ἄν

Uncertain. Has been connected to similar particles in other Indo-European languages, especially Latin an and Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en.
A more recent hypothesis derives it instead from the phrase οὐκ ἀν (ouk an), supposing that it had been reanalyzed from an original *οὐ καν (*ou kan), in turn from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu-kn̥ (literally “long time begin”); compare οὐκί (oukí), οὐ (ou).

der

ἐγὼ δέ κ’ ἄγω Βρισηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον
αὐτὸς ἰὼν κλισίηνδε τὸ σὸν γέρας ὄφρ’ ἐῢ εἰδῇς
ὅσσον φέρτερός εἰμι σέθεν […]
egṑ dé k’ ágō Brisēḯda kallipárēion
autòs iṑn klisíēnde tò sòn géras óphr’ eǜ eidêis
hósson phérterós eimi séthen […]

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.184–184

[Agamemnon speaking to Achilles]: But in that case I myself will lead away your prize, fair-cheeked Briseis, and go to my tent, so that you may learn well how much greater I am than you.

Expresses potentiality or conditionality

(only Epic, with subjunctive in main clauses) in that case and future tense

(with optative) Expresses future potentiality: would or could do or be doing

(with imperfect indicative) Expresses present or rarely past potentiality: were doing, would be doing

καὶ μὴν ἐκεῖνό γ’ αἰσχρόν, ὕστερόν ποτ’ εἰπεῖν “τίς γὰρ ἂν ᾠήθη ταῦτα γενέσθαι; νὴ τὸν Δί’, ἔδει γὰρ τὸ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι καὶ τὸ μὴ ποιῆσαι.”

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 68

And definitely it is a shame to have to say after the fact “Who on earth could have imagined this would happen? By Zeus, of course [we] should have done this and that, and not done this and that.”

kaì mḕn ekeînó g’ aiskhrón, hústerón pot’ eipeîn “tís gàr àn ōiḗthē taûta genésthai? nḕ tòn Dí’, édei gàr tò kaì tò poiêsai kaì tò mḕ poiêsai.”

(with aorist indicative) Expresses past potentiality

(with past indicative) Expresses unreality

(with aorist) Past or rarely present unreality: would have done, would do

(with imperfect) Present or past unreality: would do, would be doing; would have been doing

(with pluperfect) Present or less commonly past unreality:

Expresses unreality
Present or less commonly past unreality

ἀναλαμβάνων οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ ποιήματα ἅ μοι ἐδόκει μάλιστα πεπραγματεῦσθαι αὐτοῖς, διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν, ἵν’ ἅμα τι καὶ μανθάνοιμι παρ’ αὐτῶν.

Taking up [the poets’] works that seemed to me to have taken them the most trouble [to write], I would question them on what they meant, so that I could at the same time learn something from them.

analambánōn oûn autôn tà poiḗmata há moi edókei málista pepragmateûsthai autoîs, diērṓtōn àn autoùs tí légoien, hín’ háma ti kaì manthánoimi par’ autôn.

(with past indicative) Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do

οἱ δὲ ἂν Πέρσαι ἐπελθόντες λάβεσκον τὰ πρόβατα καὶ λαβόντες ἐπηείροντο ἂν τῷ πεποιημένῳ.

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.130

The Persians used to attack and seize the cattle and take them and, after taking them, to be encouraged by this achievement.

hoi dè àn Pérsai epelthóntes lábeskon tà próbata kaì labóntes epēeíronto àn tôi pepoiēménōi.

(with subjunctive in subordinate clauses) Expresses generality, and often translatable with present or future tense in English

εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί

if thus you will do and the Achaeans obey you

ei dé ken hṑs hérxēis kaí toi peíthōntai Akhaioí

ἢν δ’ ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν

if death ever come near, no one wishes to die

ḕn d’ engùs élthēi thánatos, oudeìs boúletai thnḗiskein

With εἰ (ei), contracted to ἐάν (eán), expresses a general condition that is likely to occur

When combined with infinitive or participle in indirect speech, represents a finite verb with ἄν (án) in direct speech


して

1929, 斎藤茂吉, 日本大地震, 青空文庫:

或日、朝からＮ君を訪ねて、二人して当もなく街上を歩いた。

Aru hi, asa kara Enu-kun o tazunete, futari shite ate mo naku gaijō o aruita.

One day, I paid N a visit in the morning, and the two of us walked the streets aimlessly.

(following a word denoting multiple people) indicates that the action is done together as a group


хӏаъ

head

хӏаъ • (haʔ)

Probably of onomatopoeic origin. Compare similar formations in other languages: Armenian հա (ha), Georgian ჰო (ho), Turkish he.


doprawdy

Univerbation of do + prawdy. Compare Italian davvero.

emphasises the truthfulness of a speaker's assertion; really, verily, indeed


ye-es

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling#English

Pronunciation spelling of yes indicating hesitance: used to show hesitant agreement or acceptance.


tikai

Originally from tik (“such; only”) + tai (with loss of the second t), with tai being a form of the demonstrative pronoun tas (“that”); compare related particles tikko, tikām. Cognates include Lithuanian tiktaĩ, dialectal tìktai.

tikai vienu reizi tur bijām

to zina tikai viņš

nopirku tikai divus kilogramus miltu

es nemaz neraudu, es tikai šņaucu degunu

I didn't cry at all, I only snorted (lit. snorted (my) nose)

šoreiz tas nav azarts, kas atzīst tikai vienu: uzvarēt vai krist

this time, it's not gambling, which recognizs only one (thing): to win or to lose

used to limit the meaning of a word or expression; only, just

nāk jauna diena? jā gan, un sola / ne tikai laimi, ne tikai prieku

is a new day coming? yes, and it promises / not only happiness, not only joy

darbs viņam kļuvis patiesi radošs, īsti radošs, ne tikai vārdos tāds

his work became creative, truly creative, not just such in words (i.e., this is not just empty praise)

(in the combination ne tikai) referring to other possibilities, alternatives; not only, not just

tā tikai bija pasaka!

skaties, lai visiem tikai pietiktu

(just) make sure that there is enough for everyone

sēž tikai un pļāpā

pamēģini tikai, tad tu redzēsi!

(syn. tik) used to strengthen or reinforce the meaning of the utterance; just...


הלוואַי

הלוואי הלוואי#Yiddish

Alternative spelling of הלוואי (halevay)


הלוואי

he-part

הלוואי / הַלְוַאי • (hal'váy)

הַלְוַאי (canonical)
hal'váy (romanization)

if only; would that; that it should happen to me (I wish)


vô

Undiphthongized equivalent of Northern vào.
The usage of vào (especially in writing) by speakers of Central-Southern dialects can be contributed to borrowing from Northern dialects. On the other hand, the undiphthongized Southern form with palatal initial latter spread to the Northern and Central dialects as an interjection.

Uống cho lắm vô! Giờ đau đầu!

You drank yourself to death and now you're wondering why you're having a headache!

Mại vô!

(chiefly Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam) emphasizing sentence-ending particle


hoʻi

Used to intensify the preceding word or phrase: indeed, just; also, too, besides; possibly


aʻo

(poetic) subject marker (replacing ʻo in poetry)


akula

Compound of aku (“away from the speaker”) + lā (“there, then”).


mô

Hắn có biết mô.

Tau có ăn mô mà biết.

I didn't eat it, why would I know how it tastes?


ńtʼééʼ

past time marker, often translated as: was, used to, and then, but, when

shinálí ńtʼééʼ


varbūt

viņš varbūt nekur nebrauks

varbūt viss vēl būs labi

Used to express possibility, probability; perhaps, maybe, possibly

varbūt jūs novilktu mēteli?

atnāciet varbūt ap pulksten pieciem!

Used to make a question or admirative exclamation weaker, less categoric; maybe, perhaps


aʻela

ʻĪ aʻela ʻo ia


ać

Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai!

1949 [c. 1270], Roman Grodecki, transl., Księga Henrykowska, Silesia, page 24r:

Acz nye mowy nam pan, abichom snacz nye smarly

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 20, 19:

Othemkny mv koszczol boszy, acz na thim mrosze nye leszy

1451-1455, Legenda o świętym Aleksym, line 114:

(attested in Silesia) introduces a wish; let, may


ać

Inherited from Old Polish ać. By surface analysis, a + -ć.


биле

From Proto-Turkic *bile (“with, together, also”). Cognate with Shor пла, Karachay-Balkar бла (bla), Kumyk булан (bulan), Turkish ile, Western Yugur pli.

inh

instrumental case
instrumental case#English

Hyphenated after a word, forming its comitative or instrumental case.


-ta-

kĩiniĩ gĩtaita

Mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega.

One who does not travel says only his mother is a good cook.

(with a class prefix and a verb) without ...ing


واش

From Arabic وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ (waʔayyu šayʔin).

وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ

واش حابين تجيوا للمغرب فراس العام؟

Do you want to come to Morocco at the end of the year?

wāš ḥābbīn tjīw l-el-maḡrib f-rās el-ʕām?

Interrogative particle that is added to the beginning of a declarative sentence to change it into a yes-or-no question.


vēl

Originally the adverbial form (< *vēli) of a palatalized i-stem parallel form of the u-stem adjective vēls (q.v.) (< *vēlus; cf. pronunciation [væ̂ls] with [æ], instead of the [ɛ] in the adverb [vɛ̂l]). Cognates include Lithuanian vė̃l (“again”).

to mēs vēl paspēsim

te vēl pietiek vietas trim cilvēkiem

there is still enough room for three people here

Inga vēl pēdējā brīdī viņu bija izglābusi

Inga still saved (= managed to save) him at the last minute

tagad vairs nav joki, Ģirts vēl ņems un tevi izkonkurēs

now it's not just for fun anymore, Ģirts will really compete with you

used to emphasize or reinforce the meaning of an expression; still; yet; really

jāstrādā vēl labāk

censties vēl vairāk

šis priekšlikums ir labs, bet tas ir vēl labāks

this proposal is good, but that (one) is even better

(with an adjective or adverb in the comparative) used to strengthen the degree of the adjective or adverb; still, yet, even

tas vēl nav nekas

un kā vēl

(in several expressions) used to reinforce the total meaning of the expression


βa

From a Proto-Austronesian root ba~βa~wa.


овај

(nonstandard) I mean, that is to say (filler expressing hesitation)


ta·paw-

Rhodes and Costa write that "[e]vidence from Fox suggests that this was not originally a number word (see Goddard 2001: 173), as claimed by Siebert (1975: 308). […] Nonetheless, the existence of a Fox cognate guarantees a Proto-Algonquian source. Moreover, this root figures in the construction of words for 'seven' in certain Eastern languages", just like *nyi·šwi (“two”) figures in *nyi·šwa·šika (“seven”).

tapu

two (in counting); perhaps borrowed from Mi'kmaq

ᑌ

Cree: (“seven”); Canadian syllabics script


-ki

From Proto-Finnic *-kik. Cognates include Finnish -kin and Estonian -gi.

Peenet lapset i neki talvia evät pölkää.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:

Little children, even they aren't afraid of the winter.


գուցե

head

գուցե • (gucʻe)

hy-particle

գուցե • (gucʻe)


вий

хүмүүс сонсчих вий

хортой байх вий


нека

head

не́ка • (néka)

From Proto-Slavic *nekъ. Compare Serbo-Croatian не̏ка/nȅka, Slovak nech, and Polish niech.


нека

нека биде по твое

така нека биде!

што ќе биде, нека биде

нека победи најдобриот


нека

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nekъ. Compare Bulgarian нека (neka), Slovak nech, and Polish niech.


လဲ

အဲဒါဘာလဲ

Interrogative particle used with interrogative words.

လည်း လည်း#Burmese

(colloquial) Colloquial form of လည်း (lany:)


ќе

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xъtěti (“to want”).

inh+

Утре ќе бидам во Скопје.

Future particle equivalent to "will" in English.


-kaa

Ympäär ei henkiäkää.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva:

Emphasises a negative sentence; (not) even

mi- (“what”) + -kaa → mikkää (“nothing”)

(nonproductive) Used to form negative indefinite pronouns


a'e

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aʔe (“he”).
Cognate with Guaraní ha’e.

Aimb. — Aepe que amboae?
ſarau. — Caraibebe çerã
co taba raroanete.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço)” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ], Niterói, page 66, lines 276-278; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 123:

Aîmbiré: What about the other one here?
Sarauaîa: Perhaps it's the true guardian angel of this village.


-ë

Ugric:

Hungarian: -e

Khanty:

desc

>? Southern Khanty: [script needed] (-ȧ) (Krasnoyarsk)

Mansi:

Northern Mansi: [script needed] (-ä)

Permic:

Komi:

Komi-Zyrian: ӧ (ö)

Udmurt: а (a)

Samic:

Northern Sami: -a

An enclitic, question-forming interrogative particle.


acīmredzot

From acīm (“eyes [dat.]”) + redzot (“seeing [part.]”), with acīm from acs (“eye”) and redzot from redzēt (“to see”).

compound

tā acīmredzot ir kļūda

viņš acīmredzot nenāks

acīmredzot tas ir pārpratums

this is apparently/clearly a misunderstanding

dzērām saldskābu vīnu no lielas pudeles, kas acīmredzot bija saglabājusies no pirmskara laikiem

we drank sweet-sour wine from a large bottlat that was apparently a relic from the pre-war times

acīmredzot akmeņogles sastāv no ļoti sarežģītiem lielmolekulāriem savienojumiem

coal is clearly composed of many complex macromolecular compounds

tā mūsu saimniecība ies acīmredzot uz augšu!

so our farm is obviously/clearly going forward (lit. up)!

apparently, seemingly; clearly, obviously


Proto-Albanian: *mē

Albanian: mo

Proto-Albanian: *mē tše

Albanian: mos

Proto-Armenian:

Old Armenian: մի (mi)
Armenian: մի (mi)

desc

→ Urartian: 𒈪𒉌 (/mī, mi, me(i)/, “usually: and; as a prohibitive: no, not”)

Proto-Hellenic: *mḗ

Ancient Greek: μή (mḗ)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maH (see there for further descendants)

Messapic: [script needed] (ma, “not”)

Compare Tocharian A/Tocharian B mā (“not, no”), not a prohibitive particle. According to Martirosyan, if the word originally meant ‘not’ and later obtained the function of the prohibitive, we are dealing with an Armeno-Greek-Albanian-Indo-Iranian grammatical isogloss.
Could be related to *meytH- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”), giving the idea of something doing wrong. See Proto-Germanic *missa- for further details.


