ပြု

och-l

造 (OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ, “to do, make, build”)

collocation word used with some verbs for rhyme and rhythm


yenye

M-mi class inflected form of -enye (plural only).

Ma class inflected form of -enye (plural only).

N class inflected form of -enye (singular only).


zenye

N class inflected form of -enye (plural only).

U class inflected form of -enye (plural only).


αἴθε

grc-particle

αἴθε • (aíthe)


αἴθ'

αἴθ’ • (aíth’)


εἴθε

εἴθε • (eíthe)

Greek: είθε (eíthe)


ᨶᩮᩣ ᨧᩮ

ᩈᨴ᩠ᨵᩣ ᨴᩩᨲᩥᨿᩣ ᨸᩩᩁᩥᩈᩔ ᩉᩮᩣᨲᩥ
ᨶᩮᩣ ᨧᩮ ᩋᩔᨴ᩠ᨵᩥᨿᨾᩅᨲᩥᨭᩛᨲᩥ
ᨿᩈᩮᩣ ᨧ ᨠᩥᨲ᩠ᨲᩦ ᨧ ᨲᨲ᩠ᩅᩔ ᩉᩮᩣᨲᩥ
ᩈᨣ᩠ᨣᨱ ᨧ ᩈᩮᩣ ᨣᨨ᩠ᨧᨲᩥ ᩈᩁᩦᩁᩴ ᨸᩉᩣᨿᩣᨲᩥ

2017 July 19, Vinodh Rajan, Ben Mitchell, Martin Jansche, Sascha Brawer, “Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali (revised)”, in Unicode Document Register L2017/17106r (PDF), page 21:

Faith is a partner for man. If disbelief does not linger, due to that there is success and fame and also, after abandoning the body, he goes to heaven

saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti no ce assaddhiyamavatiṭṭhati yaso ca kittī ca tatvassa hoti saɡɡaṇ ca so ɡacchati sarīraṃ pahāyāti.

Tai Tham script form of no ce (“unless”)


ᨲᨲ᩠ᩅᩔ

Tai Tham script form of tatvassa (“therefore”)


ຕຕ຺ວສ຺ສ

ສທ຺ຘາ ທຸຕິຍາ ປຸຣິສສ຺ສ ໂຫຕິ
ໂນເຈ ອສ຺ສທ຺ຘິຍມວຕິຏ຺ຐຕິ
ຍໂສ ຈ ກິຕ຺ຕີ ຈ ຕຕ຺າສ຺ສ ໂຫຕິ
ສຄ຺ຄຓ຺ ຈ ໂສ ຄຈຉຕິ ສຣີຣໍ ປຫາຍາຕິ

saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti noce assaddhiyamavatiṭṭhati yaso ca kittī ca tatvassa hoti saɡɡaṇ ca so ɡacchati sarīraṃ pahāyāti.

Lao script form of tatvassa (“therefore”)


นโม

นโม ตสฺส ภควโต อรหโต สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺธสฺส

2005, บุญคิด วัชรศาสตร์, ภาษาเมืองล้านนา [The Language of Mueang Lanna] (overall work in Thai), Chiang Mai: Tharatong Print Shop, →ISBN, page 187:

Honour to the Blessed One, the Exalted One, the fully Enlightened One

namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa


ᩍᨲᩥᨷᩥ

ᩍᨲᩥᨷᩥ ᩈᩮᩣ ᨽᨣᩅᩤ ᩋᩁᩉᩴ ᩈᨾ᩠ᨾᩣᩈᨾᩛᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩮᩤ, ᩅᩥᨩ᩠ᨩᩣᨧᩁᨱᩈᨾ᩠ᨷᨶ᩠ᨶᩮᩣ ᩈᩩᨣᨲᩮᩣ ᩃᩮᩣᨠᩅᩥᨴᩪ, ᩋᨶᩩᨲ᩠ᨲᩁᩮᩣ ᨷᩩᩁᩥᩈᨴᨾ᩠ᨾᩈᩣᩁᨳᩥ ᩈᨲ᩠ᨳᩣ, ᨴᩮᩅᨾᨶᩩᩔᩣᨶᩴ ᨻᩩᨾ᩠ᨵᩮᩤ ᨽᨣᩅᩤᨲᩥ.

Surely, he is a blessed one, an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened, endowed with knowledge and good behaviour, faring well, knowing the universe, an unequalled driver of men who need taming, teacher of gods and men, a buddha, the Blessed One.

itipi so bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū, anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā, devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti.

Tai Tham script form of itipi (“indeed”)


สมฺมา

นโม ตสฺส ภควโต อรหโต สมฺมาสมฺพุทฺธสฺส


przecie

From earlier przedsię, from Old Polish przedsie.

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɛ/


なも

(archaic) sentence-ending particle indicating light emotion


なも

Japanese: なむ (namu → nan)

, text here
何時奈毛不戀有登者雖不有得田直比来戀之繁母
itu pa namo ko₁pi₂zu ari to₂ pa aranedo₂ mo utate ko₂no₂ ko₂ro₂ ko₁pi₂ si sige₂si mo

, text here
三輪山乎然毛隠賀雲谷裳情有南畝可苦佐布倍思哉
Mi₁wa-yama wo sika mo kakusu ka kumo dani mo ko₂ko₂ro₂ aranamo kakusapube₂si ya
Hiding Miwa Mountain like that! I wish at least the clouds had hearts. Should the clouds continue hiding the mountain?


สทา

(๗) วนฺทามิ เจติยํ สพฺพํ สพฺพฏฺฐาเนสุ ปติฏฺฐิตา สรีรธาตุ มหาโพธึ พุทฺธรูปํ สกลํ สทา นาคโลเก เทวโลเก พฺรหฺมโลเก ชมฺพูทีเป ลงฺกาทีเป สรีรธาตุโย เกสาธาตุโย อรหนฺตธาตุโย เจติยํ คนฺธกุฏึ จตุราสีติสหสฺเส ธมฺมกฺขนฺเธ สพฺเพสํ ปาตเจติยํ อหํ วนฺทามิ สพฺพโส

2005, บุญคิด วัชรศาสตร์, ภาษาเมืองล้านนา [The Language of Mueang Lanna] (overall work in Thai), Chiang Mai: Tharatong Print Shop, →ISBN, page 189:

I always pay homage to every shrine that may stand in any place, the bodily relics, the Bo-tree and all images of the Buddha in the Naga realm, the Deva realm, the Brahma realm, India, and Sri Lanka; I pay homage in every way to the bodily relics, the hair relics, the relics of the arahats, the shrine, the room occupied by the Buddha, the eighty four thousand suttas and all the sacred footprints.

(7) vandāmi cetiyaṃ sabbaṃ sabbaṭṭhānesu patiṭṭhitā sarīradhātu mahābodhiṃ buddharūpaṃ sakalaṃ sadā nāgaloke devaloke brahmaloke jambūdīpe laṅkādīpe sarīradhātuyo kesādhātuyo arahantadhātuyo cetiyaṃ gandhakuṭiṃ caturāsītisahasse dhammakkhandhe sabbesaṃ pādacetiyaṃ ahaṃ vandāmi sabbaso


ᩈᨴᩤ

(᪗) ᩅᨶ᩠ᨴᩣᨾᩥ ᨧᩮᨲᩥᨿᩴ ᩈᨻᩛᩴ ᩈᨻᩛᨭᩛᩣᨶᩮᩈᩩ ᨷᨲᩥᨭᩛᩥᨲᩣ ᩈᩁᩦᩁᨵᩤᨲᩩ
ᨾᩉᩣᨻᩮᩥᩴ᩠ᨵᩣ ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩁᩪᨷᩴ ᩈᨠᩃᩴ ᩈᨴᩤ ᨶᩣᨣᩃᩮᩣᨠᩮ ᨴᩮᩅᩃᩮᩣᨠᩮ ᨻᩕᩉ᩠ᨾ
ᩃᩮᩣᨠᩮ ᨩᨾᩛᩪᨴᩦᨷᩮ ᩃᩘᨠᩣᨴᩦᨷᩮ ᩈᩁᩦᩁᨵᩤᨲᩩᨿᩮᩣ ᨠᩮᩈᩣᨵᩤᨲᩩᨿᩮᩣ
ᩋᩁᩉᨶ᩠ᨲᩣ¹ᨵᩤᨲᩩᨿᩮᩣ ᨧᩮᨲᩥᨿᩴ ᨣᨶ᩠ᨵᨠᩩᨭᩥᩴ ᨧᨲᩩᩁᩣᩈᩦᨲᩥᩈᩉᩔᩮ ᨵᨾ᩠ᨾᨠ᩠ᨡᨶ᩠ᨵᩮ
ᩈᨻᩛᩮᩈᩴ ᨷᩤᨴᨧᩮᨲᩥᨿᩴ ᩋᩉᩴ ᩅᨶ᩠ᨴᩣᨾᩥ ᩈᩘᨻᩛᩈᩮᩣ²
¹Treated as a typo for ᩋᩁᩉᨶ᩠ᨲ below.
²Treated as a typo for ᩈᨻᩛᩈᩮᩣ below.


𑀫𑀸

Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)

Apabhramsa: म (ma) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀅 (māia), 𑀫𑀸𑀇 (māi), 𑀫𑀇𑀅 (maïa)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)

Takka Apabhramsa:

Old Punjabi: ਮਤ (mata), ਮਤਿ (mati), ਮਤੁ (matu)

Punjabi: mat

Gurmukhi script: ਮਤ

Shahmukhi script: مَت

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَتان, مَتَڻ, مَتُڻِ

Devanagari script: मतां, मतण, मतुणि

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani: mat

Hindi: मत

Urdu: مَت (mat)

PIE word
 *meh₁
From Sanskrit मा (mā́). Cognate with Pali mā, Gandhari 𐨨 (ma).


حاشا

ar-particle

حَاشَا • (ḥāšā)

Compare, for the particle, Classical Syriac ܚܵܣ (ḥās, “God forbid”).
 Root
 ح ش و (ḥ š w)
 0 terms

cog

claimed by some to be more correct for the particle


حاشا

head

حاشا • (hâšâ)

حاشا که من به موسم گل ترک می کنم
من لاف عقل میزنم، این کار کی کنم

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 351”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

God forbid that I refrain from wine in the season of the rose;
How could I do such a thing, when I boast of my rationality?

hāšā ki man ba mawsim-i gul tark-i may kunam
man lāf-i aql mē-zanam, īn kār kay kunam

(literary, with که) God forbid, heaven forbid, far be it...


gó

marks the subject of the sentence as plural


ເຈົ້າຂ້ານ້ອຍ

lo-part

ເຈົ້າຂ້ານ້ອຍ • (chao khān ʼa nya)

[t͡ɕaw˥˨.kʰaː˧˩.nɔːj˥˨]

[t͡ɕaw˧˦.kʰaː˥˥˨.nɔːj˧˦]

ເຈົ້າ-ຂ້າ-ນ້ອຍ

From ເຈົ້າ (chao) + ຂ້ານ້ອຍ (khān ʼa nya).
Compare Thai เจ้าข้า (jâo-kâa)


ເຈົ້າຂະນ້ອຍ

ເຈົ້າ-ຂະ-ນ້ອຍ

From ເຈົ້າ (chao) + ຂະນ້ອຍ (khan ʼa nya).
Compare Thai เจ้าค่ะ (jâo-kâ)


มั๊ย

th-particle

มั๊ย • (mái)

มั้ย มั้ย#Thai


hapi

Wiyus òk hapi kèchëp.


נאַ

here is, here are (takes the accusative)


οὐκί

grc-particle

οὐκί • (oukí)


será que

Será que fantasmas existem?

Do you think ghosts are real / Could it be that ghosts are real?

Será que o candidato X vai ganhar a eleição?

Will candidate X win the elections / Is it possible for candidate X to win the elections?

Used to introduce a dubitative yes-or-no question, especially one that the second person might not have a solid or simple answer to.


cî

Interrogative particle, forming yes/no questions


тян

Borrowed from Japanese ちゃん (-chan, diminutive suffix), originally through anime fandom.


literalnie

(literary) exactly, precisely (used to provide emphasis)


ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ

(used after the dative case or participle) like, as, seems as if


হ্যাঁ

head

হ্যাঁ • (hễ)

A colloquial variant of the now rarer হাঁ (hã) with nasal coloring increasing vowel height (compare ন্যাংটা (nêṅṭa), from earlier নাংটা (naṅṭa), and ব্যাঁকা (bễka) from বাঁকা (bãka)) from Prakrit *𑀳𑀸𑀁 (*hāṃ), from Sanskrit आम् (ām, “yes”), probably related to or a variant of ॐ (óṃ), with contamination of the emphatic particle ह (ha) and/or the verb 𑀳𑁄𑀇 (hoi) (whence হওয়া (hoōẇa)). Cognate with Odia ହଁ (hã), Hindustani ہاں / हाँ (hā̃), Gujarati હાં (hā̃), Marwari हां (hā̃), Nepali हाँ (hā̃), Marathi हां (hā̃), Punjabi ਹਾਂ (hā̃), Khowar ہا (hā). Doublet of হ (ho) and আঁ (ã), a variant unaffected by the contamination.


һуок

From Proto-Turkic *yōk (“is not, there is not”). Cognate with Tuvan чок (çok), Kazakh жоқ (joq), etc.

inh

аата һуок чөмүйэ

ring finger (literally, “the nameless finger”)


அக்கு

ta-part

அக்கு • (akku)


θην

grc-particle

θην • (thēn)

(enclitic, chiefly Epic and Doric) doubtless, surely, forsooth


θήν

θήν • (thḗn)


zali

(archaic) used to ask the listener for confirmation of or agreement with a statement; isn't it?; isn't it so?; right?


အတိုင်း

particle infixed between nouns to effect a simile


kọ

Èmi kọ́ ló ṣe é!

a negation particle, used specifically with emphatic pronouns and nouns

Irun kọ́, ọ̀run ni

a negation particle, used with ni to create sarcastic statements


إذما

ar-particle

إِذْمَا • (ʔiḏmā)

إِذْمَا (canonical)
ʔiḏmā (romanization)

إِذْ (ʔiḏ) + مَا (mā).

af

إِذْ (ʔiḏ) + مَا (mā)

Unknown
وَإِنَّكَ إِذْمَا تَأْتِ مَا أَنْتَ آمِرٌ / بِهِ تُلْفِ مَنْ إيَّاهُ تَأْمُرُ آتِيَا
waʔinnaka ʔiḏmā taʔti mā ʔanta ʔāmirun / bihi tulfi man ʔiyyāhu taʔmuru ʔātiyā

And surely, whenever you come (act upon) what you are ordering, you will find the one you ordered coming (acting upon said order).


yoʻq

From Old Turkic 𐰖𐰸 (yok, “no; is not, there is not”), from Proto-Turkic *yōk (“no; is not, there is not”).

inh

Bu sahifada hozircha hech qanday matn yoʻq.


