspects of human life—including an involvement in criminal acts.

2013 September-October, Simson Garfinkel, “Digital Forensics”, in American Scientist:

From: referring to a period of time ending in the present and defining it by the point in time at which it started, or the period in which its starting point occurred.

Continuously during that period of time.

"Mujtahidd" has attracted almost 300,000 followers since the end of last year, when he began posting scandalous claims about the Saudi elite.

2012 April 19, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in the Guardian:

At certain points during that period of time.


came

Came Christmas by which, at the outset, everybody knew it would be over, and it was not over. Came June, 1915, concerning which, at the outset, he had joined with Mr. Fortune, Twyning and Harold in laughter at his own grotesque idea of the war lasting to the dramatic effect of a culminating battle on the centenary of Waterloo, and the war had lasted, and was still lasting.

1921, Arthur Stuart-Menteth Hutchinson, If Winter Comes, page 256:

Used to indicate that the following event, period, or change in state occurred in the past, after a time of waiting, enduring, or anticipation

by

following event etc, in the past after waiting

when [event, period, change in state] came/arrived


man

head

man (+ nominative with the definite article, + dative otherwise, no mutation)

with the definite article (with-nominative)
otherwise (with-dative)


an

From the Old English an, on (preposition).

I was only going twenty miles an hour.

(use the inessive case for the word after)


an

From Middle High German an(e), from Old High German ana, from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana.

Das Bild hängt an der Wand.

Wir treffen uns am (an dem) Dienstag.

Ich werde sie am (an dem) Abend sehen.

(temporal, with days or times of day) on; in; at

zweimal am Tag

(temporal) a; per; only used with the word Tag (“day”), otherwise use in


an

Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand.

Schauen Sie an die Tafel.

Ein Brief an Anna.


an

an einem Roman schreiben

Mangel an Lebensmitteln

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Er ist schuld an dem Unglück

Das mag ich nicht an ihm

(any relation to an object or attribute regardless of time and space) of, on, in, for, about


an

Borrowed from English on, German an. Decision no. 759, Progreso V.

Me pendis pikturi an la parieto.

at, on (indicates contiguity, juxtaposition)


an

an (prepositional)
an (adverb postpositional)
ran
hieran
doran
woran
enerwegens an
nargens an
överall an

From Middle Low German an, from Old Saxon an, ana, from Proto-Germanic *an, *ana.


an

Sette calonicheḍḍos
Falan a Ffiniscole
A ffacher ẓibbileu
An dommo de una monẓa.

1896, Egidio Bellorini, “Non temere; io torno e ti sposo”, in Canti popolari amorosi raccolti a Nuoro, Bergamo, section 153, page 79, lines 1–4:

Seven priests go down to Siniscola, to have a jubilee at a nun's house.

(Nuorese) Alternative form of a, used before words starting with d-


an

an (neuter or distal adverb deeran, proximal adverb hieran, interrogative adverb wieran)

deeran (adverb distal neuter)
hieran (adverb proximal)
wieran (adverb interrogative)

From Old Frisian an, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *an. Cognates include West Frisian oan and German an.

Mien Jasse honget an dän Hoake.

Iek sitte an dän Disk.

Iek sitte an mien Suster.

Dät Boot is an Lound kemen.

The boat came ashore (literally, “The boat has come to land.”)

Mien Bääsje is an Kanker stúurven.

Iek häbe an do fjautig Ljudene blouked.


an

annam (first-person singular)
annamsa (emphatic first-person singular)
annad (second-person singular)
annadsa (emphatic second-person singular)
ann (masculine singular third-person)
annsan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
innte (feminine singular third-person)
inntese (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
annainn (first-person plural)
annainne (emphatic first-person plural)
annaibh (plural second-person)
annaibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
annta (plural third-person)
anntasan (emphatic plural third-person)
nam (first-person possessive singular)
nar (first-person plural possessive)
nad (possessive second-person singular)
nur (plural possessive second-person)
nam^(N 1)) (masculine plural possessive third-person)
nam^(N 1)) (feminine plural possessive third-person)

From Old Irish i. Cognates include Irish i and Manx ayns.


an

Borrowed from Middle Low German an and German an, and less commonly from English on, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), cognate with English on and doublet of Swedish å, Swedish på.


an

Lidge w'ouse an a milagh, tis gaay an louthee:

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 84:

Lie with us on the clover, 'tis fair and sheltered:


an

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂én (“up, on high”), but the exact formation is disputed due to the final vowel in descendants that reflect *ana. According to Kroonen, who derives both *an and *ana from a pre-Germanic *h₂enh̥₂, the final vowel was lost by regular sound change but remained in compound forms, whence it was restored in some of the daughter languages. Alternative explanations for the final vowel include a fossilized suffix *-o/*-ó of uncertain (allative?) function, as in *anda.


sama

There are two main theories as to where the term originated:
# Inherited from Proto-Malayic *sama, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sama (“mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order”); reconstructed by Robert Blust. Compare Malagasy sami (“both, each, every one; same”), Lauan dama (“mate, fellow, corresponding part; exactly like, the same”) and 'Are'are tama (“in line, in pairs”).
# Borrowed from Sanskrit सम (sama, “same, equal”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *samás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”).

bor+

Marilah main sama kami.

Aku marah sama dia.


ben

From Middle English ben, bene, variation of bin, binne (“within”), from Old English binnan (“within, in, inside of, into”), equivalent to be- + in.

der

And he was waving to me to creep in, so I just did and then just to skip ben the front and then in the lobby.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 32:


ben

A gaed ben the chaumer.

Come awah ben, hen.


gone

From Middle English gon, igon, gan, ȝegan, from Old English gān, ġegān, from Proto-Germanic *gānaz (“gone”), past participle of *gāną (“to go”). Cognate with West Germanic Scots gane (“gone”), West Frisian gien (“gone”), Low German gahn (“gone”), and Dutch gegaan (“gone”).

You'd better hurry up, it's gone four o'clock.

(British, informal) Past, after, later than (a time).

you never know what you've got till it's gone


against

Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen, or directly from again, either way with adverbial genitive singular ending -es; the parasitic -t was added circa 1350, probably by confusion with the superlative ending -est. By surface analysis, again + -st (excrescent ending).

surf

a house divided against itself cannot stand

It is hard work to swim against the current.

The rain pounds against the window.

Ivor had acquired more than a mile of fishing rights with the house ; he was not at all a good fisherman, but one must do something ; one generally, however, banged a ball with a squash-racket against a wall.

1922, Michael Arlen, “3/19/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

In physical opposition to; in collision with.

The ladder was leaning against the wall.

The puppy rested its head against a paw.

The kennel was put against the back wall.

In physical contact with, so as to abut or be supported by.

A row of trees stood against a fence.

We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine.[…]As we reached the lodge we heard the whistle, and we backed up against one side of the platform as the train pulled up at the other.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

The giant was silhouetted against the door.

He stands out against his classmates.

This report sets out the risks against the benefits.

The Tigers will play against the Bears this weekend.

“[…] it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.”

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

The breakthrough came through Torres who, pilloried for his miss against Manchester United a week earlier, scored his second goal of the season.

2011 September 24, Aled Williams, “Chelsea 4-1 Swansea”, in BBC Sport:

Doing this is against my principles.

It is against the law to smoke on these premises.

There was no car in sight so we crossed against the red light.

Are you against freedom of choice?

