ná

Middle Irish: ná

Irish: ná

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

Uncertain. According to Matasović originally short /na/, from Proto-Celtic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne (“not”). According to Dunkel from Proto-Celtic *nā, from Proto-Indo-European *nó-h₁, from *ne + adverbial suffix *-h₁. In Old Irish the expected outcome would be *nú in a final syllable. The variant with á would adopted from originally disyllabic forms like nád (relative) and nách (before infixed pronoun).

Ná bíth i cobadlus doïb, ar atá torad la gnímu soilse .i. praemia aeterna ní ḟil immurgu acht infructuosa.

Do not be in fellowship with them, for there is fruit with works of light, i.e. praemia aeterna. There is nothing [with works of darkness], however, save infructuosa.

Hóre ammi maicc laí et soilse, ná seichem nahísiu.

Since we are children of day and light, let us not follow these things.

Ná déne ainmnit.

don’t, let…not (particle used to introduce a negative imperative)


ná

Middle Irish: ná

Irish: ná

Maybe from Proto-Celtic *nāwe (“or not”), from Proto-Indo-European *nó-h₁ (“not”) + *-we (“or”). Compare nó (“or”).

.i. ní·frithalim-se rucai na m‑mebuil dam hisa suithin ma fris·accar hi t-ainm-siu a dǽ

i.e. I expect neither shame nor disgrace to me for ever, if I hope in Your name, O God.


کا

kā (romanization)
का (Hindi)
کا (direct masculine singular)
کے (direct masculine plural)
کی (direct feminine singular)
کی (direct feminine plural)
کے (indirect masculine singular)
کے (indirect masculine plural)
کی (feminine indirect singular)
کی (feminine indirect plural)
کے (masculine singular vocative)
کے (masculine plural vocative)
کی (feminine singular vocative)
کی (feminine plural vocative)

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit किअउं (kiaüṃ), from Sanskrit कृतं (kṛtaṃ) (perfect participle neuter of कृ (kṛ, “to do”)). Dasa also suggests क (ka, diminutive suffix). Compare Hindi का (kā) and Punjabi دا (dā).

gloss

perfect participle neuter of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">कृ</i> (kṛ, “to do”)

فیض کا بھائی

اُس کا دوست

عائشہ کی گھڑی

marks the genitive case: of, belonging to

مالٹے کا رس

orange juice (literally, “juice from orange”)

ہاتھ کی اُنگلی

لوہے کی تلوار

کیا یہ کوئی کہنے کی بات ہے؟

کے دوران

کی طَرَف

(in the oblique) forms compound postpositions


wis

wis (“-th”) + kraḍ (“three”) → wis kraḍ (“third”)

wis (“-th”) + xemsa (“five”) → wis xemsa (“fifth”)

-th, forms ordinal numerals by preceding a cardinal numeral


samo

Samo jedan

Ne samo uči

Ne samo da je l(ij)epa, nego je i pametna!

She's not only pretty, but she is also clever!

Ulaznica stoji samo 5 eura.

Radi što god želiš, samo mi nemoj smetati!

Do whatever you want, just don't bother me!

Samo, ipak sam zabrinut.

(denoting exclusivity) just, only, only just, merely, solely

S krova se samo cijedi!

It just keeps on trickling from the roof!

Samo nastavite tako!

Just keeping at it! (literally, “Just go on like that!”)

Ma, naravno, samo nam je još to trebalo!

Oh, of course, that is just what we needed!

Samo mi nemoj reći da sve to nisi prije znao!

Just don't tell me you didn't know this before!

Kad bi samo došao!

(intensifier) just, only, if only (used to put emphasis on one's message, conveying mood or various emotions)


wor

(Cantonese) Alternative form of 喎／㖞 (particle)


-то

→ Ingrian: -to

From the pronoun тот (tot), та (ta), то (to). Akin to the Macedonian definite article -от (-ot), -та (-ta), -то (-to), and Bulgarian definite article -ът (-ǎt), -та (-ta), -то (-to).

Ну я-то не ста́ну туда́ ходи́ть.

Well, there's no chance I'm going there, anyway.

Я и зна́ть-то его́ не хочу́.

Об э́том-то я и хоте́л с ва́ми поговори́ть.

That is precisely what I wanted to talk to you about.

Ob étom-to ja i xotél s vámi pogovorítʹ.

А я-то ду́мал...

And here I was, thinking / And there was me, thinking... / Just when I thought...

(colloquial) particle used to give intonational emphasis to a part of speech


-то

some-: an indefinite particle used in the various compound pronouns and adverbs


wala

From Proto-Northern Luzon *wadaʔ, from Proto-Philippine *wada (“to be, exist”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wada.

Walay baik.

(literally, “There exists my grandmother”)

Wala ak ed Pangasinan.
I'm in Pangasinan.

Walay sira dia.

existential quantifier: there is; to have; is in


há

Ấy há phải là ác hay sao?


أ

From former هَـ (ha-), from Proto-Semitic *ha. Cognate to Hebrew הֲ־ (hă-).

أَرَأَيْتَ الَّذِي يَنْهَىٰ (9) عَبْدًا إِذَا صَلَّىٰ (10) أَرَأَيْتَ إِن كَانَ عَلَى الْهُدَىٰ (11) أَوْ أَمَرَ بِالتَّقْوَىٰ (12)

9 Hast thou seen the one who scoldeth 10 this worshipper when he prayeth? 11 Hast thou looked at whether he is rightly guided, 12 or whether he preacheth righteousness?

ʔaraʔayta llaḏī yanhā (9) ʕabdan ʔiḏā ṣallā (10) ʔaraʔayta ʔin kāna ʕalā l-hudā (11) ʔaw ʔamara bi-t-taqwā (12)

أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ (6) إِرَمَ ذَاتِ الْعِمَادِ (7) الَّتِي لَمْ يُخْلَقْ مِثْلُهَا فِي الْبِلَادِ (8)

6 Hast thou not seen what thy Lord did to ʿĀd? 7 ʾIram, with its pillars, 8 the like of which had never been created before!

ʔalam tara kayfa faʕala rabbuka biʕādin (6) ʔirama ḏāti l-ʕimādi (7) allatī lam yuḵlaq miṯluhā fī l-bilādi (8)

وَإِنْ أَدْرِي أَقَرِيبٌ أَم بَعِيدٌ مَّا تُوعَدُونَ

I know not whether nigh or far is that which ye are promised.

wa-ʔin ʔadrī ʔa-qarībun ʔam baʕīdun mā tūʕadūna

indicates an exclusive disjunction with أَمْ (ʔam, “or”), as in alternative questions

سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَسْتَغْفَرْتَ لَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تَسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ لَن يَغْفِرَ ٱللّٰهُ لَهُمْ

It is the same whether thou prayest for their forgiveness or not: Allah will not forgive them.

sawāʔun ʕalayhim ʔa-staḡfarta lahum ʔam lam tastaḡfir lahum lan yaḡfira llāhu lahum

indicates an inclusive disjunction with أَمْ (ʔam, “or”) that denotes sameness, indistinguishability, unimportance, insignificance, or indifference


selbst

With excrescent -t (same: eins > einst, su(n)s > sonst etc.) fossilized from the nonfeminine genitive singular Middle High German sëlbes, from the Old High German pronoun selb, selbo, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *selbʰ- (“one's own”), from *s(w)e- (“separate, apart”). Compare Low German sulv, Dutch zelf, English self, Danish selv.

der

Du hast es selbst zugegeben.

Der Mann selbst hat uns es gesagt.


bê

Da’ bê bəŋ lú áá, tə gaə gɔ tú’ shyə̄.


ألا

ar-particle

أَلَا • (ʔalā)

compound

أَ (ʔa) + لَا (lā)

أَلَا تَعْرِفُ مَنْ هُوَ؟

do/does ... not, don't/doesn't (negative interrogative particle)


ألا

ar-particle

أَلَا • (ʔalā)

compound

أَ (ʔa) + لَا (lā)


си

Върви си!

Go home!/Go away!/Go your way!/Go where you came from!

Трябва да си тръгвам.

I must go home now./I must be going now./It’s time I were moving.

Тя си отиде.

She left./She went her way./She went home.

used with certain verbs of movement, meaning that the movement is directed towards one's home or towards the place one came from

нещо си

някой си

някъде си

used after indefinite pronouns and adverbs to intensify the indefiniteness


си

Оди си (дома)! ― Odi si (doma)! ― Go home!/Go away!/Go your way!/Go where you came from!

Треба да си тргнам.

Таа си отиде (дома). ― Taa si otide (doma). ― She left./She went her way./She went home.


nḥmn

a particle used to emphasise the truth of an independent clause; surely, assuredly.


一樣

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jœːŋ²²/

/it̚² i̯oŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ iũ³³/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ iũ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ iũ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ iaŋ²²/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² iũ⁴¹/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² iũ³³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² iũ²²/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iɔ̃²²/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ĩõ¹¹/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ĩẽ¹¹/

/iɪʔ³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁵⁵ ɦiã⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jœːŋ²²/

/it̚² i̯oŋ⁵⁵/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ iũ³³/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ iũ⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ iũ²²/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ iaŋ²²/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² iũ⁴¹/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² iũ³³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² iũ²²/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iɔ̃²²/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ĩõ¹¹/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² ĩẽ¹¹/

/iɪʔ³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁵⁵ ɦiã⁵¹/


غ

will (prefix indicating the future tense)


ح

Shortened form of Arabic رَاحَ (rāḥa, “he went”).

حَيِتْكَلَّم


ح

حَيِحْچِي


ح

Shortened form of رح (raḥ), compare with Egyptian Arabic حـ (ḥa-) and هـ (ha-).

Alternative form of رح (raḥ): going to, will; prefix of a following subjunctive verb to express the future tense


د

ديحچي.

Used to prefix a non-past verb to mark the present continuous tense.


س

يَقْرَأُ كِتَابًا، سَيَقْرَأُ كِتَابًا

He is reading a book, he will read a book.


って

Classical Japanese
Daijirin
Daijisen
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
ja:松村明

Contracted from とて (tote), itself a compound of quotative particle と (to) and conjunctive particle て (te).
Another etymology lists って as a shift from てふ (tefu), a contraction of と言う (to iu, “said that...”) in its Classical Japanese form.
* /to ifu/ → /toifu/ → /tefu/ → /tte/
When following a word ending in ん (n), manifests without gemination as just て (te).
First cited to the late 1800s.

すぐ来ますって。

お母さんに聞いたら、だめだって。

あいつ病気なんだって。

he/she/I/they/we said: a type of verbal quotation mark used for direct and indirect quotes, also similar to that when used as a coordinating conjunction

アラビア語って、難しくない？

これって何て名前？


ي

head

يَٰـ • (yā-)

(Classical Arabic) Alternative spelling of يَا (yā) (vocative particle)


ك

From Arabic كَانَ (kāna, “to be”). Compare Jijel Algerian Arabic ك (ka-).

كناكل هاد الخبز

كيقول ما بغى

Used to prefix a non-past verb to mark the present tense.


δε

Δε θέλω! Μη μου το κάνεις αυτό!

