ⲁⲧ-

(Bohairic, Sahidic, Akhmimic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan) without


choledoch-

(anatomy, medicine) Alternative form of choledocho- (before a vowel)


cono-

New Latin neoclassical combining form from conus + interconsonantal -o-.


pag-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ. Cognate with Malay per- and Indonesian per-, and Tagalog pag-.

Used to form nouns meaning "the action of (a verb)" or "the result of (a verb)"

Used to form imperatives of mo- and mag- conjugation verbs


pag-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ-. Cognate with Cebuano pag-, and Malay per- and Indonesian per-.

pag- + gawa (“make”) → paggawa (“making”)

pag- + basa (“read”) → pagbasa (“reading”)

the act of doing the action expressed by the root; or, the manner in which the action expressed by the root is performed


pag-

pag- + aral (“study”) → pag-aaral (“studying habitually”)

pag- + basa (“read”) → pagbabasa (“reading habitually”)

(with syllable reduplication) the act of doing the action expressed by the root repeatedly or habitually


pag-

From pag (“if”), which is a clipping of kapag (“if”), which is a clipping of kapagka (“if”).

pag-alis nila

pagbalik nila

when; at (or as soon as) that time that; if


aortico-

A New Latin neoclassical combining form from Latin aortic + interconsonantal -o-.


veno-

vein (or, sometimes, of other blood vessels)


Sín-

Sín- (mutation mutation-radical)
Shín- (lenition mutation)
tSín- (lenition mutation)


しみ

染み 凍み 紙魚 至味 詩味 旨味

(The following entries are uncreated: 凍み, 至味, 詩味, 旨味.)

ja-see

しみ真実


ստոր-

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian ստոր (stor).


wæfer-

From Old English wafian ("to be agitated, astonished, amazed")


ছ-

ছবছৰ


দু-

দুমাহ

দুকাপ চাহ

দুটা

দুঘণ্টা

দুহেজাৰ


ناـ

→ Azerbaijani: na-

→ Chagatai: ناـ

Uyghur: ناـ (na-)

Uzbek: no-

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ना- (nā-)

Urdu: ناـ (nā-)

→ Ottoman Turkish: ناـ (nâ-)

Turkish: na-

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ná (“no, not”).

ناـ + کامل (kâmel, “complete, perfect”) → ناکامل (nâkâmel, “incomplete, imperfect”)

ناـ + امید (omêd, “hope”) → ناامید (nâomêd, “hopeless”)


এ-

Inherited from Sanskrit এক (eka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)óykos (“one, single”). Cognate with Sylheti ꠄ- (e-), Nepali येउ- (yeu-). Doublet of এক (ek).

der

এদিন

এগিলাচ পানী

এফাল

এবাৰ

এযোৰ


neur-

Alternative form of neuro- (before a vowel)


কেই-

কেইখন ছবি?
keikhon sobi?
How many paintings? (কেই-CLS painting?)

কেইজনী ছাগলী?

(interrogative) how many [কেই (kei) + classifier]

কামটো শেষ হ’বলৈ কেইমাহমান লাগিব݁।

It will take some months to finish the work.

কেইজনমান মানুহ আহে।
keizonman manuh ahe.
Some men come. (কেই-CLS-amount human come.)

some [কেই (kei) + noun/classifier + মান (man, “amount, value”)]


kymo-

From Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “wave; fetus”). The shortened combining form κυμο-, instead of κυματο- is already found in some classical compounds.


ɔ̀-

From Proto-Loloish *ʔaŋ ~ *ʔak, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔa(ŋ/k)- (noun prefix). Compare Burmese အ- (a.-) and possibly Old Chinese 阿 (OC *qaːl).

inh

ɔ̀-chɨ̂

ɔ̀-khɨ

ɔ̀-fɨ́-qō

ɔ̀-ha

nominalizing prefix that forms nouns from bounded verbal or nominal root morphemes, e.g.

ɔ̀-šī

as in
à-mī-šī ― hand-grenade
í-šī ― fruit
nâʔ-šī ― bullet
nī-šī ― testicle

general prefix that can be substituted for specific prefixes according to context, e.g.

ɔ̀-a

saddle (loan from Tai, cf. Thai อาน (aan), itself from Chinese 鞍 (ān))

meaningless element used as prefix in loanwords, e.g.


ãn-

From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”); see ãn. Cognate to Romanian în-.


ódóntai-

ódóntai- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-ódóntai- (eclipsis mutation)
hódóntai- (mutation prothesis-h)
t-ódóntai- (mutation prothesis-t)

Alternative form of ódónta-, used before a slender consonant.


éicea-

éicea- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-éicea- (eclipsis mutation)
héicea- (mutation prothesis-h)
t-éicea- (mutation prothesis-t)

From Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos, “house, household”).


úiréi-

úiréi- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-úiréi- (eclipsis mutation)
húiréi- (mutation prothesis-h)
t-úiréi- (mutation prothesis-t)

From úiré (“urea”), from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”).


úiréa-

úiréa- (mutation mutation-radical)
n-úiréa- (eclipsis mutation)
húiréa- (mutation prothesis-h)
t-úiréa- (mutation prothesis-t)


culdo-

(medicine) Relating to the rectouterine pouch (Douglas' pouch).


go-

go- (mutation mutation-radical)
o- (mutation mutation-soft)
ngo- (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *upo. Cognate with Cornish go-, Old Irish fo, Scottish Gaelic fo.

go- + llosg (“burning”) → golosg (“charcoal”)

go- + pen (“head”) + -ydd → gobennydd (“pillow”)

go- + tŷ (“house”) → gody (“outhouse”)


dy-

dy- + chromatyczny → dychromatyczny


dy-

From Middle Welsh dy-, from Proto-Celtic *dus-, from Proto-Indo-European *dus-.

dy- + llaw (“hand”) → dylaw (“clumsy”)


dy-

dy- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddy- (mutation mutation-soft)
ny- (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *do-, from Proto-Indo-European *do.

dy- + mynnu (“to insist”) → dyfyn (“summons”)

dy- + crŷn (“trembling”) → dychryn (“to frighten”)


εγ-

Polytonic spelling: ἐγ- or ἔγ-

Alternative form of εν- (en-) (occurring before κ, γ, χ)


εν-

From Ancient Greek ἐν- (en-, “in, within”).


μπαρμπα-

From Byzantine Greek μπάρμπας (mpármpas, “bearded man”), from Italian barba (“beard”).

inh

μπαρμπα- (barmpa-) + Γιάννης (Giánnis, “Giannis”) → μπαρμπα-Γιάννης (barmpa-Giánnis)

μπαρμπα- (barmpa-) + Κώστας (Kóstas, “Kostas”) → μπαρμπα-Κώστας (barmpa-Kóstas)

(colloquial, informal) added before a male first name, as an affectionate term of address for one's uncle or an elderly man:


caeno-

From Ancient Greek καινός (kainós, “new”).

Used to form taxonomic names from pre-existing names, indicating more recent discovery or identification or more recent evolutionary descent


notho-

From Ancient Greek νόθος (nóthos, “bastard”).


notho-

Used to form names of taxonomic ranks of hybrids


cheilo-

From Ancient Greek χεῖλος (kheîlos, “lip”).


seitsen-

seitsenvuotinen sota

seitsenhaarainen

seitsenkulmio

seitsenkertainen


mang-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-. Compare Malay meng-.

mang- + anak (“child”) → manganak (“to give birth”)

mang- + sali (“buying”) → manyali (“to go shopping”)

3rd actor trigger verb prefix
to practice the action of the root

(with root reduplication) Forms nouns signifying occupations or doer of the action expressed by the root


mang-

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *mAN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.


mang-

mang- + gamot (“medicine”) → manggamot (“to practice medicine; to work as a doctor”)

mang- + bili (“buying”) → mamili (“to go shopping”)

mang- + abala (“bothersome”) → mang-abala (“to bother”)

mang- + kabayo (“horse”) → mangabayo (“to go horseback riding”)

mang- + pula (“red”) → mamula (“to redden; to go reddish”)

To take the state expressed by the root partially or temporarily

mang- + isda (“fish”) → mangingisda (“fisher; fisherman”)

mang- + batas (“law”) → mambabatas (“lawmaker; legislator”)


μισο-

Inherited from Byzantine Greek μισο- (miso-), from μισός (misós, “half”), from the ancient ἥμισυς (hḗmisus).

inh+

μισο- (miso-) + σκοτάδι (skotádi, “darkness”) → μισοσκόταδο (misoskótado, “half-light”)

μισο- (miso-) + φεγγάρι (fengári, “moon”) → μισοφέγγαρο (misoféngaro, “half-moon”)


μισο-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek μισο- (miso-), from μισέω (miséō, “I hate”). Also see the modern μισώ (misó).

lbor

μισο- (miso-) + γυνή (gyní, “woman (ancient)”) → μισογύνης (misogýnis, “misogynist”)

μισο- (miso-) + άνθρωπος (ánthropos, “human being”) → μισάνθρωπος (misánthropos, “misanthrope”)


neli-

neljä (“four”) + -i (old suffix used in compounds)

suf

nelitahtinen

nelikielinen


deorsum-

Derived from Latin deorsum (“downwards”)


nuorten-

juvenile, youth, teen (of youth, young people, teens)


henico-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek ἑνικός (henikós, “single”)

der

Used to form taxonomic names, principally of genera; single.


lwg-

head

lwg- (Sawndip forms 𭒹 or 叻 or 仂 or 力 or 𰌧 or 勒, 1957–1982 spelling lɯg-)

𭒹 (Sawndip)
叻 (Sawndip)
仂 (Sawndip)
力 (Sawndip)
𰌧 (Sawndip)
勒 (Sawndip)

Used in names of seeds, fruits or small objects.


мото-

motor (referring to something motorized)


scheiß-

scheiß- + Angst (“fear”) → Scheißangst (“extreme fear”)

scheiß- + freundlich (“friendly”) → scheißfreundlich (“falsely, shallowly friendly”)

(vulgar, sometimes derogatory) Intensifies nouns and adjectives.


dad-

dad- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddad- (mutation mutation-soft)
nad- (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *do-ate-, equivalent to dy- + ad-. Cognate with Cornish das-.

dad- + pacio (“to pack”) → dadbacio (“to unpack”)

dad- + gwneud (“to do”) → dad-wneud (“to undo”)

dad- + llwytho (“to load”) → dadlwytho (“to unload”)

dad- + ennill (“to win, to earn”) → dadennill (“to regain”)


sch-

Related to imitative "schm-" of many Yiddish words such as schmaltz or schmuck.

sound-symbolic

imitative

Iss too schticky.

Used to form an intensified word, typically with words starting with voiceless sibilants and affricates like /s/, /ʃ/, and /t͡ʃ/ especially for comedic effect.


kymmen-

From kymmen (“group of ten”) or kymmenen (“ten”).


փոխ-

From փոխարինող (pʻoxarinoġ), փոխարինել (pʻoxarinel).


παλιό-

παλιο- παλιο-#Greek


παλι-

παλιο- παλιο-#Greek


aesthesio-

From Ancient Greek αἰσθητής (aisthētḗs, “one who perceives”).


παλιο-

παλιο- (palio-) + παπούτσι (papoútsi, “shoe”) → παλιοπάπουτσο (paliopápoutso, “old shoe”)

παλιο- (palio-) + ρούχο (roúcho, “piece of clothing”) → παλιόρουχο (palióroucho, “old clothing”)

added before a noun to create words that indicate something is old:

παλιο- (palio-) + γέρος (géros, “old man”) → παλιόγερος (paliógeros, “old bastard”)

παλιο- (palio-) + καιρός (kairós, “weather”) → παλιόκαιρος (paliókairos, “awful weather”)

παλιο- (palio-) + δουλειά (douleiá, “job”) → παλιοδουλειά (paliodouleiá, “lousy job”)

(colloquial, derogatory) added before a noun to create words that indicate something is bad or bad quality:


pterygo-

From Ancient Greek πτέρῠγος (ptérugos), genitive singular of πτέρῠξ (ptérux, “wing”).

pterygoblast, pterygobranchiate

(zootomy) Of or relating to the wing or fin.

pterygomalar


gastrai-

Alternative form of gastra-, used before a slender consonant.


gastra-

gastra- (mutation mutation-radical)
ghastra- (lenition mutation)
ngastra- (eclipsis mutation)

Coined based on Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastḗr, “stomach”).


oiko-

various meanings all related to oikea and oikoa: straight, direct, correct


små-

små- + sur (“angry”) → småsur (“peeved, slightly angry”)

små- + fuld (“drunk”) → småfuld (“tipsy”)

små- + spise (“eat”) → småspise (“snack”)

små- + snakke (“chat”) → smånakke (“smalltalk”)

små- + synge (“sing”) → småsynge


små-

små- + barn (“child”) → småbarn (“small child(ren)”)

små- + kaka (“cookie”) → småkaka (“small cookie, biscuit”)

små- + sur (“angry”) → småsur (“slightly angry, miffed”)

små- + prata (“talk”) → småprata (“chat”)

små- + springa (“run”) → småspringa (“half-run”)

små- + äta (“eat”) → småäta (“snack (on things between meals)”)

(with verbs) casually, distractedly, (sometimes) with low(er) intensity


siphono-

From the combining form of Ancient Greek σίφων (síphōn, “siphon”).