ᚨᛚᚢ

Probably from Proto-Germanic *aluh (“amulet”) or *alu (“ale”).

5th century, Elgesem runestone

5th-6th century, Lindholm amulet

A frequent runic charm word found in numerous inscriptions. Sometimes glossed as ale, an apparent cognate.


ἐάν

Univerbation of εἰ (ei, “if”) and ἄν (án, subjunctive particle). The process by which the diphthong ει (ei) and short ᾰ (a) developed into short ε (e) and long ᾱ (ā) may be quantitative metathesis.

ὃς ἐὰν [= ὃς ἂν] οὖν λύσῃ μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν τούτων τῶν ἐλαχίστων ..., ἐλάχιστος κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν
hòs eàn [= hòs àn] oûn lúsēi mían tôn entolôn toútōn tôn elakhístōn ..., elákhistos klēthḗsetai en têi basileíāi tôn ouranôn

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 5:19

So, whoever annuls one of the smallest of the laws ..., will be the smallest in the kingdom of heaven

Διδάσκαλε, ἀκολουθήσω σοι ὅπου ἐὰν [= ὅπου ἂν] ἀπέρχῃ.
Didáskale, akolouthḗsō soi hópou eàn [= hópou àn] apérkhēi.

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 8:19

Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go off to.

Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅσα ἐὰν [= ὅσα ἂν] δήσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται δεδεμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ὅσα ἐὰν [= ὅσα ἂν] λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται λελυμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ.
Amḕn légō humîn, hósa eàn [= hósa àn] dḗsēte epì tês gês éstai dedeména en ouranôi kaì hósa eàn [= hósa àn] lúsēte epì tês gês éstai leluména en ouranôi.

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 18:18

Truly I say to you, whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you release on earth will be released in heaven.

ὃ ἐὰν [= ὃ ἂν] ποιῆτε, ἐκ ψυχῆς ἐργάζεσθε, ὡς τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις
hò eàn [= hò àn] poiête, ek psukhês ergázesthe, hōs tôi kuríōi kaì ouk anthrṓpois

New Testament, Epistle to the Colossians 3:23

Whatever you do, perform it heartily, as for the Lord and not for people

(New Testament Koine) Used in place of ἄν (án) after relative pronouns and conjunctions

(Classical Greek) Used instead of ἄν (án) for Future Open Conditionals (If X happens, Y will happen)


קד

תׄם קאל אללה למוסי אדכׄל אלי פרעון פאני קד קוית קלבה וקלב קואדה לכי אחל אפאתי הדׄה בהם׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 10:1:

Then God said to Moses: Come to Pharaoh for I have just strengthened his heart and the heart of his commanders so that I might set upon them these my plagues.

ṯumma qāla llāhu limūsā dḵul ʾilā firʿawna faʾinnī qad qawwaytu qalbahu waqalba quwwādihi likay ʾuḥilla ʾāfātī hāḏihi bahum.


לם

וקאם מלך גׄדיד עלי מצר מן לם ישאהד יוסף׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 1:8:

And a new king arose over Egypt who had not witnessed Joseph.

waqāma malikun jadīdun ʕalā miṣra man lam yušāhid yūsufa.

Judeo-Arabic spelling of لَمْ (lam, “not (past tense)”)


maldarradban

the sound of tree boughs rubbing together


bə

Ò sɔ̀' bə̀, ó síŋ á.


նույնիսկ

head

նույնիսկ • (nuynisk)

hy-particle

նույնիսկ • (nuynisk)

Նույնիսկ Վահագը երբեմն սխալվում է։


գոնե

From Old Armenian գոնէ (gonē), գոնեա (gonea).

Գոնե մի բան ասա։


юу

Mongolian Cyrillic
 ᠤᠤ
(uu) юу
(juu)
See уу (uu).

phonologically conditioned form of уу (uu): final interrogative pronoun that creates yes-no questions


тус

тус бэйэм

тус арҕаа


waa

Topic marker which draws attention to the verb.


ᠤᠤ

final interrogative particle that creates yes-no questions


дээ

unrounded front vowel harmonic form of даа (daa)


τέως

grc-particle

τέως • (téōs)

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂wot. Cognates include Sanskrit तावत् (tāvat).


héí

emphatic particle, usually inserted at the end of a phrase.


taču

From earlier (18th-century) tadšu, from the adverb tad (“then”) and an old particle *-šu, found also as the second element in jebšu, kauču (< kaut + šu), from earlier *-šau, from *-tyau. Cognates include Lithuanian tačiaũ.

tu taču saproti...

viņš taču nevarēja citādi

but he really couldn't (act) differently (= that was his only option)

nav taču svētdiena, kad laika diezgan

but it isn't Sunday, when there is enough time (= there is no time for this now)

atnācējs viesa Oskarā sajūsmu... nu taču bija cilvēks, ar ko varēja parunāties

the (new)comer (was) a delight (to) Oskar... but (that one) was really a person with whom one could talk

neaizmirstiet taču, ka šeit ir jaunatnes zeme!

but don't forget that this is the land of youth!

particle used to reinforce or emphasize a certain word or idea, usually by reducing doubts about it; but... (really), surely, just


kdyby

Inherited from Old Czech kdyby. By surface analysis, univerbation of kdy + by.

surf

Kdyby tady tak byl se mnou.

Kdybyste byl tak laskav a otevřel okno.

Would you be so kind as to open the window?

Denotes desire or wish; if only; had better


даёшь

head

даёшь • (dajóšʹ)


юм

Mongolian Cyrillic
 ᠶᠤᠮ
(yum) юм
(jüm)
Cognate with Buryat юм (jum), Kalmyk юм (yum), etc.

(confirmative modal particle, it follows the word that it modifies, connotes willingness or desire)

it follows the word that it modifies; connotes willingness or desire; it follows the word that it modifies; connotes willingness or desire


юмсан

would quite like to + verb (following a verb in -х (-x))

want to + verb (following a verb in -х (-x))


przypadkiem

Instrumental singular of przypadek. Compare Hungarian esetleg.

Near-synonyms: aby, czasami, czasem

Nie masz przypadkiem klucza?

You don't happen to have the key, do you?

(with a verb) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


nakeuh

(predicate marker) am, is, are, was, were


ddim

dim (mutation mutation-radical)
ddim (mutation mutation-soft)
nim (mutation mutation-nasal)

Dw i ddim yn hoffi coffi.

negative particle: Soft mutation of dim.


równo

(colloquial) the volume or intensity of something is significant

(colloquial) the value or volume of something is exactly as stated by the speaker


也罷

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/jaː¹³ paː²²/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/jaː¹³ paː²²/

(expressing concession) all right; might as well


i tyle

(colloquial, idiomatic) and that's that, so much for


pewno

(colloquial) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


cóż

Inherited from Old Polish cóż. By surface analysis, co + -ż. Compare Czech což and Kashubian cëż.

Cóż... chyba nie przyjdzie, co?


gurb

Deir sé gurb ionann iad.

Tá a fhios agam gurb ise a rinne é.


tyle

(colloquial) used to signal that one has exhausted the topic and is finished talking about something


sadā

Inherited from Sanskrit सदा (sádā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sádaH.


níorbh

níorbh (form used before consonants níor)

consonants níor (archaic)
and fh plus vowel (before-vowel)

Níorbh iontaí liom an sneachta dearg ná é.

Nothing would surprise me more. (lit. Red snow wouldn’t surprise me more than it.)

Níorbh fhéidir léi é a dhéanamh.


gurab

gurab (subjunctive copular particle used before vowels and fh plus vowel, form used before consonants gura)

gurab amhlaidh duit


nára

nára (subjunctive copular particle used before consonants, form used before vowels nárab)

copular particle used before consonants (subjunctive)
vowels nárab (archaic)

nára Dé do bheatha

may you not be welcome; you are not welcome

may... not be (expressing a negative wish)


nárbh

Nárbh fhearr leat cupán tae?

wasn’t/wouldn’t... be? (used to introduce a negative question)

an bhean nárbh iascaire í

an bhean nárbh fhearr léi bainne

Do bhíodar sé mhí gan fille, agus nuair a chonaic Máire an t-árthach ag teacht chun cuain, bhí sceitimíní ar a croidhe le lúthgháir agus le h-áthas, ní nárbh’ iongnadh.

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 194:

They were [away] six months without returning, and when Máire saw the vessel coming to port, her heart had raptures of gladness and joy, which was not surprising.

which/who wasn’t/wouldn’t be (used to introduce both direct and indirect relative clauses)

Dúirt sí nárbh fhearr léi cupán tae.

She said that she wouldn’t prefer a cup of tea

Ní raibh a fhios agam nárbh fhearr léi cupán tae.

I didn’t know whether she would prefer a cup of tea.

that... it wasn’t/wouldn’t be; whether/if... it wasn’t/wouldn’t be (used to introduce a negative past/conditional copular subordinate clause, including an indirect question)


nárab

nárab (subjunctive copular particle used before vowels and fh plus vowel, form used before consonants nára)

nárab é do bheatha


arbh

arbh (past/conditional copular form used before vowels and fh plus vowel)

an fear arbh iascaire a mhac

Introduces an indirect relative clause; past/conditional tense

Arbh fhearr leat cupán tae?

Níl a fhios agam arbh fhearr léi cupán tae.

I don’t know if she would prefer a cup of tea.

Introduces a direct or indirect interrogative; past/conditional tense


gurbh

Dúirt Úna gurbh ise a rinne é.
Úna said that she was the one who did it.

Dúirt sé gurbh fhearr leis tae.


równocześnie

From równoczesny + -ie. First attested in 1812. Compare Kashubian równoczasno.

ref

Gazeta Lwowska (in Polish), number 88, 1812 November 3, page 741


wcale

Borrowed from Polish wcale. By surface analysis, univerbation of w + cale.


wcale

→ Kashubian: wcale

→ Silesian: wcale

Univerbation of w + cale. First attested in the 17th century. Compare English at all.

ref

“WCALE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 20.09.2022

Wcale nie jestem głodny.

Near-synonym: bynajmniej

not in the slightest
not in the slightest

(colloquial) quite, rather, completely, wholly


zatem

Inherited from Old Polish zatem. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + tym.

zatém

pre-reform orthography (1936) or regional


шикелле

head

шикелле • (şikelle)

/ʃi.kɪ̞.ˈlːɪ̞/

/ɕi.kɪ̞.ˈlːɪ̞/

From *šekilli (“in the form of; apparently”), from Arabic شَكْل (šakl, “form, shape”) + Turkic ending -li (see Bashkir -ле (-le)).
Cognate with
Tatar шикелле (şikelle),
Kazakh секiлдi (sekildi, “like, similar to”),
Kyrgyz шекилди (şekildi), шекилдүү (şekildüü), шыкылды (şıkıldı),
Uzbek shekilli (“apparently”),
Turkmen şekilli (“-formed; -looking”).


człowieku

(literary) used with a male speaker to express outrage or to emphasize one's statement


是也

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː²² jaː¹³/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː²² jaː¹³/

(Classical, sentence-final declarative particle) it is, that is, that is the case

(Classical, interjective particle) right! it is!


رح

Contraction of راح (rāḥ), as preserved in cognates like Gulf Arabic راح (rāḥ). This is in turn related to the verb راح (rāḥ, “to go”) and ultimately derived from Arabic رَاحَ (rāḥa, “to go”), but the precise link is uncertain:
* Possibly a contraction of the verb's active participle رايح (rāyiḥ, “going”), which is widely attested as a fully-inflected future auxiliary. This requires رايح (rāyiḥ) to have somehow developed into the راح (rāḥ) we see in other dialects, however. Usually, the sequence *-āyi- instead contracted to a diphthong -ay- in Levantine (as in حَيط (ḥayṭ, “wall”) from Arabic حَائِط (ḥāʔiṭ) and عَيلة (ʕayle, “family”) from Arabic عَائِلَة (ʕāʔila)), making it off-putting that there are no surviving traces of an intermediate form رَيح* (*rayḥ).
* Perhaps directly from the verb راح (rāḥ, “[he] went”). Many other auxiliary particles are also verbs frozen in the third-person-singular past conjugation, including ما عاد (mā ʕād, “no longer”, literally “he didn't end up”), قام (ʔām, “(loosely) up and”, literally “he got up”), قال (ʔāl, “apparently, allegedly”, literally “he said”).

ncog

Arabic حَائِط (ḥāʔiṭ)

Arabic عَائِلَة (ʕāʔila)

رح إشرب هالقهوة.

going to; used with a following verb to form a future tense


رح

Contraction of راح (rāḥ), as preserved in cognates like Gulf Arabic راح (rāḥ). This is in turn related to the verb راح (rāḥ, “to go”) and ultimately derived from Arabic رَاحَ (rāḥa, “to go”), but the precise link is uncertain, compare with North Levantine Arabic رح (raḥ).

رح أشرب هالقهوة.


兮兮

/hɐi̯²¹ hɐi̯²¹/

/hɐi̯²¹ hɐi̯²¹/

An emphatic particle placed after negative adjectives, often to denote a sense of contempt.


wayo

malome wayo

dosuka de wayo

(Can we date this quote?), “Nimama dofono”:

sentence-final state negation particle; is not; there is not


даа

Тэг л дээ

Амттай биз дээ?

Final intensifying particle; emphatic particle.


