para

Indonesian: para

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paRa (collective particle). Compare Acehnese para (“horde, troop”).

inh

para murid

definitive prefix used to denote that the word preceded is plural


intra-

intraclade is within a monophyletic taxon, intracoalition is within a coalition, intracorporate is within a corporation

Within a single entity indicated by the root word:

intrabone is within a bone, intracardiac is inside the heart, intracolic is within the colon

Inside or with, in terms of location or position.

intraoperational is during an operation, intradiurnal is during the hours of daylight, intradecadal is within a decade

intra-

prefix signifying inside, within, interior, during

intrajudge is within the evaluations of a single judge, intradoctor is relating to a single doctor, intraparticipant is of a single participant

intracavitary is into a cavity of the body, intracloacal is into or within the cloaca, intracistern is into the cisterna

A direction that is inward or into the location indicated by the root word.

intramarry is to marry a member of the same group, social stratum, or religion: the marriage is intra a social group rather than this being within a single marriage; intranet is a private computer network: i.e. a network that is intra; intrapreneur is a person employed to work independently within a company in order to introduce innovation and to revitalize and diversify its business: i.e. an entrepreneur that is intra; intraconnect is to connect with other cells that are connected together in a cluster,

Indicating that the root is internal in nature.

intrachiral is between individuals of the same chirality, intraploidy is between organisms that have the same ploidy, intra-allelic is such that one allele affects the expression of another allele in the same gene locus

Between two or more similar entities that are within a larger entity. The root indicates the commonality between the entities.

intramedian is located between the anterior and posterior media longitudinal veins on the wing, intragalactic is occurring between two or more points within a galaxy, intramolecular is between different parts of the same molecule

Spatially located in between two points within the region indicated by the root entity.

intramercurial is between the planet Mercury and the sun, intrapetiolar is situated between the petiole and the stem, intraaxillary Situated below the point where a leaf joins the stem.

Spatially located in between the root entity and a reference point.

intracalvarium is the interior of the calvarium, intracranium is the interior of the cranium

The interior of the region indicated by the root.

intramountain is a part of a mountain, intradiegetic is part of the narrative

intrametric is pulses that are aligned with the musical metre, intradirective is being an intransitive verb in which the subject both actively performs and undergoes the action

In alignment or synchronous with the root entity.


intra-

intra- (prefix indicating inside, within, interior)


e-

e.g. eluviation, edentulous, elenge

(non-productive) Used to form adjectives with the sense of something being lacking or removed.


e-

Electronics (magazine)
Oxford English Dictionary
United States Postal Service

In an electronic form, especially computerized and digital; often in association with the Internet.


e-

e-stop, e-brake


e-

(marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate an electrified or all-electric variant of the product, particularly cars.

(marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate a battery-powered or onboard electric power source variant.

e-stim


e-

(electronics) Used to prefix items that are embedded into devices, instead of being discrete or removable elements.


e-

third person feminine agent pronominal prefix; she


e-

Third-person singular subject marker for tense modifying adverbs.


e-

Alternative form of ex- (combining with b-, d-, g-, j-, l-, m-, n-, r-, and v-initial words).


e-

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


e-

e- + papier → e-papier

e-, as relating to electronics or the internet


e-

Alternative form of em- used before M and N

Alternative form of ex- (outward motion)


e-

From Old Norse æ, from Proto-Germanic *aiwi (“forever”), Proto-Germanic *aiwaz.

e- + huru (“how”) → ehuru (“although, however”)

e- + vad (“what”) → evad (“whatever”)

e- + var (“where”) → evar (“wherever”)

e- + ho (“who”) → eho (“whoever”)

prefix that may be used on certain pronouns and adverbs to create "-ever" constructions, most of which are formal or archaic.


e-

From English e-, shortening of electronic.


e-

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

e- + -nu (“this, these”) → enu (“these (class 4)”)

[[Appendix:Tooro_noun_classes#Class_4|class 4]] pronominal concord

e- + -nu (“this, these”) → enu (“this (class 9)”)

[[Appendix:Tooro_noun_classes#Class_9|class 9]] pronominal concord


e-

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

e- + -kora (“to do”) → ekora (“they (class 4) do”)

they; [[Appendix:Tooro_noun_classes#Class_4|class 4]] subject concord

e- + -kora (“to do”) → ekora (“it (class 9) does”)

it; [[Appendix:Tooro_noun_classes#Class_9|class 9]] subject concord


e-

e- (mutation mutation-radical)
he- (mutation prothesis-h)

From English e-, an abbreviation of electronic.

e- + llyfr (“book”) → e-lyfr (“e-book”)

e- + masnach (“trade, commerce”) → e-fasnach (“e-commerce”)

e- + post (“post, mail”) → e-bost (“email”)

e- + dysgu (“to learn”) → e-ddysgu (“e-learning”)


e-

Perhaps originally related to or a variant form of öt-, which has an allmorphic form e- in some related languages. However, note that intransitive verbs formed with öt- have agent-like arguments, whereas those formed with e- have patient-like arguments.

converts a transitive verb into an intransitive verb with a patient-like argument, variously with reflexive, reciprocal, or passive meaning


e-

attaches to possessed nouns beginning with ö when the possessor is first- or second-person or is indicated by a full noun preceding the possessed noun


e-

e- + ne (“to eat”) → ene (“eater”)

Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er


e-

Tungusic:

North Tungusic:

Even: э- (ə-)

Evenki: э- (ə-), эмӣ (əmī)

Negidal: э- (e-)

Oroqen: ə-

Solon: e-

South Tungusic:

Central:

Oroch: э- (e-), эӡи (eʒi-)

Udihe: э- (e-), эйни (ejni)

South-Eastern:

Orok: э- (e-)

Ulch: эӡи (eʒi)

e- → *esinbi (“I don't (present)”) (or *esībi ?)

e- → *ečinbi (“I didn't”) (or *ečēbi ?)

e- → *etēnbi (“I won't”)

gada esinbi.


blasto-

From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “a germ, bud, sprout, shoot”), from βλαστάνειν (blastánein, “to bud, sprout, grow, properly of plants, but also of animals”).

uder

blastophthoria


blasto-

blasto- + cysta → blastocysta


inter-

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁én
Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér
Proto-Italic *ənter
Latin inter
Latin inter-bor.
English inter-
Borrowed from Latin inter- (“between, amid”), a form of prepositional inter (“between”).

bor+

Borrowed from Latin inter- (“between, amid”)

interangular is between angles, interbarb is between barbs, interbronchial is between the bronchi

A position which is in between two (or more) of the kind indicated by the root.

A spatial position which is in between two (or more) of the kind of landmark indicated by the root.

interarmy is between armies, interobserver is between observers, interparental is between parents

A social position which is in between two (or more) of the kind of social group indicated by the root.

interlitter is between litters (of animals), intermonth is between months, interoccurrence is between occurrences

A temporal position which is in between two (or more) of the kind of event indicated by the root.

interday is between subsequent days, interdiastolic is between successive diastoles, interpausal is between successive pauses

A temporal position which is in between two successive events of the kind indicated by the root.

interlexical is between consecutive words, intercarinal is between adjacent carinae, intercarbon is between neighbouring carbon atoms

A spatial position which is in between two adjacent landmarks of the kind indicated by the root.

interhippocampal is between the hippocampus and other parts of the brain, intermercurial is between Mercury and the Sun, interelectrolyte is between an electrolyte and an electrode

A spatial position between the root landmark and an unspecified reference point.

interblog is between blogs, intercausal is between causes, interexperiential is between experiences

interlegible is mutually legible, interattraction is mutual attraction, intercalibrate is to calibrate by means of mutual comparison

Mutually: the root verb or property has a symmetric and bidirectional relationship between the relevant parties.

interfuse is to fuse together, interknit is to knit together, interreact is to react together

Combining together: the root verb is done together, generally uniting or merging multiple objects.

interculture is a new culture formed by the merging of aspects of existing cultures, interhalogen is any binary compound of two different halogens, interprime is the mean of two consecutive odd primes

Hybrid: combining two or more of the root together to produce a hybrid.

interfriction is friction between two or more things, interflow is the flow of water from rain/snow directly through the soil, intermesh is to mesh between one another, interlay is to insert layers of a different material between

Internally: the root verb is done in between or among relevant entities; also formining nouns and adjectives derived from the verb form.

Interspatially: the root verb is done between or among spatial entities; also forming nouns and adjectives derived from the verb form.

interact is a pair or series of acts involving more than one person, intermarry is to marry a member of another social group, intergern is to exchange grins or snarls (gerns)

Intersocially: the root verb is done between or among social entities; also forming nouns and adjectives derived from the verb form.

intermention is to mention among other things; interpoint is to punctuate with stops or pauses; interadditive is to added between the parts of another thing, such as a clause inserted parenthetically into a sentence

Intermittently: the root verb is done between or among temporal entities; also forming nouns and adjectives derived from the verb form.

interavailable is such that tickets purchased for one route or service can be used on another, intermural is originating as street art but being curated and displayed in a gallery or museum

Transferable: the root entity is or can be transferred between multiple locales.

intershine is to shine among or between, interdistinguish is to distinguish between, interreflection is the illumination of an object by reflected light from other objects that are not light sources

interlaminate is to arrange in alternating laminae or layers, interplant is to alternate plantings of two or more species, interbed is the interleaving of distinct strata (beds) of rock

Alternating: a sequence of alternating kinds of the root.

interoceanic is connecting two oceans, intersesamoidian is connecting sesamoid bones, interregional is connecting two or more regions

Link: to connect multiple kinds of the root.

Abutment: to connect multiple spatial regions of the type indicated by the root.

interlaboratory is involving cooperation between laboratories, interservice is involving relationships between branches of the armed forces, interliner is a passenger whose journey involves changing from one airline company to another

Cooperating: to connect multiple social entities of the type indicated by the root.

interartistic is involving the overlap of multiple forms of art, intercausative is having overlapping causation, intersectional is the overlap of multiple forms of discrimination

Overlapping: the overlap of multiple kinds of the root.

intercellular is connecting cells, interneuron is a multipolar neuron that connects afferent and efferent neurons, internetwork is to set up as a network of networks

intergenerational is across generations, intersecular is spanning more than one century (secular)

Spanning across multiple time periods indicated by the root.

intermicronational is independent of micronational boundaries, international is independent of national boundaries, intercurrent is not belonging to any particular season

Universal or independent of the root social groups or time periods.

interlanguage is a common language used by speakers of different languages, interexperience is experience shared with another person, interownership is the ownership of a resource by multiple parties

Communal: a kind of the root which is shared among people.

interdisciplinary is of or pertaining to multiple distinct academic disciplines, intermodal is relating to more than one mode of transport, intergenetic is pertaining to multiple languages with different roots

interbasin is a waterway between reservoirs, interfascicle is a thickened rib of silica between the fascicles of a centric diatom, intershell is the layer between two stellar shells

Intermediate between multiple of the type indicated by the root.

