ab-

From Latin ab-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”) (English off, of). See Proto-Indo-European *apo-. Doublet of apo- and off-.

a-

found if the root word started with m, p, or v

abs-

found if the root word started with c or t

ab- + sorb → absorb

ab- + normal → abnormal

ab- + axial → abaxial


ab-

(physics) A unit of electromagnetic charge in the centimeter-gram-second system: the abcoulomb.


ab-

From ab, from Middle High German abe, ab, from Old High German ab, from Proto-West Germanic *ab(a), from Proto-Germanic *ab. Compare English off-.

ab- + fahren (“to drive”) → abfahren (“to depart, drive away”)

ab- + spülen (“to rinse, wash”) → abspülen (“to rinse off, wash off”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates removal or quitting, off, away.

ab- + tauchen (“to dive”) → abtauchen (“to submerge”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates a downward movement, down.

Separable verb prefix that indicates from or of.

ab- + Art (“kind, sort”) → Abart (“variety, variant, anomality”)

ab- + Gott (“God”) → Abgott (“idol; god other than the true God”)

ab- + Laut (“sound”) → Ablaut (“ablaut; vowel gradation or alternation”)

Noun prefix that indicates being different from the source or deviation.


ab-

From Dutch ab-, from Latin ab-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”).


ab-

From the preposition ab (“from, away from”).

abamita (“great-great-grandaunt”)

abavia (“great-great-grandmother”)

abavunculus (“great-great-granduncle”)

abavus (“great-great-grandfather”)

abmātertera (“great-great-grandaunt”)

abnepōs (“great-great-grandson”)

abneptis (“great-great-granddaughter”)

absocer (“great-great-grandfather-in-law”)


数

数百人


osteo-

Combining form of Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”).


osteo-

[ˌɔʃ.t͡ʃɪ.o]


pseudo-

(biology) Not a true, appearing like a true


pseudo-

From Middle English pseudo- (but uncommon before Modern English), from Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”).

pseud-

found before vowels, as in pseudepigraphic


pseudo-

Internationalism (see English pseudo-), ultimately from Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs).


pseudo-

From Ancient Greek ψευδο- (pseudo-, “false”), from Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”).

pseudo-langue

pseud-

found before vowels, as in pseudesthésie


pseudo-

Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”)


pseudo-

From Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “lying, false”).


pseudo-

pseudociência


a-

From the Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”).

Used to form taxonomic names indicating a lack of some feature that might be expected


a-

From Middle English a- (“up, out, away”), from Old English ā-, originally *ar-, *or-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out-”), from Proto-Indo-European *uds- (“up, out”). Cognate with Old Saxon a-, German er-.

arise, await

(no longer productive) Forming verbs with the sense away, up, on, out.

abide, amaze

(no longer productive) Forming verbs with the sense of intensified action.


a-

* From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an (“on”), from Old English an (“on”).
* See a (preposition, on, to, in, etc.)

aglow, apace, afire, aboil, a-bling, abluster

(rare or no longer productive) In, on, at; used to show a state, condition, or manner. Also passing into sense 2.

asunder

(no longer productive) In, into. Also passing into sense 5.

astern, abeam

Come a-morning we are going hunting.

hits a-poppin

doins a-transpirin [doings a-transpiring]

1777, Thomas Arne, A-Hunting We Will Go:

The twelfth day of Christmas,
My true love sent to me
Twelve lords a-leaping,
…
Eight maids a-milking,
Seven swans a-swimming,
Six geese a-laying,

circa 1850, Here We Come A-wassailing/Here We Come A-caroling
Here we come a-wassailing
Among the leaves so green;
Here we come a-wand’ring
So fair to be seen.

Oh waste no words a-wooing
The soft sleep to your bed;

1939, Alfred Edward Housman, Additional Poems, XIII, lines 6-7:

The order is rapidly fadin'
And the first one now will later be last
For the times they are a-changin'

1964, Bob Dylan, "The Times They Are a-Changin' " (recorded 1963, released 1964)

If the van’s a-rockin’, don’t come a-knockin’.

(archaic or dialectal) In the act or process of. Used in some dialects before a present participle.


a-

From Middle English a-, a variant form of y-, from Old English ġe-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with”).

aware, alike

Alternative form of y- (archaic and dialectal) In dialect, it is sometimes conflated with sense 5 of the previous definition, and is used as a general indicator of a participle.

y-

I have a-gone.

I have a-seen a bird.

(Devon) Used to form the past participle of a verb.


a-

From Anglo-Norman a-, from Old French e-, from Latin ex-.

abash

(no longer productive) Forming words with the sense of wholly, or utterly out.


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately followed by a vowel).

amoral, asymmetry, atheism, asexual, acyclic, atypical

When invited to believe in the Chimaera, the horse-centaurs, or the winged horse Pegasus, all of them straightforward Pelasgian cult-symbols, a philosopher felt bound to reject them as a-zoölogical improbabilities ….

1948 (revised 1952), Robert Graves, The White Goddess, Faber & Faber 1999, page 7

If aroused outside the proper outlet of marriage, [female lust] could range out of control, turning its possessor into an a-feminine monster: that is what happened to fallen women.

2012, Faramerz Dabhoiwala, The Origins of Sex, Penguin, published 2013, page 191:


a-

From Middle English a-, from Middle French a-, from Latin ad (“towards”).

ascend, aspire, amass, abandon, avenue

(no longer productive) Towards; Used to indicate direction, reduction to, increase to, change into, or motion.


a-

avert, aperient, abridge, assoil, assoilzie


a-

From Middle English a-, o- (“of”). See a (preposition, of).

anew, afresh, athirst


a-

A-tisket a-tasket,
A green and yellow basket

Alternative form of -a (“empty syllable added to songs, poetry, verse and other speech”)


a-

a-be, a-going

Let that choilt a-be, wilt ta. ― Let that child alone, will you.

(Chester) Used as a prefix to verbs in the sense of remaining in the same condition. Actively doing something.


a-

prefix attached to words relating to the mouth, such as the names of languages


a-

a- + moral (“moral”) → amoral (“amoral”)


a-

a- + feble (“weak”) → afeblir (“to weaken”)

a- + sabor (“taste”) → assaborir (“to taste”)

used to make verbs from adjectives and nouns


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).


a-

From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an (“on”), from Old English an (“on”).

The hay is a-cutting now. You're a-wanting.

Used to show a state, condition, or manner.


a-

Internationalism (see English a-), ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).


a-

Attaches to verbs, sometimes adding a sense of "toward".


a-

Inherited from Old French a-, from Latin ad-.

A prefix forming words, especially verbs, that denote entering a state, making progress toward a goal, or the like.


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.


a-

From Old Galician-Portuguese a-, from Latin ad-.

a- + curto (“short”) + -ar → acurtar (“to shorten”)

added to adjective X, forms verbs meaning to make/turn X

a- + fervor (“passion”) + -ar → afervoar (“to excite”)

added to noun X, forms verbs meaning to cause or make X or to cause something to have X


a-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.


a-

From Sanskrit अ- (a-, “un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *a-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.
* Reinforced as borrowing from Dutch a-, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (form ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel), from Proto-Hellenic *ə-, from the same Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.


a-

ai-

before a palatalized consonant, both etymologies


a-

a- + scandere (“climb”) → ascendere (“climb up, go up; rise, spring up”)

a- + scrībere (“write”) → ascrībere (“state in writing, add in writing; insert; appoint, enroll, enfranchise, reckon, number”)

a- + spīrāre (“breathe”) → aspīrāre (“breathe or blow upon; am favorable to, assist, favor, aid; aspire or desire (to); approach, come near (to)”)

a- + specere (“observe, look at”) → aspicere (“look at or towards, behold; regard, respect; observe, notice; examine, inspect; consider, ponder”)

a- + stringere (“press, tighten, compress”) → astringere (“draw close, bind or tie together; tighten, contract; check, restrain; oblige, necessitate”)

a- + struere (“compose, construct, build; ready, prepare; place, arrange”) → astruere (“build near or to a thing, erect; build on, heap; build an additional structure”)

(Before a word beginning with sc, sp or st) Alternative form of ad-


a-

Via other European languages, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).

a- + seksuāls → aseksuāls


a-

(unproductive) Used to form a few adverbs signifying a location or motion from or to above.


a-

Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «A», «a».ogg

From the first letter of the Norwegian alphabet a, from Latin a, from Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through the Etruscan language, from Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ), from Proto-Canaanite , from Proto-Sinaitic , from Egyptian 𓃾.

a- + lag → a-lag

indicating the first or best in something


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”), from Proto-Hellenic *ə- (“un-, not; without, lacking”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not, un-”). Doublet of u-.
Compare an- (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).

a- + politisk (“political”) → apolitisk (“apolitical”)

a- + sosial (“social”) → asosial (“asocial”)

a- + symmetrisk (“symmetrical”) → asymmetrisk (“asymmetrical”)

a- + gnostiker (“gnostic”) → agnostiker (“agnostic”)


a-

Clipping of atom-, from the noun atom (“atom”), from Ancient Greek ἄτομος (átomos, “indivisible, uncut, undivided”), whereas atombombe is a calque of English atomic bomb.

a- + bombe → a-bombe


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”).


a-

Middle English: a-

English: a-

From an earlier form ar-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old High German ar-, ir- (German er-).

āniman


a-

From Latin ad, which was often reduced to a- in compounds.

(by extension) indicating a change of state


a-

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


a-

Borrowed from Sanskrit अ- (a-, “un-, not”)


a-

From an earlier form ar-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old English a-, Old High German ar-, ir- (German er-).

forming words with the sense from, away, out, off, e.g. animan


a-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).

lbor

a- + społeczny → aspołeczny

forming words with the sense of negation, a-


a-

a- + vermelho (“red”) + -ar → avermelhar (“to redden”)

a- + baixo (“low”) + -ar → abaixar (“to lower”)

a- + pavor (“dread”) + -ar → apavorar (“to frighten”)

a- + fama (“fame”) + -ar → afamar (“to make famous”)


a-

Inherited from Classical Latin ad-, from the preposition ad (“to, towards”).


a-

From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an (“on”), from Old English an (“on”).

aback, agley, agrufe, athort, atween


a-

From Middle English a-, from Old English of- (“off”).

adoon


a-

adae, agae


a-

From Middle English a- (“up, out, away”), from Old English ā-, originally *ar-, *or-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out-”).

abide, arise


a-

From Middle English and-, from Old English and- (“against, back”), from Proto-Germanic *andi- (“across, opposite, against, away”).

inh

alang


a-

From Middle English a-, from Old English ane (“one”).

awhile


a-

aweel, alake


a-

From Middle English a-, from Middle French a-, from Latin ad (“towards”).

avise


a-

assoilzie


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“un-, not”), zero-grade form of *ne (“not”). Doublet of ne.

a- + sȍcijālan → ȁsocijālan

a- + simètrija → asimètrija

a- + brahija → abrahija

Prefix prepended to words to denote a negation, deprivation or absence of a property denoted by base word.


a-

forms words, especially verbs, that denote entering a state, making progress toward a goal, or the like


a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.


a-

she, he; 3rd person singular ([[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#M-wa class|m class_((I))]]) subject concord

For a full table including other classes


a-

Contraction of a- + -a- (“3rd person singular ([[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#M-wa class|m class_((I))]]) gnomic”).


a-

he, she, it; class 1 subject concord, used in the subjunctive and potential mood.


a-

Puntahan kita sa a-primero ng Marso.

