thì

tham thì thâm

Greed will lead to one's downfall (literally, “As for [the fact that one is] greedy, [it will lead to their] bruises”)

Hỏi nó thử xem. Tao thì sao cũng được.

(literally, “Try asking him. As for me, anything is good.”)

Try asking him about it. I'm all for it.

Có chí thì nên.

(literally, “As for [the fact that one] has willpower, [they will turn out] great.”)

So long as you have your will, you will achieve greatness.

Thôi đi cha nội! Mày thì biết cái gì!

(literally, “Stop it, paternal father! As for you, [you] know what?”)

Chồng thì gia trưởng, con thì hư đốn. Thôi tôi chết quách cho rồi!

(literally, “As for [my] husband, [he is] patriarchal, as for [my] children, [they are] naughty. Forget it, I'll die!”)

My husband is a damn patriarch, my children are a spoiled bunch. Just grant me death already!

Làm thì lười, thấy lòng lợn thì gắp lia lịa.

(literally, “As for when you work, you are lazy, as for when you see pig guts, you grab them non-stop.”)

You always goof off, and yet when you see food you take more bites than you can swallow.

(after noun or pronoun or nominalized utterances) as for ..., it is/does/will ...

Nếu ổng hỏi thì làm sao?
Thì cứ vờ như không biết chứ sao!
What if he asks?
Just pretend you didn't know then!
(literally, “If he asks, what [should I do]?
In that case, just pretend you didn't know!”)

Ổng mà hỏi là chết tao!
Thì mày cứ vờ như không biết!
Man, if he asks me, I'm so dead!
Just pretend you didn't know then!
(literally, “He asks, [that will] doom me!
In that case, just pretend you didn't know!”)

(informal) in that case, then ...; well, then ...


vậy

Làm sao hay quá vậy?

Mày làm như mày là bác sĩ vậy.

You're talking like you were a doctor or something.


zaś

Clipping of zasię. Compare Czech zase and Kashubian zôs. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(literary, contrastive or elaborative) meanwhile, whereas, while, rather than

(literary or dialectal, Kuyavia) after, afterwards; thereupon

(colloquial, dialectal) used with some conjunctions for expressiveness


ནས

particle connecting two actions, placed after the first verb: then, after having done X.


-pe

From Proto-Italic *-pe, from Proto-Indo-European *pe. Cognate with Luwian -pa, Luwian ppa-, and Lithuanian kaĩp (“how”).

used in the formation of certain words as an intensive particle


-pe

+obj

shall [with ká (men's speech) or ky (women's speech)]


-pe

Xerúbapèoçô?

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter VII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 36:

interrogative particle; comes after the thing one wants to ask, in the beginning of the sentence


timbang

Aphetic form of ketimbang (“rather than”)


ⲇⲉ

indicates a shift in topic, sometimes translated as: but, and, now but often left untranslated.


ܕܝܢ

From the older form ܐܳܕܺܝܢ not present in Syriac. Influenced heavily by Ancient Greek δέ (dé).

indicates a shift in topic, sometimes translated as: but, and, now, however but often left untranslated.


ཚོ

Marks plurals, chiefly used as a suffix on pronouns and demonstratives.


thời

Sino-Vietnamese word from 時. Doublet of thì and giờ.
Originally a Northern innovation. As a topic marker, thời has mostly been supplanted by thì spreading from the South.

O tròn như quả trứng gà. Ô thời/thì đội mũ, ơ thời/thì mang râu.
O is rounded like a chicken egg. Ô wears a hat, ơ has a beard.

然則／然则 (ránzé) Nhiên tắc=vậy thời, donc.

1920, Nguyễn Can Mộng, “Bài 6”, in Nam học Hán văn khoá bản:

(Northern Vietnam, dated) Alternative form of thì (topic marker)


ပိ

ဧဝမ္ပိ သိက္ခာ ဧကာ သညာ ဥပ္ပဇ္ဇတိ၊ သိက္ခာ ဧကာ သညာ နိရုဇ္ဈတိ။ အယမ္ပိ သိက္ခာတိ ဘဂဝါ အဝေါစ။

c. 50 BC, ဆဋ္ဌသင်္ဂီတိပိဋကံ သုတ္တန္တပိဋကေ ဒီဃနိကာယေ သီလက္ခန္ဓဝဂ္ဂပါဋိ [Sixth Council Tipitaka: Sutta Pitaka: Digha Nikaya: Silakkhandha-vagga], published 2010, page 171 (၁၇၁):

'Thus also is it that through training one idea, one sort of consciousness, arises; and through training another passes away. This is the training I spoke of', said the Exalted One.

evampi sikkhā ekā saññā uppajjati sikkhā ekā saññā nirujjhati. ayampi sikkhāti bhagavā avoca.


လီၤ

head

လီၤ • (law̄)

Final particle used to end declarative sentences.


စီၤ

စီၤ • (saw̄)


နီၢ်

နီၢ် • (naw̱)

From Shan ၼၢင်း (náang). Ultimately from 娘 (OC *naŋ, “young woman”).


をして

Derived as a combination of accusative / object particle を (wo, modern pronunciation o) + the conjunctive form して of classical verb す (su), modern verb する (suru, “to do”, emphasis on active voice). Used to mark the indirect object or patient of a causative expression. This appears very early in the written record in the Shoku Nihongi, completed in 797 CE, representing late-Nara period and early-Heian period Japanese. This usage persists in the modern language, but is restricted to formal literary writing.

天才をして輝かしめる

(archaic, literary, formal) indicates the patient of a causative expression; used with the auxiliary verb しめる (shimeru) to mark the causative

Daijirin
Daijisen
Heian period
Nara period
Shoku Nihongi
ja:松村明


κ'

Apocopic form of κε (ke) (used before the smooth breathing)


ཀྱི

One of the five genitive particles, used after ད (da), བ (ba), ས (sa) or one of the secondary sound suffixes. See གི (gi).


ཡི

One of the five genitive particles, used after nouns ending in vowel sounds. See གི (gi).


གི

Maybe related to Chinese 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ).

One of the five genitive particles, used after ག (ga) or ང (nga).


νυ

now (used to introduce a point, a remonstration or a rebuke; in the context of urgency)


གྱི

One of the five genitive particles, used after ན (na), མ (ma), ར (ra), or ལ (la). See གི (gi).


ḱe

ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- (canonical)
-ḱe (canonical)

Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-

Latin: -c (e.g. hic, illic, tunc)

Latin: -ce (e.g. ecce)

սո-

*ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun); Old Armenian

Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Old Irish: cenIrish: ganManx: gynScottish Gaelic: gun

ᚕᚑᚔ

Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular); Primitive Irish


ឯង

you see, after all, indeed, just (phrase-final intensifying particle)


จง

From Old Khmer ចង (caṅa, “to desire; to want; to wish”). Cognate with Modern Khmer ចង់ (cɑng). Extended as Old Khmer បញ្ចង (pañcaṅa), from which Thai บรรจง was derived, corresponding to Modern Khmer បញ្ចង់ (bɑɑbɑñcɑng); and as Khmer ចំណង (cɑmnɑɑng), from which Thai จำนง (jam-nong) was derived. Compare Lao ຈົງ (chong), ຈົ່ງ (chong); Northern Thai ᨧᩩ᩵ᨦ; Lü ᦈᦳᧂᧈ (ṫsung¹).

cog

Lü ᦈᦳᧂᧈ (ṫsung¹)

used to indicate a command, requirement, request, or wish, sometimes used as an auxiliary verb for such purpose.


wenye

M-mi class inflected form of -enye (singular only).

U class inflected form of -enye (singular only).


mwenye

Mu locative class inflected form of -enye.


mē

Albanian: mo

Albanian: mos

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (a prohibitive particle).


huwó

Mázaškaŋškaŋ tóna huwó?

question-marking particle used by men in formal speech


мэт

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ຂ້ານ້ອຍ

lo-particle

ຂ້ານ້ອຍ • (khān ʼa nya)

[kʰaː˧˩.nɔːj˥˨]

[kʰaː˥˥˨.nɔːj˧˦]

From ຂ້າ (khā, “servant”) + ນ້ອຍ (nǭi, “small, little”) ("inferior servant"). Cognate with Isan ข้าน้อย, Khün ᨡ᩶ᩣᨶᩭ᩶ (khaa³ nɔɔy⁶), Lü ᦃᦱᧉᦓᦾᧉ (ẋaa²noay²).

cog

Isan ข้าน้อย

Khün ᨡ᩶ᩣᨶᩭ᩶ (khaa³ nɔɔy⁶)

Lü ᦃᦱᧉᦓᦾᧉ (ẋaa²noay²)

(particle used at the end of sentences to make them more polite, used in both statements and questions)


မြ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/b)rak (“to cut; to tear; to maul; to lacerate”). Related to မြက် (mrak, “to be sharp-edged; keen-edged”).

inh

particle indicating a noticeable sensation


มั้ย

th-part

มั้ย • (mái)

ไหม ไหม#Thai


才怪

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ kʷaːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹ kʷaːi̯³³/

You are such a naughty kid. It'd be surprising if your mum were not worried.

你這麼淘氣，媽媽不擔心才怪！

你这么淘气，妈妈不担心才怪！

it'd be a wonder if ... (following a verb phrase that is usually negative)


รึ

หรือ หรือ#Thai


เนี่ย

th-particle

เนี่ย • (nîia)

ไรเนี่ย

ทำไรเนี่ย

อยู่ไหนเนี่ย

ใช้ไงเนี่ย

กินอยู่เนี่ย

อธิบายอยู่เนี่ย

เธอเนี่ยมันใช้ไม่ได้

(colloquial) placed at the end of an indicative or interrogative for emphasis of the condition of being done, being mentioned, being addressed, being pointed out, or happening at the present time or place.


အဖေ၏ အိမ်

(literary) of, ’s (indicating possession)


ම

Inherited from Sanskrit एव (eva, “so, just so, really; just”). Cognate to Dhivehi މެ (me)


ව

Sinhala script form of va (“like, as if”)


ව

Sinhala script form of va, sandhi form of එව (eva, “even”)


න

17. ‘‘එවං වුත්තෙ භන්තෙ පූරණො කස්සපො මං එතදවොච: කරොතො ඛො මහාරාජ කාරයතො ඡින්දතො ඡෙදාපයතො පචතො පාචයතො සොචයතො සොචාපයතො කිලමයතො කිලමාපයතො ඵන්දයතො ඵන්දාපයතො පාණමතිපාතයතො අදින්නං ආදියතො සන්ධිං ඡින්දතො නිල්ලොපං හරතො එකාගාරිකං කරොතො පරිපන්ථෙ තිට්ඨතො පරදාරං ගච්ඡතො මුසා භණතො කරොතො න කරීයති පාපං.

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 90:

17. Then, Lord, Pūrana Kassapa said to meː “To him who acts, O king, or causes another to act, to him who mutilates or causes another to mutilate, to him who burns or causes another to burn, to him who causes grief or torment, to him who causes weariness or causes another to cause weariness, to him who agitates or causes another to agitate, to him who kills a living creature, who takes what is not given, who breaks into houses, who commits dacoity, or robbery, or highway robbery, or adultery, or who speaks lies, to him thus acting there is no guilt.

17. ‘‘Evaṃ vutte, bhante, pūraṇo kassapo maṃ etadavoca: ‘karoto kho, mahārāja, kārayato, chindato chedāpayato, pacato pācayato, socayato socāpayato, kilamayato kilamāpayato, phandayato phandāpayato, pāṇamatipātayato, adinnaṃ ādiyato, sandhiṃ chindato, nillopaṃ harato, ekāgārikaṃ karoto, paripanthe tiṭṭhato, paradāraṃ gacchato, musā bhaṇato, karoto na karīyati pāpaṃ.

25. සෙය්යථාපි භික්ඛවෙ පුරිසො අද්ධානමග්ගපටිපන්නො - සො පස්සෙය්ය මහන්තං උදකණ්ණවං, ඔරිමං තීරං සාසඞ්කං සප්පටිභයං, පාරිමං තීරං ඛෙමං අප්පටිභයං, න චස්ස නාවා සන්තාරණී උත්තරසෙතු වා අපාරාපාරං ගමනාය;

2006, The Fourth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (I), page 336:

Suppose, brethren, there was a person traveling along the road. They’d see a large deluge, whose near shore was dubious and perilous, while the far shore was a sanctuary free of peril. But there was no ferryboat or bridge for crossing over.

25. Seyyathāpi bhikkhave puriso addhānamaggapaṭipanno - so passeyya mahantaṃ udakaṇṇavaṃ, orimaṃ tīraṃ sāsaṅkaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ, pārimaṃ tīraṃ khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ, na cassa nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārāpāraṃ gamanāya;

3. අක්කොච්ඡි මං අවධි මං අජිනි මං අහාසි මෙ
යෙ තං උපනය්හන්ති වෙරං තෙසං න සම්මති

c. 50 BC, The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

He abused me, he struck me, he defeated me, he robbed me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

3. akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ ajini maṃ ahāsi me
ye taṃ upanayhanti veraṃ tesaṃ na sammati


න

3 ආක්රොශන්මාමවොචන්මාම ජයන්මාමහාපයත්
අත්ර යෙ උපනහ්යන්තෙ වෛරං තෙෂාං න ශාම්යති

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

They abused me, they reviled me, they defeated me and plundered me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.

3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Atra ye upanahyante vairaṃ teṣāṃ na śāmyati.


ကျွန်

particle suffixed to verbs to denote affectation


I mean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-I mean.wav

Used to correct an error or slip of the tongue.

They were filth, utter filth. I mean, and this tops it. She even bought the video of her sister dying, or at least the sex act that killed her.

Q. … To rush for 306 yards against that group, how did you accomplish that?
BRIAN KELLY: Well, look, I mean, I could stand up here and BS you guys all day and tell you we're the second coming of the Green Bay Packers rushing attack.

2019 October 13, Jack Freeman (interviewer), “Everything Brian Kelly said after Notre Dame's win over USC”, 247Sports, IrishIllustrated.com

I must say the title puts me off as well. I mean, come on. Is this supposed to be original or creative?

I mean, it very well could be.

(colloquial) An indication of approximation or uncertainty.


မြောက်

my-particle

မြောက် • (mrauk)

particle suffixed to nouns to form ordinals

part particle suffixed to a verb to denote consummation


သည်

inh

Proto-Tibeto-Burman *sin (“body, owner, agentive nominalizer”)

-er, -ist (particle suffixed to some nouns to denote a practitioner of some trade or a person in a particular plight or situation)


ဆန်း

particle suffixed to a verb to convey the meaning of “no more than”


הינה

he-part

הינה • (hiné)

הִנֵּה הנה#Hebrew


ליכא

head

לֵיכָּא • (lēkkā)

לֵיכָּא (canonical)
lēkkā (romanization)

לֵית (lēṯ, “there is not”) + כָּא (kā, “here”)

affix

(Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) there is not, there are not


ซะ

เสีย เสีย#Thai

(colloquial) variant of เสีย (sǐia, particle indicating a hortative, imperative or emphasis).


