ajn

Borrowed from German ein, as in irgendein.

kio (“what”) → kio ajn (“whatever”)

kiu (“who”) → kiu ajn (“whoever”)

ie (“somewhere”) → ie ajn (“anywhere”)

io (“something”) → io ajn (“anything”)

Li kredos kian ajn senkulpigon kiun iu ajn donos al li.

He’ll believe whatever kind of excuse that anyone at all gives him.

iu (“someone”) → iu ajn (“anyone”)

used with ki- and i- correlatives to generalize them, meaning -ever/-soever or any/at all


ze

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.


lai

Traditionally, lai is derived from the imperative form of the verb laist (“to allow, to permit”) (quod vide): laid → lai, an evolution reminiscent of Russian пускай (puskaj), пусть (pustʹ, “let, so be”) from пускать (puskatʹ, “to allow, to permit”). The form laid is indeed attested as a conjunction in the earliest sources. This view, however, has been recently criticized on the basis that Latvian lai, Lithuanian laĩ are clearly related to Old Prussian -lai, which is added to (usually infinitive) verbs to indicate volitive or conditional mood. This suggests a Proto-Baltic form *lai, probably related to the final -le of Latvian reinforcing particles jele ~ jel, nule, and (dialectal) nele, and to Old Prussian -le, apparently a variant of -lai. This *le would then have the same origin as Proto-Slavic *li (compare Polish li (“only”) Russian ли (li)), with cognates in other languages (Albanian, Tocharian) from a basic Proto-Indo-European *l-. After this criticism, the relationship between lai and laist has become unclear. Maybe Proto-Indo-European *l- was an old verb, or maybe laist was derived from an older particle.

lai dabas spēkus gudrs cilvēks veic

may the wise person lead the forces of nature

lai visas dienas labus vārdus teic

may all days bring (lit. say) good words

lai viss sils izdegtu!

lai dzīvo!

tie ir trakāki par baroniem... velns lai viņus parauj!

those (people) are crazier than the barons... may the devil take them!

used to express an optative (wish) nuance: may, may it be that

ja tu, Zane, nevari, lai paliek šovakar govis neslauktas

if you, Zane, can't (do it), let the cows remain unmilked tonight

draugi mani atkal uzaicināja medībās: “labi”, es teicu, “lai notiek; bet pēdējo reizi!”

friends invited me again to hunt: “OK,” I said, “let it happen (= I'll go); but (for) the last time!”

used to express encouragement, agreement: let

“lai taču viņš iet”, Aina saka; “lai viņš iet, es arī neturēšu viņu, lai iet, lai iet”

“but let him go,” Aina said, “let him go, I also won't keep him, let (him) go, let (him) go”

lai vēlam putnam laimīgu lidojumu!

used to mark third person imperative forms of verbs; sometimes used with the first person also: let

ko lai viņam saku, kādu padomu lai dodu?

what should I say to him, what advice should I give?

man vajadzīgs padoms; es nezinu, pie kā cita lai griežos

I need advice; I don't know who else I could turn to (but you)

es prasu zemei, kur meklēt lai eju

I ask the earth, where should I go to look for (it)?

used to give a nuance of indecision or doubt, especially in a question should, could

Soklēns gribēja savus viesus uzjautrināt ar pajāšanos; segli lai bija iegādāti
Soklēns wanted to cheer his guests up with some (horse) riding; the saddles were even ready (already)

vasarā, kad būs āboli, vai tad nāksi ciemos? ar medu lai pacienāšu, jā?

during the summer, when there will be apples, maybe then you will come visit? and I will also treat you with honey, yes?

(colloquial) used to add strength to a word or expression, to link it more tightly to the rest of the sentence

tūliņ svied tās meijas nost un meklē rīksti rokā! vai lopi līdz vakaram lai kūtī stāv?

throw those boughs away right now and go get your rod! are the animals really going to stay in the barn till night?

used to reinforce a word, highlighting it among others

protams, mājās būs vēl nepatīkamāka saruna, to es zinu pavisam skaidri, bet lai!

of course, at home there will still be an unpleasant talk, I know that very well, and how (= boy do I)!

“lai nu, lai nu, Birkenbaum,” Grīntāls mierināja

“OK, OK, Birkenbaum,” Grīntāls comforted (him)

“esi gan tu muļķa meitene”, Karlīne zobojās; “a, lai ir!” Annele spītīgi atcirta
“you are indeed a stupid girl,” Karlīne mocked; “ah, so be it!” Annele snapped angrily back

lai jau būtu

used, sometimes with nu or ir, to indicate tolerance of, or agreement with, someone else


たい

そうですたい

広辞苑 w:ja:広辞苑

(Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki) sentence-ending particle indicating emphasis

For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田井

For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田居


cé

Only used in cé go, cé gur, cé nach, and cé nár


nunca

Nunca assí pensam

imperative article expressing negative future tense; don't


-e

* From e (“this”).
* From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).

Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten.

I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.

Látod-e már a mezőket?

1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell
Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
(Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)

(folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.


comme

From Middle French comme, from Old French come, from Late Latin quōmodo et.


ri

Turns the preceding word into an accusative.


ri

Javanese: ꦫꦶ (ri)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *di, from Proto-Austronesian *di. Compare Makasar ri (ᨑᨗ).


pung

beta pung oto


tá

Como tá vai?

Alternative form of tâ: present continuous particle


aj

(Masuria, expressive) Introduces a clause; also

Masuria; expressive; Masuria; expressive


bile

bile bile

(colloquial) Reinforces what has already been said; even, in fact, furthermore


haka

From Proto-Polynesian *faka-. Cognates include Hawaiian haʻa- and Maori whaka-.


ya

Borrowed from Arabic يَا (yā, “o, hey, you”).

bor+

Ya Əli! (Shiite exclamation) ― O Ali!


ya

Ya, gwir eo!

yes, word used to show agreement or acceptance.


ya

Haanko ammo ya.

(Baguio, Benguet) Expressing apprehension following or preceding a reasoning or excuse; eh.


ya

Ya, aku setuju denganmu.

used to show agreement or acceptance; yes

Kamu punya cewek baru, ya?

Siapa ya, guru baru kita yang akan mengajar di kelas ini.

Who is our new teacher who will teach at this class?.

used to emphasize curiosity about a question.

Besok kumpulkan tugasnya, ya.


ya

Inherited from Malay ya, from Classical Malay ي (ya), from Arabic يَا (yā).

Ya Tuhan!

Ya ampun!

the vocative particle, used for direct address; O


ya

Aw, nanlaklakoda ya.


ya

N class inflected form of -a (singular only).


ya

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish یا (ya), from Arabic يَا (yā, “o, hey, you”).


wo

Old Japanese: を (wo)

Japanese: を (o)

desctree

Proto-Ryukyuan: *wo
Northern Ryukyuan:
Okinawan: ゆ (yu) (archaic, literary)
Southern Ryukyuan:
Miyako: う (u), ゆ (yu)
Yaeyama: ゆ (yu) (literary)


wo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Okinawan: ゆ (yu) (archaic, literary)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: う (u), ゆ (yu)

Yaeyama: ゆ (yu) (literary)

From Proto-Japonic *wo (“accusative marker; away from, off”).


bora

Clipping of embora. From the phrase vamos embora.

Bora comprar algo para comer?

(informal) hortative and cohortative particle; let's


zar

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zaže, from *za + *že.

Zar ne zna to?

Hladno je, zar ne?

To i nije tako loša ideja, zar ne?

(auxiliary interrogative particle) used in tag questions, to ask for an affirmation to a polar question; don't, doesn't, isn't, aren’t, right


май

Май че не е така.

Май че ще вали.

It looks like rain; l'm afraid it's going to rain; I fancy it will rain.

in all probability/likelihood, most probably, apparently, to all appearances, by all appearances, very likely


がい

外 害 街 劾 崖 涯 慨 蓋 該 概 骸 垓 我意 画意 賀意 雅意


quanto

estunga quanto

acunga quanto

Estunga quanto casa sâm bem di feo

plural particle for determiners ending in -unga


だん

書類提出だん

(Internet slang, sentence-final particle) done


だい

Compound of だ (da, the plain-form copula or "to be" verb) + い (emphatic particle, used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create a familiar effect).
Attested since at least 1809.

compound

どうしたんだい？

(informal, men's speech) an interrogative particle

そんなのはいらねえってんだい。

(dated) a particle used to state something with conviction


ばい

From ば (topic particle, originally the rendaku version of は (ha)) + い (emphatic particle, from よ (yo) or や (ya)). Compare Kansai わい (wai), formed through the same process.

重要ばい！

(dialectal, Kyūshū) sentence-ending particle indicating assertion


afa

notego ka ge afa

niwosa toma hito afa

sentence-final negative imperative particle; do not!


это

head

э́то • (éto)

Э́то я должна́ проси́ть у вас проще́ния.

It's me who should ask you for forgiveness.

Э́то мой оте́ц основа́л компа́нию.

Used to emphasise identity, analogously to English "it's me who" etc.

Да куда́ э́то вы так спеши́те?

Used to intensify a question concerning an observation.


ie

From Middle Welsh ief, ieu, from Proto-Brythonic *ī semos (“that is so”).

Ai ef yw dy dad? Ie, dyna ef.

Ife fe yw dy dad? Ie, dyna fe.


dah

Clipping of sudah, from Malay dah. In the interjection sense, false cognate of Russian да (da, “yes”).

perfective aspect
perfective aspect#English


dah

Jikalau zaman itu dibuka Pekan-Pekan Mingguan, bukankah senang pada masa ini? Anak-anak Melayu dah tau ilmu berniaga kesemuanya.

1932 December 26, Ibni, “Melayu Tak Boleh Maju”, in Majlis, Singapore, archived from the original on 2023-11-24, page 7:

If back then Weekly Markets were opened, wouldn't it be easy by now? Malay children [would] already have all the wisdom about business.

(colloquial) Marks the perfective aspect.


ты

ты вурседылеш вет


fu

Baſſia hoe fafi maſtra gi permiſſi fo pree.

ca. 1765, Pieter van Dyk, Nieuwe en nooit bevoorens geziene Onderwyzinge in het Bastert, of Neeger Engels, zoo als het zelve in de Hollandsze Colonien gebruikt word [New and unprecedented instruction in Bastard or Negro English, as it is used in the Dutch colonies], page 107:

Basya, how are you? Did master give permission to play?

used for marking the following verb as an infinitive to


nom

Tadan nom!


eo ipso

(idiomatic, literary) eo ipso (through or by that very act or quality; thereby)


'n

Mae hi'n darllen.

Mae hi'n gysglyd.

Mae hi'n ferch.

Alternative form of yn (used after a vowel).


já

From Portuguese já (“already; now”), from Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam (“already”).

Já fallou par su pai aquêl mais piquin, […]

1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:


já

From Indo-Portuguese já, from Portuguese já (“already; now”), from Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam (“already”). Semantically, compare Chavacano ya.

Iou já falâ

Vôs já uví?

Atútu já vêm di América

Já têm-ia!

past tense marker; marks that an event has reached completion


ipsa

La mastro ipsa inspektis la domo.

Il ipsa volas parolar kun me.

El pozas su ipsa avan la pordo.

self, -self, -selves, himself, herself, myself


ĉi

Proximal pronouns in French (ce, ici, ci) and Italian (ci), all ultimately from Vulgar Latin *ecce hīc (here).

ĉi tiu / tiu ĉi: "this one/person"
ĉi tio / tio ĉi: "this thing"
ĉi tia / tia ĉi: "this kind of"
ĉi ties / ties ĉi: "belonging to these people"
ĉi tiel / tiel ĉi: "this standard manner or degree"
ĉi tie / tie ĉi: "here"
ĉi tiam / tiam ĉi: "then just past or very soon"
ĉi tiom / tiom ĉi: "this much of a typical quantity"

ĉi combines with demonstrative correlatives to indicate that the referrent is somehow near the speaker

ĉi tial / tial ĉi: "for this common reason"

Gertrude kaj Mario estas en la parko. Tiu rigardas la florojn, ĉi tiu kolektas ilin.

1910, Ivy Kellerman, A Complete Grammar of Esperanto, D. C. Heath and Company, Lesson XIV:

Gertrude and Mary are in the park. The former (that one) looks at the flowers, the latter (this one) gathers them.

ĉi-jara (“of this year”)

ĉi-sube (“below this, below here”)

(as prefix of adjective or adverb) (usually hyphenated) here, this


ĉu

From Polish czy, Ukrainian чи (čy) or the related Yiddish צי (tsi).

Ĉu neĝas hodiaŭ?

(interrogative particle) introduces a yes-no question

Mi ne certas, ĉu li amas min.

Vi ne manĝas viandon, ĉu.

Oh, so I see you don't eat meat, do you.