даа

Cognate with Khakas даа (daa), таа (taa), дее (dee), тее (tee); Shor да, та, Yakut да (da); Southern Altai да (da), та (ta), де (de), те (te), ; Kazakh да (da), де (de); etc.

(in the form …-даа, …-даа) both … and … (affirmatively); neither … nor … (negatively)


даа

cognate with Turkmen -da, -dä and Azerbaijani da, də.

даа, даа ...

At the beginning of a sentence, expresses general, noncommittal agreement.

бараллар даа?

At the end of a sentence, forms a counter-question where a "yes" is expected. Can be translated variously as "isn't it", "you say", and so on. Similar to Japanese ね.


léiʼ

a certain, some, a strange, an unfamiliar (connoting a lack of familiarity with)


nii

No nii, peen - vastajaa Valja.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:


z groszami

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, grosze.

[…] mistrz Śląska, olbrzym wzdłuż i wszerz; Pinecki o nieprawdopodobnie długich rękach, mistrz tzw. „nelsona”; Nowina-Szczerbiński, bratanek wielkiego Zbyszko- Cyganiewicza, zależący elegancko i z gracją; mierzący dwa metry z groszami […]

1957, Kazimierz Krukowski, Moja Warszawka:

[…] the master of Silesia, a giant far and wide; Pinecki with improbably long arms, the master of the so called "nelson"; Nowina-Szczerbiński, the brother of the great Zbyszko-Cyganiewicz, caring elegantly and with grace, measuring 2 meters and change […]

Jeśli więc wyliczyć ten wzrost dla ludzi, okazuje się że gdyby ewolucja ludzkości następowała na Ziemi, wzrost poszczególnych osób wynosiłby około cztery metry z groszami […].

1998, Bogdan, pl.misc.paranauki, Usenet:

So if we're to list this growth for people, it turns out that if human evolution on Earth had proceeded, the growth of particular people would reach about four meters and change […]

A ja mam zatloczonej drogi trzysta kilo z groszami z Wawy do Gdanska :-(((

2001, Jozef Zbrodel, pl.misc.samochody, Usenet:

And the roads are clogged roads and three hundred kilos and change from Warsaw to Gdańsk :-(((

(colloquial, humorous, idiomatic) and change, plus a small amount


とと

, text here
和我由伎乃伊伎都久之可婆安之我良乃美禰波保久毛乎美等登志努波禰
waga yuki₁ no₂ iki₁tukusikaba Asigara no₂ mi₁ne papo kumo wo mi₁to₂to₂ sino₁pane

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) while, as... [verb]-ing


なり

From the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the classical auxiliary verb なり.

労働局になり相談したらどうですか？

Rōdōkyoku ni nari sōdan shitara dō desu ka?

What about consulting, for example, the Labor Bureau?

Used when giving an example, without the implication that it might be the best or the only option

楽天なりどこなりで買い物をする

Rakuten nari doko nari de kaimono o suru


hō

Used to indicate the frequentative aspect of the preceding verb: frequently, often


𠲎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 伐 (Shanghainese: vaq).
Contraction of 勿啊, literally "or not".

Han compound

搿搶儂身體好𠲎？

搿抢侬身体好𠲎？

(Wu, including Shanghainese) final interrogative particle on a yes/no question.


μέντοι

grc-particle

μέντοι • (méntoi)

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 320

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1054

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 413

(with a conjunctive force) yet, however, nevertheless

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 65D

Suda, ε 206

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, First Philippic 49

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 65D

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 309A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 229B

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 339B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 236D

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 787

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 171

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Alexander the False Prophet 44

421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 1100

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 661

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.4.8

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 158E

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 130

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.24

412 BCE – 323 BCE, Diogenes of Sinope, Apoll. 5

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 938

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 778

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1292

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Hex. 600

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 61

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 331D

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.6.15

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.20

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 339C

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 143A

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.6.16

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 331E

(καὶ μέντοι καί)

(ἀλλὰ μέντοι) but as a matter of fact, but really


lô

Língu di gente antigo di Macau
Lô disparecê tamêm. Qui saiám!
Unga dia, mas quanto áno,
Quiança lô priguntá co pai-mai
Qui cuza sã afinal
Dóci papiaçám di Macau?
The language of the people of Macau in the olden days
Will soon disappear as well. What a pity!
One day, after several years,
A child will ask their parents
What is, after all,
the sweet language of Macau?

Coraçám andá á-novi, vêlo lô ficá ferado.

If his heart behaves like that of a youth, the old man will be duped.

Alternative form of lôgo: future tense marker


pewnikiem

(dated) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


co nieco

/t͡sɔ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔ/

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of coś niecoś


нели

Не зажали што дојде, нели?

right, don't you think (used to ask for confirmation or agreement)


еве

Еве ме.

Еве ти го чадорот.

Еве ги и децата.

here, here it is, here you are, voilà (presenting something)


ене

Ене ме.

Ене ти го чадорот.

Ене ги и децата.

there, there it is, there you are, voilà (presenting something by pointing to it)


бу

From Proto-Turkic *bu, compare Turkish bu.


arú

used with words denoting a unit of time in the past or future to indicate one unit further away from the present; see derived terms

athrughadh

from a mistaken association with athrú (verbal noun)


សូម

From Angkorian Old Khmer svaṃ ~ svam, from Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer soṃ ~ som. Doublet of សុំ (som).

សូមថាតាមខ្ញុំ

please, would you, would you please (a polite term used to introduce a sentence)


ӣ

From Proto-Yupik *i'i, from Proto-Eskimo *i'i.


wa·p-

Plains Algonquian:

Blackfoot: ap- (“white”)

desc

Cheyenne: -vóhpo (“whitish, greyish, light”)

Central Algonquian:

Cree: wâpi-/ᐋᐧᐱ (aaypi, “white”)

Ojibwe: waabishkaa (“it is white”)

Fox: wâpâtêwi (“it is light, pale, faded; white, grey”)

Miami: waapisita (“he is white”)

Eastern Algonquian:

Abenaki: wôbi- (“white”)

Penobscot: wɔ·mb- (“white”)

Malecite-Passamaquoddy: wap- (“white”)

Mi'kmaq: wape'g (“to be white”)

Mohegan-Pequot: wôpisu- (“she or he is white”)

Quiripi: wámpayo (“white”) (Unquachog)

Mahican: wapáju (“it is white”)

Munsee: wáap- (“white (in compounds)”)

Unami: op- (“white (in compounds)”)

wa·paθkwa

white bear, polar bear; possibly formed at a pre-PA date


yóóʼ

yóóʼííyáh


ӧ

From Proto-Permic [Term?], from Proto-Uralic *-ë. Cognates include Hungarian -e and Northern Sami â.

Interrogative particle: Do/Does/Did ...? Is/Are/Was/Were ...?

Вит-ӧ-квайт пуд.

1963, Korney Chukovsky, translated by Y. Samarin, Телефон [The Telephone], page 3:

Indicates an approximative number: or, to


pač

Cognate with Old Church Slavonic and Russian паче (pače, “more”) and Bulgarian пак (pak, “again”).

(when answering a negative question) on the contrary


ტო

Likely from etymology 1. Compare Armenian տո (to), which has senses and usages corresponding to both. The final positioning of ტო (ṭo) may suggest influence from Russian -то (-to, emphatic postpositive particle), or that can simply be a coincidence.

რას აკეთებ ტო, ხომ არ გაგიჟდი?

What are you doing, are you out of your mind?

(slang, colloquial) phrase-final expletive connoting anger or surprise


似的

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d̥ə¹/

/sz̩⁵¹ d̥ə¹/

/t͡sʰiː¹³ tɪk̚⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ d̥ə¹/

/sz̩⁵¹ d̥ə¹/

/t͡sʰiː¹³ tɪk̚⁵/

不要哭得像個孩子似的。

不要哭得像个孩子似的。

他真跟變了個人似的。

他真跟变了个人似的。

I am so indescribably livid with him - he isn't even listening to what I am saying. [literally: I am angered by him like whatever - he isn't at all listening to my speaking]

Wǒ bèi tā qì de shénme shìde, tā gēnběn jiù méiyǒu zài tīng wǒ shuōhuà.

我被他氣得什麼似的，他根本就沒有在聽我說話。

我被他气得什么似的，他根本就没有在听我说话。


თვითონ

მან უცებ გააცნობიერა რომ საკუთარ კითხვაზე პასუხი თვითონვე იპოვა.

He suddenly realized that he had found the answer himself for the question he posed.

man uceb gaacnobiera rom saḳutar ḳitxvaze ṗasuxi tvitonve iṗova.

Used in forming intensive and reflexive forms of the singular personal pronouns. Equivalent of -self.


ვითომ

Used in questions to convey disbelief or incomprehension


маань

mn-particle

маань • (maanʹ)

From манай (manaj, “our”, first-person plural possessive determiner).
Compare Buryat -мнай (-mnaj), -най (-naj) and also Kalmyk -мдн (-mdn).

Дорж багштай маань

Forming the first-person plural possession

Buryat language
Mongolian script
Turkic languages


js

used in conjunction with nj (or sometimes nn) to negate nominal sentences, adjectival sentences of possession, and rhemes of emphatic clauses.

(inserted after the first word or phrase of a clause, archaic by Middle Egyptian) serves as a complementizer to convert a sentence into a subordinated noun or adverbial clause; that, for

inserted after the first word or phrase of a clause; archaic by Middle Egyptian; inserted after the first word or phrase of a clause; archaic by Middle Egyptian


ကား

particle suffixed to verbs or nouns for emphasis


စာ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dza (“to eat”). See also စား (ca:, “to eat”) (STEDT).

(derogatory) particle suffixed to nouns to connote that someone is deserving of being victimized or hit by someone or something

particle suffixed to nouns to denote supportive material for a certain function

particle suffixed to nouns to denote sufficiency for a certain number or utility over a certain length of time

particle suffixed to nouns to denote a waste product


na przëkłôd

Literally, “for example”. Compare Polish na przykład.


འི

One of the five genitive particles, used after nouns ending in vowel sounds. See གི (gi).


nhé

Tiện thể mua dùm tớ hộp sữa nhé !

While you're at it, buy some milk for me, okay?

Nhớ nhé ! Đừng có quên đó !

Commit it to your memory! Don't you forget it!

(chiefly Northern Vietnam) alright?; okay?; will you?


တယ်

ဒီနေ့ ကျွန်တော် လာပါတယ်။
dine. kywantau lapatai||
I came today.

(colloquial) marks a realis verb in the present or past tense


đê

Thôi dẹp đê!

(colloquial) Alternative form of đi (imperative sentence-ending particle)


វ

Khmer script form of va, sandhi form of ឯវ (eva, “even”)


ապա

Borrowed from Georgian აბა (aba), აპა (aṗa).


與否

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ foʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ fɐu̯³⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ foʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː¹³ fɐu̯³⁵/


罷了

/pä⁵¹ li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː²² liːu̯¹³/

/pä⁵¹ li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː²² liːu̯¹³/

/pä⁵¹ li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː²² liːu̯¹³/

(at the end of a phrase) that's all; only; (there's) nothing more (to it)


đương

Xuân đương tới, nghĩa là xuân đương qua,
Xuân còn non, nghĩa là xuân sẽ già,
A coming spring is a passing spring,
A spring in youth is a spring soon to age,

(dated or Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) Alternative form of đang (progressing action marker)


bynajmniej

used to emphasise a negative; not at all, by no means, far from


也好

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ia³³⁻²¹ hɤ⁴¹/

/ia³³⁻¹¹ ho⁵³/

/ia²²⁻²¹ ho⁵³/

/jɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ia³³⁻²¹ hɤ⁴¹/

/ia³³⁻¹¹ ho⁵³/

/ia²²⁻²¹ ho⁵³/

may as well; it may not be a bad idea (expressing hesitant acceptance)

no matter whether; whether it be (in the sentence structure X也好，Y也好)


tĩ

Kanhgág kófa ag ta ẽprã nĩgnĩ tĩ.

The ancient Kaingang used to sit on the floor.


'y

(informal or literary) Contraction of ay


nani

Follows a noun to mark that noun as being plural.


མ

particle affixed to nouns to add a level of specificity or gravity to the noun.


思密達

From the Korean formal (하십시오체) indicative sentence-final ending —습니다 (-seumnida), attached to consonant-ending verb stems. Often used to ridicule the Korean creation theory. Compare Japanese ニダ (nida).

/sz̩⁵⁵ mi⁵¹ tä³⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ mi⁵¹ tä³⁵/

A joke that is very popular nowadays is that, whenever outstanding people or notable achievements in any part of the world become widely known, the Koreans will eventually stand up and claim: "This in fact came from Korea, seumnida!"

Xiànzài liúxíng yī ge xiàohuà, wúlùn shìjiè gèdì chūxiàn rènhé jiéchū rénwù huò mǒu lǐngyù chéngjiù, zuìzhōng Hánguó rén zǒng huì tiào chūlái shuō: zhè qíshí dōu shì Hánguó de sīmìdá!

現在流行一個笑話，無論世界各地出現任何傑出人物或某領域成就，最終韓國人總會跳出來說：這其實都是韓國的思密達！

现在流行一个笑话，无论世界各地出现任何杰出人物或某领域成就，最终韩国人总会跳出来说：这其实都是韩国的思密达！

(ethnic slur, neologism, slang, humorous) A meaningless sentence-final particle used in declarative sentences that gives the sentence a Korean-language flavour.


-라고

아이는 "감사합니다"라고 말했다.

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이라고 (-irago).


អត់

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔət ~ *ʔəət (“used up, finished, lacking”). Cognate with Bahnar ơ̆t (“to hold breath, to fast”), Proto-Katuic *ʔet (“exhausted”) (whence Kuy ʔɛt ("tired")), Mon အိုတ် (“to be finished, exhausted”), Pear ʔet ("not"), Sa'och ʔeːt ("all"), Vietnamese hết (“to be out of stock, to be over, all”), Riang [Lang] ʔət¹ ("to stop, to halt").
Compare also Thai อด (òt, “to endure, to starve”).