Midsection: an object which is positioned spatially between multiple of the root.

interjoist is a middle joist or crossbeam; interleaf is a sheet of paper or cardboard, placed between layers on a pallet to create a cohesive structure; interarea is an area where the soil composition differs significantly from the surrounding region - this is a converse of the previous sense, where the root indicates the surroundings rather than that which is surrounded

Connector: an object of the type of the root has a spatial position which is in between.

intermediatrix is a female intermediator; intermessenger is one who carries messages between other parties; intergroup is a group of members of the European Parliament of no particular party or committee, to facilitate the exchange of views

An intermediator or middleman between multiple social entities. The root indicates the kind of intermediator rather than the social entities.

internym is the insertion of a quotation between one’s first and last names, interdental is a small toothbrush for cleaning in between adjacent teeth, interlinear is inserted between the lines of a text

Inserting between multiple entities of the kind indicated by the root.

interpause is a pause between acts, interact is a short act or piece between others, intercadence is the occurrence of an extra beat between the two regular pulse beats

Interlude: a time period or event which is intermediate between other time periods. The root indicates what the intermediate event is and not the surrounding periods.

interlocution is an intermediate decree before final decision, interact is intermediate time period, intercycle is the interval during which the operation of a punched card device was halted to allow time for processing of card contents

Interval: an event or time period which is intermediate between time periods of the type indicated by the root. Here the surrounding time periods are indicated by the prefix and not the intervening event.

intergenotype is an intermediate genotype; interform is an intermediate form; intermedia is interdisciplinary activities between media, such as those between drawing and poetry, or between painting and theatre

internetted is connected into a computer network, interblag is the Internet

(technology) Internet: relating to the internet or computer networking.

intersexual is an intersex person; interphobia is fear or hatred of intersex people, intergender is an intersex person whose gender identity is influenced by being intersex

(LGBT) Intersex: relating to intersex people.


inter-

inter- + nacionální → internacionální


inter-

Borrowed from Latin inter. Cognate with the non-borrowed form entre-.


inter-

From Dutch inter-, from Latin inter-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”). Doublet of antar-.


inter-

→ Catalan: inter-

→ Czech: inter-

→ Danish: inter-

→ Dutch: inter-

→ English: inter-

→ Finnish: inter-

→ French: inter-

→ Galician: inter-

→ German: inter-

→ Hungarian: inter-

→ Italian: inter-

→ Norman: întèr-

→ Norwegian: inter-

→ Polish: inter-

→ Portuguese: inter-

→ Russian: интер- (inter-)

→ Spanish: inter-

→ West Frisian: ynter-


inter-

inter- + wokaliczny → interwokaliczny


inter-

Learned borrowing from Latin inter-. Doublet of entre-.


inter-

Learned borrowing from Latin inter. Doublet of entre-.


말

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 末, from Old Korean 馬 (*MAL).
In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄆᆞᆯ (Yale: mòl).
Similar words are found across Eurasia. Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Nivkh мурӈ (murŋ, “horse”), Old Chinese 馬 (*mraːʔ, “horse”), Japanese 馬(うま) (uma, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”); see the last link for more.
For the prefix, compare Chinese 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse; big, great”), from which it is perhaps calqued.

ko-etym-native

말벌

말개미

말잠자리


millimilli-

(obsolete) micro- (in the names of SI units)


micromicro-

(obsolete) Pico- (in the names of SI units)


millimicro-

(obsolete) nano- (in the names of SI units)


were-

Back-formation from werewolf (“man-wolf”), from Old English werewulf, derived from wer (“man”) + wulf (“wolf”).

back-form

lycanthrope, used with animal names to indicate a person who changes shape into that animal.


pseud-

Alternative form of pseudo- (used before a vowel other than o)


pseud-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ψευδ- (pseud-).

bor+

(rare) Alternative form of pseudo- (only used before a vowel)


막

Contraction of 마구 (magu). See there for more.


여

여— (canonical)
yeo- (romanization)
女 (hanja)

Coordinate term: 남(男) (nam, “man; male”)

여동생

여왕

(before nouns referring to people) woman, female

the hanja entry at 女 for Sino-Korean compounds of 여


날

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean ᄂᆞᆯ (Yale: nòl). Possibly related to Japanese 生 (nama, “raw”), 菜 (na, “greens as a food; side dish”) and 生る (naru, “to bear fruit”).


제

제— (canonical)
je- (romanization)
第 (hanja)

제 1과

the hanja entry at 第 for Sino-Korean compounds of 제


제

제— (canonical)
je- (romanization)
諸 (hanja)

유럽의 제언어

the hanja entry at 諸 for Sino-Korean compounds of 제


요

요— (canonical)
yo- (romanization)
要 (hanja)

요보호아동
yobohoadong
at-risk children
(literally, “children in need of protection”)


간

간— (canonical)
gan- (romanization)
奸 (hanja)


수

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 숳〮 (Yale: swúh).

(of objects that fit together) protruding


신

신— (canonical)
sin- (romanization)
新 (hanja)

신(新) (sin) + 기록(記錄) (girok, “record”) → 신기록(新記錄) (sin'girok, “new record”)

the hanja entry at 新 for Sino-Korean compounds of 신


주

주— (canonical)
ju- (romanization)
駐 (hanja)

주(駐) (ju) + 한(韓) (Han, “Korea”) → 주한(駐韓) (juhan, “resident/stationed in Korea”)

the hanja entry at 駐 for Sino-Korean compounds of 주


mid-

Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia.

2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

He's in his mid-thirties — meaning he is roughly around the age of 34-36, as opposed to one's early thirties (aged roughly 31–33) and one's late thirties (aged roughly around 37-39).

He was born in the mid-1930s.

a mid-shoulder stretch

mid-key, midclass, midgut, midbrow

He was hit by a ball mid-jump.

During, in the middle of doing something.


mid-

midwist

midrād

with, in conjunction with; together (with)

midstrēam

midspreca


myria-

From French myria-, ultimately from Ancient Greek μυρίος (muríos, “ten thousand”).

der

(obsolete) In the metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10,000. Symbol: my


myria-

From Ancient Greek μυρίος (muríos, “ten thousand”).

(obsolete) myria- In the metric systems of units, multiplying the unit to which it is attached by 10,000. Symbol: my


mini-

Shortened from miniature, ultimately from Latin minium (“red lead”). Influenced by similarity to minimum and minus.

(diminutive) Smaller version of an item than usual.


mini-

Internationalism (see English mini-), ultimately from Latin minium.


mini-

mini- + spódniczka → minispódniczka


mini-

mini- (denotes a small version of something)


범

범— (canonical)
beom- (romanization)
汎 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 汎 for Sino-Korean compounds of 범


돌

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 돓〯 (Yale: twǒlh). In turn, from an earlier *tworVk on the basis that an placename element 石 alternates with 珍惡 (MC trin 'ak; OC *trə[n] ʔˤak) in the Samguk Sagi. The final velar plosive is also preserved in some Korean dialects .

ko-etym-native

(of an animal or plant) wild, uncultivated, bad in quality

(of a person) incompetent, dysfunctional


cái

From Proto-Vietic *-keːʔ (“woman; female”). Compare gái.
Attested in the title of Phùng Hưng, 布蓋大王 (MC puH kajH dajH hjwang) (SV: Bố Cái Đại Vương), with the first two characters rendering words ancestral to modern vua (“monarch”) and cái ("great, main"), equivalent to the Chinese 大王 next to it, i.e. the title is the phrase "great king/monarch" written in two languages.

Cái Bống là cái bống bang

Khéo sảy khéo sàng cho mẹ nấu cơm

Mẹ Bống đi chợ đường trơn

Bống ra gánh đỡ chạy cơn mưa ròng.
Oh, Little, Little Goby
Sieves the rice so skillfully, so that Mommy can cook it.
Goby's Mommy has returned from the market on a slippy road
Goby goes help her carry the pole, to get away from the heavy rain.

(Northern Vietnam) Title affixed to rural young girls' names.


xeno-

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “alien”).

Used to form taxonomic names and epithets indicating strangeness


xeno-

xenophilia, xenophobia

xenolith, xenomenia

porcine xenograft

(biology, medicine, transplantation) From a donor of another species.

xeno- + archaeology → xenoarchaeology


xeno-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “foreign, of a stranger”).


אל

Cognate with Phoenician 𐤀𐤋 (ʾl), Ugaritic 𐎀𐎍 (ảl), Akkadian 𒌑𒌌 (ul).

מָוֶת (mávet, “death”) → אַלְמָוֶת (álmávet, “immortality”)

חוּט (ḥút, “wire”) → אַלְחוּטי (alḥutí, “wireless”)


baro-

From Ancient Greek βάρος (báros, “weight”), from βαρύς (barús, “heavy”).


baro-

baro- + -graf → barograf


hyper-

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”).


hyper-

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”) (English over), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Doublet of over-, super-, and sur-.

der

Forms augmentative forms of the root word.

hyper- → hyperactive

hyper- → hypersonic

Used to create forms that are found beyond the root.

hyper- → hyperspace

(mathematics, physics) existing in more than three spatial dimensions

hiper-

hyper- → hypertext


hyper-

[ˈhyːˀb̥ɐˌ-]

[ˈhyːˀb̥ɐˈ-]


hyper-

C’est hypercool !

C’est hyperennuyeux.

(informal) mega- (extremely, incredibly, totally)


arc-

From Latin arcus (“bow, arc”), as they represent an angle or arc. Compare etymology of arch.

arkusz-

forms the names of inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

arc-sine (British), arcsine (US)

arctan

(mathematics) Used to form the names of inverse trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions.

(mathematics, sometimes proscribed) Alternative form of ar- used to form the names of inverse trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions.


chrono-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos).


chrono-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”).


chrono-

Derived from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos).

der+

biologia + chrono- → chronobiologia


비

비— (canonical)
bi- (romanization)
非 (hanja)

비공식 (非公式)

비공개 (非公開)

the hanja entry at 非 for Sino-Korean compounds of 비


무

무— (canonical)
mu- (romanization)
無 (hanja)

Sino-Korean word from 無 (“nothing, not being”), from the Middle Korean reading 무 (Yale: mwù).

ko-etym-sino

무(無) (mu) + 공해(公害) (gonghae, “pollution”) → 무공해(無公害) (mugonghae, “non-polluting”)

무(無) (mu) + 소음(騷音) (so'eum, “noise”) → 무소음(無騷音) (muso'eum, “noiseless”)

무(無) (mu) + 매너 (maeneo, “manners”) → 무(無)매너 (mumaeneo, “no manners, rude”)

non-, un-, a-; a prefix marking an absence of something

무(無)하다

to be nonexistent; archaic except in Buddhism

the hanja entry at 無 for Sino-Korean compounds of 무

the Korean adjective expressing nonexistence


syn-

From Ancient Greek συν- (sun-), from σύν (sún, “with, in company with, together with”). Compare Sanskrit सम्- (sam-).

syn- + -onym → synonym

syn- + chron- → synchronize

syn- + esthesia → synaesthesia


syn-

Internationalism (see English syn-), ultimately from Ancient Greek συν- (sun-).


syn-

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with, together”).


syn-

syn- + -onim → synonim


proto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).

Proto-

proper names of protolanguages and their associated people

protophysics, protometal, protoword

In many ways, both good and bad, he was a proto-Justin Bieber—a teenage dream to be bought and sold, with what would turn out to be very little regard for his own humanity.

2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

An early, primitive stage of development.

protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm

protogynous, protandrous

(ordinal number) First in order; which stage is first.

protoderm, protocneme

All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.

(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of.