ᥕᥝᥳ

perfective particle for finished action.


ᥞᥪᥴ

interrogative particle for yes-no question.


habo

bcl-head

habô (plural harabo, Basahan spelling ᜑᜊᜓ)


wszakże

after all; indicates a statement is true regardless of other considerations; used to reinforce or explain a point


wszak

Inherited from Old Polish wszako, from Proto-Slavic *vьśako.


'sé

’Sé dubhairt sí leis an tiománach—“Stad do chuid déanamh grinn ⁊ magaidh ormsa.”

1894 March 5, Peadar Mac Fionnlaoigh, “An rí nach robh le fagháil bháis”, in Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge, volume 1:5, Dublin: Gaelic Union, pages 185–88:

It is what she said to the driver: “Leave off your merry-making and don’t be mocking me.”


だぉ

BARギコっぽいONLINE https://web.archive.org/web/20220404071847/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/iccanobif/gikopoi2/master/static/rooms/kaidan/background.svg
祝だぉ 30 時間配信達成
shuku dao sanjū jikan haishin tassei
30 hours of broadcasts achieved!!!

(2channel slang) Alternative form of だよ (da yo)


-k(ä)

Related to Tocharian B -k(ä), but otherwise uncertain. Possibly related to the final syllable in Lithuanian jeigu (“if”), but also possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“copulative particle”).


-k(ä)

Related to Tocharian A -k(ä), but otherwise uncertain. Possibly related to the final syllable in Lithuanian jeigu (“if”), but also possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“copulative particle”).


كأين

ar-particle

كَأَيِّنْ • (kaʔayyin)

كَأَيِّنْ (canonical)
kaʔayyin (romanization)

Univerbation of كَـ (ka-) + أَيٍّ (ʔayyin)

univerbation

وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ قَرْيَةٍ هِيَ أَشَدُّ قُوَّةً مِنْ قَرْيَتِكَ الَّتِي أَخْرَجَتْكَ أَهْلَكْنَاهُمْ فَلَا نَاصِرَ لَهُمْ

wakaʔayyin min qaryatin hiya ʔašaddu quwwatan min qaryatika llatī ʔaḵrajatka ʔahlaknāhum falā nāṣira lahum


使鬼

/sɐi̯³⁵ kʷɐi̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯³⁵ kʷɐi̯³⁵/

使鬼同佢講？

使鬼同佢讲？

(Cantonese) why the hell; what damn need is there (→ there is no damn need)


gidh

Ulster form of cé: only used in gidh go and gidh nach


ikkää

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Illativa näyttää määrää, mihe mikä ikkää luku noisoo.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 73:

The illative denotes the degree, to which some amount rises.


使撚

/sɐi̯³⁵ lɐn³⁵/

/sɐi̯³⁵ lɐn³⁵/

使撚同佢講？

使撚同佢讲？

(Cantonese, vulgar) why the fuck; what fucking need is there (→ there is no fucking need)


чок

From Proto-Turkic *yōk (“is not; there is not”). Cognate with Khakas чох (çox), Yakut суох (suoq), Kazakh жоқ (joq), Turkish yok.


ᠵᠠᡴᠠ

ᡥᡡᡩᠠᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᡩᠠᠯᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᠠᡶᠠᠮᡝ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ᠈
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡨᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᠰᠠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈
ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠮᡝ
ᠰᡝᠰᡠᠯᠠᡥᠠᡳ
ᠪᡳ᠉

1848, Pu Songling, translated by Jakdan, 擇飜聊齋志異/Sonjofi ubaliyambuha liyoo jai jy i bithe [Selected Short Stories by Liao Zhai in translation]:

When the businessman went ashore (lit, "at the time he went ashore"), he saw a young man. Seeing that, he was startled.

hūdai niyalma dalan de tafame jaka, emu asihata be sabufi, tuwame sesulahai bi.

(after the infinitive) Used to indicate an event, case, occasion, moment, or a specific period in time.


རྣམས

From རྣམ་པ (rnam pa, “piece”). The ས suffix may suggest "piece by piece".

ལུག་རྣམས་གཡས་ཕྱོགས་དང་ར་མ་རྣམས་གཡོན་ཕྱོགས་སུ་ཡོད་པར་བྱེད་དོ༎

And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left.

lug rnams g.yas phyogs dang ra ma rnams g.yon phyogs su yod par byed do.


yə

Gaə̂ yɔ́ mō yə e vʉsí áá.


wpół

something has the feature in question to a degree too small to say with certainty that it has it; there is something that makes it possible to say that it does not have the feature; not quite


غادي

ary-particle

غادي • (ḡādi)

From Arabic غَادِي (ḡādī), derived from the active participle of غَدَا (ḡadā).

inh

Arabic غَادِي (ḡādī)

غادي ناكل فهداك المطعم.

added to a non-past verb form to express future tense: will


deyəsən

From second-person singular subjunctive of demək (“to say”). Compare görəsən (“I wonder”).

Deyəsən heç vecivə də deyiləm! (colloquial)

It seems like you don't care about me at all!

Yadına düşdü ki, dünən Bəsti bir gözünün görmədiyindən şikayətlənirdi, deyəsən, bu artıq onun yadından çıxmışdı.

2018 February 6, “Narazı qonşu”, in Steemit:

She remembered that Bəsti was complaining that she wasn't able to see out of one of her eyes yesterday, it seemed that she had already forgotten that.


görəsən

[d͡ʒœˈræsæn]

From second-person singular subjunctive of görmək (“to see”). Compare deyəsən (“it seems like”).

Görəsən, atası havaxt qayıdır? (colloquial)

I wonder, it would be interesting to know


əlgʷə

they, them, their, theirs (optional third-person plural predicate particle)


ʔal

tupigʷədəxʷ ʔal tiʔiɬ


нали

head

нали́ • (nalí)

From Proto-Slavic *neli. Altered under the influence of дали (dali).

Нали го знаеш?

Нали разбра условието?

You understood the requirement, didn't you?

Нали ще слушаш?

You are going to listen (to be obedient), aren't you?

interrogative particle: introduces a question, in which the speaker expects an affirmative response: right?

Той беше готов да отговори веднага. Та нали това му е специалността!

He was ready to reply immediately, since this (topic/question) was within his sphere of expertise.

Toj beše gotov da otgovori vednaga. Ta nali tova mu e specialnostta!

Лесно е да искаш туй и онуй, когато си дете. Нали някой друг плаща!

It's easy to ask for things, when you are kid. After all, someone else pays!

Lesno e da iskaš tuj i onuj, kogato si dete. Nali njakoj drug plašta!

emphatic particle: expresses or introduces new relevant information/evidence: after all, given that

Нали резултатът беше сигурен! Защо не се получи?

The (promised) outcome was supposed to be certain! Why didn't it occur?

Nali rezultatǎt beše siguren! Zašto ne se poluči?

Нали си учен! Защо питаш мен?

You are the smart one! Why do you ask me?

interrogative-emphatic particle: expresses irritation or scepticism


sixʷ

bəʔaʔitəb sixʷ

as usual, over again (modal particle, usually in predicate, though occasionally in complement. Sometimes connotes annoyance or exaspiration with recurrence)


пък

From Proto-Slavic *pьkъ. Originally a discourse marker, related to Bulgarian по (po, “at, upon”), па (pa, “so, afterwards”).

аз пък не зна́ех

няма пък

emphatic participle for expressing emphasis: well, anyway, even so

тоз пък

ти пък

какво пък

как пък

emphatic participle for reinforcing demonstrative or interrogative pronouns: hell, damn, for all the world


ʔə

about, as, in, of, by, on, into, onto, over, when, while (particle linking phrases of various semantic roles to a predicate or other clause constituent)


atla

Atla taamna piñiġiñ.


aasriiñ

Pamiuqtaq aŋuniaqtuq aŋŋutinik aasriiñ niksiksuġiaqhuni suli.


ałła

Ałła taamna.


aliści

Aliści już w pierwszym starciu ponieśli klęskę.

They had already lost in the first scuffle.

(archaic) used to reinforce a point, usually expressing dissimilarity


bố nó

[ʔɓo˧˦ nɔ˧˦]

[ʔɓow˨˩˦ nɔ˨˩˦]

[ʔɓow˦˥ nɔ˦˥]

Sao không làm bố nó đi !

Oh for heaven's sake, just do it already!

Thằng ôn dịch đó làm hỏng bố nó rồi !

(Northern Vietnam, sentence-final) conveys annoyance or regret


ини

баран көрүөх бэйэм ини

(with the -ан form of a word) have to, must


хоч

for example, even, you may, might as well


aghan

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *à-ɓã. A distinctive marker of Proto-Itsekiri-SEY from Proto-Yoruba is the lack of differing second and third person plural pronouns. This distinction continues in the present in Itsekiri and amongst all Southeast Yoruba varieties except Ìjẹ̀bú, which uses ẹ̀wẹn and ọ̀wọn, respectively. Cognates include Itsekiri aghan, Yoruba àwọn, Ìjẹ̀bú Yoruba ọ̀wọn, Ifè àŋa, Igala àma, Olukumi àwan, Àhàn xà, Èkìtì Yoruba ị̀n-ọn

Àghan àdúmáadán yí éè mà bí Èdùmàrè se húre ghan ― These dark and shining men are unaware how the Creator blessed them (Ìkálẹ̀ variety)

(Ilajẹ, Ikalẹ, Usẹn, Ondo, Ọwọ) Precedes a noun to mark it as plural.


bynnag

From Old Welsh pinnac, from Proto-Brythonic *pɨnnag, from Proto-Celtic *kʷinnakos. Cognate with Breton bennak (“any, some”).

-ever, soever, follows interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns


ahpami

Cognate with Munsee apaamu (“about, around, here and there”)


միթե

head

միթե • (mitʻe)

hy-particle

միթե • (mitʻe)

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian միթէ (mitʻē), from մի (mi) + թէ (tʻē). Compare the similar development in Georgian ნუთუ (nutu).

learned borrowing

Մի՞թե սա է ճիշտը։

Մի՞թե վերջին պոետն եմ ես,
Վերջին երգիչն իմ երկրի
Mitʻe verǰin poetn em es,

is it possible? could it be so? whether? really?


or not

Influenced by Chinese 是不是 (shìbùshì, “whether or not”), forming a question, and similar interrogative expressions with 不, 無／无, 唔 and other dialectal synonyms.

der

You want to go see snow or not, Ma?

2009, Jean Tay, Boom, Epigram Books, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:

Can or not ?

2020 January 26, JustGreat, “I ordered Pizza Hut”, in SG Talk:

(Singapore, Malaysia, colloquial) Final interrogative particle, forming a yes/no question from a declarative statement.


przeto

Inherited from Old Polish prze to. By surface analysis, prze- + to.


nâ

Alternative form of na: emphatic particle


ето

head

е́то • (éto)

е́то ме


òkai

Kshihële na chëmamës òkai wikwahëmink.

Okai òtaèsàk


ìli

Ìli ki kàski në laihòsin.

Mata ìli ktaptiksi na lënu ènta kiskhakwèt.

That man didn't even get sweaty when he chopped wood.


yukwe

Yukwe ènta opànk.

Yukwe ènta kishkwik.


èkwii

èkwii hìtkunk

Èkwii èhèntalipwinkink ntatun.


èt

Kahta èt kawi.

Kahta èt mpi mëne.


kixki

Cognates with Mohegan-Pequot kuski (“near, by, next to”), Munsee kíixkii (“near”), Mahican kaaxwe (“near, close”). Possibly cognate with Malecite-Passamaquoddy qihiw (“near, close”), Menominee kaeqceh (“close to, close by, near”). May be related to Proto-algonquian *čiᐧki (“close to, near”).

cog

with locative

with conjunct
Kixki wikia mënëpèkwtët hate.
There is a small lake near where I live

with verbs of being, staying
Nuhëm kixki wiku
My grandmother lives nearby


𐌸𐌴𐌹

From Proto-Germanic *þī, earlier *tey, a locative or instrumental formation to the base of Proto-Indo-European *só. Related to Latin sic.

𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍈𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌿𐌸, 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌿𐌸.

But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee. (KJV)

akei jah nu wait ei þisƕah þei bidjis guþ, gibiþ þus guþ.


wënchi

From Proto-Algonquian *wenči (“whence, from, because”).

inh

Tàxën luwàneyunk wënchi.

Osi hàkink wënchi pe na awèn.

Ku nuwatuu wënchi.

Nal në wënchi yukwe mèchi nhakatàmëneyo.

That is the reason why they still use it.


nèsko

Konaèt xu sukëlan nèsko piskèke.

Perhaps it will rain before it gets dark.

Utènink xu nta shùkw nèsko paxàkwe.

I will go into town, but it is not yet afternoon.


mayay

Cognate with Munsee mayáawii (“true, real”).

Mayay ta wëlamëwe.


nahnalii

Awéen há ná náhnalii éenda-lalóhkeet?


ngumee

Cognate with Unami nkëme (“always, all the time”).


ènta

Ènta alëmskat wëneyoo nèl lënuwa.

Ènta xitkwèk tòpineyo nèk namèsàk.

Where it is deep is where the fish are located.


eeskwa

éeskwaa nŭmiitsíiwi.


nkëme

Nkëme mikëmòsu.


lòkwënëwi

Cognate with Munsee wŭlaakwŭnúwii (“during the evening”).


wshaype

Cognate with Unami shohpe (“the shore, at the shore”).


shòwi

Cognate with Munsee wsháyee (“on the edge of something”).


wteeng

Wtéeng nóom.


shaunke

Cognate with Munsee wsháyaawúnge (“edge of a hill”).


apchi

Probably from Proto-Algonquian *axpeneᐧwe (“always”). Cognate with Mahican ãapchew (“always”).


èshi

Èshi sikònk hakihe.


kèxiti

* /kèxi/ (root): to be few, be so many
* /-ti/ (suffix): diminutive suffix

Kèxiti mah sukëlan lòkëwe.


miingasa

better condition, improved condition, better state


alàshi

Alàshi tipas ènta sisënikèt.

Like a chicken when it is scratching (the ground).


làhpi

Alëwii a làhpi kishënakwsihëna wichëmëkwenke.

Our work would go more quickly if we had help.


lëkhìkwi

Possibly cognate with Munsee lukíhkwi (“extent, volume, amount”).


ikali

Ikali wehènchiopànk hate utènetët luwènsik Grove.

Toward the east there is a little town named Grove.

Ikali machi!