Transforms a sentence into a tag question or similar when added to the end of a sentence


во

— Во мужи́к, гоноре́и не зна́ет! Да трипа́к же, трипа́к!

1982, Сергей Донатович Довлатов (Sergei Donatovich Dovlatov), Зона (Записки надзирателя); translated as Anne Frydman, transl., The Zone: A Prison Camp Guard's Story, A.A. Knopf, 1985, page 74:

"That's a peasant for you, doesn't know what gonorrhoea is! It's the clap, the clap!"

— Vo mužík, gonoréi ne znájet! Da tripák že, tripák!


не

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

я не разуме́ю


не

From Proto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

Не, грешиш.

Не, сега не може да гледаш телевизия.

used to show disagreement or negation, no

Не знам.

Не мога.

Мария не им даде възможност да се извинят.

Maria didn't give them a chance to apologize.

Marija ne im dade vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat.

Не Мария им даде възможност да се извинят.

It was not Maria who gave them a chance to apologize. (Someone else did.)

Ne Marija im dade vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat.

Не на тях Мария даде възможност да се извинят.

It was not to them that Maria gave a chance to apologize. (She gave it to someone else.)

Ne na tjah Marija dade vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat.

Не възможност да се извинят им даде Мария.

It was not a chance to apologize that Maria gave them. (She gave them something else.)

Ne vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat im dade Marija.

Не да се извинят им даде възможност Мария.

It was not a chance to apologize that Maria gave them. (She gave them a chance to do something else.)

Ne da se izvinjat im dade vǎzmožnost Marija.

used to negate the meaning of the following word or phrase, not, n't


не

Old Ruthenian: не (ne)

Belarusian: не (nje)

Carpathian Rusyn: не (ne)

Ukrainian: не (ne)

Russian: не (ne)

From Proto-Slavic *ne. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic не (ne) and Old Polish nie.

не рече оустꙑ тъчью иꙁгл҃аахъ·

He didn't say: I just pronounced [them] with [my] mouth;


не

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne. Cognates include Lithuanian ne, Old English ne, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni), Irish ní, Latin ne, Sanskrit न (ná).

Он не зна́ет

не долете́в до це́ли

он не ге́ний

Не де́лай э́того!

Не говори́ ни сло́ва!

(negative in full) not, no, -n't, without

(мне) не по себе́ ― (mne) ne po sebé ― (I) feel sick; (I) feel uncomfortable

не раз

more than once (literary: not once); time and again; repeatedly; many a time

Я ви́дел вас не раз. ― Ja vídel vas ne raz. ― I have seen you often.

тем не ме́нее

Сча́стье не сча́стье, но что́-то похо́жее.

Perhaps not happiness, but something very much like it.

Sčástʹje ne sčástʹje, no štó-to poxóžeje.

Хо́чешь не хо́чешь, а придётся сде́лать.

(partial negative) perhaps not, whether ... or not

Ему́ э́того не сде́лать.

will never (implying impossibility to do something)


не

Не знам.

Он је не само даровит, већ и јако марљив.

He is not only talented, but also very industrious.

хтео-не хтео

Да не спаваш?

Не могу, а да не…

рећи не

не мање него…

не доћи

… Зар не?


Abu

A common part of Arabic-derived names, meaning "father of" in Arabic.


но

(in a dialog, when responding to the interlocutor) damn right!, you bet! very much so!


steady

From Middle English stedy, studi, stidiȝ, perhaps continuing Old English stæþþiġ, ġestæþþiġ (“steadfast, stable, firm, staid”), equivalent to stead + -y; or calquing Middle Low German or Middle Dutch stēdig. Cognate with Saterland Frisian stoadig (“constant, continual”), West Frisian stadich (“slow”), Danish stedig, stadig, steeg, Swedish stadig, Icelandic stöðugur, German stätig, stetig.

cog

(African-American Vernacular) Aspect marker indicating consistency or intensity.


ka

an ka jamana


ka

A ka ɲi

Kidali ka jan

particle linking subject and predicative adjective


ka

See kad. Decision no. 16, Progreso II. Based on the apocopic forms a, e, and o.

Ka tu amoras me?

Apocopic form of kad (used before a consonant)


ka

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka (“2sg. subject pronoun”).

inh

Kalaraman ka?

Nanka?

Sucat mo casing bitasan quing micabucasan ca?

1617, Francisco Coronel, Arte y reglas de la lengua Pampanga:

Can you by chance assure us that you will arrive tomorrow?

X ka Y ka?

Munta ka alika?

Ini ka o ita ka, sanu kareni.

Magpasta ka o magpitsa ka?

used with o to mark list and to connect choices being considered with uncertainty


ka

Originally an old neuter nominative singular form of kas (“who, what”) that acquired the function of a conjunction. Cognates include Old Prussian ka (“who, what”).

jāsagrābj siens, ka neuznāk lietus

(we) have to rake the hay together, may rain not come (i.e., maybe there will be rain)

vispirms gādājiet, lai rudzi tiek statos; ka neuznāk krusa

first of all make sure that the rye is in heaps; may hail not come (= i.e., maybe there will be hail)

ka tik viņš neaizietu!

may he only not leave! if only he wouldn't leave!

“ka nenositas”, Nikolajs ieminas, bet onkulis atmet at roku: “liels puisietis, nenositīsies”

“may he not get himself killed” (i.e., he probably won't get himself killed), Nikolas said, and uncle gestured with his hand: “(he is) a big boy, he won't get himself killed”

“ak, ka tak viss neietu tik lēnām... tos, kas nomirs, tos tak ielaidīs jūrā?” “laikam”

“oh, may everything not go so slowly (= if only everything didn't go so slowly)... those who died, they will be thrown into the sea?” “maybe”

pagája labs brīdis, bet necēlās neviens no pakritušajiem skrējējiem... ka viņu vilks, nu būs abi divi beigti

a good while went by, but none of the fallen runners stood up... may (the devil) take him, they now will be (= probably are) both finished (= dead)

used to add a nuance of probability or doubt to a, usually negative, utterance, to make it optative, expressive of a desire (cf. kaut); may...

māte tik naigi dur ka dur - šuj savu šujamo

mother so quickly pierced and pierced - she sows her sowing (= what she needs to sow, i.e. she is certainly carrying out her task)

used to reinforce the intensity of an action or activity, usually with a repeated verb; ... and ...


ka

Marks an event as occurring at some time or as existing

when; used before a verb to indicate the start of an action or state

Ka tahi, ka rua, ka toru...

ātou ka haere

now (for the first time); when used after kātahi anō


ka

Hawaiian language
Maori language
Proto-Polynesian language

From Proto-Polynesian *ka-, *ka. Cognates include Hawaiian ʻa- and Maori ka.

Used to indicate the temporal contiguity of an action.

conditional mood
conditional mood#English

Used to indicate the conditional mood of a relative clause.

Ka tahi, ka rua, ka toru.

Used to form a counting form from of the following numeral.


ka

future tense marker, inserted immediately before the relevant verb


ms

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE

surely; can connote particular persuasiveness, astonishment, reproach, or objection


xu

head

xu (discourse, Perso-Arabic spelling خوۡ)


xu

Làpi xu pè.

Alàpa xu nëmanitu sapan.


mata

Kèku wënchi mata kuwatuu?


sam

sam (masculine nominative singular)
sama (feminine nominative singular)
samo (neuter nominative singular)
sami (nominative plural virile)
same (nominative plural)
samego (genitive masculine singular)
samej (feminine genitive singular)
samego (genitive neuter singular)
samych (genitive plural)
samych (genitive plural virile)
samemu (dative masculine singular)
samej (dative feminine singular)
samemu (dative neuter singular)
samym (dative plural)
samym (dative plural virile)
samego (accusative animate masculine singular)
sam (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
samą (accusative feminine singular)
samo (accusative neuter singular)
samych (accusative plural virile)
same (accusative plural)
samym (instrumental masculine singular)
samą (feminine instrumental singular)
samym (instrumental neuter singular)
samymi (instrumental plural)
samymi (instrumental plural virile)
samym (locative masculine singular)
samej (feminine locative singular)
samym (locative neuter singular)
samych (locative plural)
samych (locative plural virile)

Przygotowując intrygę przeciwko szefowi, pani Magdalena kazała swojej córce ubrać się skromnie, a sama założyła sukienkę z głębokim dekoltem.

Preparing the intrigue against the boss, Ms. Magdalena told her daughter to dress modestly, while she herself put on a dress with a deep neckline.

Poszedł do samego końca.

emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself"; oneself

by oneself, alone (by one's own volition or power, without outside help or encouragement)


mo

mo (masculine adjectival i mo, feminine singular e mo, masculine plural të mo, feminine plural të moa)

i mo (adjectival masculine)
e mo (feminine singular)
të mo (masculine plural)
të moa (feminine plural)

From Proto-Albanian *mē, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (a prohibitive particle).


mo

From Sanskrit मा (mā́), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Hindi मत (mat), Persian مـ (ma-), Albanian mo.


mo

Reduced form of ddim o (“not of, nothing of”).

Fwytais i mo'r moron.

Wela i mo'r ffilm 'na.

Chlywoch chi mo Owain.

Leician nhw mo wraig y dyn.

(colloquial) negative particle used when immediately preceding the definite article or a definite noun phrase


O

From Middle English O, o, from Old English o, from Latin o and Ancient Greek ὦ (ô, interjection). Featured prominently in William Tyndale's 1525 translation of the New Testament.

O Death! O Death! Won't you spare me over till another year? - part of the refrain from the American folk song "A Conversation with Death".

Therfore arte thou inexcuſable o man whoſoever thou be that iudgeſt. For in that ſame where in thou iudgeſt another / thou cõdemneſt thy ſilfe. For thou that iudgeſt doest evẽ the ſame ſilfe thynges. […] Thynkeſt thou O man that iudgeſt them which do ſoche thyngꝭ and yet doſt evẽ the very ſame / that thou ſhalt eſcape the iudgemẽt of God?

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Romans ij:[1, 3], folio cc, verso:

c. 1810-1820?, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Notes on Macbeth
O! the affecting beauty of the death of Cawdor, and the presentimental speech of the king: […]

The vocative particle, used for direct address.


herr

Formed from herre (“gentleman, master”) by the same mechanism as grev, kong, fru. Note that Danish usually doesn't allow double consonants in non-intervocalic contexts.

»Det var et ganske besynderligt Indkøb, Herr Jensen,« indrømmede Wengel, i et krampagtigt Forsøg paa at oparbejde den fornødne Interesse.

1942, Carlo Andersen, Politiet beder os efterlyse, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:

Vi undlader dog ikke at bemærke, at vi, forinden Prøven blev afholdt, paa alle Maader søgte at overbevise Herr Jensen om, at en sammenlignende Prøve foretaget paa den Maade vilde være spildt Ulejlighed.

1921, Ingeniøren: ugeblad udgivet af Dansk Ingeniørforening:


लोग

Semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit लोक (loká), via Old Hindi लोग (loga), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀮𑁄𑀕 (loga).
Use as a plural marker in some dialects is probably generalization of हम लोग (ham log, “us”).

slbor

लड़की लोग लंबा हो रा है।


море

head

мо́ре • (móre)

Borrowed from Greek μωρέ (moré), frozen vocative of μωρός (morós), meaning “stupid”, but commonly used as a colloquial address.

(archaic) you (general vocative expression, used to augment an address)


се

се лежи вигань милошевиꙉь

1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet, (Please provide the book title or journal name):


kia

I tonoa rātou kia waiata.

to; that (indicates a purpose, wish or effect) (used if second verb is passive or stative, or if the subject of the subordinate clause is different to the main clause)

Kia tūpato

(let) be, may (there be) (indicates desirability)

Kia hia ngā tīkiti māu?


yr

Alternative form of y (used before a word starting with a vowel or h)


tr

Interrogative particle; indicates that the phrase is a question

(rare) Used to emphasize a preceding adjective with the admirative suffix -wj


iho

From Proto-Polynesian *hifo, from Proto-Oceanic *sipo (“descend, go down”).

inh

iho nei – recently, short time ago


пол

сат и по(л)

три и по м(ј)есеца


ot

(colloquial) just, only (used when the speaker considers the given topic as average, common, or trivial)


jee

From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jä and je.


ote

Etorriko ote da?

Used to form tentative yes/no questions.


muna

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *um-unah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *unah.

inh+

Used to indicate something to be done for a moment


muna

head

muna (copular form used before consonants, form used before vowels munab)


inte

Tikneki chiupi chukulat? — Te, nikwaja wey

Do you want a piece of chocolate? — No, I already ate a lot


год

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *godъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gadás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ-. Cognate with Slovene god, Old Church Slavonic годъ (godŭ), Russian год (god).