ទៅ

Cognate with Northern Khmer เติ็ว.
Compare Hokkien 佇 (tī / tū / tǐr / tīr / tǐ, “to be at; in; at”).

ncog

away, off (often used as a particle that indicates that the action began at some point in the past or present and continues into the future, or that the action is directed away from the speaker)


នេះ

Compare Lao ນີ້ (nī) and Thai นี้ (níi) and Thai นี่ (nîi). Possibly from Thai นี้ (níi) and Thai นี่ (nîi)

នេះផ្ទះខ្ញុំ


កំពុង

to be (in the process of) doing something (denotes present continuous action, present progressive action)

(with an adjective) to be currently + adjective


អត់ទេ

km-particle

អត់ទេ • (ʼɑt tei)


нема

head

нема́ • (nemá)

У меня́ во́все де́нег нема́.

+obj

gen<something> + :у(gen)<possessed by someone>

genitive ‘something’ and у (u + genitive) ‘possessed by someone’

(dialectal or low colloquial) there is no, there are no [with genitive ‘something’ and у (u, + genitive) ‘possessed by someone’] (idiomatically translated by English not have with the object of у (u) as the subject)


нема

The result of merging the expression не ма́є (ne máje, “does not have”). Cognate with Belarusian няма́ (njamá), dialectal Russian нема́ (nemá), Polish nie ma and Bulgarian ня́мам (njámam).

Нара́зі від ньо́го нема́ лі́ків чи вакци́ни.

There is currently no medication or vaccine for it.


tomēr

used to strengthen meaning of word or expression, assigned contrast or concession


iyo

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qio. Compare Fijian io, Samoan ioe, and Tongan io.


iyo

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qio.


ឬទេ

km-particle

ឬទេ • (rɨɨ tei)

or not? (phrase-final interrogative particle)


لقد

ar-particle

لَقَدْ • (laqad)

Indeed, verily, truly (adds emphasis to a sentence in the past tense; may be left untranslated)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see لَ (la), قَدْ (qad).


سوف

سَوْفَ • (sawfa)

Borrowed from Aramaic סוֹף / ܣܘܦ (sōp̄, “limit, end”), which was used in various adverbial uses such as “after”, “in the end”. Compare the same word pervading the Hebrew language as סוֹף (sōp̄, “end”) in later usage, and Hebrew טֶרֶם (térem, “before; not yet”) cognate to طَرْمَة (ṭarma, “upper lip; edge, protrusion”).
From the Arabic particle, it was natural to form a form II verb “to put off in the future”, said of someone who commits to do something (سَوْفَ أَفْعَلُ (sawfa ʔafʕalu, “I will do”), and less well-known form I سَافَ (sāfa) meaning “to endure” and “to smell” as sensory anticipation, whence ”to hunt”, and form III سَاوِفَ (sāwifa, “to smell; to say in private; to compress, to go in unto”), and notably مَسَافَة (masāfa, “distance, interval”).

يَقْرَأُ كِتَابًا، سَوْفَ يَقْرَأُ كِتَابًا

He is reading a book, he will read a book.

added to an imperfect (present) verb form to express future tense: will


od razu

Literally, “at once”. Ellipsis of od pierwszego razu (“from the first time”), a translation of French du premier coup. First attested in the second half of the 18th century. Compare English at once and Russian сра́зу (srázu).

etydate

(idiomatic) but (used to signal that what has been said is too much)


ដ៏

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *tɔʔ (“that, there”). Cognate with Vietnamese đó.

ដ៏កំពូល

topmost, highest (literally, "which is the high point")

which, the one which (pre-adjectival particle used especially in formal and literary styles to link an attribute or clause to a noun, or a verb to its object; it gives the phrase more emphasis)


gí

(Cois Fharraige) Only used in gí go, gí gur, gí nach, and gí nár


តើ

(clause-final intensive particle) indeed, after all


přez

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *perz. Cognate to Lower Sorbian pśez.


-ləŋ

Babine-Witsuwit'en: -li


ครัช

th-particle

ครัช • (krách)

/kʰrat͡ɕʰ˦˥/

ครับ ครับ#Thai

(Internet slang) Alternative form of ครับ (kráp)


словно бы

head

сло́вно бы • (slóvno by)

сло́вно бы (canonical)
slóvno by (romanization)

сло́вно словно#Russian


ماشي

ary-particle

ماشي • (māši)

From Arabic مَا شَيْء (mā šayʔ, “not a thing”).

inh

هو ماشي مغربي.


ماشي

ary-particle

ماشي • (māši)

Root
 م ش ي
 0 terms
From Arabic مَاشِي (māšī), derived from the active participle of مَشَى (mašā, “to walk”).

inh

Arabic مَاشِي (māšī)

ماشي ناكل فهداك المطعم.

added to a non-past verb form to express future tense: will


ماش

ary-particle

ماشـ • (māš)

Root
 م ش ي
 0 terms
Shortened form of ماشي (māši).

will (prefix indicating the future tense)


суох

From earlier *čōq < *ǰōq, from Proto-Turkic *jōq (“there is no”).
Cognate with Tuvan чок (çok), Khakas чох (çox), Shor чоқ (čoq), Southern Altai јок (ǰok), Kazakh жоқ (joq), Turkish yok, etc.


إنما

ar-con

إِنَّمَا • (ʔinnamā)

إِنَّمَا (canonical)
ʔinnamā (romanization)

af

إِنَّ (ʔinna) + مَا (mā)

قُلْ إِنَّمَا أَنَا بَشَرٌ مِثْلُكُمْ يُوحَى إِلَيَّ أَنَّمَا إِلٰهُكُمْ إِلٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ

Say, "I am only a man like you, to whom has been revealed that your god is one God.

qul ʔinnamā ʔanā bašarun miṯlukum yūḥā ʔilayya ʔannamā ʔilāhukum ʔilāhun wāḥidun

Ahmad Shawqi
وَإِنَّمَا ٱلْأُمَمُ ٱلْأَخْلَاقُ مَا بَقِيَتْ / فَإِنْ هُمُ ذَهَبَتْ أَخْلَاقُهُمْ ذَهَبُوا
waʔinnamā l-ʔumamu l-ʔaḵlāqu mā baqiyat / faʔin humu ḏahabat ʔaḵlāquhum ḏahabū

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


أيها

ar-particle

أَيُّهَا • (ʔayyuhā)

أَيُّهَا (canonical)
ʔayyuhā (romanization)
أَيَّتُهَا (feminine)

أَيُّ (ʔayyu) + هَا (hā)

affix

أَيُّ (ʔayyu) + هَا (hā)

يَا أَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا لَقِيتُمْ فِئَةً فَاثْبُتُوا وَاذْكُرُوا ٱللّٰهَ كَثِيرًا لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

O you who have attained to faith, when you meet a host in battle, be firm, and remember God often; so that you might attain to a happy state!

yā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū ʔiḏā laqītum fiʔatan fa-ṯbutū wa-ḏkurū llāha kaṯīran laʕallakum tufliḥūna

فَلَمَّا جَهَّزَهُم بِجَهَازِهِمْ جَعَلَ ٱلسِّقَايَةَ فِي رَحْلِ أَخِيهِ ثُمَّ أَذَّنَ مُؤَذِّنٌ أَيَّتُهَا ٱلْعِيرُ إِنَّكُمْ لَسَارِقُونَ

And when he had provided them with their provisions, he placed the drinking-cup in his brother's camel-pack. And a herald called out: "O you people of the caravan! Verily, you are thieves!

fa-lammā jahhazahum bijahāzihim jaʕala s-siqāyata fī raḥli ʔaḵīhi ṯumma ʔaḏḏana muʔaḏḏinun ʔayyatuhā l-ʕīru ʔinnakum la-sāriqūna

vocative particle preceding a noun used in direct address; only rarely omitted in such contexts; occasionally translated as O or hey


إي

إِي وَرَبِّي إِنَّكَ عَلَى حَقٍّ

وَيَسْتَنْبِئُونَكَ أَحَقٌّ هُوَ قُلْ إِي وَرَبِّي إِنَّهُ لَحَقٌّ وَمَا أَنْتُمْ بِمُعْجِزِينَ

And they ask thee to inform them: "Is it true?" Say: "Yes, by my Lord, verily it is true, and ye cannot escape."

wayastanbiʔūnaka ʔaḥaqqun huwa qul ʔī warabbī ʔinnahu laḥaqqun wamā ʔantum bimuʕjizīna

Used with وَ (wa) followed by a word referring to God, to make an oath that expresses agreement.


ခင်ဗျာ

From ခင် (hkang, “given name (originally honorific)”) + an element ဗျာ (bya) of unclear interpretation and origin.


ကဲ့

Alternative form of ရဲ့ (rai.), used after a syllable ending in /ʔ/


ရဲ့

Used to mark a statement; mostly found in certain fixed phrases.


ကို

ကင်မရာကို ခပ်ဝေးဝေးမှာ ထားပါ။
kangma.rakui hkap-we:we:hma hta:pa||
Put the camera at a fair distance.

ငါ့ကို များများ ပေးပါး။
nga.kui mya:mya: pe:pa:||
Give me a lot.

အမေ့ကို ထမင်းချက်ဖို့ ပြောထားသေးလား။
a.me.kui hta.mang:hkyakhpui. prau:hta:se:la:||
Did you tell mother to cook?


ကို

(colloquial) emphatic particle suffixed to words


ล่ะ

เล่า เล่า#Thai


မယ်

ကျွန်မ ခေါက်ဆွဲ စားမယ်။
kywanma. hkaukhcwai: ca:mai||
I will eat noodles.

(colloquial) used to indicate the future tense


ဖူး

ဗမာပြည် ရောက်ဖူးသလား။
ba.ma-prany raukhpu:sa.la:||
Have you ever come to Burma?


ရှိ

Inherited from Old Burmese ဟြိ (hri), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sri (“to exist”). Cognate with Tibetan སྲིད་པ (srid pa) and Old Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body, limbs; state, form”) (STEDT).


ရာ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-ra (“place”); cognate with Old Chinese 所 (OC *sqʰraʔ, “place”) (STEDT).

word affixed to verb to denote possibility, obligation


đó

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *tɔʔ (“that, there”). Cognate with Khmer ដ៏ (dɑɑ) and Bahnar to.

Tao mới coi tối qua. Hơi bị hay đó ! Bữa nào mày cũng dành thời gian coi đi !

I finally saw it yesterday. Really good, I must say. You should go see it when you have the chance.

Em mới đến nên không biết, thằng này khùng lắm đó !

You've just moved here so you might not have known, but he's pretty screwed up in the head.

(Southern Vietnam) emphasizes a quality that the listener may not have known; you see?; I'm telling you


положим

head

поло́жим • (polóžim)

поло́жим (canonical)
polóžim (romanization)

let's assume, let's say, suppose (for example)


ပြီ

ကောင်းပါပြီ။
kaung:papri||
It’s been good.

indicates the fulfillment of an action or achievement of a state

ရောက်ပြီလား။
raukprila:||
Has he arrived yet?


တည်း

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dan ~ daj (“single, one, whole, only”). Cognate with Lashi da (“one”), as well as Old Chinese 但 (OC *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, “only; but”).

och-l

單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans, “single, alone”)

suffix to a numerical classifier, meaning only that many; no more no less


ပဲ

(colloquial) indicates emphasis on the word or phrase it follows


ထား

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put, to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on, to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation, arrangement”), Old Chinese 著 (OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ, “to touch”) (STEDT).

och-l

particle indicating the present continuous condition of the preceding verb


ဖို့

ဘာလုပ်ဖို့ အစီအစဉ် ရှိသလဲ။
bhaluphpui. a.cia.cany hri.sa.lai:||
What do you plan to do?

အတွေးအခေါ် ရင့်သန်ဖို့ စာ များများ ဖတ်သင့်။
a.twe:a.hkau rang.sanhpui. ca mya:mya: hpatsang.||
You have to read a lot in order for your mind to grow.

(colloquial) in order to, to (indicating purpose)


សេចក្តី

km-particle

សេចក្តី • (sackdəy)

-ness (derives abstract nouns from verbs or adjectives; these derivative nouns generally have the meaning of "the condition or state of...")