(chiefly zoology, botany) Forming compound terms pertaining to siphons or tubes.


birki-

From bjǫrk, from Proto-Germanic *berkō (“birch”).

birki- + viðr (“wood”) → birkiviðr (“birchwood”)


astragalo-

(anatomy) Pertaining to the astragalus, the anklebone


yder-

dør (“door”) -> yderdør (“door leading into and out of a building”)

punkt (“point”) -> yderpunkt (“extreme, point as far from the center as possible”)

side (“side”) -> yderside (“outside, outer side”)


អន្តោ

km-prefix

អន្តោ • (ʼɑɑʼɑntao)


निर्

head

निर् • (nir)

Combining form of निस् (nis), before vowels and voiced consonants


weiter-

A verb prefix indicating the continuation of an action; equivalent to (?) on.


fehl-

fehl- + interpretieren (“interpret”) → fehlinterpretieren (“misinterpret”)

fehl- + Entscheidung (“decision”) → Fehlentscheidung (“wrong decision”)


-kuma-

From -ku- (present tense marker) + -ma- (habitual marker).

Forms the present frequentative in verbs.


phaco-

From Ancient Greek φακός (phakós, “lentil, lenticular body”).


stato-

From Ancient Greek στατός (statós, “standing”).

uder

(zoology, botany) propagules or spores in aquatic organisms.

(biology) organs or other structures that maintain equilibrium or orientation in organisms.


ὑδρο-

→ Asturian: hidro-

→ Catalan: hidro-

→ Czech: hydro-

→ Danish: hydro-

→ English: hydro-

→ Finnish: hydro-

→ French: hydro-

→ Galician: hidro-

→ Georgian: ჰიდრო- (hidro-)

→ German: hydro-

→ Greek: υδρο- (ydro-)

→ Italian: idro-

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hydro-

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hydro-

→ Polish: hydro-

→ Portuguese: hidro-

→ Russian: гидро- (gidro-)

→ Spanish: hidro-


ὑδρο-

υδρο- υδρο-#Greek


hinunter-

a prefix; down-(?) (away from the speaker)


tvi-

used to emphasise or add intensity to a word


ra-

From a confluence of Latin re- (“again”) and ad- (“towards”).

ra- + freddo (“cold, cool”) → raffreddare (“to cool down”)

ra- + sereno (“serene; (of weather) calm”) → rasserenare (“to calm; (of weather) to clear up”)

used in the formation of verbs with an intensive or iterative sense


ra-

He ______ it/her


rete-

retecool

(informal, before adjectives) very, extremely, hugely


rizo-

From Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”).


maka-

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maka- (“potential action; ability to do something”).

inh+

applicative case active voice verbal prefix


maka-

maka- + basag (“to break”) → makabasag (“break something unintentionally”)

Nakabasag ang anak ko sa mall.

My son broke something in the mall (unintentionally).

Actor trigger refers to things that have been done unintentionally

Kailangan mong makatapos ng pag-aaral.

Object trigger when paired with kailangan (“necessary”), it usually refers to actions that have to be done or performed

maka- + kita (“see”) → makakita (“to happen to see something”)

Nakakita ako ng artista nung nasa mall ako.

I happened to see an actor while I was in the mall.

Actor trigger refers to things that happen by chance

Bakit ka maka-Amerika?

being in favor of or being inclined towards something


𐎢

From Proto-Iranian *Hsu-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsu-.


docosa-

From Ancient Greek δώκοσι (dṓkosi, “twenty-two”), from δύο (dúo) + εἴκοσι (eíkosi).


pentadeca-

From Ancient Greek πέντεδεκα (péntedeka, “fifteen”).


pagka-

From pagka (“if”), which is a clipping of kapagka (“if”).

pagka- + balisa (“anxious”) → pagkabalisa (“anxiety”)

forms nouns from adjectives. the state of

pagka- + kain (“eat”) → pagkakain (“after eating”)

Pagkakain mo, hugasan mo ang mga plato.

Wash the dishes once you're done eating.

pagka- + maganda (“beautiful”) → pagkaganda (“so beautiful”)

(Batangas) forms absolute superlative forms of adjectives


makipag-

makipag- + bati (“reconciled”) → makipagbati (“to reconcile with someone”)

makipag- + kaibigan (“friend”) → makipagkaibigan (“to make friends with someone”)

makipag- + away (“quarrel”) → makipag-away (“to quarrel with someone”)

makipag- + chat (“chat”) → makipagchat (“to chat with someone”)

makipag- + talik (“sexual intercourse”) → makipagtalik (“to have sex with someone”)

makipag- + usap (“talk”) → makipag-usap (“to talk to someone”)

actor trigger - indicates engagement of the action of the verb with someone


pakikipag-

makipag-usap (“to engage in conversation”) = pakikipag- + usap → pakikipag-usap (“engagement in conversation”)

used to form nouns of the verbs beginning in makipag-


maki-

maki- + tawag (“call”) → makitawag (“to use someone’s phone with his or her permission”)

Pwede makitawag?

actor trigger - to do something involving someone else’s possessions or personal space with their permission

maki- + kain (“eat”) → makikain (“to join in eating, to eat in somebody's house”)

Nakikain ako kina Pepe.


magka-

magka- + salubong (“encounter”) → magkasalubong (“to meet unexpectedly”)

prefix for verbs with actor focus and causative mood: to occur involuntarily or unexpectedly

magka- + kotse (“car”) → magkakotse (“to get a car”)

prefix for verbs with actor focus and causative mood: to come to have or possess


ipa-

ipa- + gawa (“to do”) → ipagawa (“to have someone do something”)

Ipagawa mo 'yan sa kanya.

(causative) to have or ask something done

ipa- + malas (“to show”) → ipamalas (“to show”)

(accusative) to do something to something or someone

ipa- + luto-luto (“to cook”) → ipaluto-luto (“to have cooked a bit more”)

(accusative) to make a slightly reproachful or supplicative request to have done something unattended or done improperly


pagkaka-

act of having done the action expressed by the root

manner in which the action expressed by the root was performed


ipag-

ipag- + ahit (“to shave”) → ipag-ahit (“to use for shaving”)

to use as means or an instrument in doing a thing

ipag- + luto (“to cook”) → ipagluto (“to cook something for someone”)

to perform the action of the verb for someone

ipag- + laban (“to fight”) → ipaglaban (“to fight for”)

ipag- + tapat (“to confess”) → ipagtapat (“to confess something to somebody”)

to perform the action of the verb to something with intensity

ipag- + malaki (“big”) → ipagmalaki (“to be proud of, to be the cause of one's pride”)

ipag- + hinakit (“to confess”) → ipaghihinanakit (“to confess something to somebody”)


choano-

From a combining form of Ancient Greek χοάνη (khoánē, “funnel”).


tag-

used to a quantity or value (see usage notes)


tag-

tag- + ani (“harvest”) → tag-ani (“harvest season”)

tag- + araw (“sun”) → tag-araw (“sunny season”)

tag- + lagas (“fall”) → taglagas (“fall season”)

tag- + lamig (“cold”) → taglamig (“cold season; winter”)

tag- + mangga (“mango”) → tagmangga (“mango season”)

tag- + ulan (“rain”) → tag-ulan (“rainy season”)

prefix with the meaning of "time of" or "season of"


Αγια-

From αγία, feminine of άγιος (“holy”). Functions as preceding word.

Στις 17 Ιουλίου γιορτάζει η Αγια-Μαρίνα.

Saint Marina's [nameday] is celebrated on 17 July.

Stis 17 Ioulíou giortázei i Agia-Marína.

Αγία Αγία#Greek

(colloquial, familiar) Alternative form of Αγία, hyphened, as 1st combining form for

Τον ναό της Αγίας Σοφίας, τον λέμε Αγια-Σοφιά.

The church of Saint Sophia, we call Agia-Sophia.

Ton naó tis Agías Sofías, ton léme Agia-Sofiá.

Αγία Αγία#Greek

their church, or the region, neighborhood around it, or a toponym


peg-

From PEG, the initialism of polyethylene glycol.

(biochemistry, pharmacology) Used to form names of PEGylated molecules.


ئەبۇـ

head

ئەبۇـ • (ebu-)

ug-prefix

ئەبۇـ • (ebu-)


ئاقـ

head

ئاقـ • (aq-)

ug-prefix

ئاقـ • (aq-)


ئابدۇلـ

head

ئابدۇلـ • (abdul-)

ug-prefix

ئابدۇلـ • (abdul-)

From Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd, “servant”) + Arabic ال (al-, “definite article”), a common Muslim name prefix, found in names such as Arabic عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه (ʕabdu llāh, “servant of God”), Arabic عَبْدُ اللَطِيف (ʕabdu l-laṭīf, “servant of The kind (God)”).

bor

عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه

عَبْدُ اللَطِيف

Name prefix meaning "servant of", followed by a name or description of God


ὀλιγο-

desc

Greek: ολιγο-, λιγο-

Greek: ολιγο-, λιγο-

→ oligo-

Used to derive words meaning few, little; oligo-


θερμο-

thermo- (romanization)
thermó- (romanization)

Greek: θερμο- (thermo-)

→ thermo-

Used to derive words relating to warmth, heat; thermo-


θερμο-

From Ancient Greek θερμο- (thermo-), from θερμός (thermós, “warm, hot”).

θερμο- (thermo-) + κοιτίδα (koitída, “cradle”) → θερμοκοιτίδα (thermokoitída, “incubator”)

θερμο- (thermo-) + κήπος (kípos, “garden”) → θερμοκήπιο (thermokípio, “greenhouse”)

θερμο- (thermo-) + αίμα (aíma, “blood”) → θερμόαιμος (thermóaimos, “warm-blooded”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something related to warmth, heat; thermo-:


giganto-

Internationalism; compare English giganto-.

giganto- + -fon → gigantofon


crypt-

cryptanalyst

cryptarchy

Alternative form of crypto- (prevocalic)


tagapag-

[t̪ɐ.ɣɐˈpaɡ̚]

used to form agent nouns from verbs prefixed with mag-: one who does the action of the root


pang-

classifier for trees, stalks, individual trunks of a banana plant, plants, rice seedlings.


pang-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋ- (cf. Cebuano pang-, Indonesian peng- and Malay peng-).

pang- + tanggal (“remove, detach”) → pantanggal (“remover”)

pang- + takip (“a cover”) → pantakip (“an instrument used to cover something”)

(instrumentative prefix) forms nouns indicating a tool or an instrument that is used to perform the action expressed by the root

pang- + dalawa (“two”) → pandalawa (“for two”)

pang- + bahay (“house”) → pambahay (“for use at home”)

pang- + babae (“woman”) → pambabae (“for women”)

(adjectival prefix) forms relational adjectives indicating use or purpose


pang-

pang- + dalawa (“two”) → pangalawa (“second”)

pang- + walo (“eight”) → pangwalo (“eighth”)

(Ordinal prefix) Used to form ordinal numbers


pang-

pang- + gamot (“medicine”) → panggagamot (“practice of medicine”)

pang- + anak (“child”) → panganganak (“giving birth, delivery”)

(with syllable reduplication) an action or a practice associated with the thing or action expressed by the root


ꪩꪺꪉ

Cognate with Lao ລວງ (lūang), Northern Thai ᩃ᩠ᩅᨦ, Khün ᩃ᩠ᩅᨦ, Lü ᦷᦟᧂ (long).