èlii

Cognate with Munsee éeylii (“both”), Mahican aayneewe (“both”). Possibly cognate with Ojibwe eyiizh (“both”).


alëwii

Cognate with Mahican aanweewe (“more”), Massachusett ánue (“more”), Munsee alúwii (“more, more than”), Mohegan-Pequot áyuwi (“more”), Menominee anīw (“more, farther, too much, beyond”), Montagnais anu (“more”).


သည့်

(literary) particle suffixed to a word to form an adjective


တဲ့

(colloquial) suffixed to a word to form an adjective

(colloquial) suffixed to a phrase or sentence to denote reported speech


txapxki

From
* /tx-: so many, so much, a certain number
* /-apxki/: hundred, hundreds

pèshkunk txapxki


txën

From tx- (“so many, so much, a certain number”) + -n (inanimate) (inanimate final with a number signifies that amount of times).

af

pèshkunk txën alëmuxwe.

times, occurrences, so many times (with numeral)


làpi

Xu làpi kpa.


อะ

ทำไรอะ

ไม่กินอะ

น่ารักอะ

เลวอะ

จริงอะ

แบบนี้อะ

(childish) used at the end of an expression for emphasis.


աջաբ

head

աջաբ • (aǰab)

hy-particle

աջաբ • (aǰab)

From Middle Armenian աճապ (ačap), from Ottoman Turkish عجب (acep), from Arabic عَجَب (ʕajab).

աճապ․ սէ
ačap; sē
աճապ (ačap) = se

ca. 1680–1684, Baṙ girg taliani [An Armenian–Italian Dictionary published in Venice] page 5


𐤀𐤉𐤕

Punic: 𐤀𐤕 (ʾt)

Used to introduce a semantically definite direct object.


невже

head

невже́ • (nevžé)

Univerbation of не (ne, “not”) + вже (vže, “already”), a form of уже́ (užé) after vowels. Cognates include Russian неуже́ли (neužéli), Belarusian няўжо́ (njaŭžó)

Невже́ ти забу́в мене́?


хіба

хіба́ • (xibá)

Хіба́ то́лькі цуд мо́г яго́ вы́ратаваць.

Маразы́ быва́юць хіба́ то́лькі ў го́рах, ...

1924, Mikałaj Azbukin, Географія Эўропы, page 123:

Frosts occur maybe only in the mountains, ...

Marazý byvájucʹ xibá tólʹki ŭ hórax, ...

Хіба́ ты не пла́ціш пада́ткі?

Хіба́ ты ве́даеш?

Хіба́ ты мо́жаш не́шта як след зрабі́ць?

as if (something that the speaker deems highly unlikely), used to express strong doubt in something when asking a (possibly rhetorical) question


хіба

хіба́ • (xibá)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xyba. Doublet of хи́ба (xýba).


-더레

to (in the direction of, and arriving at)


-신디

그 사름신디 ᄀᆞᆯ읍디가?


poza tym

(idiomatic) besides (used to add an aside or warning to a text)


jak to

denotes perceived obviousness of something; as


がな

particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.)


කථං

54. කටඤ්ච අම්බට්ඨ භික්ඛු ඉන්ද්රියෙසු ගුත්තද්වාරො හොති? ඉධ
අම්බට්ඨ භික්ඛු චක්ඛුනා රූපං දිස්වා න නිමිත්තග්ගාහි හොති නානුබ්යඤ්ජ-
නග්ගාහි. යත්වාධිරණමෙතං චක්ඛුන්ද්රියං අසංවුතං විහරන්තං අභිජ්ඣා-
දොමනස්සා පාපකා අකුසලා ධම්මා අන්වාස්සවෙය්යුං තස්ස සංවරාය පටිපජ්ජති
රක්ඛති චක්ඛුන්ද්රියං, චක්ඛුන්ද්රියෙ සංවරං ආපඛජ්ජති

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 184:

54. And how, Ambattha, is the Bhikshu guarded as to the doors of his senses? When, Ambattha, he sees an object with his eye he is not entranced in the general appearance or the details of it. He sets himself to restrain that which might give occasion for evil states, covetousness and dejection, to flow in over him so long as he dwells unrestrained as to his sense of sight. He keeps watch upon his faculty of sight, and in the faculty he undergoes restraint.

54. Kathañca Ambaṭṭha bhikkhu indriyesu guttadvāro hoti? Idha Ambaṭṭha bhikkhu cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā na nimittaggāhī hoti nānubyañjanaggāhī. Yatvādhikaraṇametaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ tassa saṃvarāya paṭipajjati rakkhati cakkhundriyaṃ, cakkhundriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjati.


-마씨

Alternative form of 마씸 (-massim, polite particle)


آه

Perhaps cognate to Arabic يَا (yā, “vocative particle”).


آه

See also: مبلا (mbala)


-ᄁᆞ장

ᄁᆞ장 (canonical)
-kkawjang (romanization)

ᄁᆞ지 -ᄁᆞ지#Jeju


-부떰

(generally) Used to show when or where an action or situation started.


සද‍්ධිං

සද්ධිං (canonical)
saddhiṃ (romanization)

Sinhala script form of saddhiṃ (“together”)


üng

Akin to Burmese အင်း (ang:) and Cantonese 嗯 (ng).


ᚾᛁ

Old Norse: né
Icelandic: né

From Proto-Germanic *ne, cognate with Old English ne, Old Frisian ne, ni, Old Saxon ne, ni, Old Dutch ne, Old High German ni, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni).
The negative particle has disappeared in the later language, including classical Old Norse, except for the earliest poetry and in fossilized forms like nǫkkurr, neinn.

c. 200 AD, Thorsberg chape, found near Süderbrarup, Germany.
ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ / ᚾᛁ ᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ
owlþuþewaz / ni wajemāriz

Wolthuthewaz / not ill-famous [well-renowned]


ийе

Cognate with Bashkir эйе (eye, “yes”), Kazakh иә (iä, “yes”), Tatar әйе (äye, “yes”).


ニダ

From Korean ㅂ니다 (-mnida, “polite declarative suffix”). Compare Chinese 思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá).

zh-m

思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá)

独島は韓国の物ニダ。

(ethnic slur) Stereotypical sentence-final particle used in place of です (desu) to mock people of Korean descent.


nie ma co

(idiomatic) there is no use, there is no point, there is no sense

(colloquial, idiomatic) no question about it


අථ

11. අථ ඛො රාජා මාගධො අජාතසත්තු වෙදෙහිපුත්තො යාවතිකා නාගස්ස භූමි නාගෙන ගන්ත්වා නාගා පච්චොරොහිත්වා පත්තිකො ‘ව යෙන මණ්ඩලමාළස්ස ද්වාරං තෙනුපසඞ්කමි.

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 88:

11. And then indeed the king of Magadha, Ajatashatru, son of the woman from Videha, went by elephant as far as there was room for an elephant, then dismounted from the elephant, and then went on only on foot to where the door of the pavilion was.

11. atha kho rājā māgadho ajātasattu vedehiputto yāvatikā nāgassa bhūmi nāgena gantvā nāgā paccorohitvā pattiko ’va yena maṇḍalamāḷassa dvāraṃ tenupasaṅkami.

Sinhala script form of atha (“and then”)


නො

පුන ච පරං භන්තෙ, ඉමෙ ඉසිදත්තපුරාණා ථපතයො මමභත්තා
මමයානා අහං නෙසං ජීවිතස්ස පදාතා යසස්ස ආහත්තා අථ ච පන
නො තථා මයි නිපච්චාකාරං කරොන්ති යථා භගවති.

2006, The Fifth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (II), page 558:

Furthermore, sir, these chamberlains Isidatta and Purāṇa share my meals and my carriages. I give them a livelihood and bring them renown. And yet they don’t show me the same level of devotion that they show to the Buddha.

Puna ca paraṃ bhante, ime isidattapurāṇā thapatayo mamabhattā
mamayānā ahaṃ nesaṃ jīvitassa padātā yasassa āhattā atha ca pana
no tathā mayi nipaccākāraṃ karonti yathā bhagavati.

Sinhala script form of no (“surely not”)


bowiem

Inherited from Old Polish bowiem. By surface analysis, univerbation of bo + wiem.

surf

Near-synonyms: przecie, przecież, wszak, wszakże

(literary) as, because, for, which is why

Enim ‒ Bowiem.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 363a:

(Middle Polish) because; Further details are uncertain.


iidog

Aabiding iidog gii-pabimose 'aw mindimooyenh imaa miikanaang.

Once upon a time there was an old lady walking along on the road.


awọn

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *à-ɓã, see Itsekiri àghan, Ifè àŋa, Igala àma, Olukumi àwan, Àhàn xà


ၼႆ

reassure oneself about given information, when used interrogatively, reassure or repeat to an interlocutor of a message just said.


လႄႈ

head

လႄႈ • (lāae)

Cognate with Thai แล (lɛɛ), Lao ແລ (lǣ), Northern Thai ᩓ, Khün ᩓ, and Lü ᧞ (l̇ae).

a particle as an imperative particle used after a verb phrase


ပဵၼ်

ပဵၼ် • (pǎen)

From Proto-Tai *m̩.pelᴬ (“to be; to become”). Cognate with Thai เป็น (bpen), Lao ເປັນ (pen), Northern Thai ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ, Khün ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ, Lü ᦔᦲᧃ (ṗiin), Tai Nüa ᥙᥥᥢ (pen), Ahom 𑜈𑜢𑜃𑜫 (bin), Zhuang baenz, and Saek พั๊น.

a particle that indicates that it is possible to get something to happen.


ဝႃႈ

From Middle Chinese 話 (MC hwaejH). Cognate with Thai ว่า (wâa), Lao ວ່າ (wā), Northern Thai ᩅ᩵ᩤ, Khün ᩅ᩵ᩤ, Lü ᦞᦱᧈ (vaa¹), Tai Dam ꪫ꪿ꪱ, and Zhuang vah.


पन

या च पन सक्कतगन्थेसु समञ्ञा घोसाति वाघोसाति वा ता पयोगे सति एत्थापि पयुज्जते

c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar], page 6; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

And moreover that designation either 'voiced' or 'unvoiced' which is in Sanskrit texts is applied even here when there is occasion.

Yā ca pana sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vāghosāti vā tā payoge sati etthāpi payujjate.

Devanagari script form of pana (“but, moreover”)


adho

Inherited from Sanskrit अधः (adhaḥ), from Proto-Indo-European.


zaledwie

Borrowed from Polish zaledwie. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + ledwie.


zaledwie

→ Kashubian: zaledwie

→ Silesian: zaledwie

Univerbation of za + ledwie. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaledwie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


တီႈၶႃႈ

head

တီႈၶႃႈ • (tīi khāa)

/tiː˧˧˨.kʰaː˧˧˨/

တီႈ (tīi, “at, in, to”) + ၶႃႈ (khāa, “servant, slave, polite first person pronoun”). Compare the structure "preposition + self-deprecating pronoun" in Lao ໂດຍຂ້ານ້ອຍ (dōi khān ʼa nya).

af

(royal) a sentence ending showing formality and politeness, used when speaking to kings and princes


-아피

누게아피 줍디가?


-ᄒᆞ고

낭ᄒᆞ고 고장ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ 싱그라.


-ᄒᆞ고

Korean: 하고 (hago)


наче

head

на́че • (náče)

From earlier нена́че (nenáče), from не (ne) + іна́че (ináče).

af

не (ne) + іна́че (ináče)

Вона́ на́че хоті́ла щось сказа́ти.

It was as if she wanted to say something.

(it is/was/seems/seemed) as if, as though


მეთქი

ახლავე წადი! ახლავე წადი-მეთქი!

Go this instant! I said, go this instant!

Quotative particle. Used to repeat first person's words


თქო

წადი და მამას უთხარი, გელოდებით-თქო

Go and tell daddy (that I said) we are waiting for you

Quotative particle. Used to quote first person's words, which should be delivered to a third person by the second person.


अथ

अथ सब्बासं विभत्तीनं यानि यानि पुब्बानि छ पदानि तानि तानि परस्सपदसञ्ञानि होन्ति।

c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar], page 250; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

Then whatever are the first six endings of all the endings, they are called the active endings.

Atha sabbāsaṃ vibhattīnaṃ yāni yāni pubbāni cha padāni, tāni tāni parassapadasaññāni honti.

Devanagari script form of atha (“moreover”)


अथ

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”), from Proto-Indo-European *áth₂o/*áth₂u (“but in addition”), a compound of the particles *át (“but”) + *h₂o (“beside”), cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa), 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā), Hittite addu (“but, furthermore”), Latin at (“but”), and maybe Celtiberian ata (“but, furthermore”).

inh

a particle used at the beginning of a passage

न चेन् मुनिकुमारो ऽयम् अथ को ऽस्य व्यपदेशः ।

c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Abhijñānaśākuntalam Act 7

If this one is not a son of the muni (sage), then what family is his?

na cen munikumāro ʼyam atha ko ʼsya vyapadeśaḥ.

अथ चेत्


йўқ

Cyrillic spelling of yoʻq (“there is no; no; nope”)


acz

Polish: acz

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ače. First attested in the 14th century.

Kako wyele maya bycz przyszasznykow na nyem: acz gych mnyey nye moze bicz albo acz gych nye wyaczey trzebą kv wszelkyey rzeczy?

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, volume VI, page 381:

Iednøø przisøgl iesm w swøtem moiem: acz Dawidem selszø?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 88, 35:

Przyszla... vmarlego zona... y pythala, acz ona nye gest blysza kv dokazanyv

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 79:

Ya *chiczi thu otpoveczecz podle *møch listow papeskych, aczesz mi thi *moczon sandczicz o me prawo pape[s]ke

1872 [1402], Konstanty Małkowski, editor, Przegląd najdawniejszych pomników języka polskiego, page 119:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland


acz

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

Queis, ablativus, Acz.

Caeteroquin – Acz

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 149b:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


-이서

ᄒᆞᆨ게서 공븨ᄒᆞ게


tơlơi

nominalizer tơlơi + hơdip (to live) = life


-ᄃᆞᆶ

Korean: 들 (deul)


дык

Probably borrowed from Russian дык (dyk).

дык, паленат вет, молан шӱшкылт пуренат?

so, you knew about it, why did you meddle?

dyk, paĺenat vet, molan šüškylt purenat?


lajt

(slang) no problem, without any problems


mianowicie

Inherited from Old Polish mianowicie. By surface analysis, mianowity + -ie.

Near-synonyms: a więc, czyli, eo ipso, inaczej, inaczej mówiąc, innymi słowy, jednym słowem, krótko mówiąc, przeto, słowem, tedy, to jest, toteż, to znaczy, tym samym, więc, w takim razie, w takim układzie, zatem, znaczy, znaczy się


-마씀

Sentence-final particle for verbs and adjectives in the polite speech level.