δεν δεν#Greek

Alternative form of δεν (den) used optionally without the ending ⟨ν⟩ before consonants ⟨ β δ θ φ χ λ ρ σ ζ γ μ ν ⟩ but not before ⟨γκ, μπ, ντ⟩


ه

From Proto-Semitic *ha. Cognate to Hebrew הֲ־ (hă-).

(obsolete) Banū Ṭayyiʔ form of أَ (ʔa, interrogative particle)


ه

going to, will; prefix of a following subjunctive verb to express the future tense


δέ

From Proto-Hellenic *dḗ, from Proto-Indo-European *de (deictic particle). See also δή (dḗ).

inh

used before a vowel to ease pronunciation


à propos

Unadapted borrowing from French à propos.

ubor

À propos brzydkich wyrazów, niedawno wyszła książka Patricii Evans pod tytułem Toksyczne słowa.

Oh, and speaking of ugly words, a book by Patricia Evans called Toxic Words has recently come out.


naa

Mi naa taak.

So mi naa ron laik wan man we naa no we a ron go—mi ron chriet a di finish lain. Mi naa fait laik se mi a baks briiz.

2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, 1 Korintiyan 9:26:

That's why I run straight in the right direction. I fight accurately, not punching the air.


naa

Èmi náà?


ل

لِتَأْخُذُوا مَنَاسِكَكُمْ فَإِنِّي لَا أَدْرِي لَعَلِّي لَا أَحُجُّ بَعْدَ حَجَّتِي هَذِهِ

9th century, Muslim ibn Al-Hajjaj, quoting Muhammad, “كتاب الحج”, in Sahih Muslim:

litaʔḵuḏū manāsikakum faʔinnī lā ʔadrī laʕallī lā ʔaḥujju baʕda ḥajjatī haḏihi

وَقُلِ ٱلْحَقُّ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ فَمَنْ شَاءَ فَلْيُؤْمِنْ وَمَنْ شَاءَ فَلْيَكْفُرْ

And say, "The truth is from your Lord, so whoever wills, let him believe; and whoever wills, let him disbelieve."

waquli l-ḥaqqu min rabbikum faman šāʔa falyuʔmin waman šāʔa falyakfur

Used to introduce an imperative with a jussive verb; let


ل

وَإِنَّ أَوْهَنَ ٱلْبُيُوتِ لَبَيْتُ ٱلْعَنْكَبُوتِ

And indeed, the weakest of homes is the home of the spider.

wa-ʔinna ʔawhana l-buyūti la-baytu l-ʕankabūti

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَبِالْمِرْصَادِ

(intensifying particle) truly, verily, certainly, surely


yawu

Affirmitive . . . yo . . yes.

1856, William Ridley, “On the Kamilaroi Tribe of Australians and Their Dialect”, in Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, volume 4:

Yes, yo.

1903, R. H. Mathews, “Languages of the Kamilaroi and Other Aboriginal Tribes of New South Wales”, in The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 33:


baga

Iyo, baga.

Siisay baga iyan?

Emphatic expression determined by context.


baga

Possibly derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ba.

Ano baga ang nais mong mangyari?

(dialectal, Batangas, Mindoro) marks a sentence as interrogative


𐍉

Compare Ancient Greek ὦ (ô) (which it is used to translate), Old English ō.


ái

From Chinese 愛／爱 (ài). Compare Muong hảo for similar developments.

ái thâng nèn


әле

Perhaps adapted from Persian حالا (hâlâ, “now”), from Arabic حَالًا (ḥālan, “now”).
Cognate with
Kazakh әлі (älı, “still, yet”),
Kyrgyz али (ali, “still, as yet; just now”),
Kumyk гьали (hali, “now; still, yet”),
Uzbek hali (“still, yet”),
Uyghur ھېلى (hëli, “still, yet, recently”).

cog

after optative/imperative verb forms: a modal particle connoting a wish or kind request; please

Ултырам әле.

after non-past indicative verb forms: indicates that the action has not completed and will continue in the near future

after past indicative verb forms or the particle һуң: connotes surprise or regret

after present indicative verb forms or the particle бит: connotes surprise, doubt or hesitation


cà

Ay, lèo chin da chắng đây cà.

If you're sick, you have to use medicine to cure it.

Đảy dá cà.

Te mà thâng dá cà.

Final affirmative particle for emphasis or contrast


gell

Clipping of gelt es, from gelten (“to be valid”).

Wir gehen, gell?

Du verstehst mich, gell?

(colloquial, regional, Southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, South Tyrol, Liechtenstein, Alsace) emphasis and question marker particle; asks for confirmation; right?; eh?; isn't it, innit?

Sorry, gell?

(colloquial, regional, Southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, South Tyrol, Liechtenstein, Alsace) particle that softens a request, or conveys friendliness; okay?; please?


cote

Irish: goidé, cad é, cad

Scottish Gaelic: ciod e, dè, ciod

cote (mutation mutation-radical)
chote (mutation mutation-nasal)
cote (mutation)

Cote mo thorbe-se dúib mad [a]mne labrar?

What do I profit you pl (lit. ‘what is my profit to you’) if it be thus that I speak (subj.)?


այո

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian այո (ayo); see it for more.


հա

Armenian: հա (ha)


adalah

From Malay adalah, from Classical Malay اداله (adalah). Equivalent to ada + -lah.

Yang perlu dikerjakan sekarang adalah membawa korban ke rumah sakit.

What needs to be done now is to take the victims to the hospital.

Kerjanya adalah menarik mahasiswa.

His/her job is to attract university students.

a connector between two pieces of sentence that confirms the details or explanation of the first part


adalah

Ini adalah benar.


ոչ

(somewhat formal) no (used to show disagreement or negation)


խնդրեմ

LL-Q8785 (hye)-Yevgenya Shamshyan (Vahagn Petrosyan)-խնդրեմ.wav

From Old Armenian խնդրեմ (xndrem, “I ask”).

փոխանցե՛ք, խնդրեմ, աղը

ասացե՛ք, խնդրեմ

— Շնորհակալություն։
— Խնդրե՛մ։
— Šnorhakalutʻyun.
— Xndrém.
— Thank you.
— You're welcome!

you're welcome, don't mention it, no problem


ներողություն

head

ներողություն • (neroġutʻyun)

hy-particle

ներողություն • (neroġutʻyun)

նե‧րո‧ղու‧թյուն

From Old Armenian ներողութիւն (nerołutʻiwn); see more at ներել (nerel).

excuse me (literally (requesting) “forgiveness”)


ní

níor

used in the past tense with regular and some irregular verbs, also the past/conditional copular form

Ní thuigim.

Ní dheachaigh mé ansin.

Ní bhfaighidh siad é.

Ní críonnacht creagaireacht.

Ní hionann iad.

An gloine é? Ní hea.


ní

Irish: ní

From Old Irish ní, from Proto-Celtic *nīs (compare Welsh ni), from Proto-Indo-European *ne h₁ésti (“is not”) (compare Sanskrit न (na), Latin ne, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni)).

der

Mani·tucad immurgu ní din chéttadall ni·bered a n-aill.

c. 1000, anonymous author, edited by Rudolf Thurneysen, Scéla Mucca Meic Dathó, Dublin: Stationery Office, published 1935, § 1, page 2, line 15:

If, however, he did not take anything at (literally “from”) his first thrust, he did not bring the second.


ní

Middle Irish: ní
Irish: ní

From Proto-Celtic *nīs (compare Welsh ni), from Proto-Indo-European *ne h₁ésti (“is not”) (compare Sanskrit न (na), Latin ne, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni)).

Ní epur a n-anman sund.


լավ

լավ, համոզեցիր


ай

Марьяна опять засмеялась своим светлым, счастливым смехом. ― Ай боишься меня? ― сказала она.

1863, Л. Н. Толстой, Казаки:

Maryana again laughed with her bright, happy laughter. “Maybe you're scared of me?”, she said.

Marʹjana opjatʹ zasmejalasʹ svoim svetlym, sčastlivym smexom. ― Aj boišʹsja menja? ― skazala ona.


ngibaay

Ngibai! surprise.


dela

From Spanish dela, contraction of ‘de la.’

(obsolete) of the, from the (only in names with Spanish origins or in phrases with Spanish construction)

particle found in Spanish-derived surnames when originally spelled with de la, such as dela Cruz or dela Peña (from earlier de la Cruz and de la Peña)


dela

Borrowed from Spanish de la, from the American colonial era.

particle found in Spanish-derived surnames when originally spelled with de la, such as dela Cruz (from earlier de la Cruz


dela

Borrowed from Spanish dela, from de la. Its use as a contraction of de la in Spanish-origin surnames is from the American colonial era, possibly by influence of Italian della.


zawsze

Near-synonym: ostatecznie

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, a człowiek z człowiekiem zawsze


mà

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mà.wav

Within Austroasiatic, compare Pacoh ma (“but, topicalizer”) and Old Mon ma (“relative marker”).

Tôi có làm gì đâu mà!

Ngon mà, sao chê dữ vậy?

It tastes pretty good tho/actually, not sure why you gotta shit on it that much.

(colloquial) Final affirmative particle, indicating emphasis or contrast.

thấy mà ghê

nghĩ mà sướng

(colloquial) An intensifier, placed before an adjective or verb


出去

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ hɵy̯³³/

/t͡sʰɨt̚⁵ t͡ɕʰie²/

/t͡sʰuəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kʰəʔ²/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kʰɯ²¹³/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kʰu²¹³/

/t͡sʰəʔ³³ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu²⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/

/t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ hɵy̯³³/

/t͡sʰɨt̚⁵ t͡ɕʰie²/

/t͡sʰuəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kʰəʔ²/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kʰɯ²¹³/

/t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kʰu²¹³/

/t͡sʰəʔ³³ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

丟出去

丢出去

開出去

开出去

to be unable to get married (to anyone); to be left on the shelf

嫁不出去

Used to modify a verb to indicate an outward direction; always appended to the end of a verb.


יא

יָא בֶּן כֶּלֶב!

You son of a bitch [literally of a dog]!

(colloquial) Vocative particle preceding a noun, especially a slur or pejorative.


āe

Me i 'āe' mai koe ki te pātai te Wāhanga A [...]

2013, New Zealand Government, Information for enrolling (pamphlet)

If you answered 'yes' to the question in Section A …


定定

/tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/tɪŋ²² tɪŋ²²/

/tiã²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/tiã⁴¹⁻²² tiã⁴¹/

/tiã²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/tiã³³⁻¹¹ tiã³³/

/tiã³³⁻²¹ tiã³³/

/tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/tɪŋ²² tɪŋ²²/

/tiã²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/tiã⁴¹⁻²² tiã⁴¹/

/tiã²²⁻²¹ tiã²²/

/tiã³³⁻¹¹ tiã³³/

/tiã³³⁻²¹ tiã³³/

(Hakka, at the end of a phrase) that's all; nothing more


jā

Borrowed from Middle High German ja, first mentioned in 16th-century religious works, especially catechisms, in answers to questions about faith. At that time, jā was not in colloquial use; the preferred way to answer a question affirmatively was to repeat its verb, as was done in Latin. The word took some time to become usual: 17th-century authors mention that it was used by Latvian speakers who lived near cities, and more frequently when talking to non-Latvians; among themselves, they would revert to agreeing by repeating the question verb. 18th-century authors continued to mention the frequency of the latter method and the relatively low frequency of jā. In northern Vidzeme, the word was still not used in the 18th and early 19th century. Only in the mid-19th century did jā really become usual everywhere.