(т)ко год

што год

шта год

какав год

колики год

који год

кад год

чији год

како год хоћеш

колико год (да) кошта, желим га


har

(Manglish, Singlish) Alternative form of ah (interrogative particle)


prawda

prawda (nominative singular)
prawdy (nominative plural)
prawdy (genitive singular)
prawd (genitive plural)
prawdzie (dative singular)
prawdom (dative plural)
prawdę (accusative singular)
prawdy (accusative plural)
prawdą (instrumental singular)
prawdami (instrumental plural)
prawdzie (locative singular)
prawdach (locative plural)
prawdo (singular vocative)
prawdy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish prawda. By surface analysis, prawy + -da. For sense sense 6, compare French ration/raison.

„Poszedłeś na imprezę?" „Prawda."

used to assert the speakers agreement; right

Podobają ci się, prawda?

used as a question tag asking for agreement; right?

Więc tam siedziałem, prawda, i nagle widzę...

So I'm sitting there, right, and I suddenly I see...


на

На ти парите!

На ти!

(informal) used when giving something to someone, here you are, take it

Говорим за Мария и на — тя насреща.
Govorim za Marija i na — tja nasrešta.
Speaking of Maria — here she is.

(informal) used to express unexpectedness


на

(rude) here you are (handing someone something)


jes

Ido: yes

Borrowed from English yes. Related to ja.

Jes, mi ja parolas Esperanton.


же

→ Ingrian: že

→ Kildin Sami: шэ (še, topic particle)

Inherited from Old East Slavic же (že), from Proto-Slavic *že, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi. Cognate with Czech že, Ancient Greek γε (ge), Sanskrit हि (hi), Ukrainian ж (ž).

тако́й же (са́мый) ― takój že (sámyj) ― the same, similar

Я купи́л таку́ю же кни́гу. ― Ja kupíl takúju že knígu. ― I bought the same book.

тот же (са́мый) ― tot že (sámyj) ― the same, identical

Он всё тот же!

Э́то то́ же са́мое.

На пе́рвой же страни́це была́ оши́бка.

Right on the first page there was a mistake.

На сле́дующий же день рабо́та была́ гото́ва.

The very next day the work was finished.

Na slédujuščij že denʹ rabóta bylá gotóva.

Прекрати́те сейча́с же!

После у́жина она́ сра́зу же легла́ спать.

With expressions of time and order: emphasises promptitude: very, right, immediately, without delay

Почему́ вы не понима́ете? Это же ру́сский!

Why don't you understand? After all, it’s Russian!

Počemú vy ne ponimájete? Eto že rússkij!

-Я не знал, что за́втра экза́мен. -Я же тебе́ сказа́л! ― -Ja ne znal, što závtra ekzámen. -Ja že tebé skazál! ― -I didn't know the exam was tomorrow. -But I told you!

Marks an objection by pointing to the rationale behind said objection: after all, but

Что ж?

Что ж!

Когда́ же?

Где же э́то?

Ну что же? ― Nu što že? ― What of it, then?

Ну и что ж? ― Nu i što ž? ― Well, what of it? / So what?

Что ж из э́того?

Что ж, он сам э́то сде́лает!

Especially in questions: expresses consequence of or reaction to what was said before: then, so

Что же ему́ де́лать?

Говори́те же!

Отвеча́йте же!

Пойдём же!

In questions and imperatives: imparts a note of insistence and urgency: ever, on earth, for goodness' sake


jen

Borrowed from German jener and Yiddish יענער (yener). Compare English yon.

Jen mi! Komenciĝu la festo!

Mi aĉetis tri bombonojn. Mi jam manĝis unu. Jen du.

2005, Luiz Portella, Ŝi estas mia amiko, →ISBN, page 37:

I bought three bonbons. I already ate one. Here are two.


tamen

"Vi ne scipovas stiri biciklon." — "Tamen!"

"You don't know how to ride a bicycle." — "Yes I do!"

"Ĉu vi ne venas al la festo?" — "Tamen!"

"Are you not coming to the party?" — "Indeed I am!"

(in response to a negative question or statement) yes; indeed


nek

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nekъ. Compare Polish niech and Slovak nech.


jai

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹 (jai)


ara

Alternative spelling of hara (“emphatic particle in address”)


само

само разговарају

она само учи

не само да је л(иј)епа, него је и паметна

she's not only pretty, but she is also smart

само један

(denoting exclusivity) only, not more than, nothing else

само, ипак сам забринут

connecting previously spoken text with what follows

само корак до пропасти

чекај само

зашто ли је само назвао?

с крова се само циједи

улазница стоји само пет куна

наставите само тако!

само реци, па ћеш видјети

немој ми само рећи да све то ниси прије знао

don't just tell me you didn't know about it beforehand

како ти само пада на памет тако што

(to emphasize a prohibition, or something which the interlocutor doesn't want to hear)

(to emphasize wonderment) how on earth, how the hell

кад би само дошао!

играј се, само ме пусти на миру!

(denoting a condition to execute or allow an action) just

како је само сазнао?

(to emphasize wonderment in interrogative clauses) how on earth, just how

(е) да је само...

да само знаш (чујеш, видиш)

само мало

само нам је то требало


fá

gurab Alba fá hainm don chrích sin

2014 [1628–1634], Geoffrey Keating, edited by Beatrix Färber, David Comyn, Patrick S. Dinneen, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts:

Alternative form of fa, obsolete form of ba (“was”) (past affirmative and relative of is).


í

deictic particle, used mostly in combination with the definite article or a demonstrative determiner/pronoun


í

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of ấy, representing Northern Vietnam Vietnamese.


filo

chuva filo-filo


vai

Borrowed from Livonian vȯi or dialectal Estonian vai; compare other Finnic languages (Finnish vai, Standard Estonian või). First found occasionally in Latvian writings in the 17th century, initially as a conjunction, then as a particle, it became more frequent in the 18th century; but only in the 19th century did it really strike root in the language. Likely unrelated to Sanskrit वा (vā).

vai tu runā latviski?

vai tu dzirdi?

interrogative particle, used in either-or questions


á

Ǒ yɔ́ á.

E tə̂ ghɔm á.


á

in tan as·mbeir, Tait, á maccu


á

vocative particle suffixed to the name of the person hailed.


á

Nắm pây nau á?

Hết đảy mí á?


á

đảy á


oder

From Middle High German oder, from Old High German odar. Related to Old English oþþe, Middle Dutch oder, Yiddish אָדער (oder).

Es ist kalt heute, oder?

Das war keine so gute Idee, oder?

Du kommst aus Deutschland, oder?

(tag question) right?; is it?; is it not?


a

James was going with his mother to attend the ceremonies at which his oldest sister in the convent would make perpetual vows. Being asked where he was going, he answered, “I’m goin’ a see my sister make percapital vowels.”

1923 January, “The Sunshine of Childhood (Contributed)”, in Benedict Brown, editor, The Grail, volume 4, number 9, St. Meinrad, Ind.: The Abbey Press, page 284, column 2:

The man walks toward me. “I met that asshole. He’s tryin’ a sell us a bag a bullshit.”

2007, BK Loren, “Got Tape?”, in Barry Lopez, editor, The Future of Nature: Writing on a Human Ecology from Orion Magazine, Minneapolis, Minn.: Milkweed Editions, →ISBN, page 43:

Don’tcha try deny it, / ’Cause Hose knows you dyin’ a try it— […] Knows you out tryin’ a buy it, / But Hose only gives it free

2012 October 23, Tom Wolfe, Back to Blood: A Novel, Large Print edition, New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 66:


a

“I show a you right a here I can fuck a you.” “Is she crazy?” I asked Wyman.

2001, Louis F. Newcomb, Car Salesman: A Legacy, iUniverse, page 91

Alternative form of -a (“empty syllable added to songs, poetry, verse and other speech”)


a

From Proto-Albanian *(h)an, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en (“there”). Cognate with Latin an (“yes, perhaps”). Interrogative particle, usually used proclitically in simple sentences.


a

ar mor a zo glas

preverbal particle used when
the subject precedes the verb

an den-se a glevan

preverbal particle used when
the object precedes the verb


a

atyásuuna káasu hece

The water is pouring into the (shallow) pan.

entering a shallow domain; entering a domain in a shallow or restricted manner


a

Inserted before the verb when a subject or direct object precedes the verb


a

A reduced form of older do (itself a reanalysis of do used in past tenses, and also present in early modern verbs like do-bheirim (“I give”), do-chím (“I see”)), or from the preverb a- in early modern verbs like a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”) in relative clauses.

an fear a chuireann síol

an síol a chuireann an fear

an síol a cuireadh

nuair a bhí mé óg

an cat a d'ól an bainne

introduces a direct relative clause, takes the independent form of an irregular verb


a

From Old Irish a (“that, which the relative particle used after prepositions”), reanalyzed as an independent indirect relative particle from forms like ar a (“on which, on whom”), dá (“to which, to whom”), or early modern le a (“with which, with whom”), agá (“at which, at whom”) when prepositional pronouns started to be repeated in such clauses (eg. don té agá mbíon cloidheamh (…) aige, daoine agá mbíonn grádh aco do Dhia). Compare the forms used in Munster instead: go (from agá (“at which”)) and na (from i n-a (“in which”), go n-a (“with which”), ria n-a (“before which”) and later lena (“with which”), tréna (“through which”)).

ar

used with the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs

an bord a raibh leabhar air

an fear a bhfuil a mhac ag imeacht


a

A Dhia!

A dhuine uasail!

Tar isteach, a Sheáin.
Come in, Seán.

A amadáin!


a

a haon, a dó, a trí...

Séamas a Dó

bus a seacht


a

A poûpa, a prùa a xì doûto bandere,

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99

At the stern, at the bow everything is flags,

emphasises a verb; mandatory with impersonal verbs


a

wan plies we dem a plie haki mach

Jan sidong de a laaf.
Sta Kiet op de-a baal

1968, Beryl Loftman Bailey, Jamaican Creole Language Course: (for English Speaking Students):

John sat there laughing
Sister Kate is up there crying


a

Kamán kan adí pinikpík mo? Pinikpík ko a.

2021, Allen, Larry, “a”, in Kankanaey – English Dictionary, Summer Institute of Linguistics:

How come it seems like you didn't pat him? I patted him, all right.


a

Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet a oed yn arglwyd ar seith cantref Dyuet.

Pwyll Prince of Dyfed was lord of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed.

inserted before the verb when the subject of direct object precedes it


a

whether, used to introduce an indirect question


a

Mi de eshìgi à, mi ma de dàǹgi à.

I don't have a dog, and I don't have a cat.

not (placed at the end of a clause to negate it)


a

present perfect
serial verb construction
word order

Marks the perfective aspect, for actions that are completed


a

A à lá èbi be nakàn

Used to express the future tense (placed before verbs)


a

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō.


a

Irish: a

Scottish Gaelic: a

From Proto-Celtic *ā (compare Welsh a), from Proto-Indo-European *ō (compare Ancient Greek ὦ (ô), Latin ō).


a

Irish: a

Scottish Gaelic: a

a deich


a

Mi a papia kuné.


a

From Old Irish a, from Proto-Celtic *ā. Cognates include Irish a and Welsh a.

Halò, a Ruairidh.


a

From Old Irish a. Cognates include Irish a.

A bheil agad a ceithir?

Used before cardinal numbers not succeded by a noun


a

Tha mi a' dol a chadal.

Used to mark the infinitive of a verb; to


a

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


a

From Proto-Slavic *a, from Proto-Indo-European *ō̃t, which is ablative form of Proto-Indo-European *e- 'this'. Cognates with Serbo-Croatian a, Russian а (a) and Czech a.

contracted form of ali, particle used to form a yes- no question.


a

(copula) to be (used with a noun phrase as complement)


a

-a (canonical)
wa (singular)
wa (plural)
ya (plural)
la (singular)
cha (singular)
vya (plural)
ya (singular)
za (plural)
pa (singular)
kwa (singular)
mwa (singular)

kitabu cha mtoto

kiini cha yai

كِطَّمْسِكِزَ گَوُجُهَّالِ ، نُرُ نَمِيَاغَ اِتَظَلَالِ

18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi, stanza 9:

Brightness and lights will overcome the shadow and darkness of ignorance

Kiṭamsi-kiza cha-ujuhali, nuru na-mianga itaẓalali

The genitive particle; adjectival particle; of


a

Alternative form of ha (sentence-ending particle)


a

Chin a.

Mừa a.