He waged a ten-year campaign against the company that was polluting the river.

I'd bet against his succeeding.

(with implied object) Ten voted for, and three voted against.

Mr. Cooke at once began a tirade against the residents of Asquith for permitting a sandy and generally disgraceful condition of the roads. So roundly did he vituperate the inn management in particular, and with such a loud flow of words, that I trembled lest he should be heard on the veranda.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation,[…]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

That horse is fifty-to-one against, so it has virtually no chance of winning.

Of betting odds, denoting a worse-than-even chance.

The vouchers are redeemable against West End shows and theatre breaks.

Tax is levied against income from sales.

He turned the umbrella against the wind.

Beautie alone is a ſoveraigne remedy againſt feare,griefe,and all melancholy fits; a charm,as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirme,a banquet it ſelfe;he gives inſtance in diſcontented Menelaus that was ſo often freed by Helenas faire face: and ʰTully, 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chiefe patron of this Tenent.

1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv, page 298:

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against these proteins: IN-1 and IN-2 bound both to the 35 kd and 250 kd inhibitors and to the surface of differentiated cultured oligodendrocytes.

1988 March 1, Pico Caroni with Martin E. Schwab, “Antibody against myelin associated inhibitor of neurite growth neutralizes nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS white matter”, in Neuron, →DOI, page 85:

The stores are kept well stocked against a time of need.

He wrote to a friend of his, that he lived but with browne bread and water, and entreated him to send him a piece of cheese, against [translating pour] the time he was to make a solemne feast.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 11, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

"And now leave me, I pray thee, and thou too, my own Kallikrates, for I would get me ready against our journey, and so must ye both, and your servant also."

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

Of the two fried chops served him for breakfast he ate one and gave Edmund the other, and put a buttered sandwich of bread in his pocket against the accidents of travel.

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 18:

Rod, who always distrusted such methods, was forced to accept the new way but had begun to stash away large amounts of cash against the day that the system might be sabotaged or failed entirely.

2003, Rodger J. Bille, A Few of the Chosen: Survivors of Terrorism, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN, page 8:

In anticipation of; in preparation for (a particular time, event etc.).

The studio weren't sure the movie would ever get made, so they only paid $50,000 against $200,000. That way they wouldn't be out very much if filming never began.

“Hollywood noises” yielded an early $35,000 option against $100,000 if the movie was made.

2011, Charles Foran, Mordecai: The Life & Times:

(Hollywood) To be paid now in contrast to the following amount to be paid later under specified circumstances, usually that a movie is made or has started filming.


against

Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen. Equivalent to again + -s (“adverbial genitive”) + -t.


ke

From Malay ke, from Old Malay ka. For the verb sense, due to the dropping of preceding verb pergi (“to go”).

Semalam aku pergi ke rumah teman.


ke

Indonesian: ke

From Old Malay ka, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Semalam aku pergi ke rumah kawan.


so

From Old Galician-Portuguese so, su, sob, from Latin sub.


so

„Tak vy ste, Maco, celkom spokojný so službou a plácou?“

“So, Maco, you are rather satisfied with the service and the wage, aren’t you?”


so

Inherited from Latin sub, from Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo.


ber

Slightly under the influence of Persian بر (“on, over”) (akin to wer (“prefix meaning "around"”)) but from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“front; around”). The change in meaning of this word in Northwest Iranic languages can be seen in Parthian [script needed] (par, “to; at”) also.

cog

(temporal and spatial) before; in front of; toward


save

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sl̥h₂-wós
Proto-Italic *salawos
Latin salvus
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin salvō
Latin salvāre
Old French sauverbor.
Middle English saven
English save
From Middle English saven, sauven, a borrowing from Old French sauver, from Late Latin salvāre (“to save”).

etymon

Under the terms of the Interdict no church services and offices were to be permitted save the baptism of infants and the confession of the dying.

2004, David Carpenter, The Penguin History of Britain: The Struggle for Mastery, Penguin Books:


met

From Dutch met, from Middle Dutch met, from Old Dutch mit, from Proto-West Germanic *midi, from Proto-Germanic *midi.

Met ons land en met ons nasie.

1921, “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika”, C.J. Langenhoven (lyrics), M.L. de Villiers (music), South Africa:


met

mem

with the masculine and neuter definite article


met

From Middle High German mit, from Old High German mit, from Proto-Germanic *midi. Cognate with German mit, Dutch met, Middle English mid, Icelandic með.


met

met (prepositional)
mee (adverb postpositional)
ermee
hiermee
daarmee
waarmee
ergens mee
nergens mee
overal mee

Berbice Creole Dutch: mete

Jersey Dutch: met, mät

Negerhollands: met, mi, mit, mee

Skepi Creole Dutch: met

From Middle Dutch met, from Old Dutch mit, variant of *midi (from which mee, mede), from Proto-West Germanic *midi, from Proto-Germanic *midi.

with, using (a tool, instrument or other means)

Heb je zin om met kerst bij ons langs te komen?

Met Jan de Vries.
Hello, this is Jan de Vries.

(telephony) Used to answer a telephone call, followed by one's name, shortened from "u spreekt met..."


met

Dutch: met

Limburgish: mit

From Old Dutch mit, from Proto-Germanic *midi.

by means of, using (a tool, material etc.)


ear

From Middle English er, from Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi.

Ear yersthei.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 80:


given

Given the current situation, I don't think that's possible.


ba

ba Kuching
in Kuching

ba sungai

ba atas jalai


ba

in, at, on (general preposition for locative adjuncts)


we

Alternative form of w (especially before labial consonants and consonant clusters)


we

Alternative form of w, used mostly before words that begin with consonant clusters.


we

Alternative form of w, used mostly before words that begin with consonant clusters


bet

insert right-hand needle bet 2 sts just knitted

1998, Kristin Nicholas, Knitting the New Classics, page 63:


bet

From bi + dum + te. Compare Middle High German biz (German bis).


among

Etymology tree
Old English on
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English ġemang
Old English onġemang
Old English amang
Middle English among
English among
From Middle English among, amang, amonge, amange, from Old English amang, onġemang, equivalent to a- + mong (“crowd; group; throng”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian monk, monken (“among”), West Frisian mank (“among”), Dutch mank, maank (“among”), German Low German mank, manken (“among”), dialectal German mang (“among”).

How can you speak with authority about their customs when you have never lived among them?

Denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects. (See Usage Note at amidst.)

He is among the few who completely understand the subject.

All this has led to an explosion of protest across China, including among a middle class that has discovered nimbyism.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

Denotes a belonging of a person or a thing to a group.

Lactose intolerance is common among people of Asian heritage.

Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us […]

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 1:1:

Denotes a sharing of a common feature in a group.


among

Etymology tree
Old English on
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English ġemang
Old English onġemang
Old English amang
Middle English among
From Old English amang, onġemang, equivalent to a- + mong.


me

Ancient Greek language
Gothic language
Old Norse language

From Proto-Albanian *me(t). Cognate to Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “after, beyond; in the middle, between”), Gothic miþ (“with”), Old Norse með.

cog-lite

Shkoj me tim vëlla.

E sheh djalin me sytë e kaltër?

Preferoj të shkruaj me penë.


me

Cognate with Maori me (“and, with, must”) and Samoan ma (“and, with”).


me

Ja vill inte va me (Jag vill inte vara med)

(colloquial) Apocopic form of med (“with”)


ye

Lu kaptis la kavalo per lazo ye la kolo.