Sahuran tuwing a-kinse ng bawat buwan.

A-treynta y uno kahapon.


a-

á- (canonical)
ᜀ (Baybayin)
Mindoro (dialectal)

forms contemplative aspect forms for verbs in the object or directional trigger


a-

a- + -kora (“to do”) → akora (“he/she does”)


a-

a- (mutation mutation-radical)
ha- (mutation prothesis-h)

a- + trist (“sad”) → athrist (“very sad, sorrowful”)

a- + traidd (“piercing, penetration”) → athraidd (“permeable”)

affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word


a-

ewü (first-person pronoun)
y- (first-person)
ü- (first-person)
u- (first-person)
w- (agent first-person transitive)
w- (agent-like first-person intransitive)
wi- (agent first-person transitive)
wi- (agent-like first-person intransitive)
küwü (dual first-person inclusive pronoun)
k- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
k- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
k- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
k- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
k- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
kü- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
kü- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
kü- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
kü- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
kü- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
ku- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
ku- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
ku- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
ku- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
ku- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
ki- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
ki- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
ki- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
ki- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
ki- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
k- (agent dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kii- (agent dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
ki- (agent dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
amödö (pronoun second-person)
ö- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
ö- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
ö- (patient second-person transitive)
ö- (possessive second-person)
ö- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
öy- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
öy- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
öy- (patient second-person transitive)
öy- (possessive second-person)
öy- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
ödh- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
ödh- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
ödh- (patient second-person transitive)
ödh- (possessive second-person)
ödh- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
o- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
o- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
o- (patient second-person transitive)
o- (possessive second-person)
o- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
oy- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
oy- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
oy- (patient second-person transitive)
oy- (possessive second-person)
oy- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
odh- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
odh- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
odh- (patient second-person transitive)
odh- (possessive second-person)
odh- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
a- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
a- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
a- (patient second-person transitive)
a- (possessive second-person)
a- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
ay- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
ay- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
ay- (patient second-person transitive)
ay- (possessive second-person)
ay- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
adh- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
adh- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
adh- (patient second-person transitive)
adh- (possessive second-person)
adh- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
m- (agent second-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
m- (agent-like intransitive second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
mi- (agent second-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
mi- (agent-like intransitive second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
nña (dual exclusive first-person pronoun)
y- (dual exclusive first-person)
dh- (dual exclusive first-person)
ch- (dual exclusive first-person)
i- (dual exclusive first-person)
chö- (direct-object dual exclusive first-person postpositional)
n- (agent dual exclusive first-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
n- (agent-like dual exclusive first-person intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
ni- (agent dual exclusive first-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
ni- (agent-like dual exclusive first-person intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
tüwü (pronoun third-person)
y- (third-person)
dh- (third-person)
ch- (third-person)
i- (third-person)
chö- (direct-object postpositional third-person)
n- (patient series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
ni- (patient series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
n- (agent series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
n- (agent-like intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument third-person)
ni- (agent series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
ni- (agent-like intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument third-person)
tüwü (distant-past past pronoun)
kün- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kün- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kun- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kun- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kin- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kin- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
ken- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
ken- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
küm- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
küm- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kum- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kum- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kim- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kim- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kini- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kini- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
t- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
t- (possessive reflexive)
t- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
tü- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
tü- (possessive reflexive)
tü- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
tu- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
tu- (possessive reflexive)
tu- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
ti- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
ti- (possessive reflexive)
ti- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
te- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
te- (possessive reflexive)
te- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
öö- (agent patient reciprocal transitive)
öö- (agent-like intransitive patient-like reciprocal)
öö- (direct-object postpositional reciprocal)
mön- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
man- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
mon- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möm- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möni- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
mön- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
man- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
mon- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möm- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möni- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
k- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
kü- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ku- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ki- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
k- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
kü- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ku- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ki- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)

allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix)

allomorph of ö- (second-person prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel a or e


a-

Originally a reduced form of la- (“general demonstrative”). Compare Swazi relative forms such as lesi-, which still keep the initial l-.


a-

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō-, from Proto-Indo-European *ō-. Compare Sanskrit आ- (ā-) (आनील (ānīla, “bluish”), नील (nīla, “blue”)), Ancient Greek ὠ- (ō-).

abrědъ, *abrędъ ← *brěd- / *bręd-

abolnь ← *bolna

agolvo ← *golva (“kill, killed”)

aduxa / *adušь (“dyspnea”) ← *duxati (“to breathe”) / *duxъ (“breath”) (cp. *zaduxa)

ašutь ← *šutъ / *šutiti

avorъ ← *vorъ (cp. *zavorъ < *zaverti)

apadь ← *pasti (cp. *zapadь)

adera ← *derti / *derǫ

avidь?, *avida?

avodь?

arębъ?

askǫdь?


a-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *a-

Sanskrit: अ- (a-) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Proto-Iranian: *a-, *an-
Avestan: 𐬀 (a)
Old Persian: 𐎠 (a)
Middle Persian: (/a-/)
Manichaean script: 𐫀 (ʾ)
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾ)


a-

Avestan: 𐬀 (a)

Old Persian: 𐎠 (a)

Middle Persian: (/a-/)

Manichaean script: 𐫀 (ʾ)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *a-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

(added to nouns) not, un-, non-; lacking, -less


die

Appropriation of English die for a homophone.

(slang, humorous) Alternative spelling of 大 (dai)


te

Mohawk: te-

Cayuga: de-


CL

(aviation) the prefix for Canadair manufactured aircraft model numbers


いく

生, 活: (attaches to nouns) vigorous, lively, powerful

幾: (attaches to nouns) implies an indeterminate amount: several, many, much, a lot


あい

ai- (romanization)
afi- (romanization)
あひ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese stem form of verb あう (au): to meet, to be together, etc.

相手

兄弟はいつも相戦うものだ。

Brothers (siblings) will always fight (with each other).

used in official or epistolary writings for elegance or politeness


愛

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).
The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal

before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved


青

青 (canonical)
ao- (romanization)
awo- (romanization)
あを (hiragana historical)

/sawo/ (uncertain, may be compound as opposed to root) → /awo/ → /ao/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *awo.
Appears as the latter part in older compounds with an -s- infix or prefix. It is unclear if this leading /s/ is indicative of an earlier form (sawo), or if this was an addition for euphony to avoid vowel clusters, or for other reasons. This /s/ is also seen in 雨(あめ) (ame, “rain”, becoming same in old compounds) and 稲(いね) (ine, “rice”, becoming shine in old compounds).
Given that this /s/ only ever appears interstitially, and given the semantics, this /s/ may be cognate with Korean interfix ㅅ (-s-) used to mark possession; compare German -s-.


song

Sino-Vietnamese word from 雙 (“double; pair”).

vi-etym-sino

song đấm

twin punches; punches performed with both hands


赤

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *aka.


漢

Daijisen
Edo period
Gaya confederacy
Kyūjitai
Shinjitai
ja:松村明

From Old Japanese.
Originally referred to the Gaya confederacy, an independent state in the south of the Korean peninsula in the years 42–562 CE. Over time, the meaning extended to refer in general to the Korean peninsula and China, expanding further just before and during the Edo period to refer to foreign lands in general.

漢詩、唐歌、唐揚げ、漢音

Chinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), “Chinese voice” → the kan'on or Chinese-derived reading for a character

element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands


ま

From Old Japanese. Attested since at least the Kojiki of 712 CE.

真心

one's real mind, one's real thoughts and feelings about something

真白

真上

真: definitely, certainly, exactly, precisely, directly

真竹

真: true, real, main (appended to words for animals or plants to indicate the representative type)

真熊野

真: (archaic, possibly obsolete, honorific) great, excellent


姫

⟨pi₁ me₁⟩ → */pʲimʲe/ → /fime/ → /hime/
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 日 (hi, “sun”, a prefix or appellation used in reference to the imperial family) + 女 (me, “female person: girl, woman”).


self-

From Middle English self-, silf-, seolf-, from Old English self-, sylf-, seolf-, from Proto-Germanic *selba-, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz (“self”). Cognate with Dutch zelf- (“self-”), German Low German sülvst- (“self-”), German selbst- (“self-”), Swedish själv- (“self-”), Icelandic sjálf- (“self-”). More at self.


self-

Middle English: self-, sylf-, seolf-

English: self-

self- + cwalu (“killing”) → selfcwalu (“suicide”)

self- + -dōm (“-dom”) → selfdōm (“independence”)

self- + -wille (“willing”) → selfwille (“voluntary”)


今

Early Middle Japanese
Early Modern Japanese
Kojiki
Late Middle Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Old Japanese language

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *ima.

今世紀最大の危機

今シーズン


bra

Borrowed from Sanskrit वर (vara, “best; excellent; foremost; holy; precious; top; valuable; etc.”) (Doublet of awara (“screen”) and wara (“favour, gift”)). Compare Khmer ព្រះ (prĕəh), Thai พระ (prá).


空

空箱

空振り

空元気


水

水 (canonical)
mizu- (romanization)
midu- (romanization)
みづ (hiragana historical)

⟨mi₁du⟩ → */mʲidu/ → /mid͡zu/ → /mizu/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *mentu. Ryukyuan cognates support the existence of the first vowel having an initial mid vowel.
Possibly cognate with 瑞 (mizu, “freshness, youth”).
Possible cognate with Proto-Tungusic *mū, Jurchen 木克 (mu-ke /muke/), Manchu ᠮᡠᡴᡝ (muke), Goguryeo 買 (*me, “river; water”), Mongolian мөрөн (mörön, “river”), Korean 물 (mul, “water”).