Chư̱ a.


a

-a (canonical)
wa (indefinite singular)
ba (indefinite plural)
owa (definite singular)
aba (definite plural)
gwa (indefinite singular)
ya (indefinite plural)
ogwa (definite singular)
eya (definite plural)
lya (indefinite singular)
ga (indefinite plural)
erya (definite singular)
aga (definite plural)
kya (indefinite singular)
bya (indefinite plural)
ekya (definite singular)
ebya (definite plural)
ya (indefinite singular)
za (indefinite plural)
eya (definite singular)
eza (definite plural)
rwa (indefinite singular)
orwa (definite singular)
ka (indefinite singular)
bwa (indefinite plural)
aka (definite singular)
obwa (definite plural)
twa (indefinite plural)
otwa (definite plural)
bwa (indefinite singular)
obwa (definite singular)
kwa (indefinite singular)
okwa (definite singular)
ha (class-16 indefinite singular)
aha (class-16 definite singular)
mwa (class-18 indefinite singular)
omwa (class-18 definite singular)


a

Bây giờ mới đi a?

Thật thế a?

(rare) Used to indicate a question that is asked out of perplexity or sarcasm.


daw

Igwa ka daw na kwarta?


daw

Marunong daw siya.

indicates something said by another person or group: so they say; according to people; according to an aforementioned person


lele

Intensifies the preceding word; indeed, of course, very


bn

Related to (and probably developed from) earlier nn (“not”). The spelling with b- may reflect a graphic phenomenon rather than a sound change. Compare the Late Egyptian development of bw from Earlier Egyptian nj.

(Late Egyptian) not; negates the adverbial sentence/first present, the third future, and the optative

(Late Egyptian) not; negates a nominal sentence

(Late Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) without; there not being any …


koi

continuous action marker, inserted immediately before the relevant verb


ケ

ケ (canonical)
が (canonical)
ke (romanization)

市ケ谷駅


па

Common South Slavic; compare Slovene pa, Bulgarian па (pa). See also па-.

па добро!

па што је с тобом?

па и не баш

па што онда?


па

See synonyms at чэ (ce).

(expresses surprise, bewilderment, disappointment) well

expresses surprise; bewilderment; disappointment; expresses surprise; bewilderment; disappointment


gen

Borrowed from Latin genus. The particle sense is likely to be a calque of English like.

Precedes a quotation or description: like.


いし

Compound of い (i, emphatic marker) and し (shi, originally -si, emphatic marker). As -i was archaic even in Old Japanese, -si was attached to supplement it.

事清 甚毛莫言 一日太尓 君伊之哭者 痛寸敢物

KO₂TO₂ KI₁YO₁KU ITAKU mo NA IPI₁ SO₂ PI₁TO₂PI₁ dani KI₁MI₁ i si NAKUPA TAPE₂GATAKI₁ kamo

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 13)
是以王多知大臣乃子等治賜伊自天皇朝爾仕奉利婆婆爾仕奉爾波可在

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 13)
故是以子波祖乃心成伊自子爾波可在


aza

Univerbation of a + za. First attested in the 14th century.

Aza iescz bødø møso bicow, albo krew kozlowø picz bødø (numquid manducabo... aut... potabo)?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 49, 14:

(attested in Lesser Poland) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


aza

Inherited from Old Polish aza. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + za.

surf

(MIddle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

(Middle Polish) expresses uncertainty; maybe, perhaps


イコール

ja-pos

イコール • (ikōru)

Borrowed from English equal.
First cited to a text from 1901.

○○って、イコール☆☆でしょ。

彼氏いない歴イコール年齢の大学生

kareshi inai reki ikōru nenrei no daigakusei

college student whose history of not having a boyfriend is equal to their age

泣くイコール弱いという考え方

the belief that crying entails being a weakling

2009, 石原加受子, 「つい悩んでしまう」がなくなるコツ, すばる舎, page ?:

そもそも、こんな望んでもいない自分になることが、イコール「悩みが解消した状態」と思い込んでいることが、間違っていると思いませんか？

Somosomo, konna nozonde mo inai jibun ni naru koto ga, ikōru “nayami ga kaishō shita jōtai” to omoikonde iru koto ga, machigatte iru to omoimasen ka?

Don't you think it's a mistake in the first place to believe that this kind of "you" that you didn't even hope for equals "having all your worries cleared away"?

(informal) equals, is equal to, is equivalent to, entails


ato

Middle Polish: ato

Univerbation of a + oto. First attested in the 15th century.

Ato tez vstawyø (ecce ego statuam) slyub moy myedzy wamy a s waszym naszenym po was

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 9, 9:


ato

Inherited from Old Polish ato. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + oto.


(informal) Alternative form of イコール (ikōru, “equals, is equal to”)


awa

Middle Polish: awa

Univerbation of a + wa. First attested in the 14th century.

Aua tih slov [wykład z języ]ka lacinskego v polsky iesc taky

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page dv 4:


awa

Inherited from Old Polish awa. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wa.

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


ima

Inherited from Proto-Inuit *ima (“thus”), from Proto-Eskimo *imV (“thus”).


noce

no (not) + ce (if). Cognate with Sanskrit no ced (“if not”)


уже

head

уже́ • (užé)

Он не спал уже́ втору́ю ночь.

It's now the second night he hasn't slept. / He hasn't slept for 2 nights now.

Они́ сказа́ли, что должны́ бу́дут сде́лать э́то уже́ за́втра.

They said they should be able to do it as early as tomorrow.

Oní skazáli, što dolžný búdut sdélatʹ éto užé závtra.

Суда́ вели́ торго́влю на реке́ уже́ в 1976 году́.

Ships were trading the river as late as 1976.

Sudá velí torgóvlju na reké užé v 1976 godú.

Used to emphasise an amount or quantity of something; now, already, as early as, as late as, as recently as

Уже́ по зву́ку дви́гателя мо́жно определи́ть, что он неиспра́вен.

By the sound of the engine alone one can determine that it's faulty.

Užé po zvúku dvígatelja móžno opredelítʹ, što on neispráven.

Used to emphasise a certain word or collocation.


ve

particle used after a verb similar in function to English "to". E.g. "ha ve" = "to winnow"


duh

duh (Sawndip forms 途 or 度, 1957–1982 spelling duƅ)

of; 's (possessive marker, placed before the possessor)


mas

Mas dakula ako kisa saiya.

Mas mahal an talong digdi kompara sa balyong merkado.

The eggplant here is more expensive than the one on the other market.


mas

Borrowed from Spanish más, from Latin magis.

Mas malaki ako kumpara sa kaniya.

Mas mahal ang talong dito kumpara sa kabilang palengke.


ねん

なんでやねん！

(Kansai) Sentence-final particle used for emphasis.


のう

nō (romanization)
nau (romanization)
なう (hiragana historical)

不思議じゃのう。

(sentence-final) Used to express exclamation.


é

Coordinate term: (woman's speech) ri


dobra

(colloquial) Used to express agreement; alright

(colloquial) Used to express a request; alright?


seng

Possibly from Portuguese sem, from Old Galician-Portuguese sen, from Latin sine, from Proto-Indo-European *sene.


わい

(dated or dialectal) A particle used in the end of sentences to indicate admiration or emotion. Slightly stronger than わ (wa).


とも

ケーキは二つとも食べた。

二人とも行った。

今後ともよろしくお願いいたします。


とも

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Ultimately derived from a compound of と (to, “case particle”) + も (mo, “special auxiliary particle”).

com

必ずやるとも。

of course (as a particle used at the end of the sentence, which shows strong assertion)


とも

別の友達とも行った。

I also went with a different friend as well.

『名義抄』ともいう。

「ふいんき」とも読みます。

主人公とも言える人物。

A person whom one might also say is the protagonist.

古くは「ラヂオ」とも表記。

一説には自殺とも。

Alternatively theorized to be a suicide.

明日は無くとも悔いは無し。

Even if tomorrow will not come, I have no regrets.

明日は死のうとも最後まで闘うのだ。

Asu wa shinō to mo saigo made tatakau no da.

Even if I die tomorrow, I will fight until the end.


さかい

境 界 茶会 堺 酒井 坂井 阪井

(The following entries are uncreated: 界, 阪井.)


ae

apy ae


ae

Marquesas: ʻaʻe

Hawaiian: ʻae

Tahitian: ʻae

Niuean: ae

Rapa Nui: ae

Pileni: ae

Marquesas: ae

Maori: āe

Rarotongan: āe

Tuvaluan: āē


бы

→ Kildin Sami: пэ (pe)

Inherited from Old East Slavic бꙑ (by), from Proto-Slavic *by.

Я говори́л(а). ― Ja govoríl(a). ― I spoke.

Я бы говори́л(a). ― Ja by govoríl(a). ― I would (should) have spoken.; I would speak.; I might speak.

c. 1827–1828 (written), 1837 (published), Alexander Pushkin, Арап Петра Великого (Arap Petra Velikovo) (The Moor of Peter the Great), Chapter 4
— Сказал бы словечко, да волк недалечко, — сказал, нахмурясь, Гаврила Афанасьевич.
— Skazal by slovečko, da volk nedalečko, — skazal, naxmurjasʹ, Gavrila Afanasʹjevič.
“I’d add a word or two of my own, but even the walls have ears,” said Gavrila Afanasevich, frowning.

A verbal particle used to render conditional and subjunctive mood


Received Pronunciation, General American, weak vowel distinction

Her heart leapt when she saw the expressions on her teachers’ faces.

their faces’ expressions

The countesses’ husbands were generally quite lavish.

Possessive marker used on plurals that end with -s (or -es, etc).

Jesus' disciples

Chris' cake recipe

Robin Williams’ ghost has apparently stuck around and is haunting the California home the actor died in.

2014 August 29, Minyvonne Burke, “Robin Williams Death: Actor’s Ghost Haunting Home He Died In, Playing Practical Jokes?”, in HNGN Headlines & Global News:

GOP donor and real estate magnate Harlan Crow paid thousands of dollars in tuition for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas’ grandnephew, who he served as the legal guardian for, ProPublica reports, without the justice disclosing it, the latest in a series of controversies involving Thomas’ financial relationship with Crow that have sparked ethics concerns and calls for Thomas to resign.

2023 May 4, 0:09 from the start, in GOP Megadonor Harlan Crow Paid Tuition For Clarence Thomas’ Relative, Report Says, Forbes:

Possessive marker sometimes used on singular names which end in s, indicating than an object belongs to the noun bearing the marker.


ata

Alternative form of yata: may; perhaps; I think


ata

From Proto-Polynesian *ata. Cognates include Pukapukan ata.

Used to indicate one's ability to perform the action of the following verb; be able to


niin

Instructive of neet (“these”). Akin to Finnish niin.


kasa

From Arabic قَصَّ (qaṣṣa, “cut”) or a related form.


jong

paralok jong nga


しか

史科 史家 四火 四果 四科 市価 死火 糸価 私家 知客 師家 疵瑕 紙花 紙価 翅果 詞花 歯科 詩家 詩歌 雌花 賜暇 子夏 志賀

頑張るしかない。

All we can do is keep on trying our best.

品質が高すぎて本物にしか見えない。

Hinshitsu ga takasugite honmono ni shika mienai.

The quality is so high that it looks just like the real thing.

The quality is so high that I can't see it as anything except the real thing.

曖昧にしか語らなかった

(binding particle) nothing but, only (followed by negative verb)

(sentence ending particle) Used to express one's desire.


かね

何をしましたかね？！

(emphatic, sentence ending particle) Asks a question.


stap

Em i go i stap. He is going.

Namel long dispela gaden i gat wanpela diwai i stap, em diwai bilong givim laip.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:9:


cha

One–two–cha–cha–cha
Three–four–cha–cha–cha

(dance) Used to count out steps, particularly involving the hip-shaking sections of rhythmic Latin dances


cha

From Middle Irish níco(n), noco(n), nocho(n), nocha(n), from Old Irish nícon, nacon, from ní con.

Cha phósann sí é.

Cha dtugaim.

ní

used in Munster Irish, Connacht Irish, and some varieties of Ulster Irish


cha

From Middle Irish níco(n), noco(n), nocho(n), nocha(n), from Old Irish nícon, nacon, from ní con. Compare Irish ní, cha, Scottish Gaelic cha.

Cha bee'n poosey ayn.

Cha vel blass er.


cha

From Middle Irish nochan, from Old Irish nícon, from ní (“not”) + con (“toward”). Cognates include Irish cha and Manx cha.

Cha robh bean aig Iain.

Used together with a dependent form of a verb to form the negative: not


cha

Allomorph of ka (interrogative particle) used after words that end in i.


نه

Inherited from Classical Persian نی (nē), see there for more.


dana

-Mənə pul ver!
-Verdim dana!!
Give me money!
- But I've [already] given [you money]!!

modal particle indicating certainty or reassurance

Gəl çıx dana!


dana

I n‑oen uair dana tancatar ocus techta Conchobair mic Nessa do chungid in chon chetna.

c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

At the same time, then, messengers came also from Conchobar Mac Nessa to ask for the same dog.

used to indicate that a clause contains an inference from what goes before: then, therefore


kok

Sudah malam kok masih bekerja!