どんくらい

どれくらい どれくらい#Japanese

(informal) Alternative form of どれくらい (dore kurai)


-ш

Inherited from Old Slovak -si, from Proto-Slavic *sь. Cognate with Belarusian and Ukrainian -сь (-sʹ), Polish -ś, Czech and Slovak -si.

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun#English

appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns; some-


𑀘𑁂𑀯

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva)

desctree

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia), 𑀘𑁂𑀅 (cea), 𑀘𑀺𑀬 (ciya), 𑀘𑁂𑀬 (ceya), 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva) — Jain Māhārāṣṭrī
Konkani: -c (suffix used to denote emphasis)
Devanagari script: -च
Kannada script: -ಚ್
Latin script: -ch
Old Marathi:
Devanagari script: -च (-ca), -चि (-ci)
Modi script: -𑘓 (-ca), -𑘓𑘲 (-cī)
Marathi: -च (-ca)
→ Hindi: -ईच (-īc) (dialectal)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀘𑁂𑀅 (cea)

From Sanskrit चैव (caiva), from च (ca) + एव (evá). By surface analysis, 𑀘 (ca) + 𑀏𑀯 (eva).


-라우

돈을 어찌게 벌어라우?

1984 May 14, 정순종 [jeongsunjong], “말 한마디로 건진 목숨 [mal hanmadiro geonjin moksum]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라북도 정주시 (현 정읍시) 연지동 [jeollabukdo jeongjusi (hyeon jeong'eupsi) yeonjidong]:

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이라우 (-irau, politeness-marking particle (Jeolla dialect)).


giiwenh

Mewinzha giiwenh gaawiin ogii-siigwebinanziinaawaa ziinzibaakwadwaaboo.

It's said that long ago they never spilled any sap.


gaawiin ingodinoo

I don't care, no matter, forget about it

Gaawiin ingodinoo wiidookaazoyan.


gaawesaa

Gaawesaa. Gaawiin ningii'-mikawaasii.


təkcə

Zalda təkcə iki nəfər qalmışdı.

There were only two people left in the room.

Bu təkcə mənim fikrimdir.

Təkcə sağalaydı.

if only s/he got well again; the only thing I wish/that matters is that s/he gets well again


gvaq

Used after a verb to indicate that the verb's action has the effect of moving across something: across; over

Used after a verb to indicate that the verb's action is completed: already

Used after a verb to indicate that the verb's action or circumstance has occurred: already; before

Used after an adjective to indicate a comparison: more ... than

Used after a verb to indicate that the verb's action is enough to match or exceed the object


𑀘𑀺𑀅

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चिअ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಚಿಅ</i>

pra-head

𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia) (Devanagari चिअ, Kannada ಚಿಅ) (Māhārāṣṭrī)

cia (romanization)
चिअ (Devanagari)
ಚಿಅ (Kannada)
Māhārāṣṭrī (romanization)

desc

Konkani: -c (suffix used to denote emphasis)

Devanagari script: -च

Kannada script: -ಚ್

Latin script: -ch

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: -च (-ca), -चि (-ci)

Modi script: -𑘓 (-ca), -𑘓𑘲 (-cī)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀅 (cea), Ardhamagadhi Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva).

inh+

𑀅𑀫𑀅-𑀫𑀅 𑀕𑀅𑀡-𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀭 𑀭𑀅𑀡𑀻-𑀫𑀼𑀳-𑀢𑀺𑀮𑀅 𑀘𑀁𑀤 𑀤𑁂 𑀙𑀺𑀯𑀲𑀼
𑀙𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀚𑁂𑀳𑀺 𑀧𑀺𑀅𑀅𑀫𑁄 𑀫𑀫𑀁-𑀧𑀺 𑀢𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁-𑀘𑀺𑀅 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁
amaa-maa gaaṇa-sehara raaṇī-muha-tilaa caṃda de chivasu

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 16

Sweet moon, crest jewel of the sky, beauty spot on the face of night,
Touch me with the very same rays with which you’ve touched my most dearly beloved.

chitto jehi piaamo mamaṃ-pi tehiṃ-cia karehiṃ


-च

head

-च • (-ca) (Latin script -ch, Kannada script -ಚ)

-ca (romanization)
-ch (Latin character)
-ಚ (Kannada character)

From Maharastri Prakrit 𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva), from Sanskrit चैव (caiva), from च (ca) + एव (evá). Cognate with Marathi -च (-ċ).

होच म्हजो भाव

हांव केन्नाच मुंबई वचूंना


-च

→ Hindi: -ईच (-īc) (dialectal)

Inherited from Old Marathi -𑘓 (-ca), -𑘓𑘲 (-cī), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva), from Sanskrit चैव (caiva), from च (ca) + एव (evá). Cognate with Konkani -च (-ċ). Comparable in function to Gujarati જ (ja), Hindi ही (hī).

हेच माझं कुटुंब आहे.


नो

Pali: no

From न (ná, “no, not”) + उ (u, “and, also”), from Proto-Indo-European *né.

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


良中

闕內城良中越入爲在乙良絞死齊

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

if one trespasses on castles within the palace compound, he is to be hanged


良中

Middle Korean: 에〮 (-éy)

Korean: 에 (-e)

良 (locative particle) + 中 (locative particle).

compound

千手觀音叱前良中

c. 760, 希明 (Huimyeong), “禱千手觀音歌 (Docheonsugwaneum-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:

淨兜寺良中安置令是白於爲議出納爲乎事亦在乙

1031, Dedication stele of the five-tiered pagoda at Jeongdo-sa:

for it was discussed and decided that it would be built at Jeongdo-sa

in; at; on (locative case marker, predominant after the eleventh century)


də

→ Armenian: էլի (ēli) (semantic loan)

O da olar.

Mən də sizinlə getmək istəyirəm, məni də aparın.

I won't to come along too, take me with you too.

Onlar bura gəlsə də, heç nəyə nail ola bilməzlər.

Even if they come here, they won't achieve anything.

even (when used with conditional verb forms ending on -sə/-sa)

Ələkbər içməyi tərgitməyə çalışsa da, xeyri yox idi.

Even though Alakbar tried to quit drinking, it was to no avail.

even though (when used with conditional verb forms ending on -sə/-sa)

Yaxşı da, bəsdir!

Gəl də, gəl! İki saat gözlədik səni!

Come on, move it! We've been waiting for your for two hours now!

used to emphasize the meaning of the utterance, especially (but not only) an imperative one

-Mənə pul ver!
-Verdim də!!
Give me money!
- But I've [already] given [you money]!!

used to render objection against what the interlocutor perceives as a request that has already been complied with


-이라서

저는 학생이라서 돈이 없어요.

I am a student, so I don't have (much) money.

Jeo-neun haksaeng-iraseo don-i eopseo-yo.

왜 한국어를 배우세요? — 여자친구가 한국 사람이라서요.

Why are you learning Korean? ― Because my girlfriend is Korean.

Wae Han'gugeo-reul bae'useyo? - Yeojachin'gu-ga Han'guk saram-iraseo-yo.

See 이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 라서 (-raseo, “since, because”).


בל

he-adv

בַּל • (bal)

Expresses a warning not to do something: don't, let's not


တိ

ဧဝမ္ပိ သိက္ခာ ဧကာ သညာ ဥပ္ပဇ္ဇတိ၊ သိက္ခာ ဧကာ သညာ နိရုဇ္ဈတိ။ အယမ္ပိ သိက္ခာတိ ဘဂဝါ အဝေါစ။

c. 50 BC, ဆဋ္ဌသင်္ဂီတိပိဋကံ သုတ္တန္တပိဋကေ ဒီဃနိကာယေ သီလက္ခန္ဓဝဂ္ဂပါဋိ [Sixth Council Tipitaka: Sutta Pitaka: Digha Nikaya: Silakkhandha-vagga], published 2010, page 171 (၁၇၁):

'Thus also is it that through training one idea, one sort of consciousness, arises; and through training another passes away. This is the training I spoke of', said the Exalted One.

evampi sikkhā ekā saññā uppajjati. sikkhā ekā saññā nirujjhati. ayampi sikkhāti bhagavā avoca.


თურმე

თურმე ალეკო გუშინ წასულა საფრანგეთში.

Apparently Aleko left for France yesterday.

apparently (according to what the speaker has read or heard, however not personally witnessed)


eqqaani

Locative, third-person-singular possessive form of eqqaq (“vicinity”), thus "in [its] vicinity".

1982, August 4, Roland Thomsen, Atuagagdliutit, issue 31, "Tasiilami aasaq",
Inuit uummalersutut ilipput, pingaartumik umiarsualiviup eqqaani


ngarud

Wen ngarud.

Yes, because the alternative that we have just discussed is not viable.

Adda ngarud.

There is, stop saying that there's none.

an indicator or affirmation that the alternative is not viable, is silly, and/or can be negated.

Intan ngarud.

Let's go, we can stop waiting [for something].

Agmanehokan ngarud.

an indicator that negates an implicit alternative to an action; then.

Inta lattan ba diay Baguio, haan diay La Union? Wen ngarod.

Shall we go to Baguio, not La Union? Fine, yes.

a way to add a negative tone
reluctant tone

Shall we go to Baguio, not La Union? Yes, I already agreed.

a way to add a negative tone
impatient tone

Shall we go to Baguio, not La Union? Yes already, please stop asking.

a way to add a negative tone
irritable tone


ngarud

Aw ngarud.

Wada ngarud.

Entako ngarud.

Agmanehokan ngarud.

Entako ed Baguio, maid ed La Union? Aw ngarod.


ကျာ်

particle used to show acknowledgement or affirmation


εἴθ'

grc-particle

εἴθ’ • (eíth’)


մը

Ուրա՞խ ես մը։

Used to form interrogatives in colloquial speech.


ものか

From 物(もの) (mono, “thing”) + か (ka, interrogative particle).

ja-compound

黙っていられるものか！

子供のものか！

(after attributive forms, at the end of a sentence) Expressing strong negation: definitely not; how can it be possible


ahal

Azterketa aprobatuko ahal du!

hopefully (used with periphrastic verbs in the future tense)


嘅話

/kɛː³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kɛː³³ waː²²/

/kɛː³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kɛː³³ waː²²/

If you go out today, remember to lock the door.

nei⁵ gam¹ jat⁶ ceot¹ heoi³ ge³ waa⁶⁻², gei³ dak¹ so² mun⁴ wo³.

你今日出去嘅話，記得鎖門喎。

你今日出去嘅话，记得锁门㖞。

1990, 蔣志光 [Ram Chiang] (lyrics and music), “相逢何必曾相識”performed by 蔣志光 [Ram Chiang] and 韋綺珊 [Rita Carpio]:

jaa⁵ heoi² jat¹ tin¹ ho² ji⁵ ge³ waa⁶, zeon² heoi² ngo⁵ do¹ oi³ jat¹ ci³

也許一天可以嘅話 准許我多愛一次

也许一天可以嘅话 准许我多爱一次

(Cantonese) Particle put at the end of a conditional clause.


z drugiej strony

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, drugi, strona.

Coordinate term: z jednej strony


z jednej strony

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, jeden, strona.

Coordinate term: z drugiej strony


ꠘꠤ

ꠔꠥꠝꠤ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠘꠤ?
tumi bála ni?
How are you?


ওঁ

the sacred syllable in Hinduism and Buddhism


𑅇

Chakma script form of va (“like, as if”)


𑅇

𑄃𑄬𑅇 𑄃𑄬𑅇#Pali

Chakma script form of va, sandhi form of 𑄃𑄬𑅇 (eva, “even”)


をぅとーてぃ

ryu-head

をぅとーてぃ (wutōti)


ебати

head

еба́ти • (ebáti)

ебати човекот

ебати кучката

(vulgar) fucking, fuck, bloody (expresses contempt towards the following noun, which may also refer to the addressee)


श्वस्

sa-part

श्वस् • (śvás)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwás (“morning, next morning”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewH- (“to shine”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (sūrəm, “in the morning”), Ossetian [script needed] (sæw-, “morning”), Khotanese [script needed] (svī, “morning”). See also शोच् (śoc), शोध् (śodh), शोभ् (śobh).


sį́

initial interrogative particle, introducing a yes-no question


élį

interrogative particle, following a verb and forming a yes-no question


ní b'

head

ní b’ (triggers lenition; used before a vowel sound)

Bhí an buachaill ní b’óige ná Séamas.

Bhí an cáilín ní b’fheargaí ná Niamh.
The girl was angrier than Niamh.

past tense of níos (particle used with the comparative/superlative form of adjectives to form the simple comparative)


ní ba

ní ba (triggers lenition; used before a consonant sound)

Bhí an buachaill ní ba mhó ná Séamas.


mtw

From ḥnꜥ + ntf and similarly + nts, + ntk, + ntṯ, etc., with the final sound in each case reinterpreted as the corresponding suffix pronoun (thus -f in ḥnꜥ ntf as suffixal .f) and so treated separately.

(Late Egyptian, with attached suffix pronoun and following infinitive) forms the conjunctive


ḥnꜥ-ḏd

/hɛnɑː d͡ʒɛd/

ḥnꜥ (“together with, and”) + ḏd (“speaking”).

af

(Late Egyptian) and furthermore; introduces a new subject in a letter, or else the proper text of the letter after any introductory formulae


-에다가

From 에 (-e, locative particle) + 다가 (-daga, emphatic marker).

com

침대 옆에다가 컵을 놓았어.

예술에다가 인생을 바쳤다.

(both literal and figurative) right by, right at; an emphatic locative particle

밥에다가 빵까지 먹으니까 정말 배부르다.

I am truly full after eating bread on top of rice.

Bab-edaga ppang-kkaji meogeunikka jeongmal baebureuda.

on top of, in addition to; an emphatic particle used in enumeration

어떻게 교육을 군대에다가 비교를 하십니까?

2010, “초·중·고 개학 첫날, 반발 속 체벌금지 혼선 [cho·jung·go gaehak cheonnal, banbal sok chebeolgeumji honseon]”, in KBS News:

How can you compare education to the army?


sejjer

From Arabic سائِر (sāʔir), active participle of سارَ (sāra). The verb was lost in Maltese as it became homophonous with sar (“to become”), from Arabic صارَ (ṣāra).

X’sejra ġġibilna ġewwa l-fardal tiegħek.
ja Sena Ġdida?
Ah! biegħed minna
il-għelt, il-ġlied,
id-demm bejn l-aħwa;
rażżan ir-regħba u l-ġibdiet tal-ħakma,
rattab l-irjus u l-qlub,
ġibilna s-sabar ta’ xulxin, l-imħabba,
ġibilna l-għaqda,
ġibilna s-sliem,
ġibilna l-ħelsien!