乙

Kojiki
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Cognate with the initial oto- in 劣る (otoru, “to be less than; to be younger than”), 落とす (otosu, “to drop something”). Also the first element in 弟 (otōto, “younger brother”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712.
This is distinct from the initial oto- in 乙女(おとめ) (otome), which can instead be traced to an earlier woto- root, cognate with 復(を)つ (wotu).

applied to a noun denoting a person, or to a person's name:


一

*/pʲitə/ → ⟨pi₁to₂⟩ → /ɸito/ → /hito/
From Old Japanese 一 (pi₁to₂), from earlier Proto-Japonic *pitə. Cognate with Okinawan 一 (tī)
Related to 二 (futa, “two”), which is its double. Compare 三 (mi, “three”) and 六 (mu, “six”), 四 (yo, “four”) and 八 (ya, “eight”).


万

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).


o-

From Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana. Compare German an-, Dutch aan-, English on-.

o- + schraufn (“to screw”) → oschraufn (“to screw on”)

o- + greifn (“to grab, seize”) → ogreifn (“to touch, handle”)

o- + brenna (“to burn”) → obrenna (“to scorch”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates a direction, goal, destination and a contact made therein.


o-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See o.


o-

o- + wótA (“to eat”) → owóte (“dining room”)

o- + yuŋkÁ (“to lie, recline”) → oyúŋke (“a bed”)


o-

Second-person singular relative concord.


o-

Polish: o-

o- + pozdny → opóździć

appears in front of some verbs meaning: to make something behave in a certain way, en-, be-, make

o- + kropić → okropić

o- + soczyć → osoczyć


o-

Inherited from Old Polish o-. Doublet of ob-.

o- + słabnąć → osłabnąć

o- + strzec → ostrzec

o- + trzeźwy → otrzeźwić

o- + winąć → owinąć

o- + suwać → osuwać

o- + puścić → opuścić


o-

From Proto-Slavic *o(b)-. Prefixed form of the preposition o.

o- + čístiti (“to clean”) → očístiti (“to clean”)

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:

o- + čŕtati (“to draw”) → očŕtati (“to outline”)

o- + īti (“to go”) → obíti (“to go around, to bypass”)

o- + sedẹ́ti (“to sit”) → obsedẹ́ti (“to stay sitting”)


o-

From Old Swedish ō-, from Old Norse ú-, ó-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from the Proto-Indo-European *n̥- whence also Greek α- (a-) and English un-.

Added to adjectives to yield their opposites; un-

Added to nouns to mean lack or being without


o-

(transitive) First person singular subject + third person duoplural object.

(transitive) Second person singular subject + third person singular object.


o-

o- + -kora (“to do”) → okora (“you do”)

you; 2nd person singular subject concord

w-

before -a- or -e- in the subjunctive mood


o-

o- + penob (“I write.”) → openob (“I will write.”)

o- + adelo (“today”) → odelo (“tomorrow”)

denotes future tense in verbs and adverbs


o-

go- (mutation mutation-radical)
o- (mutation mutation-soft)
ngo- (mutation mutation-nasal)


o-

allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix)

allomorph of ö- (second-person prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel o or u


o-

From a- (“relative”) + u- (“second person singular”).


o-

Pre-Mandan: [Term?]

Mandan: ó-

Proto-Mississippi-Valley: *o-

Proto-Dakota: *o-

Lakota: o

Stoney: o

Proto-Dhegiha: *o-

Kansa: o-

Omaha-Ponca: o-

Osage: o-

Quapaw: o-

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere: *o-

Chiwere: u-

Winnebago: ho-

Proto-Missouri-River: *ó-

Crow: ó-

Hidatsa: ó-

Proto-Ohio-Valley: *o-

Proto-Biloxi-Ofo: *o-

Biloxi: o, u

Ofo: o-

Tutelo: o-


円

/maro/ → /maru/
Sound shift from maro above.

Alternative spelling of 丸: prefix to numbers remaining constant

Alternative spelling of 丸: prefix to noun to mean an object is completely in that noun


h

na habhann

fáilte go hÉirinn

chomh hard le crann


h

ei hiaith

i’n heglwys

un ar hugain


d

Abbreviations.
* (British penny; old penny): abbreviation of Latin denarii, the name of the corresponding Roman coin.
* (dice): abbreviation of dice
d
# Abbreviation of died or death.
#: William Shakespeare, d 1616
# (stenoscript) Abbreviation of do and inflections doing, did, done and homophone due
#: exception: dz 'does'
# (stenoscript) prefix dis- or des-

ng

or <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">death</i>.


亜

亜硫酸

(chemistry) indicates a lower oxidation number: -ous


心

From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).


心

Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).


м

милли- милли-#Russian

abbreviation of милли- (milli-, “milli-”) ((0.001))


柄

In light of the stem sense, probably derived semantically from origin, source meanings.
Compare also Korean 가락 (garak), similarly used as a counter for long and slender objects.

describes something with a stem, shaft, or handle

柄臼, 唐臼, 碓

a kind of mortar and pestle with the pestle mounted on a long shaft for leverage


両

両 (canonical)
ryō- (romanization)
ryau- (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 兩 (MC ljangX, “two, both”).


白

⟨sira⟩ → /ɕira/
From Old Japanese.
The combining apophonic form of shiro above, mostly used in compounds.

Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
white

Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
undyed, unpainted, unseasoned, etc.

Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
pure

Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
innocent

Combining form of しろ (shiro) above:
normal, unspecial


以

以後

その以後

この日以後

2008 March 15, “ジャンク・ウォリアー [Junk Warrior]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:

“Junk Synchron” plus 1 or more non-Tuner monsters

「ジャンク・シンクロン」＋チューナー以外のモンスター１体以上

“Janku Shinkuron” purasu Chūnā igai no monsutā ittai ijō

2017 March 25, “リンク・スパイダー [Link Spider]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:

1 or more Normal Monsters
1: Once per turn, can be activated during your Main Phase. Special Summons 1 Normal Monster of Level 4 or lower from your hand to where this card is linked to.

通常モンスター１体
①：１ターンに１度、自分メインフェイズに発動できる。手札からレベル４以下の通常モンスター１体をこのカードのリンク先に特殊召喚する。

Tsūjō Monsutā ittaī
Chi: Ittān ni ichi-do, jibun Mein Feizu ni hatsudō dekiru. tefuda kara Reberu yon ika no Tsūjō Monsutā ittai o kono kādo no rinku-saki ni Tokushu Shōkan suru.


何

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *n-anu-.

what number, how many (used with a counter)

この広告を何回も見た

(used with も) many (used with a counter)


丸

⟨maro₂⟩ → */marə/ → /maru/
Shift from Old Japanese 丸 (maro, see below).


再

ページを再読み込み


不

不 (canonical)
不 (canonical)
fu- (romanization)
bu- (romanization)

不用心 (buyōjin, “careless, insecurity”)

不評 (fuhyō, “unpopularity, bad reputation”)


全

From Middle Chinese 全 (dzjwen, “complete, whole”).


副

assistant, sub-, vice-, auxiliary, supplemental


即

即売り切れ

即負け


半

半年

半世紀


前

From Middle Chinese 前 (MC dzen). Compare modern Mandarin 前 (qián).


原

From Middle Chinese 原 (MC ngjwon, “source; origin; beginning”).

ltc-l

原文、原材料

original document, original / raw materials


初

⟨patu⟩ → /ɸat͡su/ → /hat͡su/
From Old Japanese.
Possible cognates include 始め (hajime, “beginning”) and 端 (ha, “edge of something”).


初

初 (canonical)
ui- (romanization)
ufi- (romanization)
うひ (hiragana historical)

/uɸi/ → /uwi/ → /ui/
First attested in the Kokin Wakashū of roughly 905-914 CE, and assumed to be inherited from Old Japanese.
There is an apparently related term 初 (ubu) of overlapping synonymous meaning, first attested in the early 1000s. It is unclear how these two terms are related: one might be a derivation of the other, or the two might derive separately via other processes.
Both ui and ubu appear to be related to verb 生む (umu, “to birth”), from the sense of "first of something since one has been born".
Martin suggests that this might be a fusion of 生む (umu, “to birth”) + 日 (hi, “day”), literally “birthday”. However, the meaning of any such compound would be the noun birthday with a sense of "the day a woman gives birth" rather than "the day someone is born". Also, phonologically, this would be expected to result in ubi: /umu/ + /pi/ → /umupi/ → /umpi/ → /ubi/.
Possibly cognate with 上 (ue, “above”, possibly via the sense of "upstream → earlier") or classical verb 生ふ (ancient opu, classical ofu, modern ou, “to grow”).


初

From Proto-Ryukyuan *patu.
Cognate with Japanese 初 (hatsu-).


初

Japanese: 初 (hatsu-)

From Proto-Japonic *patu.
Possible cognates include 始め (pazime, “beginning”), 僅か (patuka, “faint”), and 端 (pa, “edge of something”).


同

仝, 々


元

⟨mo₂to₂⟩ → /moto/
From Old Japanese. Cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *mətə. Cognate with Okinawan 元 (mutu).

元カレ、元カノ

プロジェクトの元・担当者の田中氏

purojekuto no moto tantōsha no Tanaka-shi


唐

From 伽羅, a proper name from ancient Korean Peninsula.
Originally meant "China" during the Tang dynasty and "elements imported from China", then later expanded to mean "foreign lands in general" and "elements imported from foreign lands".

漢詩、唐歌、唐揚げ、漢音

Chinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), "Chinese voice" → the kan'on or Chinese-derived reading for a character

element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or from other foreign lands


e

From ali or Proto-Philippine *diq (“particle of negation”).

inh

Iyang emakapunta

Taung eyakakit

Lugud a ekalinguwan

Ekakabieng bage

Emakasulung


右

From Middle Chinese 右 (MC hjuwX).
The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

右衛門

右大臣

(history, government) "of the right", junior or subordinate to 左 (sa-, “of the left”)


名

From Middle Chinese 名 (MC mjieng, “name”).


多

多言語辞書


太

太箸

special fat chopsticks used at New Years

; text here
奈加等美乃 敷刀能里⟨等其⟩等 伊比波良倍 安⟨賀⟩布伊能知毛 多我多米尓奈礼
中臣の 太祝詞言 言ひ祓へ 贖ふ命も 誰がために汝れ
なかとみの ふとのりとごと いひはらへ あかふいのちも たがためになれ
Nakatomi no / futonoritogoto / iiharae / akau inochi mo / ta ga tame ni nare
Reciting the Nakatomi's excellent ritual offering, whose [long] life was prayed for? Yours.

added to words describing gods or the emperor or other exalted subjects to denote greatness or excellence

太腿、太箸

the thigh (the thick part of the leg), fat chopsticks (used at New Years)

added to regular nouns to denote fatness or thickness


太

From Middle Chinese 太 (thajH). Compare modern Mandarin 太 (tài).


太

From a colloquial form of 太 in Middle Chinese. Compare the similar corruption in Mandarin 大 (dà).