សេចក្ដី

សេចក្ដី • (sackdəy)

សេចក្តី សេចក្តី#Khmer


wyłącznie

/vɘˈwɔnt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

From wyłączny + -ie. First attested in 1791.

ref

La Constitution Française : Présentée au Roi par l'Assemblée Nationale le 3. Septembre 1791. & acceptée par Sa Majesté 13. du même mois Konstytucya Francuzka : Podana Krolowi przez Zgromadzenie Narodowe dnia 3. Września 1791, a przyięta od Nayiaśnieyszego Króla Jmci dnia 13. tegoż Miesiąca (in Polish), 1791, page 27


ပျော်

my-particle

ပျော် • (pyau)

The "happy" sense is from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *p(r/y)aw (“delight, happy, enjoy”). Cognate with Tibetan སྤྲོ (spro, “to delight in, wish”) (STEDT: pyaw "happy").
The "dissolve" sense is grouped with the "happy" sense by MED, though it is unclear if they are truly related, and STEDT gives no etymology for the former (pjɔ²² "dissolve").

cog

particle suffixed to a verb expressing the notion of something being worth doing

particle suffixed to certain nouns to describe a person who has an attachment for a particular place or environment


အား

The "strength" sense is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”). Cognate with Old Chinese 力 (OC *rɯɡ, “strength”) (STEDT).

inh

particle suffixed to a verb to convey the sense of having the heart to be insensitive or apathetic


хьэуэ

head

хьэуэ • (ḥɛwɛ)


нтӏэ

нтӏэ • (ntʼɛ)


przeważnie

/pʂɛˈvaʐ.ɲɛ/

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


လှ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-hla (“soul, demon, god; beautiful”) (STEDT).

inh

particle suffixed to verbs to convey the meaning of “very, too, extremely”


လတ်

verbal affix used for euphonic or emphatic purpose


လိုက်

my-particle

လိုက် • (luik)

emphatic particle suffixed to verbs and adjectives after collocating with ပါ၊ရ်္ သည်၊ရ်္ တာ (pa|r, sany|r, ta)

particle suffixed to nouns to form adverbs indicating adherence to a certain form

word replicated and suffixed to a pair of verbs to denote a recurring theme


㗎喇

/kaː³³ laː³³/

/kaː³³ laː³³/

(Cantonese) final particle used for giving a reminder


唔起

/m̩²¹ hei̯³⁵/

/m̩²¹ hei̯³⁵/

呢個醫生我睇唔起。

呢个医生我睇唔起。

呢層樓我買唔起。

呢层楼我买唔起。

(used after verbs, Cantonese) cannot afford to


唔住

/m̩²¹ t͡syː²²/

/m³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su³⁵/

/m̩²¹ t͡syː²²/

/m³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su³⁵/

我頂唔住喇

我顶唔住喇

我對你唔住

我对你唔住

unable to remember even one's own birthday

lin⁴ zi⁶ gei² ge³ saang¹ jat⁶ dou¹ gei³ m⁴ zyu⁶

連自己嘅生日都記唔住

连自己嘅生日都记唔住

(not productive, Cantonese, Teochew) cannot


уҡ

шул уҡ

шунда уҡ

Быйыл уҡ светофорҙар, ҡала магистралдәрендә күпләп камералар ҡуйыласаҡ.

Already this year, traffic lights, large numbers of (traffic) cameras will be installed on the city's highways.

Bıyıl uq svetoforźar, qala magistraldərendə küpləp kameralar quyılasaq.

Өфөләр һынатманы — ҡунаҡтарҙың ҡапҡаһына туп тәүге тапҡыр туғыҙынсы минутта уҡ эләкте.
Öfölər hınatmanı — qunaqtarźıñ qapqahına tup təwge tapqır tuğıźınsı minutta uq eləkte.
The Ufa team did not give way: already at the ninth minute, the football landed for the first time in the visiting team's gate.

with expressions of time and order, emphasizes promptitude: very, right, immediately, without delay; as early as, already


不起

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

買不起

买不起

玩不起

Dentists are so expensive that I can't afford to go to visit.

牙醫貴到我都看不起了。

牙医贵到我都看不起了。

cannot afford to face [the other party] [due to shame] → sorry

對不起

对不起

看不起

(used after verbs) do not wish to ... (in contempt)


يوق

From Proto-Turkic *jōk (“there is not”).


يوق

Arabic spelling of yoʻq (“there is no; no; nope”)


مت

From Sanskrit मा (mā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁.

یہاں مت بیٹھو!


вана

Possibly by metathesis from obsolete Erzya нава (nava), which, according to Paasonen, was borrowed from Russian на (na) (compare нате (nate, “here you are!”)).
Alternatively, related to or influenced by Erzya ваномс (vanoms, “to watch”).


чэ

Expressive sound. Compare Japanese じゃ, Spanish che, English hey, etc.


ก็แล้วกัน

th-particle

ก็แล้วกัน • (gɔ̂-lɛ́ɛo-gan)

whatever you like; let’s agree to this; so let’s just settle on that or leave it at that; let’s just be done with it (particle used when suggesting a compromise solution or final plan of action and that implies there's no need for the listener to suggest anything else)


ня

Нічо́га до́брага я ў гэ́тым ня ба́чу.

Ня то́й час, каб не заўважа́ць няба́чную небясьпе́ку.

It's not the time to ignore the invisible danger.

Nja tój čas, kab nje zaŭvažácʹ njabáčnuju njebjasʹpjéku.

Не, то́й гадава́нец не саба́ка і ён ня брэ́ша.

No, that pet is not a dog and it does not bark.

Nje, tój hadavánjec nje sabáka i jon nja bréša.

Такія словы, як не, без, це́раз, пе́рад ня ма́юць свайго́ на́ціску; яны́ стано́вяць як-бы ча́стку таго́ сло́ва, пе́рад като́рым стая́ць. Дзе́ля гэ́тага ча́сам пі́шацца не, без, а ча́сам — ня, бяз у зале́жнасьці ад таго́, у като́рым скла́дзе пе́рад на́ціскам яны́ ста́нуць: не магу́, не хачу́, не знашо́ў; ня бу́ду, ня ве́даю, ня шуміць; без вады́, бяз хле́ба.

1925, Jazep Losik, Беларускі правапіс [Belarusian orthography], Менск: Беларускае Дзяржаўнае Выдавецтва, page 22:

The words, such as не, без, це́раз, пе́рад don't have their own stress; they behave as if they were a part of the next word. As a result, sometimes they are written as не, без and sometimes as ня, бяз, depending on where they stand relative to the stress position: не магу́, не хачу́, не знашо́ў; ня бу́ду, ня ве́даю, ня шуміць; без вады́, бяз хле́ба.

Takija slóvy, jak nje, bjez, cjéraz, pjérad nja májucʹ svajhó nácisku; janý stanóvjacʹ jak-by částku tahó slóva, pjérad katórym stajácʹ. Dzjélja hétaha čásam píšacca nje, bjez, a čásam — nja, bjaz u zaljéžnasʹci ad tahó, u katórym skládzje pjérad náciskam janý stánucʹ: nje mahú, nje xačú, nje znašóŭ; nja búdu, nja vjédaju, nja šumicʹ; bjez vadý, bjaz xljéba.

(Taraškievica orthography) Alternative form of не (nje): not (in pre-tonal positions)


أيتها

ar-particle

أَيَّتُهَا • (ʔayyatuhā)

أَيَّتُهَا (canonical)
ʔayyatuhā (romanization)
أَيُّهَا (masculine)

أَيُّهَا أيها#Arabic

O, oh: form of أَيُّهَا (ʔayyuhā) used when addressing females or feminine collective nouns


-다가

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 다가〮 (Yale: -tàká), from 다ᄀᆞ다 (Yale: tako-ta, “to hold, to have”) + 아〮 (Yale: -á, verbal infinitive suffix). Equivalent to modern 다그 (dageu-) + 아 (-a).

okm-l

여기다가 두면 되겠소?

톱으로다가 나무를 이렇게 자르시오.

Tob-euro-daga namu-reul ireoke jareusio.


аф

af (romanization)
афолень (first-person singular)
афолеме (plural)
афолеть (second-person singular)
афоледе (plural)
афоль (singular third-person)
афольхть (plural)
афолемайть (second-person singular)
афолемасть (plural)
афолемань (singular third-person)
афолемазь (plural)
афолихтень (first-person singular)
афоледязь (plural)
афолензе (singular third-person)
афолине (first-person singular)
афолеськ (plural)
афолить (second-person singular)
афолесть (plural)
афолезе (singular third-person)
афолезень (singular third-person)
афолезь (plural)

Likely related to апак (apak), see there for more. If so, cognate with Proto-Finnic *epä (compare Livonian äb).

O. Je. Poljakov (1993) Russko-mokšanskij razgovornik [Russian-Moksha phrasebook], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN
английскяй и французскяй кяльхнень аф содасайне
angľijskäj i francuzskäj käľhńeń af sodasajńe
I don't know English and French

negative particle; do not, does not (a particle that (in its unconjugated form) negates the verb in present, conditional and desiderative)

O. Je. Poljakov (1995) Učimsja govoritʹ po-mokšanski [Let's learn to speak Moksha], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN, page 9
тон тонафнят? — аф, мон покан
ton tonafńat? — af , mon pokan
do you study? — no, I work (~ I do not study, I work)

negative particle; no (shorthand for repeating a negated version of the previous statement)


апак

Negative particle incorporating the intensifier particle -ак (-ak). It may be possible to link the element ап- (ap-) with Finnish epä-, Estonian eba- (“deceptive; such that is not the way it is supposed to be”), compare Udmurt ӧв-, ӧвӧл (öv-, övöl, “not, no”), Komi-Zyrian абу (abu, “no, not, not present”). Moksha апалямс (apaľams, “to ruin; to maim, cripple”), апаляфкс (apaľafks, “stain”) can be considered of the same origin. Eastern Mari овлаш, овылаш (ovlaš, ovylaš, “to hex, spoil using magic”) could be related.

cog

овлаш, овылаш

O. Je. Poljakov (1995) Učimsja govoritʹ po-mokšanski [Let's learn to speak Moksha], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN, page 60
содазь — апак содак
sodaź — apak sodak
knowing [in the state of knowing] — not knowing (~ randomly/guessing/accidentally)

negative particle used with gerunds; not


афоль

head

афоль • (afoľ)

Evidently a third-person singular past II / subjunctive copulative (conjugated) form of the particle аф (af). Morphologically from аф (af) + -о- (-o-) + -ль (-ľ), where the last component is a derivation from Proto-Mordvinic *uľə- (“to be”). Compare мораль (moraľ, “he/she/it would sing ~ would have sung”), see апак (apak) for suggested cognates.

third-person singular subjunctive copulative of аф (af); he/she/it wouldn't


афоль

афоль • (afoľ)

afoľ (romanization)
афолень (first-person singular)
афолеме (plural)
афолеть (second-person singular)
афоледе (plural)
афоль (singular third-person)
афольхть (plural)

V. I. Ščankina (2011) Russko-mokšansko-erzjanskij slovarʹ [Russian-Moksha-Erzya Dictionary], Saransk, →ISBN
ни 1 частица — афоль/тяза, тят
ńi 1 časťica — afoľ /ťaza, ťat
not particle [in Russian] — not
как бы то ни было — кода афоль/тяза уле
kak bi to ńi bilo — koda afoľ /ťaza uľe
however it may be [in Russian] — however it may be
(literally, “how it wouldn't [or would] be”)

афолеть шарьхкоде
afoľeť šaŕhkoďe
[you] wouldn't understand
афольхть са

A. P. Feoktistov (1993), Jaziki mira: Uraľskije jaziki (MOKŠANSKIJ JAZIK) http://www.philology.ru/linguistics3/feoktistov-93a.htm Languages of the world: Uralic languages (Moksha language), Moscow, pages 178—189

СЯСЬКОМА // МОКШЕНЬ ЛИТЕРАТУРНО-ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННАЙ АЛЬМАНАХ, САРАНСК-195З
(..) афолень уле (..)
(..) afoľeń uľe (..)
(..) [I] wouldn't be (..)

(..) миньге Сибирьда афолеме пеле...
(..) mińge Śibiŕda afoľeme peľe...
(..) we too(?) wouldn't be afraid of Siberia...
(..) кда тинь колмоцьке афоледе уле (..)
(..) kda ťiń kolmoćke afoľeďe uľe (..)

ЛОМАНЕНЬ ШИРЕВА, САРАНСК-1955


афольхть

афольхть • (afoľhť)

third-person plural subjunctive copulative of аф (af); they wouldn't


афолеме

афолеме • (afoľeme)

first-person plural subjunctive copulative of аф (af); we wouldn't


афолеть

афолеть • (afoľeť)

second-person singular subjunctive copulative of аф (af); you wouldn't


афолень

афолень • (afoľeń)

first-person singular subjunctive copulative of аф (af); I wouldn't


афоледе

афоледе • (afoľeďe)

second-person plural subjunctive copulative of аф (af); you wouldn't


إيا

ar-particle

إِيَّا • (ʔiyyā)

إِيَّا (canonical)
ʔiyyā (romanization)
إِيَّا (stem)
إِيَّايَ (feminine first-person masculine singular)
إِيَّانَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
إِيَّاكَ (masculine second-person singular)
إِيَّاكِ (feminine second-person singular)
إِيَّاكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
إِيَّاكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
إِيَّاكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
إِيَّاهُ (masculine singular third-person)
إِيَّاهَا (feminine singular third-person)
إِيَّاهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
إِيَّاهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
إِيَّاهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

An innovation first attested in Old Arabic, derived from the root ء ي ء (ʔ-y-ʔ), originally a vocative word used to call to someone, to direct their attention; see also إِيَّاكَ (ʔiyyāka).

ar-root

ء ي ء (ʔ-y-ʔ)

إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ

Thee do we worship; and unto Thee do we turn for aid.

particle attached to oblique pronoun forms when they are not attached to the verb or preposition governing them


لعل

ar-particle

لَعَلَّ • (laʕalla)

لَعَلَّ (canonical)
laʕalla (romanization)
لَعَلَّ (stem)
لَعَلِّي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
لَعَلَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
لَعَلَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
لَعَلَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
لَعَلَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
لَعَلَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
لَعَلَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
لَعَلَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
لَعَلَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
لَعَلَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
لَعَلَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
لَعَلَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

Univerbation of لَـ (la-, “truly, indeed, verily”) and عَلَّ (ʕalla).

ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَاكُم مِن بَعْدِ مَوْتِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ

But We raised you again after you had been as dead, so that you might have cause to be grateful.

ṯumma baʕaṯnākum min baʕdi mawtikum laʕallakum taškurūna


ఔనౌను

అవునవును అవునవును#Telugu

Alternative form of అవునవును (avunavunu)


οὔ

ἀλλ᾽ ὁ τὴν Εὔβοιαν ἐκεῖνος σφετεριζόμενος καὶ κατασκευάζων ἐπιτείχισμ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀττικήν, καὶ Μεγάροις ἐπιχειρῶν, καὶ καταλαμβάνων Ὠρεόν, καὶ κατασκάπτων Πορθμόν, καὶ καθιστὰς ἐν μὲν Ὠρεῷ Φιλιστίδην τύραννον, ἐν δ᾽ Ἐρετρίᾳ Κλείταρχον, καὶ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὑφ᾽ αὑτῷ ποιούμενος, καὶ Βυζάντιον πολιορκῶν, καὶ πόλεις Ἑλληνίδας τὰς μὲν ἀναιρῶν, εἰς τὰς δὲ τοὺς φυγάδας κατάγων, πότερον ταῦτα ποιῶν ἠδίκει καὶ παρεσπόνδει καὶ ἔλυε τὴν εἰρήνην ἢ οὔ;

But that man, annexing Euboea and fortifying it against Attica, attacking Megara, seizing Oreus, and demolishing Porthmus, installing the tyrant Philistides in Oreus and Cleitarchus in Eretria, placing the Hellespont under himself, besieging Byzantium, destroying some Greek cities and recalling exiles into others; in so doing, was he dealing unjustly, breaking treaties, and destroying the peace, or not?