1970, Anton Buttigieg, “Lis-Sena l-Ġdida 1964”, in Fl-Arena:


ونا

وِنَا (canonical)
vinā (romanization)
विना (Hindi)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit विना (vínā). Doublet of بِنَا (binā), a tadbhava.


ភោ

(vocative) Khmer script form of bho (“friend”)

ភវន្ត៑ ភវន្ត៑#Pali

Khmer script form of bho, which is vocative singular/plural of ភវន្ត៑ (bhavant, “sir”)


ນະໂມ

ນະໂມ ຕັດສະ ພະຄະວະໂຕ ອະຣະຫະໂຕ ສັມມາສັມພຸດທັດສະ ຯ

(Can we date this quote?), Laobounkird, Anisongfree (overall work in Lao), published 2015:

Honour to the Blessed One, the Exalted One, the fully Enlightened One

namo tassa bagavato arahato sammāsambuddassa
With ambiguities resolved:
namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa


ぞえ

Combination of sentence-ending emphatic particle ぞ (zo) + tone-softening and affectionate particle え (e). Precursor to modern ぜ (ze).
Appears from around the late 1500s, with use peaking during the Edo period.

(colloquial, men's speech, archaic) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis, used to lightly press one's point, with affectionate overtones


ぞい

(colloquial, men's speech, dated) sentence-ending particle signifying emphasis, used to lightly press one's point, with affectionate overtones


dosyć

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do syti, from *sytь. Compare Ukrainian до́сить (dósytʹ).


တၟံ

From Old Mon တ္နံ (tnam̊),Cognate to Nyah Kur ฮมอ, ฮมอง (“stone”), Khmer ថ្ម (thmɑɑ, “stone”), Khasi maw (“stone”).


ဂှ်

From Middle Mon gah or gåh, from Old Mon [script needed] (goḥ, goh, goḥh).

inh

ကာလဂှ် မိ ကောန်ပၠီဂှ် ပ္တိတ်ကသပ်ရ။ ― kāla gah Mi Kon Plim gah ptit kasap ra. /kalaʔ kɔ̤h mi̤ʔkonplɛm kɔ̤h pətɛt kəsɔp raʔ/ ― Then Mi Kon Plem made her plans.


咋嘛

/t͡saː³³ maː³³/

/t͡saː³³ maː³³/

落雨咋嘛！

(Cantonese) Sentence-final particle for dismissiveness.


autentyk

Learned borrowing from Latin authenticus.

lbor

Nie zjadłem ciasteczek, autentyk.

(colloquial) seriously, for real, honest, honestly (used when the speaker wishes to vouch for the authenticity of their statement)


เหอะ

th-particle

เหอะ • (hə̀)

From corruption of Thai เถอะ (tə̀), which in turn is a corruption of Thai เถิด (tə̀ət).

(colloquial) used in a suggestive, optative, requestive, imperative, affirmative, or argumentive expression, for the purpose of emphasising it.


ri'i

particle encoding temporal remoteness, specifically in relation to an event the speaker knows to have occurred prior to the day of utterance or to an eventuality the location of which cannot be determined by the speaker


فش

فيه (fī, “there is/are”) + ـش (-š, “not”)


എന്ന്

head

എന്ന് • (ennŭ)

"ഞാൻ പോകുന്നു" എന്ന് ആദിത്യൻ പറഞ്ഞു

A quotative marker, used to introduce quotes and names.


ɖi

mi napo ɖ-əjojəba.

oloŋa ɖi ahapela.

the; marks the preceding noun phrase as definite, whose identity is already known by direct observation or by context.

Used to connect a complement clause to the main clause.


woǰoʈʰo

mi əŋka:b ɖi woǰoʈʰo iŋ-tapo ɖi inčo-wa.

I make/made the old man drink the fresh water.


ʈʰi

ʈʰ-

clitic form before vowel-initial predicates

ʈʰi buʈʰə.

babu ʈʰi innen.

The Jarawa copula, largely equivalent to English "to be".

Connects a preceding or implied noun phrase, and a subsequent complement, either another noun phrase or an adjective. Not used for personal pronouns.

li ʈʰi čawaja bəᵼʈʰe.

Marks that the following verb has an adverbial usage.

malawə ʈʰi allema.

Optionally intervenes between an adjective used as subject, and a subsequent verb.


aleehisalaám

aleehisalaám (honorific, Perso-Arabic spelling علیہ السلام)

From Urdu علیہ السلام (alaihi-s-salām), from Arabic عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام (ʕalayhi s-salām).

der

عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام


eé

head

eé (discourse, Perso-Arabic spelling اے)

Marker of exclusivity, emphasis, intensification or continuity


hazrát

hazrát (honorific, Perso-Arabic spelling حضرت)

From Urdu حضرت (hazrat), from Persian [Term?], from Arabic حَضْرَة (ḥaḍra).


kaakaá

kaakaá (honorific, Perso-Arabic spelling کاکا)


ǰanaáb

ǰanaáb (honorific, Perso-Arabic spelling جناب)

From Urdu جناب (janāb), from Arabic جِنَاب (jināb).


seéb

seéb (honorific, Perso-Arabic spelling سیب)

From Urdu صاحب (sāhib), from Arabic صَاحِب (ṣāḥib).


šariíf

šariíf (honorific, Perso-Arabic spelling شرِیف)

From Urdu شریف (śarīf), from Arabic شَرِيف (šarīf).


thaní

thaní (modal, Perso-Arabic spelling تھنیۡ)

Marker of quotation or reported (direct) discourse


galá

galá (discourse, Perso-Arabic spelling گلہ)


baldin

Probably a compound of ba- (“if”) + ahal (“can”) + dadin (“let (it) be”).

af

Zumaiara etortzen baldin bazara, hondartzara joango gara.

If you come to Zumaia, we'll go to the beach.

Used before a conditional verb form to show emphasis.


เมอะ

used to express acknowledgement or acceptance.


-이시여

First attested in the early twentieth century.
From a reanalysis of 이여 (-iyeo, “O”, exclamatory vocative particle) as being a suffixed form of the copula 이 (-i-), which was then made honorific with the suffix 시 (-si-).

영명하신 신령이시여, 살려주소서.

임금이시여, 나라를 버리시나이까?

(honorific) O honored... (vocative particle showing extreme respect.)


-이여

From Middle Korean 이〮여〮 (Yale: -í-yé), from Old Korean 亦 (*-ye), 也 (*-ye).
Note that there is no Old or Middle Korean evidence that the first syllable is supposed to be the copula 이다 (-ida); the honorific form 이시여 (-isiyeo), which would suggest such an origin, is first attested only in the twentieth century.

서울이여 안녕!

영원해라, 나의 이 행복이여.

May it be everlasting, o this happiness of mine.

(literary) O; vocative particle with exclamatory nuances, attaching to nouns and nominalized verbs.


-이여

(Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect) and; connective particle for enumerating nouns.


niezupełnie

something has the feature in question to a degree too small to say with certainty that it has it; there is something that makes it possible to say that it does not have the feature; not quite

the speaker does not fully agree with what someone else has said; not really


𑀯

Brahmi script form of va (“like, as if”)


𑀯

Brahmi script form of va, sandhi form of 𑀏𑀯 (eva, “even”)


đã và đang

[ʔɗaː˦ˀ˥ vaː˨˩ ʔɗaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˧˨ vaː˦˩ ʔɗaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˨˩˦ vaː˨˩ ʔɗaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˨˩˦ jaː˨˩ ʔɗaːŋ˧˧]

đã (perfect marker) + và (“and”) + đang (continuous marker).

com

đã và đang phấn đấu

(literary) indicates a perfect continuous aspect


wonaa

Ɗun wonaa goonga!

Wonaa footu an!


மற்று

head

மற்று • (maṟṟu)


ᡩᡝᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *-lii, compare Jurchen [Term?], cognate with Even [script needed] (-dulī), Evenki [script needed] (-dulī), Solon [script needed] (-dulī), Negidal [script needed] (-dulī), Udihe [script needed] (-duli), Oroch [script needed] (-duli).


ᡩᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *-dū, compare Jurchen [Term?], cognate with Even [script needed] (-dū), Evenki [script needed] (-dū), Solon [script needed] (-du), Negidal [script needed] (-dū), Udihe [script needed] (-du), Oroch [script needed] (-du), Nanai [script needed] (-du), Ulch [script needed] (-du), Orok [script needed] (-du).
Compare also Proto-Turkic *-da (“locative suffix”) and Proto-Mongolic *-da (“locative and dative suffix”). Whence also
Turkish -de,
Mongolian -д (-d).


-서꺼랑

서꺼랑 (canonical)
-seokkeorang (romanization)

[sʰʌ̹k͈ʌ̹ɾa̠ŋ]

서껀 (-seokkeon, “with”) + 랑 (-rang, “with”).

compound

순자서꺼랑 빨리 집에 가라우.


to znaczy

(idiomatic) namely, in other words, that is, that is to say


na bank

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, in the bag


bez dwóch zdań

To jest bez dwóch zdań najlepsza restauracja.

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, hands down


w każdym razie

Coordinate term: w żadnym razie

(idiomatic) at any rate, in any event, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


bez wątpienia

(idiomatic) doubtlessly, indubitably, undoubtably


z pewnością

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure


tak czy inaczej

Literally, “this way or another”. Compare Russian та́к и́ли ина́че (ták íli ináče) or English either way.

cog

та́к и́ли ина́че

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)

(idiomatic) either way (no matter what choice)


na ogół

(idiomatic) as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


między innymi

Near-synonyms: dajmy na to, i tym podobne, na przykład

(idiomatic) among other things, inter alia, including (and many others, and not only)


przy okazji

A przy okazji, kiedy oddasz mi Couplanda? Na pewno i tak nie przeczytałeś.

By the way, when are you going to give me my Coupland back? I'm sure you haven't read it anyway.

(idiomatic) apropos, by the way, speaking of


na dodatek

(idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


na dobitkę

add insult to injury
add insult to injury

to make matters worse
to make matters worse

(colloquial, idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, to make matters worse, to top it all off


koniec końców

at the end of the day
at the end of the day

when all is said and done
when all is said and done

(colloquial, idiomatic) at the end of the day, in the end, when all is said and done


jednym słowem

(idiomatic) briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


-서껀

From 섞 (seok-, “to mix”) + 어 (-eo, infinitive suffix) + ㄴ (-n).


தொடங்கி

head

தொடங்கி • (toṭaṅki)


தொடுத்து

தொடுத்து • (toṭuttu)


zwłaszcza że

(idiomatic) all the more, let alone, to say nothing of


szczególnie że

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ ʐɛ/


جی

Borrowed from Hindustani جی / जी (jī). Used only in a limited number of titles and, according to قاموس کبیر افغانستان, arose due to the influence of Indian and Pakistani service workers.

lang

قاموس کبیر افغانستان

قاموس کبیر افغانستان

(uncommon, not productive) an honorific particle used in a small number of titles and professions


جی

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “long live”). Cognate with Assamese জীউ (ziu).

inh+

جی بالکل صحیح!

(formal) used to show agreement - yes, correct

صاحب جی

the honorific particle, usually appended to names (of any gender) and titles


nawiasem mówiąc

(idiomatic, literary) nota bene; used to add an aside or warning to a text


swoją drogą

Literally, “by one's way”. Compare English by the way.


கொண்டு

head

கொண்டு • (koṇṭu)

From கொள் (koḷ). Cognate with Malayalam കൊണ്ട് (koṇṭŭ).


அணி

From Old Tamil 𑀅𑀡𑀺 (aṇi). Cognate with Malayalam അണി (aṇi).


ᠰᡝᠮᡝ

ᠯᠣᡵ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ― lor seme ― speaking incessantly

used to form adverbial phrases, usually after an onomatopoeic word or phrase


ᠸᠠᡴᠠ

ᠪᡳ
ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ
ᠸᠠᡴᠠ᠉ ― bi saman waka. ― I am not a shaman.

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᡥᠠ
ᠠᠮᠠ
ᠸᠠᡴᠠ᠉ ― ere sakda mini banjiha ama waka. ― This old man is not my biological father.

ᡝᡥᡝ
ᡶᠠᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠸᠠᡴᠠ᠉ ― ehe fayangga waka. ― I have no bad intentions (literally, “there is no bad soul.”)

particle that negates nominal predicates: am not; is not; are not; there is not; there are not


na domiar złego

Literally, “in addition to [the] bad [one]”.

lit

(idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, to make matters worse, to top it all off


-꺼정

꺼정 (canonical)
-kkeojeong (romanization)

[k͈ʌ̹d͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]

From Middle Korean ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: skòcáng), related to synonymous Standard Seoul 까지 (kkaji).

내가 아침부텀 인저꺼정 기냥 일했다야.

I've been working from the morning until now.

Naega achim-buteom injeokkeojeong ginyang ilhaet-da-ya.

부분대장이 돼가주고 저 낙동강옆변꺼정 갔다가... 고향에 와서 왔지

2013 June 21, 권문국 [gwonmun'guk], “나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun]”, in KBS 고향극장 [KBS gohyanggeukjang], 함경남도 여흥군 (현 금야군) [hamgyeongnamdo yeoheunggun (hyeon geumyagun)]:

So I became an assistant squad leader and went all the way down south until the river side of the Nakdong River... then I went [back north] to my hometown.

(dialectal, including Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Hamgyong, Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae) until, by


phải không

[faːj˧˩ xəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[faːj˧˨ kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[faːj˧˨ xəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[faːj˨˩˦ kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[faːj˨˩˦ xəwŋ͡m˧˧]

phải (“true; correct; just”) + không (question marker).

com

Hôm qua không làm bài tập phải không ?

You didn't do your homework yesterday, did you?


kusu ne

Ku ek gusu ne, "I shall come."

1905, John Bachelor, An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary (Including a Grammar of the Ainu Language):


खो

Devanagari script form of kho (“indeed”)


omalże

+obj

negative&clause<translated in the positive>

almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


toż

Sto tysięcy? Toż to majątek.

A hundred thousand złotys? But it's a fortune.