当

当駅


il-

From Latin il-, assimilated form of in- before l-.

not; a form of the prefix in-, used before l


il-

Form used before a root beginning with the letter l of in-


il-

head

il- (before consonants ī-, class I first-person plural)

-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person singular)
a̱- (before-consonant first-person singular)
am- (before-vowel first-person singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person medial singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person medial singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person medial singular)
-sa- (before-consonant first-person medial singular)
-sam- (before-vowel first-person medial singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person medial singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person paucal)
il- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
pi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person paucal)
pi̱- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
pim- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
kī- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
kil- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person plural)
il- (before-vowel first-person plural)
hapi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person plural)
hapi̱- (before-consonant first-person plural)
hapim- (before-vowel first-person plural)
kī- (before-consonant first-person plural)
kil- (before-vowel first-person plural)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
is- (before-s second-person singular)
ish- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
chi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel second-person singular)
chi̱- (before-consonant second-person singular)
chim- (before-vowel second-person singular)
chik- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
has- (before-s plural second-person)
hash- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
hachi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel plural second-person)
hachi̱- (before-consonant plural second-person)
hachim- (before-vowel plural second-person)
hachik- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
ho- (before-consonant imperative plural second-person)
oh- (before-vowel imperative plural second-person)
i̱- (before-consonant third-person)
im- (before-vowel third-person)
ik- (before-consonant before-vowel third-person)

we

the subject of an active transitive verb

we

the subject of an intransitive active verb


il-

From il (“much, many”), from Old Irish il, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (compare Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”)).


il-

il- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-il- (eclipsis mutation)
hil- (mutation prothesis-h)
t-il- (mutation prothesis-t)

Alternative form of oll- (“great, gross”)


non-

From Middle English non- (“not, lack of, failure to”), from Middle English non (“no, not any; not, not at all”, literally “none”) and Old English nān- (prefix), both from Old English nān (“no, not any”), from Proto-West Germanic *nain, from Proto-Germanic *nainaz (“none, nought, zero”), see none. Merged with and reinforced by Middle English non- (“not”), from Old French non- and Medieval Latin nōn (“not”), from Old Latin noinu, noinom, from ne oinom (“not one”).

der

nonaboriginal is a person who is not aboriginal, nonabrasive is a substance that is not abrasive, nonabstract is not abstract

Used in the sense of no or none, to show lack of or failure to perform; or in the sense of not, to negate the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed.

Not, the negation of the root word (a quality).

nonaccountability is absence of accountability, nonacceleration is lack of acceleration, nonaction is the absence of action; failure to act

Absence, the absence of the root (a quantity).

nonabiding is the practice of avoiding mental constructs during daily life, nonacceptance is a neglect or refusal to accept, nonaccumulative is tending to avoid accumulation

nonaccent is a spoken accent that is neutral and undistinctive; nonacrocentric is having the centromere near the middle, and thus having roughly equal-sized arms; nonaccent is an unaccented beat or syllable, as in music or poetry

nonpayment (“lack of payment, failure to pay”)

nonaggressive (“not aggressive”)


non-

From English non-, from Middle English non- (“not, lack of, failure to”), from Middle English non (“no, not any; not, not at all”, literally “none”), from Old English nān (“no, not any”), see none. Merged with and reinforced by Middle English non- (“not”), from Old French non- and Medieval Latin nōn (“not”), from Old Latin noinu, noinom, from ne oinom (“not one”).

non-: Used in the sense of no or none, to show lack of or failure to perform; or in the sense of not, to negate the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed.


屎

⟨kuso₁⟩ → /kuso/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kusau. Cognate with 臭い (kusai, “stinky, smelly”), 腐る (kusaru, “to rot, to become stinky”).

屎爺い


従

従一位

従三位

従九位

(history) "junior" ranking for 位 (-i, “Japanese courtier rank”)


左

左衛門

左大臣

(history, government) "of the left", senior or superior to 右 (u-, “of the right”)


幾

幾箱要りますか。

幾千と云う人

some, several, having an indefinite number or quantity

幾日も行っていた。

some, many, having a considerable number


幸

From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with Korean 살 (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.
The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.
This is the bound form of sachi above. This form is only ever used in compounds. Possibly the original form.

幸矢、幸弓、幸人

a hunting arrow, a hunting bow, a hunter


幼

prefixed to a noun: childish, immature, infantile


御

/oɴ/ → /o/
Shift from on- below.
Already apparent since the 14th century.

indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)


御

Early Middle Japanese
Late Middle Japanese

/oɸomʉ/ → /owomʉ/ → /oːɴ/ → /oɴ/
Early-Late Middle Japanese shift from ōn- below.


御

御 (canonical)
ōn- (romanization)
ofon- (romanization)
おほん (hiragana historical)
おおむ (alternative hiragana)
ōmu- (Rōmaji alternative hiragana)
おほむ (alternative hiragana historical)

⟨opomi₁⟩ → */opomʲɨ/*/əpəmʲɨ/ → /oɸomʉ/ → /owoɴ/ → /oːɴ/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE), as man'yōgana form 於保无 (opomu- → ōmu-) within 於保无太加良 (opomutakara → ōmutakara, “people”, as a kun reading of 人民).
Shift from Old Japanese 大御 (⟨opomi₁⟩ → ōmi-, prefix of maximum honorific).
Both ōmu- and ōn- readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.

inh

(obsolete) indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)


御

⟨mi₁⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/
From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

御明

oil lamp lit for Shinto or Buddhist purposes

命

mikoto, title used for gods and emperors, and other exalted personages

御許

mimoto, location of a god, Buddha, emperor, or other object of reverence

御座

mimashi, presence of a god, Buddha, emperor, or other object of reverence

(honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things

(honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect

(honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty


御

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.


御

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

prefixed to make an honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents


御

Japanese: 御, 美, 深 (mi-)

Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi₁, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

(honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things

(honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect

(honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty


弓

From Old Japanese. In modern Japanese, only found as a prefix in compounds.


旧

旧 (canonical)
kyū- (romanization)
kiu- (romanization)
きう (hiragana historical)

世界平和統一家庭連合（旧統一教会）

世界平和統一家庭連合 せかいへいわとういつかていれんごう

統一教会 とういつきょうかい

Sekai Heiwa Tōitsu Katei Rengō (kyū-Tōitsu Kyōkai)

Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (former Unification Church)

旧Twitter


後

From Middle Chinese 後 (huwX, “after”). Classified as the kan'on, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin reading hòu.

prefixing element in kanji compounds, adding a meaning of later, after, following, rearward


曽

Japanese shinjitai Simplified from 曾, used in compound characters such as 増 (from 増).


常

⟨to₂ko₂⟩ → */təkə/ → /toko/
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”).
The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.

eternal, forever, unchanging, everlasting


斎

From Old Japanese. Possibly a doublet of 斎 (yu) below.

(Shinto) added to spiritual nouns to indicate purity and holiness: holy, pure, sacred


所

所為

that, what is done; deed; cause; reason; fault


旅

旅 (canonical)
ryo- (romanization)
りよ (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 旅 (MC ljoX, “a military unit of 500 men; to go [on a sortie; on a trip or journey]”).

ltc-l

a military unit of 500 men; to go 􂀿on a sortie; on a trip or journey􂁀


大

大ピンチ

大ヒットする


大

大 (canonical)
ō- (romanization)
ofo- (romanization)
おほ (hiragana historical)

/opo/ → /ofo/ → /owo/ → /oː/
From Old Japanese 大 (opo), from Proto-Japonic *əpə.

大馬鹿な


大

From Proto-Ryukyuan *opo, from Proto-Japonic *əpə.


平

⟨pi₁ra⟩ → /pʲira/ → /ɸira/ → /hira/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pira.

connects to a noun


来

From Middle Chinese 來 (MC loj).
Compare modern Mandarin 來／来 (lái).


毎

毎金曜日

1 V/m（１ボルト毎メートル）


某

某大学

certain (denoting that the speaker is referring to a specific person or thing that they do not want to name directly, implying that the listener should infer the identity of the referent)


汎

Phono-semantic matching of English pan-.


汎

汎太平洋


小

小 (canonical)
shō- (romanization)
seu- (romanization)
せう (hiragana historical)

/seu/ → /ɕeu/ → /ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 小 (MC sjewX).
The suffix sense is a clipping of 小学校 (shōgakkō, “elementary school”).


小

/ko₁/ → /ko/
From the Old Japanese stem こ (ko-). Cognate with 子 (ko, “child”).

less in size or quantity, small, little, short

of secondary importance, secondary, sub-


小

小 (canonical)
o- (romanization)
wo- (romanization)
を (hiragana historical)

/wo/ → /o/
From the Old Japanese stem を (wo-), modern お (o-).

小川 (ogawa, “creek”, literally "small river")

小舟 (obune, “small boat”)

attached to certain nouns:
small in shape or scale

小田 (Oda, literally, "small rice paddy")

小野 (Ono, literally, "small field")

attached to certain names to give expression or feelings

小止みなく降る雨 (oyaminaku furu ame)

小暗い道 (ogurai michi)

used proverbially to represent "small" or "slight"


小

小 (canonical)
小 (canonical)
sasa- (romanization)
saza- (romanization)

From the Old Japanese stem ささ (sasa-), found in terms such as 笹 (sasa, “bamboo grass”), 囁く (sasayaku, “to whisper”), and 些か (isasaka, “a little”), all related to small or slight.
Saza appears to be a later derivation from sasa.

attached to certain nouns to mean:
small

attached to certain nouns to mean:
slight


気

From Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH).
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare Eastern Min 氣／气 (ké).
In Old Japanese, this kanji is used to transcribe the 借音 (shakuon) kana of ⟨ke₂⟩.


न

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ná, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-European *né. Cognate with Latin ne, English no.


準

準 (canonical)
jun- (romanization)
zyun- (romanization)
じゆん (hiragana historical)

準一級

準一級 じゅんいっきゅう

準優勝

準優勝 じゅんゆうしょう


次

/si/ → /ʑi/ → /d͡ʑi/
Sound shift from shi above.

次位、次長

(attached to nouns) the next, secondary, vice-

亜塩素酸、次亜塩素酸、亜臭素酸、次亜臭素酸

aenso san, jiaenso san, ashūso san, jiashūso san

chlorous acid, hypochlorous acid, bromous acid, hypobromous acid

(chemistry) hypo- (used to distinguish the oxidation levels of various acids)


新

/sin/ → /ɕin/
From Middle Chinese 新 (MC sin).
Compare modern Mandarin 新 (xīn), Hakka 新 (sîn), Min Nan 新 (sin), and Wu 新 (¹shin).