οὔ

New Testament, Matthew 5:37, Translation KJV
ἔστω δὲ ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν ναὶ ναί, οὒ οὔ· τὸ δὲ περισσὸν τούτων ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ ἐστιν.
But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.


ullu

Standard Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian form of ulla


אינן

head

אֵינָן • (einán)

אֵין אין#Hebrew

third-person feminine plural personal pronoun-including form of אֵין (ein)


אינם

אֵינָם • (einám)

אֵין אין#Hebrew

third-person masculine plural personal pronoun-including form of אֵין (ein)


אינה

אֵינָהּ • (eináh)

אֵינָהּ (canonical)
eináh (romanization)

אֵין אין#Hebrew

third-person feminine singular personal pronoun-including form of אֵין (ein)


אינך

אֵינְךָ • (ein'khá)

אֵינְךָ (canonical)
ein'khá (romanization)

אֵין אין#Hebrew

second-person masculine singular personal pronoun-including form of אֵין (ein)


אינך

אֵינֵךְ • (einékh)

אֵינֵךְ (canonical)
einékh (romanization)

אֵין אין#Hebrew

second-person feminine singular personal pronoun-including form of אֵין (ein)


һуң

From Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back; end; after”).
Cognate with
Old Turkic [script needed] (soŋ, “after; late”);
Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz соң (soñ), Southern Altai соҥ (soŋ),
Uzbek so'ng (“after”),
Turkmen soň (“after, then”),
Turkish son (“end”), Salar [script needed] (son) etc.

cog

Кем һуң ул?

emphasis in interrogative and exclamative sentences


ផង

(marker indicating entreaty or a polite request) please ..., would you ...


ទាំង

km-particle

ទាំង • (tĕəng)

ដោយ ដោយ#Khmer

particule forming adverbs, equivalent to ដោយ (daoy)

ទាំងប្រុសទាំងស្រី

ទាំងចាស់ទាំងក្មេង


मत

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)), an extension of Sanskrit मा (mā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁. Cognate to Punjabi ਮਤ (mat).

यहां धूम्रपान मत कीजिए।

मत बैठो!


üli

Estonian: üli-

Finnish: yli, yli-

Ingrian: yli, yli-

Karelian: yli-

Veps: üli-

Võro: üli-

Votic: üli


ülä

Estonian: üla-

Finnish: ylä-

desc

Ingrian: ylä-, ⇒ ylläälle, yllääl, yllää, ylös, ylemmäks, ylempäi, yletä

Karelian: ylä-

Veps: ülä-

Votic: ülä-

From Proto-Uralic *wülä. Cognates include Proto-Samic *ëlē.


מיהו

head

מִיהוּ • (míhu)

af

מִי (mí) + הוּא (hú)

בתחילה ניסו […] להבין מיהו אותו רן ברץ, […]
bat'khilá nisú […] l'havín míhu otó ran baráts, […]

2015 November 6, Barak Ravid, “מטען חבלה ושמו ברץ” (“A Bomb Named Baratz”), Haaretz online

At first [they] tried to understand who this Ran Baratz was, […]


zaiste

Inherited from Old Polish zaiste. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + iste. Compare Czech zajisté, Serbo-Croatian zȁista／за̏иста.

cog

zȁista//за̏иста

(literary) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


những

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 仍 (“to continue; to be done repeatedly; many; still”, SV: nhưng). Compare nhưng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nhưng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Bài kiểm tra rồi tớ được những tám điểm đấy!

Emphasizes the quantity of noun: as many as; as much as

những hoa là hoa

(colloquial) Emphasizes the abundance and uncountability of something: nothing but


ꜣ

>? Late Egyptian: yꜣ (see there for further descendants)

intensifying or emphasizing particle, indeed

(in clauses with a verbal predicate in the perfect) marks a statement as hypothetical or contrafactual


допустим

head

допу́стим • (dopústim)

допу́стим (canonical)
dopústim (romanization)

let's assume, let's say, suppose (for example)


пускай

пуска́й • (puskáj)

пуска́й (canonical)
puskáj (romanization)

пусть пусть#Russian


n-ar

Alternative form of ar (indirect relative particle)


cérbh

cérbh (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cér)

Chruthaigh sé cérbh é féin.

who was... (triggers lenition of a following consonant)


cárbh

cárbh (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cár)

Cárbh aois é?

Cárbh as é?

where was/would be..., what was/would be


cérb

cérb (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cér)

Cérb iad?


n-a

Alternative form of a (relative particle)


cárb

cárb (copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant cár)

Níl a fhios agam ó thalamh na bhfionn cárb as é.

I don’t know where on earth he comes from


murab

murab (copular form used before vowels, form used before consonants mura)

más é nó murab é

if... is not, unless... is (present copular form before a vowel)


faoina

faoina (triggers eclipsis, in regular past tenses faoinar)

an crann faoina bhfuil sé ina shuí

an bhó faoina dúirt sé scéal

under which, under whom; about which, about whom (indirect relative; not used in the past tense except with some irregular verbs)


murarbh

murarbh (past/conditional copular particle used before a vowel, form used before a consonant murar)

/ˈmˠʊɾˠəɾˠvˠ/

murarbh éagóir uirthi é


darbh

darbh (past/conditional copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant dar)

an fear darbh aithnid mé


faoinarb

faoinarb (form used before a consonant faoinar)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠbˠ/

cíos feo-fheirme, pé acu a bhunaíos nó nach mbunaíonn an deontas faoinarb iníoctha é comhbhaint thiarna talún agus tionónta,

1957, Acts of the Oireachtas, No. 6/1957: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS, 1957:

a fee-farm rent, whether the grant under which it arises does or does not create the relationship of landlord and tenant,https://web.archive.org/web/20151016190018/http://acts.oireachtas.ie/zza6y1957.2.html#s2_p27


inarbh

inarbh (form used before a consonant inar)

tír inarbh fhearr liom oibriú

a country in which I would prefer to work


inarb

inarb (form used before a consonant inar)

tír inarb é an nós é sin


faoinarbh

faoinarbh (form used before a consonant faoinar)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠvˠ/

Más féidir spreagaim páirtithe an ghearáin chun machnamh a dhéanamh faoinarbh fhearr dóibh áis a bhaint as cur chuigeanna dá leithéid ar an gcéad fhásc.

2010, Pensions Ombudsman, Digest of Cases, 2010, p. 2:

Where possible, I would actively encourage the parties involved in a complaint to first consider availing of such approaches.https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215512/http://www.pensionsombudsman.ie/cms/sites/default/files/Digest_of_Cases_EN_2010.pdf


faoinar

faoinar (form used before non-past tenses faoina)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠ/

an bord faoinar shuigh a cat

an tír faoinar ghabh sé amhrán


faoinar

faoinar (form used before a vowel in the present/future faoinarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional faoinarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future faoinarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional faoinarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

/ˈfˠiːnˠəɾˠ/

an bord faoinar mian lena cat a bheith ina shuí

the table under which her cat wants to sit

an tír faoinar mhaith leis amhrán a ghabháil

the country about which he would like to sing a song


lenarb

lenarb (form used before a consonant lenar)

/ˈlʲɛnˠəɾˠbˠ/

páiste lenarb eagal go dtiocfaidh robálaí sa teach

a child who is afraid that a robber will come into the house


lenar

lenar (form used before non-past tenses lena)

an buachaill lenar bhuail mé


lenar

lenar (form used before a vowel in the present/future lenarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional lenarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future lenarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional lenarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

an fear lenar féidir labhairt le hainmhithe

an bhean lenar dhóigh gurbh fhíor é


lenarbh

lenarbh (form used before a consonant lenar)

/ˈlʲɛnˠəɾˠvˠ/

an fear lenarbh fhéidir labhairt le hainmhithe

páiste lenarbh eagal go dtiocfadh robálaí sa teach

a child who was afraid that a robber would come into the house


ónarbh

ónarbh (form used before a consonant ónar)

/ˈoːnˠəɾˠvˠ/

1983, Acts of the Oireachtas, No. 38/1983, AIR NAVIGATION (EUROCONTROL) ACT, 1983

the rate of interest, if any, payable on foot of the determination and the date from which it is [lit. ‘was/would be’] payable;https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204254/http://www.acts.ie/zza38y1983.1.html#s9_p8

an ráta úis, más ann, is iníoctha ar scór an chinnidh agus an dáta ónarbh iníoctha é;


ónar

ónar (form used before non-past tenses lena)

an leabhar ónar bhain mé é


ónar

ónar (form used before a vowel in the present/future lenarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional lenarbh)

an fear ónar gairid é

teanga ónar mhaith léi aistriú

a language from which she would like to translate


trínarb

trínarb (form used before a consonant trínar)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠbˠ/

I gcásanna áirithe, is féidir le trádálaithe iarratas a chur isteach ar Phróiseáil Isteach agus ar Phróiseáil faoi Rialú Custaim le nós imeachta simplithe trínarb ionann an dearbhú iontrála earraí agus iarratas ar an nós imeachta.

Revenue: Irish Tax and Customs, Próiseáil faoi Rialú Custaim / Processing under Customs Control

In some instances traders may apply for Inward Processing and Processing under Customs Control using a simplified procedure whereby the declaration of entry for the goods constitutes an application for the procedure.https://web.archive.org/web/20151225210539/http://www.revenue.ie/en/customs/businesses/economic/processing-under-customs-control.html


trínarbh

trínarbh (form used before a consonant trínar)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠvˠ/

doras trínarbh fhéidir dul

a door through which it would be possible to go


trínar

trínar (form used before non-past tenses trína)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠ/

an doras trínar chuaigh mé isteach


trínar

trínar (form used before a vowel in the present/future trínarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional trínarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future trínarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional trínarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

/ˈtʲɾʲiːnˠəɾˠ/

an seomra trínar mian liom siúl

tír trínar mhaith liom taisteal

a country through which I would like to travel


ónarb

ónarb (form used before a consonant lenar)

/ˈoːnˠəɾˠbˠ/

Más rud é, maidir le pinsean (neamhranníocach) baintrí is iníoctha faoi na hAchta um Pinsin do Bhaintreacha agus do Dhílleachtaí, 1935 go 1952, agus a bhfuil liúntas i leith leanaí ar áireamh ann, gurb é an lá ceaptha nó aon lá dá éis an lá ónarb iníoctha an pinsean, ní bheidh ráta an phinsin níos mó ná tríocha agus dhá scilling sa tseachtain.

1952, Acts of the Oireachtas, No. 11/1952: SOCIAL WELFARE ACT, 1952:

Where, as respects a widow’s (non-contributory) pension which is payable under the Widows’ and Orphans’ Pensions Acts, 1935 to 1952, and which includes an allowance in respect of children, the day from which the pension becomes payable is, or is after, the appointed day, the rate of the pension shall not exceed thirty-two shillings per week.https://web.archive.org/web/20151017201515/http://acts.oireachtas.ie/zza11y1952.6.html#s61_p1


значит так

зна́чит та́к

зна́чит та́к • (znáčit ták)

зна́чит та́к (canonical)
znáčit ták (romanization)

A particle introducing an explanation, meaning roughly: So, this is the way it is/was/will be.


នូវ

used to mark a direct object, especially in the written language


vave

From Proto-Polynesian *wawe. Cognates include Hawaiian wawe and Samoan vave.

Used before a verb to indicate that its action is in the near future; soon, in time


使乜

/sɐi̯³⁵ mɐt̚⁵/

/sᵘɔi⁵⁵ ᵐbᵘɔt̚⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³⁵ mɐt̚⁵/

/sᵘɔi⁵⁵ ᵐbᵘɔt̚⁵⁵/

使乜咁緊張？

使乜咁紧张？

(Cantonese) for what reason; what need is there (→ there is no need)


-ks

löytyyks mitää?

and Irja Alho (2004)

§ 837 Liitepartikkeli -s kysymyssanoissa

Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura


हस

(responding to request or order by superior) okay


सम्म

(vocative) Devanagari script form of samma (“my dear”)


कति

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कति (kati).


कति

head

कति • (káti)

Pali: kati

Prakrit: 𑀓𑀇 (kaï), 𑀓𑀇𑀅 (kaïa)

Assamese: কেই (kei)

Bengali: কয় (koẏ), ক (ko)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoti, adverb from *kʷos, *kʷis. Cognate with Ancient Greek κόσος (kósos) and Latin quot.

inh+

कत्य॒ग्नय॒: कति॒ सूर्या॑स॒: कत्यु॒षास॒: कत्यु॑ स्वि॒दाप॑:।
नोप॒स्पिजं॑ वः पितरो वदामि पृ॒च्छामि॑ वः कवयो वि॒द्मने॒ कम्॥
kátyagnáya: káti sū́ryāsa: kátyuṣā́sa: kátyu svidā́pa:.

How many fires are there, how many suns, how many dawns, how many waters, I address you, O forefathers, not jestingly, I ask you sages, in order to know.

nópaspíjaṃ vaḥ pitaro vadāmi pṛcchā́mi vaḥ kavayo vidmáne kám.