প্রত্ন-

(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages

protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide

(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt.

protophilic, protolysis

(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge.

prototroch, protoconid, protoconule


proto-

From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).


proto-

Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-).

der+

proto- + -liza → protoliza


proto-

From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) "first", superlative of πρό (pró) "before".


proto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).


s-

Abbreviation of scalar (“particle with spin 0”).

abbrev

(physics) Subatomic particles with a spin (quantum angular momentum) of 0, predicted by supersymmetry; the bosonic equivalent of known fermions.


s-

second person agent pronominal prefix; you


s-

a prefix, usually indicating either movement together or movement downwards

s- + jít → sejít

Sešel dolů.

s- + jít → sejít

Sejdeme se zítra.


s-

From Proto-Afroasiatic *s- (causative prefix).

inh

Used to form a causative verb from a non-causative verb.


s-

In most cases, this prefix stems from Latin ex- (see ex). In some cases, it stems from Latin dis-.

s- + fatto (“done”, “made”) → sfatto (“(of a bed) unmade”)

used to form words that have an opposing sense: un-, in-

s- + gancio (“hook”) → sganciare (“to unhook”)

s- + borsa (“bag”) → sborsare (“to disburse”)

used to form verbs that have a sense of undoing an action: de-, dis-, un-

s- + bocca (“mouth”) → sboccato (“foul-mouthed”)

s- + buco (“hole”) → sbucare (“to pop out”)

s- + confine (“boundary”) → sconfinare (“to stray away from”)

used to form verbs with a sense of exit, separation: dis-, ex-, trans-

s- + buccia (“skin”, “peel”) → sbucciare (“to peel”)

s- + fame (“hunger”) → sfamare (“to feed”, “to satiate”)

s- + bianco (“white”) → sbiancare (“to whiten or bleach”)

s- + gocciola (“droplet”) → sgocciolare (“to drip”)

used to derive verbs from a noun, adjective or verb

s- + cacciare (“to hunt”, “to drive away”) → scacciare (“to expel”, “to drive away”)

discendere (“to descend”) → scendere


s-

Inherited from Old Javanese sa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.


s-

s- + ʔəɬəd (“eat”) → sʔəɬəd (“food”)


s-

you _____


s-

privative or negative affix that attaches to verbs


s-

head

s- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others)

in some texts but not in others (triggers-mutation-nasal)


s-

s- + całkować → scałkować

s- + chłodzić → schłodzić

used before voiceless consonants to form a verb in a perfective aspect from a verb in an imperfective aspect

s- + chodzić → schodzić

used before voiceless consonants to mean "in a downward direction"

s- + chodzić → schodzić

used before voiceless consonants to mean "off, off the surface of", "away from", or "out of"


s-

s- + pùstiti → spùstiti

s- + znȁti → sàznati

s- + lòmiti → slòmiti

s- + glȅdati → sàgledati

s- + kȕpiti → skȕpiti

s- + klòniti → sklòniti

s- + náći → snȃći

Prepended to verbs, usually forming a perfective from an imperfective verb.

sa-

before affricates, fricatives and certain consonant clusters


phono-

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice, sound”). The word φωνή primarily referred to articulated human or animal sounds. This is in contrast to ἠχή -- from which echo is derived -- which referred to sounds in general.

der

phonograph


lipo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lípos, “animal fat”).

bor

(biology, medicine, usually) lipids: oils, cholesterols, fat/lard, tallow, and so on.

fat specifically, as:
The form of lipid.

Fat tissue or fat cells, which contain such lipids.


lipo-

From Greek λείπω (leípo, “to leave, be lacking”).


lipo-

From Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lípos, “animal fat”).


lipo-

Derived from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lípos).

der+

lipo- + proteina → lipoproteina


ant-

antacid

A variant form of anti- used before a vowel.

antumbra

A variant form of ante- used before a vowel.


ant-

From Proto-Germanic *hundą, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”).
Related to the second part of Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (sibuntēhund, “seventy”). Akin to Old English hund-, Old Dutch ant-, cognate with Latin centum.

cog

antsiƀuntig "seventy"

Used at the beginning of numerals from 70 to 90

antahtoda "decade eighth"


eks-

Borrowed from Latin ex-. Compare French é-.

eks- + edzo (“husband”) → eksedzo (“ex-husband”)

eks- + ministro (“minister”) → eksministro (“former minister”)

eks- + modo (“fashion”) → eksmoda (“old-fashioned”)

Mi antaŭe renkontis mian eksdunganton ĉe la superbazaro.

I saw my former employer at the supermarket earlier.

eks- + bovo (“head of cattle, bull, cow”) → eksbovo (“ox, bullock, steer”)

eks- + virĉevalo (“stallion”) → eksvirĉevalo (“geliding”)


eks-

From Dutch ex-, from French ex-, from Latin ex-, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ-, *eǵs- (“out”), *eǵʰs.


eks-

eks- + mąż → eksmąż


bo-

From Middle High German bi-, be-, from Old High German bi-, from Proto-Germanic *bi-. Cognate with German be-.

graaban (“to dig”) → bograaban (“to bury”)

hüutan (“to watch”) → bohüutan (“to protect”)

(Sette Comuni) Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies working on something or change of state.


bo-

From French beau- (used to indicate a male relation by marriage, as in beau-père, beau-frère, or beau-fils), used in Esperanto regardless of gender.

bo- + patrino (“mother”) → bopatrino (“mother-in-law”)

bo- + filo (“son”) → bofilo (“son-in-law”)


bo-

Borrowed from Esperanto bo-, French beau-.


bo-

prefix for adjectives agreeing with class 14 nouns

verbal prefix for class 14 noun subjects


bo-

bo- + oma (“to get dry”) → booma (“they get dry”)

Form used before a verb beginning with the letter o of ba-


bo-

desc

Nisenan: bo, boˑ (“to hit with a stone held in hand”)

Northeast Maidu: bo (“to hit by throwing”)

Northwest Maidu: bó-


ek-

ek- + krii (“to cry”) → ekkrii (“to cry out”)

ek- + kanti (“to sing”) → ekkanti (“to begin to sing”)

The prefix ek- indicates that the action it modifies is momentary or just beginning. It marks the inceptive aspect of verbs.


ek-

Prefix form of ek (“out of (motion from; made or extracted from; fractional part of), out from, out (forth from), of (made of)”).

ek- + irar (“to go”) → ekirar (“to go out; exit”)


mal-

From Old French mal- from the Latin adverb male, from malus.

malism, malinfluence

maleffect

malodor

maldifferentiation

maldescent

malfed, malnourished, malcirculation

malcommunication

maladherence, malcontent


mal-

Borrowed from French mal- in its secondary sense of denoting the opposite.

mal- + alta (“high”) → malalta (“low”)

mal- + ami (“to love”) → malami (“to hate”)

mal- + dekstra (“right”) → maldekstra (“left”)


mal-

Inherited from Middle French mal-, from Old French mal-, from mal (“bad; badly”).

mal- + faisant → malfaisant (“harmful”)

denotes the opposite of the unprefixed form


ad-

Borrowed from Latin ad-. Doublet of at-.

accouple, admarginate, admixture, attune

(no longer productive) Doing, enacting, forming a verb.

adaxonal, addental, admedial

adapical, adfluvial, adgerminal

Towards in direction or movement. (anatomy) Towards the midline of the body.

acclaim, adsignification, adspection

(no longer productive) Intensifying, additionally.

admarginal, adnervular, adstratum

adfix, adposition, affix

Appending and/or prepending. Adding from either side.

adnominal, adverb, assoil

adatom, adcumulate, aggrade


ad-

Prefix form of ad. Also based on Latin ad-.

portar (“carry, bear”) → adportar (“bring, carry (to a person or place)”)

ube (“where”) → adube (“where to (with motion), whither”)

to (indicating that to which there is movement, tendency or position, with or without arrival)


ad-

From the preposition ad (“to, towards”).

usually prefixed to verbs, in which cases it often has the effect of intensifying the verbal action


ad-

Irish: a- (no longer productive)

ad- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ad- (mutation)

From Proto-Celtic *ad-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include Latin ad and English at.

in many compounds, it has a purely intensive sense

con·birt (“you conceived”) + ad- → con·abairt (“you have conceived”) (forms of con·beir)

con·melt (“(s)he rubbed”) + ad- → con·amailt (“(s)he had rubbed”) (forms of con·meil)

·coscrad (“not destroyed”) + ad- → ·comscarad (“had not destroyed”) (past subjunctive prototonic forms of con·scara)

con·gab (“it contained”) + ad- → con·acab (“it had contained”) (forms of con·gaib)

·cotla + ad- → ·comthala (subjunctive forms of con·tuili (“to sleep”))

augment infix used instead of ro- on verbs whose first prefix is com- and the stressed syllable starts with a consonant


ad-

ad- (mutation mutation-radical)
had- (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *ate-, from Proto-Celtic *ati-. from Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Cornish as-, English ed-, Latin et (“and”), Sanskrit अति (ati, “over-”).

ad- + llais (“voice”) → adlais (“echo”)

ad- + talu (“to pay”) → ad-dalu (“to refund”)

ad- + blas (“taste”) → adflas (“aftertaste”)

ad- + cas (“hated, nasty”) → atgas (“hateful, detestable”)

affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word


ad-

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of adh-


on-

From Middle English on-, from Old English on-, an-, from Proto-West Germanic *ana-, from Proto-Germanic *an-, *ana- (“on-”), from Proto-Indo-European *ano-, *nō- (“on”). Cognate with Dutch aan-, German an-, Swedish an-. Doublet of ana-.

oncome, onset, onfall, onlay


on-

Afrikaans: on-

Petjo: on

From Middle Dutch on-, from Old Dutch un-, from Proto-West Germanic *un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

on- + mens (“human being”) → onmens (“brute, barbarian”)

on- + dier (“animal”) → ondier (“monster”)

on- + ding (“thing”) → onding (“something unacceptable, absurd”)

on- + kruid (“herb”) → onkruid (“weed”)

on- + weer (“weather”) → onweer (“storm, severe weather”)


on-

From Middle Dutch on, from Old Dutch *āna, from Proto-Germanic *ēnu (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *anew, *enew (“without”).


on-

Dutch: on-

Afrikaans: on-

Limburgish: ón-

From Old Dutch un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.


on-

From Proto-West Germanic *an-, *ana-, from Proto-Germanic *an, *ana (“on”).

onhlinian

ondōn

forming verbs and adjectives from participles and nouns, with various senses of on, upon, to, there, thither

onlīehtan

onstellan, onstiellan

to establish, institute, install, originate

(inchoative) in, into; prefix used to intensify an action or to denote origin or initiation


on-

onbindan

onfealdan

onberan


on-

allomorph of ön- (negative/sociative irrealis prefix) used for stems that have a first vowel o or u.


on-

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич

* Per Vasmer, Chernykh, Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *h₁en.
*: Related to *vъ (“in/into”), *ǫtro, *ętro, *ędro.
*: Cognate with Lithuanian į, Old Prussian en (“in”), Ancient Greek ἐν (en), Proto-Italic *en (“in”), *ənter (“between”), Proto-Celtic *en, Proto-Germanic *in (“in/into”), *under.
* Per Vasmer, ?ESSJa: From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
*: Related to *na. Compare *po : *opakъ, *za.
*: Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (anu), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná) (ἀναβάλλω (anabállō), ἀναβολή (anabolḗ)), Proto-Germanic *ana (“on/onto”), and also possibly Latin an- (anhēlō, anhēlus, compare hālō, animus).

onuťa ⇐ **onuti ⇐ *uti

orǫdьje (possibly)

ǫtъkъ ⇐ *tъkъ, *tъkati

ǫvozъ ⇐ *vozъ, *vesti (> *vъvesti, *navesti, *navozъ)

ǫtorъ ⇐ *torъ, *terti

ǫdolь ⇐ *dolъ

From nouns (like *sъ/*sǫ-, *po/*pa-, *pro/*pra-)


ge-

Inherited from Dutch ge-, from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.