(dated) refers to a situation or someone's statement, introducing a polemical tone


تاري

head

تاري • (tāri)

Uncertain. An earlier form *أَثَارِي (*ʔaṯārī) can be reconstructed from cognates, but further etymology requires speculation. Cognates include South Levantine Arabic أتاري (ʔatāri), Egyptian Arabic اتارى (ʔatāri) and اتابى (ʔatābi), Libyan Arabic تاريتا (tārīta), Najdi Arabic أثاري (ʔaṯāri), Hijazi Arabic أثاري (ʔatāri) and أثري (ʔatri), Gulf Arabic أثاري (ʔaṯāri) and أذاري (ʔaḏāri), Iraqi Arabic ثاري (ṯāri), and a form أفابي (ʔafābi) found in North Africa. In particular, Najdi Arabic أثِر (ʔaṯir) resembles Standard Arabic إِثْرَ (ʔiṯra, “as a result of”).
Building from that resemblance, the reconstructed *أَثَارِي (*ʔaṯārī) may reflect an Arabic *آثارِي (*ʔāṯār-ī), which would have been composed of آثار (ʔāṯār, “effects, impressions”) + ـِي (-ī, “my”) and undergone a similar semantic development to English “my impressions” before univerbating. Accordingly, cognate forms like Najdi Arabic إثري (ʔiṯri) and أثِر (ʔaṯir) would instead reflect the singular أَثَر (ʔaṯar, “effect, impression”).
This derivation from آثار (ʔāṯār, “effects, impressions”) would make for a rare example of a possessive pronoun, here ـِي (-ī, “my”), fusing into its stem and ceasing to function as a productive clitic. Indeed, تَارِي (tāri) behaves today as a single morpheme, able to take both further possessive pronouns as in تَارِيهَا (tārīha, “she seems to...”) and Lebanese imala as in تِارِي (tēri); contrast Lebanese تَارِي (tār-i, “my revenge”, never *tēr-i).
Alternatively, Anis Frayha records تَارِي (tāri) under the root ر ء ي (r-ʔ-y) in his dictionary of Lebanese Arabic, which invites a connection to e.g. Arabic تُرَى (turā, “I wonder..., say...”, interjection) and implies that تَارِي (tāri)’s ت (t) is a prefix, but this becomes untenable in light of its cognates in ث (ṯ).

noncog

يارا رسبت بالإمتحان
أتاري رجعت من المدرسة عم تبكي هديك اليوم؟
—yāra rasabit bi l-ʔimtiḥān
—ʔatāri rijʕit mnel-madrase ʕam tibki hadīk el-yōm?
—Yara failed the exam.
—So that's why she came home from school crying that day?

تاريك فهيم

تاري انت فهيم


اجرمن عن

اجرمن عنّك خبيرة بكل شي

As expected from you, you're an expert in everything!

it seems, it should be, as one would expect


aspōń

Pogoda była raczyj na herbate z rómym niż na chłódzóne piwo, ale aspóń nie padało.

2018 July 3, “O pohár starostky: V Písku řádili Hurikáni z Východu”, in Gorolweb, retrieved 2024-09-10:

The weather was rather for rum tea than chilled beer, but at least it wasn't raining.


niechaj

From the second-person imperative singular of niechać (“to give”). Compare Serbo-Croatian neka and Ukrainian неха́й (nexáj).


がてら

(Can we date this quote?), アボガド6, “夜の国”, in アメデオ旅行記:

じゃあ雨宿りがてら少し話そうか

How about we talk about it while taking shelter from the rain?


ᡠᠮᡝ

ᡠᠮᡝ
ᡨᡠᠪᠠᡩᡝ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡵᡝ᠉ ― ume tubade genere. ― Do not go there!

particle used to form the negative imperative form


ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ

ᠵᠠᠩ
ᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ
ᡧᡠᡳ
ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ᠈
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᡩᡝᠣ᠉

1765, Wang Shipu, translated by Wang Dexin, Si siyang gi bithe [Romance of the Western Chamber]:

Zhang Junrui [TOP] is my younger brother.

The topic marker, with various nuances according to context:

Used to mark an already known topic, to which the subsequent statement applies.

ᠰᡠᠨ
ᡯᠶ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ᠈
ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ
ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ᠈
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ᠉

1864, Sun Tzu, translated by Kiying, Sun dzy i coohai doro bithe [The Art of War]:

Sun Tzu said: "Military [TOP] is an important matter of the State."

sun dzy hendume, cooha serengge, gurun-i amba baita.

Used to mark the topic in statements of general fact.

ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡝ
ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡴᡳᠨᡳ
ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᡴᠠᡳ᠉

1894, Wan Fu, Dasame foloho manju gisun i untuhun hergen i temgetu jorin bithe [重刻清文虚字指南編]:

I want you to study the good deeds [TOP] (and that is all that I want).


ஆங்கு

head

ஆங்கு • (āṅku)

From அ (a, pronominal base), see Proto-Dravidian *a-.

யாங்கு

where, how, in what manner, of what nature


नमो

नमो तस्स भगवतो अरहतो सम्मासम्बुद्धस्स

c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar], page xliii; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

Salutation to the Blessed, Passionless and Fully Enlightened One.

namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa

Devanagari script form of namo (“salutation”)


اے

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative spelling of ہے (he, vocative particle)


اے

Inherited from Sanskrit हे (he), loss of 'h' via colloquial standardisation and/or Punjabi influence. Equivalent to Hindi हे (he).

اے خدایہ


နမော

နမော တဿ ဘဂဝတော အရဟတော သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓဿ။

2004, Sai Kam Mong, The History and Development of the Shan Scripts, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 263:

Honour to him, the Blessed One, the Exalted One, the fully Enlightened One

Burmese script form of namo (“salutation”)


ᠨᡳ

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᠠᡳ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
ᠨᡳ᠉ ― ere ai jaka ni. ― What is this?

Sentence-final particle used to make questions more indirect.

genitive case
Appendix:Glossary#genitive case

instrumental case
Appendix:Glossary#instrumental case

Particle used to form the genitive case and the instrumental case.


کتی

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कति (kati), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoti.


ᠴᡳ

ablative case
Appendix:Glossary#ablative case

Particle used to form the ablative case.


нават

head

на́ват • (návat)

Тэст па матэматыцы быў настолькі складаным, што нават самы кемлівы школьнік з цяжкасцю адказаў на яго.

The math test was so difficult that even the smartest student had difficulty answering it.

Test pa matematycy byŭ nastólʹki skladanym, što navat samy kjemlivy škólʹnik z cjažkascju adkazaŭ na jahó.

be:Віктар Уладзіміравіч Мартынаў
be:Генадзь Апанасавіч Цыхун


தொட்டு

தொட்டு • (toṭṭu)

beginning with, from, since, thenceforward


w sumie

(idiomatic) in fact (actually, in truth)

(idiomatic) all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


w istocie

Literally, “in essence”.
For the meaning development compare with Russian в су́щности (v súščnosti), по су́ти (po súti), по существу́ (po suščestvú) and English in essence.

(formal, idiomatic) as a matter of fact, essentially, in essence, in fact, in point of fact


ᡳᠰᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠ

Compare Classical Mongolian ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ (kürtel-e).

ᡠᠪᠠᠴᡳ
ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ
ᠣᡵᠣᠰ
ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡳᠰᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠ
ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ᠉

1723, Tulišen, 異域錄 [Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars]:

After (setting off) from here to the Russian border, there were just mountains.

ubaci amasi oros jecen de isitala yooni alin.

(used after the dative/locative case) to; until


prawdę mówiąc

(idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


wprawdzie

Univerbation of w prawdzie. First attested in 1656–1688.

ref

“WPRAWDZIE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 16.11.2023

Wprawdzie nie wiem, co się dzieje, ale chętnie się przyłączę.

Even though I don't know what's going on, I'll gladly join.


na poważnie

(idiomatic) for real, seriously (let's be serious)


dwk

head

dwk (Sawndip forms 廸 or 的 or 𢛳, 1957–1982 spelling dɯk)


ᠪᠠᡵᡠ

ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᠪᠠᡵᡠ
ᡝᠶᡝᠮᠪᡳ ― wargi baru eyembi ― to flow westward (literally, “to flow to the west”)

(used after the nominative or genitive) to, towards

(used after the nominative or genitive) with


ᠵᠠᡴᠠᡩᡝ

From the dative case of ᠵᠠᡴᠠ (jaka, “thing; object”). Semantically, compare Japanese もの.

ᡳ
ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ
ᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠᡩᡝ᠈
ᠪᡳ
ᡨᡝᠨᡳ
ᠰᠠᡥᠠ᠉ ― i minde alara jakade, bi teni saha. ― I just understood because he told me.


பற்றி

பற்றி • (paṟṟi)

From பற்று (paṟṟu). Cognate with Malayalam പറ്റി (paṟṟi).

of, about, concerning, respecting, adverting to, referring to


do kwadratu

(arithmetic, idiomatic, in collocation with podnosić or podnieść) squared, to the square of (multiplied by itself)

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


んば

Shift from は (ha). First attested in 平家物語 (Heike Monogatari, “The Tale of the Heike”) of the early 1200s.
/-ba/ → /-mba/
The は (ha) was probably originally the topic particle, also used in contrastive emphasis to indicate a conditional in certain constructions. Compare modern なくては (nakute wa). The nasal likely appeared due to the voicing of the negative auxiliary ず (zu) that often preceded the particle in this usage. Over time, this then became conflated with the regular conditional verb suffix ば (ba).

[[虎穴に入らずんば虎子を得ず|{{ja-x|虎%穴に入らずんば虎%子を得ず|こ%けつ に いらずんば こ%じ を えず|]]You cannot catch a tiger cub without entering a tiger's lair → nothing ventured, nothing gained}}

信用なくんば尊敬されない

You cannot be respected without reputation.

(archaic) Alternative form of ば (-ba, “if”)

Daijirin
Daijisen
The Tale of the Heike
ja:松村明


do tego

(idiomatic) besides, furthermore, what's more


odwrotnie

on the contrary, contrarily, conversely (what has been said about the topic of the conversation is not true; what is true is something else)


przeciwnie

/pʂɛˈt͡ɕiv.ɲɛ/


yh

Yh I can understand that.[…]Yh I agree with you on this, although links don't really kill it for me.

2010 December 1, Adam Rowney, “Why no real forum?!”, in rec.juggling (Usenet):

There is no point in me uploading this, since it is practically last minute, but yh....[…]So yh..

2014, Anastasios Maragiannis, Multidisciplinary Design Processes, 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 150:

Yh, I see.

2021, Roger Francis, Thank God For Atheism, AuthorHouse, →ISBN:

(UK, Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of yeah.


ta³¹

Compare Burmese သာ (sa), Lhao Vo zo: and Zaiwa za.

kji³¹ ʃaʔ⁵⁵ tă ta³¹ ɛʔ⁵⁵!

ŋa⁵⁵ maŋ³¹ ʃɿ³¹ mɛ̃³¹ tă tɛ̃⁵⁵ tă tă la³⁵ ɣu³⁵ vɛ³¹.

non-obligatory emphasiser of adverbial phrases


na dobrą sprawę

for all intents and purposes
for all intents and purposes

(idiomatic) for all intents and purposes, in practice


w gruncie rzeczy

/ˈvɡrun.t͡ɕɛ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “in the ground of the matter”.


nie lada

Miłośników hokeja na koniec sezonu czeka nie lada gratka.

Field hockey fans are in for quite a treat at the end of the season.

(idiomatic) not just any (used to show that something is not like average objects of the same type) [with nominative]


i tak

I tak będę zmęczony, więc po co pójść spać?.

I'm going to be tired either way, so what's the point of going to sleep?

(idiomatic) anyways, anyway, either way, anyhow, as it is


równie dobrze

Równie dobrze możesz to ignorować.

(idiomatic) as well, might as well [with móc]


mimo wszystko

(idiomatic) after all, all the same, still and all, regardless


w sensie

(colloquial, idiomatic) as in (in the sense of)


zapewne

(literary) arguably, belike, probably; presumption of the speaker that the judgment communicated in the sentence is true

(literary) assuredly, doubtless, undoubtedly; citing an opinion with which the speaker basically agrees but with some reservations


bez mała

bez mała dwadzieścia lat

w każdym bez mała mieszkaniu


czyżby

introduces a rhetorical question, contradicts its content, or calls into question what was said


ake nei

Indicates an expression is related to a future time.


indziej

a component of some compound adverbs, e.g. gdzie indziej, kiedy indziej


wbrew pozorom

contrary to appearances
contrary to appearances


wiadomo

From wiadomy + -o. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian wiadomò and Silesian wiadōmo.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wiadomo”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


gdyby nie

/ˈɡdɘ.bɘ ɲɛ/

Gdyby nie ty, tobym nie żył.

If it weren't for you, I wouldn't be alive.

if not for (if something were not (or had not been) there; in the absence of something; without)


żeby nie

lest (for fear that; that not; in order to prevent something from happening; in case)


nie żeby

not that (used to indicate that the following clause is not true and that this negatively impacts the importance of the preceding clause)


z całym szacunkiem

with all due respect
with all due respect

(idiomatic) with all due respect, respectfully


na naman

Kumain na naman ako.

Nandito na naman siya?


jak najbardziej

(idiomatic) as much as possible (used for comparisons of adjectives and adverbs)


na odwrót

(idiomatic) on the contrary, contrarily, conversely (what has been said about the topic of the conversation is not true; what is true is something else)


𒁶

𒀀𒁀 𒋀𒈬𒁶

𒋀𒀕𒆠𒈠 𒁶𒉆

(enclitic, equative case marker) like, as


っきゃ

やるっきゃない。

(colloquial) Alternative form of しか (shika)


ikkee

ken ikkee

mikä ikkee

kus ikkee

Sanokaa veel milläin ikkee meeli oravast.

1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 4:

Also say any kind of thought about a squirrel.

Used to turn the preceding interrogative pro-form into an indefinite pro-form.


jeżeli chodzi o

Literally, “if I mean”, or more loosely translated as “if it comes to”.

lit

Jeżeli chodzi o piwo, to wolę lagery.

(idiomatic) Alternative form of jeśli chodzi o.


jeśli chodzi o

Jeśli chodzi o piwo, to wolę lagery.

(idiomatic) when it comes to, as far as, concerning [with accusative ‘something’]


aż nadto

Literally, “to the point [where] it's too much”.

Powodów było aż nadto.

Rozumiem aż nadto.

(idiomatic) all too, way too (an excessive amount) [with genitive]


popadnie

Zacząłem wrzucać na talerz co popadnie, żeby została.

I started to put anything on the plate so that she would stay.

Stawiał klocki jak popadnie.

Nie rzucaj śmieci gdzie popadnie!

any old, any, absolutely any (always preceded by an interrogative, such as co, jak, or gdzie)


poniekąd

Univerbation of po nie kędy. Compare English in a way.


диэн

From диэ (die, “to say”) + -н (-n, associative converb suffix).

suffix

Хатыҥ диэн сэбирдэхтээх мас буолар.

Birch (which is mentioned) is a deciduous tree.

Туох диэн бу таҥаһый ааттыыллар?

What is the name of this material? / What do they call this material?

Marks speech (direct or indirect). The quoted speech comes first, then диэн, then the main verb. Compare Japanese と.