“Vai tu brauksi slēpot?” “Jā”.

“Vai jūs esat no Rīgas?” “Jā, no Rīgas.”

“Vai tev ir drusku laika?” viņš jautāja. “Jā”, Mirdza atbildēja.

“Do you have a little time?” he asked. “Yes,” Mirdza answered

“Ieva ļoti jauka...” “Jā,” Jorens piekrīt

“Ieva (is) very nice...” “Yes,” Jorens agreed

“Cik stipri smaržo šīs puķes...” “Jā, smaržo...”

“how Htrongly these flowers smell...” “Yes, they do...”

Ira apmierināta klausās. Jā, tā ir īsta pasaka.

Ira listened, satisfied. Yes, this is a true fairy tale.

Jā, te kalnos bija sava dzīve, savas paražas, sava morāle

Yes, here in the mountains (they have) their own life, their own habits, their own morality

used to express, reinforce agreement or confirmation, especially in response to a question; yes

“Nu viss pagalam, Birkenbaum? Ja?” “Laikam”, puisis atbildēja

“Well, it's all bygones, Birkenbaum? Right?” “probably ,” the young man answered

“Te jūs dzīvojat, bet otrā pusē Kaspartēvs, jā?” Ieva jautā. “Un Kasparmāte,”, zēns precizē

“Here you all live, and on the other side father Kaspar, right?” “And also mother Kaspar,” the young man stated

used in a question to invite confirmation, like an English tag question; yes? right?

“Marina!” “Jā.” “Nāc!”

“Jāni!” “Jā, es tepat esmu!”
“Jānis!” “Yes, I'm right here

“Joren”, Ieva pasauc. “Jā?” “Nekas; es tikai gribēju paskatīties uz tevi”

“Joren,” Ieva called. “Yes?” “Nothing; I just wanted to look at you”

“Skaties, kas par jaukumu visapkārt, un šitādā laikā tu par precēšanos vari domāt!” “Mīļo Lienīte, sāki nu “jā”, saki nu “jā”!”
“Look, all this beauty around us, and at such a moment you can still think about marriage!” “Dear Lienīte, say yes, say yes!”

Zini, ja tā lieta, par kuru tu vienmēr sapņo un stāsti, iznāktu tāda, tad es teiktu - jā.

“You know, if that thing that you're always talking and dreaming about were to happen like that, then I would say - yes.”

used as a noun, generally with teikt or sacīt, to indicate a positive answer to a proposal


jā

Old English: ġēa, iā; ġē

Middle English: ȝea, ye, ya

Scots: ya, yea, ay, aye, yo

English: ya, yea, yo

Old Frisian: jē, gē; jā, jē, jō

Saterland Frisian: ja, jee

West Frisian: ja

Old Saxon: jā, giā; ge, gi, gie, gia

Middle Low German: ja, jâ

German Low German: ja

Old Dutch: jā

Middle Dutch: jâ

Dutch: ja

Afrikaans: ja

Limburgish: jao

Old High German: jā; joh, ioh

Middle High German: ja, jā; joch

Alemannic German: ja, jaa, jòò, jä

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: ja

Viennese: jå

German: ja (standard); jo, joa (informal); joch (dialectal)

Polish: jo

Luxembourgish: jo

Yiddish: יאָ (yo)


gdzie

Gdzie x oznacza...

(sciences) where (used to specify the meaning of a variable)

(colloquial) used to state the speaker's disagreement with a statement and that the speaker knows something else to be true; what; yeah right


się

Robi się późno.

Mówi się, że...

used to form impersonal present or future tense


niestety

→ Kashubian: niestetë

Inherited from Old Polish niestojcie. The irregular sound change is a result of the frequent usage of the word.


czy

Polish: czy

Silesian: czy, czi

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *či. First attested in the 14th century.

Mogaly ya w them domv szyedzecz... do tego czasv, *yagoszem gy nayal, czy czo gest prawo?

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, pages 42, 1:


czy

→ Esperanto: ĉu

Czy ten pan jest z Anglii? Tak, ten pan jest z Anglii.

Is that man from England? Yes, that man is from England.

interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question, often omitted; whether


pá

— Ereîukápe?
— Pá, îagûarera aîuká.
— Did you kill it?
— Yes, I killed the jaguar.


dobrze

Inherited from Old Polish dobrze. By surface analysis, dobry + -e. Compare Kashubian dobrze and Slovincian dôbrzê.

jak się zwał, tak się zwał, byleby się dobrze miał

(sometimes repeated) used to interrupt; alright

dobrze po północy


zaraz

→ Kashubian: zarôz

→ Slovincian: zaroz

→ Silesian: zarŏz

Univerbation of za + raz. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaraz”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

used to let someone know that the speaker needs a moment to think about what they want to say and that they will continue speaking in a moment; wait a minute

(colloquial) (used to indicate a new insight or dawning understanding; wait a minute

(colloquial) used to signal that what has been said is too much; but

Sklep jest zaraz obok tego budynku.

The store is right next to this building.


tylko

Polish: tylko

Silesian: tylko

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *toliko. First attested in the 14th century.

only (without others or anything further; exclusively)


tylko

Inherited from Old Polish tylko, from Proto-Slavic *toliko.


że

used to create the periphrastic aorist tense


teraz

Inherited from Old Polish teraz. By surface analysis, univerbation of ten + raz. Compare Slovak teraz, Kashubian terôz, and Slovincian teroz.

surf

the speaker believes they can say what they are saying now because of what they said earlier; now


-이다

head

이다 • (-ida) (infinitive 야 or 이야, sequential 이니)

이다 (canonical)
-ida (romanization)
야 (infinitive)
이야 (infinitive)
이니 (sequential)
-이다 (formal indicative non-past)
-이야 (indicative informal non-past)
-이에요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-예요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
-입니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
-이었다 (formal indicative past)
-였다 (formal indicative past)
-이었어 (indicative informal past)
-였어 (indicative informal past)
-이었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-였어요 (indicative informal past polite)
-이었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-였습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
-이냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
-이야 (informal interrogative non-past)
-이에요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-예요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
-입니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
-이었느냐 (formal interrogative past)
-였느냐 (formal interrogative past)
-이었어 (informal interrogative past)
-였어 (informal interrogative past)
-이었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-였어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
-이었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-였습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
-이겠다 (assertive formal)
-이겠어 (assertive informal)
-이겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
-이겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
-이에 (causative formal)
-이어서 (causative informal)
-이니 (causative informal polite)
-이니까 (causative formal polite)
-이지만 (contrastive formal)
-인데 (contrastive informal)
-이더니 (contrastive informal polite)
-이고 (conjunctive formal)
-이면 (conditional formal)
-이어야 (conditional informal)
-임 (formal noun-from-verb)
-이기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-이었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-였음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
-이었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-였기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-인 (determiner informal present)
-일 (determiner future informal)
-이시다 (indicative non-past)
-이셔 (indicative informal non-past)
-이세요 (indicative non-past polite)
-이셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
-이십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
-이셨다 (indicative past)
-이셨어 (indicative informal past)
-이셨어요 (indicative past polite)
-이셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
-이시냐 (interrogative non-past)
-이셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
-이세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-이셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
-이십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
-이셨냐 (interrogative past)
-이셨어 (informal interrogative past)
-이셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
-이셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
-이시겠다 (assertive)
-이시겠어 (assertive informal)
-이시겠어요 (assertive polite)
-이시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
-이셔 (causative)
-이셔서 (causative informal)
-이시니 (causative polite)
-이시니까 (causative formal)
-이시지만 (contrastive)
-이신데 (contrastive informal)
-이시더니 (contrastive polite)
-이시고 (conjunctive)
-이시면 (conditional)
-이셔야 (conditional informal)
-이심 (noun-from-verb)
-이시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
-이셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
-이셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
-이신 (determiner informal present)
-이실 (determiner future informal)

From Middle Korean 이〮라〮 (-í-lá), from Old Korean 是 (*i-). For the dialectal politeness particle use, compare 요 (-yo), Jeolla Korean 이라우 (-irau), both of which come from the copula.

사람은 동물이다.

이 나무는 큰 편이다.

전쟁은 바람직하지 않은 일이다.

Jeonjaeng-eun baramjikha-ji an-eun ir-ida.

악마도 한때 천사였다.


-이다

intimate-
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

semiformal-style
w:Korean speech levels#Hao-che

(eastern Jeolla dialect, southwestern Gyeongsang) A particle attached to intimate-, plain-, and semiformal-style verbs and adjectives to add a greater level of politeness.


どこ

First cited to a 洒落本 (sharebon) text in 1790.
The suffix senses are derived from the rendaku (連濁) form of とこ (-toko), a colloquial stem indicating a circumstance, moment, place, point, and many others.

out of the question
out of the question#English

(informal, with a usually negative sentence) Short for どころ (dokoro): indicates rejection to an out of the question word or phrase: the extent of, the place of, the time of


słowo

Near-synonyms: jak babcię kocham, jak Boga kocham, słowo daję, słowo honoru

(colloquial) used to make a promise; word; you have my word

(colloquial) used to claim that one is trustworthy, wherein which the first noun may be substituted to match the person's role; (Scout's) honor


natychmiast

Inherited from Old Polish natychmiast. By surface analysis, univerbation of na + tych + miastach.

surf

(obsolete) instead of this; whereas (in contrast; whilst on the contrary; although)


айда

айда мемнан деке!

айда мурена

айда кайже, ит кучо!

(imperative) may they do..., let them do...

тудым паша гыч луктын колтеныт - айда?

they were fired from their job - really?


rozumieć

Polish: rozumieć

Silesian: rozumieć

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *orzuměti. By surface analysis, roz- + umieć. First attested in 1395.

Iako ktho swyeczą przy zwadze w noczi zagassi, a za thym kogo vranyą, ma rannemv o rani bicz skazan, tho rozwmyecz, gdi nye wyedzą tego, yest gen go ranyl

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 15:


aż

Polish: aż

Silesian: aż

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aže. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

etydate

Od wirzchnego neba wiszce iego, i potkane iego asz do wirzcha (usque ad summum)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 18, 7:

Wszedl asz (usque) do pocolena oczczow swogich y asz (usque) na weky ne vzrzy swecze

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 48, 20:

Asz nine (usque nunc) przepowadacz bødø dzywi twoie

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 70, 18:

Ne iest, kto bi vczinil dobrego, ne iest asz do iednego (non est usque ad unum)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 13, 2:

Tey niwe Albertus ne bil nigdiy gospodarz po wcupenu asz do tich mayst (pro myast)

1856-1870 [1398], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki, volume VIII, number 6621:

Tho giste veszele ku dlugosczy gest cy ono bilo velike, przes to iscy szø gest ono od fchodu sluncza asz do szapadu bilo rosczøglo

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 2b:

Od srothnocy asze do balego dna gest cy gim on bil kaszal

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 181b:

Po nyem dzalal Neemyas..., ksyøszø pol stroni vlyce Betsur, a przecyw grobu Dauidowu, az do ribnyka (et usque ad piscinam)..., a ez do domu mocznich

1930 [c. 1455], “Neh”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 3, 16:

Rozdzelyl wszem po wszitkich ot møsza az (usque) do nyewyasti

1930 [c. 1455], “I Par”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 16, 3:

(attested in Lesser Poland) up to, as far as

Deuicha Maria az pelusek dobrih... ne ymala, a togo dla gy ue zle hustky ogar[nęła]

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page cr 31:

(attested in Lesser Poland) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


aż

aż tak, że

Oj, nie narzekaj, nie jest aż tak źle.

that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality

On zarabiał aż 3000 dolarów w zeszłym miesiącu.