ရဲ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-(r/y/w)ay (“bold, heroic”). Cognate with Mizo [Term?] (huāi, “bold, daring”) (STEDT). Luce additionally adduces Old Chinese 烈 (OC *red, “ardent, fiery”) as a cognate. This is semantically appealing, though the final in the Old Chinese reconstruction does not seem to match.
The senses of "brave", "bright red", "rampant", and "police" are all grouped together by MED.

inh

particle suffixed to verbs to denote the sense of having the courage to do something


ဘော

(vocative) Burmese script form of bho (“friend”)

ဘဝန္တ် ဘဝန္တ်#Pali

Burmese script form of bho, which is vocative singular/plural of ဘဝန္တ် (bhavant, “sir”)


သလား

အင်္ဂလိပ်စကားပြောတတ်သလး။
angga.lipca.ka:prau:tatsa.la:||
Do you speak English?

(colloquial) word used in forming a question


စလုံး

particle conveying the sense " all; without exception" with reference to the number of people, things, etc. preceding it


သော

(literary) particle suffixed to a word to form an adjective

sentence final marker, emphasising a wish expressed


tâ

From Portuguese tá, clipping of está, the third-person singular present indicative form of estar. Semantically, compare Chavacano ta and Indo-Portuguese ta.

Tâ lê.

Iou tâ querê gritâ.

Iou tâ vai-ia.

Acung'a quiança tâ churâ.

Êle ramendâ tâ reva.


𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹

From Proto-Germanic *ibai, variant of *jabai.

𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍈𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌸?

Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what he doeth? (KJV)

ibai witōþ unsar stōjiþ mannan nibai faurþis hauseiþ fram imma jah ufkunnaiþ ƕa taujiþ?

Interrogative particle: starts a yes-or-no question.


တောင်း

particle which serves to emphasize the verb or adjective preceding it


よーん

(informal) Eye dialect spelling of よ (yo), representing playful Japanese.


といえども

当たらずといえども遠からず

even though it did not hit the mark it is not far


đấy

Anh đang chờ ai đấy?

(Northern Vietnam) sentence-final particle used in questions for asking in a more polite way

Máy bay của họ hạ cánh rồi đấy.

(Northern Vietnam) sentence-final particle in statements to express affirmation


mbaa

Placed at the beginning or end of a sentence to indicate a question where the speaker explicitly hopes for a positive answer.


xanaa

Placed at the beginning or end of a sentence to indicate a question where the speaker expects a positive answer.


ndax

Placed at the beginning of a sentence to indicate a question.


ကြိမ်

my-particle

ကြိမ် • (krim)

နှစ်ကြိမ်


ချေ

used for euphonic effect; also used to soften the force of a request or a denial


ໂດຍຂ້ານ້ອຍ

lo-particle

ໂດຍຂ້ານ້ອຍ • (dōi khān ʼa nya)

[doːj˩˨.kʰaː˥˥˨.nɔːj˧˦]

ໂດຍ-ຂ້າ-ນ້ອຍ

From ໂດຍ (dōi) + ຂ້ານ້ອຍ (khān ʼa nya): "by (this) little slave", "by the service of this inferior slave." Compare the structure "preposition + self-deprecating pronoun" in Shan တီႈၶႃႈ (tīi khāa).

(particle used for politeness by social inferiors to extreme social superiors such as monks and nobility)


ашелень

head

ашелень • (ašeľeń)

first-person singular copulative of аш (aš)


сембе сяка

сембе сяка • (śembe śaka)

This particle literally translates as "all the same." From сембе (śembe, “all”) and сяка (śaka). The second part is apparently from the pronoun ся (śa, “that”) + -ка (-ka, “too”), by itself, the definite form of this pronoun is used — сякось (śakoś, “that same, that very same”).

Альманах мокшанской художественной литературы, 1952
Комнатать кучкаса, стулть лангса озада ащезь, мон ванондонь перьфпяльге страннай чувстваса: мезе-бди тяса тейне ульсь содаф. Улень мон, штоли, тяса мзярда-бди? Аш, ашелень. И сембе сяка мон содаса тя комнатать, мон сонь няине онцтон, кодама-бди страшнай, ёжефтома онцтон.
Komnatať kučkasa, stulť langsa ozada aščeź, mon vanondoń peŕfpäľge strannaj čuvstvasa: meźe-bďi ťasa ťejńe uľś sodaf. Uľeń mon, štoľi, ťasa mźarda-bďi? Aš, ašeľeń. I śembe śaka mon sodasa ťa komnatať, mon soń ńajińe oncton, kodama-bďi strašnaj, jožeftoma oncton.
In the middle of the room, sitting on a chair, I looked all around in a weird feeling: as if this place was familiar to me. Had I been here before? No, I hadn't. And yet I know (~ recognize) this room, I had seen it in a dream, a terrible, crazy dream.

коса коса#Moksha

(followed by коса (kosa, “where”), etc.) -ever (indicating indifference, as in wherever, whoever, etc.)


ашемань

ашемань • (ašemań)

third-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); he/she/it didn't [verb] me


ашемасть

ашемасть • (ašemasť)

second-person plural copulative objective of аш (aš); you didn't [verb] me/us


ашемайть

ашемайть • (ašemajť)

second-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); you didn't [verb] me


ашихтень

ашихтень • (ašihťeń)

first-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); I didn't [verb] you


ашензе

ашензе • (ašenźe)

third-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); he/she/it didn't [verb] you


ашемазь

ашемазь • (ašemaź)

third-person plural copulative objective of аш (aš); he/they didn't [verb] me/us


ашить

ашить • (ašiť)

second-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); you didn't [verb] him/them


афолемань

афолемань • (afoľemań)

third-person singular copulative of аф (af)


афолемазь

афолемазь • (afoľemaź)

third-person plural copulative of аф (af)


афолине

афолине • (afoľińe)

first-person singular copulative of аф (af)


афолемайть

афолемайть • (afoľemajť)

second-person singular copulative of аф (af)


афолихтень

афолихтень • (afoľihťeń)


афолить

афолить • (afoľiť)


ашедязь

ашедязь • (ašeďaź)

first-person plural copulative objective of аш (aš); we didn't [verb] you

third-person plural copulative objective of аш (aš); they didn't [verb] you


афолезе

афолезе • (afoľeźe)


ашеськ

ашеськ • (ašeśk)

first-person plural copulative objective of аш (aš); we didn't [verb] him/them


афолезень

афолезень • (afoľeźeń)


афолесть

афолесть • (afoľesť)

second-person plural copulative of аф (af)


афоледязь

афоледязь • (afoľeďaź)

first-person plural copulative of аф (af)


афолезь

афолезь • (afoľeź)


ашезе

ашезе • (ašeźe)

From аш (aš, “no”) + -е- (-e-, interfix) + -зе (-źe, objective conjugation).

affix

third-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); he/she/it didn't [verb] him/her/it


ашезень

head

ашезень • (ašeźeń)

From аш (aš, “no”) + -е- (-e-, interfix) + -зень (-źeń, objective conjugation).

affix

third-person singular objective copulative of аш (aš); he/she/it didn't [verb] them


афолемасть

head

афолемасть • (afoľemasť)


ашине

ашине • (ašińe)

first-person singular copulative objective of аш (aš); I didn't [verb] him/them


афолензе

афолензе • (afoľenźe)


афолеськ

афолеськ • (afoľeśk)


नु

Devanagari script form of nu (“then, now”)


先怪

/siːn⁵⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/siːn⁵⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

(Cantonese) it'd be a wonder if ... (following a verb phrase that is usually negative)


လှိုင်း

Uncertain.
Possibly a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh (“to hollow, excavate, bore”), whence Khmer លុង (lung, “to dig a hole”) and Vietnamese trũng (“concave”). See also Mizo lawng (“to take out the heart of a wild platain tree”) (Sidwell, 2006; Schuessler, 2007).

cog

numerical classifier for counting sheaves of paddy


ਹੀ

hī (romanization)
ہی (Shahmukhi)
ای (Shahmukhi)


ਨਾ

ਨਾ ਕਰੋ!


ਵੀ

Inherited from Old Punjabi ਭੀ (bhī), from Paisaci Prakrit [Term?] (compare Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀯𑀺 (vi), 𑀧𑀺 (pi), 𑀅𑀯𑀺 (avi)), from Sanskrit अपि (api). Compare Hindi भी (bhī).


iż

Polish: iż

Silesian: iż

Reduced form of iże, from Proto-Slavic *je že (neuter acc. sg. of *jь že), from *je n sg (“it; that”, accusative) + *že (emphatic particle). Compare English that, Old Norse at, German dass, Ancient Greek ὅτι (hóti). First attested in the 14th century.

Dzathky mile! Isze gako tho vy szamy dobrze vecze..., gdisczy szø kthoremv krolevy... szin narodzy, tedicz... posly beszø

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 1a:

A potem czass maly, ysch mye vzryczye (et videbitis me Jo 16, 19)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 572:

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Gwnolth prziszankl y se swethky naprzeciw Sczepanowy, podkomorzemw s prziswolenya po *strugo Poboszenycza, a *strugo, ysz do rzeky Narwye

1912-1930 [1428], Monumenta Iuris cura praepositorum Chartophylacio Maximo Varsoviensi, volume V, page 137:


iż

(Middle Polish) used after other conjunctions for emphasis

(Middle Polish) indicates a following event in time

(Middle Polish) forms the third person imperative in the singular and plural; let, may

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

a yeſzly yſzczyą przyrownam anyolom/ o zayſte doſtoynyeyſzaſz nath anyoly

1525, Jan z Szamotuł (Paterek), Kazania, inc.: Poczyna się kazanie drugie o poczęciu przenaczystszej dziewice Panny Maryjej, page 27v:

ábowiem Egipcżánie ſą rozomni/ ktorzy iż ſny rozwodzą/ známioná vkazuią

1550, Historyja Aleksandra Wielkiego, page A2v:

Iſch powyedzial yſch Thalierzse paniczewſkie, kthore gineli Zyanem wolkyem nagradzal panſkimy

1543-1554, Liber maleficorum, page 1549/149v:

Byli oni ludźie bárzo pilni/ á w káżdey wolney náuce/ iż z ſámego zwycżáiu bárzo biegli [Erant viri illi perquam diligentes et ab omni liberali eruditione etiam usu ipso paratissimi]

1577, A. Frycz Modrzewski - C. Bazylik, O poprawie Rzeczypospolitej, page 98:

ſilj moie nie ſą ták doſtátecżne iáko morzá ábo wielorybá/ iż mię śćiſkaſz tákowem vtrapieniem ktorego vydz nie mogę.

1572, Sz. Budny, Biblija, page I 279b marg:

y przeſlvge ſwego wſkazala ze ya ſkrolyem j. m. nycz nyemąm jſz do mnye slye

1579-1597, Akta prawne miasta Kościerzyny, page 1588/82v:

Kto ſie cnotą ſpráwuie/ á Bogá ſie boi/ Iż go márna ſwawola/ ále rozum ſtroi.

Proximus sum egomet mihi, Bliſzſzym ſam ſobie/ Nikomum ták wiele nie powinien iż yednák więcey ſam ſobie.

Ow záſię ná málucżki cżás walał ſię iáko we błocie ſwiniá w onych márnych roſkoſzach ſwoich/ thák iáko tu Ewányeliſtá ſwięty piſze/ y z onymi godowniki ſwoiemi/ y iż kęs poſkakáłá przed nim oná márna á plugáwa zwodnicá iego/ ktora nie tylko ciáło/ ále zwiodłá á zátráćiłá y nędzną duſzę iego.

1566, M. Rej, Postylla, 3 edition, page 321v:

Otoż álbo te dwie mieyſcá ſą iáſnie máluiące Cżyśćiec/ albo więc iż iáſność ſwoię z wykłádu ták wielkich y świętych dwu kośćielnych Doktorow biorą

1593, S. Wysocki, Kazanie na pogrzebie ... Jana Symeona Olelkowicza, page 35:


पुरो

head

पुरो • (purô) (Latin script puro, Kannada script ಪುರೊ)

purô (romanization)
puro (Latin character)
ಪುರೊ (Kannada character)

From Maharastri Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀼 (puru), from Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “abundant”), from Sanskrit पूर (pūra), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁ús (“much”). Cognate with Marathi पुरे (pure).


पुरे

Inherited from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀼 (puru), from Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much, abundant”), from Sanskrit पूर (pūra), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁ús (“much”). Cognate with Konkani पुरो (purô).


w końcu

quasi

Oczywiście, że jestem głodny, w końcu nie jadłem cały dzień.

Of course I'm hungry, After all, I haven't eaten all day.

W końcu my wszyscy umieramy.

(idiomatic) in the end, roughly, with a verb end up


αμ

From Byzantine Greek ἀμμέ (ammé) < ἀμμή (ammḗ) from the ancient phrase ἄν μή (án mḗ, “if not, if then”).

Αμ δεν πρόκειται να έρθω!

Αμ δεν έχεις λεφτά, αμ θέλεις και μεγαλεία.

On the one hand you do not have any money, on the other, you pursue the high life.

Am den écheis leftá, am théleis kai megaleía.

(intensifies opposition, used in set phrases)

(introducting further negative statement): (and, also, neither, nor)


dzô

(Southern Vietnam, phonetic spelling) Alternative spelling of vô


meyakan

A word used when counting, signifying "one", "two", or "three" when the corresponding number of fingers is held up. The literal signification is variously suspected to be "finger" or "denumerable entity".


တွက်

Provisionally inherited from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *twak (“to calculate, count, tally”); cognate with Tedim Chin tuak (STEDT). Said root may be connected to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”), in which case see Old Chinese 度 (OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ, “degree, capacity”) for more.

och-l

numerical classifier used in counting the snapping of fingers


ずつ

zutsu (romanization)
dutu (romanization)
づつ (hiragana historical)

少しずつ

一個ずつ

一歩ずつ

毎日一回ずつ


юҡ

From Proto-Turkic *yōk (“no; there is no”).

Һеҙҙең «эйе» тигән һүҙегеҙ – «эйе», «юҡ» тигәнегеҙ «юҡ» булһын. Шунан артығы – Иблистән.
Heźźeñ «eye» tigən hüźegeź – «eye», «yuq» tigənegeź «yuq» bulhın. Şunan artığı – İblistən.

Let your "yes" be "yes", "no" be "no". Anything more than this comes from the devil.

Used to show disagreement or negation; no


qed

From a contracted pronunciation of qiegħed, from Arabic قاعِد (qāʕid, “sitting”), used in a number of dialects (like Tunisian Arabic and Hijazi Arabic) to form progressive tenses, originally in the sense “he’s sitting there (talking, drinking, etc.)”. Unrelated to Arabic قَد (qad), a modal particle, which does not express progressiveness.

X’qed tagħmel? – Qed naħsel ħwejġek.
What are you doing? – I am washing your clothes.