He/she captured the horse by a lasso to the neck.

Ye la angulo di la strado.

Ilu prenis elu ye la tayo.

to, at, by (preposition used when no other fits the meaning)


bevü

In Siyop ya dü yels mödik krigastad bevü Yapän e Tsyinän dareigon, ed in Yurop krig jenon bevü Deutän e Polän, Linglän e Fransän, e bevü Rusän e Suomiyän.

1940, “Pötü yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:

In Asia, a state of war has already been going on for years between Japan and China, and in Europe war is being waged between Germany and Poland, England and France, and between Russia and Finland.

inter (used with other words as in "bevünetik" = international)


er

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.


er

orrym (first-person singular)
ort (second-person singular)
er (masculine singular third-person)
urree (singular)
orrin (first-person plural)
erriu (plural second-person)
orroo (plural third-person)
orryms (emphatic first-person singular)
orts (emphatic second-person singular)
ersyn (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
urreeish (emphatic singular)
orrinyn (emphatic first-person plural)
erriuish (emphatic plural second-person)
orroosyn (emphatic plural third-person)

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
# ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
# for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸor (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
# íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.


er

desctree

Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.


er

Saterland Frisian: eer

West Frisian: ear't

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.


er

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.


er

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).


er

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.


er

el mo er a medad

er a elecha el tutau

rakket er a tenis

Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.


er

erof (first-person singular)
erom (first-person plural)
erot (second-person singular)
eroch (plural second-person)
erddo m (singular third-person)
erddi f (singular third-person)
erddynt (plural third-person)

From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).


down

up

antonym(s) of “From the higher end to the lower”

From Middle English doun, from Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”). For the development from directional phrases to prepositions, compare Middle Low German dāle (“(in/to the) valley”), i.e. "down(wards)".

noncog

The ball rolled down the hill.

We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine. We passed on the way the van of the guests from Asquith.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

throw one's hotdog down someone's hallway

We sailed down the eastern seaboard.

The bus went down the street.

They walked down the beach holding hands.

From one end to another of (in any direction); along.

sub ...-n (i.e. with an object in the accusative case)

I'll see you later down the pub.

(colloquial) At (a given place that is seen as removed from one's present location or other point of reference).


with

From Middle English with, from Old English wiþ (“against, opposite, toward, with”), from Proto-West Germanic *wiþi, a shortened form of Proto-Germanic *wiþrą (“against”). In Middle English, the word shifted to denote association rather than opposition, displacing Middle English mid (“with”), from Old English mid (“with”), from Proto-Germanic *midi; an earlier model of this meaning shift exists in cognate Old Norse við; elsewhere, the converse meaning shift is exemplified by Old South Arabian 𐩨𐩺𐩬 (byn, “between, amid”) spawning Old South Arabian 𐩨𐩬 (bn, “against”) and even likewise frequent reverse meaning 𐩨𐩬 (bn, “from”). The adverb sense is probably a semantic loan from various other Germanic languages, such as Norwegian med, Swedish med, and German mit.

зі

before мною, Львова, and and words that begin with multiple constants

із

before words that begin with a single sibilant fricative consonant and between consonants

He picked a fight with the class bully.

Many hatchets, knives, & pieces of iron, & brass, we see, which they reported to have from the Sasquesahanocks a mighty people, and mortal enemies with the Massawomecks.

1621, John Smith, The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia:

He went with his friends.

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[…]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 46:

In the company of; alongside, close to; near to.

She owns a motorcycle with a sidecar.

Jim was listening to Bach with his eyes closed.

The match result was 10-5, with John scoring three goals.

With a heavy sigh, she looked around the empty room.

Four people were injured, with one of them in critical condition.

With their reputation on the line, they decided to fire their PR team.

With that she told me that though she spake of her father, whom she named Chremes, she would hide no truth from me: […]

1590, Sir Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia:

With this he pointed to his face, and show'd
His hand and all his habit smear'd with blood.

1697, Virgil, “Aeneid”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil:

See where, on earth, the flowery glories lie,
With her they flourish'd, and with her they die.

1861, Alexander Pope, “The Fourth Pastoral, or Daphne”, in The Rev. George Gilfillan, editor, The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope:

With a bolt of fright he remembered that there was no bathroom in the Hobhouse Room. He leapt along the corridor in a panic, stopping by the long-case clock at the end where he flattened himself against the wall.

1994, Stephen Fry, chapter 2, in The Hippopotamus:

The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing",[…]and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.

2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:

Used to add supplemental information, especially to indicate simultaneous happening, or immediate succession or consequence.

We are with you all the way.

There are a number of problems with your plan.

What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?

He was pleased with the outcome.

I’m upset with my father.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3:

slain with robbers

He was torn to / pieces with a bear:

c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

He was sick and lame of the scurvy, so as he could but lie in the cabin-door, and give direction, and, it should seem, was badly assisted either with mate or mariners

1669, Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memorial:

But several sowing of Wheat at that time, because 'twas the usual time of doing of it, it lay in the Ground till Rain came, which was the latter end of October first, and then but part of it came up neither, because it was mustied and spoiled with lying so long in the Ground […]

1721, John Mortimer, The Whole Art of Husbandry, page 61:

(obsolete) To denote the accomplishment of cause, means, instrument, etc; – sometimes equivalent to by.

cut with a knife

I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.

Find what you want instantly with our search engine.

They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.

Speak with a confident voice.

you have paid me equal, Heavens, / And sent my own rod to correct me with

(Can we date this quote?), Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “A King and no King”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, Act IV, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword,

1620, William Bradford., Of Plymouth Plantation:

And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn;

1677, William Wycherley, The plain-dealer, Prologue:

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

2013 July-August, Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist:

I am fain to dine and sup with water and bran.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

(obsolete) Using as nourishment; more recently replaced by on.

or not translated (direct object wih no preposition)

It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.

Speak with confidence.

He spoke with sadness in his voice.

The sailors were infected with malaria.

Affected by (a certain emotion or condition).

overcome with happiness

green with envy; flushed with success

She was with Acme for twenty years before retiring last fall.

With your kind of body size, you shouldn’t be eating pizza at all.

That was a lot to explain; are you still with me?

Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle.

1983 May 5, David E. Petzal, “The Lightweight Division”, in Field & Stream:

Keeping up with; understanding; following along.


with

1300s?, Political, Religious and Love Poems, “An A B C Poem on the Passion of Christ”, ed. Frederick James Furnivall, 1866

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Al þus with iewys I am dyth, I seme a wyrm to manus syth.

1430?, “The Love of Jesus” in Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, ed. Frederick James Furnivall, 1867, p.26

Hypſiphile, betrayed with Jaſoun, / Maketh of your trouth neyther boſte ne ſoun

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Prologue”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxvii, verso, column 2:

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

When Zephyr also with his sweet breath
Hath inspired in every wood and heath


with

A shortened form of withar (against), cognate with Old English wiþ (“against, opposite, toward”) and wiþer.

cog

Uuesat iu so uuara uuiðar thiu, uuið iro fēcneon dādiun, sō man uuiðar fīundun scal

Be careful against them, against their dreadful actions, just like one must be (careful) against his enemies (Heliand, verse 1883)


tell

Ha deight ouse var gabble, tell ee zin go t'glade.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 84:

You have put us in talk, 'till the sun goes to set.


do

Inherited from Old Czech do, from Proto-Slavic *do.