Ek het die koek geëet


ge-

Inherited from Dutch ge-, from Middle Dutch ge-.

Used with a verb stem to create an uncountable noun referring to an action or its result, seen as a single collective whole.


ge-

Inherited from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.
Cognate with German Low German ge-, Dutch Low Saxon ge-, German ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

(obsolete, no longer productive) Forms perfective verbs from other verbs with a sense of completeness, or simply as an intensifier.


ge-

From the prefix above with an 'empty' suffix originating from Old Dutch *-i, from Proto-Germanic *-ją.

Used with a verb stem to create a neuter uncountable noun referring to an action or its result, seen as a single collective whole. Comparable to English -ing (although that forms countable nouns, as it does in Dutch).


ge-

Derived from German ge-. The German prefix is used to form collective nouns, but generally has nothing to do with gender. However, there is one word in which the force of German ge- is very similar to that in Esperanto, namely Geschwister, a plurale tantum derived from Schwester (“sister”) but meaning “siblings of either sex”. The Esperanto use might be based chiefly on this word.

ge- + patro (“father”) → gepatroj (“mother(s) and father(s)”)

ge- + frato (“brother”) → gefratoj (“sister(s) and brother(s)”)

ge- + nepo (“grandson”) → genepoj (“granddaughter(s) and grandson(s)”)

ge- + avo (“grandfather”) → geavoj (“grandmother(s) and grandfather(s)”)

(plural only) used with a plural (gendered) noun to indicate multiple genders together

patro (“father”) → gepatroj (“parents”) → gepatro (“a parent”)

frato (“brother”) → gefratoj (“siblings”) → gefrato (“a sibling”)

nepo (“grandson”)→ genepoj (“grandchildren”) → genepo (“a grandchild”)

avo (“grandfather”) → geavoj (“grandparents”) → geavo (“a grandparent”)

(unoffically, by extension) used with a gendered noun to indicate unspecified gender

lernejo (“school”) → gelernejo (“co-educational school”)

ĝui (“enjoy”) → geĝui (“to have fun (in a mixed-gender group); to have (heterosexual) sex”) (jocular)

(unoffically, by extension, often humorous) with or among mixed genders


ge-

northern Rhineland, south-eastern Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg, Berlin

Inherited from Middle High German ge-, from Old High German ga-, gi-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.
Cognate with Low German ge-, e-, je- (Ermländisch), Yiddish גע־ (ge-), Dutch ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

-t

for verbs not stressed on the very first syllable

ge- + Ader (“vein”) → Geäder (“veins collectively”)

ge- + Ast (“branch”) → Geäst (“all the branches of a tree”)

ge- + Berg (“mountain”) → Gebirge (“mountain range”)

ge- + Busch (“bush”) → Gebüsch (“brush”)

ge- + Rippe (“rib”) → Gerippe (“skeleton”)

ge- + Stein (“stone”) → Gestein (“rock”)

ge- + Strauch (“bush, shrub”) → Gesträuch (“shrubbery”)

ge- + Wasser (“water”) → Gewässer (“body of water”)

ge- + Wolke (“cloud”) → Gewölk (“cloud formation”) (modern: Wolkenformation)

Forms collective nouns, almost always neuter gender. Whenever possible, the root vowel is modified as well.

ge- + ächzen (“groan (verb)”) → Geächze (“groan (noun)”)

ge- + heulen (“to cry like a wolf”) → Geheule (“the howl of a wolf”)

ge- + reden (“talk”) → Gerede (“chatter”)

ge- + seufzen (“sigh (verb)”) → Geseufze (“sigh (noun)”)

Forms action nouns, usually with a sense of repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural.

ge- + schenken (“to gift”) → Geschenk (“gift”)

ge- + legen (“to lay”) → Gelege (“clutch of eggs”)

ge- + prägen (“to stamp a coin”) → Gepräge (“the pattern on a coin”)

nomina rei actae
nomen rei actae#English

Forms nomina rei actae, verbal nouns that refer to the result of an action, always of neuter gender.

ge- + schlafen (“to sleep”) → geschlafen (“slept”)

ge- + denken (“to think”) → gedacht (“thought”)

ge- + retten (“to rescue, save”) → gerettet (“rescued, saved”)

Forms past participles in combination with a suffix -en or -(e)t. Nouns are frequently made from the past participle.

ge- + leiten (“to lead”) → geleiten (“to escort”)

ge- + nießen (“to use”) → genießen (“to enjoy”)

ge- + Middle High German bëren (“to bear, carry”) → gebären (“to give birth”)

ge- + langen (“to reach for”) → gelangen (“to achieve”)

Early New High German
Early New High German#English

Forms verbs with terminative aktionsart. This is hardly productive after Early New High German and outside of dialects.

ge- + Brüder (“brothers”) → Gebrüder (“Brothers”) For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.

ge- + Fahrt (“journey”) → Gefährte (“fellow-travellers”)

Indicates association or togetherness; co-.


ge-

Derived from Esperanto ge-, from German ge-.

avi (“grandparents, grandfathers and/or grandmothers”) → geavi (“grandfathers and grandmothers”)

prefix used with the plural to indicate both sexes together


ge-

From earlier gè-, from Middle Dutch ge-, ghe-, from Old Dutch gi-, ge-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Old Saxon gi- (Low German e-, ge-), Dutch ge-, Old English ġe-, Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).

When used in combination with the suffix -dje, forms neuter collective nouns.

When attached to verbal nouns, forms nouns denoting repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural. For example: kalle/gekal.

Forms past participles of verbs: wèrke/gewèrk.

Used as an intensifier for verbs. wèrke/gewèrke.


ge-

Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-

English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ge-
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Latin cum (“with”).

etymon

used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection

forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-

forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"

past participles
past participle#English

forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs


pra-

Inherited from Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”), from Proto-Slavic *pra-.

inh+

pra- + dědeček → pradědeček (“great-grandfather”)

pra- + babička → prababička (“great-grandmother”)

pra- + otec → praotec (“forefather”)

pra- + máti → pramáti (“foremother”)

pra- + les → prales (“primaeval forest”)

pra- + člověk → pračlověk (“primaeval man”)

pra- + hmota → prahmota (“primary matter”)

pra- + čeština → pračeština (“Proto-Czech”)

pra- + slovanština → praslovanština (“Proto-Slavic”)

pra- + podivný → prapodivný (“very strange”)

pra- + malý → pramalý (“extremely small”)

very, extremely (intensifying the meaning of the original adjective)


pra-

Borrowed from Russian пра- (pra-) and Polish pra-.

pra- + arbaro (“forest”) → praarbaro (“primordial forest”)

pra- + besto (“animal”) → prabesto (“prehistoric animal”)

pra- + homo (“human being”) → prahomo (“primitive man”)

pra- + patroj (“fathers”) → prapatroj (“forefathers”)

pra- + ulo (“person”) → praulo (“ancestor”)

pra- + avo (“grandfather”) → praavo (“great-grandfather”)

pra- + onklino (“aunt”) → praonklino (“great-aunt”)

pra- + nepo (“grandson”) → pranepo (“great-grandson”)


pra-

Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pra-, from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.

lbor

prasekolah

prasejarah

prakata

pre-, before; earlier in time; beforehand.


pra-

Learned borrowing from Indonesian pra-, from Old Javanese pra-, from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.

prasekolah

Before; earlier in time; beforehand; pre-.


pra-

→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)

→ Malay: pra- (learned)

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.


pra-

pra- + porządek → praporządek (“preorder”)

pra- + język → prajęzyk (“proto-language”)

pra- + stary → prastary (“ancient”)

pra- + dziadek → pradziadek (“great-grandfather”)

pra- + babcia → prababcia (“great-grandmother”)

prepended to ancestors before grandparents; great-

pra- + wnuk → prawnuk (“great-grandson”)

pra- + wnuczka → prawnuczka (“great-granddaughter”)

prepended to descendants after grandchildren


pra-

pra- + dȅda → pradeda

pra- + bȁba → pràbaba

appended to ancestors before grandparents

pra- + postojbina → prapostojbina (“urheimat”)

pra- + ìstōrija → praistorija (“prehistory”)


pra-

pra- + ded → praded

pra- + slovanština → praslovanština


pra-

pra- + ded → praded

pra- + slovanščina → praslovanščina


pra-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pra-

desctree

Sanskrit: प्र- (pra-)
→ Bengali: প্র- (pro-) (learned)
→ Hindi: प्र- (pra-) (learned)
→ Old Javanese: pra-
→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)
→ Malay: pra- (learned)

Proto-Iranian: *fra-
Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra-)
Northern Kurdish: ra- (preverb)
Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /fra-/)
Middle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)
Persian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)
Parthian: [script needed] (fra-)


pra-

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: пра- (pra-)

Old Ruthenian: пра- (pra-)

Belarusian: пра- (pra-)

Ukrainian: пра- (pra-)

Russian: пра- (pra-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: пра- (pra-)

Bulgarian: пра- (pra-)

Macedonian: пра- (pra-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пра-

Latin script: pra-

Slovene: prȃ- (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: pra-

Polish: pra-

Slovak: pra-

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: pra-

From Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-. Related to *pro.


rhabdo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥάβδος (rhábdos, “rod, wand”).


dinitro-

(chemistry) containing two nitro groups (-NO₂)


deoxy-

(chemistry) Formally derived from another compound by the replacement of a hydroxy group by a hydrogen atom


dichloro-

(chemistry) containing two chlorine atoms


arterio-

(anatomy, medicine) Alternative form of arteri-


arterio-

(anatomy, medicine) arterio- (relating to arteries)


cephalo-

Meronym: encephalo-

(biology, medicine) Relating to the head; sometimes, particularly, the brain.


benzo-

benzodiazepine, benzoyl

(organic chemistry) Related to benzene or benzoic acid.


aceto-

From Latin acētum (“vinegar”), because acetic acid is a constituent of vinegar.

(organic chemistry) Containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group (CH₃CO-); e.g., acetophenone

aceto-

containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group


aceto-

From Latin acētum (“vinegar”), from aceō (“I am sour”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-éh₁-ye-ti, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). Doublet of eddik and acet-.

(organic chemistry) aceto- (containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group)


cyto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “container, receptacle”).

cyto- + pathology → cytopathology


cyto-

cyto- + -blast → cytoblast


arthro-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”).

der

(biology, medicine) articulation = joint (as for example in arthroplasty).

artro-

biology: referring to a joint or meaning articulation

(biology, medicine) articulation = speech (as for example in dysarthrophonia).


histo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “web, tissue”).


histo-

From Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “web, tissue”).


histo-

histo- + -gen → histogen


azo-

azine

(organic chemistry) Containing nitrogen especially as the divalent group N=N.

(inorganic chemistry) Containing aluminum-doped zinc oxide.


chloro-

From Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”).

uder

(organic chemistry) Containing chlorine.


chloro-

chloro- + aceton → chloroaceton


amino-

(chemistry) Of amines and of the amino functional group.

amino-

of amines and the amino functional group


amino-

(organic chemistry) amino- (of amines and the amino functional group)


helio-

Representing a combining form of Ancient Greek ἥλιος (hḗlios, “sun”).


helio-

helio- + -biont → heliobiont


helio-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἡλιο- (hēlio-), combining form of ἥλιος (hḗlios, “sun”).