新元号

新世界

新約聖書

新鉄拳チンミ

attached to the title of a fiction work to mean “new storyline”, to distinguish it from older works

Lois & Clark 新スーパーマン

attached to the title of a fiction adaptation to mean “remake”, to distinguish it from older adaptations


新

⟨nipi₁⟩ → /nipʲi/ → /nifi/ → /niwi/ → /niː/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *nipi.


新

From Old Japanese.
Extension of 粗, 荒 (ara, “crude, raw”).


狛

indicates something that was originally imported via the Korean Peninsula


本

本大会

本山葵

real wasabi (as opposed to horseradish or other substitutes)

本大臣

the cabinet member (on whose behalf a proxy speaks)


熊

熊 (canonical)
熊 (canonical)
kuma (romanization)

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
Further derivation is uncertain. Possibilities include:
* Might be cognate with Japanese 隈 (kuma, “inside corner; inner bend; hollow or hole in something”), perhaps from the way that bears often live in dens.
* Might also or separately be cognate with Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”), whose archaic form */koma/ is preserved as the first element of the toponym 고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Kwòmánòlò, literally “Bear-ford”). Thus, a cognate of Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”) and Baekje 金馬 (*kəma/*kuma, “bear”).
* Might be an areal Wanderwort, borrowed from Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm) and ultimately deriving from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. See also the etymology notes in the *d-wam entry.

cog

prefixed to other nouns for animals or plants to indicate large size or great strength, relative to other varieties


片

Alexander Vovin
Daijirin
Heian period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kata-. First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720.
Alexander Vovin asserts it's a loanword from Old Korean; compare Old Korean 一等 (*HAton, “one”). However, Vovin's source for the Koreanic term is a document that is over 500 years newer than the first Japonic mention; it would have to be an even earlier borrowing into Japanese.
Japanese sources describe this as cognate with 方(かた) (kata, “side, direction”). However, the pitch accents differ: compounds starting with 片 show accent in the Heian period, in contrast to 方, which is recorded with a accent instead, suggesting no direct relationship between the two.
Alternatively, 肩(かた) (kata, “shoulder”) might be a more likely cognate given that term's matching accent and compounds also indicating homonymy: compare 傾(かた)げる (katageru, “to tilt, to incline”), 担(かた)げる (katageru, “to carry on one’s shoulder”). Also, accent comparison might support that this word derives from the verb root 勝(か)つ (katsu, “to win; to tend to”) or 搗(か)つ (katsu, “to pound”) (both have an accent), and adverb 且(か)つ (katsu, “besides; moreover; also; and”) which has an accent.

ja-r

片手、片身

(prefixed to a noun) one side or part of a pair or larger set

片思い、傾ける

one-sided thoughts / unrequited affection (as between two people), to lean to one side

片山、片時、片笑む

a small mountain, a short time, to smile slightly

(prefixed to a noun or verb) incomplete, partial, small

片田舎

(prefixed to a noun) leaning or trending that way (emphasizing the quality of the prefixed noun)

片設く

(prefixed to a verb, archaic) frequently, intently, earnestly


山

From Old Japanese 山 (yama). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Reconstructed as deriving in turn from Proto-Japonic *yama (“mountain; forest”).

inh

prefix for species that are wild or residing in mountains


猛

猛 (canonical)
mō- (romanization)
mau- (romanization)
まう (hiragana historical)

猛ダッシュ

猛アタック

猛勉強


海

From Old Japanese. Thought to be comprised of う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + な (na, ancient alternative form of the possessive particle の (no)). The u- stem is also evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”).
First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.


手

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tay. Compare 目 (me, ma-, “eye”).

手早い、手堅い

strengthens the prefixed adjective or adjectival noun


無

From Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju). The 呉音 (goon), so likely an earlier borrowing.


無

From Middle Chinese 無 (bu). The 漢音 (kan'on), so likely a later borrowing.


子

⟨ko₁⟩ → */kʷo/ → /ko/
From Old Japanese, attested in the Kojiki (712 CE) and the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), two of the oldest examples of written Japanese.
Cognate with 蚕 (ko, “silkworm”) and possibly 小 (ko, “little”, diminutive prefix).
Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 仇 (*gu), which appears in an ancient place name with an apparent meaning of child.

子会社 (kogaisha): derivative + company → a subsidiary

子犬 (koinu): derivative + dog → a puppy

an object which has a subservient or derivative role relative to another object


正

正一位

正三位

正九位

(history) "senior" ranking for 位 (-i, “Japanese courtier rank”)


環

環 (canonical)
kan- (romanization)
kwan- (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)


省

省 (canonical)
shō- (romanization)
syau- (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 省 (MC srjaengX|sjengX).

省エネルギー

省時間


物

⟨mo₂no₂⟩ → ⟨mono₂⟩ → /mono/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *mənə.


総

総工費


継

継子

step-; half- (related through only one parent)


皇

/sume/ → /sube/
From Old Japanese, as a shift from older sume.
Previously thought to be derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of Old Japanese verb 統ぶ (subu), modern 統べる (suberu, “to control, to govern, to rule”). However, later research into ancient phonetic spellings clarified that the be portion of the verb was realized as ⟨be₂⟩. During the Old Japanese stage, ⟨be₂⟩ could only have derived phonetically from ⟨me₂⟩, and not from the ⟨me₁⟩ syllable of the noun.

Empress (regnant)
empress regnant#English

(archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):


皇

⟨sume₁⟩ → */sumʲe/ → /sume/
From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.


皇

From the prefix 皇 (sube-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).


皇

From the prefix 皇 (sume-) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).


続

(literature and other media) next installment


第

第２号

第１３話


糞

From Old Japanese, in turn from Proto-Japonic *kuso.
Cognate with 臭い (kusai, “stinky, smelly”), 腐る (kusaru, “to rot, to become stinky”).

糞爺い


脱

脱原発


生

From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.

生演奏

生クリーム

生ビール

生卵


生

Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, “life, living; freshness”).

生糸

生娘


聖

Phono-semantic matching of English saint, from Latin sanctus.

(Catholicism) prefix added to the names of saints


草

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kusa. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE. Possibly cognate with Korean 꽃 (kkot, “flower”).
The development of the fake, amateur senses is unclear.

草蜉蝣

a lacewing fly (literally, “fake or mimic dragonfly”, from the visual resemblance)

草野球、草競馬

amateur or pick-up baseball, small-time horse-racing


豊

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Kōjien
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759.
Not used on its own. Appears only in compounds where this term is directly followed by another noun or verb, or where this term is followed by the particle の (no) and then another noun or verb.

豊の年／豊年、豊御酒

a rich year / a year with bumper crops, bounteous sake

sufficient, abundant, bounteous, ample, rich, wealthy


諸

琉球諸言語


計

2019 May 28, 邦人がコカインのみ込み密輸か 機内で発作、死亡https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO45347590Y9A520C1CC0000/ in 日本経済新聞
司法解剖で胃や腸からコカインが入った計246個の袋が見つかり、当局は死因を麻薬の過剰摂取による心不全と断定。
Shihōkaibō de i ya chō kara kokain ga haitta kei nihyakuyonjūroku ko no fukuro ga mitsukari, tōkyoku wa shīn o mayaku no kajō sesshu ni yoru shinfuzen to dantei.
Through the forensic autopsy, a total of 246 bags containing cocaine were found in the stomach and intestines. The authorities determined the cause of death to be heart failure caused by a drug overdose.


輌

Nonstandard spelling of 輛/両 (“cars of a train”).


超

超能力

超能力 ちょうのうりょく

超臨界水

超臨界水 ちょうりんかいすい

超低周波音: infrasound

超低周波音 ちょうていしゅうはおん

超音波

extra-; hyper-; mega-; meta-; para-; super-; trans-; ultra-

超好き

超キモい


貴

From Middle Chinese 貴 (MC kjw+jH, literally “precious, noble, superior”).

貴様: you

superior; derogatory: the original meaning degraded over time, becoming ironic, and then insulting

貴公子、貴婦人、貴賓

[young] nobleman, noblewoman, superior guest

(archaic) added to nouns related to people to indicate superiority

貴店

(archaic) added to nouns to indicate respect and possession: your


hecato-

From Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “hundred”). Doublet of hecto- and centi-.


逸

Daijirin Daijisen Kyūjitai Shinjitai ja:松村明 Ōsaka

/iti/ → /it͡ɕi/
Cognate with adverbs 甚 (ita, ito, “very, exceedingly”).
The use of this kanji is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字), possibly by extension of the "great, superb, outstanding" senses.


被

From Middle Chinese 被 (bjeᴴ, “to cover”), from the term's use in Chinese as a passive marker.

被傭者

被験者

被減数

被保護国

-ed, -ee (marks the passive recipient of an action)


過

過 (canonical)
ka- (romanization)
kwa- (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)


遠

遠 (canonical)
tō- (romanization)
tofo- (romanization)
とほ (hiragana historical)

⟨to₂po⟩ → */təpo/ → /tofo/ → /towo/ → /toː/
From Old Japanese.
Stem of classical adjective 遠し (tōshi), modern 遠い (tōi, “distant, far”).


野

野兎


un-

PIE word
 *ne
From Middle English un-, from Old English un-, from Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with Scots un-, on- (“un-”), North Frisian ün-, Saterland Frisian uun-, West Frisian ûn-, on-, Dutch on-, Low German un-, on-, German un-, Danish u-, Swedish o-, Norwegian u-, Icelandic ó-. More distant cognate with Latin in-, Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (whence English a-, modern Greek α- (a-)) and Sanskrit अ- (a-).
Doublet of in- and a-.

un- + educated → uneducated (“not educated”)

(added to adjectives or past participles) not

un- + conformity → unconformity (“lack of conformity”)

un- + conference → unconference

(added to nouns) contrary to traditional norms; unconventional


un-

PIE word
 *h₂énti
From Middle English on-, from Old English on-, ond-, and- (“against, facing, toward; in return, back, without”), from Proto-West Germanic *anda-, from Proto-Germanic *anda-, *andi- (“against”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“across, forth, forward, ahead”), from *h₂énts (“end, limit, forehead”). More at and-.

inh

un- + dress → undress (“to take one's clothes off”)

un- + lock → unlock (“to undo the locking of”)

Un-cry these tears I cried so many nights
 Un-break my heart

1996, “Un-Break My Heart”, in Secrets, performed by Toni Braxton:

(added to verbs) the inverse of a specified action

un- + cage → uncage (“to release from a cage”)

un- + tangle → untangle (“to remove the tangling of”)

(added to nouns to form verbs) deprive of, release from, free from, remove from, extract from

un- + decipher → undecipher

un- + thaw → unthaw

(rare) intensifying a verb that already suggests opposition or removal


un-

un- (“1”) + bi- (“2”) + un- (“1”) + -ium (element suffix) → unbiunium (“element 121”)