Vešel do místnosti.

Dostala se jí voda do bot.

Jdeme do obchodu.

Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku.

to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)

Zůstal tam až do neděle.

Ať jsi zpátky do desíti!

Do hlavy ne!

Oběť byla pobodána do břicha

to, in (physical blows "to" a body part)

Budeme si to pamatovat do posledního dechu

We will remember it till our last breath.

to, up to (extreme limit, all the way up to)


do

dom (first-person singular)
domsa (emphatic first-person singular)
duit (second-person singular)
duitse (emphatic second-person singular)
dó (masculine singular third-person)
dósan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
di (feminine singular third-person)
dise (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dúinn (first-person plural)
dúinne (emphatic first-person plural)
daoibh (plural second-person)
daoibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
dóibh (plural third-person)
dóibhsean (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).

do chara

Tá sé do mo ghortú.

Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí.

Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí.

used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect


do

do Chóśebuza

do jsy

do wognja

do njebja

Jana chójźi hyšći do šule, wóna jo wuknica.

1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN, page 30:

Jana still goes to school; she is a schoolgirl.


do

Czech: do

Denotes period before something else; before; by


do

head

do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)

of a following consonant-initial noun. (triggers-lenition)
dom (first-person singular)
dam (first-person singular)
domsa (emphatic first-person singular)
damsa (emphatic first-person singular)
duit (second-person singular)
dait (second-person singular)
dit (second-person singular)
deit (second-person singular)
duitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
detsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
deitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
duitso (emphatic second-person singular)
détso (emphatic second-person singular)
dó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dáu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dosom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dossom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
disi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dissi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dún (first-person plural)
dúnn (first-person plural)
duún (first-person plural)
dúun (first-person plural)
dúin (first-person plural)
dúnni (emphatic first-person plural)
dúnnai (emphatic first-person plural)
dúib (plural second-person)
dúibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
doib (dative plural third-person)
doaib (dative plural third-person)
duaib (dative plural third-person)
dóib (dative plural third-person)
doïbsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
doaibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
dóibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


do

Polish: do

Silesian: do

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do. First attested in the 14th century.

denotes the subject of an address or action;


do

Zwykle jeżdżę do pracy pociągiem.

Chcę wrócić do domu.

I want to go home. (literally, “I want to return to home.”)

Proszę włożyć mleko do lodówki.

Zapomniałem szczoteczki do zębów.

I forgot my toothbrush (literally, “I forgot brush for teeth.”)

Masz ochotę na coś do picia?

Napisałam do ciebie list.

Szymon w każdą sobotę dzwoni do mamy.

denotes the subject of an address or action; to

Do zeszłego miesiąca mieszkałem całe życie w Łodzi.

Until last month I had lived in Łódź my entire life.

Pracujemy od dziewiątej do piątej.

Grozi mu do sześciu lat więzienia.

He could get up to six years' imprisonment.

Nasz syn ma tylko pięć lat, a już umie liczyć do stu.

Our son is only five and can already count to 100.

Mój szef chce, żebym do jutra skończył raport.

My boss wants me to finish the report by tomorrow.

denotes a deadline; by (indicates an intended deadline)


do

do (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhan)

dhomh (first-person singular)
dhòmhsa (emphatic first-person singular)
dhut (second-person singular)
dhutsa (emphatic second-person singular)
dha (masculine singular third-person)
dhàsan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
dhi (feminine singular third-person)
dhìse (emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dhuinn (first-person plural)
dhuinne (emphatic first-person plural)
dhuibh (plural second-person)
dhuibhse (emphatic plural second-person)
dhaibh (plural third-person)
dhaibhsan (emphatic plural third-person)

From Old Irish do. Cognates include Irish do.

Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh.

Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e.


do

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

od Zagreba do Beograda

od jutra do mraka / od 5 do 10 sati

from morning to night / from 5 to 10 o'clock

od vrha do dna

do r(ij)eke

sad je pet do sedam

do poned(j)eljka

do sada

do nedavna

do dana današnjega

sve do

do kuda

do tuda

do rata

s(j)edi do mene

jedan do drugoga

nije mi do toga

nije mi do sm(ij)eha

njemu je samo do seksa

nije mi puno stalo do toga

nije do mene

(by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like


do

(with genitive) by (some time before the given time)


do

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-do.wav

Hầu hết các mô hình dưỡng lão đều do nhà nước bảo trợ, […]

Most of the aged care models are sponsored by the state, […]


do

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: до (do)
Old Ruthenian: до (do)
Belarusian: да (da)
Carpathian Rusyn: до (do)
Ukrainian: до (do)
Russian: до (do)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: до (do)

Glagolitic script: ⰴⱁ (do)

Bulgarian: до (do)

Macedonian: до (do)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: до̏

Latin script: dȍ

Slovene: do (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: do
Czech: do

Old Polish: do
Polish: do
Silesian: do

Slovak: do

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: do

Slovincian: dô

Polabian: dü

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: do

Upper Sorbian: do

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *da, from Proto-Indo-European *de. Cognate with Latvian da, dialectal Lithuanian da-, Proto-Germanic *tō.

(with genitive) before, by (a certain time), not later than


put

put Sarajeva

put škole

Vozimo se put sela.

Krenuo sam put grada.


come

From Middle English comen, cumen, from Old English cuman, from Proto-West Germanic *kweman, from Proto-Germanic *kwemaną (“to come”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémt (“to step”), from *gʷem- (“to step”).
cognates
Cognate from Proto-Germanic with Scots cum (“to come”), Saterland Frisian kuume (“to come”), West Frisian komme (“to come”), Low German kamen (“to come”), Dutch komen (“to come”), German kommen (“to come”), Norwegian Bokmål and Danish komme (“to come”), Swedish komma (“to come”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic koma (“to come”).
Cognate from PIE via Latin veniō (“come, arrive”) with many Romance language terms (e.g., French venir, Portuguese vir, Spanish venir), Lithuanian gimti (“to be born, come into the world, arrive”), with terms in Iranian languages (e.g. Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jamaⁱti, “to go”)), via Sanskrit गच्छति (gácchati, “to go”) with many Indic language terms (e.g., Hindi गति (gati)).
Cognate to English basis, from PIE via Ancient Greek.

Leave it to settle for about three months and, come Christmas time, you'll have a delicious concoction to offer your guests.

Come retirement, their Social Security may turn out to be a lot less than they counted on.

Come summer, we would all head off to the coast.

"And a long sea voyage that starts at six o'clock come morning."

1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 14:

Come the final whistle, Mikel Arteta lay flabbergasted on the turf.

2012 November 10, Amy Lawrence, “Fulham's Mark Schwarzer saves late penalty in dramatic draw at Arsenal”, in The Guardian:

She announced in April that come 10 February 2023, her songs would be featured in a romantic comedy titled It's All Coming Back To Me […]

2022 October 5, Beatriz Colon, “Celine Dion ushers in holiday season with exciting music news”, in Hello! Magazine:

Used to indicate a point in time at or after which a stated event or situation occurs.


nin

Aldaw nin Pagkamuot

Aldaw nin Kamahalan

(formal) of (mostly for locations and occasions)

Nagkakan nin sira an ikos.

Nagkakan sana kami nin pamahawan.