Dal-lejl ħlomt ħolma.
Waħda ħelwa, imma stramba.
Fil-verità, waħda li qed noħlom ta’ spiss.

2019, Kristina Borg, Imkejjen u Rkejjen, Ede Books, →ISBN, page 18:

Last night I had a dream.
A pleasant dream, but strange.
Actually, it's a recurring dream.

A verbal particle indicating progressive verb tenses


కాక

From అగు . (canonical)
agu (romanization)


πάρα

From Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “besides; against”).

inh

Λυπάμαι πάρα πολύ.


ἠύτε

grc-particle

ἠῠ́τε • (ēúte)


ἠΰτε

ἠῠ̈́τε • (ēǘte)

ὃς καὶ χρυσὸν ἔχων πόλεμον δ’ ἴεν ἠΰτε κούρη

Translation by Samuel Butler
He came into the fight with gold about him, like a girl (translation at Wikisource)

hòs kaì khrusòn ékhōn pólemon d’ íen ēǘte koúrē


ནི

པང་གདན་ནི་སྐྱེད་དམན་ཚང་མས་གོན་གྱི་རེད།

Regarding aprons, every woman wears them.

pang gdan ni skyed dman tshang mas gon gyi red

emphasizing particle used to thematize various elements in the sentence


ຕິ

ອິຕິປິ ໂສ ພະຄະວາ* ອະຣະຫັງ ສັມມາສັມ-
ພຸທໂທ຺ ວິຊຊາຈະຣະນ຺ະສັມປັນໂນ ສຸຄະໂຕ ໂລ-
ກະວິທູ ອະນຸຕຕະໂຣ ປຸຣິສະທັມມະສາຣະຖິ ສັຕຖາ
ເທວ* ມະນຸສສານັງ ພຸທໂທ຺ ພ຺ະຄະວາຕິ—

1943, Phaya Luang Maha Sena (Phouy), Learn fast to read Tham characters in Pali Texts [ແບບຣຽນໄວ ເຫຼັ້ມສອງ ຣຽນອ່ານໝັງສືທັມ ຂຽນເປັນພາສາບາລີ], 2nd edition (PDF; overall work in Lao), Buddhist Institute, archived from the original on 2016-04-04, page 45:

Surely, he is a blessed one, an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened, endowed with knowledge and good behaviour, faring well, knowing the universe, an unequalled driver of men who need taming, teacher of gods and men, a buddha, the Blessed One.
* Ought to be ພ຺ະຄະວາ & ເທວະ; transliteration and translation are as though spelt thus.

itipi so bhaɡavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti.

Lao script form of ti (“thus - often to be translated just by quotation marks”)


एव

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háywas. Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (aēuua).

ए॒वा च॒ त्वं स॑रम आज॒गन्थ॒ प्रबा॑धिता॒ सह॑सा॒ दैव्ये॑न ।
स्वसा॑रं त्वा कृणवै॒ मा पुन॑र्गा॒ अप॑ ते॒ गवां॑ सुभगे भजाम ॥
evā́ ca tváṃ sarama ājagántha prábādhitā sáhasā daívyena.

Even thus, O Sarama, hast thou come hither, forced by celestial might to make the journey.
Turn thee not back, for thou shalt be our sister: O Blest One, we will give thee of the cattle.

svásāraṃ tvā kṛṇavai mā́ púnargā ápa te gávāṃ subhage bhajāma.

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda


ḫr

(with following subjunctive or nonverbal predicate) then, and then, so; introduces a subordinate clause describing the inevitable result of an action in a preceding clause

(with following suffix pronoun/subject and imperfective) must, has to; introduces a subordinate clause describing a necessity

(introducing a prepositional phrase) then; also functions as a converter to allow a prepositional phrase to begin a sentence


ḫr

(with following suffix pronoun, and optionally also noun, indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said


bw

Coptic: ⲙⲉ⸗ (me⸗)

Related to (and probably developed from) earlier nj (“not”). The spelling with b- may reflect a graphic phenomenon rather than a sound change. Compare the Late Egyptian development of bn from Earlier Egyptian nn.

(Late Egyptian, with following verb in the sdm.f form) not; forms the negative aorist of verbs

(Late Egyptian, with following verb in the sdmt.f form (from the Middle Egyptian terminative)) not yet

(Late Egyptian, chiefly literary, with following verb in the sdm.f form) not; forms the negative preterite of verbs


barı

Neçə kərə mən sənə dedim ki, rus həkiminin yanına gedib barı qızdırma davasını ondan öyrən.

1850, Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Hekayəti Molla İbrahimxəlil Kimyagər [Molla Ebrahim Khalil the Alchemist]; republished as Mirzə Fətəli Axundzadə Əsərləri. Üç cilddə, volume I, Baku: Şərq-Qərb, 2005:

How many times did I tell you to go to the Russian doctor and at least learn about the fever medicine from him.


तु

According to Mayrhofer, somehow related to Proto-Germanic *þau (“in that case”), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“that”) + *-we (“or”) by early contraction.

c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 4.18.6

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 2.22

8. ප්රමාදමප්රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ්ඩිතඃ
ප්රඥාප්රසාදමාරුහ්ය ත්වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්රජාම්
පර්වතස්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්ෂතෙ

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate


puko

According to Fr. Domingo de los Santos (1835), from po (respect particle) + ko (“my; mine”) but the glottal stop is left unexplained.

(dialectal, Laguna, Quezon, emphatic) marks respect toward the person the speaker is addressing: ma'am; sir

(women's speech, obsolete) marks respect toward the person the speaker is addressing


hả

interrogative particle: isn't it; aren't you ...


ཐམ་པ

Resultative form of གཏམ (gtam, “to fill up, to make full”).

གཉིས་ཅུ་ཐམ་པ

བརྒྱད་ཅུ་ཐམ་པ

particle used with numbers that are even multiples of ten


szczerze mówiąc

(idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


zaprawdę

Univerbation of za + prawdę. Largely displaced by naprawdę.

A Król im odpowie: "Zaprawdę, powiadam wam: Wszystko, co uczyniliście jednemu z tych braci moich najmniejszych, Mnieście uczynili".

1983, Biblia Tysiąclecia [The Millennium Bible]:

And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.

(dated, literary) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


շնորհավոր

head

շնորհավոր • (šnorhavor)

hy-particle

շնորհավոր • (šnorhavor)

From Old Armenian շնորհաւոր (šnorhawor).

շնորհավո՜ր ծնունդդ ― šnorhavo^!r cnundd ― happy birthday to you!


नाही

head

नाही • (nāhī)

Inherited from Old Marathi नाहि (nāhi), नाहिं (nāhiṃ), नाही (nāhī), नाहीं (nāhīṃ), from Sanskrit नहि (nahí). Compare Hindi नहीं (nahī̃).


αμή

αμέ αμέ#Greek


नी

नहीं नहीं#Hindi

(dialectal, especially Indore) Alternative form of नहीं (nahī̃)


किल

किल • (kíla)

c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 4.14.14


ḥꜣ ꜣ

Alternative form of ḥꜣ (“if only, would that”)


nj js

i-r-gm-m-k\-DA-A-i-s-w-A2-A1-m-A-t:Z5-ra:f-!-m-H-wr-r-w-nDs:A1-D35-i-s-mi-t-w-A1:k\-!-m-A-d-I3-ib-Z1-k\-r:f-x*t:f-X:z-z:nDs:f-!-i-Aa16-m:a-sw-w-r:tA-N23-Z1-U35-A24-f:n-f:D-z:f
jr gm.k ḏꜣjsw m ꜣt.f m ḥwrw nj js mjtw.k m ꜣd(w) jb.k r.f ḫft ẖzz.f jmj sw r tꜣ ḫsf.f n.f ḏs.f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Ptahhotep (pPrisse/pBN 186–194) lines 6.1–6.2 (74–77)

If you find a disputant in the act who is an inferior and not your equal, don’t let yourself rage at him in accordance with his being wretched; set him aside (literally, “to the earth”) and he himself will punish himself.

and not, but not, rather than; introduces a word or phrase negated in contrast to the preceding word or phrase.

s-p-d-M44-Y1-d-s-W-T30:Z2-r-t:h-rd-D54-m:a-t:n-T14-G41-nDs-D35:n-H-Hn-n:D54-D35-i-s-Hr-Z1-z:p-zp:f

c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.2–1.3

Sharp are the knives against one who transgresses the path; there is no haste except at its proper time.


आत्

Ablative of the pronominal base अ (a). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Compare Avestan 𐬁𐬀𐬝 (āat̰, “so, then”).


इति

Pali: iti

Cognate to Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬬 (uiti, ūitī). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éy.

समुद्र वालुकापूर्ण उज्जानक इति स्मृतः।
आगम्य च स दुष्टात्मा तं देशं भरतर्षभ।
बाधते स्म परं शक्त्या तम उदङ्काश्रमं प्रभो॥
samudra vālukāpūrṇa ujjānaka iti smṛtaḥ.
āgamya ca sa duṣṭātmā taṃ deśaṃ bharatarṣabha.

bādhate sma paraṃ śaktyā tama udaṅkāśramaṃ prabho.

in this manner, thus (used to delimit quotes)

इत्य् उक्त्वा


երևի

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian երեւի (erewi, “it appears”), third-person singular present indicative of երեւիմ (erewim, “to appear”).

learned borrowing

երևի, դու ճիշտ ես


ばっか

(informal) Alternative form of ばかり (bakari)


かどうか

彼が時間通り来るかどうか分からない。

Kare ga jikan-dōri kuru ka dō ka wakaranai.

I don't know whether or not he will come on time.


akornanni

From akunneq (“interval”) in the locative singular, with the 3rd-person plural possessive ending.

Angallannikkut Tasiilaq inissisimalluarpoq, Kitaata aamma Island-ip Danmark-illu akornanni, ...

1998 May 7, “Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit / Grønlandsposten:

In terms of traffic, Tasiilaq is situated well, between Kitaa on one side and Iceland and Denmark on the other, ...

2002, Berthelsen, Jacobsen, Petersen, Kleivan, Rischel: Oqaatsit Kalaallisuumiit Qallunaatuumut, 3rd ed., p. 19

One may hyphenate between the first and the second consonant ...

Aappersarissap siulliup aappaatalu akornanni avitsineqarsinnaasarpoq ...


伍的

I won’t go this way. It's closer to go through here, but the floor here is slippery. It would not be worth it at all to slip and fall or something like that.

Wǒ kě bù zǒu zhàrhar. Zènme zǒu shì jìn, kěshì tā dì huá. Zài shuāi yī jiāo wǔde, tài bù zhídàng le.

我可不走這兒哈兒。這麼走是近，可是它地滑。再摔一跤伍的，太不值當了。

我可不走这儿哈儿。这么走是近，可是它地滑。再摔一跤伍的，太不值当了。


tamarmik

Filmiliornermi pisortaq Michael Treen Tunumit aallalernerminni AG-mut oqarpoq, suut tamarmik pilersaarutit malillugit ingerlasirasut.

1982 August 4, “Qalasersuaq kujalleq Ammassalimmut nuunneqarallartoq”, in Atuagagdliutit / Grønlandsposten:


הנני

הִנֵּנִי (canonical)
hinéni (romanization)
hinnéni (romanization)

ויקרא אליו מלאך יהוה מן השמים ויאמר אברהם אברהם ויאמר הנני

And the angel of the Lord called unto him out of heaven, and said: 'Abraham, Abraham.' And he said: 'Here am I'.

הִנֵּה הנה#Hebrew

here I am: form of הִנֵּה (hiné, hinne) including first-person singular personal pronoun as object.


gelle

(colloquial, regional, Thuringia, Vogtland, Swabia, East Franconia, Hesse) Alternative form of gell (“isn't it?”)


んで

とても疲れていたんで、仕事に行かなかった。

Totemo tsukareteita nde, shigoto ni ikanakatta.

Since I was very tired, I didn't go to work.


soorunami

Locative case form of sooruna (“of course”).

Soorunami siornatigut aviisitigut allatigullu qaamasunik amillit qanoq isikkoqarnersut ilisimareeraluarlugit sunaaffa aatsaat iluamik inuttarsisut.

1998 September 1, “Aatsaat qaamasunik amilinnik takusut”, in Atuagagdliutit / Grønlandsposten:

While they had, of course, already seen people with light skin in news papers and the like, it turned out that they had not met any in the flesh.


siornatigut

While they had, of course, seen people with light skin in news papers and the like before, it turned out that they had not met any in the flesh.


sunaaffa

Expression denoting surprise and/or lack of expectation, similar in some senses to lo and behold.


aatsaat

While they had, of course, already seen people with light skin in news papers and the like, it turned out that they had not met any in the flesh before now.


chớ

Chớ có chỉ tay năm ngón vô mặt thiên hạ.

Don't conceitedly point your finger at people.


สิ

a particle, usually placed at the end of a sentence, to indicate request, confirmation or emphasis.


தான்

head

தான் • (tāṉ)

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian *tān. Cognate with Kannada ತಾನು (tānu), Telugu తాను (tānu) and Malayalam താൻ (tāṉ).


ຊຸມ

Cognate with Thai ชุม (chum), Isan ซุม, Northern Thai ᨩᩩᨾ (cum⁴), Khün ᨩᩩᨾ (cum⁴), Lü ᦋᦳᧄ (tsum), Tai Dam ꪏꪴꪣ (ꞌsúm), Shan ၸုမ်း (tsúm).

used before nouns and pronouns to indicate plurality


pissutigalugu

pissut (“reason”) + -gï (“has as”), in the third-person singular contemporative, thus "while having [that] as reason".

Michael Treen oqaluttuarpoq Ammassalik toqqarneqarsimasoq pissusiata sikuijuitsumut^([sic – meaning sikuiuitsumut]) kujallermut eqqaanarnera pissutigalugu.

Michael Treen relates that Ammassalik was chosen because of the similarity of its nature to that of the Antarctic Ocean ["the Southern ice-sea"].


nha

Bye nha!

Đi đường nhớ cẩn thận nha.

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) alright?; okay?; will you?


nĩ

gũota mwaki nĩ kũhuria

no gain without pain (lit. to warm oneself is to stoke the fire)

Mwaki wa Ngai ũraaragio nĩ igoto.

God's fire is kept through the night by a dried banana bark.

Njĩrirũo nĩ kanyoni gakwa.

Thegere igĩrĩ itiremagwo nĩ mwatũ.

Two honey badgers are not defeated by a beehive.


budh

budh (mutation mutation-radical)
bhudh (lenition mutation)
mbudh (eclipsis mutation)


𐨨

From Sanskrit मा (mā), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁. Cognate with Pali mā, Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (mā).


tyż

Inherited from Old Polish też. By surface analysis, ty(n) + -że.


gʰe

gi (canonical)
ge (canonical)
go (canonical)

Proto-Hellenic: *ge

desc

Ancient Greek: γε (ge, “at least, at any rate, only; in fact”)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰí, *ǰʰa, *gʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰí, *źʰa, *gʰa

Sanskrit: हि (hí), ह (ha), घ (gha) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ge

Proto-Slavic: *že (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-k

Gothic: -𐌺 (-k)

Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact

नहि

not at all, no indeed; see there for further descendants

Discourse particle: indeed, of course, surely


ครับผม

th-particle

ครับผม • (kráp-pǒm)

Corruption of the now archaic or old-fashioned term ขอรับผม; equivalent to ครับ (kráp) + ผม (pǒm).