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sur-, over-, and hyper-.

superlabial, superglacial, superlineal (examples from )

located above; (anatomy) superior in position

supercategory, superfamily, superculture

supernatural, superhuman, supersonic

superwavelength, supersynchronous, superrotation

superphosphate, superhydration

excessive; exceptionally large in quantity

superintendent, supervisor

super-

superior in size, quality, number, degree, status, title or position

supervolcano, supercow, superantigen, superpotent

superbenevolent, superblizzard, superquiet, supersharp, superbright

(augmentative) intensely, extremely, or exceptional

superparticle, superpartner, superWIMP

superheroic


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sobre-.


super-

Det er superfint, når hele branchen er samlet på ét sted, selv om jeg ikke kan fordrage Berlin.

2012, C.J. Box, Tre uger endnu, Klim, →ISBN:

It is really nice that the entire trade is gathered in one place, although I despise Berlin.

En supersød pige på alder med mig, som klarer sig godt på holdet.

2012, Rikke Nielsen, Dorte Kvist, Til sidste fløjt, Art People, →ISBN, page 8:

A very nice girl my age, who is doing well on the team.


super-

Internationalism (see English super-), ultimately from Latin super-.


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sur-.


super-

super- + mocarstwo → supermocarstwo


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sobre-

super- (superior in size, quality, number, degree, status, title or position)


haemo-

From Ancient Greek αἱμο- (haimo-), akin to αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


emo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αἱμο- (haimo-), from αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


hemo-

hemo- + -cyt → hemocyt


quasi-

Borrowed from Latin quasi (“almost, as it were”), from quam (interrogative adverb) + sī (conditional particle).

-ass

resembling; restricted to casual registers

The quasi-death of insanity with its small periodic remissions, its deviations into good sense, even into brilliant insight, was almost more cruel really than outright death.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 18:

-like

resembling; forms adjectives from nouns only

The British constitution famously rests on convention. This requires a compact between politicians working as a cabinet and a quasi-independent civil service.

2020 July 20, Simon Jenkins, “Britain deserves better than an Old Etonian Donald Trump”, in The Guardian:

To a limited extent or degree, to be somewhat or partially.


quasi-

→ Indonesian: kuasi-

quasi- should be written connected to the following word


sexa-

sexa- or (canonical)
before a vowel sex- (canonical)


icosa-

From Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”).


chilia-

From Latin chilias, itself from Ancient Greek χίλιοι (khílioi, “thousand”).


triskaideka-

From Ancient Greek τρεισκαίδεκα (treiskaídeka, “thirteen”), from τρεῖς (treîs, “three”) + καί (kaí, “and”) + δέκα (déka, “ten”).

uder

τρεισκαίδεκα


septua-

From Latin septua (“seven”), from septem (“seven”).


hendeca-

From Ancient Greek ἕνδεκα (héndeka, “eleven”).


quinqu-

Alternative form of quinque- used before a vowel.


sesqui-

From Latin sēsqui- (“1½ times; increased by 50%”), from semi- (“half”) and -que (“and; also”).


twi-

From Middle English twi-, from Old English twi- (“two, double”), from Proto-Germanic *twi- (“two-, double-”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-, double-”) (compare Proto-Germanic *twiz- (“twice”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).
Compare twin, twice, two, and see more details at two.
Cognate with German zwie- (“twice”), Swedish tve- (“twi-, double”), Russian дву- (dvu-), двух- (dvux-) Old Prussian dwi- (“twi-”), Latin bi-, bis (“twice”) (< Old Latin dui-, duis).

inh

twi-headed

twilight, twisexual, twi-tongued

(rare or no longer productive) double, both


twi-

Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-

English: twi-

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *twi-, from Proto-Germanic *twi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi-.

inh+

twieċġe

twidǣlan

twibrowen

twirǣde


twi-

Proto-West Germanic: *twi-

desctree

Old English: twi-, twio-, twy-
Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-
English: twi-

Old Saxon: twi-

Low German: twi-

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: twee-

Old High German: zwi-

German: zwie-

Old Norse: tví-
Icelandic: tví-
Faroese: tví-
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvi-
Swedish: tve-
Danish: tve-
Norwegian Bokmål: tve-


oxy-

From Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”).


oxy-

Reduced from oxygen which in turn is from French oxygène, from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús).


ortho-

In this sense, it is the angle that is "right" or straight rather than the line; orthogon is a right-angle triangle, orthocentric is a tetrahedron where all three pairs of opposite edges are perpendicular, orthoclastic is a crystal whose cleavage planes are at right angles.

E.g. orthorexia is an unhealthy fixation with healthy or righteous eating, an orthotaxon is a true taxon based biological relationships rather than form, orthology is speech which is proper, orthoquartzite is very pure quartz sandstone.

E.g. orthophotography is the geometrical correction of aerial photographs, orthoptics is the treatment of muscular irregularities of the eye, orthodontics is the correcting of misaligned teeth.

E.g. An orthocousin, unlike a cross-cousin, is on the same side of the family; orthogamy is when a plant's ovules are fertilized by pollen from the same plant; orthochronous is a transformation which preserves the direction of time.

E.g. orthocclusion is normal occlusion, orthodromic is when neurological impulses are passed in the normal direction, orthogravitropism is the ordinary effect of gravity on plants

E.g. orthoconic is a mollusc shell that is straight rather than spiraled, orthodentin is dentin composed of straight tubes, orthognathous is straight-jawed. .

E.g. orthochrysotile is an orthorhombic chrysotile, orthopyroxene is a pyroxene that forms orthorhombic crystals, orthohexagonal is having orthorhombic hexagonal symmetry.

(crystallography) Orthorhombic crystal structure.

E.g. orthophenylene, orthosubstitution, orthocleavage.

(organic chemistry) In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in adjacent (1,2) positions (compare meta- and para-).

E.g. orthophosphate, orthosilicate, orthoferrite.

(chemistry) Having an extra proportion of water.

E.g. orthogonal as in statistically independent, orthopair is a pair of disjoint subsets, orthogonal in the sense of two aspects of a software problem are able to be treated separately.

E.g. orthonasal is the first direction from which olfaction happens; orthosteric is the original and unmodulated binding site; orthotone is when a speaker retains the accent.

E.g. orthostyle is a series of columns in architecture, an ortholinear keyboard has the keys aligned in straight columns, an orthographic projection has its rays parallel.

E.g. orthopositronium, orthohelium, orthoquarkonium.

(physics) Of any molecule of the form X₂ in which the two nuclei have parallel spin.

E.g. orthogeriatrics is the combination of orthopaedics and geriatrics, orthosurgeon is an orthopaedic surgeon, orthoroentgenography is orthopedic roentgenography.

E.g. orthotropic is to grow vertically (up or down), orthostasis describes the state of the human body in a standing position, orthograde is walking or standing in that position.

E.g. orthogneiss is a gneiss derived from igneous, rather than sedimentary (paragneiss); orthoamphibolite, orthocumulate.


ortho-

ortodoks


iso-

From Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).

isoeffect, isointense

isorhythm

Isomethadone is an isomer of methadone.

isohexane

(organic chemistry) (of an aliphatic compound, especially a fatty acid) Having a branch on the penultimate carbon atom of a chain.

isotherm, isochrone

(meteorology, geography) Forms terms for specific kinds of isolines.


iso-

Internationalism; ultimately from Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).


iso-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).


er-

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- in unstressed positions.
The Middle Dutch er- prefix mostly merged with ver- and her- in Modern Dutch.
The current prefix is therefore either a direct continuation of this prefix or loaned from Old High German ir-, Middle High German er-.
A prefix with the same origin but in stressed positions is oor-.

inseparable verbal prefix that indicates the cause or beginning of an action


er-

From Middle High German er-, from Old High German ir-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old Saxon ā-, English a-.

Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates a successful conclusion, leads to the wanted result.

er- + drücken (“to push, squeeze”) → erdrücken (“to squeeze dead”)

er- + frieren (“to freeze”) → erfrieren (“to freeze to death”)

Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates killing or dying.

er- + arbeiten (“to work”) → erarbeiten (“to gain something by means of working for it”)

Prefix signifying a notion of getting something by some means, usually through conscious effort.


er-

From German er-, from Old High German ir-, and/or from Middle Low German er-, from Old Saxon ā-, both from Proto-Germanic *uz-.

Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates an emphasizing meaning


er-

er- (mutation mutation-radical)
her- (mutation prothesis-h)

er- + glynu (“to attach”) → erlyn (“to pursue, prosecute”)


meta-

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-), from μετά (metá), from Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂ (“in the middle”).

noncog

(botany and zoology) Later or subsequent.

(obsolete, architecture and zoology) Situated between two segments.

(chemistry) Having fewer molecules of water than the ortho- equivalent.

meta-

chemistry: having fewer molecules of water than the ortho- equivalent

(organic chemistry) in isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in alternate (1,3) positions; contrasted with ortho- and para-.

meta-

chemistry: contrasted with ortho- and para-


meta-

Pertaining to a level above or beyond; reflexive or recursive; about itself or about other things of the same type. For example, metadata is data that describes data, metalanguage is language that describes language, etc.

meta-

pertaining to a level above or beyond; reflexive or recursive; about itself or about other things of the same type


meta-

(geology) Modified by metamorphosis; analogies and derivatives of metamorphism.

meta-

geology: analogies and derivatives of metamorphism


meta-

Derived from Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-).

der+

meta- + jazyk → metajazyk

meta- (pertaining to a level above or beyond)


meta-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-).


meta-

meta- + fizyka → metafizyka


meta-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μετά (metá).


um-

From Middle English um-, umbe-, embe-, from Old English ymb-, ymbe- (“around”), from Proto-West Germanic *umbi-, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about, by, near”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Dutch om- (“around”), German um- (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), Latin ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhi, “against, about”). More at umbe.

cog

(rare, now rarely productive, primarily in dialects, chiefly Scotland) Prefix meaning around, about.


um-

From Middle High German um-, umb-, umme-, umbe-, from Old High German umbi- (“around”), from Proto-West Germanic *umbi-, from Proto-Germanic *umbi- (“around”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“by, near, around”). Cognate with English um-, Dutch om-, Swedish om-, Icelandic um-.


um-

Class 1 noun prefix; form of umu- used before stems of more than one syllable.


um-

Class 3 noun prefix; form of umu- used before stems of more than one syllable.


um-

Umulan kanina.

Umalis na ako.

prefix form of -um- for verbs starting with a vowel


ا

اـ (canonical)
a- (romanization)
अ- (Hindi)

A negating prefix. non-, un-, a-, an-, etc.


cyano-

From Ancient Greek κυάνεος (kuáneos, “dark blue”).

(chemistry) derived from cyanogen or a cyanide / nitrile


aj

aj + Watemaal (“Guatemala”) → aj Watemaal (“Guatemalan”)

aj + elq'ak (“to steal”) → aj elq' (“thief”)


semper-

From the Latin adverb semper (“always”).


bán

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bán.wav

bán hẹp bao quy đầu


vice-

From Latin vice (“in place of”), ablative form of vicis.