(Naga) indirect marker for nouns or phrases other than personal names


chin

From Latin cum (“with”), from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). The shift -u- → -i- is probably due to analogy with in.
Compare Logudorese and Campidanese cun, Italian con, Portuguese com, Spanish con, Romanian cu, Sicilian cu.


between

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English betwene, from Old English betwēonum (“between, among”, dative plural, literally “by the two, near both”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“be-”) + *twīhnaz (“two each”), corresponding to be- + twain. Cognate with Scots between (“between”), Scots atween (“between”), Gothic 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹 (tweihnai, “two each”), Old English betweohs (“between”), Old English twinn (“double, twofold”). More at betwixt, twin.
More distantly related to Ancient Greek διά (diá, “through, across, by, over”) whence English dia- (“through, across, between”).
For the meaning development also compare with Mongolian хооронд (xoorond, “between”), connected with Mongolian хоёр (xojor, “two”).

cog

create daylight between oneself and someone

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and one's elbow

put daylight between oneself and someone

there's many a slip between the cup and the lip

John stood between Amy and Mary.    Let’s meet between two and three.

I want to buy one that costs somewhere between forty and fifty dollars.

The prince is here at hand, pleaſeth your Lordſhip / To meet his grace iuſt diſtance tvveene our armies.

[c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Second Part of Henrie the Fourth, […], quarto edition, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley, published 1600, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], signature G2, recto:

Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language, he expressed the important words by an initial, a medial, or a final consonant, and made scratches for all the words between; his clerks, however, understood him very well.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

In the position or interval that separates (two things), or intermediate in quantity or degree. (See Usage notes below.)

midis

in the position or interval that separates two things

-অৰ মাজ- (-or maz-) (with locative, genitive, dative or instrumental suffix depending on the context)

conversation between friends

She mixed furniture with the same fatal profligacy as she mixed drinks, and this outrageous contact between things which were intended by Nature to be kept poles apart gave her an inexpressible thrill.

1935, George Goodchild, chapter 1, in Death on the Centre Court:

Between you and me, I think the boss is crazy.  Let's keep this between ourselves.

He's between jobs right now.  The shuttle runs between the town and the airport.

[If] you don’t want to flip the channels between Biden and Trump, join [the] live chat, [which is covering] both town halls.

2020, Lisa Lerer, “This Is Not the Debate We Wanted”, in The New York Times:

In transit from (one to the other, or connecting places).

ме́жду (méždu) (but often a different construction is used, and между here is sometimes considered nonstandard)

Between us all, we shall succeed.  We've only got £5 between us.

Between the leaky taps and the peeling wallpaper, there isn't much about this house to appeal to a buyer.

You must choose between him and me.

Some colour-blind people can't distinguish between red and green.

can be expressed by the elative case (-sta/-stä)

Between the food and the card games, this proved to be the best birthday party I have ever had.


sot

From Latin subtus, which is derived from Latin sub. Cognate to Ladin sot, Romansch sut, suot, Venetian sóto, Italian sotto, French sous, Romanian sub, supt.


following

Following the meeting, we all had a chat.


before

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Inherited from Middle English before／bifore, from Old English beforan, from be- + foran (“before”), from fore, from Proto-Germanic *furai, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“front”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian befoar (“before”), German Low German bevör (“before”), German bevor (“before”).

inh+

I want this done before Monday.

We made an odd party before the arrival of the Ten, particularly when the Celebrity dropped in for lunch or dinner.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

He stood before me.

We sat before the fire to warm ourselves.

His angel, who shall go / Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire.

1667, John Milton, “Book XII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

He tried to persuade Cicely to stay away from the ball-room for a fourth dance.[…]But she said she must go back, and when they joined the crowd again[…]she found her mother standing up before the seat on which she had sat all the evening searching anxiously for her with her eyes, and her father by her side.

1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter I, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:

The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.

2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

He performed before the troops in North Africa.

He spoke before a joint session of Congress.

The case laid before the panel aroused nothing but ridicule.

If a suit be begun before an archdeacon[…]

1726, John Ayliffe, Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani:

Under consideration, judgment, authority of (someone).

пред

under consideration, judgment, authority of

Your whole life is before you.

The golden age[…]is before us.

1831, Thomas Carlyle, “The Phœnix”, in Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh. […], London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, 3rd book, page 164:

There is an Eternity behind thee as well as one before. Hast thou bewailed the aeons that passed without thee, who art so much afraid of the aeons that shall pass?

1905, Lord Dunsany [i.e., Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany], The Gods of Pegāna, London: [Charles] Elkin Mathews, […], →OCLC, page 76:

In store for, in the future of (someone).

In alphabetical order, "cat" comes before "dog", "canine" before feline".

In front of, according to a formal system of ordering items.

قَبْلَ

in front of according to an ordering system

An entrepreneur puts market share and profit before quality, and amateur intrinsic qualities before economical considerations.

He that cometh after me is preferred before me.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 1:15:

At a higher or greater position than, in a ranking.

пред

at a higher or greater position in a subjective ranking


lil

lili (first-person singular)
lilna (first-person plural)
lilek (second-person singular)
lilkom (plural second-person)
lilu (masculine singular third-person)
lilha (feminine singular third-person)
lilhom (plural third-person)
liċ- · lid- · lin- (definite feminine masculine xemxin-assimilation)
liċ- · lid- · lin- (definite singular xemxin-assimilation)
liċ- · lid- · lin- (definite xemxin-assimilation)
liċ- · lid- · lin- (definite feminine masculine singular xemxin-assimilation)
lir- · lis- · lit- · (definite feminine masculine xemxin-assimilation)
lir- · lis- · lit- · (definite singular xemxin-assimilation)
lir- · lis- · lit- · (definite xemxin-assimilation)
lir- · lis- · lit- · (definite feminine masculine singular xemxin-assimilation)
lix- · liz- · liż- (definite feminine masculine xemxin-assimilation)
lix- · liz- · liż- (definite singular xemxin-assimilation)
lix- · liz- · liż- (definite xemxin-assimilation)
lix- · liz- · liż- (definite feminine masculine singular xemxin-assimilation)
lill- (qamrin-unassimilation)

From Arabic لِ (li). The final -l may be due to backformation from the personal forms, themselves derived by reduplication. Compare Moroccan Arabic ليل (līl, “for”), North Levantine Arabic لإلي (laʔilli, “to me”), لإلك (laʔillak, “to you”), etc., reduplicated personal forms of ل (la). And compare a similar backformation from the personal forms in Maltese lejn.

cog

Għafastha għax emozzjonata ħafna u għandi bżonn kbir li nħoss lil xi ħadd qrib tiegħi.

2018, Antoinette Borg, Amina, Merlin Publishers, →ISBN:

u lili firdu minn mal-art għal dejjem,
u jien sfajt blata u gżira l-aktar ċkejkna,
bi ftit faqqiegħ u ftit gremxul sewdieni
ngħix ħajja waħdi.

1949, Anton Buttigieg, “Il-Ġebla tal-Ġeneral”, in Fanali bil-Lejl:


pos

Borrowed from Latin post (with the t dropped so not to interfere with posto (“postal service, post, mail”)), Russian после (posle).