He earned as much as 3000 dollars last month.

as many as, as much as; emphasizes the amount

On dał radę pójść aż tam?

(obsolete) voila; soon, shortly; suddenly

Donec, adverbium, Aż záś

Donec ad haec tempora perventum est Aż.

Quoad idem quod donec. Yáko/ poki/ aż.

Hactenus Aż poty/ áż dotąd.

Usque praepositio, Aż.

Aż Donec, Dum, Quo ad

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 92b:

Adhuc ‒ Ieſzcze, Az dotąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 23b:

Donec ‒ Pokąd, azdotąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 340b:

Dum ‒ Pokąd, az

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 344b:

Hactenus ‒ Az potąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 469b:

Quoad ‒ Iako długo, iz, az.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 890b:

Tenus ‒ Az, do

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 1055a:

Usque ‒ Az.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 1144a:

(Middle Polish) until; Further details are uncertain.


так

Inherited from Old East Slavic тако (tako), такъ (takŭ), from Proto-Slavic *tako (adverb), from Proto-Slavic *takъ (adjective). Cognate with Ukrainian так (tak), тако (tako); Belarusian так (tak); Bulgarian така (taka); Serbo-Croatian тако, так; Slovene tako, tàk; Czech and Polish tak; Upper and Lower Sorbian tak; Lithuanian tóks, tokià; and Latin tālis. Akin to Old Church Slavonic pronoun тъ (tŭ).

inh+

Маши́на была́ зелёная. — Так. — И за рулём была́ же́нщина.
Mašína bylá zeljónaja. — Tak. — I za ruljóm bylá žénščina.
The car was green. — Right. — And a woman was driving.

(colloquial) right, okay, yeah (while listening, indicates that one is awaiting the continuation of what is being said)

Так, наприме́р...

Кли́мат там суро́вый, так, моро́зы дохо́дят до 40°. ― Klímat tam suróvyj, tak, morózy doxódjat do 40°. ― The climate there is harsh, for example, temperatures get down to 40°C.

(introductory) so (indicates a following explanation or example; can also replace "for example")

Что с тобо́й? — Так. ― Što s tobój? — Tak. ― What's up with you? — Nothing.

(colloquial) nothing (special); no one (special); nowhere (special); no reason; etc. (used as a dismissive or unwilling response)

Де́лать так де́лать.

If we have to do it, then we should do it.

Мне всё равно́: щи так щи, ка́ша так ка́ша.

I don't mind: if it's shchi, it's gonna be shchi, if it's porridge, let it be porridge.

Mne vsjo ravnó: šči tak šči, káša tak káša.

(in the following construction) Used to express that something is what should be or happen.

Так, так(, так), вы - челове́к сло́ва. ― Tak, tak(, tak), vy - čelovék slóva. ― Well, well(, well), you're a man of your word.

(colloquial, when repeated) well, well(, well)

Так, так, дава́й не бу́дем выходи́ть из себя́.

Now, now / okay, okay, let's not lose our temper.

Tak, tak, daváj ne búdem vyxodítʹ iz sebjá.

(colloquial, when repeated) now, now; okay, okay; alright, alright

От вокза́ла до до́ма киломе́тра так два.

It's about two kilometres from the station to home.

Э́то произошло́ лет так де́сять тому́ наза́д.

Éto proizošló let tak désjatʹ tomú nazád.

(colloquial, with numbers) around, about (used to express approximation)


serio

Borrowed from Italian serio, from Latin sērius.


zan

Nicã ompeua yn neyolmelaualoni, yn amo veyca yn çã tepiton, ...

1565, Alonso de Molina, Confessionario breue, en lengua Mexicana y Castellana:

Ca àmo ōnicàhuac, ca çan ihuiān ōnicnōnōtz, no le reñi, sino que le auisè mansamente.

1645, Horacio Carochi, Arte de la lengua mexicana con la declaracion de los adverbios della:

niman ticalaque metztli de septiembre auh niman oncan omononotzque onpualli ommatlactli caxtilteca yni san yehuantin quichihuasq̄ yn pantzin


wiyaa

From Proto-Pama-Nyungan *wi:ya "another".


分之

/fən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩²/

/fɐn²² t͡siː⁵⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁴⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁴⁴/

/vən²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/fən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/fən⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩²/

/fɐn²² t͡siː⁵⁵/

/fɐn⁵⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si⁴⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁴⁴/

/hun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si⁴⁴/

/vən²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

三分之一

三分之二

四分之一

百分之八十

A way to express fractions and percentages.


ако

Нема да се вратам вечер дома. Ако?

I won't return home this evening. Is that all right?

Ако да ја сменам бравата?

(colloquial) A particle expressing or asking for permission.


то-то

head

то́-то • (tó-to)

то́ -то (canonical)
tó-to (romanization)

То́-то он удиви́тся!

How surprised he will be!, Won't he be surprised?

(colloquial) how (emphatic, limited usage)


かも

Analyzable as a combination of か (ka, interrogative and indeterminate particle) + も (mo, “also, as well, too”, inclusive particle).
Often used as a shortening of longer expression かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”).

ja-r

そうかもね。

かも知れない かも知れない#Japanese

Short for かも知れない (ka mo shirenai, “may, might, perhaps”).


galmba

From Proto-Paman *kalmpa "fast", from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kalmpa.


ganaa

From Proto-Paman *kana(ka) "finished, ready".


то

Ако пристигнеш навреме, то ще можеш веднага да се включиш.

If you arrive on time, then you can immediately join in.

Ako pristigneš navreme, to šte možeš vednaga da se vključiš.

Ако те не отидат, то и ние няма да отидем.

If they do not go, we shan’t go there either.

Ako te ne otidat, to i nie njama da otidem.

used to show the logical result of a particular statement or situation; then, in that case

То беше радост, то бяха викове.

And oh what rejoicing and shouting there was.

То бива, бива, ама вече прекаляваш.

Really, that’s the limit, you've gone too far.

А бе то стана една!

Used for emphasis in various statements expressing amazement, indignation, etc. No precise equivalent in English, is often best translated by rephrasing the surrounding sentence.


たら

Follows a past-tense subordinate clause of condition; if; when.


đâu

Part of the đ-series of demonstratives along with đây, đấy, đó.

Anh mày đâu có làm ba cái chuyện vặt này!

The hell you think I am? I ain't do this kinda crap!

Tôi đâu biết cậu về hôm nay đâu!

Hôm qua mày chôm kẹo của tao phải hôn?
Đâu có!
You stole my candy yesterday didn't ya?
I did no such thing!

Chắc mày làm sai chỗ này.
Đâu, tao làm y chang hướng dẫn mà!
I think you're doing it wrong here.
No way, I'm doing exactly like it shows in the instructions!

Em đâu có biết
Bố mẹ bị SIDA
Ông bà là tướng cướp
Giết người là chuyên gia.
I had no idea
My parents had AIDS
My grandparents were gangsters
Who were homicidal maniacs.

Em đâu có biết
Lúc mặt trời sinh ra
Mặt trời là nước mắt
Suốt một đời mẹ cha.

1998, Thanh Tùng (lyrics and music), “Giọt sương trên mí mắt [A Dewdrop on My Eyelid]”:

I had no idea
When the sun was born
The sun would come to be tears
For my parents' lifetime.

Tao không đến nhà nó đâu! Thằng đó ở dơ lắm!

No way I'll come to his house! That guy has the worst hygiene!

Nó không biết đâu! Đừng hỏi làm gì mất công.

No way he knows! Don't waste your time asking him.

Tôi có / đâu biết cậu về hôm nay đâu!

Không / Hổng dám đâu!

(at the end of a sentence) reinforces negation


no

desc

→ American Sign Language: H^o@Side-PalmForward Flatten

From Middle English no, na, from Old English nā, nō (“no, not, not ever, never”), from Proto-Germanic *nai (“never”), *ne (“not”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne, *nē, *nēy (negative particle), equivalent to Old English ne (“not”) + ā, ever, always. Cognate with Scots na (“no”), Saterland Frisian noa (“no”), West Frisian né (“no”), nea (“never”), Dutch nee (“no”), Low German nee (“no”), German nie (“never”), dialectal German nö (“no”), Danish nej (“no”), Swedish nej (“no”), Icelandic nei (“no”). More at nay.

No, you are mistaken.

No, you may not watch television now.

David, no!

Used to show disagreement, negation, denial, refusal, or prohibition.

"Don’t you like milk?" "No" (i.e., "No, I don’t like milk.")

Used to show agreement with a negative question.

No, totally.

No, yeah, that's exactly right.

"Wow!" "Yeah, no, it was really awful!"

(colloquial) Used together with an affirmative word or phrase to show agreement.


no

asiri

asiri no

pirika

pirika no

nukara

nukara no an

opitta

opitta no okay


no

Gĩkũrũ kĩega no kĩratina.

The only good old thing is a sausage tree fruit (for fermenting muratina).

Mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega.

One who does not travel says only his/her mother's cooking is good.


no

Inherited from Sanskrit नो (no, “and not”).


no

Clipping of ano. Compare Czech no, Silesian no, Slovak no. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “no”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 398

used to state the speaker thinks something is obvious and that one should not ponder further; well, well yeah

used to state that the speaker thinks everything that can be said has been said and would like to finish the topic

(colloquial, hedge) expresses uncertainty; well

(usually as a question) used to encourage the conversation partner to give a response; well?

(often extended) used to express surprise, awe, or caution

(colloquial) Filled pause, usually connecting a previous sentence; well

introduces a question, often lightly emotionally charged

used to draw attention to the current situation


no

Clipping of ino, jeno, jedno. First attested in 1749. Compare Silesian no.

Aleksandra Wieczorek (07.12.2021) “NO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

No, rusz się! Swiatło jest zielone!

[…] wróciwszy z kluczem na posłanie. — Niech mnie licho porwie, jeśli cię puszczę — musisz zostać z nami. — O! figle! no! no! daj no klucza, rzekł śmiejąc się Alexy, daj no, serce, klucza! daj!