चाहिँ

ne-particle

चाहिँ • (cāhĩ)

यो चाहिँ

मेरोचाहिँ

ठूलोचाहिँ


何止

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ho²⁴ t͡sz̩²¹³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵²/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ho²⁴ t͡sz̩²¹³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵²/

(used in rhetorical questions to indicate the actual extent is far greater) be much more than


бывало

head

быва́ло • (byválo)

быва́ло (canonical)
byválo (romanization)

Он, быва́ло, ча́сто пла́кал.


-сь

LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Po ukraińsku (Andriana)--сь.wav

Inherited from Old East Slavic си (si), from Proto-Slavic *si.

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun#English

Appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns


budiž

Pokud to znamená počkat si na dohodu v druhém čtení, budiž.

If this means waiting for a second-reading agreement, then so be it.

Mohu jít s vámi? – Budiž.


-이나

From Middle Korean 이나〮 (Yale: -ìná), equivalent to 이 (Yale: -ì-, copula) + 나〮 (Yale: -ná).

헛소리 말고 잠이나 자라.

초콜릿 그만 먹고 이거나 먹어.

Stop eating chocolate and just eat this.

일반 배송은 이틀이나 사흘 정도 걸립니다.

Regular delivery takes two or three days.

Ilban baesong-eun iteur-ina saheul jeongdo geollimnida.

나 살 2kg이나 쪘어.

마음에 드는 것이면 어느 것이나 좋다.

Ma'eum-e deuneun geos-imyeon eoneu geos-ina jota.


này

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-này.wav

From Proto-Vietic *-niː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *niʔ ~ *nih (“this”); cognate with Khmer នេះ (nih, “this”), Pacoh nâh (“this”), Khasi kane/une (“this”) and Car Nicobarese në (“these things”). See also nay (“now”) and Central Vietnamese ni (“this”).
Part of the n-series of demonstratives, along with nấy, nớ, nọ, nè.

Này ai ơi!

này Lan

prefixes someone's name or kinship title, used to call for their attention

Khoa này, nghe nói em sắp chuyển nhà hả?

Is it true that you are about to move out, Khoa?

suffixes someone's name or kinship title, usually functions both as a focus marker and signaling a question


האם

הַאִם • (ha'ím)

הַאִם הוּא פֹּה?

Interrogative particle: starts a yes-or-no question.


ච

25. සෙය්යථාපි භික්ඛවෙ පුරිසො අද්ධානමග්ගපටිපන්නො - සො පස්සෙය්ය මහන්තං උදකණ්ණවං, ඔරිමං තීරං සාසඞ්කං සප්පටිභයං, පාරිමං තීරං ඛෙමං අප්පටිභයං, න චස්ස නාවා සන්තාරණී උත්තරසෙතු වා අපාරාපාරං ගමනාය;

2006, The Fourth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (I), page 336:

Suppose, brethren, there was a person traveling along the road. They’d see a large deluge, whose near shore was dubious and perilous, while the far shore was a sanctuary free of peril. But there was no ferryboat or bridge for crossing over.

25. Seyyathāpi bhikkhave puriso addhānamaggapaṭipanno - so passeyya mahantaṃ udakaṇṇavaṃ, orimaṃ tīraṃ sāsaṅkaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ, pārimaṃ tīraṃ khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ, na cassa nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārāpāraṃ gamanāya;

තස්ස එවමස්ස: “අයං ඛො මහා උදකණ්ණවො ඔරිමං තීරං සාසඞ්කං සප්පටිභයං. පාරිමං තීරං ඛෙමං අප්පටිභයං. නත්ථි ච නාවා සන්තාරණී උත්තරසෙතු වා අපාරාපාරං ගමනාය.

Therefore things are thus: So, there's this large deluge, a dubious and perilous near shore, a safe far shore free of peril; and there is neither a ferry boat or a bridge to go from the near shore to the far shore.

Tassa evamassa: "ayaṃ kho mahā udakaṇṇavo orimaṃ tīraṃ sāsaṅkaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ. Pārimaṃ tīraṃ khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ. Natthi ca nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārāpāraṃ gamanāya.

5. න හි වෙරෙන වෙරාචී සම්මන්තීධ කුදාචනං 5
අඞවරෙන ච සම්මන්ති එස ධම්මො සනන්තනො.

c. 50 BC, The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

5. For in this world hatreds are not ever settled by hatred,
but are settled by love. This is an eternal truth.

5. Na hi verena verāni sammantīdha kudācanaṃ 5
Averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano.


годе

any- (in association with an interrogative word)


kaikiš

most; placed before the comparative of adjectives to form the superlative


вара

мом лудаш вара?

ынде толеш вара?


абу

From Proto-Permic [Term?] (“there isn't”). Cognate with Udmurt ӧвӧл (övöl) and Komi-Permyak абу (abu).


मा

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
Apabhramsa: म (ma) (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀅 (māia), 𑀫𑀸𑀇 (māi), 𑀫𑀇𑀅 (maïa)
⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)
Takka Apabhramsa:
Old Punjabi: ਮਤ (mata), ਮਤਿ (mati), ਮਤੁ (matu)
Punjabi: mat
Gurmukhi script: ਮਤ
Shahmukhi script: مَت
Vracada Apabhramsa:
Sindhi:
Arabic script: مَتان, مَتَڻ, مَتُڻِ
Devanagari script: मतां, मतण, मतुणि
Sauraseni Prakrit:
Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
Hindustani: mat
Hindi: मत
Urdu: مَت (mat)

Dardic:

Kalasha: mo

Kashmiri: مَہ (mah)

Gandhari: 𐨨 (ma)

Pali: mā

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Albanian mo (“do not”), Ancient Greek μή (mḗ, “not, do not”), Old Armenian մի (mi, “no, not”), Avestan 𐬨𐬁 (mā), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /mā/) (whence Persian مـ (ma-)).

inh

मा नो॒ मर्ता॑ अ॒भि द्रु॑हन्।
त॒नूना॑मिंद्र गिर्वणः।
ईशा॑नो यवया व॒धम्॥
mā́ no mártā abhí druhan
tanū́nām indra girvaṇaḥ
ī́śāno yavayā vadhám

do not let any man hurt our bodies.
Keep slaughter far from us for thou canst.


ละ

Cognate with Lao ລະ (la), Northern Thai ᩃ, Lü ᦟᦰ (l!). Compare Khmer លះ (lĕəh) or ស្រឡះ (srɑɑlah), Mon ဗၠး.

ปีละครั้ง


नै

emphatic particle, emphasising the word it follows


หรอก

th-particle

หรอก • (rɔ̀k)

เปล่าหรอก

ไม่แพงหรอก


ἆρα

interrogative particle, introducing a yes-no question, and often indicating impatience or anxiety


ငယ်

(archaic) emphatic particle often used as an euphonic device in classical songs


เหรอ

เหรอ • (rə̌ə)

หรือ หรือ#Thai

(colloquial): alternative form of หรือ (rʉ̌ʉ)


ᦃᦾᧉ

head

ᦃᦾᧉ • (ẋoay²)

Lao ຂ້ານ້ອຍ (canonical)
khān ʼa nya (romanization)


หรือเปล่า

th-particle

หรือเปล่า • (rʉ̌ʉ-bplàao)

/rɯː˩˩˦.plaːw˨˩/

คุณต้องการความช่วยเหลือหรือเปล่า

kun dtɔ̂ng-gaan kwaam-chûai-lʉ̌ʉa rʉ̌ʉ-bplàao


หน่อย

หน่อย • (nɔ̀i)

From Proto-Tai *ʰnoːjᴮ (“little, few”). Compare น้อย (nɔ́ɔi).


แม่น

Cognate with Lao ແມ່ນ (mǣn), Thai แม่น (mɛ̂n), Lü ᦶᦙᧃᧈ (maen¹).

yes; right, correct (affirmative particle)


kathaṃ

Kathaṃ ca bhikkhave anupādā aparitassanā hoti.

c. 50 BC, Saṃyutta Nikāya: Khandha-Vagga, Khanda-Saṃyuttaṃ; republished as M. Leon Freer, editor, Saṃyutta Nikāya: Part III: Khandha-Vagga, London: Pali Text Society, 1890, XXII (Book 1), Section 1 Mulapaññāsa, Chapter 1 Nakulapitā-Vaggo Pathamo, Sutta 8 Upādāparitassanā (2), page 18:

And how, mendicants, does not grasping lead to freedom from anxiety?


μῶν

grc-particle

μῶν • (môn) (interrogative particle, negative particle)

Univerbation of μή (mḗ, “not”) + οὖν (oûn, “then”).

univ

Σωκράτης σοφίᾳ δέ γ’ οἶμαι σοφοὶ οἱ σοφοί.
Θεαίτητος ναί.
Σωκράτης τοῦτο δὲ μῶν διαφέρει τι ἐπιστήμης;
Sōkrátēs sophíāi dé g’ oîmai sophoì hoi sophoí.
Theaítētos naí.
Sōkrátēs toûto dè môn diaphérei ti epistḗmēs?
Socrates: And I suppose the wise are wise by wisdom.

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 145d–145e

Socrates: But is this [i.e., wisdom] really any different from knowledge?

(like μή, in a question expecting a negative answer) but surely not? is it really so?


ਬਸ

Borrowed from Classical Persian بس (bas, “enough”). Compare Hindi बस (bas).


น่า

หยุดกินเถอะน่า

(colloquial) particle used to add a persuasive quality to a sentence.


עיקר

דער עיקר
דער עיקר#Yiddish


ခဲ့

လာခဲ့။
lahkai.||
Come here.

(with verbs of motion) here (toward the speaker), hither

particle suffixed to verbs to emphasize definitiveness of an action or condition


လည်း

also (in addition; besides; as well; further; too)

(when doubled) denotes simultaneous action: both... and

(when doubled, in negative clauses) neither... nor; not only... but also


ติ

อิติปิ โส ภะคะวา อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ
วิจจาจะระณะสัมปันโน สุคะโต โลกะวิทู อะนุต
ตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสาระถิ สัทถา เทวะมะนุสสานัง
พุทโธ ภะคะวาติ

c. 1999, ยอดพระกัณฑ์ไตรปิฎก พระคาถาชินบัญชร พระคาถาอาการะวัตตาสูตร [Description: Book of Buddhist chants for Thais] (overall work in Thai), Bangkok: Liang Siang Chong Charoen Print Shop, page 6:

Surely, he is a blessed one, an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened, endowed with knowledge and good behaviour, faring well, knowing the universe, an unequalled driver of men who need taming, teacher of gods and men, a buddha, the Blessed One.

itipi so bhaɡavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti.


s'n

Hierdie is my broer se kamer en daardie is my suster s’n.

This is my brother’s room and that one is my sister’s.

follows a noun to indicate that this noun possesses some previously mentioned object, much like English 's


ကော

ခင်ဗျားကော ဘာလူမျိုးလဲ

And where are you from? (after already answering the same question about oneself)

and what about? (used to apply an already asked question to a new topic)

particle suffixed to nouns denoting inclusion

particle prefixed to interrogative phrases to denote inclusion: also

particle placed at or near the end of a phrase or sentence as emphasis


najwyraźniej

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


နော်

my-particle

နော် • (nau)

သွားမယ်နော်။
swa:mainau||
I’m going now, OK?

ဆောရီးနော်။
hcau:ri:nau||
I’m sorry.

(colloquial) Used to make a question more polite; seeks agreement; softens a request; all right?, OK?


အောင်

head

အောင် • (aung)

From Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔoŋ¹ (“win, complete”); forms outside Lolo-Burmese, like Jingpho [script needed] (ʔōŋ, “to conquer, overcome”), are probably borrowed from Burmese (STEDT). Note also similarities to Old Chinese 贏 (OC *leŋ, “to win”) (which is constructed with a uvular *ɢ by Baxter and Sagart; uvulars in Proto-Sino-Tibetan seem to be dropped in Burmese).

cog

အတွေးအခေါ် ရင့်သန်အောင် စာ များများ ဖတ်သင့်တယ်။
a.twe:a.hkau rang.sanaung ca mya:mya: hpatsang.tai||
You have to read a lot in order for your mind to grow.

(colloquial) in order to, to (indicating purpose)


нет-нет

head

не́т-не́т • (nét-nét)

не́т -не́т (canonical)
nét-nét (romanization)

не́т-не́т да и


περ

From περί (perí). Compare περικαλλής (perikallḗs, “very beautiful”), Latin permagnus (“very great”) etc.

Enclitic particle that follows the word it modifies and adds force to it


lugod

Madigdi na lugod ako sa aga ta mayo akong gigibohon sa harong.

I might as well come here tomorrow since I don't have anything to do at home.

used to express reluctant assent due primarily to uncontrollable circumstances: might as well

Dai man lugod mag-uran.

used to express hope or wish in something unknown: hopefully; I wish that


ပြီးပြီ

ပြီး (pri:, “to finish”) + ပြီ (pri, “yet”)

affix

ဆိုင်ကို သွားပြီးပြီ။
hcuingkui swa:pri:pri||
I’ve already been to the store.

have already (done something), (in questions and negatives) have done something yet


bako

Bako man iyan an sinabi ko.

Bako daa siya.


бишь

head

бишь • (bišʹ)

Allegro form of ба́ешь (báješʹ, “you say”), from ба́ять (bájatʹ).

как бишь его́ зову́т?

то бишь


-조차

[t͡ɕo̞t͡ɕʰa̠]

그 사람하고는 말하기조차 싫어요.

I don't even want to talk to that person.

geu saram-hago-neun malhagi-jocha sireoyo.


miʔ

nââx-pis-mĩʔ : in a small river

in (something liquid); locative marker used to indicate position inside something liquid such as a river


တော်

my-particle

တော် • (tau)

According to STEDT:
* The "related" sense is from a Proto-Tibeto-Burman *daw (“to be related”), with Jingpho dō (“related”) as the only adduced cognate.
* The "suitable" (as well as perhaps "clever") senses are from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *taːp ~ *m-daw (“capable, fit, beautiful”), and cognate with Jingpho htap (“beautiful, capable”).
The "rumbling noise", "stop", and "honorific" senses are not listed by STEDT, though the "honorific" sense could be an extension of the "suitable, clever" sense.