ครับ ครับ#Thai

(very formal and humble) Synonym of ครับ (kráp)


nammineq

Qunerseeq Rosing-ip suliai inuttaata nammineq qimerloortikkai: nunatta orpigai nammineq katersukkani. (Ass.: N. Karlsen)

1986, “Arnat Ulluat”, in Atuagagdliutit:

Nammineq tissassarluni inersinnaannginnerluni anisuualu qanoq ililluni anisassava?

1992, “Usuni kipigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit:

I wonder if he will be unable to stimulate himself to an orgasm, and how will the semen leave?


ebent

Na ebent!

(regional, chiefly Berlin, nonstandard) Alternative form of eben, used to express agreement; exactly


smwn

Possibly contracted from an adverbial sentence sj + m + wn, meaning ‘it is something that may be’.

probably, perhaps, maybe; introduces an independent clause that is uncertain


wnnt

(chiefly in nominal sentences) indeed, truly, really


दा

dā (romanization)
दे (oblique)
दी (feminine)


grt

moreover, now, but; marks a new line of thought


ilaa

Pasipiluppara kinguaassiuutitigut nappaat herpes pineqarsoralugu, tassami pineqartumut receptimi allassimammat tarnut Zovirax. Taanna forkølelsessårinut atorneqarneq ajorpoq, ilaa?

I strongly suspect that the person in question has the venereal disease of herpes, for a prescription for Zovirax cream was written to the person in question. This is ineffective against cold sores, right?


pingaartumik

pingaarpoq (“is important”) + -toq, in the instrumental singular.

1992, Erik Münster (quoting anonymous), "Kinguaassiuutikkut nappaataava", Atuagagdliutit
Siggunni seerisut tassaapput herpes taakkulu qallunaatut taaguutit nuannarineqartut "forkølelses- imlt. kyssesår" atorneqarput, kiinami tinupasunut seerisunut, pingaartumik siggunni.
["Leakings/leakers"? (seerivoq + -toq)] on the mouth are herpes, and the Danish popular [probably a mistranslation of populær, which also means "widely used"] terms "forkølelses- or kyssesår" are used about leaking lumps in the face, especially on the mouth.


नू

head

नू • (nū) (Latin script nu, Kannada script ನೂ)

nū (romanization)
nu (Latin character)
ನೂ (Kannada character)

From Sanskrit न (na), from Proto-Indo-European *ne.


云爾

/yn³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/yn³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


妃呼豨

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ xu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ xu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

(obsolete) a meaningless particle used in songs


арай

From Mongolian арай (araj). Cognate to Dolgan арай, Northern Altai арай (aray, “little, some”), Tofa арай, Tuvan арай (aray), etc.
See the discussion in the Mongolian entry above.

cog

(at the beginning of a sentence, with a negative connotation) what if, let's say


pillugu

Naqitigaaqqat AIDS pillugu paasisitsiniutit Afrikami kujallermi umiarsualivinnut agguaanneqarsimapput umiartortut nappaassuarmut ulorianartumut taassumunnga mianersoqquniarlugit, ...

Pamphlets informing about AIDS were distributed to harbours in South Africa, so as to warn sailors against this dangerous big disease [nappaassuaq "big disease" might be idiomatic], ...


どんだけ

(informal) Alternative form of どれだけ (dore dake)


વિના

head

વિના • (vinā)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit विना (vinā). Doublet of વણ (vaṇ).


nhờ

Thằng này hay nhờ !?

You're a real piece of work, aren'tcha!?

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


xeyr

From Persian خیر (xeyr); ultimately from the same source as xeyir.


hə

From Proto-Turkic [Term?]. See Turkish ha for more.


今や

今や時代遅れになっています


chứ

Nó thà chết chứ không khai.

He'd rather die than testify, I'm telling you.

Mày giỏi trò ăn nói với bạn bè, chứ có biết gì về chuyện vợ chồng đâu mà đi dạy người ta.

You're good at socialising with friends, but not that much about the affairs of marriage to teach people (about it).

Thầy nói thế thôi, chứ người ta hơi đâu mà phạt mày kiểu đấy.

The teacher was just bluffing, no one has the commitment to punish you that way.

Tôi giỏi chịu đựng thôi, chứ thật ra vẫn biết đau.

I just cope with it well, but I still feel pain.

Họ chơi như thế là còn nhẹ tay, chứ họ đánh thật có khi phải mười-không

Them playing like that is still merciful, had they gone all out, it would have been ten-nill.

Compares a predicate or clause stated before it to its supposed alternative, which is nullified in the predicate or clause after. Provides clarification, or implies high credibility, of either or both clauses (or predicates).

Chứ mày nghĩ tao lên trường làm gì ?

Wait, what'd you think I went to the school for?

Chứ theo ông thì tôi phải làm thế nào ?

What do you think I should've done then?

Chứ sao !

Thằng Tú vứt chứ ai vào đây ! Nó suốt ngày chê cái ghế làm xấu mặt tiền nhà mình.
Of course Tú threw it away, who else then? He always complained how that chair was an eyesore in front of our house.

if what comes after is an interrogative word or phrase, implies that you highly doubt there is any alternative to an affirmative answer of the question which has been mentioned before

Ông già mày còn sống đấy chứ ?

at the end of a question, hints that you think what you have said before this particle is true, although you still want to confirm it

Có thế chứ ! Đàn ông đàn ang phải biết làm việc nặng.

That's what I'm talkin' about! You're a man, you're supposed to be able to handle heavy jobs like this.

Khẽ chứ ! Cu Tí đang ngủ !
Quiet! Baby Tí's sleeping!

Người ta cũng biết tiếng Anh chứ bộ !

In case you didn't know, I do speak some English!

at the end of a statement, affirms what comes before this particle and hints that you think your conversation partner was too clueless about it


दां

एकदा

बहुतदा


malillugu

[mə.lɪɬ.ɬʊ.ɣʊ]

malippaa (“follow”) in the third-person singular contemporative.


isí

Nonstandard spelling of is í (“it is she/it”).


delos

Borrowed from Spanish dela, from de la. Its use as a contraction of de los in Spanish-origin surnames is from the American colonial era, possibly by influence of Italian della, delle and degli.

particle found in Spanish-derived surnames when originally spelled with de los, such as delos Santos (from earlier de los Santos


tựa

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 似 (“to resemble”, SV: tự).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tự</i>

vi-etym-sino

tựa như


-aasiit

Probably from Proto-Inuit *aacin (“again, furthermore”).

inh

piumanngilaq (“resists”) -> piumanngilaraasiit (“as usual, he will resist”)


nə

Old Japanese: の (no₂)

Japanese: の (no)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *no
Northern Ryukyuan: 노 (/no/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
Kikai: ぬ (nu)
Kunigami: ぬ (nu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: ぬ (nu)
Okinawan: ぬ (nu)
Okinoerabu: ぬ (nu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: ぬ (nu)
Tokunoshima: ぬ (nu)
Yoron: ぬ (nu)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: ぬ (nu)
Yaeyama: ぬ (nu)
Yonaguni: ぬ (nu)

Probably an apophonic form of *-na (“genitive marker”).


તો

Inherited from Old Gujarati तउ (taü), from Sanskrit ततस् (tatas). Cognate to Hindi तो (to).

હું તો આવીશ

I will come (despite what others might do)

વંશિકા તો ત્રણ વરસની છે

એ તો પછી જશે

an emphatic particle, can be treated as a topic marker


yꜣ

Demotic: jwy

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲁ (eia)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲉ (ie)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲉ (eie), ⲉⲉⲓⲉ (eeie)

Possibly a New Kingdom descendant of earlier ꜣ (intensifying particle). However, unlike that particle, yꜣ is not enclitic. It may have instead come from a contracted jw (clause-initial particle) + ꜣ (intensifying particle).

af

(Late Egyptian) affirmative particle; really, indeed, but


powiedzmy

Cohortative of powiedzieć, literally, “let's say”.

let's say; for example, for instance, say


hở

Mới về hở?

Sao ngáo vậy hở thằng kia?

God why do you have to be such a dumbass?

Bây giờ mấy giờ rồi hở chị?

(colloquial) final interrogative particle


hỡi

Hỡi đồng bào!

Hỡi người!

Hỡi oai linh, cảnh nước non hùng vĩ!
Là nơi giống hùm thiêng ta ngự trị.
Nơi thênh thang ta vùng vẫy ngày xưa,
Nơi ta không còn được thấy bao giờ!
Có biết chăng trong những ngày ngao ngán,
Ta đương theo giấc mộng ngàn to lớn
Để hồn ta phảng phất được gần ngươi,
—Hỡi cảnh rừng ghê gớm của ta ơi!

1935, Thế Lữ, “Nhớ rừng (Lời con hổ ở vườn Bách thú) [Longing for the Jungle (As Told by a Zoo Tiger)]”, in Mấy vần thơ [Some Poetry Rhymes]:

O the proud spirit, the great scenery!
The place my sacred tiger kind rules.
The place I freely roamed in the old days,
The place I will never get to see ever again!
Do thou know, on these days of tedium,
I am pursuing an immense dream
In which my soul can linger on closely to thee,
—My dear glorious jungle!

The vocative particle, used for direct address.


wreszcie

/ˈvrɛʂ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ˈvrɛʂ.t͡ɕɛ/

Univerbation of w + reszcie. First attested in 1713–1714.

ref

Józef Gierowski, editor ((Can we date this quote?)), Rzeczpospolita w dobie upadku 1700-1740. Wybór źródeł (in Polish), published 1955, Przestroga generalna stanów Rzpltej…, page 201

used to list the final thing in a list; and finally


zresztą

→ Silesian: zresztōm (calque)

Univerbation of z + resztą. First attested in 1773.

Gazety wilenskie (in Polish), volume 13, number 38, 1773 September 18, page 3

moreover, furthermore, also; besides, anyway


ってば

In modern Japanese, an emphasis of てば (teba), itself a contraction of と言えば (to ieba), from quotative particle と (to) and the conditional conjugation 言えば (ieba) of verb 言う (iu, “to say”).
Literally means, “if that's what [someone] says / said”. Also used idiomatically to mean something along the lines of, “if that's what [I / you / someone] said, then [that's what I really mean / why won't you agree with me]”.

(informal, childish or women's speech) Binding particle used to show as a topic with feelings of familiarity or criticism.

だからいらないってば！

(informal) Sentence-final particle used to emphasize a point and express irritation.


พระพุทธเจ้าข้า

th-particle

พระพุทธเจ้าข้า • (prá-pút-tá-jâao-kâa)

/pʰra˦˥.pʰut̚˦˥.tʰa˦˥.t͡ɕaːw˥˩.kʰaː˥˩/

From พระพุทธเจ้า (prá-pút-tá-jâao, “Buddha”, literally “His Holiness the Awakened One, the Lord”) + ข้า (kâa, “a first person pronoun”); roughly translated as “My Buddha”; “Buddha” referring to the royal person addressed.

com

(formal, royal, men's speech) a particle used to express affirmation or assent or to politely end any expression, employed by a male when addressing a high-ranking royal person.

royal; men's speech; royal; men's speech


พะย่ะค่ะ

th-particle

พะย่ะค่ะ • (pá-yâ-kâ)

พ่ะย่ะค่ะ พ่ะย่ะค่ะ#Thai


พะยะค่ะ

พะยะค่ะ • (pá-yá-kâ)

พ่ะย่ะค่ะ พ่ะย่ะค่ะ#Thai


พ่ะย่ะค่ะ

พ่ะย่ะค่ะ • (pâ-yâ-kâ)

From corruption of พระพุทธเจ้าข้า (prá-pút-tá-jâao-kâa), “My Buddha”, according to the Royal Institute Dictionary 2011. But more likely to be from corruption of พญา (pá-yaa, “chief; lord; master”) + ข้า (kâa, “a first person pronoun”), “My Lord”.

th-l

พระพุทธเจ้าข้า

พระพุทธเจ้าข้า (prá-pút-tá-jâao-kâa)

com

1 Kings 20:8, KJV:
บรรดาผู้ใหญ่และประชาชนทั้งสิ้นก็ทูลพระองค์ว่า ขออย่าทรงฟังหรือทรงยินยอมพ่ะย่ะค่ะ
ban-daa pûu-yài lɛ́ bprà-chaa-chon táng-sîn gɔ̂ tuun prá-ong wâa · kɔ̌ɔ yàa song fang rʉ̌ʉ song yin-yɔɔm pâ-yâ-kâ
And all the elders and all the people said unto him, Hearken not unto him, nor consent.

Psalm 38:14, NASB:
พ่ะย่ะค่ะ ข้าพระองค์เหมือนคนที่ไม่ได้ยินซึ่งในปากของเขาไม่มีการตัดพ้อ
pâ-yâ-kâ · kâa-prá-ong mʉ̌ʉan kon tîi mâi dâi-yin sʉ̂ng nai bpàak kɔ̌ɔng kǎo mâi mii gaan-dtàt-pɔ́ɔ
Yes, I am like a man who does not hear, And in whose mouth are no arguments.

2 Samuel 1:7, KJV:
เมื่อพระองค์ทรงเหลียวมาแลเห็นข้าพเจ้า พระองค์ตรัสเรียกข้าพเจ้า และข้าพเจ้าทูลตอบว่า ข้าพระองค์อยู่ที่นี่พ่ะย่ะค่ะ
mʉ̂ʉa prá-ong song lǐao maa lɛɛ-hěn kâa-pá-jâao · prá-ong dtràt rîiak kâa-pá-jâao · lɛ́ kâa-pá-jâao tuun dtɔ̀ɔp wâa · kâa-prá-ong yùu tîi-nîi pâ-yâ-kâ
And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called unto me. And I answered, Here am I.

(royal, men's speech, somewhat archaic) a particle used to express affirmation or assent or to politely end any expression, employed by a male when addressing a god or high-ranking royal person.


sivisuumik

From sivisuvoq (“is of long duration, takes a long time”).


katillugit

"Slytherin aamma Hufflepuff suuppat?"
"Tassa atuarfimmi kollegiat ilaat atuartut najugaqarfii marluk. Katillugit sisamaapput. Tamarmik oqartarput ilinniagasserituut poqiitsullu Hufflepuff najugaqarfigisaraat, kisianni..."

2002, Stephen Hammeken, Harry Potter Ujarallu Inuunartoq, Nuuk: Atuakkiorfik, translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by J. K. Rowling, →ISBN, page 100:

"And what are Slytherin and Hufflepuff?"
"School houses. There's four [in total]. Everyone says Hufflepuff are a lot o' duffers, but..."