ꪩꪺꪉꪀꪫ꫁ꪱꪉ

ꪩꪺꪉꪎꪴꪉ

ꪩꪺꪉꪒꪲ

a prefix that converts an adjective into an abstract noun.


cyn-

A shortening of the prefix cyno- when used before vowels.


cyn-

From Proto-Brythonic *kɨnt (“former, previous”). Cognate with Cornish kyn- and Cornish kyns-.

inh

cyn- + gŵr (“husband”) → cyn-ŵr (“ex-husband”)

cyn- + aelod (“member”) → cyn-aelod (“former member”)


cyn-

cyn- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyn- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyn- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyn- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *köβ̃-. Cognate with Cornish ken-.

cyn- + twrf (“loud noise”) → cynnwrf (“commotion, excitement”)

affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word


οικο-

From Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos, “house”). Cognate with English eco-.

οικο- (oiko-) + γενιά (geniá, “generation”) → οικογένεια (oikogéneia, “family”)

οικο- (oiko-) + σελίδα (selída, “page”) → οικοσελίδα (oikoselída, “homepage”)

οικο- (oiko-) + σκεύη (skévi, “utensil”) → οικοσκευή (oikoskeví, “household appliance”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something related to the house:

οικο- (oiko-) + σημαία (simaía, “flag, banner”) → οικόσημο (oikósimo, “coat of arms”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something related to the family:

οικο- (oiko-) + σύστημα (sýstima, “system”) → οικοσύστημα (oikosýstima, “ecosystem”)

οικο- (oiko-) + -logy (“-λογία”) → οικολογία (oikología, “ecology”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something related to the environment; eco-:


トンデモ

From とんでもない (tondemonai, “extraordinary, outrageous, completely unexpected”).

ja-r

トンデモ研究

トンデモ理論


juridico-

Borrowed from Latin iūridicus, from Latin iūs (“law”).

Pertaining to the law and legal infrastructure.


extro-

A pseudo-Latin prefix based upon Latin extra- (“outside, beyond”) under the influence of the distinction between Latin intro- (“inwards”) and intra- (“inside, within”). Formations in English are mostly limited to words formed as antonyms of terms formed with intro-.

extroverted: turned in an outward direction


ca-

dio (“day”) + ca- → cadie (“today”)

horo (“hour”) + ca- → cahore (“at this hour”)

maniero (“manner”) + ca- → camaniere (“in this manner”)

matino (“morning”) + ca- → camatine (“this morning”)

monato (“month”) + ca- → camonate (“during, in this month”)

nokto (“night”) + ca- → canokte (“tonight”)

tempo (“time”) + ca- → catempe (“at this time”)

yaro (“year”) + ca- → cayare (“in this year”)

used to form adverbs denoting the present


ven-

Alternative form of veno- (with -i- as interconsonantal instead of -o-)


hyp-

Alternative form of hypo- (before a vowel)


hing-

denotes inclination, habit or propensity


hing-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hin-, from Proto-Austronesian *Sin-.

hing- + kuto (“louse”) → hinguto (“to remove lice (from hair or fur)”)

hi- + ganti (“return, reward”) → higanti (“revenge”)

him- + pasok (“to enter, go in”) → himasok (“to meddle, interfere”)

him- + patay (“dead, to kill”) → himatay (“to lose consciousness, faint”)

hin- + sakit (“sickness, pain”) (with CV- reduplication) → hinanakit (“grudge, ill will”)


tali-

indicates something that is about to happen


sing-

sing- + haba (“length”) → singhaba (“as long as”)

Singhaba ng mesa ang lubid.


pinaka-

relative superlative
relative superlative#English

Forms relative superlative forms of adjectives


pinaka-

Siya ang pinakamaganda sa kanilang lahat.

forms relative superlative forms of adjectives


napaka-

Napakaganda niya.

forms absolute superlative forms of adjectives


bund-

bund- + uretfærdig (“unfair”) → bunduretfærdig (“completely unjust”)

bund- + rådden (“rotten”) → bundrådden (“completely rotten, rotten all the way through”)


dynamo-

From Ancient Greek δυναμικός (dunamikós, “powerful”), from δύναμις (dúnamis, “power”), from δύναμαι (dúnamai, “I am able”).


dynamo-

From Ancient Greek δυναμικός (dunamikós).

dynamo- + -graf → dynamograf


परा-

denotes the opposite, far, distant, beyond


pam-

pam- + bati (“beat”) → pambati (“whisk”)

pam- + bahay (“house”) → pambahay (“for use at home”)

pam- + bura (“erasure”) → pambura (“eraser”)

pam- + palo (“spank”) → pamalo (“spanker”)

Alternative form of pang-, if the root starts with bilabial consonants, such as ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩, which gets nasally assimilated to the prefix ending, especially with ⟨p⟩ or sometimes ⟨b⟩.


hoch-

A prefixed variation of the adverb hoch.


ना-

Borrowed from Classical Persian ناـ (nā-).

bor+

ना- (nā-) + मुमकिन (mumkin, “possible”) → नामुमकिन (nāmumkin, “impossible”)


flóra-

flóra- (mutation mutation-radical)
fhlóra- (lenition mutation)
bhflóra- (eclipsis mutation)


hinweg-

A verbal prefix indicating movement away from the speaker


meco-

From combining form of Ancient Greek μῆκος (mêkos, “length”).


еуро-

Euro- (forms words relating to Europe and the European Union)


utyw-

Class 14 full noun prefix; form of ubu- used before stems beginning with a.


haema-

From Ancient Greek αἱμο- (haimo-), akin to αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


endim-

First-person singular adjective concord.


lem-

Class 9 adjective concord; form of len- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.


letim-

Class 10 adjective concord; form of letin- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.


lo-

Second-person singular relative concord.


lom-

Second-person singular adjective concord; form of lomu- used before stems of more than one syllable.


lom-

Class 1 adjective concord; form of lomu- used before stems of more than one syllable.


lom-

Class 3 adjective concord; form of lomu- used before stems of more than one syllable.


lomu-

Second-person singular adjective concord.


acousto-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from acoustic; more at acoustic § Etymology.

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary


kō-

Related to Hawaiian ʻō- from Proto-Polynesian *koo-

Prefix added to a number of words, often without any obvious difference in meaning between the two words.


thre-

From threose, formed by changing the letters from the earlier discovered isomer erythrose.

Pertaining to general organic structures with adjacent chiral centers


ᦕᦴᧉ

head

ᦕᦴᧉ • (ṗhuu²)

From Proto-Southwestern Tai *pʰuːꟲ (“person”), from Middle Chinese 甫 (MC pjuX).
Cognate with Thai ผู้ (pûu), Lao ຜູ້ (phū), Tai Dam ꪠꪴ꫁, Tai Nüa ᥚᥧᥲ (phù), Shan ၽူႈ (phūu), Ahom 𑜇𑜥 (phū), Zhuang boux.

inh

-er, one who does something or has some condition.


𐎳𐎼

Middle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)

Persian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)


drauflos-

A verb prefix indicating an action is done without planning;


From AISI and SAE standards nomenclature for iron and steel grades for carbon steels with a maximum of 1% carbon content.

(metallurgy) Identifying a steel grade with a maximum of 1% carbon.


bak-

From Old Swedish baker, from Old Norse bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką. Related to English back.

back-, at the back, behind, emphasis on 1st syllable


From AISI and SAE standards nomenclature for iron and steel grades for chromium steels with roughly 1% chromium.

(metallurgy) Identifying a chromium steel grade with roughly 1% chromium, and a varying amount of carbon.


kontakt-

(noun prefix) contact (a prefix relating to touching, as of objects or surfaces)


черес-

черес- (čeres-) + седло́ (sedló, “saddle”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересседе́льный (čeressedélʹnyj, “cross-saddle (attached on both sides of a saddle)”)

черес- (čeres-) + седло́ (sedló, “saddle”) + -ник (-nik) → чересседе́льник (čeressedélʹnik, “cross-saddle belt (part of a horse's harness)”)

черес- (čeres-) + поду́шка (podúška, “pillow, cushion”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересподу́шечный (čerespodúšečnyj, “across-the-pillow”)

черес- (čeres-) + подъём (podʺjóm, “instep”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересподъёмный (čerespodʺjómnyj, “across-the-instep (of a shoe belt)”)

черес- (čeres-) + плечо́ (plečó, “shoulder”) + -ный (-nyj) → череспле́чный (čerespléčnyj, “across-the-shoulder”)

Adjectival and nominal prefix, used in specialized terminology, slightly productive: trans-, cross-

черес- (čeres-) + полоса́ (polosá, “strip, stripe”) + -ный (-nyj) → чересполо́сный (čerespolósnyj, “in alternating strips (of interspersed, alternately-owned strips of farmland)”)

черес- (čeres-) + полоса́ (polosá, “strip, stripe”) + -ица (-ica) → чересполо́сица (čerespolósica, “alternation of strips (of interspersed, alternately-owned strips of farmland); overlapping (of lands)”)

Adjectival and nominal prefix, used in specialized terminology, slightly productive: alternating


haapt-

From German haupt- (“main, chief”), from Haupt (“head”), whose native cognate is Luxembourgish Heet. In view of the -aa- perhaps an older borrowing from a time when the underlying phoneme (Middle High German -ou-) had not yet been monophthongised. Alternatively influenced by nearby dialects of Rhine Franconian, in which Haapt or Hääpt is the native cognate.

haapt- + Strooss (“street”) → Haaptstrooss (“main street”)

haapt- + Stad (“city”) → Haaptstad (“capital”)


purna-

Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pūrṇa, from Sanskrit पूर्ण (pūrṇá).


pasca-

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पश्चा (paścā). Coined by Indonesian academician Poerbatjaraka 1950s.


pasca-

Learned borrowing from Indonesian pasca-, from Sanskrit पश्चा (paścā). Coined by Indonesian academician Poerbatjaraka 1950s.

lbor

pascabayar


fyto-

Derived from Ancient Greek φυτόν (phutón, “plant”).


maha-

From Malay maha-, from Sanskrit महा (mahā), महत् (mahat), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *maźʰā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maȷ́ʰā́, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s.


erytro-

Derived from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós, “red”).


erytro-

erytro- + -cyt → erytrocyt


enimmäis-

Combining form of enimmäinen (“maximum”)


awa-

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अव (ava). Coined by the Term Commission (Komisi Istilah) in 1959.

coinage

awagula

awanama

awaracun

awaair

free (from), without, not contain, non-, de-


web-

(Internet slang, humorous) of, on, or through the Web, as opposing to the real life; virtually


առ-

առ- (aṙ-) + շերտ (šert, “stratum”) → առշերտ (aṙšert, “adstratum”)


xeri-

From Ancient Greek ξηρός (xērós, “dry”).


чрез-

From чрез (črez). Compare через- (čerez-), from через (čerez).

чрез- (črez-) + Polish zwyczajny → чрезвыча́йный (črezvyčájnyj)

чрез- (črez-) + ме́ра (méra) + -ный (-nyj) → чрезме́рный (črezmérnyj)

чрез- (črez-) + брюши́на (brjušína) + -ный (-nyj) → чрезбрюши́нный (črezbrjušínnyj)


vý-

a noun forming prefix, often indicating the perfective aspect of a relating verb


dromo-

From Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “a course, race course, road”).


Feld-, Wald- und Wiesen-

Alternative spelling of Feld-Wald-und-Wiesen-


εκ-

From preposition of Ancient Greek ἐκ (ek, “from”). Doublet of ξε- (xe-).

εκ- (ek-) + θρόνος (thrónos, “throne”) → εκθρονίζω (ekthronízo, “dethrone”)

εκ- (ek-) + προθεσμία (prothesmía, “deadline”) → εκπρόθεσμος (ekpróthesmos, “overdue”)


swa-

Learned borrowing from Old Javanese swa, from Sanskrit स्व (sva), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *swá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swá, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”).

swadaya

swaharga


swa-

you (p) _______

second person plural agent pronominal prefix

_______ you (p)

second person plural patient pronominal prefix


adi-

From Malay adi-, from Javanese ꦲꦢꦶ (adi), from Old Javanese adi, adhi, ādi (“beginning; first, principal; excellent”), from Sanskrit आदि, अधि (ādi, adhi).


adi-

From Javanese ꦲꦢꦶ (adi), from Old Javanese adi, adhi, ādi (“beginning; first, principal; excellent”), from Sanskrit आदि, अधि (ādi, adhi).


swe-

Proto-Celtic: *swe-

Proto-Germanic: *se- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swa-

Proto-Italic:

Latin: sē- (see there for further descendants)


λευκ-

λευκο- λευκο-#Greek


λευκό-

λευκο- λευκο-#Greek


λευχ-

λευκο- λευκο-#Greek


λευκο-

λευκ-

used before morphemes that begin with a vowel

λευχ-

used before morphemes that historically began with a vowel with a δασεία or rough breathing

λευκο- (lefko-) + πίνακας (pínakas, “board, sign”) → λευκοπίνακας (lefkopínakas, “whiteboard”)

λευκο- (lefko-) + ντυμένος (ntyménos, “dressed”) → λευκοντυμένος (lefkontyménos, “dressed in white”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something that is, or is related to the colour white:

λευκο- (lefko-) + κύτταρο (kýttaro, “cell”) → λευκοκύτταρο (lefkokýttaro, “leukocyte”)

λευκο- (lefko-) + αίμα (aíma, “blood”) → λευχαιμία (lefchaimía, “leukemia”)

white blood cell
white blood cell#English

(medicine) added before a noun to create words that indicates something related to white blood cells:


xenno-

From Ancient Greek ἐννέα (ennéa, “nine”), for the ninth order of 10³; with the letter x added for the third term in a series running backwards through the alphabet (after zepto- and yocto-). The final o conforms to the final vowels of the SI series from micro- downwards.