Used for the digit one to form temporary names of elements whose existence has been predicted, and which have not yet been given a trivial name.

un- + decillion (“10³³”) → undecillion (“10³⁶”)

un- + vigintillion (“10⁶³”) → unvigintillion (“10⁶⁶”)

Used to form large numbers as the first in the sequence.


un-

From Middle High German un-, from Old High German un-, from Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

un- (denoting absence, a lack of; violative of; contrary to)

un- + Ding (“thing”) → Unding (“something unacceptable”)

un- + Fall (“case, situation”) → Unfall (“accident”)

un- + Mensch (“human being”) → Unmensch (“brute, barbarian”)

un- + Tier (“animal”) → Untier (“beast, monster”)

un- + Wetter (“weather”) → Unwetter (“storm, severe weather”)


un-

Compare German an-, Dutch aan-, English on-.

prefixed form of un (“at, on”)
at, to, toward

léien (“to tell a lie”) + un- → uléien (“to lie to someone”)

used to make certain intransitive verbs transitive


un-

Middle English: un-

Scots: un-

English: un-

From Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, a prefix use of the particle *ne (“not”). Cognate with Old Frisian un-, Old Saxon un-, Old Dutch un-, Old High German un-, Old Norse ó-, Gothic 𐌿𐌽- (un-). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), Latin in-, and Old Irish in-.

un- + dēadlīċ (“mortal”) → undēadlīċ (“immortal”)

un- + dēop (“deep”) → undēop (“shallow”)

un- + dīere (“expensive”) → undīere (“cheap”)

un- + druncen (“drunk”) → undruncen (“sober”)

un- + fæġer (“beautiful”) → unfæġer (“ugly”)

un- + ġewǣpnod (“armed”) → unġewǣpnod (“unarmed”)

un- + nytt (“useful”) → unnytt (“useless”)

un- + sċyldiġ (“guilty”) → unsċyldiġ (“innocent”)

un- + rīpe (“mature”) → unrīpe (“immature”)

un- + wita (“knower”) → unwita (“idiot”)

negation or absence of: un-, non- (added to nouns and adjectives)

un- + dǣd (“action”) → undǣd (“crime”)

un- + hlīsa (“fame”) → unhlīsa (“infamy”)

un- + lǣċe (“doctor”) → unlǣċe (“quack”)

un- + lyft (“air”) → unlyft (“malaria,” lit. “bad air”)

un- + mann (“person”) → unmann (“thug”)

un- + rǣd (“advice”) → unrǣd (“bad advice”)

un- + stenċ (“smell”) → unstenċ (“stench”)

un- + swefn (“dream”) → unswefn (“bad dream”)

un- + tīma (“time”) → untīma (“wrong time”)

un- + þēaw (“habit”) → unþēaw (“vice”)

un- + weder (“weather”) → unweder (“bad weather”)

bad (added to nouns to denote a pejorative sense; compare mis-, mal-)


un-

Originally an alternative form of on-, from Proto-Germanic *and-. Cognate with Old Frisian und-, Old Saxon ant-, Old High German ant- (German ent-).

forms verbs from verbs, with an opposite or reversive sense


un-

Middle High German: un-

Alemannic German: o-, u-

German: un-

Luxembourgish: un-

Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)

From Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, a prefix use of the particle *ne (“not”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), Latin in-, and Old Irish in-.

un-; prefix of negation, absence or contrariness


un-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *un-
Old English: un-, on-
Middle English: un-
Scots: un-
English: un-
Old Frisian: un-
North Frisian: ün-
Saterland Frisian: uun-
West Frisian: ûn-, on-
Old Saxon: un-
Low German: on-, un-
Old Dutch: un-
Middle Dutch: on-
Dutch: on-
Afrikaans: on-
Limburgish: ón-
Old High German: un-
Middle High German: un-
Alemannic German: o-, u-
German: un-
Luxembourgish: un-
Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)

Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾ- (un-)
Old Norse: ú-, ó-
Icelandic: ó-
Faroese: ó-
Norwegian Nynorsk: u-, o-
Old Swedish: ō-
Swedish: o-
Danish: u-
Norwegian Bokmål: u-

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽- (un-)

Vandalic: *un-


un-

Old English: un-, on-
Middle English: un-
Scots: un-
English: un-

Old Frisian: un-

North Frisian: ün-

Saterland Frisian: uun-

West Frisian: ûn-, on-

Old Saxon: un-

Low German: on-, un-

Old Dutch: un-

Middle Dutch: on-
Dutch: on-
Afrikaans: on-
Limburgish: ón-

Old High German: un-
Middle High German: un-
Alemannic German: o-, u-
German: un-
Luxembourgish: un-
Yiddish: אומ־ (um-)


重

ja-pos

重(じゅう) • (jū-)

involving large-scale manufacture, heavy

great in degree, heavy, serious, severe, hard, difficult


道

道 (canonical)
dō- (romanization)
dau- (romanization)
だう (hiragana historical)

/dau/ → /dɔː/ → /doː/
From Middle Chinese 道 (MC dawX). Compare modern Mandarin 道 (dào), Cantonese 道 (dou⁶).

道央自動車道

自動車道 じどうしゃどう

Dō-Ō Expressway (literally "Central Hokkaido Expressway")


雛

*/pina/ → /fina/ → /hina/
Appears to be from Old Japanese. The derivative form hiwina (later hīna) appears in The Tale of Genji, dated to before 1021.

diminutive prefix, carrying favorable connotations such as a sense of cuteness

雛霰: a type of 霰 given as an offering to the hina doll on Hina matsuri

雛市: a market selling hina doll and accoutrement for Hina matsuri

雛菓子: sweets given as offering on the 雛壇 at Hina matsuri

雛形尺

a bamboo ruler made to be as long as the width of a bolt of cotton fabric

a type of 蚊帳吊草 native to wet areas in Honshū

雛鑑定器: a chicken tester

雛鑑定器 ひなかんていき

雛鑑別者: a chicken sexer

雛鑑別者 ひなかんべつしゃ

雛桔梗

a type of bluebell or bellflower of the genus Wahlenbergia

雛罌粟, 雛芥子

Papaver rhoeas, the common field or red poppy

the part of an 烏帽子 just below the front peak that protrudes slightly

a short kimono for children up to the age of one

made from one piece of fabric and without a seam up the back

雛段: a special tiered display for hina doll

a similarly tiered platform for kabuki musicians

the tiered seats for minister in the Diet

雛流し, 雛流

letting loose small boats made of paper, ceramic, or other materials and holding hina dolls on rivers or the sea on the night of Hina matsuri

雛の簪

an annual plant of the family Polygalaceae, a type of milkwort

雛の錫杖

an annual flowering plant of family Burmanniaceae

雛の使い

in modern Japan, the act of sending relatives a display of outfitted hina dolls for Hina matsuri

雛欄

an orchid of the genus Amitostigma, native to East Asia

初生雛

a newly hatched chick that has just started eating

後の雛

the counterpart to Hina Matsuri, held on the ninth day of the ninth month in the old lunar calendar

初雛: a girl's first springtime seasonal celebration

the hina dolls set out as decoration at such a time


高

高学歴

high academic achievement; higher education

高画質


鳥

⟨to₂ri⟩ → ⟨*to₂⟩ → /to/
From Old Japanese. Appears to be a shift from tori above.


psycho-

[ˈsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯]

From Ancient Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ, “soul”).

This endeavour forms the core of Daniel Pick's fascinating study of the mobilisation of psychoanalysis not only for the Allied war effort, but for a postwar world momentarily seduced by the idea that war and violence might be eridicated by a bit of psycho-science.

2012, Richard Overy, “The Mind of Evil”, in Literary Review, number 399:

Relating to the soul, the mind, or to psychology.


psycho-

Derived from Ancient Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ, “soul”).


psycho-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ, “soul”).

psycho- + Therapie (“therapy”) → Psychotherapie (“psychotherapy”)

psycho- (relating to the soul, the mind, or to psychology)


psycho-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ).


長

From Old Japanese.
Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).


ca

Meaningless, occasionally intensifying prefix in mostly animal names as well as other nouns and adjectives, some of which have variants with cà


step-

From Middle English step-, from Old English stēop- (“deprived of a relative, step-”, prefix), from Proto-West Germanic *steupa-, from Proto-Germanic *steupa- (“orphaned, step-”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp- (“to push, strike”).
Cognate with Scots step- (“step-”), West Frisian stiep- (“step-”), Dutch stief- (“step-”), Low German steef- (“step-”), German stief- (“step-”), Swedish styv- (“step-”), Icelandic stjúp- (“step-”). Related to Old English stīepan (“to deprive, bereave”). Not, however, related to the familiar English noun or verb step.

cog

A prefix used before father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, and so forth, to indicate that the person being identified is not a blood relative but is related through the marriage of a parent.

խորթ

prefix used to indicate that the person being identified is not a blood relative

stief- (e.g. stiefdochter, stiefmoeder, stiefvader, stiefzoon)

(no prefix exists, there are special words)


step-

English: step-

Scots: step-, stap-

From Old English stēop- (“deprived of a relative, step-”, prefix), from Proto-West Germanic *steupa-, from Proto-Germanic *steupa- (“orphaned, step-”).
The short vowel is due to regular shortening of long vowels before consonant clusters in Early Middle English. All of the words that stēop- was prefixed to in Old English were consonant-initial, so shortening occurred exceptionlessly.

step- (related through the marriage of a parent)


phi

phi (chính) nghĩa

phi phàm


yocto-

Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”), for the eighth order of 10⁻³. The letter y was added, as the second term in a series running backwards through the alphabet.

International System of Units
International System of Units

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻²⁴ short scale septillionth or long scale quadrillionth). Symbol: y


yocto-

From Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”), for the eighth order of 10⁻³. The letter y was added, as the second term in a series running backwards through the alphabet.


zepto-

Greek (h)epta- (seven), for the seventh order of 10⁻³. The final o conforms to the finals vowel of the SI series from micro- downwards; the letter z was added, as a start in a series of terms running backwards through the alphabet.

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻²¹ (short scale sextillionth or long scale trilliardth). Symbol: z


zepto-

From Ancient Greek ἑπτά (heptá, “seven”), for the seventh order of 10⁻³. The final o conforms to the finals vowel of the SI series from micro- downwards; the letter z was added, as a start in a series of terms running backwards through the alphabet.


exa-

From Ancient Greek ἕξ (héx, “six”), for the sixth order of 10³, analogous to tera-.