Taking the place or rank of (another person); deputy.


vice-

From Latin vice (“in place of”), from the ablative of vicis (“alternation, turn”).


sub-

From Latin sub (“under”). Doublet of hypo-.

subterranean

submarine

subplot

subconical

subequatorial


sub-

sub- + optimální → suboptimální


sub-

sub- (“under, below”) + scrībō (“write”) → subscrībō (“to write underneath, to write below”)

Attached to verbs, may denote the position or direction of an action

sub- (“under”) + terra (“earth”) + -āneus (adjective-forming suffix) → subterrāneus (“subterranean, underground”)

sub- (“under”) + lūna (“moon”) + -āris (adjective-forming suffix) → sublūnāris (“sublunar, sublunary”)

In compounds, may stand for sub in a prepositional phrase

sub- (“somewhat”) + amārus (“bitter”) → subamārus (“somewhat bitter, bitterish”)

Attached to adjectives, creates new adjectives of lesser intensity, having a sense like "somewhat", "slightly", "rather", "-ish"


うん

Onomatopoeia of the grunting noise made when straining oneself in effort.
The prefix usage appears in the Kanto region during the Edo period.

うん飲む

(archaic) added to various verbs to indicate forceful or excessive action


papa-

Borrowed from Latin pāpa, from Ancient Greek πάππας (páppas).

Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy.


Brit-

Britart, Britpop


preter-

Zurich is the capital of the preter-modern, preter-futurist movement called Dadaism, the home of its organ, of the literary and artistic group of Dadaists.

1919 June 8, “Intolerance at Zurich”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


caco-

From Ancient Greek κακός (kakós, “bad”).


cis-

From the Latin preposition cis (“on this side of”). The earliest known sexuality-related use of the prefix in any language was in a 1914 German-language book on sexology. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest use of the prefix in the context of gender in English dates from 1994.

quote-book

Lexikon Des Gesamten Sexuallebens

1914, Ernst Burchard, Lexikon Des Gesamten Sexuallebens, Berlin, BV047570799, page 32:
Cisvestitismus, die Neigung, die Kleidung einer anderen Altersstufe, Volks- oder Berufsklasse des gleichen Geschlechts zum Zwecke sexueller Entspannung anzulegen, dem Transvestitismus verwandt (s. Verkleidungstrieb).
Cisvestism, the tendency to don the clothes of a different age group, ethnic group, or profession of the same sex for the purpose of sexual relaxation, related to transvestism (see disguise instinct).

cis- + alpine → cisalpine (“on this [the Roman] side of the Alps”)

cis- + Rhenane → cisrhenane (“on this [the speaker's] side of Rhine”)

cis- + Caucasia → Ciscaucasia

cis- + Jordan → Cisjordan

cis- + Neptunian → cis-Neptunian

cis- + diazene → cis-diazene

(physical chemistry) Forming names of chemical compounds in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound.

cis- + gender → cisgender

cis- + sexism → cissexism

cis- + normativity → cisnormativity

(gender) Being, or pertaining to being, cis (cisgender or cissexual).


masto-

From Ancient Greek μαστός (mastós, “breast”).


trans-

cis-

antonym(s) of “chemistry, other side/beyond, gender”

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).

bor

trans- + national → transnational

trans- + regional → transregional

trans- + American → transamerican

trans- + alpine → transalpine

trans- + uranic → transuranic

To or on the other side of, beyond; outside of.

անդր

across, through, over, beyond, to or on the other side of, outside of

transacetylase, tranexamic acid, transaldolase

(physical chemistry) A compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on opposite sides of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound. (Also used without the hyphen as an adjective; see trans.)

transmasculine, transfeminist, transphobia

For quotations using this term, see Citations:trans-.

Transgender or transsexual, or pertaining to those who are transgender or transsexual.


trans-

bor+

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”)


trans-

Internationalism (see English trans-), ultimately from Latin trāns.


trans-

Learned borrowing from Latin trāns. Doublet of très and trans.


trans-

Learned borrowing from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).


trans-

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch trans-, from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).


trans-

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”). Doublet of tra-, which was inherited.


trans-

etymon

trāns-


trans-

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”). Doublet of trás, which was inherited.


trans-

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”). Doublet of tras-, which was inherited.


neuro-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combining form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”)

nerves, nerve tissue, or the nervous system.


neuro-

From Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combining form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”).

neuropathy, neurospinal, neurodynamics

There's been a proliferation of “neuro-” fields. Some, like neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology, are stodgy old institutions by now.

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 2, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

Nerves, nervous tissue, or the nervous system.

невро-

relating to nerves or the nervous system

neuroqueer, neurospicy


neuro-

Internationalism (see English neuro-), ultimately from Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-).


neuro-

(anatomy) neuro- (relating to nerves or the nervous system)


neuro-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combing form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”).


cryo-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “ice, icy cold, chill, frost”).


archi-

Late Latin archi- (“arch-, chief, first”), from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief, leading”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin, lead, rule, govern”)


archi-

From Ancient Greek prefix ἀρχι- (arkhi-), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin, lead, rule, govern”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).


archi-

archi- + faux (“wrong”) → archifaux (“dead wrong, extremely wrong”)

archi- + vrai (“true”) → archivrai (“extremely true”)


archi-

→ Portuguese: arqui-

→ Spanish: arqui-

desc

→ Russian: арцы- (arcy-), арци- (arci-), архи- (arxi-)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *arci- (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old English: arċe-, ærċe-, erċe-
Middle English: arche-
English: arch-

From the Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-). Productive from Late Latin on.


archi-

archi- + diecezja → archidiecezja


arch-

From Middle English arch-, arche-, from Old English arċe-, ærċe-, erċe- (“arch-”), borrowed from Latin archi-, this stemming from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-).

archeparch is the archbishop of an archeparchy, archmarshal is the grand marshal of the old German empire, archdiocese is an area administered by an archbishop. These are all specific ranks.

A title in a hierarchy which indicates a higher degree of rank than its root word.

archantagonist is a chief antagonist, archmodernist is a leading modernist, archcompetitor is a primary competitor. Unlike the previous sense these are not formal titles, but are nevertheless a leader of the community indicated by the root.

That an arch-election denier who has been at the forefront of attempts to overturn Biden’s victory should refuse to state openly whether she will abide by the outcome of her own election has set alarm bells ringing.

2022 November 2, Ed Pilkington, “‘The Trump playbook’: Republicans hint they will deny election results”, in The Guardian:

Leading, foremost, primary, or principal.

archfool is an extremely foolish person, archracist is an extremely racist person, archnationalist is extremely nationalist.

The arch-perfectionist Guardiola, almost inevitably, pointed out that Foden did not start well but he could not argue with how he finished, saying: "He can do whatever he wants. He's a really top-class player.

2024 April 3, Phil McNulty, “Man City 4-1 Aston Villa: Phil Foden produces 'masterclass' to show worth again”, in BBC:

(augmentative) Intensely, extremely, or exceptionally.

archmage is a very powerful mage; archvillain is the most evil or powerful villain; archwife is a big, masculine wife and/or a dominating woman. Note that the archwife is a powerful woman who is a wife, rather than being intensely wifely.

In Judeo-Christian lore: archangel refers to the first and original angels, archdevil to their devil counterparts, archsin is an original or primary sin.


arch-

arch- (mutation mutation-radical)
harch- (mutation prothesis-h)

From Latin archi- or English arch-. Cognate with Cornish argh-.

arch- + angel (“angel”) → archangel (“archangel”)

arch- + marchnad (“market”) → archfarchnad (“supermarket”)

arch- + esgobaeth (“bishopric”) → archesgobaeth (“archbishopric, primacy”)


ob-

(non-productive) Against; facing; a combining prefix found in verbs of Latin origin.


ob-

ObGoth: Uh, well, it's like this you see, <searches in random file o' obgoth things> anyone out there got the new CoX album on Tess? If so which album is it *most* like?

1998, Haydn Black, “lesbian goths”, in alt.gothic (Usenet):

Aren't Newcastle's chairman Sunderland supporters? (From the way they acted?) Erm...obspeccy? Tynesoft, eh? What happened to them?

1998, Peter Thomas, “FAQ: more info request”, in comp.sys.sinclair (Usenet):

ObLinux: SAP were giving away a free development environment for use with RedHat v6.1 recently, a distinctly non-free complete system has been available for a while. This offers another example of a commercial application where the vendors now have sufficient confidence in Linux to release a port (even if it is distribution-specific).

2000, Dan Glover, “Introduction to Linux article for commentary”, in alt.linux (Usenet):

(Internet, informal, humorous) Obligatory; prepended to the name of a topic being mentioned to avoid accusations of being off-topic.


ob-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ob, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See o.

omission (obden = ob + den (day) = every other day)

surrounding (objet = ob + jet (drive) = to drive around)

a prefix with various functions, e.g. expressing:


ob-

Prefixation of preposition ob (“towards; against”).


ob-

ob- + ić → obić

prefix added to verbs to mean surrounding, around

ob- + mówić → obmówić

prefix added to verbs with various meanings


ob-

Inherited from Old Polish ob-. Doublet of o-.

ob- + jechać → objechać

ob- + jeść (“to eat”) → objeść się (“to eat and be overstuffed”)


ob-

o-

usually before plosives, sometimes also other consonants

jahati → objahati

grliti → obgrliti

kružiti → okružiti

javiti → objaviti

uzeti → obuzeti

lizati → oblizati

grepsti → ogrepsti

hrabriti → ohrabriti

forms perfective verbs from imperfectives

malen → omalen


beau-

head

beau- (feminine belle-, before a vowel or unaspirated h bel-, masculine plural beaux-, feminine plural belles-)

belle- (feminine)
or unaspirated h bel- (before-vowel)
beaux- (masculine plural)
belles- (feminine plural)

belle-mère

beau-fils


seleno-

seleno- + -centric → selenocentric


copro-

From Ancient Greek κόπρος (kópros, “excrement”).

uder

Treatises have been written on the glories of Slavic swearing and the difference between Russian (genitalia-focused) and Ukrainian (more copro-centric) swear words.

2022 March 2, Philippe Naughton, “A Guide to Ukraine’s Swear Words So You Can Follow the Viral Videos”, in The Daily Beast:


nitro-

From Ancient Greek νίτρον (nítron). See niter.


nitro-

(organic chemistry) nitro- (containing nitrogen)


para-

From Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside, next to”).

der

parallel
paraconformity (parallel conformity), paraxial (parallel to the axis)

parasite (feed beside), parallel (beside one another), paracapsular (alongside a capsule)

paracellular (between cells), paraconule (A conule located between a paracone and a metacone), paradiploid (intermediate between diploid and polyploid)

covering
paracolpitis ((outer) covering of inflamed vagina)

paracortex (surrounding the cortex), paradiapophysis (covering the diapophysis)

paracentral (adjacent to the center), paracaval (adjacent to the vena cava)

paranal (near the anus), parepididymis ((body part) near the epididymis), parethmoid (near the ethmoid bone)

paracavernous (On the far side of the cavernous sinus)

paraductal (above the duct), paracoronoid (above the coronoid process), paracondylar (over the condyle)

paracotylar ([extending] across the cotyle), paraesophageal (across the esophagus), paracloacal (through the cloaca), paracostal (through the ribs), paracerebral (throughout the brain)

paradox (beyond expectation), paranormal (beyond normal) paraclival (beyond the clivus)

paralgesia (abnormal sensitivity to pain)

paradiorthosis (false correction)

paramilitary (resembling a military), paramylum (resembling amylum (starch))

parastate (an unrecognized state), parabaptism (unauthorized baptism)

unrecognized, unauthorized, or unsanctioned

parenteral (avoiding the intestines), paraconsistent (avoiding consistency)

(organic chemistry) In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in opposite (1,4) positions (compare ortho- and meta-)

para-

having substituents on benzene rings on opposite carbon atoms

paraclinical (relating to things not purely clinical), parabigeminal (related to a pair of organs), parabicanonical (pertaining to a linear system of divisors equivalent to a bicanonical divisor), paracomplex (pertaining to all metric spaces and all CW-complexes)

paranesthesia (affecting both sides of the lower body), paraballism (ballism affecting both legs)


para-

From French para-, from Italian para-, from para, imperative of parare (“to defend, shield, shroud”), from Latin parō (“I prepare”).