Ni drinkis kelka biri pos la ludo.


lig

Derived from lýgus (“flat, even, equal”); the shortening of the long *ī sound (the y in lýgus) is perhaps due to influence from the synonymous ikì. Cognate with Latvian lidz (“like; till; as soon as, until”).


bag

From Old Norse bak n (“back”), from Proto-Germanic *baką, cognate with Norwegian bak, Swedish bak, English back. The preposition is a shortening of Old Norse á bak (“on the back of”), compare English back from aback, from Old English onbæc.


sin

lad-prep

sin (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling סין)


sin

Ladino: sin

Spanish: sin

Vio puertas abiertas e uços sin cannados

He saw open doors and gates without locks


sin

From Old Spanish sin, from Latin sine. Cognate with English sans, French sans, Italian senza, and Portuguese sem.


round

From Middle English round, rounde, from Old Northern French roünt, rund, Old French ront, runt, reont ( > French rond), from both Late Latin retundus and the original Latin rotundus. The noun developed partly from the adjective and partly from the corresponding French noun rond. Doublet of rotund.

I look round the room quickly to make sure it's neat.

The serpent Error twines round human hearts.

1782, William Cowper, The Progress of Error:

The farmer fed his cow hay all the year round.

(used postpositively, rare in US) Alternative form of around


upside

Ruth Ann clenched her hand around the hairbrush and felt like smacking Ashley upside the head with it. She knew better than to talk that way.


long

From English along. Equivalent to Cantonese 同 (tung⁴) grammatically.


long

Bihaen hemi finisim skul blong hem, hemi go minista long sios long ples blong hem long 'Areo.

1988, Geoffrey Miles White, Bikfala faet: olketa Solomon Aelanda rimembarem Wol Wo Tu, page 75:


long

These lights must rise in the sky to cast light toward the ground.

Used to mark spatial direct objects that something is oriented in the manner of, where English would use to, toward, into, or onto

Used to mark spatial direct objects that something is oriented in the location of, where English would use in, at, on, or near

And God made a good speech to give strength to them. He said to them: "You varied things of the ocean, you must multiply and fill every part of the sea. And you birds, you must multiply on earth.

Used to mark indirect objects, or direct objects of intransitive verbs, where English would use to

Then God made a woman out of that bone he had taken from the man, and later he brought the woman to go to the man.

Used to mark spatial direct objects that something is oriented in the manner opposite of, extracted from, or away from, where English would use from or out of

And the Lord God said to the snake: "You did a bad deed, and so I have a powerful curse for you. You will have a great weight. The wight you carry will exceed that of any all animals. Now, and for all times, you will only walk on your stomach. And you will eat the dirt of the earth.

Used to mark temporal direct objects in which a condition lasts for a certain duration of time, where English would use for

And God said to Adam: "You listened to what your woman said, and you ate a fruit of this tree which I have forbidden you from eating. And so I will now corrupt the earth, and food will not grow well enough. You will work very hard forever to make food grow in the ground.

Used to mark a verb whose subject is the direct object of another verb, where English would use to or from


v

England v Scotland

(UK and Commonwealth except Canada, Ireland) Abbreviation of versus.


v

Inherited from Old Czech v, ve, from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥.

On je v divadle.

in (inside, for an enclosed space) [with locative]

v šest hodin

v pátek

v roce 2007

v lednu

věřit v Boha

in (used after certain verbs) [with accusative]


v

Czech: v

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n) , from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥.

in (inside, for an enclosed space) (followed by the locative case)

vyjěti v boj

in (used after certain verbs) (followed by the accusative case)


v

(Kajkavian) on, in, at, during (in expressions concerning time) [with accusative]

(Kajkavian) in, during (in expressions concerning time) [with locative]


v

(answering question where) (with locative) in, inside, at

(answering question where to) (with accusative) to, into

(indicating a day) (with accusative) on, in, at, during (in expressions concerning time)

V tem aprilu je veliko deževalo.

V petih letih ni padla niti kapljica dežja.

Within five years not even a droplet of rain has fallen.

(indicating a month or period of time) (with locative) in, during


teen

From Dutch tegen, from Middle Dutch tegen, tjegen, from te jegen, the latter from Old Dutch gegin, from Proto-Germanic *gagin.


r

desc

Demotic: r, jw, jr⸗, r.r⸗, r.ḥr⸗, r.jr⸗, r.j.jr⸗

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲗⲁ⸗ (ela⸗)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲁ- (a-)

Old Coptic: ⲁ- (a-), ⲁⲣⲁ⸗ (ara⸗)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉ- (e-), ⲉⲣⲟ⸗ (ero⸗)

Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, until, near”).

regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to

(with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb

(with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards

(in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for

roles; or functions; roles; or functions

(after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to

(generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as

(with a verb in the terminative as object) until


ano

Middle High German: âne, ân

Alemannic German: ooni, ohni, ouni

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: ane

Central Franconian: ohne, ohni, ohnt

Luxembourgish: ouni

East Central German: ohne

Vilamovian: ona

German: ohne

Yiddish: אָן (on)


ano

Middle Low German: āne

Low German: ahn


du

du (mutation mutation-radical)
du (mutation mutation-nasal)
ndu (mutation)


san

From Old French san, alternative form of senz.


san

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

inh

san anmoch

san fhad-ùine

san t-seanchas

san achadh bhuan


far

Wennergren (canonical)
Bertilo “Neoficialaj rolvortetoj” (canonical)

Back-formation from fari (“to do, to make”).

back-form

John's book by Shakespeare

in Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko

government of the people, by the people, and for the people

regado de la popolo, far la popolo, kaj por la popolo


far

thuit e far eich


bi

bi (prepositional)
bi (adverb postpositional)
hierbi
dorbi
wobi
enerwegens bi
nargens bi
överall bi

From Old Saxon bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi.

Bi us is dat ümmer Feest.

Wi wahnt in en Huus bi de Meer.

Dat weer üm bi so'n twintig Johr vör.

around, about (often in combination with üm)


bi

Alternative form of b’: used before a consonant cluster


bi

Dutch: bij

Limburgish: bie

From Old Dutch bi, from Proto-West Germanic *bī.


bi

desctree

Middle Dutch: bi
Dutch: bij
Limburgish: bie


bi

Middle English: by, be, bi
English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
Yola: bee, bie, be, by

From Proto-West Germanic *bī (“near, by, around, about”).

inh

by, in various senses:
based on, according to


bi

Alemannic German:

Alsatian: bii

German: bei

Vilamovian: by

Yiddish: בײַ (bay)

From Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, whence also Old English bi.


bi

Low German: bi, by

From Proto-West Germanic *bī, whence also Old English bi.


bi

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bī
Old English: bi, be
Middle English: by, be, bi
English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
Yola: bee, bie, be, by
Old Frisian: bi, be
North Frisian: bi
Saterland Frisian: bie
West Frisian: by
Old Saxon: bi, bī
Middle Low German: bi
Low German: bi
→ Swedish: bi
Old Dutch: bī
Middle Dutch: bi
Dutch: bij
Limburgish: bie
Old High German: bī, pī
Middle High German: bī
Alemannic German: bii
German: bei
Vilamovian: by
Yiddish: בײַ (bay)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹 (bi)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁pi, zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi, with voicing due to Verner's law. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on, at”).

near, around [with accusative or dative]


t

(text messaging, informal) Abbreviation of til (“to”).


t

t kiero wapo
luv u sxy

(text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of te.


door

door (prepositional)
door (adverb postpositional)
erdoor
hierdoor
daardoor
waardoor
ergens door
nergens door
overal door

Afrikaans: deur

Berbice Creole Dutch: doro

Jersey Dutch: dœr

Negerhollands: door

Petjo: door

Skepi Creole Dutch: door

Sranan Tongo: doro

Aukan: doo

Kwinti: doo, doro

Saramaccan: dóu

→ Kari'na: dorome

→ Caribbean Javanese: dhur, dhur-dhuran

→ Papiamentu: dor

From Middle Dutch dōre, from Old Dutch thuro, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw.