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10¹⁸ (a short scale quintillion or long scale trillion). Symbol: E


exa-

exa- + joule → exajoule


exa-

exa- (SI prefix multiplying the unit by 10¹⁸)


zetta-

Coined with Latin septem and Ancient Greek ἑπτά (heptá, “seven”) in mind, for the seventh order of 10³. The consonants pt are reduced to tt as in Italian, by analogy with peta-; the initial z was chosen instead of s to avoid confusion with s for second.

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10²¹ (a short scale sextillion or long scale trilliard). Symbol: Z


mebi-

The IEC prefix meaning 2²⁰ = 1,024² = 1,048,576. Compare to mega-, meaning 10⁶ = 1,000² = 1,000,000, a million.


gibi-

The IEC prefix meaning 2³⁰ = 1,024³ = 1,073,741,824. Compare giga-, meaning 10⁹ = 1,000³ = 1,000,000,000, a billion.


kibi-

The IEC prefix meaning 2¹⁰ = 1,024. Compare kilo-, meaning 10³ = 1,000, a thousand. Abbreviation: Ki


peta-

Based on penta- (“five”) with the middle letter removed, analogous to tera-.

In the metric system, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10¹⁵ (a short scale quadrillion or long scale billiard). Symbol: P


peta-

peta- (SI prefix multiplying the unit by 10¹⁵)


tera-

From Ancient Greek τέρας (téras, “monster”). Also from Ancient Greek τέτταρες (téttares, “four”), by analogy with tetra- for being the fourth power of 10³. Doublet of terato-.

der

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10¹² (short scale trillion or long scale billion). Symbol: T


tera-

Internationalism (see English tera-), ultimately from Ancient Greek τέρας (téras).


tera-

tera- (SI prefix indicating 10¹², a trillion)


atto-

From Danish atten (“eighteen”), extending the idea to how femto- is derived from Danish femten (“fifteen”) and the fermi unit.

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻¹⁸ (short scale quintillionth or long scale trillionth). Symbol: a


atto-

Borrowed from Danish atten (“eighteen”).


atto-

atto- + sekunda → attosekunda


yotta-

From Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”), for the eighth order of 10³. The consonants ct are reduced to tt as in Italian, by analogy with peta-; the final a conforms to the finals vowel of the SI series from mega- upwards; the letter y was added, as the second term in a series running through the alphabet backwards (from zetta-).

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10²⁴ (a short scale septillion or long scale quadrillion). Symbol: Y

bronto-

terms previously proposed to be the next prefix


yotta-

From Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”).


yotta-

Unadapted borrowing from English yotta-.

yotta- (prefix of the International System of Units, with the symbol Y, which is equivalent to multiplying the unit affected by it by 10²⁴)


femto-

From Danish femten (“fifteen”), and the previous name of the femtometre, the fermi.

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻¹⁵ (short scale quadrillionth or long scale billiardth). Symbol: f.


femto-

Created in 1962, by the Danish physicist Henning Højgaard Jensen (1918–2001), from the number femten (“fifteen”).


femto-

From English femto-, from Danish femten (“fifteen”), and the previous name of the femtometre, the fermi.

femto-: in the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10−15. Symbol: f.


femto-

femto- + metr → femtometr


deca-

From Late Latin decas (“(set of) ten”), from Ancient Greek δέκας (dékas), from δέκα (déka, “ten”).
 SI prefix

 da
 Previous:
 deci-

 Next:
 hecto-

enum

decagon

In the metric system, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10. Symbol: da

дэка-

used to multiply the unit it is attached to by 10


deca-

Borrowed from French déca-, based on Late Latin decas (“(set of) ten”), from Ancient Greek δέκας (dékas), from δέκα (déka, “ten”).
 SI prefix

 da
 Previous:
 deci-

 Next:
 hecto-


ir-

From Latin ir-, assimilated form of in- used before r-.


ir-

Form used before a root beginning with the letter r of in-


ir-

Variant of in- by assimilation, used before r.


ir-

not; negation, equivalent to ir- in English


deci-

In the metric system, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻¹. Symbol: d


deci-

Borrowed from French déci-, from Latin decimus (“tenth”).


deci-

From Latin deci(mus) (“tenth”), from decem (“ten”).

deci- + méter (“meter”) → deciméter (“decimeter”)


centi-

From French centi- and its etymon Latin centi-, from centum (“hundred”). Doublet of hecato- and hecto-.

(specifically) In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻². Symbol: c

centimillionaire


centi-

centi- + méter (“meter”) → centiméter (“centimeter”)


centi-

one hundred-, hundred-; indicates a count of one hundred items


hecto-

engineering notation
scientific notation

From French hecto-, from Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “hundred”). Doublet of hecato- and centi-.

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 100. Symbol: h


hecto-

From French hecto-, from Ancient Greek ἑκατόν (hekatón, “hundred”).


giga-

From Ancient Greek γίγας (gígas, “giant”); cognate to giant.

giga- + watt → gigawatt ("one billion watts")

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁹ (short scale billion or long scale milliard). Symbol: G

(computing, sometimes proscribed) Multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 2³⁰ or 1,073,741,824.

Wow, I am giga-jealous right now.

(slang) Augmenting an adjective; intensely, extremely, or to an exceptionally high degree.

giga- + Chad → gigachad

giga- + Stacy → gigastacy

(Internet slang, originally 4chan) Used to augment nouns; denoting an invididual who is a paragon of something.


giga-

Internationalism (see English giga-), ultimately from Ancient Greek γίγας (gígas).


giga-

giga- + -metr → gigametr


giga-

giga- (SI prefix multiplying the unit by 10⁹)


milli-

From Latin mille (“thousand”), via French.

Example: milligram

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, one-thousandth of the unit to which it is prefixed; that is, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻³. Symbol: m.

Example: millipede


milli-

→ Caribbean Javanese: mili


milli-

Internationalism, ultimately from Latin mille.


milli-

milli- + méter (“meter”) → milliméter (“millimeter”)


milli-

milli- (multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻³)


im-

From Latin im-, assimilated form of in- used before b-/p-/m-.


im-

From em-, from Old French em-. Also from later Middle French im-, partly by confusion with im- of Latin origin (on which see above).

Alternative form of the prefix em-, itself variant of en-.


im-

im- + perdible → imperdible

Form used before a root beginning with the letter b, m, or p of in-


im-

head

im- (before consonants i̱-, class III third-person)

-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person singular)
a̱- (before-consonant first-person singular)
am- (before-vowel first-person singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person medial singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person medial singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person medial singular)
-sa- (before-consonant first-person medial singular)
-sam- (before-vowel first-person medial singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person medial singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person paucal)
il- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
pi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person paucal)
pi̱- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
pim- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
kī- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
kil- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person plural)
il- (before-vowel first-person plural)
hapi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person plural)
hapi̱- (before-consonant first-person plural)
hapim- (before-vowel first-person plural)
kī- (before-consonant first-person plural)
kil- (before-vowel first-person plural)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
is- (before-s second-person singular)
ish- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
chi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel second-person singular)
chi̱- (before-consonant second-person singular)
chim- (before-vowel second-person singular)
chik- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
has- (before-s plural second-person)
hash- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
hachi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel plural second-person)
hachi̱- (before-consonant plural second-person)
hachim- (before-vowel plural second-person)
hachik- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
ho- (before-consonant imperative plural second-person)
oh- (before-vowel imperative plural second-person)
i̱- (before-consonant third-person)
im- (before-vowel third-person)
ik- (before-consonant before-vowel third-person)

to him, her, it or them; for him, her, it or them

the indirect object of an active transitive verb

he, she, it or they

the subject of an intransitive affective verb

him, her, it or them

the direct object of a small set of transitive verbs mostly dealing with affect, communication and intimacy

his, her, its or their

hattak imofi


im-

Compare German -um, English um-, Dutch om-, Swedish om-, Icelandic um-.

(Erzgebirgisch) repeatedly, over again, re-

(Erzgebirgisch) to the ground, down, over


im-

a form of the prefix in-, used before b, m and p


im-

im- (lenites except with m; becomes iom- before broad m)

From Old Irish imm-, from Proto-Celtic *ambi-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi.


im-

im- (intensive particle; lenites except with m; becomes iom- before broad consonant or vowel)


im-

Assimilated form of in-, before b-/p-/m-.


im-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.


im-

im- + moralizm → immoralizm


im-

a form of the prefix in-, used before b and p


nano-

From Latin nānus (“dwarf”), from Ancient Greek νᾶνος (nânos).

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻⁹ (short scale billionth or long scale milliardth). Symbol: n

nano- + biology → nanobiology

Derived from the nanotechnology industry.

nano- + particle → nanoparticle

nano- + plankton → nanoplankton


nano-

From Latin nanus (“dwarf”), from Ancient Greek νᾶνος (nânos).


nano-

Internationalism, ultimately from Ancient Greek νᾶνος (nânos).


in-

PIE word
 *h₁én
From Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”, prefix), from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. More at in.

inbeat is occurring on an inward beat, inbend is to bend or curve inwards, incave is to cave inward

in, into, towards, within.
Inward (direction)

inbreed is to produce or generate within, inburning is burning within, incircle is a circle within a polygon

in, into, towards, within.
Within (position)

inhold, inmove, intake, inthrill

inborn, inbound

infield, infighting, insight, intalk, inwork


in-

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.

imband is to form into a band or bands, imbar is to bar in, imbarn is to store in a barn

inblind is to make blind, incloister is to cloister

imbannered is having banners, inaureole is to have a halo, incarnate is be crimson

il- before l, e.g. illusion
im- before b, m, or p, e.g. imperil
ir- before r, e.g. irrigate

Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes


in-

PIE word
 *ne
From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Doublet of un-.

inedible

inaccurate

(non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning.