(obsolete, not productive) to guard against, to avert, to shield from; to provide protection against, defence from


para-

From Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside”).


para-

Via Italian para-, from parare, from Latin parō (“to shield”).


para-

Borrowed from English para-, French para-, Italian para-, Spanish para-. Decision no. 105, Progreso III.

io-bor

para- + pluvo (“rain”) → parapluvo (“umbrella”)

para- + moskito (“mosquito”) → paramoskito (“mosquito net”)

prefix denoting protection against, something to ward off


para-

para- (mutation mutation-radical)
phara- (lenition mutation)
bpara- (eclipsis mutation)


para-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-).


para-

para- + nàuka (“science”) → paranauka (“parascience”)

para- + nȍrmālno (“normally”) → paranormalno (“paranormal”)


para-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-).


para-

para- (mutation mutation-radical)
bara- (mutation mutation-soft)
mhara- (mutation mutation-nasal)
phara- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

See English para-, from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-).

para- + meddyg (“doctor”) → parafeddyg (“paramedic”)

para- + normal (“normal”) → paranormal (“paranormal”)

para- + ymatebol (“responsive, reactive”) → paraymatebol (“parasympathetic”)


grand-

From Middle English, probably modelled after use of grand in Middle French (e.g., grandpere); see also grand.

Seth is Amal's grandfather.

of a generation removed from the original noun


grand-

From grand. Its invariability in certain uses reflects the invariability of Latin grandis.

grand-; indicates a relationship of ancestry one generation older than the noun: grand-mère (“grandmother”), grand-tante (“great aunt”).

Non-productively used in certain conventional forms where grand before a feminine noun is invariable in usage: grand-chose, grand-messe, grand-rue.


A-

Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «A», «a».ogg

From the first letter of the Norwegian alphabet, A, from Latin A, from Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through the Etruscan language, from Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ), from Proto-Canaanite , from Proto-Sinaitic , from Egyptian 𓃾.

A-lag
A-team

A-kjendis

indicating the first or best in something


не

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne. Cognates include Lithuanian ne, Old English ne, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni), Irish ní, Latin ne, Sanskrit न (ná).

Како́й ру́сский не лю́бит бы́строй езды́!

Кто не лю́бит пое́сть!

не́ с кем (né s kem, “from”) → не́кем (nékem)

не́ из чего́ (né iz čevó, “from”) → не́чего (néčevo)

(usually not translated, gives affirmative meaning for expression, especially in exclamations)

(With prepositions and pronouns не actually is a prefix, in spite of the fact that it is written separately.)


Ah

Ah Ming moved out of Chinatown last year.

I was called, at about an hour's notice, to take Ah Quai (the girl rescued in the spring), and go with Mr. Gardiner to Seattle, and give evidence in the case of one of the women brought over on the same ship with Ah Quai.

1893 July 4, “Chinese Work in British Columbia”, in Missionary Leaflet, volume 9, number 10, page 2:

A prefix of Chinese origin used with a shortened form of given names to express familiarity, roughly equivalent to a nickname.


Franco-

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.koʊ̯/

The Paris portion will include a first and second class sleeping car, ordinary Paris-Copenhagen coach and a second class Paris-Puttgarden couchette car, besides vehicles for Hamburg and Hanover and restaurant facilities between Paris and Jeumont, on the Franco-Belgian frontier.

1962 December, “Beyond the Channel: European timetables: Prospects for 1963”, in Modern Railways, page 413:

Relating to France or the French people, language, or culture.


O'

O'Reilly

descendant of; used to form Irish patronymic surnames.


S-

(chemistry) one of two mirror-image forms of a stereocentre, part of a diastereomer


Wo

(astronomy) the prefix of catalog entries in the Gliese star catalog, the Richard van der Riet Woolley expansion


acro-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from New Latin acro- (“pointed, first, high”) (from Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “highest, at the extremity”)).

der

acroarthritis is arthritis in the joints of the hands or feet, acroasphyxia is impaired circulation to the fingers, acrodysplasia is dysplasia that affects the head, hands and feet

The extremities: limbs, head, fingers, toes, etc.

acrocentric is a chromosome that has the centromere very near to one end, and thus has a long arm, and a very short arm, acropleurogenous is having spores that develop at the ends of the hyphae, acrocarpous is developing the archegonium on the summit of the primary stem; fruiting at tips, in the manner of mosses

Located or positioned at a tip or tips of an object or body.

acrodendrophile is a creature that inhabits the treetops, acropleustophyte is an aquatic plant that floats near the water surface, acrotrophic is having nutritive cells at the top of the follicular tube

Located or positioned at the top; uppermost.

acrophony is the naming of letters in an alphabetic writing system using words whose initial sounds are represented by the respective letters, acronym is an abbreviation formed by the initial letters of other words, acrography is an organizing principle for written lists based on initial glyphs

acrocephalic is a person suffering from a pointed skull, Acronicta is dagger moth, acrocranial is pointed at the top

acrophilia is sexual arousal from heights or high altitudes, acrophilia is a love of heights, acrophobe is a person who suffers from acrophobia, a fear of heights

acrophase is the upper part of a sine wave fitted to a measurement of a circadian pattern or other biological rhythm, acrostatic is having a specific pattern of ablaut in which the accent is placed on the root syllable in all cases

acrophyll is the upper leaves of a plant, acrolect is speaking like those of the upper class, acrodactylum is the upper surface of a toe

acrophyte is any plant that grows at a high altitude, acrophile is a person who inhabits mountains or alpine regions

acrography is a method of relief etching on wood, metal, or stone by means of a coating of compressed chalk, invented by Louis Schonberg in 1841, acrography is decorative plaster work of various styles used in middle eastern architecture

acrobalance is a form of exercise or performance involving two or more people performing balances without the use of any props, Acroyoga is a physical practice that combines yoga and acrobatics


acro-

From international scientific vocabulary, per above.


acro-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros).


acro-

From Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “highest”).


C

(stenoscript) the sequence circ or its sound


P

MS Pゴシック

プロポーショナル プロポーショナル#Japanese

(typography, especially in typeface names) Initialism of プロポーショナル (puropōshonaru, “proportional”).


uro-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek οὐρά (ourá, “tail”)


uro-

/ˈjʊəɹə(ʊ)-/

/ˌjʊəɹə(ʊ)-/

urine; relating to urine and the urinary system.


uro-

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek οὐρά (ourá, “tail”).

/ˈjʊəɹə(ʊ)-/

/ˌjʊəɹə(ʊ)-/

urochord (organ) or the Urochordata; having a tail.


retro-

retroactive


retro-

→ Esperanto: retro-

Borrowed from English retro-, Italian retro-.

io-bor

jetar (“to throw”) + retro- → retrojetar (“to throw back”)

prefix used with a verbal root to indicate: back, backwards, inverse action, return: retro-, re-


psychro-

From Ancient Greek ψυχρός (psukhrós, “cold, frozen”).


Anglo-

From New Latin Anglo-, from Late Latin Anglī, Anglus (“Anglo-Saxon(s)”), derived from Latin Anglia (“England”), ultimately from Germanic. Influenced by French anglo-. Displaced native Old English Angel-.

ইঙ্গ-

prefix: relating to England, English, or the English

Automatically generated listed of words beginning with

Anglo-Indian rule brought railroads, but also some of the worst famines in history.

Anglo-German naval rivalry was a contributing factor to the First World War.

The identification of the border between England and Scotland always has been a source of interest to railway travellers. For many years, however, the exact points north of Berwick and Carlisle at which the Anglo-Scottish main lines passed from one country to the other were not defined, but the erection of clear and unmistakable lineside signs has put the matter beyond all doubt.

1950 January, “Crossing the Border”, in Railway Magazine, page 2:

A combining form relating to England or, by extension, the United Kingdom.

The Anglo-Indian Cliff Richard's 1952 "Move It" is sometimes credited as the first British rock hit.

T.S. Eliot was an anglophile.

Anglo-Kirghiz mares, now better known as Novokirghiz, produce more milk than representatives of either separate lineage.

A combining form relating to the English or British people, culture, or livestock.

Japanese anglophones—but not Chinese ones—often struggle with distinguishing /r/ and /l/.

A combining form relating to the English language.


во-

Alternative form of в- (v-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


низ-

низ- (niz-) + ложи́ть(ся) (ložítʹ(sja), “to lie down”) → низложи́ть (nizložítʹ, “to depose, to dethrone”)

низ- (niz-) + вести́ (vestí, “to bring”) → низвести́ (nizvestí, “to bring down”)

низо- (nizo-) + -йти (-jti, “to go”) → низойти́ (nizojtí, “to descend, to go down”)


вос-

Alternative form of воз- (voz-) (used before a voiceless consonant)


взо-

Alternative form of вз- (vz-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


вс-

Alternative form of вз- (vz-) (used before voiceless consonants)


изо-

Alternative form of из- (iz-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


противо-

та́нковый (tánkovyj, “tank (attributive)”) → противота́нковый (protivotánkovyj, “antitank”)

стоя́ть (stojátʹ, “to stand”) → противостоя́ть (protivostojátʹ, “to resist, to withstand”)


над-

над- (canonical)
на́д- (canonical)
nad- (romanization)
nád- (romanization)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to extend, add

над- (nad-) + -зира́ть (-zirátʹ, “to look at”) → надзира́ть (nadzirátʹ, “to oversee”)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to apply an action or measure

над- (nad-) + куси́ть (kusítʹ, “to bite”) → надкуси́ть (nadkusítʹ, “to take a bite, nibble”)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to apply an action in incomplete manner

над- (nad-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → надписа́ть (nadpisátʹ, “to superscribe, to inscribe”)

над- (nad-) + вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ный (-nyj, adjective-forming suffix) → надво́дный (nadvódnyj, “above-water”)

над- (nad-) + гроб (grob, “grave”) (poetic) + -ие (-ije, noun-forming suffix) → надгро́бие (nadgróbije, “tombstone”, literally “thing over the grave”)

takes nouns, produces nouns and adjectives: over, above


ото-

Alternative form of от- (ot-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


обо-

Alternative form of об- (ob-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


у-

у- (u-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → уйти́ pf (ujtí, “to go away, to leave”)

у- (u-) + е́хать impf (jéxatʹ, “to go (by horse or vehicle)”) → уе́хать pf (ujéxatʹ, “to depart (by conveyance)”)

у- (u-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to say”) → уговори́ть pf (ugovorítʹ, “to persuade”)

у- (u-) + знать impf (znatʹ, “to know”) → узна́ть pf (uznátʹ, “to get to know”)


бес-

Alternative form of без- (bez-) (before voiceless consonants)


нис-

Alternative form of низ- (niz-) (before voiceless consonants)


воз-

Traditionally explained as borrowing from Old Church Slavonic въз- (vŭz-); compare inherited cognate вз- (vz-). However, there is an opinion about independent development, compare the words взойти (vzojti), взобраться (vzobratʹsja), взорвать (vzorvatʹ), which indicate the presence of a second /ъ/ in the prefix, which makes it possible to create a strong position for /ъ/ and transition to /o/. Also compare възогъловие (*възъголовие) in birch bark manuscript №469. Per Zaliznyak, prefix възъ- arose by analogy with the Old East Slavic prefixes like отъ- and подъ-.