The SI prefixes above are not the only extreme ones. Others such as xenno (x) (10⁻²⁷) and xenna (X) (10²⁷), or vendeko (v) (10⁻³³) and vendeka (V) (10³³) exist, and can help simplify the expression of extreme numbers.

1994, IPC Magazines, New Scientist, volume 144, page 81:

'Now we're talking xennobiology!' [...] a complex organism based on similar processes to the primitive ones they'd seen probably would be about a xennometre in size.

2002, Greg Egan, Schild's Ladder, Gollancz, published 2008, page 184:

From Nanotech to Xennotech [...] A one-kilogram hole has a radius of about 10⁻²⁷ meter.

2004 November, Seth Lloyd, Y. Jack Ng, “Black Hole Computers”, in Scientific American, page 56:

(informal) Synonym of ronto- (used before an official prefix existed). Symbol: x


ludo-

From Latin ludus (“game”) and also back-formation from words like ludology (“the study of games”) and ludonarrative (“the intersection between a video game's gameplay and narrative”).

Of or relating to games, especially video games.


ál-

false, fake, sham, phoney, make-believe, bogus, pseudo-, counterfeit


stauro-

From Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “cross”).


mesio-

From Ancient Greek μεσος (mesos, “half, middle, between”).


strã-

From Latin extra. Compare Romanian stră-.

Shows intensification of verb, superiority, age or remoteness of noun or adjective; also used to show passage or penetration from one side to another.


ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬

head

ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ (tà̤e)

Used to precede verbs and adjectives to form abstract nouns.


yksöis-

yksi + -öis-. Formed after the example of kaksois-, from yksi (“one”) as opposed to kaksi (“two”).

(uncommon) single (as opposed to double, triple or such)


mala-

From Malay mala-, from Old Javanese mala-, from Sanskrit मल (mala, “dirt, filth, impurity”), from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“black”).


centy-

centy- + metr → centymetr


harat-

Alternative form of hara- (Combining form of haragi (“meat”))


decy-

decy- + gram → decygram


hintan-

Fused adverb hintan that is now unused, earlier hindan, hindann, from Middle High German hin dan, a univerbation where the first word is well-known today’s hin and the second today’s dann in a now extinct local meaning (preserved better in dannen). Later it has been reanalyzed as hint, variant of today’s hinten, + an. There also exists a herdann, herdan, herdann-, herdan-.


ၵၢၼ်

head

ၵၢၼ် • (kǎan)

Used to precede verbs to form abstract nouns.


ugyan-

the same (person/thing/way/kind/place/size/amount/etc.) as…


અણ-

Indicates negation of the prefixed word. Non-, un-.

dislike

અણગમતું (aṇagamtũ)

unbroken

અણતોડ (aṇatoḍ)

unmeasured

અણમાપ્યું (aṇamāpyũ)


akár-

(csak added after the pronoun)


nanó-

From Latin nānus (“dwarf”), from Ancient Greek νᾶνος (nânos).

nanó- + metri → nanómetri


kíló-

Borrowed from French kilo-, from Ancient Greek χίλιοι (khílioi, “one thousand”).


bár-

(csak added after the pronoun)


dacryo-

From Ancient Greek δάκρυ (dákru, “tear”).


około-

około- + słoneczny → okołosłoneczny

około- + biegunowy → okołobiegunowy

około- + porodowy → okołoporodowy

appended to adjectives to indicate location near or a circular motion around something, circum-, peri-


mű-

especially those with the noun sense of mű like műsor

mű- + anyag (“material”) → műanyag (“plastic”, literally “artificial material”)

mű- + hold (“moon”) → műhold (“satellite”, literally “artificial moon”)

mű- + út (“road”) → műút (“main road, highway”, literally “artificial road”)

mű- + fog (“tooth”) → műfog (“denture, false/artificial tooth”)

mű- + könny (“tear”) → műkönnyek (“crocodile tears”, literally “false tears”)

artificial, man-made, false, mock (not genuine)

mű- + egyetem (“university”) → műegyetem (“technical university”)

mű- + szó (“word”) → műszó (“technical term”)

mű- + nyelv (“language”) → műnyelv (“technical jargon”) (dated)

mű- + bútor (“furniture”) → műbútor (“furniture of fine craftsmanship”)

mű- + emlék (“relic, memento”) → műemlék (“historic monument”)

artistic, (sometimes) historic (related to a product of human creativity)

mű- + dal (“song”) → műdal (“song by a known author”)

mű- + mese (“tale”) → műmese (“tale by a known author”)

literary (created by a known author, as opposed to being folk-derived)


έν-

Polytonic spelling: ἔν-


έγ-

Polytonic spelling: ἔγ-

Alternative form of εγ- (eg-), variation of εν-


ادھ

اَدھ (canonical)
adh (romanization)
अध- (Hindi)


lant-

From land, more often in the definite form landet (“the country(side)”).


e(n)-

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (whence also Tocharian A a(n)-), from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in”). Likely originally a locative prefix. Compare English en-, of the same usage.


e(n)-

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (whence also Tocharian A a(n)-), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with English un- and Latin in-, of similar usage.

A negating prefix; non-, un-, a-, an-, etc.


e(n)-

Tocharian A: a(n)-

Tocharian B: e(n)-

From Proto-Indo-European *en (“in”). Likely originally a locative prefix. Compare English en-, of the same usage.


e(n)-

Tocharian A: a(n)-

Tocharian B: e(n)-

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with English un- and Latin in-, of similar usage.

A negating prefix. non-, un-, a-, an-, etc.


-αν-

Preposition ανά (aná) in synthesis, at middle position -ανα- (-ana-), before vowels: -αν-

επ- + -αν- + ιδρύω > επανιδρύω
ep- + -an- + idrýo > epanidrýo
again + re- + found, establish > refound, reestablish

the prefix αν- (an-) in middle position: see prefix ανα-


-ανα-

Preposition ανά (aná) in synthesis, at middle position -ανα- (-ana-)

επ- + -ανα- + λαμβάνω > επαναλαμβάνω
ep- + -ana- + lamváno > epanalamváno
again + re- + receive > repeat


-απο-

Preposition από (apó) in synthesis, at middle position -απο- (-apo-)

εξ- + -απο- + λύω > εξαπολύω
ex- + -apo- + lýo > exapolýo
from + from- + untie, solve > unleash


-εν-

Preposition ενin synthesis, at middle position -εν- (-en-)

συν- + -εν- + νόηση > συνεννόηση

plus + in- + intelligence > understanding, communication


εισ-

εισ- (eis-) + άγω (ágo, “lead”) → εισάγω (eiságo, “/iˈsaɣo/ import”)

εισ- (eis-) + πλέω (pléo, “sail”) → εισπλέω (eispléo, “/isˈpleo/ enter port”)

εισ- (eis-) + ρέω (réo, “flow”) → εισρέω (eisréo, “/izˈreo/ flow in”)


-εισ-

Preposition εις in synthesis, at middle position -εισ- (-eis-).

παρ- + -εισ- + φρέω > παρεισφρέω
/par- -is- ˈfreo/ > /pa.riˈsfre.o/
near + in- + bring > infiltrate

παρ- + -εισ- + δύω > παρεισδύω
/par- -is- ˈðio/ > /pa.rizˈði.o/
near + in- + plunge > infiltrate


អន្តរ

km-prefix

អន្តរ • (ʼɑntaʼraʼ)


внутри-

From внутри́ (vnutrí, “inside, within”).


русско-

head

ру́сско- • (rússko-)

ру́сско- (canonical)
rússko- (romanization)


ham-

Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨- (ham-)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾn-)

Northern Kurdish: hev

Parthian: [script needed] (ʾn-)

desctree

Old Persian: 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /ham-/)
Middle Persian: hm (ham)
Persian: هم (ham)
Northern Luri: هوم (hom)

→ Old Armenian: համ- (ham-), համա- (hama-), ամ- (am-), հան- (han-), ան- (an-), հոմ- (hom-), հոմա- (homa-) (in some cases contaminated with native inherited and Greek forms)
Armenian: համ- (ham-)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sam-, from Proto-Indo-European *som-.


ham-

you do not, 2nd person plural negative subject concord

For a full table including other classes


ham-

therein is no, [[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#Mu locative class|mu class_((XVIII))]] negative subject concord

For a full table including first and second person


ham-

am- (mutation mutation-radical)
ham- (mutation prothesis-h)


ai-

Inherited from Old French a-, from Latin ad-.

A prefix forming words, especially verbs, that denote entering a state, making progress toward a goal, or the like.


ai-

àìkú (“the act or state of not dying”)

àìbìkítà (“act or state of not caring or carrying; indifference”)

àìlásìkò (“the act of not having time; timelessness”)

àìláya (“the act or state of not having a wife; bachelorhood”)

àìlè (“not being able; the act of not being able to do something”)

àìnítẹ̀ẹ́lọ́rùn (“the act of not having satisfaction; dissatisfaction”)

àìsàn (“the state of not being healthy; sickness”)

negative nominalizing prefix; non- (added to verbs)


alább-

alább- + hagy (“to let, leave, allow”) → alábbhagy (“to subside”)

(verbal prefix) Indicates action continuing on a lower level.


alg-

tõde "truth" → algtõde "a fundamental truth or fact (usually regarding a specific field)"

kapital "funds" → algkapital "initial funds"

läänemeresoome "Finnic" → algläänemeresoome "Proto-Finnic"


amylo-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Latin amylum (whence English amylum, amyl, and amyl-/amylo-).


гипер-

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”). Doublet of супер-.


хэ-

(added to verbs) within some mass (can be any liquid, gas or solid)

(added to verbs) among (people or objects)


vol-

From Middle Dutch vol, from Old Dutch fol, ful, from Proto-West Germanic *full, from Proto-Germanic *fullaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós.


billed-

From the obsolete spelling billed, archaic form of bilde (“picture, photo”), from Old Norse bilæti, from Middle Low German bilede, bilde, belede, belde, from Old Saxon bilithi, from Proto-West Germanic *biliþī, from *biliþu (“equalness, likeness”) + (*ī (“-ness, -th”), from Proto-Germanic *-į̄ (“-th”), from Proto-Indo-European *-i-h₂, from *-h₂), from *bil (“equal, alike”) + *-iþu (“-ness”), from Proto-Germanic *-iþō, from Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂, *-teh₂, from Proto-Germanic *bilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-ló-s, from *bʰey- (“bee”).

(used to form nouns related to pictures or images)


固山

/ku⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ku⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡡᠰᠠ (gūsa, “banner”).

(historical) a prefix added to ranks of nobility in the Qing dynasty


和碩

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sɛːk̚²/


röp-

röppálya

flying, flight (usually forms words based on German)

röpdolgozat

ad-hoc, impromptu, short (indicates an activity with a short duration)


との

との曇る雨降る

rain falls from a completely overcast sky

(obsolete) prefixed to verbs to indicate an adequate or complete degree


den-

inn (“in”) – deniin (“in there”)

(Sette Comuni) Form adverbs from prepositions; there-


ting-

denotes the time when an activity occurs


P-

(sports) Initialism of position. (prefixed to a number) (indicates the placing of a competitor in (starting, during, after) a competition)

position

(chemistry) Initialism of para-. (prefixed as part of a chemical's name) (In isomeric benzene derivatives, having the two substituents in opposite (1,4) positions (compare ortho- and meta-))


orchio-

orchio- + -tomia (“-tomy, incision”) → orchiotomia (“incision of the testicle(s)”)


orchido-

orchido- + -pessia (“-pexy, fastening”) → orchidopessia (“orchidopexy”)


orchi-

From Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis, “testicle”).

orchi- + -algia (“-algia, pain”) → orchialgia (“pain in the testicles”)

orchi- + -ectomia (“-ectomy, excision”) → orchiectomia (“removal of one or both testicles”)

(medicine) used to derive words pertaining to testicles


form-

Alternative form of formo-, used before vowels.