นอ

final particle used to make a sentence seem softer, more persuasive or less abrupt.


rzeczywiście

→ Silesian: rzeczywiście

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɘˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/r̝ɛ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

From rzeczywisty + -ie. First attested in 1579.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “rzeczywiście”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


rzeczywiście

/ʐɛt͡ʂɪˈviɕt͡ɕɛ/


ḫrw.fj

Apparently from ḫr(w) (quotative particle) + .fj (third-person singular suffix pronoun). The significance of the apparently superfluous suffix pronoun is not clear.

af

(with following dependent pronoun, noun, or both, indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said


niezbyt

(colloquial) not much, not quite, not really, not very


praktycznie

praktycznie rzecz biorąc

for all intents and purposes
for all intents and purposes

for all intents and purposes, in practice


następnie

From następny + -ie. First attested in 1621.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “następnie”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


wszystkiego

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


naur

australians be like yeahr but naur

2021 October 18, Hameda Nafiz, “Twitter Is Roasting Australians About How They Speak And They're Not Wrong TBH”, in BuzzFeed:

Even Season 10 winner Aquaria weighed in on who Down Under’s first-ever Drag Race superstar should be, commenting on Scarlet Adams image with a simple but very effective “naur” to show her distaste for the show’s frontrunner.

2021 June 15, Michelle rennex, “Kita Mean Is The Only Worthy Winner Of ‘Drag Race Down Under’”, in Junkee:

naur literally bc it’s the only show i’ve watched that has realistic texting esp w charlie and darcy’s auto capitalization turned off

2022 May 6, Manorath Thacker, ““Its just so me”: Fans Laud Netflix’s ‘Heartstopper’ for the Most Accurate and Relatable Representation of the Texting Generation”, in Netflix Junkie:

(Internet slang) Pronunciation spelling of no, representing Australian English.


ปะ

From corruption of หรือเปล่า (rʉ̌ʉ-bplàao, “or not?”).

th-l

หฺรือ-ปฺล่าว

ว่าปะ
wâa bpà
Do you think so?
(literally) Think [so] or not?

กินปะ
gin bpà
Do you want some [of this food]?
(literally) Eat or not?

อร่อยปะ
à-rɔ̀i bpà
Isn't it delicious?
(literally) Delicious or not?

โอปะ
oo bpà
Is it okay?
(literally) O[kay] or not?

(colloquial, used at the end of a query) or not; right?


เจียว

th-particle

เจียว • (jiao)

เชียว เชียว#Thai

(archaic) Alternative form of เชียว (chiao)


ဘၣ်

From Proto-Karen [Term?]. Cognate with Eastern Pwo ၜး (bá), Western Pwo ဘၪ, Pa'o Karen ဗာႏ.

ယတသ့ၣ်ညါဘၣ်

Sentence-final negative particle used together with the negative prefix တ (ta), which precedes the verb.


đặng

(Central Vietnam, dated in Southern Vietnam among younger generations) expresses ability or possibility


アル

Mimicing erhua ("~兒") in northern Chinese dialects. Or, from kyōwa-go (協和語).

いつも めずらしい カセキ けんきゅう してる アルよ！

Itsumo mezurashii kaseki kenkyū shiteru aru yo!

(fiction) Stereotypical sentence-final particle used by Chinese.

(offensive, ethnic slur) Mimicking Chinese speech.


rầu

This is the most recognized example of the /oj > əw/ shift in Nẫu dialects. This shift is regular and seems to uniformly affect all items with mainstream /oj/. It also affects at least some items with mainstream /əːj/ through /əːj/ - /oj/ merger, so that mainstream written trời (“sky, heaven”) corresponds to trầu. The /əːj/ - /oj/ merger was not completed before /oj > əw/ happened, so mới did not shift to *mấu; the rest of these /əːj/ then shifted to a velarized /əːˠ/ (phonetically probably [əːɰ]) instead, see trầu quơ.

Biết rầu!


𑀏𑀯

𑀅𑀢𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀢𑀁 𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭𑀁 𑀩𑀳𑀽𑀦𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀲𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀯𑀠𑀺𑀢𑁄 𑀏𑀯 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀭𑀁𑀪𑁄 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀲 𑀘 𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀫 𑀜𑀸𑀢𑀻𑀲𑀼 𑀅𑀲𑀁𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀧𑀢𑀻 𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀡𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀅𑀲𑀁𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻𑀧𑀢𑀻

c. 257 BCE, Aśoka, Major Rock Edict 4 Girnar

atikātaṃ aṃtaraṃ bahūni vāsasatāni vaḍhito eva prāṇāraṃbho vihiṃsa ca bhūtānama ñātīsu asaṃpratipatī brāmhaṇasramaṇānaṃ asaṃpratīpatī


爾爾

/niã²²⁻²¹ niã²²/

/niã³³⁻¹¹ niã³³/

/niã³³⁻²¹ niã³³/

/nã²²⁻²¹ niã²²/

/na²²⁻²¹ nia²²/

/nã²²⁻²¹ nã²²/

/niã²²⁻²¹ niã²²/

/niã³³⁻¹¹ niã³³/

/niã³³⁻²¹ niã³³/

/nã²²⁻²¹ niã²²/

/na²²⁻²¹ nia²²/

/nã²²⁻²¹ nã²²/

尔尔
尔尔
耳耳
定定
領領

(Hokkien, at the end of a phrase) just; simply; that's all; nothing more; is all


qanittukkut

qanippoq (“near, imminent”) + -toq in the prosecutive case.

Qanittukkut aviisini eqqartorneqarpoq qallunaap usuni kipisimagaa nuliama itigartitsiuarnera naalliuutigingaaramiuk.

1992 August 21, “Usuni kipigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit, page 11:

Recently, there was a story in the papers about a Dane who cut off his penis because he was very pained by his wife's persistent rejections.


միգուցե

head

միգուցե • (migucʻe)

hy-particle

միգուցե • (migucʻe)

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian մի՛ գուցէ (mí gucʻē, “lest, for fear that; that it may not”)


нї

Negation particle for verbs and participles; not, don't, didn't


મત

Inherited from Sanskrit मा (mā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁. Cognate with Hindi मत (mat) and Punjabi ਮਤ (mat).


জী

নবীজী

নেতাজী

the honorific particle, usually appended to names (of any gender) and titles

জী হ্যাঁ!

জী না!

(formal) used to show politeness in agreement or disagreement - sir, ma'am

জী, করা হবে!

(by extension) used to show agreement - yes, correct


คับ

ครับ ครับ#Thai

(Internet slang) Alternative form of ครับ (kráp)


neeny

(rare) A nonsense word, often repeated along with other similar nonsense words, such as nyah or na-na.


аи

aj (romanization)
Abzhywa (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza *ʔaħaj. Cognate with Ubykh ҳаи (haj).


הלא

head

הֲלֹא • (haló)

הֲלֹא הוּא שָׁם?

Negative interrogative particle: starts a negative yes-or-no question.


งับ

th-particle

งับ • (ngáp)

ครับ ครับ#Thai

(Internet slang, childish) Alternative form of ครับ (kráp)


ǰʰí

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰí

desctree

Sanskrit: हि (hí)
→ Awadhi: हि (hi)
⇒ Hindustani:
Hindi: ही (hī)
Urdu: ہی (hī)

Proto-Iranian: *jí (< earlier *ǰi)

Avestan: 𐬰𐬍 (zī)

From earlier *gʲʰí, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰí.


owen

yes; used to show agreement or acceptance.


nhỉ

Chắc hay lắm nhỉ?

Bài này khó dữ nhỉ?

This one's really tough, don't you think?


hử

Likely of imitative origin, compare English huh. See also hả.

interrogative particle: isn't it; aren't you ...


เถอะ

th-particle

เถอะ • (tə̀)

เถิด เถิด#Thai

(colloquial) Alternative form of เถิด (tə̀ət)


บ่

(negative) no, not (used to form negatives)

(interrogative) isn't it? (used to form yes/no questions)


ပြင်း

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brwaŋ (“loud; bright”) (STDET). Cognate with Burmese ပြောင် (praung, “to shine”) and Chinese 明 (míng).


rhatid

Traditionally taken to be a Jamaican form of wrathed or wrothed, or possibly from or reinforced by rotted, but other origins have also been proposed.
Some other people think, that the origin of the word is from an old welsh novel “Rahtid mi blimey” as it was one of the few books that made it across the pond.

"This married man told me his name was Graham Jefferson," she went on, "but his real name is Alan Clayton and he's Bren Hunter's brother-in-law." "But kiss me neck back to rhatid," Sarah cussed, in what was, to her, uncustomary usage of the Caribbean lingo. "They're related?" "Yes," Latisha confirmed.

2004, Sonia Icilyn, One More Chance, →ISBN, page 112:

"Let him talk to your rhatid backside tonight!”

2005, Beresford McLean, Providence Pond, →ISBN, page 236:

'No, but dih addah day dem did catch one big rhatid snake doh!' Jackman interjected.

2016, H M Hanlan, Sunset on the Horizon The Story of a Rebel Woman, Rebellion and the Jamaica Maroon Treaties, →ISBN:

As yet another example for that, Cyaah Gwaan To Rhatid (Lutan Fyah, 2015b) shows Lutan Fyah judging wit di Bible inna mi hand in regard to structural enforcements of gay liberation – cause Christ never make such law: (...) Things are changing And a lot a things that papa, mama preached against / Dem a force mi fi tolerate it (...) / Say that cyaah gwaan to rhatid' / Mi a judge wit di Bible inna mi hand (...)

2017, Martin A. M. Gansinger, Radical religious thought in Black popular music. Five Percenters and Bobo Shanti in Rap and Reggae, →ISBN, page 93:

(Jamaica) A swear word, like damn or hell.


phỏng

(Northern Vietnam) interrogative particle: isn't it; aren't you ...


ντε

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ده (de, “now then!”).

bor

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">de</i>

Πήγαινε ντε, τι περιμένεις; (exhortative)

Καλά ντε, μη φωνάζεις. (irritation)

Γιατί αγόρασες μελιτζάνες; — Για να φτιάξω μουσακά, ντε! (explanatory, confirmation)
Giatí agórases melitzánes? — Gia na ftiáxo mousaká, nte!
Why did you buy aubergines? — To make moussaka of course.

and see expressions

go on! (emphatic interjection exhortative, for a variety of emotions)

Ντε, γαϊδαράκο μου, ντε!


ντε

Transliteration of non-Greek words with letters of the Greek alphabet.

ντε φάκτο, ντε γιούρε ― nte fákto, nte gioúre ― de facto, de jure

transliteration of the Latin preposition dē (“from”) in the Greek alphabet

φον ντε τεν ― fon nte ten ― fond de teint

Σαρλ ντε Γκωλ ― Sarl nte Gkol ― Charles de Gaulle

transliteration of the French preposition de (“of, from”) in the Greek alphabet

ντε πιες ― nte pies ― deux-pièces

transliteration of the French numeral deux (“two”) in the Greek alphabet


-এ

Inherited from Magadhi Prakrit -𑀏𑀡 (-eṇa), from Sanskrit -एन (-ena, instrumental suffix).


twb

a preverbal particle that draws attention to the state of affairs at the time


なかれ

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759.
The imperative form of the classical adjective 無し (nashi, “not”). Originally from fusion of adverbial なく (naku) + imperative copula あれ (are, “be”), resulting in a literal meaning of imperative "be not".

汝、殺すなかれ

己の欲せざる所、人に施すこと勿れ

Kanbun kundoku of the Analects of Confucius, XV.24

What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others

Onore no hossezaru tokoro, hito ni hodokosu koto nakare

(Classical Japanese or literary) must not; do not

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


唔到

/m̩²¹ tou̯³³⁻³⁵/

/m̩²¹ tou̯³³⁻³⁵/

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


নেকি

পোৱালীটো মতা নেকি?

সেইটো বাটেদি যাবা নেকি?

আপুনি আহিব নেকি?

Forms doubtful or polite yes/no questions.


নে

Cognite with Sylheti ꠘꠤ (ni), Rohingya né.

আপোনাৰ ভালনে?
apünar bhalne?
How are you?
(literally, “Your good-ne?”)

সোমাব পাৰিমনে।
xümabo parimne?
May I come in?

literally, “I will be able to enter-ne?”

সি গৈছিলনে?
xi goisilne?
Did he go?
(literally, “He went-ne?”)


jakby

Inherited from Old Polish jakby. By surface analysis, jak + -by. Compare Kashubian jakbë.

(Middle Polish) almost, nearly; approximately

(Middle Polish) clarification particle; that is; namely; for example

(Middle Polish) creates a conditional third person imperative; let, may

Instar […] Ná ten xtałt, yákoby.

Gleich wie. Iáko. Niby. Iákoby. Ut, uti, sicut.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 248b:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


ခဲ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aː(r/l) (“solid, congealed, frozen, viscous, strong”). Cognates include Tibetan [script needed] (gar-ba, “strong”), Old Chinese 健 (OC *ɡans, “strong, healthy”) (STEDT).

cog

particle suffixed to a verb to denote rarity, uncertainty, or tardiness in its occurrence


မည်

Cognate with Garo বিমুং (bimuŋ, “name”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-miŋ (“name; to name”).

inh

numerical classifier for counting ingredients of a drug or kinds of dishes served


မည်

(literary) Alternative form of မယ် (mai) (future tense marker)


ned med

down with (expressing disapproval of or rallying opposition to)


pjo

(slang) A word used when yes or no is demanded, but you are uncertain.


ém

Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

ám

St. Gall glosses and Tallaght monasterial diaries


သမား

→ Mon: သမာ

Borrowed from Mon သမာ. Despite similar phonetics and semantics, unrelated to Japanese 様 (sama, “polite suffix”).

particle suffixed to the name of some trade or activity to denote a person's proficiency in it

particle suffixed to the name of a certain substance or gambling game to denote a person's addiction to it


red.

Han siger, at "disse lande (Tyskland, Østrig og Frankrig, red.) ligger i Europa".

He says that "these countries (Germany, Austria and France, ed.) are situated in Europe".

Abbreviation of redaktion or redigeret or redaktør; ed.


ကုန်

my-particle

ကုန် • (kun)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m-)kul (“all”). The "come to an end, be used up" sense is considered separate from the "all" sense by STEDT, but equivalent by MED, perhaps via semantic extension from "all" > "all used".

စာမေးပွဲ ကျကုန်တာပဲ

particle following a verb to denote plurality or totality:

ရှတ်အင်္ကျီ ပေကုန်ပီ


ပြ

According to Luce, related to Tibetan པྲ (pra, “sign, token, prognostic”). Note also the resemblance to Old Chinese 表 (OC *prawʔ, “to show; surface, exterior”).

och-l

particle suffixed to a verb to convey the sense of demonstrating or relating something


գոնեա

Armenian: գոնե (gone)

A frozen imperative of *գոնեմ (*gonem), an extinct verb of unknown origin and meaning. Compare գուցէ (gucʻē), another frozen inflected form of a half-vanished verb that functions as a particle.

unk

unknown


niby

Univerbation of ni + by. First attested in 1579.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

seemingly, apparently, ostensibly, supposedly

Niby ja?