أنما

ar-con

أَنَّمَا • (ʔannamā)

أَنَّمَا (canonical)
ʔannamā (romanization)

مَا (mā) + أَنَّ (ʔanna)

af

مَا (mā) + أَنَّ (ʔanna)

قُلْ إِنَّمَا يُوحَى إِلَيَّ أَنَّمَا إِلَٰهُكُمْ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ

Say, “It is only revealed to me that your god is but one God; so will you be Muslims?”

qul ʔinnamā yūḥā ʔilayya ʔannamā ʔilāhukum ʔilāhun wāḥidun fahal ʔantum muslimūna


ہے

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀳𑁂 (he), from Sanskrit हे (he).

ہے خُدایَہ


ປະນະ

ມາລາຕິເລ ກະມະພິຍຸດຊິຕະສັບພະລັດຕິງ ໂຄລັມປະນາລະວະກະມັກຂະມະຖັດທະຍັກຂັງຂັນຕີສຸທັນຕະວິທິນາ ຊິຕະວາ ມຸນິນໂທຕັນເຕຊະສາ ພະວະຕຸ ເຕ ຊະຍະມັງຄະລານິ ຯ

Also terrible, worse than Mara, contending through the whole night, is the impatient and stubborn demon Alavaka. The lord of the sages has subdued him by the method of patience and good self-control. May you have the blessings of success by the power of this.

mālātile kamabiyujjitasabbalattiṃ gholampanālavakamakkhamathaddayakkhaṃkhantīsudantavidinā jitavā munindotantejasā bavatu te jayamaṅgalāni
With ambiguities resolved:
mārātire kamabhiyujjhitasabbarattiṃ ghorampanālavakamakkhamathaddhayakkhaṃkhantīsudantavidhinā jitavā munindotantejasā bhavatu te jayamaṅgalāni

Lao script form of pana (“but, moreover”)


przeciętnie

/pʂɛˈt͡ɕɛnt.ɲɛ/


choćby

From choć + -by. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian chòcbë, and Silesian choćby.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “choćby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


nie do końca

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see nie, do, koniec.

(idiomatic) not exactly, not quite, not fully


tym samym

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see ten, sam.


całe szczęście

/ˈt͡sa.wɛ ˈʂt͡ʂɛɲ.ɕt͡ɕɛ/


bë

forms the conditional mood; would, would've


do potęgi

(arithmetic, idiomatic, in collocation with podnosić or podnieść) to the power of

Ta impreza jest nudna do potęgi.

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


na pierwszy rzut oka

(idiomatic) at first glance, on the face of it (upon initial inspection)


dla odmiany

(idiomatic) for a change (wishing for something new)


لأ

لا

don't (with imperative or subjunctive); la


أيوه

ajp-particle

أيوه • (ʔaywa)


مبلا

From Arabic بَلَى (balā). Compare Maltese mela, mmela, Gulf Arabic امبلة (ambala).


tak zwany

tak zwany (masculine nominative singular)
tak zwana (feminine nominative singular)
tak zwane (neuter nominative singular)
tak zwani (nominative plural virile)
tak zwane (nominative plural)
tak zwanego (genitive masculine singular)
tak zwanej (feminine genitive singular)
tak zwanego (genitive neuter singular)
tak zwanych (genitive plural)
tak zwanych (genitive plural virile)
tak zwanemu (dative masculine singular)
tak zwanej (dative feminine singular)
tak zwanemu (dative neuter singular)
tak zwanym (dative plural)
tak zwanym (dative plural virile)
tak zwanego (accusative animate masculine singular)
tak zwany (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
tak zwaną (accusative feminine singular)
tak zwane (accusative neuter singular)
tak zwanych (accusative plural virile)
tak zwane (accusative plural)
tak zwanym (instrumental masculine singular)
tak zwaną (feminine instrumental singular)
tak zwanym (instrumental neuter singular)
tak zwanymi (instrumental plural)
tak zwanymi (instrumental plural virile)
tak zwanym (locative masculine singular)
tak zwanej (feminine locative singular)
tak zwanym (locative neuter singular)
tak zwanych (locative plural)
tak zwanych (locative plural virile)


hę

huh? (when the listener did not hear what the speaker said)


z hakiem

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, hak.

(colloquial, idiomatic) and change, -some, -odd, more than the amount stated


przy tym

To był dobry film, i przy tym długi.

That was a good movie, and a long one at that.

(idiomatic) at that, also, in addition, no less


नॖ

च़ॖ छुखा अज़ गछ़ान? नॖ।


ទ្រង់

km-particle

ទ្រង់ • (trŭəng)

honorific particle used before verbs, nouns, pronouns referring to members of the royalty.


𒂠

še₃ (romanization)
še (romanization)
/š/ (romanization)


bez cienia wątpliwości

beyond a shadow of a doubt
beyond a shadow of a doubt


w szczególności

(idiomatic) especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


bodaj

Inherited from Old Polish bodaj, bogdaj, bohdaj, a univerbation of bóg daj. Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *bogъ daďь.

inh+

Poszedł bodaj w górę.

Pożycz bodaj na tydzień.

Bodaj palce mu zginęły!

Proces trwa bodaj godzinę.

(archaic) whichever, for example, such as, if only, say, just


niekoniecznie

/ɲɛ.kɔˈɲɛt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

not necessarily, not really (it does not have to be like that)

(colloquial) not much, not quite, not really, not very


w rzeczy samej

(idiomatic) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


ايا

ايّا (canonical)
iyyā- (romanization)
yyā- (romanization)
ايّا
ايّاي (first-person singular)
ايّانا (first-person plural)
ايّاك (masculine second-person singular)
ايّاك (feminine second-person singular)
ايّاكم (plural second-person)
ايّاه (masculine singular third-person)
ايّاها (feminine singular third-person)
ايّاهم (plural third-person)

ajp-prep-inflection

ايّاي (iyyāy)

ايّاك (iyyāk)

ايّاه (iyyā)

ايّاها (iyyāha)

ايّانا (iyyāna)

كانت بدّها ايّانا نروح معها على محلّ ما بعرفه.

She wanted us to go with her to a place I don't know.

kānat biddha yyāna nrūḥ maʕha ʕala maḥall mā baʕrifo

رح أشوف إذا فيه أكم شغلة بالبيت ما بدّنا ايّاهم بجيبلك ايّاهم.

I'm going to see if there are any things in the house we don't need (them) to bring them to you.

raḥ ʔašūf ʔiza fīh ʔakam šaḡle bil-bēt ma biddna yyāhom bajīblak iyyāhom

object particle with an attached suffix pronoun


-을

시리레 ᄀᆞ를 담으라.


-을

From Middle Korean 을〮/ᄋᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: -úl/ól), from Old Korean 乙 (*-ur) in the early second millennium, from even earlier 肹 in the late first millennium. The post-vocalic form 를 (-reul) is probably formed by pre-Middle Korean reduplication, with the original form ㄹ (-l) now relegated to colloquial speech.

너를 사랑했어.

사람을 살리다

꽃을 보다

부산을 가다 ― busan-eul gada ― to go to Busan

공부를 하다

컨닝을 하다

The accusative particle, indicating the direct object of a verb.

아기는 울지를 않았다.

배구 선수는 공을 놓치지를 않았다.

The volleyball player did not lose the ball.

Baegu seonsu-neun gong-eul notchiji-reul anatda.

In "long negation" constructions with 지 (-ji), attaches to the negated verb to add emphasis.

(southern Gyeongsang) Indicates the indirect object of a verb.


-을

Korean: 을 (eul)


nie bardzo

Nie bardzo rozumiem.

(colloquial, idiomatic) not much, not quite, not really, not very


ależ

Polish: ależ

Silesian: ależ

From ale + -ż. First attested in the 15th century.

*Iżebyli wiedzieli, ktorego sie czasu to miało stać, nie leżeliby tamo, aleby ależ na ten czas przyszli (ad certam horam convenirent tantum si sciretur)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 255:

used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but


ależ

Inherited from Old Polish ależ. By surface analysis, ale + -ż.

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence; similar in meaning to the English "hey, not so fast", especially when used multiple times

(Middle Polish) that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality


bez przesady

"Przecież to jest nielegalne." "Och, bez przesady. Nie jest aż tak źle."

"But that's illegal." "Oh c'mon. It's not that bad.

(idiomatic, colloquial)c'mon, without exaggeration, within reason, let's not exaggerate, don't overdo it, over-

To jest, bez przesady, największy przypał jaki miałem z Tobą.

This is, no joke, the worst fiasco I've ever been in with you.


खलु

Ashokan Prakrit: 𐨑𐨆 (kho) (Shāhbāzgarhi, Mansehra)

Pali: khalu, kho

indeed; certainly; verily (particle indicating certainty or emphasis)

न खलु न खलु बाणः सन्निपात्योऽयमस्मिन्
मृदुनि मृगशरीरे पुष्पराशाविवाग्निः ।
na khalu na khalu bāṇaḥ sannipātyoʼyamasmin

c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Abhijñānaśākuntalam Act 1

Heaven forbid this arrow be shot into that feeble body of the fawn like fire upon a heap of flowers!

pray; may (particle indicating entreaty)

अथ खलु भगवान् विमलकीर्तिं लिच्छविम् एतद् अवोचत्
atha khalu bhagavān vimalakīrtiṃ licchavim etad avocat

c. 1 CE – 200 CE, Vimalakīrtinirdeśa 11.1

Then the Blessed One said to Vimalakīrti the Licchavi, ...

now; now then; now further; furthermore (particle indicating continuation, e.g. in reasoning or narration)

खलु कृत्वा


kochëmink

Cognate with Munsee kwáchŭmung, Penobscot kkʷàčəmək, Malecite-Passamaquoddy qocomok, Abenaki kwajmiwi, Mi'kmaq gujm, Ottawa gojiing, Ojibwe agwajiing, Fox thâkichi, Miami ahkinki.

Kochëmink ahpu na lënu.


nieszczególnie

/ɲɛ.ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ/


ياريت

arz-particle

ياريت • (yarīt)


ياريت

ajp-particle

ياريت • (yārēt)

ياريتك هون.

ياريت إنجليزيتي زيّ العربي تبعك.

I wish my English (were) like your Arabic.

yarēt ʔinglīziyyti zayy il-ʕarabi tabʕak


kēspen

From Proto-Algonquian *kyiᐧšpene (“if”).


ale to

Nikt, ale to nikt nie może o tym wiedzieć.

No one, and I mean no one, can know about this.

Jestem bardzo, ale to bardzo głodny.

(idiomatic) but, oh so, absolutely, ever so, and I mean (used to emphasis a previously mentioned point)


សិន

(polite final hortatory particle) for now, for the time being, for a moment, first


hēai

From Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *teqe-ai. Cognates include Samoan leai and Tuvaluan hē ai.


स्म

From Proto-Indo-European *smé (“really, truly”); cognate with Ancient Greek μήν (mḗn, “verily”).

inh

भासुरको नाम सिंहः प्रतिवसति स्म
bhāsurako nāma siṃhaḥ prativasati sma

Once upon a time there lived a lion named Bhāsuraka.

a particle indicating the past tense when used with a present-tense verb form

यस्त्वाम॑ग्ने ह॒विष्प॑तिर्दू॒तं दे॑व सप॒र्यति॑ ।
तस्य॑ स्म प्रावि॒ता भ॑व ॥
yástvā́magne havíṣpatirdūtáṃ deva saparyáti.
tásya sma prāvitā́ bhava.

O Agni the Deva, whichever oblation-master honours you the messenger,


-사

From Old Korean 沙 (*-sa). Preserves the lost sibilant initial, cf. Middle Korean ᅀᅡ〮 (Yale: -zá).

점드락 기달르고 있었는디 인자사 늦게 왔냐?

1982 August 8, 고상락 [gosangnak], “통두란과 이성계 [tongduran'gwa iseonggye]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 전라북도 옥구군 대야면 (현 군산시 대야면) [jeollabukdo okgugun daeyamyeon (hyeon gunsansi daeyamyeon)]:

I've been waiting here all day long but now you come late?

Gyeongsang, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Jeolla dialect form of 야 (-ya, idiomatic emphatic particle).


-ㅅ

거기 섯!

가잣!

힘내랏...

따로 버려야 해욧

2019, 조광일 [jogwang'il], “생활 속 작은 실천이 지구를 살린다 [saenghwal sok jageun silcheoni jigureul sallinda]”, in idomin.com:

(colloquial) a sentence-final emphatic particle, most common among younger speakers

ㅂ

-p, colloquial particle connoting certitude


-ㅅ

Korean: ㅅ (-s-)

From Old Korean 叱 (inanimate genitive particle).

-ㆆ

after -ㄹ (-l) or any vowel and before an obstruent

의〮

genitive marker for non-honored animate nouns

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮 中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮 달아〮

1446, Hunminjeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

The language of the country being different from China

부텻 모〮미〮 여러〮 가짓〮 相(샤ᇰ〮)이〮 ᄀᆞᄌᆞ샤〮

1447, Seokbo sangjeol 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절, page 6:41a:

The body of the Buddha having forms of many kinds

Pwùthyè-s mwóm-í yèlé kàcí-s SYÁNG-í kòcòsyá

of, -s; Genitive marker used for an inanimate noun or for an honored animate noun.

Used after another particle, especially the locative particles, to mark it as attributing the subsequent noun.


-아

From Middle Korean 아〮 (Yale: -á), from Old Korean 良 (*-a).

Coordinate term: 이여 (-iyeo, formal honorific vocative)

멍멍아, 어디 있니?

선민아, 너 오늘 뭐 해?

hey; vocative particle for those of lower or equal status than the speaker, such as children; used after consonants.


-ㄴ

From Middle Korean ㄴ (Yale: -n). See the main entry for more.

Colloquial post-vowel allomorphic form of 은 (-eun, topic marker).


баһа

head

баһа • (baha) (appears after ла/лә, да/дә, та/тә, ҙа/ҙә)

Байрамға һуңға ҡалабыҙ ҙа баһа.


-나

From Middle Korean 나〮 (Yale: -ná). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이나 (-ina).


-ㄹ

From Middle Korean ㄹ (Yale: -l). See the main entry for more.

Colloquial post-vowel allomorphic form of 을 (-eul, accusative case marker).


nkọ

Mo wà dáadáa o! Ẹ̀yin ńkọ́?

Used after a noun to signify "What about...?"

Mo wà dáadáa o! Ẹ̀yin ńkọ́?

Used after a noun to signify "Where is...?"


nkọ

Ẹ̀ghin n̄kọ́?

(Yagba) Used after a noun to signify "What about...?"

Ìyàò rẹ̀ n̄kọ́?

(Yagba) Used after a noun to signify "Where is...?"


-는

From Middle Korean 는〮 (Yale: -nún), ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: -nón), probably a reduplication of 은〮 (Yale: -ún), ᄋᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: -ón). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 은 (-eun, topic marker).