It's late and you're still working! (It's late, why are you still working?)

Saya kok belum dijemput?

Bagaimana sih kamu, ada teman lagi bingung kok malah dibiarkan.

What is it with you... you've got a friend who doesn't know what to do and all you do is ignore him.

(mood). Adds mood, atmosphere, or the speaker's attitude to an expression. At the beginning of a sentence kok often indicates surprise that something is contrary to what is expected. It often implies the question "why?". Why is it that?; Why haven't you?

Bukan saya yang mengambil kok.

Kalau memang kamu tidak bisa membantu ya tidak apa-apa kok.

If you really can't help it doesn't matter, right.

Memang sulit kok, benar-benar sulit.

(emphasis). At the end of a sentence or clause kok adds emphasis, usually (but not always) with a mild tone of hurt, irritation, or outrage, sometimes (but not always) implying rejection or denial of what another person has said. It can sometimes be translated with the following phrases in English. "you know" or "of course"


sã

used to form impersonal present or future tense


вот

→ Ingrian: vot

Inherited from Old East Slavic ото (oto) or вото (voto), compare with Polish oto and ot, Ukrainian от (ot) and ото (oto).

Вот мой дом.

Во́т где.

Во́т в чём вопро́с.

Вот и всё.

Used in place of a pronoun to direct attention towards something; this (is), here (is), that (is), there (is)

Взве́сьте мне вот э́той ветчины́, пожа́луйста.

Vzvésʹte mne vot étoj vetčiný, požálujsta.

Вот так обы́чно вы́глядят общежи́тия.

Я ду́маю, что вот э́то вот о́чень краси́вое.

Ja dúmaju, što vot éto vot óčenʹ krasívoje.

Вы вот та́к вот позво́лите ему́ уйти́?

You're just going to let him walk away like that?

Ита́к, э́ти вот я́блоки...

Used before; both before and after; or (less commonly) after a pronoun or adverb to direct attention towards a particular thing being shown, pointed to, indicated, etc.

Вот он бежи́т, подпры́гнул, приземли́лся.

Used before a full sentence to describe a scene unfolding before one's eyes.

Вот наприме́р...

Вот е́сли..

Вот ска́жем...

Used as a lead-in, often when introducing an example; so, now

Я слы́шал об э́том, вот и интересу́юсь.

I heard about that, that's why I'm interested.

Вчера́ э́той фу́нкцией злоупотребля́ли, вот и запрети́ли.

They abused that function yesterday, so it was banned.

Včerá étoj fúnkcijej zloupotrebljáli, vot i zapretíli.

(often with и (i)) Used before a statement to draw attention to a conclusion or result; so, that's why

Вот тебе́/вам и...

Во́т как?

Oh really? (with a tone of irony or distrust)

Вот тебе́ раз!

Во́т челове́к!

(colloquial) Used to express emphasis or strong emotion; what a, such a

Вот... / Так во́т...

(depending on the context) So yeah... / So... / Now... / Right... / Anyway...

Ну во́т, ... ― Nu vót, ... ― (depending on the context) Well then, ... / Well, anyway...

(colloquial) Used as a filler word, usually between statements.


まで

十時まで働くつもりだ。

この電車は、下関まで行きます。

Kono densha wa, Shimonoseki made ikimasu.

三時から五時まで。

帰るまで待っている。

33億円にまで減少する

to decrease all the way to 3.3 billion yen

異常なまでに興奮する

to be abnormally excited; to be excited to an abnormal degree

ご参考まで。

みりん。地域猫。最近までマクロのことをマグロと思っていた。

Mirin: A neighbours' cat. Until recently often confused macros with tuna [maguro].

Mirin. Chiiki-neko. Saikin made makuro no koto o maguro to omotteita.


aan het

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see aan, het.

Ik ben aan het eten.

I am eating. (lit. I am on the eat. / I am at eating.)

Ik was aan het eten.

I was eating. (lit. I was on the eat. / I was at eating.)

Wat ben je aan het doen?

What are you doing? (lit. What are you on the do? / What are you at doing?)

Ik ben de afwas aan het doen.

I am washing up. (lit. I am the wash-up on the do. / I am at washing up.)

Forms the continuous aspect, together with the gerund and with zijn as auxiliary verb.


から

From Old Japanese 柄 (kara, “origin, source”), from Proto-Japonic *kara. Cognate with Miyako から (kara), Okinawan から (kara).

東京から帰った。

ずっと前からの話

地下室からのふしぎな旅

a mysterious journey (starting) from the basement

終わってから、来てください。

Please come by after finishing [after you've finished].

東京に住んでいてから、日本語を流暢に話します。

Tōkyō ni sunde ite kara, nihongo o ryūchō ni hanashimasu.

Since living in Tokyo, I speak Japanese fluently.

肉を食べないから、ラーメンは駄目だ。

Because he doesn't eat meat, ramen is a bad idea.

私がいるから心配ないでしょう？

Because I'm here, there's no need to worry, right?

because (following adjectives and verbs); as a result of

基本から始める

Coordinate term: まで (made, “until”)

１から９までの数字

１から９を使う

東京から大阪まで


הן

כִּי־מֵרֹאשׁ צֻרִים אֶרְאֶנּוּ וּמִגְּבָעוֹת אֲשׁוּרֶנּוּ הֶן־עָם לְבָדָד יִשְׁכֹּן וּבַגּוֹיִם לֹא יִתְחַשָּׁב׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0423#כג_ט|23:9]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, it is a people that shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.

ki-merósh tsurím 'er'énu umig'va'ót 'ashurénu hen-'ám l'vadád yishkón uvagoyím ló yitkhasháv.
kī-mērōš ṣūrīm ʾerʾénnū ūmiggəḇāʿōṯ ʾăšūrénnū hen-ʿām ləḇāḏāḏ yiškōn ūḇaggōyīm lō yiṯḥaššāḇ.

Lo! also (as expressing surprise) if: - behold, if, lo, though.


ала

шонет мо тый мыйым ала?


不能

/pu⁵¹ nɤŋ³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ nɐŋ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ nɤŋ³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ nɐŋ²¹/

The slang usage is a mimicry of Japanese syntax.

我實在理解不能。

我实在理解不能。

(neologism, slang) A verbal complement expressing incapability.


doch

chiefly southern Germany and Austria by influence of Bavarian; also in northern Germany in some positions, e.g. before stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognate to Old English þēah (English though).

Das darfst du nicht sagen. — Doch!

Du wirst nicht kommen? — Doch!

(in response to a negative question or statement) yes; surely; really; on the contrary


doch

Borrowed from German doch. Compare Slovincian dôch.

(emphasizes that previous statement truthfulness is obvious to the speaker.) yet; though


hia

passive voice marker when placed directly after a verb


ó

Basically onomatopoeic, but compare English O, Latin ō, Ancient Greek ὦ (ô), etc.

Ní dubhairt an mháthair seóid ach : « Tá go maith, a inghean ó ».

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 194:

The mother said nothing at all but, “That is well, daughter.”


不知

Middle Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)

Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)

Gyeongsang Korean:

desc

⇒ Middle Korean: 아니다 (anita, “to not be”)

⇒ Korean: 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)

→ Proto-Northern Tungusic: *anti

Even: āt

Udihe: anči

Potentially a compound of *an (ancestral negating root) + *to (semantically light noun meaning "objective fact", whence Middle Korean ᄃᆞ (to)) + *-i (some kind of suffix).

吾肹不喩慚肹伊賜等

720, “獻花歌 (Heonhwa-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:

我非^(知厼)堅固^(爲隱)非^(知厼)

c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:

Particle negating an adjacent noun or noun phrase.

安徐

entirely phonogramic form, Idu script variant

不喩

Idu script variant, believed to be a different term by Vovin; also see Usage Notes

未知

different logogram, gugyeol variant depending on Chinese original text


niinku

Colloquial/vernacular form of niin kuin.

Sun on niinku unohdettava se.

Siellä oli niinku viis ihmistä.

like (used when hesitating or as filler; mild intensifier; indicating approximation or uncertainty; used to precede paraphrased quotations)


uh-huh

Imitative of non-verbal sounds used to indicate agreement or to allow the speaker to continue talking. Compare synonymous mhm.

onom

Imitative

"So? Lived there long?" "Uh-huh, I--" began Mr. Wrenn.

mhm

pronounced with closed mouth, stressed on the ult

aha

possibly a spelling pronunciation; stressed on the ult


より

Originally derived as stem noun form of verb よる (yoru, “to arise from, to start from”), spelled variously in kanji as 因る, 依る, 由る.

上田さんは僕より背が高い。

オレンジより林檎が好き。

ここより危ないですよ。

It's dangerous past / beyond / from here.

千歳より出発します。

博物館の展示が 6月 10日より開催されます。

Hakubutsukan no tenji ga rokugatsu tōka yori kaisai saremasu.

from, beyond, or past a point in space or time


dobro

Uh... pa dobro onda.

Ne želiš da ti pomognem? Dobro, neću!

You don't want me to help you? All right, I won't!


amu

Amu na siya in bantug mangungubat.

He is the very one who is the famous healer.

the very one, the very thing, the only one (Sometimes seems to mark something seriously referred or referring to something or someone being talked about, equivalent to Cebuano mao ra).


хор

хор, син бурдук бэркэ үүммүт ээ

wow, the bread is growing quite a bit after all


ahh

Pronunciation spelling of -ass. (“used to intensify an adjective”)


hor

From Hokkien 乎 (--hohⁿ / --hôⁿ, mood particle) and Cantonese 嗬 (ho², interrogative particle).

bor

Don’t anyhow say sia, this one not my fault hor. ― Don’t sprout nonsense, it wasn’t my fault, OK?

sorry, i have to drill hor. the filling will cost $300.

2005, Der Zählmeister, soc.culture.singapore (Usenet):

[…] except it is slightly more hostile ("This is mine hor, don't touch it!").

2001 September 19, destrius', Everything2:

Emphasizes the need for acknowledgment from the listener.

Quite boring, hor? ― It's quite boring, isn’t it?

Wah, you quite brave hor...

2005 October 30, Wong Kim Hoh, The Sunday Times:

An invariant question tag used to invite agreement.

....then hor... ― ...and then...

But hor, i prefer sleeping pills leh.

2005, Tan Kok Beng, soc.culture.singapore (Usenet):

Can email me or not?........if can hor.... […]

2007, yansimon52, soc.culture.singapore (Usenet):

A filler word used to ascertain the continued attention of the listener.


coś

Inherited from Old Polish coś. By surface analysis, co + -ś. Compare Kashubian cos and Slovincian cesz.


ли

Искаш ли нещо за ядене?

Ще ходиш ли там?

Така ли?

Даде ли им Мария възможност да се извинят?

Did Maria give them a chance to apologize?

Dade li im Marija vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat?

Мария ли им даде възможност да се извинят?

Was it Maria who gave them a chance to apologize? (Or was it someone else?)

Marija li im dade vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat?

На тях ли Мария даде възможност да се извинят?

Was it to them that Maria gave a chance to apologize? (Or did she give it to someone else?)

Na tjah li Marija dade vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat?

Възможност да се извинят ли им даде Мария?

Was it a chance to apologize that Maria gave them? (Or did she give them something else?)

Vǎzmožnost da se izvinjat li im dade Marija?

Да се извинят ли им даде възможност Мария?

Was it a chance to apologize that Maria gave them? (Or did she give them a chance to do something else?)

Da se izvinjat li im dade vǎzmožnost Marija?

yes-no questions
yes-no question#English

A question-forming interrogative particle for yes-no questions, it is put after the part of the sentence the question is about; not translated.

Коя химикалка искаш – червената ли, синята ли, някаква друга ли?
Koja himikalka iskaš – červenata li, sinjata li, njakakva druga li?
Which pen do you want - the red one, the blue one or another one?

multiple-choice questions
multiple-choice question#English

A question-forming interrogative particle used in multiple-choice questions, it is put after each option the person being asked can choose from; not translated.

Какво ли искаше тоя човек?

Къде ли се е дянала?

Used after other interrogatives for emphasis.

Попитах я иска ли нещо за ядене.

I asked her whether she wanted anything to eat.

Попитах го ще ходи ли там.

used instead of a conjunction in indirect questions, if, whether

Не тръгнеш ли веднага, ще закъснееш.

If you don't leave right away, you'll be late.

Used instead of a conjunction in subordinate conditional clauses, if.

Видя ли го, ще му кажа.

When/As soon as I see him, I'll tell him.

Върнеше ли се вкъщи, веднага се захващаше да чисти.

Every time/Whenever she came home, she would immediately set to cleaning.

Vǎrneše li se vkǎšti, vednaga se zahvaštaše da čisti.