(non-productive) Added to adjectives to mean not.

incredulity

ineptitude

Added to nouns to mean lacking or without.

inannihilable is that cannot be annihilated, inappellable is that cannot be appealed against, inassimilable is that cannot be assimilated

ig- before n, e.g. ignoble
il- before l, e.g. illegal
im- before b, m, or p, e.g. improper
ir- before r, e.g. irresistible


in-

in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)

in-; un- (reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute)


in-

prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby

prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-


in-

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in and inne-.

in- + Land (“land”) → Inland (“domestic territory”)

in- + Schrift (“writing”) → Inschrift (“inscription”)

in- + Sasse (“someone who sits”) → Insasse (“passenger, inhabitant”)

in- + Begriff (“concept”) → Inbegriff (“embodiment”)

(rare, only in nouns) in, inside, interior


in-

in- + filtrieren (“to filter”) → infiltrieren (“to infiltrate”)

(rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in, into

rarely productive; only with Latinate stems; rarely productive; only with Latinate stems


in-

in- + konsequent (“consistent”) → inkonsequent (“inconsistent”)

(rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in-, un- (indicates negation)


in-

From Dutch in-, from French in-, from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

in-: used with certain words to reverse their meaning.


in-

in- + ite → inite (“edible”)

in- + déanta → indéanta (“doable”)

(productive) able to, -able (+ past participle)

in- + feidhm (“function”) → infheidhme (“able to function, serviceable”)

in- + aistear (“journey”) → inaistir (“seaworthy”)

in- + leigheas (“healing”) → inleighis (“curable”)

able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ genitive of a (verbal) noun)


in-

in- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-in- (eclipsis mutation)
hin- (mutation prothesis-h)
t-in- (mutation prothesis-t)

A prefixed form of the preposition i (“in”). Partly inherited from Old Irish in- (“in”), e.g. in- + ceann (“head”) → inchinn (“brain”), but most words with this suffix are loans or loan translations of ultimately Latin or Greek origin, e.g. ionscóp (“endoscope”)‚ ionsoilsigh (“illuminate”).


in-

From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.


in-

From Latin in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.

used to denote negation or opposition or privation; un-; in-; a-


in-

→ Catalan: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)

→ French: in-

→ Italian: in-

→ Middle English: in-

English: in-, ir-, il-, im-

→ Portuguese: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, n, or m, and ir- before r)

→ Sicilian: n- (m- before p, b or m, il- before l, and ir- before r)

→ Spanish: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, and ir- before r)

From Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.


in-

Aromanian: ãn-, n-, an-

Catalan: en-

English: in-

French: en-

Italian: in-, en-

Portuguese: en-

Romanian: în-

Spanish: en-

in- + hālō (“breathe”) → inhālō (“breathe in, inhale”)

Prepositional prefix, generally attached to verbs to derive new verbs with a range of meanings.

in- + gradior (“step, go”) → ingredior (“go into, enter”)

in- + nūbō (“marry”) → innūbō (“marry into”)

in- + cadō (“fall”) → incidō (“fall into, fall upon”)

in- + pangō (“set, fix, settle, fasten”) → impingō (“fasten upon, dash against, strike against”)

in- + flīgō (“strike”) → īnflīgō (“strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon”)

in- + vocō (“call”) → invocō (“call on, call upon, invoke”)

in- + crepō (“I rattle”) → increpō (“I rattle, rebuke”)

in- + ārēscō (“I am drying, am growing drier”) → inārēscō (“I start becoming dry, become somewhat dry”)

Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion


in-

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (ánu-, “after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /anuv/), and Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).


in-

Middle English: in-

English: in-

in- + ēþung (“breathing”) → inēþung (“inspiration”)

in- + coþu (“disease”) → incoþu (“internal disease”)

in- + weorc (“work”) → inweorc (“indoor work”)


in-

From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).

der

in- + frōd (“wise”) → infrōd (“very wise”)

in- + dryhten (“noble”) → indryhten (“very noble”)


in-

From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.


in-

in- + ad·gair (“to sue”) → inaccartha (“to be sued for”)

in- + mescaigid (“to intoxicate”) → inmescaigthe (“able to intoxicate”)

in- + bés (“custom”) → inbésa (“customary”)

in- + comlann (“fight”) → incomlainn (“able to fight”)

in- + galar (“sickness”) → ingalair (“sick”)

able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ noun, an o- and a-stems usually yields an i-stem adjective)


in-

From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.


đồng

đồng âm

đồng tính


か

First cited to The Tale of Genji (c. 1001-1014).

か + 弱い (yowai) → か弱い (kayowai)

か + 細い (hosoi) → か細い (kabosoi)

(emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive) very


pyro-

From Latin pyr, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”).


pyro-

From Latin pyro-, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”).


auto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-, “self-”).

lbor

auto- + biography → autobiography

auto- + erotic → autoerotic


auto-

auto- + focus → autofocus

auto- + loader → autoloader

auto- + walk → autowalk


auto-

Clipping of automobile, from auto- + mobile

auto- + cross → autocross

auto- + -phile → autophile

Relating to cars or the driving of cars.


auto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-).


auto-

auto- + cenzura → autocenzura


auto-

autobiografi, autofiktion

autozoom, autopilot

autoskade, autoværksted


auto-

[ˈɑ̝u̯t̪o̞-]

Internationalism (see English auto-), ultimately from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-).

autobiografia

autonomia

omaelämäkerta

itsehallinto

autopilotti

automaattiohjaus


auto-

From Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-), from αὐτός (autós, “self”).


auto-

From Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós, “self”).


auto-

From Dutch auto-, from Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós, “self”).


auto-

(highly productive) auto-, self- (regarding oneself; by oneself)

(highly productive) auto-, self- (automatic)


auto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek αὐτο- (auto-).

lbor

auto- + biografia → autobiografia

auto- + pilot → autopilot

auto- + alarm → autoalarm


auto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós, “self”).

bor+

auto- + ódio (“hatred”) → auto-ódio (“self-hatred”)

self-; auto- (done by or directed at oneself)

auto- + foco (“foco”) → autofoco (“autofocus”)

auto- + carro (“car”) → autocarro (“bus”)

(Brazil, linear algebra) eigen- (relating to eigenvectors and eigenvalues)


zoo-

From (combining form of) Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).


zoo-

From Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).


zoo-

Derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion).

zoo- + -cyd → zoocyd


zoo-

From Ancient Greek ζῷον (zôion, “animal”). Doublet of bio-.


zoo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ζῷο- (zôio-), combining form of ζῷον (zôion, “animal”).


רב

Root
 ר־ב־ב (r-b-b)
From one of the roots ר־ב־ב (r-b-b).

רב־פעלים

רב־חקלאות ― ráv-khakla'út ― polyculture

רב־סנפירים

רב־מכר


hect-

Form of hecto-—meaning 100—used before a vowel.


양

양— (canonical)
yang- (romanization)
洋 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 洋 (“ocean; Western (because Westerners came by sea)”).

ko-etym-sino

양의학 ― yang'uihak ― Western medicine

양놈

양파


meg-

megohm

Alternative form of mega- used before a vowel.


meg-

May be related to Erzya мекев (mekev, “back, backwards”).

fordul (“to turn”) → megfordul (“to turn around, to turn back”)

jön (“to come”) → megjön (“to come back, get back, return”)

A verbal prefix with the following meanings:

(original meaning, now rare) back, backwards

keres (“to look for”) → megkeres (“to locate, look for it until it is found”)

talál (“to find accidentally, to come across”) → megtalál (“to find (after purposefully searching)”)

néz (“to look at, for an indefinite time, as an ongoing activity”) → megnéz (“to give it a [thorough] look, assess its quality, form an opinion, etc.”)

hallgat (“to listen”, or: “to keep quiet”) → meghallgat (“to listen till the end attentively and comprehend, give it some thought”)

vár (“to wait”) → megvár (“to wait until something happens, someone arrives or gets ready”)

It adds a perfective aspect to the verb in all tenses (a definite endpoint when the action can be considered completed).

hízik (“to get fatter [than before]”) → meghízik (“to get fat”) (compare also elhízik (“to get obese”))

hosszabbít (“to make longer, lengthen”) → meghosszabbít (“to make it [sufficiently] long”)

Not infrequently it can be rendered with the positive degree of an adjective rather than the comparative, expressing an absolute measure instead of a relative one:

szeret (“to love”) → megszeret (“to come to like, to become attached to, to become fond of”)

lát (“to see”) → meglát (“to catch sight of”)

tud (“to know”) → megtud (“to learn, find out”)

It expresses the beginning of an action (inchoative aspect).

lő (“to shoot”) → meglő (“to shoot and wound”) (compare also lelő (“to shoot and kill”))

csúszik (“to slip, slide”) → megcsúszik (“to slip but avoid falling”) (compare also elcsúszik (“to slip and fall, possibly getting injured”))

It may express a half-perfective aspect:

szól (“to say something”) → megszól (“to backbite, badmouth, to say bad things about someone behind the person's back”)

It sometimes changes the meaning of the verb in other ways.


out-

From Middle English ut-, from Old English ūt- (“out, without, outside”) (also as ūta-, ūtan- (“from or on the outside, without”), as in ūtanweard (“outward, external”)), from Proto-Germanic *ūt- (“out-”). Cognate with Dutch uit-, German aus-, Swedish ut-, Icelandic út-. More at out.

inh

outback

outhouse

outcast

outlead

outflee

outdo

outlast

outmaneuver

It out-Herods Herod. Pray you, avoid it.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

She was nobody when he married her, barely the daughter of a gentleman; but ever since her being turned into a Churchill she has out-Churchill’d them all in high and mighty claims: but in herself, I assure you, she is an upstart.

1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter XVIII, in Emma: […], volume II, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 345:

With a few honorable exceptions it out-Descartesed Descartes […]

2016, Noam Chomsky, What Kind of Creatures Are We?, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 124:

Forms verbs with the sense of surpassing or exceeding the prefixed word. This construction is productive.

outsize

outrun

outgrow

By the end of the competition, Lisa's plant had outgrown its competitors, winning the competition.

The plant's leaves outgrew their box

outfit

outwork


pico-

Borrowed from Spanish pico (“beak, little bit, speck”)

bor

In the International System of Units and other metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10⁻¹² (short scale trillionth or long scale billionth). Symbol: p

(biology) Used to designate sizes, especially, of cells, smaller than those prefixed by nano- or micro-; sized between 0.2 and 2.0 μm.


tri-

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Latin tri- (“three”) and Ancient Greek τρι- (tri-, “three”).


tri-

(chemistry) Used in combination with a known element name (e.g. 'tri-silicon') to designate an unknown element that would reside three periods lower than the known element on a Mendeleev-type periodic table. See Mendeleev's predicted elements.


tri-

Internationalism (see English tri-), ultimately from Latin tri-.


tri-

Ultimately from Latin tri- and Ancient Greek τρι- (tri-, “three”).


tri-

From Malay tri-, from tri, from Sanskrit त्रि (tri), from Proto-Indo-Iranian, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


tri-

English: tri-

Combining form of trēs (“three”, cardinal numeral).


tri-

From tri, from Sanskrit त्रि (tri), from Proto-Indo-Iranian, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


tri-

tri- + legal (“cool”) → trilegal (“awesome”)

(Rio Grande do Sul, colloquial) superior in quality or degree; super-


tri-

Proto-Germanic: *þri- (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τρι- (tri-, “three”)

Italic:

Latin: tri- (“three”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tri-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tri-

Sanskrit: त्रि- (tri-, “three”)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tri-

Proto-Slavic: *trь-

Russian: тре- (tre-, “three”)


ennea-

From Ancient Greek ἐννέα (ennéa, “nine”).