Niby po co dzwonią?


qanoq ililluni

Nammineq tissassarluni inersinnaannginnerluni anisuualu qanoq ililluni anisassava?

I wonder if he will be unable to stimulate himself to an orgasm, and how will the semen leave?


ขร้า

th-particle

ขร้า • (krâa)

Extension of ข้า (kâa), an eye dialect of ค่า (kâa).

ค่า ค่า#Thai

(Internet slang, text messaging, humorous) Alternative form of ค่า (kâa)


ирги

Балык кайда садып турар ирги?


-밖에

우리는 당신밖에 모른다

"We Will Follow You Only" (lit. "We Know No One but You")


enye

-enye (canonical)
mwenye (singular)
wenye (plural)
wenye (singular)
yenye (plural)
lenye (singular)
chenye (singular)
vyenye (plural)
yenye (singular)
zenye (plural)
penye (singular)
kwenye (singular)

Taa zenye nuru kali, moja kwa juu mwisho wa ngazi, na moja kwa chini mwanzo wa ngazi[…]

1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:

Lamps shining with an intense light, one on top at the end of the stairs and one below at the beginning of the stairs, […]

The ornative particle: having, possessing, with.


эйе

From Proto-Turkic *edgü (“good, excellent”).
Compare to
Tatar әйе (äye, “yes”),
Kazakh иә (iä, “yes”),
Kyrgyz ийи (iyi, “yes”), ийе (iye, “yes”),
Southern Altai эйе (eye, “yes”),
Tuvan ийе (iye, “yes”),
Turkish iyi (“good”),
etc.

Һеҙҙең «эйе» тигән һүҙегеҙ – «эйе», «юҡ» тигәнегеҙ «юҡ» булһын. Шунан артығы – Иблистән. (Matthew 5:37.)https://www.bible.com/bible/1929/MAT.5.37.BSKNT14
Heźźeñ «eye» tigən hüźegeź – «eye», «yuq» tigənegeź «yuq» bulhın. Şunan artığı – İblistən.
Let your "yes" be "yes", "no" be "no". Anything more than this comes from the devil.


эйе

From Proto-Turkic *edgü (“good, excellent”).
Compare to
Bashkir эйе (eye, “yes”),
Tatar әйе (äye, “yes”),
Kazakh иә (iä, “yes”),
Kyrgyz ийи (iyi, “yes”), ийе (iye, “yes”),
Tuvan ийе (iye, “yes”),
Turkish iyi (“good”),
etc.


ці

→ Latgalian: ci

Ці вы размаўля́еце па-белару́ску?

optional interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

Не ве́даю, ці ён пры́йдзе сёння.

I don't know if he is going to come today.


dzậy

(Internet slang) Alternative spelling of dậy


ừa

(colloquial) Alternative form of ừ (“yeah, yes”)


dợ

Pronunciation spelling of vậy, representing Southern Vietnam Vietnamese.


たり

From the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the classical tari below.

テレビを見たり、パソコンをしたりしている。

Terebi o mitari, pasokon o shitari shite iru.

I'm (doing things like) watching TV and playing on the computer.


ešče

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

desc

Old Ruthenian: єще (ješče), єсче (jesče), єщо (ješčo), ище (išče)

Belarusian: яшчэ́ (jaščé), шчэ (šče)

Carpathian Rusyn: ще (šče), щи (ščy), ищи (yščy), іщи (iščy)

Ukrainian: ще (šče), іще́ (iščé)

Russian: ещё (ješčó), ещежды (ješčeždy), ощо (oščo) (dialectal), ешто (ješto) (dialectal)

Old Novgorodian: ѥще (ješče)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: еще (ešte)

Bulgarian: о́ще (óšte), еще (ešte) (obsolete), ешче (ešče) (dialectal), йошкье (joškje) (Torlakian dialect)

Macedonian: уште (ušte)

Serbo-Croatian

Cyrillic: јо̏ш, јо̏шт, јо̏ште

Latin: jȍš, jȍšt, jȍšte

Slovene: šȅ (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: jesz

Old Czech: ješče
Czech: ještě

desctree

Old Polish: jeszcze
Polish: jeszcze
Silesian: jeszcze

Polabian: jist, hist

Slovak: ešte

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: hišće

Lower Sorbian: hyšći

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *eske, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éskʷe, probably a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe (conjunctive enclitic).


𛀁

(obsolete) Identical in meaning to the particle へ, but used only after pronunciations of え, 𛀁, and ゑ.


ийин

Шагым чок-тур ийин.


عل

ar-particle

عَلَّ • (ʕalla)


зарем

really? is it possible that...? (question particle indicating doubt or shock)


жими

head

жими • (žimi)

only, merely (used to indicate insufficient quantities)


дејгиди

(archaic) Intensifier of vocative phrases.


かも知れません

かも知れません (canonical)
ka mo shiremasen (romanization)

かも知れない かも知れない#Japanese

(polite) Synonym of かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”)


taamaattummi

Angajulleq nukarlerlu takuneq ajorpakka, taamaatttummi^([sic – meaning taamaattummi]) nuannarisarinngilluinnarakkit.

1992, “Meeqqakka”, in Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten:

Seeing the oldest and the youngest, I cannot manage, because I do not like them at all.


owszem

Inherited from Old Polish owszem. Compare Czech ovšem (“but; certainly, yes, of course”).

cog

used with an additional sentence to contradict what an interlocutor has said

(literary) an in-word used to confirm and intensify a subordinate clause


ừm

(colloquial, to an affirmative question) yeah

(colloquial, to a negative question) nope


kaniya

Univerbation of 'ka niya, with 'ka from wika.


ᩑᩅᩴ

ᩑᩅᩴᨾᩮᩈᩩᨲᩴ

2004, Sai Kam Mong, The History and Development of the Shan Scripts, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 241:


ᩈᨾᩜᩣ

ᨶᨾᩮᩣᨲᩔ ᨽᨣᩅᨲᩮᩣ ᩋᩁᩉᨲᩮᩣ ᩈᨾᩜᩣᩈᨾ᩠ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩔ

Honour to the Blessed One, the Exalted One, the fully Enlightened One

namotassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa

Tai Tham script form of sammā (“properly”)


ᩋᨳ

ᩋᨳᨡᩮᩣᩋᨬ᩠ᨬᨲᩁᩣᨴᩮᩅᨲᩣ ᩋᨽᩥᨠ᩠ᨠᨶ᩠ᨲᩣᨿᩁᨲ᩠ᨲᩥᨿᩣᩋᨽᩥᨠ᩠ᨠᨶ᩠ᨲᩅᨱ᩠ᨱᩣᨠᩮᩅᩃᨠᨷ᩠ᨷᩴ ᨩᩮᨲᩅᨶᩴ ᩒᨽᩣᩈᩮᨲ᩠ᩅᩣ

And then indeed far into the night a certain deity, having made all of Jeta's grove shine from his surpassing appearance,...

atha kho aññatarā devatā abhikkantāya rattiyā abhikkantavaṇṇā kevalakappaṃ jetavanaṃ obhāsetvā


ᨶᨾᩮᩣ

ᨶᨾᩮᩣᨲᩔ ᨽᨣᩅᨲᩮᩣ ᩋᩁᩉᨲᩮᩣ ᩈᨾᩜᩣᩈᨾ᩠ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩔ


ᨧ

ᨿᩴᨾᩘᨣᩃᩴᨴ᩠ᩅᩤᨴᩈᩉᩥ ᨧᩥᨶ᩠ᨲᨿᩥᩴᩈᩩ ᩈᨴᩮᩅᨠᩣ
ᩈᩮᩣᨲ᩠ᨳᩣᨶᩴᨶᩣᨵᩥᨣᨧ᩠ᨨᨶ᩠ᨲᩥ ᪨ ᩋᨭᩛᨲᩥᩴᩈᨬ᩠ᨧᨾᩘᨣᩃᩴ

For twelve years [men] along with devas pondered, “What is welfare?”. But they did not arrive at the eight and thirty welfares that bring happiness.

yaṃ maṅgalaṃ dvādasahi cintayiṃsu sadevakā
sotthānaṃ nādhigacchanti aṭṭhatiṃsañca maṅgalaṃ


ᩈᨾ᩠ᨾᩣ

ᨶᨾᩮᩣᨲᩔ ᨽᨣᩅᨲᩮᩣ ᩋᩁᩉ
ᨲᩮᩣ ᩈᨾ᩠ᨾᩣᩈᨾᩛᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩔ

1943, Phaya Luang Maha Sena (Phouy), Learn fast to read Tham characters in Pali Texts [ແບບຣຽນໄວ ເຫຼັ້ມສອງ ຣຽນອ່ານໝັງສືທັມ ຂຽນເປັນພາສາບາລີ], 2nd edition (PDF; overall work in Lao), Buddhist Institute, archived from the original on 2016-04-04, page 24:

namo tassa bhagavato araha
to sammāsambuddhassa


ᩈᨻᩛᨴᩣ

ᨿᩮ ᨧ ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩣ ᩋᨲᩦᨲᩣ ᨧ ᨿᩮ ᨧ ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩣ ᩋᨶᩣᨣᨲᩣ ᨸᨧ᩠ᨧᩩᨸ᩠ᨸᨶ᩠ᨶᩣ ᨧ ᨿᩮ ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩣ ᩋᩉᩴ ᩅᨶ᩠ᨴᩣᨾᩥ ᩈᨻᩛᨴᩣ.

The buddhas of ages past, the buddhas that are yet to come, the buddhas of the present age, I always pay homage to them.

ye ca buddhā atītā ca ye ca buddhā anāgatā paccuppannā ca ye buddhā ahaṃ vandāmi sabbadā.


ばや

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the optative: I wish to, I wish that


ᩍᨲᩥᨸᩥ

ᩍᨲᩥᨸᩥ ᩈᩮᩣ ᨽᨣᩅᩣ ᩋᩁᩉᩴ
ᩈᨾ᩠ᨾᩣᩈᨾᩛᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩮᩣ ᩅᩥᨩ᩠ᨩᩣᨧᩁᨱᩈᨾ᩠ᨸᨶ᩠ᨶᩮᩣ
ᩈᩩᨣᨲᩮᩣ ᩃᩮᩣᨠᩅᩥᨴᩪ ᩋᨶᩩᨲ᩠ᨲᩁᩮᩣ ᨸᩩᩁᩥ-
ᩈᨴᨾ᩠ᨾᩈᩣᩁᨳᩥ ᩈᨲ᩠ᨳᩣ ᨴᩮᩅᨾᨶᩩᩔᩣᨶᩴ ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩮᩣ ᨽᨣᩅᩣᨲᩥ.

Surely, he is a blessed one, an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened, endowed with knowledge and good behaviour, faring well, knowing the universe, an unequalled driver of men who need taming, teacher of gods and men, a buddha, the Blessed One.

itipi so bhaɡavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti.


nghen

(Southern Vietnam, colloquial) Synonym of nhé


-라도

Short for 라(고 해)도 (-ra(-go hae)-do, “even if one says that...”).

굶주리면 풀뿌리라도 캐먹는다.

When you are starving, you will dig up and eat even the roots of weeds.

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이라도 (-irado, “even”).


ngani

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *ŋani. Compare Cebuano gani.

Tama na ngani.

Gusto niya nganing mag-iba.

A particle used to indicate affirmation.

Marhay ngani ta naabotan mo pa.


elə

Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Mahmud al-Kashgari
tr:Besim Atalay

From an earlier form eylə (now superseded). Possibly ultimately from merging of the earlier forms of o (“that”) and ile, ilə (“with”). Cognate with Karakhanid اَیْلا (ayla, eyle) and اَیْلُقْاَیْلُقْ (ayluq-ayluq, ayloq-ayloq), which Kashghari marks as Oghuz words. Also cognate with Kipchak alay, Turkish öyle, Turkmen eýle. Not cognate with Turkish öğle (“noon”) Tatar өйлә (öylä, “noon”). See belə for more.

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 113

elə həmin gün

Məncə, bu işin elə ən çətin tərəfi budur.

In my opinion, the most difficult aspect of this job is just this.

Amma təəssüf ki, tarix boyu, bəlkə də, elə ən çox pozulan bu arzu, bu istək olub...

But unfortunately, it is perhaps exactly this desire, this wish, that has been the most frequently disregarded one.


นั่นเอง

th-particle

นั่นเอง • (nân-eeng)


ซิ

(auxiliary) used to indicate the future tense


ซิ

a particle used as an intensive to modify a verb in the imperative mood.


huŋwó

Mázaškaŋškaŋ tóna huŋwó?

question-marking particle used by men in formal speech


ᨶ

ᨷᩤᨭᩥᨾᩮᩣᨠ᩠ᨡᩴᩅᩥᩈᩮᩣ
ᨵᩮᨶ᩠ᨲᩮᩣ ᩋᨷᩮᩅᨩᩥᩅᩥᨲᨬ᩠ᨩᩁᩮ ᨷᨬ᩻ᩣᨲᩴᩃᩮᩣᨠᨶᩣᨳᩮᨶ ᨶᨽᩥᨶ᩠ᨴᩮᩈᩥ
ᩃᩈᩴᩅᩁᨶ᩠ᨲᩥ ᪩᪦᪬

(Unknown), “(Unknown)”, in Unicode, page 20; republished in Michael Everson, Martin Hosken, Peter Constable, Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS (PDF), Unicode Consortium, 2007 March 21:

Keeping the rules of conduct pure, perhaps abandon life so as not to break the self-restraint in conduct decreed by the world's protector.

pāṭimokkhaṃviso
dhento apevajivitañjare paññātaṃlokanāthena nabhindesi
lasaṃvaranti.
Standard form:
Pāṭimokkhaṃ visodhento appeva jīvitaṃ jahe. Paññattaṃ lokanāthena na bhinde sīlasaṃvaran"ti.

ᨠᩮᩣᨵᩴ ᨩᩉᩮ ᩅᩥᨸ᩠ᨸᨩᩉᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ ᨾᩣᨶᩴ
ᩈ ᨬ᩠ᨬᩮᩣᨩᨶᩴ ᩈᨻᩛᨾᨲᩥᨠ᩠ᨠᨾᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ
ᨲᩴᨶᩣᨾᩁᩪᨸᩈ᩠ᨾᩥᨾᩈᨩᨾᩣᨶᩴ
ᩋᨠᩥᨬ᩠ᨧᨶᩴ ᨶᩣᨶᩩᨸᨲᨶ᩠ᨲᩥ ᩈᩘᨣᩣᨲᩥ

2017 July 19, Vinodh Rajan, Ben Mitchell, Martin Jansche, Sascha Brawer, “Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali (revised)”, in Unicode Document Register L2017/17106r (PDF), page 21:

If he has given anger up, if he has abandoned conceit, if he has overcome every fetter, attachments do not afflict him who clings to nothing immaterial or material and has nothing.

kodhaṃ jahe vippajaheyya mānaṃ saññojanaṃ sabbamatikkameyya taṃ nāmarūpasmimasajamānaṃ akiñcanaṃ nānupatanti saṅgāti


ඛො

සුප්පියො‘පි ඛො පරිබ්බාජකො අන්තරා ච රාජගහං අන්තරා ච නාළන්දං අද්ධානමග්ගප්පටිපන්නො හොති සද්ධිං අන්තෙවාසිනා බ්රහ්මදත්තෙන මාණවෙන.