Започнеш ли веднъж, ще ти хареса.

започне ли да говори

дойде ли зимата

Used instead of a conjunction in subordinate temporal clauses, when, as soon as, once, whenever, every time.

Той пее ли, пее.
Toj pee li, pee.
He’s singing away/He’s singing for all he is worth.

Той работеше ли, работеше, без почивка.

Used to emphasize the continuous or energetic nature of an action; not translated.


ли

Ќе ми помогнеш ли?

An interrogative particle used in yes-or-no questions.


ли

Зна́ете ли вы?

Хорошо́ ли ему́?

Отпра́вил ли я письмо́?

(interrogative particle, placed after the first word in a sentence or phrase) Do/does/did...? Is/are/was/were...?


ли

да ли ме познајеш?

јеси ли стигао на одредиште?

јесте ли га вид(ј)ели

гд(ј)е ли се само налазимо?

кад ли ће доћи?

је ли?

да ли

немам појма да ли је дошао

покушаш ли ме напасти, ја ћу ти узвратити

а сн(иј)ег пада ли пада

д(иј)ете плаче ли плаче


nage

Onid ef yw dy dad? Nage, nid ef.

Nage fe yw dy dad? Nage, nage fe.

Nage fe yw dy dad? Nage, nage fe.

(South Wales) not (used to negate a fronted non-verbal element in a sentence)


desu

Borrowed from Japanese です (desu, “be”), the polite form of the Japanese copula, found most often at the end of a sentence.

My contribution desu.

2002 March 20, Mahoronyan [username], “Re: I was wrong about Kokoro Library...”, in rec.arts.anime.misc (Usenet):

Freaky desu.

2003 January 30, Ethan Hammond, “Re: Nuku Nuku DVD Impressions”, in rec.arts.anime.misc (Usenet):

Awww, but it was just getting fun, desu.

2006 February 22, sanjian [username], “Re: FMA 47 - Sealing the Homunculus”, in rec.arts.anime.misc (Usenet):

(slang, humorous, chiefly fandom slang) Used at the end of a sentence to imitate Japanese sentence structure.


att

From Old Swedish at, from the preposition at, modern Swedish åt (“to; for”).

Att vara eller inte vara.

Used to indicate the infinitive form of a verb; compare English to.


umma

𒁾𒁀𒄠 𒈠𒄯 𒄴𒄭𒅀 𒀸𒆪𒌦𒈠 𒌝𒈠 𒋗𒉡𒈠 𒁕𒈪𒅅
[ṭuppam maḫar aḫḫīya aškunma umma šunūma damiq]
DUB-pa₂-am ma-ḫar aḫ-ḫi-ia aš-ku-un-ma um-ma šu-nu-ma da-mi-iq
I placed the tablet before my colleagues and they said: "It is good".

introduces direct and indirect speech (thus, saying, as follows, etc.)


ばかり

Shift from noun 計り, 測り, 量り (hakari, “measurement, amount, full amount”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 計る, 測る, 量る (hakaru, “to measure, to weigh, to calculate”). The meaning seems to have shifted from amount to fully, and from there to just or only.

食べたばかりだ。

(〜たばかり -ta bakari) just (recently completed action)

東京は人ばかりだ。

彼は食べてばかりいる。


אין

אֵין (canonical)
en (romanization)
אֵין
אֵינֶנִּי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אֵינִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
אֵינֶנּוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
אֵינְךָ (masculine second-person singular)
אֵינֵךְ (feminine second-person singular)
אֵינְכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
אֵינְכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
אֵינֶנּוּ (masculine singular third-person)
אֵינוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
ּאֵינֶנָּה (feminine singular third-person)
אֵינָהּ (feminine singular third-person)
אֵינָם (masculine plural third-person)
אֵינָן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

אֵינֶנִּי (enéni),
אֵינִי (ení)

אֵינְךָ (enkhá)

אֵינֵךְ (enékh)

אֵינֶנּוּ (enénu),
אֵינוֹ (enó)

ּאֵינֶנָּה (enéna),
אֵינָהּ (ená)

אֵינֶנּוּ (enénu)

אֵינְכֶם (enkhem)

אֵינְכֶן (enkhén)

אֵינָם (enám)

אֵינָן (enán)

יֵשׁ

antonym(s) of “expressing non-possession”

Compare Ugaritic 𐎛𐎐 (ỉn) and Arabic إِنْ (ʔin).

אין אפשרות אחרת?

אין מקום בשביל זה.

There's no room [or not enough room] for it.

אֵין אַדִּיר כַּאדֹנָי / וְאֵין בָּרוּךְ כְּבֶן עַמְרָם / אֵין גְּדוֹלָה כַּתּוֹרָה / וְאֵין דּוֹרְשָׁהּ כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל

There is no one powerful like the Lord / And there is no one blessed like the son of Amram / There is nothing great like the Torah / And there is no one professing it like Israel.

en 'adír kadonáy / v'én barúkh k'vén 'amrám / én g'dolá katorá / v'én dor'shá k'yisra'él

There is not, there are not: used in expressing non-existence in the present tense.

אין לנו כרטיסים.

We don't have tickets. [literally There are not to us tickets.]

Used in expressing non-possession in the present tense.

אין לנו את הכרטיסים.

הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר אִם אֵין אֲנִי לִי. מִי לִי. וּכְשֶׁאֲנִי לְעַצְמִי. מָה אֲנִי. וְאִם לֹא עַכְשָׁיו. אֵימָתָי:

a. 10 B.C.E., Hillel the Elder, quoted in Pirkei Avot 1:14

He [Hillel] used to say, “If I am not for me, who is for me? And when I am for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?”

hu hayá omér im en aní li, mí li, ukh'she'aní l'atsmí, má aní, v'ím lo akhsháv, ematáy.

לאלה תחלק הארץ שהם באי הארץ ועדיין אין אני יודע אם דוקא להבאים לכלל עשרים או לכלל באי הארץ ואפי׳ לאותם שלא הגיעו לכלל עשרים

1742, Chaim ibn Attar, אור החיים (or hakhayím), to Numbers 26:54, reprinted in, 1872, חמשה חומשי תורה, volume 4, Zhytomyr, http://google.com/books?id=oH4tAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PT386

"To these shall the land be divided", which are those who enter the land; but I still am not knowing if specifically to those who have entered the sum [age] of twenty or to the totality of those who enter the land, even those who have not reached the sum [age] of twenty

(dated or formal) Not, is not, are not: a negative present-tense copula.

Used uninflected, preceding the subject.

אבל אני איני כזאת \ אבל אני איני, איני כזאת \ עם מי שאין לי בטחון \ אנ'לא יוצאת גם לירקון.

1994, Yoram Taharlev (יורם טהרלב, lyricist), Dana International (singer), “ישנן בנות” (yeshnán banót, “Some Girls”, song), in Dana International, “אומפטמפה” (Umpatampa, album)

But I am not like that / but I am not, am not like that / with someone I don't have security with / I don't even go to Hayarkon.

avál aní ení kazót / avál aní ení, ení kazót / im mi she'én li bitakhón / anló yotsét gam layarkón.

With incorporated personal pronoun, preceding the predicate.


같이

First attested in the Worin cheon'gangjigok (月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡), 1449, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞ티 (Yale: kothi), equivalent to 같 (gat-, “to be the same”) + 이 (-i, suffix deriving adverbs).


-처럼

[t͡ɕʰʌ̹ɾʌ̹m]

First attested in the Sohak eonhae (小學諺解 / 소학언해), 1586, as Middle Korean 톄로 (Yale: thyeylwo). From Sino-Korean 톄 (體, tye, “manner, way”) and the postposition 로 (-ro, “in ..., by ...”).

ko-etym-native

이전처럼

형제처럼

개미처럼 부지런하다

내일 죽을 것처럼 살아라.

나비처럼 날아서 벌처럼 쏘다

to fly like a butterfly, to sting like a bee

nabi-cheoreom naraseo beol-cheoreom ssoda


vata

Probably inherited from Sanskrit वत (vata), though Vedic Sanskrit used बत (bata) instead.


tipo

From Latin typus (“figure; type”), from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark”), from τύπτω (túptō, “to poke”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-.

Lobos são tipo cães só que maiores e mais selvagens.

Wolves are like dogs but bigger and more wild.

(informal) (just) like; comparable to; similar to

Queria ter um animal fofo, tipo um gato.

I wish to have a cute animal, such as a cat.

Eu tive que, tipo, ler um livro.


ばかりか

祖父ばかりか、曽祖父さえ生きている。

Not only is my grandfather living but my great-grandfather as well.


ばかし

Change in pronunciation from ばかり (bakari).


wa

final interrogative particle on a yes/no question


wa

Wir müssen da lang, wa?

(colloquial, regional, parts of northern and central Germany) right?; is it?; is it not?


wa

(colloquial, potentially rude) what, huh (expresses that something was extremely hard to understand acoustically or outlandish in content)


wa

Bira moi rai, wa?

sentence-final confirmation particle; isn't it?

Ngori tonyodi kolano ua, wa.

Piring ma riha, wa; ngomi ino misibela romodidi se ngomi.

(literally, “The plates that are red as you know; we here divided them into two for us.”)

We divide the plates (red, as you know) between the two of us.

sentence-final that indicates the speaker knows or should know what is being said


所か

彼は警察官所か、犯罪者だ。

Kare wa keisatsukan dokoro ka, hanzaisha da.

He's very far from being a policeman, he's a criminal.


にて

Supposed as case particle に (ni) + conjunctive particle て (te). Compare Korean 에서 (-eseo).
An alternative analysis suggests that に (ni) may be a conjugation of an ancient copular or stative verb ぬ (nu), which persists in modern Japanese as particle に (ni) and auxiliary verb ぬ (nu) / ず (zu). This would make nite appear to be a regular conjunctive conjugation of the copula. Compare the て form of Japanese verbs.

formal version of で (de), indicating location or instrumental


і

From Old Ukrainian и (i), from Proto-Slavic *i, from Proto-Indo-European *ei, an early locative singular determiner, formed from the root *h₁e-, *h₁o-. Compare Greek εἰ (ei, “if”), Gothic 𐌴𐌹 (ei, “and, so that, be it”). Follows from ablative Proto-Indo-European *ed.


だの

納豆だの、シーフードだの、山葵だの、日本食が苦手だ。

Nattō da no, shīfūdo da no, wasabi da no, Nihonshoku ga nigate da.

Natto, seafood, wasabi and the like — Japanese food isn't my thing.

1939, Osamu Dazai, Joseito [Schoolgirl]:

It's funny how I unconsciously started singing "Tōjin Okichi". Usually I'm infatuated with music like that of Mozart and Bach.

普段、モオツァルトだの、バッハだのに熱中しているはずの自分が、無意識に、「唐人お吉」を唄ったのが、面白い。

Fudan, Mōtsaruto dano, Bahha dano ni netchū shiteiru hazu no jibun ga, muishiki ni,“Tōjin Okichi” o utatta no ga, omoshiroi.


だけ

Derived from 丈 (take, “height, limit”). Usage as a particle appears after 1600, during the Edo period.

ローマ字だけの辞書

何ても暗薄いじめじめした所でニャー／＼泣いて居た事丈は記憶して居る。

1905, 夏目漱石 (Natsume Sōseki), 吾輩は猫である (Wagahai wa Neko de aru, “I Am a Cat”), Mōri Yasotarō (tr.)

All I remember is that I was miaowing in a dampish dark place

Nantemo kurausui jimejime shita tokoro de nyānyā naite ita koto dake wa kioku shite iru.

in a negative, limiting sense: only, just, limit

寝たいだけ寝ていい。

これだけしてるのに

in a positive, non-limiting sense: amount, as much as


ほど

彼ほど日本語がうまくない。

速いほど良い。

学べば学ぶほど、何も知らなかった事に気づく

Manabeba manabu hodo, nani mo shiranakatta koto ni kizuku

The more I learned, the more I felt I didn't know anything.

あいつを殺したいほど嫌いだ。

I hate him so much that I want to kill him.


でも

宇宙からでも万里の長城が見える。

Uchū kara de mo Banri no Chōjō ga mieru.

Even from space you can see the Great Wall of China.

日本でも英語を勉強する。

お茶でも、コーヒーでも、どうですか？

酒でも飲もうよ。

気づかないとでも思った？

Did you think I wouldn't notice or something?

気づかないとでも？

[Did you think] I wouldn't notice or something?

1948, Osamu Dazai, Ningen Shikkaku [No Longer Human]:

with a hand movement as if one were brushing away a caterpillar or the like

毛虫でも払いのける時のような手つきで

kemushi de mo harainokeru toki no yō na tetsuki de


jako

Polish: jako

Silesian: jako

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.