воз- (voz-) + враща́ть (vraščátʹ, “to turn”) → возвраща́ть (vozvraščátʹ, “to return”)


ис-

Alternative form of из- (iz-) (before voiceless consonants)


надо-

Alternative form of над- (nad-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


от-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ-; see *otъ for further information.

от- (ot-) + ходи́ть (xodítʹ, “to go”) → отходи́ть (otxodítʹ, “to go away”)


рас-

Alternative form of раз- (raz-) (before voiceless consonants)


подо-

Alternative form of под- (pod-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


вз-

Proto-Slavic *vъz-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *uź-. Cognate with Lithuanian už (“within, instead of, in return for”), Latvian uz (“on, to”). Further etymology disputed. Compare also воз- (voz-), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.

cog

взо- (vzo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → взойти́ (vzojtí, “to rise, to ascend”)

вс- (vs-) + ки́нуть (kínutʹ, “to throw, cast, fling”) → вски́нуть (vskínutʹ, “to throw up, to toss up”)


пред-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прѣдъ- (prědŭ-).

bor+

пред- (pred-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → предписа́ть (predpisátʹ, “to prescribe”)

пред- (pred-) + ви́деть (vídetʹ, “to see”) → предви́деть (predvídetʹ, “to foresee”)

пред- (pred-) + расположи́ть (raspoložítʹ, “to dispose, to arrange”) → предрасположи́ть (predraspoložítʹ, “to predispose”)

пред- (pred-) + течь (tečʹ, “to flow”) + -а (-a, agent noun suffix) → предте́ча (predtéča, “precursor, forerunner”)

пред- (pred-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians”) → Предкарпа́тье (Predkarpátʹje, “Ciscarpathia”)


вы-

head

вы́- • (vý-)

Inherited from Old East Slavic вꙑ- (vy-), from Proto-Slavic *vy- (“out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd, or Proto-Indo-European *(H)ud (Derksen), or *ūd- : *ūt- (Černyx). In Slavic, the final consonant was dropped.
Cognates include English out, German aus (“out”).

inh+

вы́- (vý-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → вы́йти (výjti, “to go out”)

(used with verbs) out, out from (describing an action of moving outside from inside)

вы́- (vý-) + кури́ть (kurítʹ, “to smoke”) → вы́курить (výkuritʹ, “to smoke to the end”)

(used with verbs) completion or fulfillment


пере-

пере- (pere-) + лете́ть impf (letétʹ, “to fly”) → перелете́ть pf (pereletétʹ, “to fly (by avoiding unpleasant factors such as bad weathers, falling objects, etc.; as one of its meanings)”)

(used with verbs) over, over again (describing an action of moving by overcoming one or more obstacles)

пере- (pere-) + -йти́ impf (-jtí, “to go”) → перейти́ pf (perejtí, “to cross”)

(used with verbs) across, trans- (describing an action of moving to a different place)

пере- (pere-) + стара́ться impf (starátʹsja, “to try hard”) → перестара́ться pf (perestarátʹsja, “to overdo, try too hard”)

(used with verbs) too much (describing an action of resulting something excessive)

пере- (pere-) + крича́ть impf (kričátʹ, “to shout”) → перекрича́ть pf (perekričátʹ, “to shout down (i.e. shouting much louder than someone)”)

(used with verbs) extremely (describing an action of doing something much more extreme than an average action)

пере- (pere-) + смотре́ть impf (smotrétʹ, “to look, see”) → пересмотре́ть pf (peresmotrétʹ, “to review (i.e. seeing something again); to rewatch”)

(used with verbs) re- (describing a repeating action)

пере- (pere-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to speak, talk”) + -ивать (-ivatʹ, imperfectivizing suffix) + -ся (-sja, reciprocal suffix) → перегова́риваться impf (peregovárivatʹsja, “to exchange remarks or words”)

(used with verbs) describing an alternating or exchanging action

пере- (pere-) + стреля́ть impf (streljátʹ, “to shoot”) → перестреля́ть pf (perestreljátʹ, “to shoot (many targets)”)

(used with verbs) describing a consequence of a completed action that affects many entities of a group

пере- (pere-) + ре́зать impf (rézatʹ, “to cut up”) → перере́зать pf (pererézatʹ, “to cut up many times with a sharp tool”) (also implying a meaning related to slaughtering and killing)

пере- (pere-) + куси́ть impf (kusítʹ, “to bite”) (rare) → перекуси́ть pf (perekusítʹ, “to split something into two by biting”)

(used with verbs) describing a destructed state of an entity, usually by cutting or tearing with tools or tool-like implements

пере- (pere-) + куси́ть impf (kusítʹ, “to eat”) (archaic) → перекуси́ть pf (perekusítʹ, “to eat something quickly and less”)

(used with verbs, colloquial, rare) describing a light action that is not done in full measure


раз-

Inseparable verbal prefix that denotes distribution, destruction, breaking into pieces, undoing or removing.; de-, dis-, un-


раз-

раз- (raz-) + -ити (-iti, “to go”) + сѧ → разити сѧ (“to go asunder, to disagree”)


раз-

Inherited from Old East Slavic роз- (roz-), from Proto-Slavic *orz-. The spelling "раз-" was reinforced by Old Church Slavonic раз- (raz-), as well as vowel reduction, which is also reflected in Belarusian раз- (raz-).

разо- (razo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) + -сь (-sʹ) → разойти́сь (razojtísʹ, “to go asunder, to disagree”)

раз- (raz-) + дева́ть (devátʹ, “to put”) → раздева́ть (razdevátʹ, “to undress”)

раз- (raz-) + рабо́тать (rabótatʹ, “to work”) → разрабо́тать (razrabótatʹ, “to develop, to work out”)

раз- (raz-) + говори́ть (govorítʹ, “to talk”) + -ся (-sja) → разговори́ться (razgovorítʹsja, “to talk up a storm”)

(used with verbs) with reflexives, giving free rein to

не (ne, “not”) + рас- (ras-) + слы́шать (slýšatʹ, “to hear”) → не расслы́шать (ne rasslýšatʹ, “to not quite hear”)

(used with verbs, in the negative) not quite


о-

prefix added to verbs of motion: about, around

prefix added to verbs: completely, to the full extent


о-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

See -ить (-itʹ) for examples.

prefix added to adjectives or nouns to produce factitive verbs in conjunction with -ить (-itʹ), i.e. verbs with the meaning of making (someone or something) the mentioned characteristic or property

о- (o-) + зо́лото (zóloto, “gold”) + -и́ть (-ítʹ) + -ся (-sja) → озолоти́ться (ozolotítʹsja, “to receive gold; (figuratively) to get rich”)

о- (o-) + зелёный (zeljónyj, “green”) + -ить (-itʹ) + -ся (-sja) → озелени́ться (ozelenítʹsja, “to become green; to become planted”)

о- (o-) + безлю́дный (bezljúdnyj, “uninhabited, depopulated”) + -еть (-etʹ) → обезлю́деть (obezljúdetʹ, “to become depopulated”)

prefix added to adjectives or nouns to produce fientive verbs in conjunction with -ить (-itʹ) + -ся (-sja) or with -еть (-etʹ), i.e. verbs with the meaning of becoming or receiving the mentioned characteristic or property

обо- (obo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → обойти́ (obojtí, “to go around”)

о- (o-) + край (kraj, “land, country”) + -ина (-ina) → окра́ина (okráina, “outskirts, periphery”)

о- (o-) + бок (bok, “side”) + -ина (-ina) → обо́чина (obóčina, “roadside, curb”)

о- (o-) + говори́ть (govorítʹ, “to speak”) + -ся (-sja) → оговори́ться (ogovorítʹsja, “to make a slip of the tongue”)

prefix added to verbs, with the suffix -ся (-sja): to fail at (some action)

о- (o-) + ду́мать (dúmatʹ, “to think”) + -ся (-sja) → оду́маться (odúmatʹsja, “to change one's mind”)

о- (o-) + по́мнить (pómnitʹ, “to remember”) + -ся (-sja) → опо́мниться (opómnitʹsja, “to regain consciousness”)

prefix added to verbs, with the suffix -ся (-sja): to recover from (some action)


под-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ-; see *podъ for further information.

под- (pod-) + бро́сить pf (brósitʹ, “to throw”) → подбро́сить pf (podbrósitʹ, “to throw upwards”)

(used with verbs) upwards (describing an action of moving from the bottom up)

под- (pod-) + идти́ impf (idtí, “to go (by walking)”) → подойти́ pf (podojtí, “to walk up to, to approach (by walking)”)

(used with verbs) closer (describing an action of approaching to an entity)

под- (pod-) + -ба́вить (-bávitʹ) → подба́вить pf (podbávitʹ, “to add, replenish”)

(used with verbs) adding (describing an action of adding more entity)

под- (pod-) + стричь impf (stričʹ, “to cut”) → подстри́чь pf (podstríčʹ, “to cut up”)

под- (pod-) + писа́ть impf (pisátʹ, “to write”) → подписа́ть pf (podpisátʹ, “to sign, to subscribe (in the sense of writing one's name with a result)”)

(used with verbs) (describing a meaning that shows a finished action or an obtainment of a result)

под- (pod-) + да (da, “yes”) + -кать (-katʹ, suffix forming verbs from expressions) + -ивать (-ivatʹ, imperfectivizing suffix) → подда́кивать impf (poddákivatʹ, “to say yes, to assent (in the sense echoing "yes")”)

(used with verbs) (describing an action of copying or following someone's action)

под- (pod-) + уста́ть pf (ustátʹ, “to get tired”) → подуста́ть pf (podustátʹ, “to get tired slightly or lightly”)

под- (pod-) + слать pf (slatʹ, “to send, dispatch”) → подосла́ть pf (podoslátʹ, “to send something (secretly)”)

(used with verbs) (describing an existence of the certain action that is weak, invisible, hidden or incomplete)


под-

под- (pod-) + земля́ (zemljá, “ground”) + -ный (-nyj) → подзе́мный (podzémnyj, “underground”)

под- (pod-) + гру́ппа (grúppa, “group”) → подгру́ппа (podgrúppa, “subgroup”)

под- (pod-) + власть (vlastʹ, “authority, control”) + -ный (-nyj) → подвла́стный (podvlástnyj, “subjected, dependant”)

под- (pod-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians (mountains)”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Подкарпа́тье (Podkarpátʹje, “Subcarpathia (region surrounding the Carpathian mountains)”)

под- (pod-) + ма́стер (máster, “master”) + -ье (-ʹje) → подмасте́рье (podmastérʹje, “apprentice”)

takes nouns, produces nouns or adjectives: under-, sub- (referring to literal position under something, being under the influence of something, occupying a title or position below a superior, etc.)

под- (pod-) + чи́стый (čístyj, “clean”) + -у́ю (-úju, feminine accusative ending) → подчисту́ю (podčistúju, “without remainder”)

takes adjectives, produces adverbs: completely


об-

Alternative form of о- (o-) (before certain letters)


об-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ob, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See о.

јахати → објахати

грлити → обгрлити

кружити → окружити

јавити → објавити

узети → обузети

лизати → облизати

грепсти → огрепсти

храбрити → охрабрити

forms perfective verbs from imperfectives

мален → омален


из-

From Proto-Slavic *jьz- prefix, from *jьz.