1841, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Szkice obyczajowe i historyczne, page 171:

[…] having returned with the key. "Goddamn it, if I let you go, you'll have to stay with us." "Oh! Jokes! Cmon! Cmon! Cmon, give the key!" Alex said laughing. "Cmon, heart, give the key!"

emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now


no

(in a dialog, when responding to the interlocutor) damn right!, you bet! very much so!


no

A nyan switi no todo.

A waran no hel.


no

Northern Ryukyuan: 노 (/no/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)

Kikai: ぬ (nu)

Kunigami: ぬ (nu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: ぬ (nu)

Okinawan: ぬ (nu)

Okinoerabu: ぬ (nu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: ぬ (nu)

Tokunoshima: ぬ (nu)

Yoron: ぬ (nu)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Miyako: ぬ (nu)

Yaeyama: ぬ (nu)

Yonaguni: ぬ (nu)

From Proto-Japonic *nə (“genitive case marker”).


-에서

From Middle Korean 에〮셔〮 (Yale: -éy-syé), equivalent to 에 (-e) + 서 (-seo). Compare 어서 (-eoseo), 면서 (-myeonseo). The second element is from the infinitive of the verb 이시다〮 (Yale: ìsìtá, “to be at”).

어디에서 왔어요?

깊은 신앙심에서 우러나오는 순수함

an innocence springing forth from deep religious faith

gipeun sinangsim-eseo ureonaoneun sunsuham

1에서 10까지

집에서 낮잠 잔다.

국가에서 준 돈

(for an organization) Marks the nominative case.


pū

From Proto-Polynesian *puqu, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puqun (compare with Tagalog puno, Malay pohon and Iban pun all meaning “tree”).

hui pū ʻia – united


hē

From Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *seqe. Cognates include Tuvaluan hē and Samoan sē.


nè

right? isn't it? (used to ask for confirmation that a statement is true)


nè

Nó nè !

Coi nè !

Anh mày nè !

Qua đây ! Có cái này hay lắm nè !

Come quick! There's something real cool I wanna show you!

(Southern Vietnam) particle demanding attention to something; take a look!


náo

Bấu chư náo

Xàng chin náo


lè

Ika le.

Kichi yu le?


nā

From Proto-Polynesian *naqa. Cognates include Tongan naʻa and Samoan ne'i.

Introduces a subordinate clause; lest, in case


nā

Expresses exclusiveness of the following nominal; only, just


nào

Nào anh em ơi !

Nhanh lên coi nào!

Hurry up will ya! / Stop draggin' your feet!

Chúng ta đi nào!


wá

bùn wá à

(Internet slang) Eye dialect spelling of quá, representing Southern Vietnam Vietnamese.


-하고

From Middle Korean ᄒᆞ고〮 (Yale: -hòkwó), equivalent to 하 (ha, “to say; to do”) + 고 (-go, connective suffix).

af

이거하고 저거만 샀어.

남자친구하고 가면 재밌어.


ré

Nang ngá bá ri se ré?

Do you know your father? (Quoting Luk, p.93)


mā

Mā Mū tēnei pukapuka.

Mā tōku matua koe e whakahoki.

by, made by, acted on (combined with e to indicate future tense for who will perform an action)

Hei irāmutu a Aroha mā Hēni.

Ka haere rātou mā Taupō.

(used with hei to show a relationship)
by way of; via; through

Haere ai tō mātau pāpā ki tana mahi mā runga hōiho.

Our father went to his work by horseback.


mā

Inherited from Sanskrit मा (mā, “do not”).


mā

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Sanskrit मा (mā), Avestan 𐬨𐬁 (mā), Ancient Greek μή (mḗ), Albanian mo, Old Armenian մի (mi), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /mā/), Persian مـ (ma-).


нету

head

не́ту • (nétu)

Inherited from Old East Slavic нѣту (nětu) and нѣтъ (nětŭ). From older *не ѥ ту (it is not here), where ту (тут, also colloquial не́туть (nétutĭ)), was originally an ethical dative (-ть (-tĭ), dative -ти (-ti)).

inh+

Измене́ний не́ту

У меня́ карандаше́й не́ту.

I have no pencils. (literally, “There are no pencils with me.”)

Забота у нас простая,
Забота наша такая:
Жила бы страна родная,
И нету других забот!

1958, “Песня о тревожной молодости (Song of the Restless Youth)”, Lev Oshanin (lyrics), Aleksandra Pakhmutova (music):

Our concern is simple;
our concern is this:
That our dear country would live,
and there are no other concerns!

Zabota u nas prostaja,
Zabota naša takaja:
Žila by strana rodnaja,
I netu drugix zabot!

Ничего́ на све́те лу́чше не́ту,
Чем броди́ть друзья́м по бе́лу све́ту.
Тем, кто дру́жен, не страшны́ трево́ги,
Нам любы́е до́роги доро́ги,
Нам любы́е до́роги доро́ги.

1969, Yuri Entin (lyrics and music), “The Song of The Bremen Town Musicians”:

In this world there nothing can be better,
Than traveling around with friends together.
Those who've got friends aren't afraid of hassle,
Every road is dear!
Every road is dear!

Ničevó na svéte lúčše nétu,
Čem brodítʹ druzʹjám po bélu svétu.
Tem, kto drúžen, ne strašný trevógi,
Nam ljubýje dórogi dorógi,
Nam ljubýje dórogi dorógi.

(colloquial) there is no, there are no [with genitive]


lá

Ashxoshgo tłʼízí shichʼahkʼįįʼí yę́ę sitsʼą́ą́ʼ yiyííłchozh lá.

While I was sleeping the goat ate my straw hat.

it occurred to me (emphasizes a statement, or turns it into an exclamation, usually indicating recently discovered knowledge)


вот-вот

head

вот-во́т • (vot-vót)

вот-во́т (canonical)
vot-vót (romanization)

Вот-вот, вы угада́ли.


neka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nekъ. Compare Polish niech and Slovak nech.


-ка

Solombala English: -ка (-ka)

→ Ingrian: -k

Иди́те-ка сюда́

Послу́шай-ка, па́рень

now, just (usually appended to an imperative verb to express a pressing request)


-이며

총 쏘기는 말할 것도 없고 행보하는 법이며 체조며 온갖 조련을 다하였다.

1929, Kim Gu, 백범일지 [Baekbeom Ilji], volume I, published 1947:

They engaged in all sorts of military training—the proper gait and exercises and [whatnot]—not even to mention how to shoot.

Chong ssogi-neun malhal geotdo eopgo haengbohaneun beob-imyeo chejo-myeo on'gat joryeon-eul dahayeotda.


минь

mn-particle

минь • (minʹ)

Compare also Buryat -мни (-mni, after a vowel), -м (-m, after a vowel), -ни (-ni, after a consonant); Kalmyk -м (-m).

ээж минь

эх оронд минь

The first-person singular possessive particle, placed after a noun or its suffixes of number and case.


لا

لِـ

antonym(s) of “expresses prohibition with a jussive verb”

desc

Gulf Arabic: لَأْ (laʔ, “no”), لا (la, “don't (used before imperatives)”)

South Levantine Arabic: لأ (laʔ), لا (la, “don't (with imperative or subjunctive)”)

Maltese: la, le

→ Swahili: la

From Proto-Semitic *lā. Compare Hebrew לֹא (lo), which, in older texts, is used in the negative imperative and the negative existential indicative.

ar:لا النافية للجنس

not; negates an indicative present-tense verb

لَا نَنْسَ…

لَا يَفُتْكُمْ

يَا أَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِنْ قَوْمٍ عَسَى أَنْ يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِنْ نِسَاءٍ عَسَى أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِنْهُنَّ وَلَا تَلْمِزُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ وَلَا تَنَابَزُوا بِٱلْأَلْقَابِ

O you who have believed, let not a people ridicule people; perhaps they may be better than them; nor let women ridicule women; perhaps they may be better than them. And do not insult one another and do not call each other by names.

yā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū lā yasḵar qawmun min qawmin ʕasā ʔan yakūnū ḵayran minhum wa-lā nisāʔun min nisāʔin ʕasā ʔan yakunna ḵayran minhunna wa-lā talmizū ʔanfusakum wa-lā tanābazū bi-l-ʔalqābi

Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
يَا حَارِ لَا أُرْمَيَنْ مِنْكُمْ بِدَاهِيَةٍ / لَمْ يَلْقَهَا سُوقَةٌ قَبْلِي وَلَا مَلِكُ
yā ḥāri lā ʔurmayan minkum bidāhiyatin / lam yalqahā sūqatun qablī walā maliku

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Al-Farazdaq
إِذَا مَا خَرَجْنَا مِنْ دِمَشْقَ فَلَا نَعُدْ / لَهَا أَبَدًا مَا دَامَ فِيهَا الْجُرَاضِمُ
ʔiḏā mā ḵarajnā min dimašqa falā naʕud / lahā ʔabadan mā dāma fīhā l-jurāḍimu

do not; expresses prohibition with a jussive verb

لَا طَالِبَ حَاضِرٌ.

there is not, there is no, there is nothing, nothing is

not; negates any non-verbal sentence element

لَا عَدِمْنَاك.

A negation particle used to convey a prayer or wish.


لا

ar:لا النافية للجنس

(Classical Arabic, before a hamza) Alternative spelling of لَ (la, “truly, indeed”)


لا

لا تنسى تعمل واجباتك!

لا يكون صابه إشي.


эй

вараш кодаш огыл манын, эй куржам, эй куржам

I don't want to be late, I'm off and running

varaš kodaš ogyl manyn, ej kuržam, ej kuržam


maila

Compound of mai (“hither”) + lā (“there, then”).


poikki

Estonian: põik-, ⇒ põiki

Finnish: poikki-, ⇒ poikki, poikin

Ingrian: poikki, ⇒ poikkeen

Karelian: poikki

Ludian: poikki

⇒ Veps: poikheze

Votic: põittši

⇒ Finnish: pois, poissa

⇒ Ingrian: pois

⇒ Karelian: pois

⇒ Votic: poiz, (Eastern Votic) poizag


seòrsa

seòrsa (mutation mutation-radical)
sheòrsa (lenition mutation)
after "an" (lenition mutation)
t-seòrsa (lenition mutation)

From English sort. Compare Irish sórt (“kind, variety”).

bha mi... seòrsa... chan eil fhios 'am


cho

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cho.wav

From Proto-Vietic *cəː; cognate with Arem cʌː.
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: ở (“to stay; at, in”), đến (“to come; to”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), vào (“to enter; in, into”), theo (“to follow; according to”), về (“to return; about”).

Để tôi làm cho!


ahmo

tu no piensas. ahmo ticmattica.

1611, Pedro de Arenas, Vocabulario manual de las lenguas Castellana y Mexicana, published 1793:


צי

Borrowed from a Slavic language. Cognate to Belarusian ці (ci, “if, or”), Polish czy (“if, or”), Ukrainian чи (čy, “if, or”).


たる

used after a noun, usually occupation, rank, position etc., indicating emphasis or responsibility.

教育者たる私は学生たちを正しい道に導くのだ。

Kyōikusha taru watashi wa gakusei tachi o tadashii michi ni michibiku no da.

As an educator, I will lead students to the right track.