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 2:

And Suppiya the mendicant too was going along the high road between Rājaɡaha and Nālandā with his disciple the youth Brahmadatta.

Suppiyopi kho paribbājako antarā ca rājagahaṃ antarā ca nāḷandaṃ addhānamaggappaṭipanno hoti saddhiṃ antevāsinā brahmadattena māṇavena.

කන්නු ඛ්වජ්ජ සමණං වා බ්රාහ්මණං වා පයිරුපාසෙය්යාම යන්නො පයිරුපාසතො චිත්තං පසීදෙය්යා!"ති

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 82:

Indeed now which ascetic or Brahmin should we visit today who, for us visiting him, will soothe the heart?

kannu khvajja samaṇaṃ vā brāhmaṇaṃ vā payirupāseyyāma yanno payirupāsato cittaṃ pasīdeyyā!"ti

11. අථ ඛො රාජා මාගධො අජාතසත්තු වෙදෙහිපුත්තො යාවතිකා නාගස්ස භූමි නාගෙන ගන්ත්වා නාගා පච්චොරොහිත්වා පත්තිකො ‘ව යෙන මණ්ඩලමාළස්ස ද්වාරං තෙනුපසඞ්කමි.

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 88:

11. And then indeed the king of Magadha, Ajatashatru, son of the woman from Videha, went by elephant as far as there was room for an elephant, then dismounted from the elephant, and then went on only on foot to where the door of the pavilion was.

11. atha kho rājā māgadho ajātasattu vedehiputto yāvatikā nāgassa bhūmi nāgena gantvā nāgā paccorohitvā pattiko ’va yena maṇḍalamāḷassa dvāraṃ tenupasaṅkami.


පන

සුප්පියස්ස පන පරිබ්බාජකස්ස අන්තෙවාසී බ්රහ්මදත්තො මාණවො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති.

But young Brahmadatta, his pupil, gave utterance, in many ways to praise of the Buddha, to praise of the Doctrine, to praise of the Order.

suppiyassa pana paribbājakassa antevāsī brahmadatto māṇavo anekapariyāyena buddhassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati, dhammassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati, saṅghassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati.


එවං

එවං වුත්තෙ තෙ භික්ඛූ භගවන්තං එතදවොචුං:

2006, The First Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Dīgha-Nikāya (I), page 4:

The brethren spoke thus to the Blessed One; they said this:

Evaṃ vutte te bhikkhū bhagavantaṃ etadavocuṃ:

සෙය්යථාපි නාම ජරසාලාය ගොපානසියො ඔලුග්ගවිලුග්ගා භවන්ති, එවමෙවස්සු මෙ ඵාසුළියො ඔලුග්ගවිලුග්ගා භවන්ති තායෙවප්පාහාරතාය.

2006, The Fourth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (I), page 192:

Truly, just as in a decrepit outhouse the rafters are crumbling, my ribs were just that way, they were crumbling from just this fasting.

Seyyathāpi nāma jarasālāya gopānasiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti, evamevassu me phāsuḷiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti tāyevappāhāratāya.

තස්ස එවමස්ස: “අයං ඛො මහා උදකණ්ණවො ඔරිමං තීරං සාසඞ්කං සප්පටිභයං. පාරිමං තීරං ඛෙමං අප්පටිභයං. නත්ථි ච නාවා සන්තාරණී උත්තරසෙතු වා අපාරාපාරං ගමනාය.

2006, The Fourth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (I), page 336:

Therefore things are thus: So, there's this large deluge, a dubious and perilous near shore, a safe far shore free of peril; and there is neither a ferry boat or a bridge to go from the near shore to the far shore.

Tassa evamassa: "ayaṃ kho mahā udakaṇṇavo orimaṃ tīraṃ sāsaṅkaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ. Pārimaṃ tīraṃ khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ. Natthi ca nāvā santāraṇī uttarasetu vā apārāpāraṃ gamanāya.


kambe

Interrogative particle; indicates a sarcastic statement. Placed at the end of the sentence.


එතරහි

“කායනු‘ ත්ථ භික්ඛවෙ එතරහි කථාය සන්නිසින්නා සන්නිපතිතා ? කා ච පන වො අන්තරා
කථා විප්පකතා ?”ති.

“For what discussion are you brethren seated assembled here now? And what is your unfinished talk amongst yourselves?”

“kāyanuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā sannipatitā? kā ca pana vo antarākathā vippakatāti?


ไซร้

ไซร้ • (sái)

(archaic) used at the end of an expression for emphasis.


walaa

Maayo geesi walaa kattuba.

Nyiiwa walaa doole.

Aamadu yomraama gawri sabo Lobbo walaa buuɗi.

Aamadu was paid in grain because Lobbo has no money.


んき

与(どぅ)那国(なん)島(ちま)んきわーりー。


來的

/laɪ̯³⁵ d̥ə³/

/laɪ̯³⁵ d̥ə³/

這是什麼來的？

这是什么来的？

(regional, chiefly Cantonese-influenced Mandarin, colloquial) Synonym of 來著／来着 (láizhe)


ផូង

ផូងគេ


کہ

کِہ (canonical)
ki (romanization)
कि (Hindi)

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ), 𑀓𑀺 (ki), from Sanskrit किम् (kim, “what, which”), probably influenced by the nominative form कः (kaḥ). Doublet of کیا (kyā).


atoli

Polish: atoli

Silesian: atoli

Univerbation of a + to + li. First attested in the 15th century.

Kako szedl do nyego? Atholi nye przesz szadnego poszla szwego, alye... szam abiit ad eum scilicet personaliter

1901 [End of the 15th century], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume II, page 318:


atoli

Inherited from Old Polish atoli. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + to + li.

surf

(Middle Polish) used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but; after all

(Middle Polish) emphasizes the following statement; well


atoli

Denotes surprise or previously known information; after all


ᩅ

Tai Tham script form of va (“like, as if”)


ᩅ

Tai Tham script form of va, sandhi form of ᩑᩅ (eva, “even”)


պիտի

From Old Armenian պիտի (piti), from պէտ (pēt).

տի

shortened form used for metrical purposes

դու պիտի ավելի շատ մարզվես

(Western Armenian) forming the future conditional of verbs, equivalent to Eastern Armenian կ- (k-)


կ՚-

կ՚ըլլայ

(Western Armenian) Alternative form of կը (kə), used before vowels


կը

Inherited from Middle Armenian կու (ku), which first appears in the 12th century and is of uncertain origin. According to Aytənean, from կայ (kay, “stands, is”) + ու (u, “and”).

կը խօսիմ

կը կարդար

(Western Armenian) particle put in front of the verb to form the indicative mood

(Eastern Armenian) Traditional orthography spelling of կ- (k-)


よりも

死よりも残酷な結末


使咩

/sɐi̯³⁵ mɛː⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³⁵ mɛː⁵⁵/

使咩答佢啫？

(Cantonese) for what reason; what need is there (→ there is no need)


istotnie

actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


เอย

พระสุนทรโวหาร (ภู่) (1916) “กล่อมพระบรรธม”, in บทเห่กล่อมพระเจ้าลูกเธอ (in Thai), Bangkok: โรงพิมพ์โสภณพิพรรฒธนากร
อย่าทรงพระกรรแสงกริ้ว จะเผือดผิวพระมังษา เชิญหลับพระไนยนา นิทราสำราญพระองค์เอย
yàa song prá gan-sɛ̌ɛng grîu · jà pʉ̀ʉat pǐu prá mang-sǎa · chəən làp prá nai-yá-naa · nít-traa sǎm-raan prá-ong əəi
Wail not, seethe not, lest the beauty of thy skin might fade. Please close thine eyes and fall into slumber for thine own enjoyment.

พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย (1917) “พระราชนิพนธ์รัชกาลที่ ๒”, in ประชุมกาพย์เห่เรือ (in Thai), Bangkok: โรงพิมพ์โสภณพิพรรฒธนากร, retrieved 2019-01-05
แกงไก่มัศหมั่นเนื้อ นพคุณ พี่เอย หอมยี่หร่ารศฉุน เฉียบร้อน ชายใดบริโภคภุญช์ พิศวาศ หวังนา แรงอยากยอหัดถ์ข้อน อกไห้หวนแสวง
gɛɛng-gài mát-sà-màn nʉ́ʉa · nóp-pá-kun · pîi əəi · hɔ̌ɔm yîi-ràa rót chǔn · chìiap rɔ́ɔn · chaai dai bɔɔ-rí-pôok pun · pít-sà-wàat · wǎng naa · rɛɛng yàak yɔɔ hàt kɔ̂ɔn · òk hâi hǔuan sà-wɛ̌ɛng
This chicken curry and meat matsaman from me, your loved one, for you, my older one, are scented with cumin and contain a sharply hot, pungent taste. Any man who has tried these dishes would surely fall in love with them, and would want to lift his hand up to hit his chest and cry that he would like to have them more and more.

“ลิลิตพระลอ”, in ลิลิตพระลอ (in Thai), Bangkok: vajirayana.org, n.d., retrieved 2019-01-05
เสียงฦๅเสียงเล่าอ้าง อันใด พี่เอย เสียงย่อมยอยศใคร ทั่วหล้า สองเขือพี่หลับใหล ลืมตื่น ฤๅพี่ สองพี่คิดเองอ้า อย่าได้ถามเผือ
sǐiang lʉʉ sǐiang lâo âang · an dai · pîi əəi · sǐiang yɔ̂m yɔɔ yót krai · tûua lâa · sɔ̌ɔng kʉ̌ʉa pîi làp-lǎi · lʉʉm dtʉ̀ʉn · rʉʉ pîi · sɔ̌ɔng pîi kít eeng âa · yàa dâai tǎam pʉ̌ʉa
What's that hearsay, what's that rumour, my sisters? Who is being glorified across the realm? Have you two been in slumber or have you forgotten to stay awake, sisters? You two shall think of it yourself. No need to ask us two.

ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน (2001) พจนานุกรมศัพท์วรรณคดีไทย สมัยอยุธยา โคลงยวนพ่าย (in Thai), Bangkok: ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, →ISBN, page 135
นายเอยอยาป่วยก้ยว กลพราง พรอกเลย โดยข่าวขยวขจรควร อย่างอยู้ เพราะพึงซอบซอมกลาง กลยวเจต ไส้แฮ ความชอบด้วยฤๅรู้ ร่วงโรย
naai əəi yaa bpùai gîao · gon praang · prɔ̂ɔk ləəi · dooi kàao kǐao kà-jɔɔn kuuan · yàang yûu · prɔ́ pʉng sɔ̂ɔp-sɔɔm-glaang · gliao-jèet · sâi hɛɛ · kwaam-chɔ̂ɔp dûai rʉʉ rúu · rûuang-rooi
O men, waste not thy time uttering a tricky trick unto me, for once comes an urgent news, we ought to march our army forth forthwith. This is, in very deed, in agreement with my opinion. Whoever does a good deed will never suffer destruction.

(poetic) used at the end of an expression for emphasis.

(colloquial) used at the end of each item of details for separation.


najprawdopodobniej

absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


nopey

"Nopey, nopey! I wouldn't just even think of such a thing."

1919, Wallace Irwin, The Blooming Angel, page 98:

“Nopey-nope-nope.” “Are you related to them? Are they family members?” “No way!” “So help me out, Lily. Tell me all about these people and how you came to be living with them. Okay?” “Okay.”

2013, James Patterson, Maxine Paetro, 12th of Never, Little, Brown, →ISBN:


စမ်း

ပြောစမ်းပါအုံး

မလုပ်စမ်းပါနဲ့

(colloquial) Indicates urgency in an imperative.


dʰe

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-de

Proto-Slavic: *-de

Proto-Germanic: *-þ

Gothic: -𐌸 (-þ)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰe, *-tʰi

Ancient Greek: -θε (-the), -θι (-thi)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-dʰa

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-dʰa

Sanskrit: ध (dha)

Possibly derived from *dʰeh₁- (“to place”).

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


в смысле

head

в смы́сле • (v smýsle)

в смы́сле (canonical)
v smýsle (romanization)

— Она́ занята́. — В смы́сле, она́ не придёт?
— Oná zanjatá. — V smýsle, oná ne pridjót?
— She's busy. — You mean she's not coming?

В смы́сле, э́то не пробле́ма.


akuratnie

From akuratny + -ie. First attested in 1787. Compare Slovincian akúrótnjê.

ref

Continuacya wyrokow y rozkazow powszechnych w Galicyi y Lodomeryi Krolestwach (in Polish), 1787, page 105

(ironic, colloquial) tell me another!, nothing of the kind!, a likely story! yeah, right!


вось

head

вось • (vosʹ)

Cognate with Ukrainian ось (osʹ).
Russian восе (vose), Old Russian восе. From во and ce ("here", "this"). Also in the meaning of "then"; compare to Russian восеть ("lately").

Вось і дом.

here (is), this (is), there (is), that (is) (directing attention towards something)

Гэтага вось я і хацеў.

what a, such a (expressing emphasis or strong emotion)


-nka

Old Japanese: が (ga)

desc

Japanese: が (ga, nominative marker), Japanese: が / ヶ (ga, obsolete possessive marker)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *ga
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: が (ga)
Kunigami: が (ga)
Northern Amami Ōshima: が (ga)
Okinawan: が (ga)
Okinoerabu: が (ga)
Southern Amami Ōshima: が (ga)
Tokunoshima: が (ga)
Yoron: が (ga)
Southern Ryukyuan
Miyako: が (ga)
Yaeyama: が (ga)
Yonaguni: か゚ (ng'a)

According to one theory, possibly from an otherwise-unattested emphatic particle *ka, with the nasal from compounding with the genitive forms of pronouns such as *wana ka (“my”) > *wanka, which was resegmented as *wa-nka.
However, there is a lack of evidence for such an emphatic particle. The closest match in various modern references is an emphasizing prefix か (ka-) that attaches to certain adverbs from the 800s, and to certain adjectives from the early 1000s.

adnominative marker: the preceding nominal acts to quality the following nominal in some fashion

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


χ'

Pre-Classical, Classical and Early Koine

Apocopic form of κε (ke) (used before the rough breathing)


μάν

grc-particle

μᾱ́ν • (mā́n)

Aeolic, Doric, and Epic form of μήν (mḗn)


џанам

head

џанам • (džanam)

From Ottoman Turkish جانيم (canım), cognate with Bulgarian джанъм (džanǎm).

bor

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">canım</i>


てば

Contraction of と言(い)えば (to ieba), from と (to, particle of quotation) + 言(い)え (ie, hypothetical form (仮定形) of 言(い)う (iu, “to say”)) + ば (ba, particle forming the provisional).

ja-r

にくい事・やすいかもじゃとおもたてば

1709, Zappai (雑俳): Karukuchi tonsaku (軽口頓作)

Hard affairs, when I had thought that might be easy.