συγ-

σῠγ- (canonical)
sug- (romanization)
g (romanization)
k (romanization)
x (romanization)
kh (romanization)


συγ-

χ - συγχαίρω (“congratulate”) /siŋˈçero/ < συν + χαίρω (chaíro, “rejoice”)

Alternative form of συν- (syn-)occurs before the consonants κ, γ, χ (k, g, ch)


συλ-

σῠλ- (canonical)
sul- (romanization)
l (romanization)


συλ-

συν- (“plus”) + λαμβάνω (“receive”) → συλλαμβάνω (syllamváno, “arrest”) /si.lamˈva.no/

the two λλ are pronounced as one

Alternative form of συν- (syn-) occurs before the consonant λ (l)


συρ-

σῠρ- (canonical)
sur- (romanization)
r (romanization)


συρ-

συν- (“together”) + ρέω (“flow”) → συρρέω (syrréo, “flock”) /siˈre.o/

the two ρρ are pronounced as one

Alternative form of συν- (syn-) occurs before before ρ (r)


συσ-

συν- (“together”) + σωρεύω (“accumulate”) → συσσωρεύω (syssorévo) /sisoˈre.vo/

the two σσ are pronounced as one

Compare to συ- (sy-) (before s+consonant)

Alternative form of συν- (syn-) occurs often before σ (s) (plus vowel)


συμ-

σῠμ- (canonical)
sum- (romanization)
p (romanization)
b (romanization)
ph (romanization)
m (romanization)


συμ-

π - συν- (“together”) + πλέω (“float, sail”) → συμπλέω (sympléo) /simˈbleo/
the pronunciation of π [p] is affected; it changes to [b]

β - συν- (“together”) + βάλλω (“cast”) → συμβάλλω (symvállo, “contribute”) /simˈvalo/

φ - συμφέρον (“the interest”) /simˈferon/

Alternative form of συν- (syn-) occurs before the labial consonants [p, v, f, m] π, β, φ, μ (p, v, f, m)


συ-

σῠ- (canonical)
su- (romanization)
z (romanization)


συ-

ζ - συν- (“together”) + ζητώ (“seek”) → συζητώ (“discuss”) /siziˈto/

ζ - συν- (“co-”) + ζυγός (“burden”) → σύζυγος (“spouse”) /ˈsiziɣos/

σκ - συν- (“together”) + σκέπτομαι (“think”) → συσκέπτομαι (“confer”) /siˈsceptome/
compare to συσ- (sys-)

occurs before sibilants [s, z] (the [s] plus consonant)

δ - συν- (“together”) + δέντρο (“tree”) → σύδεντρο (“group of trees”) /ˈsiðendro/

φ - συν- (“co-”) + φέρω (φέρον) (“bear, bring”) → συμφέρον (“the interest”) /simˈferon/ > colloquial συφέρο /siˈfero/

occurs colloquially before [v, γ, δ, f, x, θ, ks, ps]

Alternative form of συν- (syn-)
occurs colloquially before


kyf-

Welsh: cyf-

From Proto-Brythonic *köβ̃-, from Proto-Celtic *kom- from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom.


ā-

achi-your work(noun)

(Patsho) nominalizing prefix(It is used to alter the verb to noun or adjective. Verb citation is also done with the help of this 'ā')

chai ka tsak akiu ho

(Patsho) authoritative or imperative prefix especially a command to do certain action.

ajam atei lüno?

(Patsho) second person possession prefix, used to denote your.


ā-

Either learned borrowing from Sanskrit आ- (ā-) or inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European.


plasto-

A small body, structure, particle, or granule, especially of living matter.


orz-

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: роз- (roz-)

Old Ruthenian: роз- (roz-)

Belarusian: раз- (raz-)

Ukrainian: роз- (roz-)

Russian: раз- (raz-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: раз- (raz-)

Glagolitic script: ⱃⰰⰸ- (raz-)

Bulgarian: раз- (raz-)

Macedonian: раз- (raz-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: раз-

Latin script: raz-

Slovene: raz-

West Slavic:

Old Czech: roz-

Czech: roz-

Old Polish: roz-
Polish: roz-

Slovak: roz-

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: roz-

Lower Sorbian: roz-

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: roz-

Slovincian: rôz-

From earlier *ord-z-, with -z- by analogy with *bez-, *vъz- and *jьz-. Cognate with Sanskrit अर्ध (ardhá, “half; halved”), ऋधक् (ṛ́dhak, “separately”) and Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (ar^əδa, “side; half-”).


чӏэ-

head

чӏэ- • (ĉʼɛ-)


те-

(added to verbs) on the surface of something


бгъодэ-

бгъодэ- • (bğʷodɛ-)


шъхьадэ-

шъхьадэ- • (ŝḥadɛ-)


жэхэ-

жэхэ- • (žɛxɛ-)

(added to verbs) directly onto (usually with force)


шъхьапыры-

шъхьапыры- • (ŝḥapərə-)

[t͡ʂħaːpərə]


жэдэ-

жэдэ- • (žɛdɛ-)


лъэ-

лъэ- • (lˢɛ-)


зэкӏэ-

зэкӏэ- • (zɛkʼɛ-)


и-

On verbs, marks an indefinite or unspecified object.


пэӏу-

пэӏу- • (pɛʼwu-)


кӏоцӏы-

кӏоцӏы- • (kʷʼocʼə-)


medie-

form of medium used as the first part of compounds


친

친— (canonical)
chin- (romanization)
親 (hanja)

the hanja entry at 親 for Sino-Korean compounds of 친

친부모 (親父母)

친삼촌 (親三寸)

친미 (親美)


кино-

→ Armenian: կինո- (kino-)


unn-

From Middle Low German unt-, ont-, ent-.

used to form verbs and nouns; e.g. expressing movement away from


bonus-

From bonus (“bonus, added benefit”). Introduced in the 1990s to replace the older prefixes sted-, pap-, plastic-, which have a negative sound to them.

(euphemistic) step- (a prefix indicating the individual being referred to is related through the marriage of a parent)


ពហុ

km-prefix

ពហុ • (pĕəʼhuʼ)

ពហុកោណ

ពហុដ្ឋាន

multi-, poly-, many (in Indo-Aryan words)


πικρο-

From Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”).

πικρο- (pikro-) + δάφνη (dáfni, “laurel”) → πικροδάφνη (pikrodáfni, “oleander”)


ροδο-

ροδο- (rodo-) + δάφνη (dáfni, “laurel”) → ροδοδάφνη (rododáfni, “oleander”)


xeronto-

geronto- (forms terms related to old age or the elderly)


géronto-

From Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn, “old man”).


dax-

head

dax- (Sawndip form 㐲, 1957–1982 spelling daч-)

Used in kinship terms referring to an older generation.


vege-

vegetarian, veggie (suitable for vegetarians)


ສຸ-

ສຸປະຕ຺ິປັນໂນ ພ຺ະຄະວະໂຕ ສາວະກະສັງໂຄ
ອຸຂຸປະຕ຺ິປັນໂນ ພ຺ະຄະວະໂຕ ສາວະກະສັງໂຄ ຍ຺າ
ຢະປະຕ຺ິປັນໂນ ພ຺ະຄະວະໂຕ ສາວະກະສັງໂຄ ສາ
ມີຈິປະຕ຺ິປັນໂນ ພ຺ະຄະວະໂຕ ສາວະກະສັງໂຄ຺ ຢະ
ທິທັງ ຈັຕຕາຣິ ປຸຣິສະຢຸຄານິ ອັຕ຺ຖ຺ະ ປຸຣິສະປຸຄ
ຄະລາ ເອສະ ພ຺ະຕະວະໂຕ ສາວະກະສັງໂຄ ອາຫຸ-
ເນ຺ຢໂຢ ປາຫຸເນ຺ຢໂຢ຺ ທັກຂິເນ຺ຢໂຢອັຍ຺ຊະລິ-
ກະຣະນີໂຢ ອະນຸຕຕະຣັງ ປຸຍ຺ຍ຺ັກເຂຕຕັງ ໂລກັສສາຕິ.

1943, Phaya Luang Maha Sena (Phouy), Learn fast to read Tham characters in Pali Texts [ແບບຣຽນໄວ ເຫຼັ້ມສອງ ຣຽນອ່ານໝັງສືທັມ ຂຽນເປັນພາສາບາລີ], 2nd edition (PDF; overall work in Lao), Buddhist Institute, archived from the original on 2016-04-04, page 45:

The assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is followinɡ the right way. The assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is followinɡ the straight way. The assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is followinɡ the right way. The assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is followinɡ the proper way which is this, the four pairs of persons, the eight types of individuals this assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of reverential salutation, the unsurpassed field of merit for the world.

supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgo
ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgo ñā
yapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgo sā-
mīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho ya
didaṃ cattāri purisayugāni aṭṭha purisapug
galā esa bhagavato sāvakasaṅgo āhu-
ṇeyyo pāhuṇeyyo dakkhiṇeyyo añjali-
karanīyo anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassāti.


uss-

From a merger of two prefixes.
* One is from Proto-Celtic *uts-, from Proto-Indo-European *úd-s- (“out”).
* Another source is from Proto-Celtic *(o)uxs-, from Proto-Indo-European *ups, a sigmatic variant of *upó (“up”).

com- + uss- + -techtatar → con·oitechtar

com- + uss- + -malt → con·omalt

to- + uss- + -baig → ·topaig

to- + uss- + -bacht → ·tópacht

augment used instead of ro- in a few cases


b-

(in certain words) Alternative form of bi-


b-

no- + ·tá (“there is”) + b- → nob·tá (“there is to you, i.e. you have”)

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


balano-

From Latin balanus, from Ancient Greek βάλανος (bálanos).


gammel-

gammel- + media → gammelmedia (“old media”)

gammel- + mormor (“maternal grandmother”) → gammelmormor (“great-grandmother”)


mass-

From French masse, from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza, “bread”).

massmedia

masskommunikation

mass, denoting a large quantity affected


å-

From Middle High German abe, ab, from Old High German ab, from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab. Compare German ab-, Dutch af-, English off-.

å- + foan (“to drive”) → åfoan (“to depart, drive away”)

å- + wischn (“to wipe”) → åwischn (“to wipe off”)

å- + bstön (“to order”) → åbstön (“to cancel an order, to unsubscribe”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates removal or quitting, off, away.

å- + tauchn (“to dive”) → åtauchn (“to dive down, submerge”)

å- + nehma (“to take”) → ånehma (“to decrease, shed”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates a downward movement, spatial or numeral, down.


å-

From Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana. Compare German an-, Dutch aan-, English on-.