Hij schoot de bal door het raam.

Dolenthousiast rende het hondje door de kamer.

Very enthusiastically the puppy ran around the room.

Door files kan ik niet op tijd komen.

Because of traffic jams I'm unable to arrive on time.

Hij vermeed een confrontatie door de andere kant op te lopen.

He avoided a confrontation by walking the other way.


by

→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)

From Middle English by, bi, from Old English bī (“by; near; around”), from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi (“near; by; around; about”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognate with West Frisian by (“by; near”), Afrikaans by (“at; by; near”), Saterland Frisian bie (“near; by”), Dutch bij (“near; by”), German Low German bi (“by; near; at”), German bei (“by; near; at”).

inh

тарафынан (tarafınan) (used in postposition)

ἐν (en) (+ dative, inanimate instrument)

nominative + ablative (e.g. talo talolta "house by house")

bye

archaic for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection

The mailbox is by the bus stop.

The stream runs by our back door.

He ran straight by me.

From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.

Be back by ten o'clock!.

We'll find someone by the end of March.

We will send it by the first week of July.

Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).

The matter was decided by the chairman.

The boat was swamped by the water.

He was protected by his body armour.

Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenetting by Pablo Hernandez.

2011 September 28, Jon Smith, “Valencia 1-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of.

There was a call by the unions for a 30% pay rise.

I was aghast by what I saw.

In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour by the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred […].

1874, Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109

(not in common modern use) Following an adjective.

There are many well-known plays by William Shakespeare

Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.

I avoided the guards by moving only when they weren't looking.

By Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hypotenuse.

We went by bus.

I discovered it by chance.

By 'maybe' she means 'no'.

The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.

"I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal.[…]"

1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:

Players: Can we get there by candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.

1945, Neva L. Boyd, Handbook of Recreational Games, Dover, published 1975, →ISBN, page 16:

By the light of the moon, / by the light of a star / they walked all night

1960, Dr. Seuss, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish:

Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.

By the power vested in me, I now pronounce you man and wife.

Indicates an authority according to which something is done.

By Jove! I think she's got it!

By all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.

By yonder moon I swear you do me wrong

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

'By my soul! I believe something bad has happened me,' he muttered, and popped up his window, and looked out, half dreaming over the church-yard on the park beyond […]

1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:

-ra

(indicates an oath) with the authority of

I sorted the items by category.

Table 1 shows details of our employees broken down by sex and age.

Indicates a means of classification or organisation.

podle

indicating means of classification or organisation

Our stock is up by ten percent.

His date of birth was wrong by ten years.

Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy

o

indicating amount of change, difference or discrepancy

We went through the book page by page.

We crawled forward by inches.

In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another.

sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross

He drinks brandy by the bucketful!

(with the) Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically)

His health was deteriorating by the day.

The pickers are paid by the bushel.

He cheated by his own admission.

By my reckoning, we should be nearly there.

Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions of letterd and philoſophical men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each other by their own tenents ; when both of them cannot be in the right, and it is well if either of them are.

1722, William Wollaston, “Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.”, in The Religion of Nature Delineated, page 81:

Indicates a referenced source: According to.

It is easy to invert a 2-by-2 matrix.

The room was about 4 foot by 6 foot.

The bricks used to build the wall measured 10 by 20 by 30 cm.

Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.

-e (quantity of the first dimension in the dative)

She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.

(horse breeding) Designates a horse's male parent (sire); cf. out of.


by

From Dutch bij, from Middle Dutch bi, from Old Dutch bī.


by

by某現任立委本人所說

by某现任立委本人所说


by

desctree

English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)

Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'

Yola: bee, bie, be, by

Inherited from Old English bī, from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


by

From Middle English by, from Old English bi, from Proto-West Germanic *bī. Cognates include English by and Yola bee.

Archie was auld by me.

1894, Robert Hunter, A Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant:


by

By âlds


by

At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 84:

Many a bra draught by Tommeen was ee-maate;

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 6, page 86:


pour

Inherited from Middle French pour, from Old French por, pur, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō.

J’ai un cadeau pour toi.

for (meant for, intended for) (followed by a noun or pronoun)

Pourquoi voter pour lui ?

Il faut le punir pour ses crimes.

Sébastien est parti pour Londres.
Sébastien left for London.

Je veux chanter pour te faire revenir.

Comment faire pour tuer mes démons ?

to (to bring about an intended result) (followed by a verb in the infinitive)

Pour moi, ce film est trop irréaliste.


pour

French: pour

Dieu le scet que ie ne le faisoye se non pour bien & pour Dieu & pour franchise avoir

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 41:

God knows that I did for good, for God and to have freedom

for (indicates an intended aim or recipient)


pour

From Old French por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō.


k

Inherited from Old Czech k, from Proto-Slavic *kъ(n).

Šel jsem si k bratrovi pro půjčku.

Měla bys jít k lékařovi.

to, toward, towards (movement towards a person)

V jedné chvíli jsem si uvědomila, že jdu směrem k domu.

At some point, i found myself walking towards the house.

to (in the direction of rather than a destination)

takže jsem vstala a šla k oknu.

Od nevyšších k nejnižším.

Co si dáš k obědu?

něco k jídlu.

všechno zlé je k něčemu dobré.


k

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *kom.


go

Short form of gon (“to, towards”). Particle served originally as a preposition (prespositions gon, gan still do). Cognate to (particle/preposition) Alemannic German ga, ge, gi, gu, etc. From Middle High German gon (gan, gen), from Old High German gagan, from Proto-Germanic *gagin. Cognate to German gen (“to, towards”), gegen (“against, towards”), Dutch tegen, English gain, gain-, again, against, Icelandic gegn.
Not to be confused with the verb go (“to go”) (gaa, goo, etc.).

I(ch) gang go (ga, gi, etc.) Bäärn.

I(ch) gang go (ga, gi, etc.) Züri.

(dated) to, towards (indicating a direction; nowaday often replaced by uf, nach)

to (used a verb preposition; in combination with verbs and often reduplicated. See particle for more)


go

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”), Russian ко (ko, “to”).

inh

dul go Meiriceá

Fáilte go hÉirinn

go leor

enough, plenty, galore (literally, “until plenty”)

go fóill

still, yet, till later, in a while, later on


gain

From dialectal English gen, gin, short for again, agen (“against”); also Middle English gain, gayn, gein, ȝæn (“against”), from Old English gēan, geġn (“against”). More at against.


gain

English: gain (obsolete)

Scots: gain, gin

From Old English ġeġn, gæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *gagin, from Proto-Germanic *gagin; also influenced by Old Norse gegn, from the same Proto-Germanic form. Doublet of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”).

doublet

(figurative) against, opposed to, counter to, opposing (usually used in religious and spiritual contexts)


w

Abbreviations.
w
# (stenoscript) the sound sequence /aʊ̯/.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of we.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of were.
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of who and its inflection whom.

ng

and its inflection <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">whom</i>.