ザ

(colloquial) Used to add emphasis to a noun and imply that it is a classic example of something.


δή

From Proto-Hellenic *dḗ, from Proto-Indo-European *de (“instrumental particle”). See also δέ (dé).

der

Adds emphasis: truly, !, indeed, in truth


-han

head

-han (front vowel harmony variant -hän, linguistic notation -hAn)

From hän, dialectally (mainly in eastern and northern Finnish dialects) used as an emphatic.

-pa

when surprised at something, softer than -han

Onhan siitä jo kauan aikaa.

It's been a long time since that, after all.

(emphasis)
after all, in any case, although

No senhän me jo kaikki tiesimme.

Expresses a fact that the speaker either considers obvious, or at the very least known to both the speaker and the addressed, and worth reminding someone of.

Mutta eihän sellaista voi tapahtua, eihän?

Pystyyhän kortilla maksamaan?

A particle to express that the speaker has some view on something that they are willing to either confirm or question; attached to verbs, including the negative verb, and the word modified is sometimes repeated at the end of the sentence.

Tässä talossahan määrään minä!

Hey, I'm the one who keeps order in this house!

A particle to express that the speaker is determined about or resistant towards something.

Enhän tehnyt!

Expresses disagreement, particularly in brief exclamations.

Emmeköhän me jotenkuten tule toimeen.

With a negation verb form and the enclitic particle -ko / -kö to express "I suppose".

Olenpahan jotain sentään oppinut.

At the very least I have learned something.

With -pa (-pahan), expresses a particularly strong convinction that one's statement can be corroborated.

Laitoithan tiskikoneen käyntiin?

Näytithän sinä valokuvat äidillesi?

You (made sure you) showed the photos to your mother, didn't you?

A particle appended to an indicative (or more rarely conditional or potential) verb form in order to express the speaker's wish about something

Katathan pöydän?

As particle used to politely ask someone to do something — i.e., to avoid the imperative.

Mehän voisimme aloittaa sitä.

Expresses that the speaker is suggesting an idea that they just came up with; in this case, the clitic always attaches to the subject that must be the first word in the clause, and is often used with verbs in conditional mood.

Tunnethan sinä hänet?

Softens a question for which the speaker expects the answer to be affirmative. Note: replaces -ko; compare definition below.

Kukahan keksirasialla on käynyt?

Guess who rummaged the box of cookies again?

Used in a question where the speaker expects themselves or the addressed to know the answer to. Note: replaces -ko; compare definition below.

Pukeutuikohan hän tarpeeksi lämpimästi tänä aamuna?

I wonder if he put enough clothes on this morning.

Mitä(kö)hän on oikein tapahtunut?

What on earth has actually happened, I wonder?

Expresses wondering in questions, usually with -ko / -kö, or used to simply make questions more polite.

Tulkaahan sisään!

Otahan lisää kakkua!

Softens an imperative verb, causing it to behave more like a suggestion, such as a friendly suggestion or one where the speaker expects the person addressed to do so anyway.

Ollaanhan ystäviä!

A particle appended to a passive or first-person plural imperative verb to express an informal proposal or suggestion.

No tuohan meni hienosti!

A particle to express that the speaker had some (more or less) certain view on something but is surprised after having got to know the truth about it.

Olet kyllä turhaan masentunut opettajasi arvostelusta, sillä tuo maalaushan on aika hieno.

You're sad about the teacher's criticism for no reason, since that painting is [emphasis] quite good.

A particle to express that the speaker had some (more or less) certain view on something but is surprised at the controversial view expressed by some other person.


-pa

-pa (front vowel harmony variant -pä, linguistic notation -pA)

From Proto-Finnic *-pa (clitic) (see it for more).

Tuollapa on paljon kukkia!

Oletpa sinä kaunis!

Expresses that the speaker is surprised at or astonished by something.

Korjaapa lautaset pois pöydästä.

Teepä nämä tehtävät.

Tehdäänpä ne sitten.

Kokeilkaapa tätä mallia.

(informal usage)
Sitä sanotaan että matematiikka on helppoa, vaan yrittäkääpä ymmärtää sitä itse!
They say that maths is easy, yet you try understand it yourself!

please, kindly (appended to an imperative verb form in order to soften the command or request or turn it into a suggestion, or passive to form an urging hortative)

Eipä siinä paljoa ollut tehtävissä.

Well, it's not like there was much that could have been done.

Tuotapa en ollut tullut ajatelleeksi.

Expresses admission or concession, possibly in a way that expresses defeat.

Mutta kuvittelepa maailma, jossa ei olisi ilmastonmuutosta.

But imagine, if you like, a world where climate change did not exist.

if you like (used in giving a non-concrete instruction)

Meidänpä koira osaa laulaa!

Expresses that the speaker is proud of something, also to boast or brag about something.

Taidanpa lähteä kotiin.

Taisitpa sitten lähteä kotiin.

(informal) Used to narrate impulsive actions; when describing the speaker's own actions, expresses that the speaker decided to do the action at the referred time; when describing the (past) actions of the person being addressed, implies that the speaker is looking for an explanation.

Laitapas lautaset pöytään.

Siistipäs huoneesi.

When appended to a second-person imperative with the particle -s, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone.

-han

when surprised at something, stronger than -pa

Olisinpa tarttunut tilaisuuteen.

Oispa kaljaa.

(with conditional) I wish (expresses the speaker's desire for something that is not true)

Olinpa ajattelematon.

Sanonpahan vaan!

Adds a general emphatic tone, the exact meaning of which depends on the tone of voice.

Teinpä(s)!

Yes I did! (as a response to someone saying the speaker did not do their homework, for example)

(possibly childish) Expresses disagreement or objection (by arguing) in the form of an exclamation.

Se sinun pitää tehdä, pidätpä siitä tai et.

You have to do it, whether you like it or not.

whether (no matter whether or not), no matter (if, what)

Kukapa minun kanssa haluaisi muutenkaan olla.

I mean, who would want to be with me anyway.

With interrogatives and conditional verbs, used to form self-deprecating, often rhetorical questions.


-pa

From Proto-Finnic *-pa. Cognates include Finnish -pa.

Miä häntä näin, no, olipa hää ruma!

Viistinaas ono uus ižoralain škoulu. Miä itse häntä en nähtpä, mut Annu näki ja miulle saoi.

There is a new Izhorian school in Vistino. Well, I didn't see it myself, but Anna saw it and told me.

Vaik täs maailmaas, vaikkapa tunnin, vaik yhen tunnin olis elänt, kuin pittää,

1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 108:

If only in this world, if only for an hour, if only for one hour she'd live, as needed,


-pa

Finnish: -pa

Ingrian: -pa

Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö), Udmurt [script needed] (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.


де

- Си купив нови очила.- Знам де, ми се пофали веќе.
- Si kupiv novi očila.- Znam de, mi se pofali veḱe.
- I have bought new glasses.- I know, you already boasted to me about it earlier.

- Кога ќе ги сретнеме пак, ќе им се пожалиме.- Да де.
- Koga ḱe gi sretneme pak, ḱe im se požalime.- Da de.
- When we meet them again, we'll complain to them.- Yes, I know.

Само се сопнав де - не е дека скршив нешто.

I just tripped - it's not as if I fractured something.

Samo se sopnav de - ne e deka skršiv nešto.

A particle expressing nonchalance, used to emphasize that something is irrelevant, already known, or expected.


де

From Old East Slavic дѣеть (děetĭ, “to say”).

Она́-де не зна́ла.

Я-де сам винова́т

И да не смущаетъ себя́ дворяни́нъ-помѣщикъ мыслiю, что е́сли онъ оди́нъ себѣ скажетъ все э́ти здравыя мы́сли – толку не будетъ, а что-де надо надо многимъ собра́ться и э́ти мы́сли вы́сказать общимъ собранiемъ.

1876, князь Владимир Петрович Мещерский, “Русскому дворянству”, in Речи консерватора:

The noble landlord shouldn't confuse himself by the thought that would he tell all those sensible thoughts by himself it won't make any sense but many should gather and tell all those thoughts by full gathering.

I da ne smuščajet sebjá dvorjanín-poměščik mysliju, što jésli on odín sebě skažet vse éti zdravyja mýsli – tolku ne budet, a što-de nado nado mnogim sobrátʹsja i éti mýsli výskazatʹ obščim sobranijem.

(colloquial) says (used informally to mark reported speech)


биш

From Written Oirat ᡋᡅᠱᡅ (biši). Cognate with Mongolian биш (biš).

Нәрн шинҗ һарһҗах күн хара күн биш.

1980, Эрнҗәнә Константин, Цецн булг, Элст: Хальмг дегтр һарһач, page 6:

The man who solves the riddle of the twelve horn rings is not a usual man.


ju

1903, Ben Elmy, “La Lingvo de la floroj”, in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138:

The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.

the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.


bho

vocative singular/plural of bhavant (“sir”)


אן

תׄם קאל אללה למוסי אדכׄל אלי פרעון פאני קד קוית קלבה וקלב קואדה לכי אחל אפאתי הדׄה בהם׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 10:1:

Then God said to Moses: Come to Pharaoh for [indeed] I have just strengthened his heart and the heart of his commanders so that I might set upon them these my plagues.

ṯumma qāla llāhu limūsā dḵul ʾilā firʿawna faʾinnī qad qawwaytu qalbahu waqalba quwwādihi likay ʾuḥilla ʾāfātī hāḏihi bahum.

إِنَّ إن#Arabic


μήν

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)me(h₂) (“really, true”). Cognate with Old Irish má (“if”), Sanskrit स्म (sma, “verily, assertive particle”).

cog

used to strengthen statements: verily, surely, truly, definitely

(after other particles)
(ἦ μήν) absolutely

(καὶ μήν) used to introduce something new or convey affirmation

(after other particles)
(αλλὰ μήν) yet truly, on the other hand

(after other particles)
(οὐ μήν) certainly not

(after other particles)
(μήτε μήν) not even

(after interrogatives, τί μήν) of course, naturally

(after a negative) applies an adversative force


כל

kol (romanization)
כָּל
כֻּלִּי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
כֻּלַּנָא (feminine first-person masculine plural)
כֻּלַּן (feminine first-person masculine plural)
כֻּלָּן (feminine first-person masculine plural)
כֻּלָּךְ (masculine second-person singular)
כֻּלָּךְ (feminine second-person singular)
כֻּלְּכוֹן (masculine plural second-person)
כֻּלְּכֵין (feminine plural second-person)
כֻּלֵּהּ (masculine singular third-person)
כֻּלַּהּ (feminine singular third-person)
כֻּלָּהּ (feminine singular third-person)
כֻּלְּהוֹן (masculine plural third-person)
כֻּלְּהֵין (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

With object pronouns

כֻּלִּי (kullī)

כֻּלָּךְ (kullāḵ)

כֻּלָּךְ (kullāḵ)

כֻּלֵּהּ (kullēh)

כֻּלַּהּ (kullah), כֻּלָּהּ (kullāh)

כֻּלַּנָא (kullánā), כֻּלַּן (kullan), כֻּלָּן (kullān)

כֻּלְּכוֹן (kulləḵōn)

כֻּלְּכֵין (kulləḵēn)

כֻּלְּהוֹן (kulləhōn)

כֻּלְּהֵין (kulləhēn)


хоть

head

хоть • (xotʹ)

→ Ingrian: hot

Per Vasmer, shortened from хотя́ (xotjá), probably from Old East Slavic хотѧ (present active participle of хотѣти (xotěti)). Compare Polish choć and its derivation from Old Polish chocia.

der

present active participle of <i class="Cyrs mention" lang="orv">хотѣти</i> (xotěti)

for example, even, you may, might as well


est-ce que

Haitian Creole: èske

Louisiana Creole: èske

Seychellois Creole: eski

From the subject-verb inversion of c’est que (“it is that”).