å- + schraufn (“to screw”) → åschraufn (“to screw on”)

å- + greifn (“to grab, seize”) → ågreifn (“to touch, handle”)

å- + brenna (“to burn”) → åbrenna (“to scorch”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates a direction, goal, destination and a contact made therein.


ken-

ewü (first-person pronoun)
y- (first-person)
ü- (first-person)
u- (first-person)
w- (agent first-person transitive)
w- (agent-like first-person intransitive)
wi- (agent first-person transitive)
wi- (agent-like first-person intransitive)
küwü (dual first-person inclusive pronoun)
k- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
k- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
k- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
k- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
k- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
kü- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
kü- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
kü- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
kü- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
kü- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
ku- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
ku- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
ku- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
ku- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
ku- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
ki- (agent-like dual first-person inclusive intransitive patient-like)
ki- (direct-object dual first-person inclusive postpositional)
ki- (dual first-person inclusive patient transitive)
ki- (dual first-person inclusive possessive)
ki- (dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument)
k- (agent dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kii- (agent dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
ki- (agent dual first-person inclusive series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
amödö (pronoun second-person)
ö- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
ö- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
ö- (patient second-person transitive)
ö- (possessive second-person)
ö- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
öy- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
öy- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
öy- (patient second-person transitive)
öy- (possessive second-person)
öy- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
ödh- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
ödh- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
ödh- (patient second-person transitive)
ödh- (possessive second-person)
ödh- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
o- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
o- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
o- (patient second-person transitive)
o- (possessive second-person)
o- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
oy- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
oy- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
oy- (patient second-person transitive)
oy- (possessive second-person)
oy- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
odh- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
odh- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
odh- (patient second-person transitive)
odh- (possessive second-person)
odh- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
a- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
a- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
a- (patient second-person transitive)
a- (possessive second-person)
a- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
ay- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
ay- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
ay- (patient second-person transitive)
ay- (possessive second-person)
ay- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
adh- (direct-object postpositional second-person)
adh- (intransitive patient-like second-person)
adh- (patient second-person transitive)
adh- (possessive second-person)
adh- (second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
m- (agent second-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
m- (agent-like intransitive second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
mi- (agent second-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
mi- (agent-like intransitive second-person series-ii-verb-argument)
nña (dual exclusive first-person pronoun)
y- (dual exclusive first-person)
dh- (dual exclusive first-person)
ch- (dual exclusive first-person)
i- (dual exclusive first-person)
chö- (direct-object dual exclusive first-person postpositional)
n- (agent dual exclusive first-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
n- (agent-like dual exclusive first-person intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
ni- (agent dual exclusive first-person series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
ni- (agent-like dual exclusive first-person intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
tüwü (pronoun third-person)
y- (third-person)
dh- (third-person)
ch- (third-person)
i- (third-person)
chö- (direct-object postpositional third-person)
n- (patient series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
ni- (patient series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
n- (agent series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
n- (agent-like intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument third-person)
ni- (agent series-ii-verb-argument third-person transitive)
ni- (agent-like intransitive patient-like series-ii-verb-argument third-person)
tüwü (distant-past past pronoun)
kün- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kün- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kun- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kun- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kin- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kin- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
ken- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
ken- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
küm- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
küm- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kum- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kum- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kim- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kim- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
kini- (agent distant-past past patient series-ii-verb-argument transitive)
kini- (agent-like distant-past intransitive past patient-like series-ii-verb-argument)
t- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
t- (possessive reflexive)
t- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
tü- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
tü- (possessive reflexive)
tü- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
tu- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
tu- (possessive reflexive)
tu- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
ti- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
ti- (possessive reflexive)
ti- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
te- (direct-object postpositional reflexive)
te- (possessive reflexive)
te- (reflexive series-ii-verb-argument)
öö- (agent patient reciprocal transitive)
öö- (agent-like intransitive patient-like reciprocal)
öö- (direct-object postpositional reciprocal)
mön- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
man- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
mon- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möm- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möni- (agent first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
mön- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
man- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
mon- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möm- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
möni- (agent dual exclusive first-person object-second-person patient transitive)
k- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
kü- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ku- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ki- (agent object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
k- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
kü- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ku- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)
ki- (agent object-dual object-exclusive object-first-person patient second-person transitive)

Allomorph of kün- (distant past third-person prefix) occasionally used for stems that begin with anything but j or y and have a first vowel e.


អភិ

km-prefix

អភិ • (ʼaʼphi)

អភិវឌ្ឍនភាព

(in Indic compounds) against, at, out, over, beyond, above, extreme, high, very


schweizer-

From German schweizer (“Swiss”). Compare Danish schweizer-, svejtser-, Norwegian Bokmål sveitser- and Norwegian Nynorsk sveitser-, all from German.


kvenn-

Icelandic: kven-


anu-

Inherited from Sanskrit अनु- (anu-), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ánu.

anupajjati (“to follow”) from -pajjati (“to go”)

Verbal prefix:
after, behind, according to

Verbal prefix:
less than, in consequence of, beneath


glas-

From glas (“green, grey; immature, unseasoned; raw, inexperienced; pale, sickly-hued”).


glas-

glas- (mutation mutation-radical)
ghlas- (lenition mutation)
nglas- (eclipsis mutation)

glasoileán

peninsula; island accessible by bridge or on foot at low tide


täsmä-

Probably borrowed from Russian тесьма́ (tesʹmá, “band, lace”), with the figurative meaning developing through täsmälleen (“exactly, precisely”), originally in the sense "to weave a band based on an existing band" → "to weave a band exactly like some other band".

täsmävaaka

täsmäpommi

precision, surgical (characterized by high precision)


gú-

gú- (mutation mutation-radical)
gú- (mutation mutation-nasal)
ngú- (mutation)

Combining form of gáu, gó (“falsehood”).


boux-

bouxbingh
patient

a person of a particular type or profession


ὑπερ-

From ὑπέρ (hupér), from Proto-Indo-European *upér.


stygo-

From Ancient Greek Στύξ (Stúx, stem styg-), boundary river of the Underworld.


т-

head

т- (t-) (dual мыт-, plural мыт- -la, before consonants ты-)

t- (alternative)
мыт- (dual)
мыт- -la (plural)

Тыъыннук.

Тысульатыткын куруватъул.

The first person singular agent prefix; marks the subject of a verb.


Angla-

Angla- (mutation mutation-radical)
nAngla- (eclipsis mutation)
hAngla- (mutation prothesis-h)
tAngla- (mutation prothesis-t)


псевдо-

From Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”).


ei-

From Middle High German īn-, a variation (like eine, eini, eina (“indicating motion into something”)) of the preposition in, from Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. Compare German ein-, English in-, Dutch in-.

generally indicating (concrete or abstract/metaphorical) motion into something


zwi-

From Proto-Bantu *jí-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *bì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.


ḽi-

From Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.


mo-

head

mo- (inchoative ming-, mi-, ni-, contemplative mo-)

ming- (inchoative)
mi- (inchoative)
ni- (inchoative)
mo- (contemplative)

Standardized form of mu-, from Proto-Austronesian *mu- (movement prefix).

inh

Coordinate term: mag-

Mokaon ko.

actor trigger verb prefix, infinitive form

non-durative action, an action done without reference to duration; see Perfective aspect

Perfective aspect
perfective aspect#English

Wala siya mosulti

Mokaon ko.


mo-

mopu'ã


mo-

Nheengatu: mu-

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *mo-, from Proto-Tupian *mo-.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní mbo-.

etymon

Coordinate term: (with transitive verbs) ukar

forms causative verbs from intransitive verbs

aimoabarê Pedro[…]

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter XII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 48v:

forms factitive verbs from nouns and adjectives


mo-

Mbyá Guaraní: mbo-

Old Tupi: mo-
Nheengatu: mu-


mo-

Awetí: mo-

desctree

Proto-Tupi-Guarani: *mo-
Mbyá Guaraní: mbo-
Old Tupi: mo-
Nheengatu: mu-

Sateré-Mawé: mo-


vega-

From vegetarisch, perhaps influenced by veganistisch, or a related root.


-ынп-

-ынп- + ӄылавул (“man”) → ъынпыӄлавул (“old man”)

-ынп- + ӈав'ысӈын (“woman”) → ъынпыӈав' (“old woman”)


telluro-

Derived from Latin tellus (“Earth, globe, world”).


pim-

head

pim- (before consonants pi̱-, class III first-person paucal)

-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person singular)
a̱- (before-consonant first-person singular)
am- (before-vowel first-person singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person medial singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person medial singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person medial singular)
-sa- (before-consonant first-person medial singular)
-sam- (before-vowel first-person medial singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person medial singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person paucal)
il- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
pi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person paucal)
pi̱- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
pim- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
kī- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
kil- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person plural)
il- (before-vowel first-person plural)
hapi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person plural)
hapi̱- (before-consonant first-person plural)
hapim- (before-vowel first-person plural)
kī- (before-consonant first-person plural)
kil- (before-vowel first-person plural)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
is- (before-s second-person singular)
ish- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
chi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel second-person singular)
chi̱- (before-consonant second-person singular)
chim- (before-vowel second-person singular)
chik- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
has- (before-s plural second-person)
hash- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
hachi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel plural second-person)
hachi̱- (before-consonant plural second-person)
hachim- (before-vowel plural second-person)
hachik- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
ho- (before-consonant imperative plural second-person)
oh- (before-vowel imperative plural second-person)
i̱- (before-consonant third-person)
im- (before-vowel third-person)
ik- (before-consonant before-vowel third-person)

to us (few), for us (few)

the indirect object of an active transitive verb

we (few)

the subject of an intransitive affective verb

us (few)

the direct object of a small set of transitive verbs mostly dealing with affect, communication and intimacy

our (we few's)


hapi-

us (all)

the direct object of an active transitive verb

we (all)

the subject of a stative intransitive verb

our (we all's)


chim-

chim- (before consonants chi-, class III second-person singular)

to you, for you, to thee, for thee

you, thou

you, thee

your, thy


hapim-

hapim- (before consonants hapi̱-, class III first-person plural)

to us (all), for us (all)

we (all)

us (all)

our (we all's)


chi-

you

you

your


hachim-

hachim- (before consonants hachi-, class III second-person plural)

to you (all), for you (all)

you (all). ye

you (all)

your. y'all's


hachi-

From chi- plus some obsolete plural personal prefix, compare Apalachee hasnu (“we”), Koasati hasnu (“you”, plural).

you (all)

you (all), ye

your, y'all's


ish-

you, thou
Ishimpa.
You are eating.

Hilha! → Ishhilhanna!
Dance! → Don't dance!

The subject of a negative imperative verb.


ish-

ish- (before s is-, class I second-person singular)

you, thou

the subject of an active transitive verb

you, thou

the subject of an intransitive active verb

the subject of a negative imperative verb
Kopōlih! → Ishkopōlinna!
Bite it! → Don't bite it!


hash-

hash- (before s has-, class I second-person plural)

you, ye

you, ye

the subject of a negative imperative verb
Hokopōlih! → Hashkopōlinna!
Bite it! → Don't bite it!


leocai-

Alternative form of leoca-, used before a slender consonant.


leoca-

From Ancient Greek λευκός (leukós, “white”).


hachik-

let you, may you; let ye, may ye

you don't, ye do not

the subject of a negative active transitive verb

you don't, ye do not

the subject of a negative active intransitive verb


chik-

let you, let thee, do you, do thou

you don't, thou doth not

you don't, thou doth not


kil-

kil- (before consonants kī-, class N first-person plural)

let us

we don't

we don't


kii-

kii- (before vowels kil-, class N first-person plural)

kil- (before-vowel)
-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person singular)
a̱- (before-consonant first-person singular)
am- (before-vowel first-person singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative singular)
-li (before-consonant before-s before-vowel first-person medial singular)
sa- (before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person medial singular)
si- (before-back-vowel first-person medial singular)
-sa- (before-consonant first-person medial singular)
-sam- (before-vowel first-person medial singular)
ak- (before-consonant before-vowel first-person medial singular)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative medial singular)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person paucal)
il- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
pi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person paucal)
pi̱- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
pim- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
kī- (before-consonant first-person paucal)
kil- (before-vowel first-person paucal)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative paucal)
ī- (before-consonant before-s first-person plural)
il- (before-vowel first-person plural)
hapi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel first-person plural)
hapi̱- (before-consonant first-person plural)
hapim- (before-vowel first-person plural)
kī- (before-consonant first-person plural)
kil- (before-vowel first-person plural)
n (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
a (before-consonant before-vowel first-person imperative plural)
is- (before-s second-person singular)
ish- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
chi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel second-person singular)
chi̱- (before-consonant second-person singular)
chim- (before-vowel second-person singular)
chik- (before-consonant before-vowel second-person singular)
has- (before-s plural second-person)
hash- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
hachi- (before-back-vowel before-consonant before-front-vowel plural second-person)
hachi̱- (before-consonant plural second-person)
hachim- (before-vowel plural second-person)
hachik- (before-consonant before-vowel plural second-person)
ho- (before-consonant imperative plural second-person)
oh- (before-vowel imperative plural second-person)
i̱- (before-consonant third-person)
im- (before-vowel third-person)
ik- (before-consonant before-vowel third-person)

let us

we don't

we don't


kii-

Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive transitive agent prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant.


has-

has- (except before s hash-, class I second-person plural)

you, ye

you, ye

the subject of a negative imperative verb
Hosakopōlih! → Hassakopōlinna!
Bite me! → Don't bite me!


cinn-

cinn- (mutation mutation-radical)
chinn- (lenition mutation)
gcinn- (eclipsis mutation)

Alternative form of ceann- (“chief, main; -headed”), used before slender consonants


tapho-

From Ancient Greek τάφος (táphos, “grave”).


𐌳𐌿-

The preposition 𐌳𐌿 (du) used as a prefix, of uncertain origin.