-니

A nineteenth-century contraction of Early Modern Korean ᄂᆞ니 (-neuni), which it replaces, as attested by the older spelling 늬 (-nui). The uncontracted form is now written 느니 (-neuni) due to spelling reforms and no longer has interrogative meaning; see there for more. As expected by the etymology, 니 (-ni) could originally only combine with verbs and existential adjectives but expanded rapidly to adjectives in the early twentieth century.

친구가 아프다니?

같이 런던으로 가자니?

Is he asking [you] to go to London with him?

With an indirect quote, equivalent to a short form of 고 하니 (-go ha-ni, “does [one] say that...”)

나보고 도둑이냐니.

How on earth could he ask if I'm a thief?

With an indirect quote, equivalent to a short form of 고 하다니 (-go ha-dani, “how can [one] say that...”)


-니

From Middle Korean 니〮 (Yale: -ní). See the main entry for more.

너가 아니라니 다행이야.

여기 남으라니 남았지.

좋은 대학에 붙었다니 잘 됐지.

Given that [they say] he went to a good university, things have turned out well.

Jo'eun daehag-e buteot-da-ni jal dwaetji.

In an indirect quote, equivalent to a short form of 고 하니 (-go ha-ni, “since [one] says that...”)


-은

From Middle Korean 은〮/ᄋᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: -ún/-ón), from Old Korean 隱 (*-(u)n). Attested since the very beginning of Korean writing in the first millennium. The post-vocalic form 는 (-neun) is probably formed by pre-Middle Korean reduplication, with the original form ㄴ (-n) now relegated to colloquial speech.

오늘은 너무 춥다.

그 일은 잊어버리자.

서울에는 사람이 너무 많다.

In Seoul [TOP], there are too many people.

The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:

Used to mark an already known topic, to which the subsequent statement applies.

한국은 작은 나라가 아닙니다.

해는 매일 아침 동쪽에서 뜬다.

The sun [TOP] rises every morning in the east.

Hae-neun maeil achim dongjjog-eseo tteunda.

Used to mark the topic in statements of general fact.

이건 엄마 꺼야. ― 아빠 꺼는? ― Igeon eomma kkeo-ya. ― Appa kkeo-neun? ― This is for Mom. ― And for Dad [TOP]?

우리 형 여기 있어. ― 너희 누나는? ― Uri hyeong yeogi isseo. ― Neohui nuna-neun? ― My brother is here. ― And your sister [TOP]?

what about; Used without a predicate to demand new information about an already known topic.

눈은 예쁘네.

Her eyes [TOP] are pretty [implied: but she is otherwise not pretty.]

친구는 많은데 절친은 없다.

She has lots of friends [TOP] but no best friend [TOP].

Chin'gu-neun maneunde jeolchin-eun eopda.

Used in contrastive constructions, often with an exclusive sense (i.e. this and not anything else).

너 없이는 못 산다.

난 딱히 하고 싶은 말 없어.

I [TOP] don't have anything in particular I want to say.

Used to background previously known information, in order to highlight the importance of the statement which follows; the marked topic is omittable.


𑂍𑂲

𑂄𑂧𑂷⸱𑂎𑂶𑂥𑂵⸱𑂍𑂲?

Forms yes or no questions when placed in the final position of a sentence.


-이라고

Grammaticalized in the late nineteenth century from 이라 (하)고 (-i-ra (ha)-go, “[saying] that it is […] ”), originally used for nouns.

너가 나한테 "사랑해"라고 했잖아.

Neo-ga na-hante saranghae-rago haetjana.

Introduces direct quotes. Compare 고 (-go).

공부라고 한 게 이거야?
Gongbu-rago han ge igeo-ya?
So this is all the studying you did?

literally, “Is this what you did, saying it was studying?”

나라고 별 수 있나.

Used to disparage the noun, or to suggest that it is nothing special.

사람이라고는 아무도 없었다.

In a negative construction, used with an emphatic sense before the topic marker 는 (-neun).

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 이다 (-ida), 라 (-ra), 다고 (-dago).


이다

For the Korean copula ("to be"), see the entry at 이다 (-ida).


-라

From Middle Korean 라〮 (Yale: -lá), lenited form of 다〮 (Yale: -tá).
It is not clear why lenition only occurred at these specific environments. Vovin speculates that lenition occurred at intervocalic environments except at verbal morpheme boundaries when preceded by a "minimal vowel": ㅡ (Yale: u-) or ㆍ (Yale: o-). Hence lenition occurred after 더 (Yale: -te-), but not after ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-). To explain why only the stem 이 (Yale: -ì-, “to be”, copula) triggers lenition and not the many Class H! verbs, all of whose stems end with a non-minimal vowel, Vovin suggests that all Class H! verbs were originally once closed-syllable stems with nasal or liquid finals. However, Vovin's arguments remain for the most part speculative.

Short for 라고 (-rago, post-vowel form of 이라고 (-irago, direct quotation marker)).


-라

누구라 없니?

2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], (북한) 강원도 이천군 [(bukhan) gang'wondo icheon'gun]: 한국 문화사, →ISBN:

(Hwanghae, Pyongan, Northern Gangwon) suffix used after words ending with a vowel.


-들

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞᆶ〮 (Yale: -tólh). Beyond Korean, most likely related to Japanese 達(たち) (tachi, pluralizing morpheme); if so, the ancestral form may have been */tatVk/ or similar.

ko-etym-native

사람들

기억들

빨리들 하세요. (when addressing multiple people)

그 사람들은 가족이에요. ― Geu saramdeureun gajogieyo. ― Those people are family.

An auxiliary plural particle with an emphasis on the individuality of each item. See Usage notes for more.


אײַן

head

אײַן • (ayn)

אײַנ־ אײַנ־#Yiddish


-면서

From Middle Korean 며〮셔〮 (Yale: -myésyé). See the main entry for more.

Short for 고 하면서 (-go ha-myeonseo, “while saying that...; even though [one] says that...”).

고 하면서

여기 와본 적 처음이라면서 길을 어떻게 다 알아?

How do you know the all roads even though you said it's your first time here?

Yeogi wa-bon jeok cheo'eum-ira-myeonseo gir-eul eotteoke da ara?

"plain style"
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

even though [one] said...; attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".

너 친구가 서울대에 붙었다면서.

I heard your friend was accepted into Seoul University.

Neo chin'gu-ga seouldae-e buteotda-myeonseo.

과자는 왜 먹냐? 살찐다면서.

Why are you snacking? You said they make you fat.

Gwaja-neun wae meongnya? Saljjinda-myeonseo.

나도 거기 갔냐면서.

intimate style
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

In the intimate style, used to confirm something one has heard or to sarcastically point out someone's hypocrisy; attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".


-이라우

Shortened from 이라(고) 하오 (-i-ra(-go) ha-o, “[one] says that it is...”, in the semi-formal style).

차말로 좋아라우[…]멋이라우?[…]차말로 좋게 해 놨등구만이라우.[…]여그서 멋 하신게라우?

1998, 이기갑 [igigap], “전남 방언의 상대높임법 [jeonnam bang'eonui sangdaenopimbeop, The addressee honorifics of the southern Jeolla dialect]”, in Hangul, volume 240, pages 355—396:

I'm really pleased. […] What is this? […] They've done it really well. […] What are you doing here?

polite style
w:Korean speech levels#Haeyo-che

(Jeolla dialect) Attached to nouns, or to the verb-final suffixes of the intimate style, to form the polite style (i.e. adding politeness).


はんで

そったら（だ）ごと、してらはんで、まいねーっつってらべよ

sottara (da) goto, shitera hande, mainē ttsuttera be yo

そんなことをしているから、駄目だっ言ってるじゃないか (standard Japanese)


ꞌēē

From Proto-Polynesian *ee. Cognates include Hawaiian ʻē and Tahitian ʻē.


-예

그 내나, 우리 여, 임씨 문중에 딸인데예.

2015 January 27, 노정숙 [nojeongsuk], “ko: 늪에 빠진 주인의 목숨을 구하고 죽은 개”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 창녕군 이방면 [gyeongsangnamdo changnyeonggun ibangmyeon]:

After all, [the bride] came from the Im family.

Gyeongsang form of 요 (-yo, non-formal politeness-marking particle).


-요

First widely attested in late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century novels intended for popular consumption. Stems from a contraction of 이오 (-i-o, “it is that...”), from 이 (-i-, “to be”, copula) + 오 (-o, declarative verbal suffix of the semi-formal speech level). The suffix 오 (-o) itself goes back to Middle Korean ᅀᆞᇦ〯 (-zǒW-, object honorific verbal suffix), though the exact derivation is unclear, and ultimately to Old Korean 白 (*SOLP-, “to inform a superior”). Compare Kapampangan yó, yu (“plural polite form, emphasis particle”). Compare also Jeju 마씀 (-masseum) which has the same function.

der

often considered the archetypal pronunciation

해요.

안녕하세요.

제가 도와드리지요.

여행 준비는 다 했나요?

Have you finished preparing for your trip?

intimate-style
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

blunt-style
w:Korean speech levels#Hage-che

A particle attached to intimate-style verbs and adjective endings and some blunt-style endings to form the polite style, the usual speech level for polite but not extremely formal conversation, e.g. by a student to a teacher, a child to a parent, or between colleagues.

왜요?

어제 눈이 오던데요……

어머니는요 동생한테만요 화를 내셨어요.

Mom only got angry at my younger sibling.

Eomeoni-neun-yo dongsaeng-hante-man-yo hwa-reul nae-syeoss-eoyo.

뭘 먹었나요? — 라면요.

polite style.
w:Korean speech levels#Haeyo-che

A particle attached to substantives, adverbs, or non-sentence-final endings to show respect to the listener in the polite style.


-더

Shortened from 이더 (-ideo), variant pronunciation of 이다 (-ida, politeness-attaching particle), grammaticalized from the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”).

김서방더, 오데 가요?

Mr. Kim, where are you going? (from Lee 2005, p. 225)

(Changwon Gyeongsang) A vocative case marker showing respect for the addressee without conceding one's own social status.


-에요

제 친구에요.

할 거에요.

(proscribed) Contraction of 이에요 (-i-eyo).


-ㅂ

Sound-symbolic; compare English yep and nope, French ouaip (“yep”), Spanish sip (“yep”).

넵, 그럴게요!

저의 연인을 소개할게욥

2017, “10년된 저의 연인을 소개할게욥 [10nyeondoen jeoui yeonineul sogaehalgeyop]”, in YouTube:

I'll be introducing my significant other!

(colloquial) a sentence-final particle connoting certitude, most common among younger speakers


аджеба

head

а́джеба • (ádžeba)

а́джеба (canonical)
ádžeba (romanization)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish عجبا (acaba), perhaps influenced by Ottoman Turkish عجب (acep).

bor+

Изтракаха по калдъръма няколко конника. Минаха край нас и кривнаха към хана на Янаки чорбаджи. Агите се спогледаха и си думат: кой ще да е този, аджеба.

1982, Петко Росен, През гори зелени:

Several horsemen clopped out onto the cobbled path. They passed us by and wended towards the inn owned by the master Yanaki. The aghas exchanged glances and muttered: who might this one be, I wonder?

Iztrakaha po kaldǎrǎma njakolko konnika. Minaha kraj nas i krivnaha kǎm hana na Janaki čorbadži. Agite se spogledaha i si dumat: koj šte da e tozi, adžeba.

(colloquial) I wonder; interrogative particle, expressing uncertainty


-가

Synonym of 이 (-i, nominative case marker) used after words ending with a vowel.


-가

Uncertain. It was not attested in texts from the 15ᵗʰ century, and its first attestation has been variously placed at 1572 CE or mid-17ᵗʰ century.
Click for etymological details
It was initially of limited distribution and used in a complementary manner to 이 (-i). The development of its usage is as follows:
# Since the mid-17th century: used after nouns ending in -i or -y,
#: e.g. pwuli-ka ("mouth"), nay-ka ("scent"), poy-ka ("boat");
# Since the mid-18th century: used after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
#: e.g. ca-ka ("one who"), soyngswo-ka, nwongso-ka ("farm work");
# During the end of the 18th century: used briefly in the form of double particle -i/yka after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i,
#: e.g. to-yka ("road"), inkwu-yka ("population"), nwongso-yka ("farm work").
Various theories exist regarding its origin:
# Developed from the interrogative particle 가 (-ga);
# Developed from the vocative case particle 하 (-ha)/아 (-a);
# Developed from the connective ending 다가 (-daga);
# Developed from the verb 가 (ga-, “to go”);
# Borrowed from the Japanese nominative particle が (ga).2.

내가 말했잖아.

어디가 좋을까?

의자가 있다. ― Uija-ga itda. ― There is a chair.


-가

From Middle Korean 가〮 (Yale: -ká), from Old Korean 去 (*-ka). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for yes-no questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the Old Korean nominalized forms of verbs, whence ㄴ가 (-n'ga) and ㄹ까 (-lkka).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation (nor reserved for yes-no questions); see "Related terms" below.

이기 니 이름가?

(Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.


-가

From Old Korean 果 (*-kwa). Unlike Middle Korean and most other dialects, Yukjin was apparently unaffected by the lenition to 와 (-wa) in intervocalic environments. Until the early twentieth century, the pronunciation was still 과 (-gwa), but it has since shifted.

Yukjin and Russia form of 과 (-gwa, “with, and”)

한 동네에 여자가 남자 살았지. (Koryo-mar, Shymkent)
Han dongne-e yeojaga namja saratji.
In a neighbourhood lived a lady with a man.
Excerpt of the folk tale, 'The Foolish Husband who Caught a Bear with his Wife's Wisdom'.

내가 너느 야댜하는 쳐지다.

2019, 곽충구 [gwakchunggu, Kwak Chung-gu], 두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 [duman'gang yuyeogui joseoneo bang'eon sajeon, Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area], volume II, Taehaksa, →ISBN, page 3717:

You and I are in a relationship where we don't use honorifics.

슬기가 여끼 따다.

Yukjin and Russia form of 와 (-wa, “with, and”)

동미가 말했지.

네가 무스거 물어보더야?


-도

Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean 도〮 (Yale: -twó), from Old Korean 刀 (*-two).

나도!

하나도 없어.


-마다

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean 마〯다〮 (Yale: -mǎtá).

ko-etym-native

날마다

밤이면 밤마다


-구

Dialectal and slang form of 고 (-go, “that”, quotative particle).


baino

Perhaps from a hypothetical stem *bain-, in that case related to baina (“but”).

Ni baino altuagoa da.

Niri baino Amaiari goxoki gehiago eman zizkion.

He/she gave more candies to Amaia than to me.

Produzi dezakeguna baino gehiago jaten dute.