Est-ce que tu veux une chambre ?

Est-ce qu’elle est arrivée ?

Quand est-ce que les élèves retournent à l’école ?

Combien de musées est-ce qu’il y a en France ?

Used after a preposed interrogative to introduce the remainder of the question.


mao

From ma- + oo (“yes”), literally “can be said as true; affirmative”. Compare Tausug amu.

prefix

Coordinate term: dili

Siya maoy niadto, dili ako.

Ang iyang gisulti maoy nakapalagot nako.

strongly affirms a statement said of the subject; is the one; is what

pag-adto niya mao sa'y pag-adto nako

(+ verb with pag- or i-) is the time when (what is mentioned) happens

mao pa'y pag-adto niya

(+ pa) has just; happening very recently


liao

Borrowed from Hokkien 了 (liáu) or Teochew 了 (liao²). Tone and spelling influenced by Mandarin liǎo.

I run 4 laps liao. ― I just ran 4 laps.

It’s going to rain liao. ― It’s going to start raining soon.

Reach liao, give me a call. ― Give me a call when you’ve reached.

You decorate the cake liao? ― Have you decorated the cake yet?

Damn shack liao, need to go back and sleep. ― I’m really tired now, I need to go back and sleep.

perfective aspect
perfective aspect#English

(Singlish, Manglish) Indicates perfective aspect (action completion) or change of state.


だって

Sound change of だとて, compound of だ (da, “to be”, auxiliary verb) + とて (tote, “even, also”, binding particle).

ja-com

ここからだって見える。

あなただってわかるでしょ。

Indicating a certain object is included not as an exception, but in the general case; even, also

水銀だって鉛だって公害のもとだ。

Suigin datte namari datte kōgai no moto da.

Things like mercury or lead are a source of pollution.

Indicating the things listed are in the same category; for example, things like

誰だって知っている。

Everyone knows (no matter who he/she is).

(following an interrogative word or words indicating doubt, quantity or degree) Expressing the idea that there are no exceptions; no matter

binding particle; following an interrogative word or words indicating doubt; quantity or degree; following an interrogative word or words indicating doubt; quantity or degree

欲しいくせに、いらないだってさ。

Even though you want it, you'd say you don't need it!

なぜ休んだかだって。病気だよ。

[You wonder] why I took a day off? I was sick!

(sentence ending particle, attached to a quote) Used to emphasize a sense of disapproval or surprise.

sentence ending particle; attached to a quote; sentence ending particle; attached to a quote


kua

From Proto-Polynesian *kua. Cognates include Maori kua and Samoan ʻua.


ked

xoo-ked : in a canoe

in (something hollow); locative marker used to indicate position inside something hollow such as a canoe


puas

Koj puas xav noj?

interrogative particle, inserted in front of a verb to turn a declarative sentence into a question


вэ

interrogative particle placed at the end of an interrogative sentence that contains interrogative words (wh-words).


бэ

phonologically conditioned form of вэ (ve)


pono

From Proto-Polynesian *pono, from Proto-Oceanic *bonor, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bənər (compare with Malay benar). Probably an innovation of Eastern Polynesian, with the similarity being accidental on account of final *-r.

Mai pono helu ʻoe, e helu pono!

(preceding a word or term) careless, any old way


pono

(archaic) apparently, reputedly, supposedly


аш

aš (romanization)
ашень (first-person singular)
изень (first-person singular)
ашеме (plural)
иземе (plural)
ашеть (second-person singular)
изеть (second-person singular)
ашеде (plural)
изеде (plural)
ашезь (singular third-person)
изь (singular third-person)
ашесть (plural)
исть (plural)
ашелень (first-person singular)
ашелеме (plural)
ашелеть (second-person singular)
ашель (singular third-person)
ашельхть (plural)
ашемайть (second-person singular)
ашемасть (plural)
ашемань (singular third-person)
ашемазь (plural)
ашихтень (first-person singular)
ашедязь (plural)
ашензе (singular third-person)
ашине (first-person singular)
ашеськ (plural)
ашить (second-person singular)
ашесть (plural)
ашезе (singular third-person)
ашезень (singular third-person)
ашезь (plural)

O. Je. Poljakov (1993) Russko-mokšanskij razgovornik [Russian-Moksha phrasebook], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN
нет — аш, аф
ńet — aš , af
no [in Russian] — no
мес аш?
mes aš ?
why not?

O. Je. Poljakov (1993) Russko-mokšanskij razgovornik [Russian-Moksha phrasebook], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN
мезевок аш
meźevok aš
(there) isn't anything
ашель
ašeľ
(there) wasn't
монь аш пингозе
moń aš pingoźe
I don't have time

Альманах мокшанской художественной литературы, 1952
Комнатать кучкаса, стулть лангса озада ащезь, мон ванондонь перьфпяльге страннай чувстваса: мезе-бди тяса тейне ульсь содаф. Улень мон, штоли, тяса мзярда-бди? Аш, ашелень. И сембе сяка мон содаса тя комнатать, мон сонь няине онцтон, кодама-бди страшнай, ёжефтома онцтон.
Komnatať kučkasa, stulť langsa ozada aščeź, mon vanondoń peŕfpäľge strannaj čuvstvasa: meźe-bďi ťasa ťejńe uľś sodaf. Uľeń mon, štoľi, ťasa mźarda-bďi? Aš, ašeľeń . I śembe śaka mon sodasa ťa komnatať, mon soń ńajińe oncton, kodama-bďi strašnaj, jožeftoma oncton.
In the middle of the room, sitting on a chair, I looked all around in a weird feeling: as if this place was familiar to me. Had I been here before? No, I hadn't. And yet I know (~ recognize) this room, I had seen it in a dream, a terrible, crazy dream.

there isn't, there aren't (indicating absence)


ô

#*: O all you hoſt of heauen, ô earth, what els, / And ſhall I coupple hell, ô fie, hold, hold my hart

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


ô

Ô mon Dieu!

Ô Canada

Ô Pauline, pendus à tes bottines, les garçons passaient tous à côté de moi.

Oh Pauline, the boys were all hung up on your ankle boots, and they took no notice of me.


mou

Kopitiam mou? ― Do you want to go to the coffee shop?

Day trip mou? ― Do you want to go on a day trip?

Hiking tomorrow. Onz mou? ― I/We are going on a hike tomorrow. Are you coming?

(Malaysia, Singapore, colloquial, mainly Cantonese speakers) Sentence-final particle, forms a tag question.


koło

Inherited from Old Polish koło. Doublet of kolo. Related to English cycle and wheel.


مو

From underlying Arabic مَا هُوَ (mā huwa). Compare North Levantine Arabic مو (mū) and Iraqi Arabic مو (mū).

مو غَرِيب عَلَيَّ.


مو

From underlying Arabic مَا هُوَ (mā huwa).

مو مشكلة


مو

From Turkic interrogative particle, compare Turkish mu.

چانوا بالسوق مو ؟


مو

Contraction of ما هو (ma hū, “it is not”), going back to Arabic مَا هُوَ (mā huwa, “it is not”) with the pronoun's final vowel clipped.

contraction

مو مشكلة


ما

Cognate with Hebrew מָה (ma) and Ugaritic 𐎎𐎅 (mh).

See also: لَا, لَمْ, لَنْ, and لَيْسَ

وَطَرٌ مَا فِيهِ مِنْ عَيْبٍ سِوَى – أَنَّهُ مَرَّ كَلَمْحِ ٱلْبَصَرِ

The wish that is without a mistake except that it passed like a glance of the eye.

waṭarun mā fīhi min ʕaybin siwā – ʔannahu marra kalamḥi l-baṣari

مَا كَتَبَ.

مَا هُوَ بِمَيِّتٍ.

مَا شَيْءٌ أَحَبَّ إِلِيَّ مِنْهُ.

There is no thing that is more lovely, to me, than that!

هُمَا مَحَلَّانِ مَا لِلنَّاسِ غَيْرُهُمَـا فَانـْظُرْ لِنَفْسِك مَاذَا أَنْتَ مُخْتَارُ

They are two places, people have none other than them * So look for yourself, which one will you choose?

مَا أَحَدٌ مِثْلُهُ.

مَا مِنْ إِنْسَانٍ فِي الْبَيْتِ.

مَا أَرَى شَيْئًا.

مَا يَفْعَلُ ذٰلِكَ إِلَّا شُجَاعٌ.


ما

بعد ما السباق ابتدى / بعد السباق ما ابتدى

baʕdi ma s-sibāʔ ibtadā / baʕdi s-sibāʔ ma ibtadā

لحد ما


ما

ما (canonical)
م (canonical)
ma- (romanization)

ماتقعد

ماه هو قال كده

ماتقعدش

مفيش

used with suffix ـش (-š) to express negation


ما

ما بدّه ييجي عالحفلة.

Audio (Ramallah): (file)

ما قلتلّوش؟

don't, didn't (used to negate a verbal phrase)


ما

بعد ما راح

used to link a preposition to a verbal phrase

إيمتى ما بدك

شو ما قال

used to turn a question word into a relative determiner; -ever

ما أحلاها!

used before an elative adjective to indicate surprise or other strong feelings in an exclamation

ليش ما راح؟ ما (هو) راح! ― lēš mā rāḥ? ma (huwwe) rāḥ! ― Why didn't he go? He did go!

Invariable form: ماهو (mahū)

used before a verbal phrase to contradict a statement or subvert an expectation; does, did


اوت

Turkish: evet

From Old Anatolian Turkish اوت (evet), cognate with Karakhanid [script needed] (yemet, “yes”).


tj

Loprieno considers tj a development of (j)sṯ, stj (“while”), from Old Egyptian sk. Allen instead sees it as related to tjw (“yes”).

converts a sentence with adverbial or verbal predicate into a dependent adverbial (circumstantial) clause; yea, while, when, although


siz

Cognate with Finnish siis and Estonian siis.

so (used to connect previous conversation or events to the following question)


مه

From Middle Persian 𐫖𐫀 (mʾ /ma/), from Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /mā/), from Proto-Iranian *máH, Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁.

prohibitive particle
میازار موری که دانهکش است که جان دارد و جان شیرین خوش است
mayâzâr muri ke dâne-keš ast ke jân dârad o jâne širin xoš ast
Do not harass the ant that carries the seed, for it has life, and sweet life is happiness


را

From Middle Persian lʾd (rāy), from Old Persian 𐎼𐎠𐎭 (ra-a-da, rād, “cause, reason, because of, due to”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to fit together”).

inh

دیروز او را دیدم.