မောင်း

particle suffixed to some color terms to indicate deep shade in color


မောင်း

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *muː(k/ŋ) (“arm, cubit”). Cognate with Yakkha [script needed] (muk, “arm, hand, length, cubit”) (STEDT).

cog

particle suffixed to some nouns to convey the notion of being long and slender


bolom

Used to answer an question, with its meaning generally being 'no' or 'not yet', but also 'yes' in some contexts.


k'ucha'al

/kʼut͡ɕʰäʔäl/

ko'ol k'ucha'al...


yox

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *yōk (“there is not”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰖𐰸 (yok), Turkish yok etc.

Cavab ver işimizi bilək, hə yoxsa yox?


เล่า

th-part

เล่า • (lâo)

Psalm 73:2, KJV:
แต่ข้าพเจ้าเล่า เท้าของข้าพเจ้าเกือบสะดุด
dtɛ̀ɛ kâa-pá-jâao lâo · táao kɔ̌ɔng kâa-pá-jâao gʉ̀ʉap sà-dùt
But as for me, my feet were almost gone.

Job 34:13, KJV:
ใครเล่ามอบหมายทั้งโลกไว้กับพระองค์
krai lâo mɔ̂ɔp-mǎai táng lôok wái gàp prá-ong
Who hath disposed the whole world?

Proverbs 31:2, KJV:
อะไรเล่า ลูกแม่เอ๋ย อะไรเล่า ลูกแห่งท้องแม่เอ๋ย อะไรเล่า ลูกแห่งคำปฏิญาณของแม่เอ๋ย
à-rai lâo · lûuk mɛ̂ɛ ə̌əi · à-rai lâo · lûuk hɛ̀ng tɔ́ɔng mɛ̂ɛ ə̌əi · à-rai lâo · lûuk hɛ̀ng kam-bpà-dtì-yaan kɔ̌ɔng mɛ̂ɛ ə̌əi
What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?

Daniel 2:15, KJV:
ไฉนพระราชกฤษฎีกาของกษัตริย์จึงเร่งร้อนเล่า
chà-nǎi prá-râat-chá-grìt-sà-dii-gaa kɔ̌ɔng gà-sàt jʉng rêng-rɔ́ɔn lâo
Why is the decree so hasty from the king?

Isaiah 6:9, KJV:
ฟังแล้วฟังเล่า แต่อย่าเข้าใจ ดูแล้วดูเล่า แต่อย่ามองเห็น
fang lɛ́ɛo fang lâo · dtɛ̀ɛ yàa kâo-jai · duu lɛ́ɛo duu lâo · dtɛ̀ɛ yàa mɔɔng hěn
Hear ye indeed, but understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not.

placed after an expression for emphasis.


ngươi

From Proto-Vietic *ŋaːj, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *[m]ŋaaj (“human being; person”). Cognate with người (“person”), ngài.

inh

16th century, Nguyễn Thế Nghi's (attributed) Tân biên Truyền kỳ mạn lục tăng bổ giải âm tập chú (新編傳奇漫錄增補解音集註), giải âm/translation of Truyền kỳ mạn lục ("Casual Record of Transmitted Strange-Tales") by Nguyễn Dữ.
碎庭臣𪢍𤽗立言蒸𣦛
Tôi đình thần ghét ngươi Lập Ngôn chưng thẳng.
The mandarins at the royal court hated the (focusing) honest Lập Ngôn.

19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Tale of Lục Vân Tiên:
𠬠𠇮𥄮陣衝無񠡱𤽗骨突打朱最㝵
Một mình nhằm trận xông vô,Cùng ngươi Cốt Đột đánh cho tối ngày.
He threw himself into the battle,Fighting against Cốt Đột regardless of day or night.

(literary, obsolete) prefixes someone's name, functioning either as a vocative or focus marker.


နိုး

particle suffixed to a verb to denote hope or expectation


果果

/ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔː³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

/ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔː³⁵ kʷɔː³⁵/

See 紅果果, 赤果果.


សុំ

From Old Khmer suṃ, shortened allomorph of Old Khmer soṃ, whence Modern Khmer សូម (soum).

សូម សូម#Khmer

(sometimes used in place of សូម (soum)) please, would you please, would you


ৰ

Bengali script form of va (“like, as if”)


ৰ

Bengali script form of va, sandhi form of এৰ (eva, “even”)


អេះ

លោកសុខសប្បាយជាអេះ

(colloquial) variant of ទេ (tei) as a final interrogative or intensive marker


maH

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máH

Sanskrit: मा (mā́) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Iranian: *máH

Avestan: 𐬨𐬁 (mā)

Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: me-, ma

Central Kurdish: مە- (me-)

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /mā/)

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (AL /ma/), 𐬨𐬀 (ma); Manichaean: [script needed] (mʾ /ma/)

Persian: مـ (ma-)

Ossetian: ма (ma)

Proto-Nuristani:

Waigali: [script needed] (ma), [script needed] (mi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁.


ད

(colloquial, after the emphasised word in the sentence) it is true, to be sure, indeed


ле

An emphatic particle used to reinforce vocative phrases.


ချင်း

och-l

彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ, “two keeping faithfully together”)

particle suffixed to nouns to indicate one-by-one sequence

particle suffixed to verbs to denote simultaneous action

particle suffixed to nouns to indicate reciprocity or co-equality


mỹ

Ã mỹ há?


જ

અરે, હું અહીં જ છું

an emphatic particle: indeed, truly, really


شي

عنا حليب شي؟

Optionally marks a yes-or-no question, used with intransitive verbs or after the object of a transitive verb


дак

(nonstandard) Alternative form of так (tak)


ngay

You ngay?
What about you?

Used to question the listener
for a response or affirmation

Where are you ngay?
Where are you? [I have been waiting for so long!]

Used to question the listener
that implies impatience.

What ngay is that?
What the heck is that?

Used to question the listener
that implies dismay or disgust.

Yes ngay.
Yes, [I agree with you].

Used to agree with what the listener has said.

I couldn't do anything ngay.
I wasn't really able to do anything.

I couldn't do anything ngay.
[I'm sorry], I wasn't able to do anything.


ngay

Sika ngay?

Ayanmon ngay?

Where are you? [I have been waiting for so long!]

Ania ngay dayta?

Wen ngay.

Awan ngay maaramidak.

Awan ngay maaramidak.

[I'm sorry], I wasn't able to do anything.


ngay

Ikaw ngay?

Nasan ka na ngay?

Ano ngay yan?

Oo ngay.

Wala ngay akong magagawa.

Wala ngay akong magagawa.


ນ

ໂກຘໍ ຊເຫ ວິປ຺ປຊເຫຍ຺ຍ ມານໍ
ສຎ຺ໂຎຊນໍ ສພ຺ພມຕິກ຺ກເມຍ຺ຍ
ຕໍ ນາມຣູປສ຺ມິມສຊ຺ຊມານໍ
ອກິຎຈນໍ* ນານຸປຕນ຺ຕິ ສງ຺ຄາຕິ
*Taken as typo for ອກິຎ຺ຈນໍ and treated as such below.

2017 July 19, Vinodh Rajan, Ben Mitchell, Martin Jansche, Sascha Brawer, “Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali (revised)”, in Unicode Document Register L2017/17106r (PDF), page 21:

If he has given anger up, if he has abandoned conceit, if he has overcome every fetter, attachments do not afflict him who clings to nothing immaterial or material and has nothing.

kodhaṃ jahe vippajaheyya mānaṃ saññojanaṃ sabbamatikkameyya taṃ nāmarūpasmimasajjamānaṃ akiñcanaṃ nānupatanti saṅgāti


нате

head

на́те • (náte)

(colloquial) here you are!; there you are!, here! (said formally or to a group of people when giving someone something, i.e., "take it!")


ma-esa

From Arawakan. The first element means "no", the second means "thing". Compare Pareci ma-isa (“not”).


baeza

Possibly Arawakan, as ba-ésa "no-thing"; compare Manao ma-esa (“no, nothing, not”), Pareci ma-isa (“not”).


bayn

Nyang bayn yoep bye.

Indicates the perfective aspect of the succeeding verb; already


हूउं

हूउं • (hūũ)


มะ

ใช่มะ


μά

Μὰ τὸν Δία

Μὰ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν


hí·ciskeˀs

water for washing ashes off of heated rocks


ˀipé·-

forms words relating to fists, such as breaking with fists, or knocking down with fists


ˀiyé·-

forms words relating to water, such as breaking, weakening or softening with water (e.g. beans or a dam); rinsing with water, washing in water; going into or out of water; or floating on water

by extension, to float (e.g. in the air)


𪜈

〆

Japanese ligatures and scribal abbreviations

ヽ 〱 ()

iteration mark for katakana; iteration mark for multiple kana


𐌰𐌽

From Proto-Germanic *an (“so, then, well; whether”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en (“there, on the other hand”). Cognate with Old English ono (“if, well, then, now”). Compare also Old High German inu, ino (“well, yea, though, because, if, for example”), Old Saxon inu (“well, yea, because, namely”), Old English eno (“if, well, then, now”).


From 辣 (là), homophonic play on 啦 (la) in Mandarin.

Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state with a strong emotion.

Used at the end of a sentence to inform the beginning of an action with a strong emotion.


emmo

From Latin immo. Wagner proposes analogy with et (“and”) to explain the stressed /ˈe-/ in place of an expected /i/ < Latin /ĭ/.


ᠪᠤᠤ

Buryat: бү (bü)

Classical Mongolian:

Khamnigan Mongol: бү (bü), бүү (büü)

Mongolian:

Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠤ (buu)

Cyrillic script: бүү (büü)

Written Oirat:

Kalmyk: бү (bü)

Used to form the negative polarity of verbs in optative moods.


үү

Та суудлын даруулгаа бүсэлнэ үү.

Энд хүлээнэ үү.


доо

rounded back vowel harmonic form of даа (daa)


дөө

rounded front vowel harmonic form of даа (daa)


үгүй

mn-particle

үгүй • (ügüj)

From Proto-Mongolic *ügei. Cognate with Buryat үгы (ügy), Kalmyk уга (uga).

Багш байна уу? Үгүй байхгүй байна


ति

या च पन सक्कतगन्थेसु समञ्ञा घोसाति वाघोसाति वा ता पयोगे सति एत्थापि पयुज्जते

c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar], page 6; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

And moreover that designation either 'voiced' or 'unvoiced' which is in Sanskrit texts is applied even here when there is occasion.

Yā ca pana sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vāghosāti vā tā payoge sati etthāpi payujjate.


най

Inherited from Old Slovak naj, from Proto-Slavic *najь.


най

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *najь, a contraction of *ne xaji (“do not touch”). Compare неха́й (nexáj).

Най щасти́ть!

Good luck! (literally, “May one get lucky!”)


ŋ⁵⁵

ŋa⁵⁵ jɔ̃³¹ ʒɛ³¹ ja̠p⁵⁵ ta̠³¹ nə̆ vɛ³¹ ŋ³¹ tə̠i³⁵ vɛ³¹.

I told him that I was already about to sleep.

ŋa⁵⁵ a³¹ nɔ̃⁵⁵ pji³¹.njɛ³¹ a⁵⁵ lauʔ⁵¹ ŋ⁵⁵.

I thought that it was you who graduates.

(used with a first person subject) quotative marker, similar to that in English


czso

Polish: co

Silesian: co

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьso, a genitive case of *čь. Cognate with Old Czech čso. First attested in the 14th century.


ซี

particle indicating definiteness or emphasis.


ဖက်

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷak (“half, one of a pair”); cognate with Jingpho [script needed] (bàʔ, “folded”) (STEDT). Luce compares Old Chinese 併 (OC *breːŋʔ, *breːŋs, *peŋʔ, *peŋs, *beːŋʔ, “side by side”) for the "one of a pair" sense.

och-l

particle suffixed to a singular noun to indicate that it is one out of a pair

လက်ဖက်

unit of measure for amount contained in a cupped hand; unit of measure for what can be encircled in both arms


хуля

head

ху́ля • (xúlja)

ху́ли хули#Russian


เถิด

th-particle

เถิด • (tə̀ət)

1939, น.ม.ส., “ต้นเรื่อง”, in นิทานเวตาล, พระนคร: โรงพิมพ์โสภณพิพรรฒธนากร, page 8:
เจ้าจงกินผลไม้อำมฤตนี้เถิด ความงามของเจ้าจะอยู่ให้ข้าชมไปชั่วกาลนาน
jâao jong gin pǒn-lá-máai am-má-rít níi tə̀ət · kwaam-ngaam kɔ̌ɔng jâao jà yùu hâi kâa chɔɔ-mɔɔ bpai chûua gaa-lá-naan
Thou shalt eat this fruit of immortality, [so that] thy beauty would remain for me to see for ever.

1932, คณะราษฎร, ประกาศคณะราษฎร, page 3:
ราษฎรพึงหวังเถิดว่า...
râat-sà-dɔɔn pʉng wǎng tə̀ət wâa ...
Citizens ought to hope that ...

1923, ทิพากรวงศมหาโกษาธิบดี (ขำ บุนนาค), เจ้าพระยา, “พงศาวดารญวน”, in ประชุมพงศาวดาร ภาคที่ 28, พระนคร: โรงพิมพ์โสภณพิพรรฒธนากร, page 3:
ให้แม่ทัพตั้งเลเลยเปนเจ้าเมืองตังเกี๋ยเถิด
hâi mɛ̂ɛ-táp dtâng lee-ləəi bpen jâao mʉʉang dtang-gǐia tə̀ət
The commander-in-chief shall appoint Lê Lợi as the lord of Đông Kinh Town.

used in a suggestive, optative, requestive, imperative, or affirmative expression, for the purpose of emphasising it.


པས

Originally པ (pa) marked for the instrumental case.

Placed at the end of a phrase to mark a question.