Alternative form: w/

This was supposed 2 be a SURPRISE, but the girls got it out of me. ☺ I wanted all of us 2 spend Xmas 2gether. By all, I mean r horses 2. Sooo . . . B, C, G, Z, & D, you have guests waiting @ BC. Zane, Valentino, Scout, Nero, & Polo r there! Now we can ride r horses when we r not volunteering & spend Xmas w them. ☺

2013, Jessica Burkhart, Home for Christmas (Canterwood Crest; Super Special), New York, NY: Aladdin M!X, →ISBN, page 44:

(Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of with.

When Sharon took the Enneagram test, she came out as a 3w2.


w

denotes an amount or number; in, as, in a group of


w

Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Slavic language

From Proto-Slavic *vъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

we

before labial consonants and consonant clusters


w

Polish: w

Silesian: w

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n). First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

etydate

denotes illative movement; into [with accusative]

denotes contact because of movement, i.e. to bump into something [with accusative]

denotes allative movement; to, towards [with accusative]

used in temporal constructions to create adverbs from nouns [with accusative]

denotes a goal or aim; for [with accusative or locative]

denotes function; in the role of; as [with accusative or locative]

denotes a manner; in [with accusative or locative]

denotes instrumental usage [with accusative or locative]

used with some nouns to denote physical or temporal measure [with accusative or locative]

denotes the amount of participants [with accusative]

denotes a change of state; into [with accusative]

denotes the intended addressee of a statement; at [with accusative or locative]

used in some syntactical constructions with verbs [with accusative]

denotes inessive position; in [with locative]

denotes position in time; in [with locative]

denotes cause; because of [with locative]

used in some noun constructions to denote "in the pattern of" [with locative]


w

Od roku mieszkam we Francji.

On siedzi w więzieniu za morderstwo.

Widziałam cię wczoraj w pociągu.

denotes inessive position; in, at, on [with locative]

Urodziłem się w czerwcu.

W niedzielę zawsze chodzimy do kościoła.

W zeszłym roku podróżowaliśmy po Europie.

+obj

denotes position in time; in, on [with locative or (sometimes) accusative]

Byłem w szoku po wypadku.

Kupił dziewczynie naszyjnik w postaci serca.

He bought his girlfriend a necklace in the shape of a heart.

Musi być coś, w czym jesteś dobry?

denotes approximate position; at [with locative]

Włożył koszulę w spodnie.

Uderzyłem go prosto w twarz.

Skręć w lewo za pocztą.

Turn (to the) left after the post office.

denotes illative movement; into, in, to [with accusative]

Stary młyn przekształcono w nowoczesne mieszkania.

They turned the old mill into modern apartments.

Pokrój ziemniaki w małe kawałki.

koszula w kratkę

geopard w cętki.

Miała na sobie długą, granatową suknię w złote gwiazdki.

She was wearing a long, dark blue dress decorated with little gold stars.

used in some noun constructions to denote "in the pattern of" decorated with [with accusative]

Cały egzamin skończyłem w godzinę.

I finished the whole exam within an hour.

denotes length of time; within, in the space of, in [with accusative]

Zróbmy coś fajnego, tylko w dwójkę.

Let's do something fun, just the two of us.

Byliśmy w piątkę.

We were in a group of five/There were five of us.

W tę grę można grać w cztery osoby.

denotes an amount or number; in, as, in a group of [with accusative]


w

denotes a position or post, or a position in a social hierarchy; in [with locative]

denotes worn item; dressed in [with locative]

denotes position in time; in, on [with locative]


w

denotes position in time; in, on [with accusative]


m

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

Often suggested to be cognate to Hebrew בְּ־ (bə-), Arabic بِـ (bi-); however, more recent scholarship disputes this on phonological grounds, as Egyptian m is not held to regularly correspond with Semitic *b by either the traditional school of Egyptian comparison or the Rösslerian school.

(with most verbs of motion) from within, out of, from

(of contents, e.g. of a group) consisting of, comprising

in the capacity of, in the role of, as, being

(with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic imperfective of a verb


h

often colloquially or when trying to stress it, considered incorrect by Slovenski pravopis

From Proto-Slavic *kъ 'to', which is itself probably from Proto-Indo-European *k^(u̯)u 'where'. This form is a spirantization of k, which appeared to ease the pronunciation.


n

Cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⵏ (n, “of”) and Proto-Semitic *lV-, whence Hebrew לְ־ (lə-, “to, for, of”) and Arabic لِـ (li-, “to, for, belonging to”).


n

From Proto-Berber *n, from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⵏ (n), see there for more.

azemz n tlalit

Ttmeslayeɣ snat n tutlayin.

di useggas n 2021
in 2021
(literally, “in year of 2021”)


n

inu (feminine first-person masculine singular)
nneɣ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
nnec (masculine second-person singular)
nnem (feminine second-person singular)
nwem (masculine plural second-person)
nkent (feminine plural second-person)
nnes (feminine masculine singular third-person)
nsen (masculine plural third-person)
nsent (feminine plural third-person)

taddart n tmɣart

yeǧi-s n waryaz-nni

genitive marker
indicates possession: of, -'s

tiḥenjirin n Arif

indicates the relationship of a noun and their place of origin

Mimun n Ɛmar
Mimun the son of Umar.

indicates a relationship between family members: son of, daughter of

arbɛa n tfunasin


d

(text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of de.


s

Inherited from Old Czech s, se, from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

setkat se s někým

chléb s máslem

s pozdravem

dolů z/s kopce

(dated, literary) down from, off [with genitive]

(obsolete) enough for, stronger than, above [with accusative]

být s to

seč

kdo s koho

enough for, stronger than, above
today only found in these phrases


s

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom.

raditi s nekim

svađati se s nekim

ratovati s nekim

d(j)evojka s plavom kosom

s godinama dolazi mudrost

s ljubavlju

pozdraviti se jedno s drugim

Gledam živu, tesnu ulicu, ograđenu visokim zidovima, s velikim kapijama i razgranatim drvećem, koje se pruža, te je kiti zelenom.

1898, Vojislav Stanković, “Đurđevdan”, in Stari Dani, page 1:

I look at lively, narrow streets, high fenced walls, with large gates and branched trees, which stretch, and adorn it with green.

with, together with, along with [with instrumental]

pao sam sa stabla.

s druge strane

sa zapada

s leđa

promatrati s prozora

ljudi s planine

s tog razloga

(proscribed, shortening of iz tog) (+ genitive case) because of (= iz, zbȍg)

Šta/što je s tobom?

s vremenom

Tako su se i ovde, s vremenom, rojile kuće i množila naselja na oba kraja mosta.

1942-1945, Ivo Andrić, chapter 1, in Na Drini Ćuprija:

Here also in time the houses crowded together and the settlemnts multiplied at both ends of the bridge.

miscellaneous prepositional senses in phrases that employ a connection [with instrumental]


s

before voiced and sonorous consonants and vowels

Tancujem s tebou.

Gazda vystrojil mu krásny pohreb s kňazom.

The farmer held a beautiful funeral with a priest for him.


s

Alternative form of z, used before a voiceless consonant


s

ixeddem s ufus

tessiweř s Tmaziɣt

expresses the means or cause: by means of, with (instrumental)

iffeɣ s ǧiret, idwer-d s wass

instrumental marker
used to express temporal expressions

udfen s sebɛa

instrumental marker
used in numeral constructions


z

Mir wonen z Züri.


z

Das isch z vill.