かしら

Daijirin
Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Apocopic shift from かしらん (ka shiran), in turn from か (ka, question particle: “if, whether, ?”) + しらぬ (shiranu, “to not know”, classical negative form of 知る (shiru, “to know”)). Literally means “don't know whether...”

ja-r

彼は怪しい人かしら。

ご存じかしら？

I wonder if you have heard of that? / Perhaps you've heard of that?

誰かしらあの家に引っ越してくるだろう。

Dare ka shira ano ie ni hikkoshite kuru darō.

Someone or other will probably move into that house.


けど

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Clipping of けれど (keredo, “although, but”), itself a clipping of older and longer form けれども (keredomo).
First attested in 1732.

clipping

彼女は一風変わっているけど綺麗だ。

Kanojo wa ippū kawatte iru kedo kirei da.

痛いけど気持ちいい。


зар

really? is it possible that...? (question particle indicating doubt or shock)


зар

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ظار (zar), from ظاهر (zahir), from Arabic ظَاهِرًا (ẓāhiran).

Зар не знаш за то?

Зар не?

Зар то није дивно?


नहीं

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀡𑀳𑀺 (ṇahi), from Sanskrit नहि (nahí, “surely not”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *naǰʰí, from earlier *ná gʲʰí, from Proto-Indo-European *né + *gʰí. Cognate with Assamese নাই (nai), Bengali নাই (nai), Braj नहीं (nahī̃),
Marathi नाही (nāhī) .

बिलकुल नहीं

no, not (negative response to a yes-no question)

यहाँ गाजर नहीं हैं

no, not (used for negation of statements in the indicative and contrafactual moods)


きり

二人きりのお店

a shop for just the two of them/us (with no one else present)

家を出たきり戻らず


evet

From Ottoman Turkish أوت (evet), from Common Turkic. Cognate with Karakhanid [script needed] (yemet, “yes”). Nişanyan suggest that it may be a doublet of dialectal evet (“quickly”) and suggests a derivation from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄b- (“to be quick”) whence ivmek, however note the mismatch in initial vowels. EDAL considers Chuvash аван (avan) to also be a cognate and reconstructs Proto-Turkic *ebe-, however such a root is unattested and usually not reconstructed outside of EDAL.
Replaced the formerly prevalent ha (“yes”), now largely limited to dialectal and colloquial use.


было

head

бы́ло • (býlo)

Я бы́ло стал засыпа́ть ― Ja býlo stal zasypátʹ ― I had nearly fallen asleep.


kuin

Se kävelee kuin ankka.

Kissa on yhtä suuri kuin pieni koira.

Risto oli puhunut Pekan kanssa yhtä usein kuin (mitä) päiväkirja antaa ymmärtää.

Risto had been talking with Pekka as often as the diary lets one understand.

In the structure yhtä ... kuin: as ... as (equative, comparing/equating two things)

Syö niin paljon kuin haluat.

niin pian kuin mahdollista

In the structure niin ... kuin: as ... as (in other senses, such as when the second "as" is followed by a verb or adjective)

Risto oli puhunut Pekan kanssa useammin kuin (mitä) päiväkirja antaa ymmärtää.

Risto had been talking with Pekka more often than the diary lets one understand.


tutaj

Inherited from Old Polish tuta, influenced by dzisiaj and wczoraj. Compare Silesian tukej, Russian тут (tut).

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking


та

(Internet slang, often associated with Ukrainians) Alternative form of да (da)


dob

Dob ionann cor dúinn

We fared alike (literally, ‘The circumstance was the same for us’)


ak

Borrowed from German ach (“oh”). In 16th- and 17th-century literature, o or oh was often used in this sense. In a text from 1638, German ach is translated as ok, which points to a borrowing from Russian ох (ox). The from ak, from German, was introduced in the 17th-18th century.

ak tu tas esi!

ak tad tā!

ak paspēji gan!

ak tāds tu esi!

ak jā! ak nē! ak tā!

oh, yes! oh, no! oh!... (expressions used when suddenly remembering something)

ak jā, gandrīz būtu piemirsis: labasdienas, māt, no Līzes

oh yes, I had almost forgotten: greetings, mother, from Līze

“ak tad tur tā vaina!” Ozols beidzot saprata

“ooh, there then is the blame (= problem)!” Ozols finally understood

used to give an interjectional flavor to an utterance, especially when expressing surprise; oh!


hari

Awa on accanay lan hakkee, hari mi anndaa


kap

Anvwaye espesyal Etazini pou Venezuela, Elliot Abrams, ak vis-minis afè etranjè Larisi, Sergei Ryabkov, ap fè reyinyon nan vil Wòm ann Itali pou yo pale sou sityasyon Venezuela kap agrave.”

2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik:

American Special Envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams and Russian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Ryabkov are meeting in the city of Rome, Italy to talk about "the situation in Venezuela which is worsening."


kari

Possibly from kí (“let”) + à- (“nominalizing prefix”) + rí (“to see”), literally “let us see; let us know”. While it is an interrogative marker (see kàríbi (“where”) and kàrìgbì (“when”), it also may be used as a synonym to kàríbi or kàbí. Those in the current Nigerian state of Ekiti may use kàbí or ubi sí, in addition to kàríbi. In the Akure subdialect of Ekiti, they mainly use kàríbi, in addition to kàí or kàbí. All these terms are synonymous and can generally used by any Ekiti speaker regardless of subdialect. The term kàrí is also used in Ijesha.

compound

(Ekiti) Used to make an interrogative question regarding place or time.


kas

Kas ta on saabunud?


igo

Ingoding igo azhigwa, apane endaso-giizhig igo waabamaad iniw mitigoon.

The time came that she was looking at the trees every day.


bila

From Malay bila, from Old Malay vela, from Sanskrit वेला (velā).


pili

Ku kàski pili kèku lësii.

Në takok ahsën pili linakòt.


ころ

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kərə.

三時ごろに会いましょう。

昨日十二時ごろ寝ました。

I went to sleep at about twelve o'clock yesterday.

in, on, at (about time), at that time, around, about, approximately


हाँ

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀆𑀫𑀁 (āmaṃ), from Sanskrit आम् (ām), probably a variant of the sacred syllable ॐ (oṃ). The initial h- is emphatic, from Sanskrit हि (hi), ह (ha), or related to होना (honā). Doublet of ॐ (om).


अपि

या च पन सक्कतगन्थेसु समञ्ञा घोसाति वाघोसाति वा ता पयोगे सति एत्थापि पयुज्जते

c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar], page 6; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

And moreover that designation either 'voiced' or 'unvoiced' which is in Sanskrit texts is applied even here when there is occasion.

Yā ca pana sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vāghosāti vā tā payoge sati etthāpi payujjate.


जी

→ Malayalam: ജി (ji)

→ Dari: جی (jī)

Inherited from Old Hindi [Term?], from Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “long live”), imperative of जीवति (jīvati). Cognate with Assamese জীউ (ziu).

गाँधी जी ― gāndhī jī ― Gandhi

जी साहब!

जी हाँ!

the honorific particle, usually appended to names (of any gender) and titles

an expression of assent; yes, true, very well

an expression of enquiry; yes?, who is it?

जी-हुज़ूरी

जी-हुज़ूर (jī-huzūr, “a yes-man, sycophant”)


का

तुम्ही दिल्लीचे का?

final interrogative particle to form a yes-no question


мед

From Proto-Permic *mɛd. Cognate with Komi-Permyak мед (med) and Udmurt мед (med).

Used to form the optative mood of a verb; let, may


こそ

From Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from 此 (ko, “this”) + そ (so, Old Japanese emphatic particle).

今日こそ、やるぞ！

君が好きだからこそこれほど頑張っているんだよ。

Kimi ga suki da kara koso kore hodo ganbatte iru n da yo.

It's because I like you [because of my fondness for you] that I'm working this hard.

emphatic particle used for emphasis: it is ... that

「ありがとうございます！」「こちらこそ！」

used in set phrases when returning a greeting or apology to someone


こそ

Japanese: こそ (koso)

Possibly derived from 此 (ko₂, “this”) + そ (so₂, empathic particle).

com

sentence-ending particle expressing humility

sentence-ending particle expressing hope for others


nar

Nar mharbhus tú?

Máire munbadh í Eamhear / nár geinedh no an ngeinfeadhear / ochta mar úan na mara / dá snúadh corcra as cosmhala
Máire – if she was not Eimhear – has there been born or will there be – (breasts like the foam of the sea) – two purple complexions more alike?

An mbéarthaoi dhá uair Eimhear? “Could Eimhear have been born twice?”, Bardic Poetry Database

(classical, interrogative particle) Obsolete form of ar.


nar

head

nar (triggers lenition, before vowels narbh)

.i. dá marbhtha sagart ⁊ tú a n-ainbhfios ’nar shagurt é

1618, Aodh Mac Aingil, edited by Cainneach Ó Maonaigh, Scáthán Shacramuinte na hAithridhe, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, published 1952, lines 2873–4, page 88:

i.e. if you were to kill a priest unaware whether he was a priest

(classical, copular) Obsolete form of ar.


ह

emphasizes the preceding word; surely, of course, certainly

an emphatic particle, often used by itself as a filler word or expletive


व

Devanagari script form of va (“like, as if”)


व

Devanagari script form of va, sandhi form of एव (eva, “even”)


ल

a technical term for all the tenses and moods of a finite verb or for the terminations of those tenses and moods


來著

/laɪ̯³⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə³/

/laɪ̯³⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə³/

你住在哪兒來著？

你住在哪儿来着？

(colloquial) Used after a verb when asking someone to repeat information.

She moved house only last week, how can she be travelling now?

Tā shàng ge xīngqī hái bānjiā láizhe, zěnme huì zài lǚyóu ne?

她上個星期還搬家來著，怎麼會在旅遊呢？

她上个星期还搬家来着，怎么会在旅游呢？

Wǒ wàngjì zěnme pīnxiě nǐ de míngzì láizhe.

我忘記怎麼拼寫你的名字來著。

我忘记怎么拼写你的名字来着。

What did I tell you? (i.e. I told you so!)

我說什麼來著？

我说什么来着？

(colloquial) Used after a verb to indicate a past action or state.


gu

From Middle Irish go, from Old Irish co. Cognates include Irish go and Manx dy.

Tha mi gu math.

Makes an adverb when placed in front of an adjective


juk

Cognate with Latvian juk, with further origin unclear. Has been taken as a derivative of jùnkti (“to get used to”). Endzelins compares the word to Proto-Germanic *juką (“yoke”). According to Ostrowski, from a conflation of juõ (“especially”) + kaĩ (“when”).


までに

九時までに帰る。


nas

From Middle Irish níd as (“a thing that is”); compare Irish nios.

glic → nas glice

mòr → nas motha

Precedes the comparative form of an adjective or an adverb.


abi

Interrogative particle placed at the beginning or end of a yes/no question.


ru

Part of the r-series of demonstratives, along with rày, ri, rứa, sao, and potentially also răng, rằng.

(literary, dated) final particle used for negation or to form rhetorical questions

nơi nào. 2 Can be used on its own

where; no longer completely true in the modern language

where; this much; where *C is nonspecific consonant

đâu. 3 From earlier *C-raːw. 4 Placed before the head: bây nhiêu ()

bao nhiêu. 5 Placed after the head: nhanh vầy ()


なぁ

変だなぁ！

Particle indicating emphasis, question, and reflection.


など

納豆や歌舞伎などは日本だけにある。

Nattō ya kabuki nado wa Nihon dake ni aru.

Things like natto and kabuki are only in Japan.

等: for example, things like, such as, etc., and so on


なんて

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

A contraction of phrase 等 (nado, “and so forth, etc.”) + とて (tote, particle combination indicating “that kind of thing”, from と to, quotative particle + て te, conjunctive particle).
Some sources describe this as a shift from 等 (nado) + と (to), or from 等 (nado) + と (to) + は (wa, topic particle), or even just from 等 (nado), but the phonetic shift in the final vowel from -o or -a to -e is unexplainable in these hypotheses.

お前なんてどうでもいい。

(adverbial particle, dismissive, derogatory) emphasizes disgust, contempt, or otherwise negative feelings of the speaker: whatever


ヶ

ヶ (canonical)
が (canonical)
ga (romanization)

藤ヶ丘

a place name, literally "Hill of Wisteria"

An alternative spelling of an obsolete possessive marker が (ga). Found only in place names.

〆

Japanese ligatures and scribal abbreviations

ヽ 〱 ()

iteration mark for katakana; iteration mark for multiple kana


nui

From nu (“well”) + i (“too”). Akin to Samogitian noi.


guya

From Persian گویا (guyâ, “perhaps, it seems”).

bor

Niyə soruşursan? Guya cavabını özün bilmirsən.

Why are you asking? As if you don't know the answer yourself.