(informal, rare) Contraction of と言えば (to ieba): speaking of

うちの父さんてば足が臭いのよ。

(informal, childish or women's speech) Binding particle used to show as a topic with feelings of familiarity or criticism.

そんな事はしませんてば。

(informal) Sentence-final particle used to emphasize a point and express irritation.


もや

Compound of も (mo, case particle expressing surprise or admiration) + や (ya, interjectory particle expressing admiration or emotion).

ja-com

Interjectory particle expressing a strong sense of admiration or exclamation


naci

Dim fo ’di dy dad di? Naci, dim fo.


てよ

て (te, conjunctive particle; sentence-ending particle of request) + よ (yo, particle indicating certainty, conviction, or emphasis)

ja-r

1888, Iwaya Sazanami, 五月鯉 [Satsuki Goi], page 103:

アノ酉井さんさう言て來てヨ

(childish or women's speech) Indicates request or requirement in the spoiled manner: please

父上も知って居てよ

(chiefly women's speech) Indicates emphasis euphemistically with emotion.


omal

+obj

negative&clause<translated in the positive>

almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


byle

Polish: byle

Wkraway *czosto a malo, a gedz, bylecz szø gedno chczalo

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 73:

Expresses an optative conditional; if only


byle

Inherited from Old Polish byle (particle). By surface analysis, univerbation of by + le.


တကာ

နေရာတကာ

နိုင်ငံတကာ


καίτοι

Univerbation of καί (kaí) and τοι (toi).

Used to introduce an objection by the speaker, often in rhetorical questions: and yet


moim zdaniem

(idiomatic) for my money, if you ask me, in my opinion, in my view, methinks (the way I see it; the way I see things; to my way of thinking)


իմա

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian իմա՛ (imá, “know!”), the imperative of իմանամ (imanam, “to know”).


դաժը

head

դաժը • (dažə)


դաժե

դաժե • (daže)

էդ դաժե դու չես կարա անես


ընդհամենը

ընդհամենը • (əndhamenə)

hy-particle

ընդհամենը • (əndhamenə)

ընդամենը ընդամենը#Armenian


ընդամենը

head

ընդամենը • (əndamenə)

hy-particle

ընդամենը • (əndamenə)

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian ընդ ամէնն (ənd amēnn).

learned borrowing

ընդամենը ուզում է ասել, որ իմ առաջարկն էլ լավ կողմեր ունի

I merely wanted to say that my suggestion too has some good points

əndamenə uzum ē asel, or im aṙaǰarkn ēl lav koġmer uni


ներեղություն

head

ներեղություն • (nereġutʻyun)

hy-particle

ներեղություն • (nereġutʻyun)

ներողություն ներողություն#Armenian

Misconstruction of ներողություն (neroġutʻyun)


ਏ

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


słowem

briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


bấu

From Proto-Tai *ɓawᴮ (“not (strong 1)”).

Chắc bấu?


htang

He bang hpung mo nyang yong htang ngoyt da.

She was the most beautiful in this group. (Quoting Luk, p.102)

Used to indicate a superlative of the preceding adjective; -est


𐎛𐎐

From earlier *ʾaynu/a; compare Hebrew אֵין and Arabic إِنْ (ʔin).


ʔu

(interrogative predicate particle) denoting a question


မော

och-l

耗 (OC *hmaːws, “to reduce, cripple, use up”)

word suffixed to some verbs or adjectives as an intensifier: very, exceedingly


မိ

From Proto-Lolo-Burmese *s/ʔ-mi¹ (“to catch, overtake”), though STEDT adduces no additional cognates (and Luce 1981 makes no mention of this word).

inh

particle suffixed to verbs to convey the meaning of "happen to"


przeszło

Third-person singular neuter past of przejść.

Near-synonym: z górą

Przeszło sto osób przyszło na imprezę.

More than one hundred people came to the party.

over, more than (used to indicate that the actual number is higher than the one given)


hēki

From Proto-Polynesian *taqe-ki. Cognates include Tuvaluan heki and Samoan le'i.


shoq

Follows two adverbs, to show that the former modifies the latter.


ᎢᏯᏂ

ᎤᎿ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ.

Particle used after numbers two and above when followed by an animate noun.


けえ

(informal, intimate, sometimes considered dialectal) Clause-ending question particle.

け

shortened form of same meaning and general usage


けえ

2018, 小(こ)山(やま)田(だ)浩(ひろ)子(こ) (Koyamada Hiroko), “蟹(かに) (Kani)”, in 日(に)本(ほん)文(ぶん)藝(げい)家(か)協(きょう)会(かい) (Nihon Bungeika Kyōkai), editor, 文(ぶん)学(がく) 2018 (Bungaku 2018), page 272:

「[…]工事ってもその頃は、海っぺりにガラクタやなんや放りこんで、それから砂入れて、水面まで埋めたら上に馬を引いてきてうろうろうろうろ歩き回らせたら地面がまた沈むけえ最後の方は蹄がチャプチャプなるん、そしたらまたトラックで砂入れて……[…]」

“ […] Kōji tte mo sono koro wa, umipperi ni garakuta ya nan'ya hōrikonde, sore kara suna irete, suimen made umetara ue ni uma o hiitekite urouro urouro arukimawarasetara jimen ga mata shizumu kē saigo no hō wa hizume ga chapuchapu naru n, soshitara mata torakku de suna irete…… […] ”


せえ

ja-pos

せえ or せェ or セエ or セェ • (sē)

せえ (canonical)
せェ (canonical)
セエ (canonical)
セェ (canonical)
sē (romanization)

よかか…オイのなは日(ひ)高(だか)剣(けん)介(すけ)…くやしかったら鹿児島(カゴッマ)セェけ(こい)‼いっでん(いつでも)勝(しょう)負(ぶ)してやっで‼

1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “またいつか、勝(しょう)負(ぶ)の日(ひ)までの巻(まき) [One Day, We’ll Face off Again]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 77:

Awrite… Mah name’s Hidaka Kensuke… Come to Kagoshima when yer ready‼ Ah’ll be waitin’ to settle witcha again‼

Yoka ka… Oi no na wa Hidaka Kensuke… Kuyashikattara Kagomma sē ke‼ Idden shōbu shite yadde‼


przede wszystkim

Near-synonyms: głównie, szczególnie, w pierwszym rzędzie, w szczególności, zwłaszcza


rzędu

on the order of (approximately) [with genitive ‘of what’]


ອິຕິປິ

ອິຕິປິ ໂສ ພະຄະວາ* ອະຣະຫັງ ສັມມາສັມ-
ພຸທໂທ຺ ວິຊຊາຈະຣະນ຺ະສັມປັນໂນ ສຸຄະໂຕ ໂລ-
ກະວິທູ ອະນຸຕຕະໂຣ ປຸຣິສະທັມມະສາຣະຖິ ສັຕຖາ
ເທວ* ມະນຸສສານັງ ພຸທໂທ຺ ພ຺ະຄະວາຕິ—

1943, Phaya Luang Maha Sena (Phouy), Learn fast to read Tham characters in Pali Texts [ແບບຣຽນໄວ ເຫຼັ້ມສອງ ຣຽນອ່ານໝັງສືທັມ ຂຽນເປັນພາສາບາລີ], 2nd edition (PDF; overall work in Lao), Buddhist Institute, archived from the original on 2016-04-04, page 45:

Surely, he is a blessed one, an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened, endowed with knowledge and good behaviour, faring well, knowing the universe, an unequalled driver of men who need taming, teacher of gods and men, a buddha, the Blessed One.
* Ought to be ພ຺ະຄະວາ & ເທວະ; transliteration and translation are as though spelt thus.


ᨲᩥ

ᩍᨲᩥᨸᩥ ᩈᩮᩣ ᨽᨣᩅᩣ ᩋᩁᩉᩴ
ᩈᨾ᩠ᨾᩣᩈᨾᩛᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩮᩣ ᩅᩥᨩ᩠ᨩᩣᨧᩁᨱᩈᨾ᩠ᨸᨶ᩠ᨶᩮᩣ
ᩈᩩᨣᨲᩮᩣ ᩃᩮᩣᨠᩅᩥᨴᩪ ᩋᨶᩩᨲ᩠ᨲᩁᩮᩣ ᨸᩩᩁᩥ-
ᩈᨴᨾ᩠ᨾᩈᩣᩁᨳᩥ ᩈᨲ᩠ᨳᩣ ᨴᩮᩅᨾᨶᩩᩔᩣᨶᩴ ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵᩮᩣ ᨽᨣᩅᩣᨲᩥ.

1943, Phaya Luang Maha Sena (Phouy), Learn fast to read Tham characters in Pali Texts [ແບບຣຽນໄວ ເຫຼັ້ມສອງ ຣຽນອ່ານໝັງສືທັມ ຂຽນເປັນພາສາບາລີ], 2nd edition (PDF; overall work in Lao), Buddhist Institute, archived from the original on 2016-04-04, page 25:

Surely, he is a blessed one, an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened, endowed with knowledge and good behaviour, faring well, knowing the universe, an unequalled driver of men who need taming, teacher of gods and men, a buddha, the Blessed One.

Tai Tham script form of ti (“thus - often to be translated just by quotation marks”)


สัมมา

อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ ภะคะวา พุทธัง ภะคะวันตัง อะภิวาเทมิ (กราบ) สะวากขาโต ภะคะวะตา ธัมโม ธัมมัง นะมัสสามิ (กราบ) สุปะฏิปันโน ภะคะวะโต สาวะกะสังโฆ สังฆัง นะมามิ (กราบ)

c. 1999, ยอดพระกัณฑ์ไตรปิฎก พระคาถาชินบัญชร พระคาถาอาการะวัตตาสูตร [Description: Book of Buddhist chants for Thais] (overall work in Thai), Bangkok: Liang Siang Chong Charoen Print Shop, page 3:

The Fortunate One is an arahat, correctly and completely enlightened-18; I salute the Buddha, the Fortunate One. (bow) The dharma has been expounded well by the Fortunate One; I venerate the dharma. (bow) The assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is following the right way; I bow down to the assembly. (bow)

Arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhagavā; buddhaṃ bhagavantaṃ abhivādemi. (gràap) Savākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo; dhammaṃ namassāmi. (gràap) Supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho; saṅghaṃ namāmi. (gràap)


มั่ง

th-part

มั่ง • (mâng)


วิสุง

มะยัง ภันเต วิสุง วิสุง รักขะณัตถายะ ติสะระเณนะสะหะ ปัญจะ สีลานิ ยาจามะ
ดุติยัมปิ มะยัง ภันเต วิสุง วิสุง รักขะณัตถายะ ติสะระเณนะสะหะ ปัญจะ สีลานิ ยาจามะ
ตะติยัมปิ มะยัง ภันเต วิสุง วิสุง รักขะณัตถายะ ติสะระเณนะสะหะ ปัญจะ สีลานิ ยาจามะ

Venerable sirs, we request the five precepts and the three refuges for the sake of observing them, one by one, separately.
For the second time, venerable sirs, we request the five precepts and the three refuges for the sake of observing them, one by one, separately.
For the third time, venerable sirs, we request the five precepts and the three refuges for the sake of observing them, one by one, separately.

mayaṃ bhante visuṃ visuṃ rakkhaṇatthāya tisaraṇenasaha pañca sīlāni yācāma
dutiyampi mayaṃ bhante visuṃ visuṃ rakkhaṇatthāya tisaraṇenasaha pañca sīlāni yācāma
tatiyampi mayaṃ bhante visuṃ visuṃ rakkhaṇatthāya tisaraṇenasaha pañca sīlāni yācāma

Thai script form of visuṃ (“separately”)


นะโม

มะโน ตัสสะ ภะคะวะโต อะระหะโต สัมมา สัมพุทธัสสะ

c. 1999, ยอดพระกัณฑ์ไตรปิฎก พระคาถาชินบัญชร พระคาถาอาการะวัตตาสูตร [Description: Book of Buddhist chants for Thais] (overall work in Thai), Bangkok: Liang Siang Chong Charoen Print Shop, page 4:

Honour to the Blessed One, the Exalted One, the fully Enlightened One

namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammā sambuddhassa


hapana

no; a negative answer (used to show disagreement or negation)


ခြင်း

တိုးတက်ခြင်း


tə

Old Japanese: と (to₂)

Japanese: と (to)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *to
Northern Ryukyuan:
Kikai: と゚ぅ (θu)
Kunigami: とぅ (thu)
Northern Amami Ōshima: と゚ぅ (θu)
Okinawan: とぅ (tu)
Okinoerabu: とぅ (tu)
Southern Amami Ōshima: とぅ (tu)
Tokunoshima: とぅ (tu)
Yoron: とぅ (tu)
Southern Ryukyuan: *to (Bentley, 2008b)
Miyako: とぅ (tu)
Yaeyama: とぅ (tu)
Yonaguni: とぅ (tu)


tə

Bəŋ pə tə́ lú, bə é tə gɔ tú’ shyə pə́.

‘If rain does not fall, he will not carry water.


èli

With conjunct
Nulelîntàm èli paèkw.
I am glad because you came.

with Indicative
Alëmi mëne èli wishasu.
He began to drink because he was afraid.


อิติปิ

อิติปิ โส ภะคะวา อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ
วิจจาจะระณะสัมปันโน สุคะโต โลกะวิทู อะนุต
ตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสาระถิ สัทถา เทวะมะนุสสานัง
พุทโธ ภะคะวาติ

c. 1999, ยอดพระกัณฑ์ไตรปิฎก พระคาถาชินบัญชร พระคาถาอาการะวัตตาสูตร [Description: Book of Buddhist chants for Thais] (overall work in Thai), Bangkok: Liang Siang Chong Charoen Print Shop, page 6:

itipi so bhaɡavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavāti.


ᠪᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *-ba. Compare with Jurchen harmonic variations of [script needed] (*bə), [script needed] (*bɑ), and [script needed] (*bo). Cognate with Udihe [script needed] (-wə), Oroch [script needed] (-wa); Nanai [script needed] (-wa), Ulch [script needed] (-wa), Orok [script needed] (-wa); Solon [script needed] (-wə), Evenki -вэ (-wə) / -ва (-wa) / -во (-wo), Negidal [script needed] (-wa), Even [script needed] (-w); etc.

Forming the accusative case of the definite state, as the object in phrase ‘drinking the water’ (rather than ‘drinking water’)


ᠪᡝ

(literary) Used at the end of a sentence indicating affirmation, equivalent of Chinese 也 (yě).