Verbal prefix indicating movement towards, or arrival/presence at, something or -place.


oh-

oh- (before consonants ho-, imperative second-person plural)

let you (all), do you (all), do ye

(obsolete) used in place of ordinary pronominal suffixes in the communication between in-laws, especially a man and his mother-in-law

used in place of ordinary pronominal suffixes in the communication between in-laws, especially a man and his mother-in-law
Im ia lih. → Oh ia lih. (traditional spelling)
I went with him.


oh-

From oh, from Middle High German abe, ab, from Old High German ab, from Proto-West Germanic *ab(a), from Proto-Germanic *ab. Compare German ab-.

oh- + flahe (“to rinse, wash”) → ohflahe (“to rinse off, wash off”)

oh- + taae (“to thaw, melt”) → ohtaae (“to defrost”)

(Erzgebirgisch, non-gloss definition, Separable verb prefix that indicates removal or quitting,) off, away.

non-gloss definition; Separable verb prefix that indicates removal or quitting; non-gloss definition; Separable verb prefix that indicates removal or quitting

oh- + steing (“to rise, climb, increase”) → ohsteing (“to descend, dismount, get off”)

(Erzgebirgisch, non-gloss definition, Separable verb prefix that indicates a downward movement,) down.

non-gloss definition; Separable verb prefix that indicates a downward movement; non-gloss definition; Separable verb prefix that indicates a downward movement

(Erzgebirgisch, non-gloss definition, Noun prefix that indicates being different from the source or) deviation.

non-gloss definition; Noun prefix that indicates being different from the source or; non-gloss definition; Noun prefix that indicates being different from the source or


bổn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 本; this was originally the common form and later the Southern form. Doublet of vốn and bản, the Northern form.
bổn phận and bổn cũ soạn lại are the sole cases where this morpheme fully preserves its literary status in modern Vietnamese dialects, while other usages are considered "humorous" or "odd".

bổn cô nương

bổn công tử

bổn quan

bổn vương

(Chinese fiction, sometimes used ironically in real life) I/me, a respectable...

bản

originally Northern Vietnam, now widespread


mittel-

mittel- + Finger (“finger”) → Mittelfinger (“middle finger”)

mittel- + groß (“tall, big”) → mittelgroß (“medium-sized”)


אײַנ־

אײַנ־ • (ayn-)

Implies entering a new state or a change of situation


אָנ־

אָנ־ • (on-)

From Old High German ana. Compare German an-.


באַ־

באַ־ • (ba-)

From Old High German bi-, from Proto-Germanic *bi-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

An inseparable verbal prefix, used to make transitive verbs.


פֿאַר־

פֿאַר־ • (far-)

From Middle High German ver-, from Old High German far-, from a mixture of Proto-Germanic *firi-, *fur-, *fra- and other similar particles. Cognate with German ver- English for-, Dutch ver-, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂- (fair-), 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂- (faur-), 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-).

Implies completeness of an action, the initiation of a change in circumstances or the success of an action.


foregangs-

From fore- + gang, apparently from the obsolete noun foregang.


ανά-

Alternative form of ανα- (ana-, “again”)


επαν-

επαν- (epan-) + έρχομαι (érchomai, “come”) → επανέρχομαι (epanérchomai, “return”)

επανα- επανα-#Greek


επανα-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐπανα- (epana-) from prepositions ἐπ(ί) (ep(í)) + ἀνά (aná). By surface analysis, επ- (ep-) + ανα- (ana-), but the meaning is always used idiomatically.

surf

επανα- (epana-) + λαμβάνω (lamváno, “receive”) → επαναλαμβάνω (epanalamváno, “repeat”)

επανα- (epana-) + συνδέω (syndéo, “connect”) → επανασυνδέω (epanasyndéo, “reconnect”)

επανα- (epana-) + σύνδεση (sýndesi, “connection”) → επανασύνδεση (epanasýndesi, “reconnection”)

re- (used before verbs and their derived nouns to indicate that their function starts again after a break)


qeyri-

Borrowed from Persian غیرـ (ğeyr-e-), from Arabic غَيْر (ḡayr) + Persian ezafe. Cognate with Turkish gayri- (Ottoman Turkish غیر (gayr-i)), Uyghur غەيرى (gheyri), Uzbek gʻayri-.

qeyri- + mümkün (“possible”) → qeyri-mümkün (“impossible”)

qeyri- + iş günləri (“working days”) → qeyri-iş günləri (“non-working days”)


ξ-

ξ- (x-) + αποσταίνω (apostaíno, “get tired”) → ξαποσταίνω (xapostaíno, “rest”)

Alternative form of ξε- (xe-) (before [a], but also other vowels)


hinab-

a prefix; down-(?) (away from the speaker)


mapag-

mapag- + mahal (“love”) → mapagmahal (“loving”)

mapag- + aruga (“care”) → mapag-aruga (“caring”)

used to form adjectives denoting having the habit or prone to

mapag- + magaling (“excellent”) → mapagmagaling (“showing off as being excellent; vainglorious”)

mapag- + mataas (“high”) → mapagmataas (“showing off as being high; arrogant”)

used to form adjectives denoting having the habit of trying to be (before adjectives formed by ma-)


pädo-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek παῖς (paîs, “child”).

pädo- + sexuell (“sexual”) → pädosexuell (“pedosexual”)


magpa-

magpa- + laba (“laundry”) → magpalaba (“to ask someone do the laundry”)

magpa- + pintura (“paint”) → magpapintura (“to ask someone do the painting”)

Actor trigger - to ask someone do something

magpa- + gupit (“cut”) → magpagupit (“to get a haircut”)

magpa- + tuli (“circumcision”) → magpatuli (“to get circumcised”)

magpa- + kasal (“wedding”) → magpakasal (“to get married”)

magpa- + English checkup (“check up”) → magpa-checkup (“to get a check up”)

Actor trigger - to do something for oneself


nir-

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit निर् (nir), the alternative form of निस् (nis, “out, forth, away”, adverb).

lbor

nirguna

nirkabel

nirtunai

nirlaba


nir-

Borrowed from Indonesian nir-, from Sanskrit निर् (nir), the alternative form of निस् (nis, “out, forth, away”, adverb).

nirwayar

nirtunai

nirwana


mehrweg-

From mehrere (“multiple, several”) + Weg (“way”).


ně-

East Slavic:

Belarusian: не- (nje-)

Russian: не́- (né-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: нѣ- (ně-)

Bulgarian: ня- (nja-)

Macedonian: не- (ne-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: не̏-

Latin script: nȅ-, njȅ- (dialectal)

Slovene: ne-

West Slavic:

Czech: ně-

Slovak: nie-

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ně-

Lower Sorbian: ně-

Pronoun prefix with indefinite function. Apparently related to forms of Proto-Indo-European *ne, however, uncertainly how:
* One possibility is a direct descent from Proto-Indo-European *néh₁, cognate with Latin nē (“not”), Sanskrit ना (nā, “not”). The logic of this derivation is that *ně- originally reflected the meaning none particularly. In support of this hypothesis serves the rare autonomous form Proto-Slavic *ně (“none”) and analogous formations in Baltic: Lithuanian nėkas (“nobody particularly”), Lithuanian nekur̃s (“nowhere particularly”).
* Alternatively, according to F. Mikloshich, from the conflation of *ne (“not”) + *vě (“to know”). Effectively, then *ně- would stand for unknowing who/what/where/how/etc. Vasmer considers this derivation phonetically unsound.
* According to Trubachev, possibly from the conflation of *ne (“not”) + *je (“to be”). Similar to the dialectal *něměti (“not to have”) from Proto-Slavic *ne + *jьměti (“to have”).
Almost not used in Modern Polish. Old Polish did preserve niekako (“somehow”), etc. – in Modern Polish rarely used niejako, niejaki, etc.
Not used in Ukrainian.


ἐ-

From Proto-Indo-European *é (“and then”). Cognate with Sanskrit अ- (a-), Phrygian ε- (e-).

the augment, a prefix marking indicative past tenses


meningo-

Forms medical terms relating to the meninges.


belgo-

Belgo-; a combining form relating to Belgium


hollando-

(relational, by extension) the Netherlands


めー

毎: each, every (day, week, weekend, time)


cailc-

cailc- (mutation mutation-radical)
chailc- (lenition mutation)
gcailc- (eclipsis mutation)


krypto-

krypto- + komunista → kryptokomunista

krypto- + měna → kryptoměna


isoindol-

(organic chemistry, in combination) an isoindole derivative, followed by a vowel.


pristanoyl-

(organic chemistry, in combination) Derivative such as an ester, of pristanic acid


colliculo-

Pertaining to the inferior colliculus or superior colliculus.


belé-

(dialectal, verbal prefix) Alternative form of bele-.


hadu-

German: Hader, hadern (possibly)

From Proto-Germanic *haþuz (“battle, fight”).

(poetic) war, battle: used to form names


forst-

(chiefly Finland) pertaining to forests or forestry


ζωο-

ζωο- (zoo-) + βιολογία (viología, “biology”) → ζωοβιολογία (zooviología, “zoology, animal biology”)


pró-

From Latin prō (“in favour of, on behalf of”).


εμ-

Polytonic spelling: ἐμ- or ἔμ-

Alternative form of εν- (en-) (occurring before π, β, φ, μ, ψ)


déd-

Borrowed from a Slavic language, from Proto-Slavic *dědъ.

anya (“mother”) — nagyanya (“grandmother”) — dédnagyanya (“great-grandmother”)

great-grand (indicates a family relationship to the third degree)


𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂-

From Proto-Germanic *fedur-, apparently a form of *feþur- that arose in unstressed position by Verner's Law. Both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥-.


ανισο-

ανισο- (aniso-) + πάχος (páchos, “thickness”) → ανισόπαχος (anisópachos, “of unequal thickness”)


ισο-

ισο- (iso-) + πάχος (páchos, “thickness”) → ισόπαχος (isópachos, “of equal thickness”)


ανισό-

ανισο- ανισο-#Greek


ʔu-

verb prefix indicating a completed action (verbal inflectional prefix of perfective aspect)


neumo-

From Ancient Greek πνεύμων (pneúmōn, “lung”).


amfi-

From Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”).


amfi-

amfi- + teatr → amfiteatr


közre-

fog (“to hold”) → közrefog (“to flank, straddle”)

(verbal prefix) surrounding (someone or something) in between

működik (“to operate”) → közreműködik (“to cooperate in, contribute to”)

(verbal prefix) taking part in (something)

bocsát (“to let”) → közrebocsát (“to publish”)

(verbal prefix) releasing (something) to the public


kultúr-

kultúr- + harc (“battle”) → kultúrharc (“culture war”)


disco-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Latin discus (whence also English discus, disc, and disk).


rabdo-

From Ancient Greek ῥάβδος (rhábdos, “rod”).


mielo-

From Ancient Greek μυελός (muelós, “marrow”).


mielo-

Derived from Ancient Greek μυελός (muelós).

der+

mielo- + -grafia → mielografia


trombo-

From Ancient Greek θρόμβος (thrómbos, “lump, clot, curd”).


nicto-

From Ancient Greek νυκτός (nuktós, “night”).


hy-

From Middle Welsh hy-, from Old Welsh hi-, from Proto-Brythonic *hu-, from Proto-Celtic *su-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”). Cognate with Cornish he- and Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-, “good”).

hy- + rhwydd (“easy”) → hyrwydd (“very easy”)

hy- + glân (“clean”) → hylan (“hygienic”)

affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word

hy- + plyg (“folded”) → hyblyg (“flexible”)

hy- + byw (“alive”) → hyfyw (“viable”)

added to verbal roots, indicates 'easy to X', 'X-able'


mewn-

mewn- (mutation mutation-radical)
fewn- (mutation mutation-soft)

mewn- + morio (“to travel by sea”) → mewnforio (“to import”)

mewn- + plyg (“folded”) → mewnblyg (“introvert”)

mewn- + pwn (“load, burden”) → mewnbwn (“input”)


rhyng-

rhyng- (mutation mutation-radical)
ryng- (mutation mutation-soft)

rhyng- + gweithio (“to work”) → rhyngweithio (“to interact”)

rhyng- + rhwyd (“net”) → rhyngrwyd (“internet”)

rhyng- + personol (“personal”) → rhyngbersonol (“interpersonal”)


traws-

traws- (mutation mutation-radical)
draws- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhraws- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thraws- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Cognate with Breton treuz- and Cornish treus-. See traws.

traws- + plannu (“to plant”) → trawsblannu (“to transplant”)

traws- + torri (“to cut”) → trawstorri (“to cross-cut”)

traws- + acen (“accent”) → trawsacen (“syncopation”)


tan-

tan- (mutation mutation-radical)
dan- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhan- (mutation mutation-nasal)
than- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

tan- + môr (“sea”) → tanfor (“undersea, submarine”)

tan- + gwariant (“spending”) → tanwariant (“underspending”)

tan- + ysgrifio (“to write, to inscribe”) → tanysgrifio (“to subscribe”)


cyd-

cyd- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyd- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyd- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyd- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

cyd- + perchennog (“owner”) → cyd-berchennog (“co-owner”)

cyd- + dibynnol (“dependent”) → cyd-ddibynnol (“co-dependent, interdependent”)

cyd- + glynu (“to stick, to adhere”) → cydlynu (“to cohere, to coordinate”)


rhag-

rhag- (mutation mutation-radical)
rag- (mutation mutation-soft)