Sevmədiyi bir nəfər öləndə, yalandan ağladı, guya qanı qaralmışdı.

When someone s/he didn't like died, s/he fake-cried, as if s/he were sad.


ul

Probably from 𒅇 (u) + 𒆷𒀀 (lā), thus corresponding to Biblical Hebrew וְלֹא (wə-loʔ). Compare also Biblical Hebrew אַל (ʔal).

𒀀𒅗𒀠 𒀀𒇷𒅎 𒌑𒌌 𒉌𒄷𒊻
[akal ālim ul nīḫuz]
a-ka-al a-li-im u₂-ul ni-ḫu-uz
We did not take the food of the town.

ula

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian


volna

láttam (“I saw [it], I have seen [it]”) → láttam volna (“I would have seen [it]”)

Oda kellett mennem.

Oda kellett volna mennem.

Melegebb volna/lenne, ha nem nyitottad volna ki az ablakot! (the first instance is a verb form, interchangeable with lenne; the second is a particle)

(literally, “…if you wouldn't have opened…”)

It would be warmer if you hadn't opened the window!

(after the past-tense form of a verb) would have, forms the past conditional


tur

te

antonym(s) of “of situation, state, event”

Traditionally, tur is derived from kur (“where”) by analogy with pairs like kas (“who, what”) : tas (“that”), kā (“how”) : tā (“thus, like that”). A more recent suggestion is that tur may come from Proto-Baltic *tur, from the zero grade *tr̥ of Proto-Indo-European *ter-, the source of several nouns, adverbs or prepositions meaning “through,” “across,” “away”: German durch (“through”) (compare Old High German duruh, from *tr̥-kʷe), Breton treu (“beyond”), dre (“through”) (*tre), Latin trāns (“over, across, beyond”). The meaning in Latvian would have been changed to “there” under the influence of kur.

bet, vai par augstāko kungu skaitās Varšava vai Pēterburga... kāda gan tur atšķirība?

but, if (we) count Warsaw or (St.) Petersburg as (our) supreme lord... what difference there (= does it make)?

savādi ar tiem pieradumiem: rokas un kājas pašas kust, kur vienmēr kustējušas, ka tur vai pasaules gals

strage, those habits: the hands and legs move by themselves where they always moved, that there (= even if it is) the end of the world

used to reinforce the meaning of a word or utterance


kut

Apheresis of takut. Compare usage of English 'fraid, from afraid.

Saya boleh cuba. Tapi susah kut. Satu sebab jauh. Susah saya nak aim.

2021 February 26, Ismi Fa Ismail, SIHIR: Episod 5, page 121:

I can try. But I'm afraid it'll be hard. For one, because it's far. Hard for me to aim.

(colloquial, sentence-final) Indicates a supposition or uncertainty.


kanu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kunu. Compare Tagalog kuno, Hiligaynon kuno, Pangasinan kuno, Bikol Central kono, Cebuano kono, Waray-Waray kono, Ibanag kanu, Ilocano kano, Indonesian konon, Malay konon, Ivatan kunu.

so they say; according to someone; it is said


ula

𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒌑𒆷 𒀀𒂵𒀊𒁉 [mimma ula aqabbi]

𒀜𒋫 𒌑𒆷 𒋾𒁲 [atta ula tīde]

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Old Babylonian form of ul (“not”)


ни

Не обели ни дума.

Ни един от хората, които бях поканил, не дойде.

Not one of the people I'd invited showed up.

Ni edin ot horata, koito bjah pokanil, ne dojde.

used for emphasis to mean 'no thing or person'; not a, not one


ни

Ни мајката не те сака.

Не сакаше ни да се обиде.

Ни јас не сакам да дојдам.


ни

Inherited from Old East Slavic ни (ni), from Proto-Slavic *ni.

ни оди́н из ста

что он ни ска́жет

как бы он ни был бога́т

(between a personal pronoun and the verb in the affirmative) whatever, however

ни в како́й кни́ге

ни на что не годи́тся


ни

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ni (“nor, not”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *nej, from Proto-Indo-European *ney. Compare ни-, не.

inh+

ни ја то не знам

even I don't know that; I don't know that either

нисам хт(ј)ео ни да чујем за пр(иј)едлог

I didn't even want to listen about the proposal


lor

From Hokkien 囉／啰 (--lo͘) and Cantonese 囉／啰 (lo1).

Next time lor. ― Leave it for next time.

OK lor, go ahead. ― Fine, go ahead.

Bo pian lor. ― We don’t have a choice.

[B]y then, it was too late, and I just told myself, ‘Ya lor. He’s right.’

2003 November 16, Suzanne Sng, The Sunday Times, Singapore, page 16:

You lor, or else still got who? ― It’s obviously you then.

Then tell him lor. ― You go and tell him then.

As a facilitator, I often ask the participants: how are you feeling now? And often, the replies I get are: "Okay lor", "Like that lor".

2024 February 6, Carrie Tan, “Advancing Mental Health”, in Parliamentary Debates: Official Report (Parliament of Singapore), volume 95:

Asserts that the answer to something is obvious or straightforward.

Sorry lor. ― (sarcastic) Oh I’m so sorry!

Very dirty lor. ― It’s so dirty!

Ya lor / Han nor. ― Yeah (agreement)


lor

(Cantonese) Alternative form of 囉／啰 (particle)


oto

Polish: oto

Univerbation of o + to. First attested in the 15th century.

Y rzekl bog: Oto dalesm (ecce dedi) wam wszelkye szele

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 1, 29:

Cepit... cum ea rixari dicens: Heccine sunt premia, otho sza twe odplathy, domina

1965 [1456], Mikołaj z Pawłowic, edited by Henryk Kowalewicz, Średniowieczne zabytki języka polskiego w zbiorach Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Poznaniu. Polskie glosy i zapiski z rękopisów 1728, 1732, 1752, Zeszyty Naukowe UAM, Greater Poland, page 97:

Oto [...] [mo]ya (ecce filia mea)

1901 [Middle of the 15th century], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 425:

(attested in Greater Poland) used to indicate what the speaker will say or has said


oto

Inherited from Old Polish oto. By surface analysis, univerbation of o + to.

surf

Niestety taki oto wizerunek dobra i miłości serwują nam środki masowego przekazu.

Unfortunately, this is how goodness and love are presented by the mass media.

Tu oto zaczynają się trudności.

Nie był to jednak koniec wrażeń. Oto bowiem pielęgniarka podeszła z zastrzykiem do mnie.

However, this was not the end of it. For behold, a nurse approached me with an injection.

used to show that what one will say next is a presentation of what they have said before

used to say something was the best of its kind; now that's...


kasi

Placed either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence to indicate a question.


eva

Inherited from Sanskrit एव (eva). Doublet of evaṃ.

7. Tassā dvemāsiko gabbho lohitañ ñeva pagghari
tad'assā mātā kupitā mayhaṃ ñātī samānayi.

c. 50 BC, Petavatthu; republished in Prof. Minayeff, Petavatthu, London: Pali Text Society, 1888, page 6:

7. When her unborn child was two months old, just blood flowed forth. Then her angry mother brought her kin to me.

සෙය්යථාපි නාම ජරසාලාය ගොපානසියො ඔලුග්ගවිලුග්ගා භවන්ති, එවමෙවස්සු මෙ ඵාසුළියො ඔලුග්ගවිලුග්ගා භවන්ති තායෙවප්පාහාරතාය.

2006, The Fourth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (I), page 192:

Truly, just as in a decrepit outhouse the rafters are crumbling, my ribs were just that way, they were crumbling from just this fasting.

Seyyathāpi nāma jarasālāya gopānasiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti, evamevassu me phāsuḷiyo oluggaviluggā bhavanti tāyevappāhāratāya.


sua

From Portuguese sua (“her, belonging to her”), feminine form of seu. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge³, possessive marker).

der+

Alternative form of sa: possessive particle


jesz

Coordinate term: ju


aia

Aia ka ʻohana ma ke kaʻa.

Used at the beginning of a sentence that describes the location (in space or time) of the subject.


lati

láti rìn


vot

A miä vot oon dispetcera.

1937, N. Grigorjev, translated by V. Konstantinova and V. Lavrentjeva, Pooltoist Läkkämyst, Lapsin literatuuran izdateljstva, page 3:

Vot, viimänki, i poikilliin prosekka.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:


ina

head

ina (triggers eclipsis, in regular past tenses inar)

san aois ina bhfuil sé

at his age (lit. in the age in which he is)

an chathaoir ina dúirt sé é

in which, in whom (indirect relative; not used in the past tense except with some irregular verbs)


ina

da-gimiwan ina?

Giwiisin ina?

but: Gigii-anokii na bijiinaago?

question marker for yes/no questions (always placed after the first word in the sentence; used after words ending in a consonant)


ina

Marks the imperative mood, for positive commands


chyba

chybam (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
chybaśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
chybaś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
chybaście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
chyba (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
chyba (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xyba. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “chyba”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “chyba”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

expresses confidence but not certainty; probably; I think, I guess

(Middle Polish) delimiting particle; only, just, merely


chyba

introduces a rhetorical question; I should think


jau

From Proto-Baltic *jau, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yów, from the stem *éy (“that; he”) (whence also Latvian it, q.v.). Cognates include Lithuanian jaũ (“already”), Old Prussian iau (“ever”), Old Church Slavonic уже (uže), юже (juže), Russian уже́ (užé, “already”), Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”).

žēl jau bija, ka tā iznāca

it is really a pity that it came out like that

tas jau tāpat saprotams

tā jau ir

tā jau viņš neteica

labi jau tas nebija

tā jau nu ir

that is true... (said when reluctantly agreeing)

used to reinforce the meaning of a word, phrase or sentence; really, indeed

viņš bija naivs, kā jau bērns

bija jautri, kā jau viesībās

gandrīz katru dienu līst, kā jau rudenī

almost every day it rains, as if it were autumn

(usually with kā) used to reinforce what is affirmed in a sentence, to give it more credibility, more generality


kad

Borrowed from Sanskrit कदा (kadā), Japanese か (ka).

Me dubitas kad il venos.

Kad il amas me?

used at the beginning of a sentence to turn it into a question


ну

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nu.

ну во́сь і усё

so, therefore (used in the beginning of summarising sentences)

well?, so? (general-purpose question, an encouragement for the interlocutor to continue speaking)


τοῖς

τοῖς μὲν τῶν Αἰγυπτῐ́ων ἱεροί εἰσιν οἱ κροκόδιλοι, τοῖς δ᾿ οὔ

For some of the Egyptians crocodiles are holy, for others (they are) not.

τοῖς μὲν δούλοις ἡ ἀνάγκη εἰσί νόμος, τοῖς δὲ ἐλευθέροις ἀνθρώποις ὁ νόμος εἰσίν ἀνάγκη

For slaves force is law, wherease for the free men law is force.

toîs mèn doúlois hē anánkē eisí nómos, toîs dè eleuthérois anthrṓpois ho nómos eisín anánkē

(repeated) (often combined with μὲν (mèn) or δὲ (dè), contrasting two clauses): for some... for others


за

Used in the set expression що (то) за... (“what a... what kind/sort of...”)


vasta

Estonian: vast, ⇒ vastu

desc

Finnish: vasta, vasta-, ⇒ vastaan, vasten, vastoin

Ingrian: vast, ⇒ vastaa, vassen, vassoin

Karelian:

North Karelian: vašta, ⇒ vaštah, vaššašša

South Karelian: vasta, ⇒ vastah, vassas

Livonian: vastõ

⇒ Livvi: vaste, vastah, vastas

⇒ Ludian: vastah, vaste

⇒ Veps: vastha, vaste

Võro: vasta, vasta-

Votic: vassõ

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wasta (“a place opposite or across”).


inar

head

inar (form used before non-past tenses ina)

an fear inar chuir mé muinín

an tír inar táirgeadh é
the country in which it was made


inar

inar (form used before a vowel in the present/future inarb, form used before a vowel in the past/conditional inarbh)

a vowel in the present (archaic)
future inarb (archaic)
a vowel in the past (archaic)
conditional inarbh (archaic)
in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)

an seomra inar mian liom codladh

an tír inar mhaith liom bheith i mo chónaí
the country in which I would like to live


mura

mura (copular form used before consonants, form used before vowels murab)

mura bréag é

if... is not, unless... is (present copular form before a consonant)


ná

From Old Irish ná (“don't”, prohibitive particle).

inh

Ná déan sin.

Ná habair é.

don’t (particle used to introduce a negative imperative; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

Dealbh ná raibh tú.

may...not (particle used with raibh, the present subjunctive of bí, to introduce a negative wish)

Ná fuil ocras ort?

Chonac í, ná facas?

(Munster) Alternative form of nach (“not”) (in questions; triggers h-prothesis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)