See rhag. Cognate with Cornish rag- and Cornish rak-.

rhag- + llen (“sheet”) → rhaglen (“programme”)

rhag- + golwg (“view, sight”) → rhagolwg (“preview”)

rhag- + gweld (“to see”) → rhag-weld (“to foresee”)


tros-

tros- (mutation mutation-radical)
dros- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhros- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thros- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

tros- + lleisio (“to voice”) → trosleisio (“to voiceover, to dub”)

tros- + gwydryn (“glass”) → troswydryn (“overglaze”)

tros- + ffordd (“road”) → trosffordd (“flyover”)


cyf-

cyf- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyf- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyf- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyf- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh kyu-, from Old Welsh com-, from Proto-Brythonic *köβ̃-, from Proto-Celtic *kom-. Cognate with Cornish kev-.

cyf- + un (“one”) → cyfun (“concordant, united”)

cyf- + amod (“condition”) → cyfamod (“covenant”)

cyf- + enw (“name”) → cyfenw (“surname”)

cyf- + lliw (“colour”) → cyfliw (“of the same colour”)

cyf- + oed (“age, time”) → cyfoed (“contemporary, of the same age, at the same time”)

cyf- + uwch (“higher”) → cyfuwch (“as high”)

cyf- + llym (“sharp, keen”) → cyflym (“quick, fast”)

cyf- + agos (“near”) → cyfagos (“neighbouring, adjacent”)

cyf- + llawn (“full”) → cyflawn (“complete, total”)


can-

can- (mutation mutation-radical)
gan- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghan- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chan- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *kanta-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥-teh₂, from *ḱóm. Related to gan (“with”) and cognate with Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “against; downwards”).

cog

can- + llaw (“hand”) → canllaw (“rail, guide”)

can- + glynu (“to adhere, to stick”) → canlyn (“to follow, to pursure”)

can- + dal (“to hold, to catch”) → cynnal (“to hold, to maintain”)


ech-

ech- (mutation mutation-radical)
hech- (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Celtic *exs-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”). Cognate with Old Irish ess- (see Irish as), Latin ex-, Ancient Greek ἐκ- (ek-).
Originally es- was the form before plosives and ech- before vowels, but the latter has spread by analogy.

ech- + plyg (“folded”) → echblyg (“explicit”)

ech- + torri (“to cut, to break”) → echdorri (“to errupt”)

ech- + tynnu (“to pull, to draw”) → echdynnu (“to extract”)

ech- + doe (“yesterday”) → echdoe (“day before yesterday”)

ech- + nos (“night”) → echnos (“night before last”)


gwrth-

gwrth- (mutation mutation-radical)
wrth- (mutation mutation-soft)
ngwrth- (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *writ-. Cognate with Welsh wrth, Cornish gorth-, Irish frith-, Scottish Gaelic ri and Latin versus (“against”).

gwrth- + taro (“to hit, to strike”) → gwrthdaro (“to clash, to collide”)

gwrth- + tystio (“to witness”) → gwrthdystio (“to protest”)

gwrth- + plaid (“(political) party”) → gwrthblaid (“opposition party”)

gwrth- + llwydni (“mildew”) → gwrthlwydni (“mildew resistant”)

gwrth- + biotig (“biotic”) → gwrthfiotig (“antibiotic”)


cyfr-

cyfr- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyfr- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyfr- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyfr- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

cyfr- + trist (“sad”) → cyfrdrist (“extremely sad, grievous”)

cyfr- + coll (“loss”) → cyfrgoll (“total loss, damnation”)

cyfr- + gwŷs → cyfrwys (“cunning, crafty”)


traf-

traf- (mutation mutation-radical)
draf- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhraf- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thraf- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

traf- + llyncu (“to swallow”) → traflyncu (“to gobble, to swallow up”)


try-

try- + gloyw (“bright, shining”) → tryloyw (“transparent”)

try- + mesur (“measure, measurement”) → tryfesur (“diameter”)

try- + gwanu (“to stab”) → trywanu (“to stab, to pierce”)

try- + llwyr (“entire”) → trylwyr (“thorough”)

try- + tân (“fire”) → trydan (“electricity”)

try- + rhyw (“kind, sort”) → tryryw (“thoroughbred”)


try-

try- (mutation mutation-radical)
dry- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhry- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thry- (mutation mutation-aspirate)

try- + gwŷr (“men”) → trywyr (“three men”)

try- + cant (“hundredd”) → trycant (“three hundred”)

try- + bêr (“spear, skewer”) → tryfer (“trident”)


add-

add- (mutation mutation-radical)
hadd- (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *ad-, from Proto-Celtic *ad-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include Latin ad and English at.

add- + mwyn (“mild”) → addfwyn (“gentle, meek”)

add- + oer (“cold”) → addoer (“very cold, chilly”)


aml-

aml- (mutation mutation-radical)
haml- (mutation prothesis-h)

aml- + llawr (“floor, storey”) → aml-lawr (“multistorey”)

aml- + dewis (“choice”) → amlddewis (“multiple choice”)

aml- + cellog (“cellular”) → amlgellog (“multicellular”)


hail-

ail- (mutation mutation-radical)
hail- (mutation prothesis-h)


hall-

all- (mutation mutation-radical)
hall- (mutation prothesis-h)


harch-

arch- (mutation mutation-radical)
harch- (mutation prothesis-h)


har-

ar- (mutation mutation-radical)
har- (mutation prothesis-h)


heil-

eil- (mutation mutation-radical)
heil- (mutation prothesis-h)


haf-

af- (mutation mutation-radical)
haf- (mutation prothesis-h)


hen-

en- (mutation mutation-radical)
hen- (mutation prothesis-h)


hes-

es- (mutation mutation-radical)
hes- (mutation prothesis-h)


ddar-

dar- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddar- (mutation mutation-soft)
nar- (mutation mutation-nasal)


nat-

dat- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddat- (mutation mutation-soft)
nat- (mutation mutation-nasal)


ddy-

dy- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddy- (mutation mutation-soft)
ny- (mutation mutation-nasal)


ddad-

dad- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddad- (mutation mutation-soft)
nad- (mutation mutation-nasal)


his-

is- (mutation mutation-radical)
his- (mutation prothesis-h)


hym-

ym- (mutation mutation-radical)
hym- (mutation prothesis-h)


hat-

at- (mutation mutation-radical)
hat- (mutation prothesis-h)


lys-

llys- (mutation mutation-radical)
lys- (mutation mutation-soft)


ddis-

dis- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddis- (mutation mutation-soft)
nis- (mutation mutation-nasal)


fewn-

mewn- (mutation mutation-radical)
fewn- (mutation mutation-soft)


gyf-

cyf- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyf- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyf- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyf- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gan-

can- (mutation mutation-radical)
gan- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghan- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chan- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gy-

cy- (mutation mutation-radical)
gy- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghy- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chy- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


draws-

traws- (mutation mutation-radical)
draws- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhraws- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thraws- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


dra-

tra- (mutation mutation-radical)
dra- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhra- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thra- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


dros-

tros- (mutation mutation-radical)
dros- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhros- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thros- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gyd-

cyd- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyd- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyd- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyd- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


draf-

traf- (mutation mutation-radical)
draf- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhraf- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thraf- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gyt-

cyt- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyt- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyt- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyt- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


nhan-

tan- (mutation mutation-radical)
dan- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhan- (mutation mutation-nasal)
than- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


dry-

try- (mutation mutation-radical)
dry- (mutation mutation-soft)
nhry- (mutation mutation-nasal)
thry- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


rag-

rhag- (mutation mutation-radical)
rag- (mutation mutation-soft)


chyn-

cyn- (mutation mutation-radical)
gyn- (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyn- (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyn- (mutation mutation-aspirate)


ryng-

rhyng- (mutation mutation-radical)
ryng- (mutation mutation-soft)


ddi-

di- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddi- (mutation mutation-soft)
ni- (mutation mutation-nasal)


ddat-

dat- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddat- (mutation mutation-soft)
nat- (mutation mutation-nasal)


wrth-

gwrth- (mutation mutation-radical)
wrth- (mutation mutation-soft)
ngwrth- (mutation mutation-nasal)


ngor-

gor- (mutation mutation-radical)
or- (mutation mutation-soft)
ngor- (mutation mutation-nasal)


ngo-

go- (mutation mutation-radical)
o- (mutation mutation-soft)
ngo- (mutation mutation-nasal)


nis-

From Malay nir-, from Sanskrit निष्-, निस् (niṣ-, nis, “out, forth, away”), नि (ni, “down; back; in, into”), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ni (thus ultimately from *h₁én).


nis-

From Sanskrit निष्-, निस् (niṣ-, nis, “out, forth, away”), नि (ni, “down; back; in, into”), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ni (thus ultimately from *h₁én).


nis-

dis- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddis- (mutation mutation-soft)
nis- (mutation mutation-nasal)


nan-

Middle English: non-, no-, na-

gl

English: no- (fossilised in noway, nobody, noman, nowhere, etc.)

Scots: na-, nae-

merged with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">non-</i>

⇒ Middle English: non- (merged with Old French non-)

English: non-

Scots: non-

nānan (“no one”, literally “none one”)

nānþing (“nothing”, literally “none thing”)

nānwiht (“naught, nothing”, literally “none creature”)


नि-

prefix form of नि (ni, “down, back, in”)


fem-

Of or pertaining to femininity or women.


βρομό-

βρομο- βρομο-#Greek


βρομο-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek βρέμω (brémō, “to crash, to bang”).

der

βρομο- (vromo-) + νερό (neró, “water”) → βρομόνερο (vromónero, “dirty water, wastewater”)

βρομο- (vromo-) + πόδι (pódi, “foot”) → βρομοποδαράς (vromopodarás, “person with smelly feet”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something dirty or malodorous:

βρομο- (vromo-) + γλώσσα (glóssa, “tongue”) → βρομόγλωσσα (vromóglossa, “vulgar talker, rude talker”)

βρομο- (vromo-) + κουβέντα (kouvénta, “chat, word”) → βρομοκουβέντα (vromokouvénta, “vulgar talk, rude talk”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something is figuratively dirty, vulgar or rude:

βρομο- (vromo-) + καιρός (kairós, “weather”) → βρομόκαιρος (vromókairos, “lousy weather”)

βρομο- (vromo-) + παιδί (paidí, “child”) → βρομόπαιδο (vromópaido, “little shit, horrible child”)

βρομο- (vromo-) + θηλυκός (thilykós, “female”) → βρομοθήλυκο (vromothílyko, “wretched bitch”)

βρομο- (vromo-) + δουλειά (douleiá, “work, job”) → βρομοδουλειά (vromodouleiá, “wretched job, dirty work”)

(colloquial, offensive) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something which causes great anger or discomfort on someone or someone who is very contemptible or hated:


norvégo-

norvégo-américain, norvégo-danois, norvégo-islandais, norvégo-suédois


turco-

Turco- (prefix of words related to the country Turkey, the Turkish language, and/or Turks)


メタ

From Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-, “amid, after”), via English meta-.

bor

メタ言語

2019, Namori, “131★世の中大体、寝不足のせい。 [Every Trouble in Life Is Caused by Sleep Deprivation]”, in ゆるゆり [Yuru Yuri], volume 17 (fiction), Ichijinsha, →ISBN:

Your art style's kinda different than usual…
Really? Maybe because we were on hiatus for so long!?
Enough with the metajokes!

お前 いつもと画風が違うけど…
え まじ？しばらく休載してたからかな⁉
メタ発信はやめろ！

O-mae itsumo to gafū ga chigau kedo…
E maji? Shibaraku kyūsai shiteta kara ka na⁉
Meta-hasshin wa yamero!


had-

ad- (mutation mutation-radical)
had- (mutation prothesis-h)


死に

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 死ぬ (shinu, “to die”).

negative or pejorative intensifier: bloody, stupid, goddamn

死に戯け

bloody foolishness, goddamn messing around


ɬu-

bək̓ʷ čələp ɬəliɬʔatxʷ

You folks will have all (that) with you.

(verb prefix) denotes an anticipated or possible future event