باید تو را پیدا کنم.

کتاب را خریدم.

مردی را کشته بود.

گربه رو نوازش کردم. (colloquial Iranian)

پدر و مادرش را بخواند و بنعمت بیکران خشنود گردانیدند و قاضی فتوی داد که خون یکی از رعیت ریختن سلامتِ نفس پادشاه را روا باشد.

1258, Shaykh Muṣliḥ-ud-Dīn Saʿdī of Shiraz, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston, The Gulistan (Rose Garden) of Sa’di: Bilingual English and Persian Edition with Vocabulary, Bethesda, MD: Ibex Publishers, published 2008, →ISBN, page 33:

The boy’s mother and father were summoned [lit. “He summoned his mother and father”] and appeased with immeasurable wealth, and the judge issued an opinion that it was licit to shed the blood of a subject for the sake of the king’s health.

pidar u mādar-aš rā bixwānd u ba ni'mat-i bē-kirān xušnūd gardānīdand u qāzī fatwā dād ki xūn-i yakē az ra'īyyat rēxtan salāmat-i nafs-i pādšāh rā rawā bāšad.

صوفی بیا که آینه صافیست جام را
تا بنگری صفای می لعلفام را

c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 7”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Hafez]:

Mystic, come, for the cup has a bright mirror,
So that you might see the brightness of ruby-hued wine.

sūfī biyā ki āyina-yi sāfi-st jām rā
tā bingarī safā-yi may-i la'l-fām rā

Used to mark certain noun phrases as the direct object. Since it is obligatory for all definite direct objects, it is often called the “definite object marker”, although it can be used for certain indefinite objects as well. See Usage notes.

خدا را شکر.

Thank God. (literally, “Thanks [be] to God.”)

او را گفتم. (normal in Dari, poetic in Iran)

(Dari, Tajik, dated in Iran) to; indicates that the preceding noun phrase is an indirect object.

خدارا!

قضا را

فردا رو (colloquial)

Follows certain nouns being used adverbially, or as an exclamation.

ما را این نیست. (archaic)

هیچ خلق را جان نگرفتمی.

c. 970, Abū Alī Bal'amī, Persian translation of the Tafsīr of Ṭabarī:

I would not have taken the life of anybody.

شنیدم که رستم ز آغاز کار
چنان یافت نیرو ز پروردگار
که گر سنگ را او به سر شدی
همی هر دو پایش بدو در شدی

I have heard that at the beginning, Rustam
Was given such strength from God
That if he were upon the top of a rock
Both his two feet would keep sinking into it.

šunîdam ki rustam dar âğâz-i kâr
čunân yâft nêrô zi parwardigâr
ki gar sang râ ô ba sar šûdê
hamê har du pây-aš bad-ô dar šûdê

عشق را نباید بود.

One must not belong to love/one must not give oneself up to love.

Sufi, come, for the cup has a bright mirror,
So that you might see the brightness of ruby-hued wine.

sûfî biyâ ki âyina-yi sâfi-st jâm râ
tâ bingarî safâ-yi may-i la'l-fâm râ

بودن بودن#Persian

(archaic, Classical Persian) Used as a genitive particle to mark the possessor; in particular, used with the verb بودن (budan, “to be”).

ترا کار کنم.

The boy’s mother and father were summoned and appeased with immeasurable wealth, and the judge issued an opinion that it was licit to shed the blood of a subject for the sake of the king’s health.

pidar u mādar-aš rā bixwānd u ba ni'mat-i bē-kirān xušnūd girdānīdand u qāzī fatwā dād ki xūn-i yakē az ra'īyyat rēxtan salāmat-i nafs-i pādšāh rā rawā bāšad.

(archaic) for the sake of, for; (more loosely) because of

مردمآزاری را حکایت کنند که سنگی بر سر صالحی زد.

1258, Shaykh Muṣliḥ-ud-Dīn Saʿdī of Shiraz, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston, The Gulistan (Rose Garden) of Sa’di: Bilingual English and Persian Edition with Vocabulary, Bethesda, MD: Ibex Publishers, published 2008, →ISBN, page 32:

They tell the tale of an oppressor who threw a stone at a pious man.

mardum-āzārī rā hikāyat kunand ki sangē bar sar-i sālihē zad.

(archaic) concerning, about, of; used for the object of a report or story.

شیرین و فک میکنم برنده شه. (colloquial Tehrani)

شیشه رو ترک خوردش. (colloquial Tehrani)

(colloquial) Used as a topic marker for a sentence-initial noun phrase, with certain syntactic restrictions.


teru

From Japanese てる (-teru) or ている (-teiru).


なんか

何か: (adverbial particle, dismissive, derogatory) emphasizes disgust, contempt, or otherwise negative feelings of the speaker: whatever

なんか変な感じがする。

Something feels off (and I can't explain it).


cani

From cía (“although, even if”) + ní (“not”).

Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

particle introducing a question that expects the answer “yes”


らしい

彼はどうも来ないらしい。

(used after the predicate) it seems that; I guess that


에

For the locative particle, see the entry at 에 (-e).


-에게

엄마에게 전화를 했습니다.


μή

From Proto-Hellenic *mḗ, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Old Armenian մի (mi), Sanskrit मा (mā), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /mā/), and Albanian mos.

not (used in clauses expressing will or thought)

(with an imperative or subjunctive in negative commands)

(with an optative or past indicative, expressing a negative wish)

(in a question expecting a negative answer)

(with participle representing conditional clause)

Σωκράτης […] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦτο οὐ καλῶς ὡμολογήσαμεν.
Sōkrátēs […] allà mḕ toûto ou kalôs hōmologḗsamen.

Socrates: But [let's hope] that we didn't agree on this incorrectly.
or [I'm worried] that we agreed […] .

(in independent clauses) that ... not; that

(introducing indirect statement after verb of fearing or apprehension) that


इव

Devanagari script form of iva (“like, as”)


-kä

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ながら

Daijirin
Kōjien
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

From Old Japanese, cited in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology of 759. In turn, analyzable as a compound of な (na, ancient genitive / possessive particle, apophonic form of particle の (no)) + 柄 (kara, “character, quality”).

compound

お茶を飲みながら話しましょう。

歩きながら話しましょうか。


می

mi (romanization)
mı (romanization)
mu (romanization)
mü (romanization)

Turkish: mi, mı, mu, mü

→ Armenian: մը (mə)


ជា

marks an adverbial phrase, in a ... manner


galle

(Erzgebirgisch) right?; is it?; is it not?


のみ

⟨no₂mi₂⟩ → */nəmɨ/ → /nomi/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Possibly a compound of の (no, “case particle”) + 身 (mi, “body”).


nɔ

Nyɛ́ nɔ̀ jì hàn/ Yẹ́n nɔ̀ jì hàn

A present progressive or habitual tense marker, only used before verbs.


mah

— How come now we cannot straightaway go?
— We must plan first mah.

Singlish is acceptable in Singapore mah

1998 April 24, viken, “tcs shows”, in sg.rec.tv (Usenet):

Asserts that there is a straightforward or self-evident reason to something.


mah

Inherited from Old Sundanese ma (“marker of emphasis”)

Abdi mah asalna ti Ciamis.

I [the topic, which we are talking about] am from Ciamis.

Kamari mah abdi ka Singapur.

Poé ieu mah jigana bakal hujan.

It looks like it will rain today. (literally, "As for today, it looks like it will rain".)

unique marker of emphasis, often untranslatable


mah

Lòkëwe mah utènink nta.


lunta

From Sanskrit लुण्टा (luṇṭā, “bobbing, rolling”).

der

terlunta-lunta [reduplication + agentless action]


alaa

Maaro alaa hay abbere.


sekä

desc

Estonian: sega-, ⇒ sekka (illative), seas (inessive), seast (elative)

⇒ Livonian: siegās (inessive), sieʾggõ (illative)

Võro: segä-, ⇒ sekkä (illative), seehn (inessive), seest (elative)

Finnish: seka-, ⇒ sekaan (illative), seassa (inessive), seasta (elative)

Ingrian: seka-, ⇒ sekkaa (illative), seas (inessive), seast (elative)

Karelian:

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes

North Karelian: šeka- ⇒ šekah (illative), šejašša (inessive), šejašta (elative)

South Karelian: šega- ⇒ šegah (illative), šejašša (inessive), šejašta (elative)

Livvi: sega-, ⇒ segah (illative)

Ludian: sega-

Veps: sega

→ Proto-Samic: *seakē (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *sekä (“inside, among”).


tuomet

From tuo (“that [instrumental]”) + metu (“time [instrumental]”), literally “via that time”.

af

Used to emphasize a conclusion; then, so


sẽ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sẽ.wav

Hội nghị sẽ diễn ra vào tháng 8 tại toà thị chính.

The conference will be held at the city hall in August.

(formal or literary) marks the future tense

Nếu là chim tôi sẽ là loài bồ câu trắng
Nếu là hoa tôi sẽ là một đoá hướng dương
Nếu là mây tôi sẽ là một vầng mây ấm
Là người, tôi sẽ chết cho quê hương

(Can we date this quote?), Trương Quốc Khánh (lyrics and music), “Tự nguyện [My Wishes]”:

If I were to be a bird, I would be a white pigeon
If I were to be a flower, I would be a sunflower
If I were to be a cloud, I would be a warm one
As a human being, I will die for my country

(literary) marks a desire or a hypothetical


anot

Your computer got virus anot?

(Singapore, colloquial, Singlish) Alternative form of or not


-한테

친구한테 생일 선물을 보냈어요.

chin'gu-hante saeng'il seonmur-eul bonaesseoyo.


には

From に (ni, “to”) + は (ha, (wa) topic marker).

ja-compound

七味は私には辛過ぎる。

京都には花が有る。

私には姉が二人います。

キムチを作るには以下の材料が必要です。

Kimuchi o tsukuru ni wa ika no zairyō ga hitsuyō desu.

To make kimchi / In making kimchi, the following ingredients are required.


-que

From Proto-Italic *-kʷe (“and”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Sanskrit च (ca), Ancient Greek τε (te), Faliscan -𐌂𐌖𐌄 (-cue), Proto-Germanic *-hw ( → English (thou)gh). Its alternative use as a generalizing particle "any, -every" with pronouns and adverbs may result from a shift from an earlier meaning along the lines of "as". There are also a number of words that are etymologically suffixed with this particle but that have developed specific meanings not clearly analyzable in terms of either of these senses, such as dēnique (“finally; at length”).

quis (“who”) + -que (“-ever”) → quisque (“whoever; anyone; each one”)

cum (“when”) + -que (“-ever”) → cumque (“whenever; however”)

ubī (“where”) + -que (“-ever”) → ubīque (“wherever, anywhere, everywhere”)

-ever; every-, any-; every, each ('universalizing' or 'generalizing' particle found in a fixed set of indefinite pronouns and adverbs)

quoque

alternatively derived from the conjunction

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction


ぁ

ぁ (canonical)
ァ (canonical)
-a (romanization)

1933, William Shakespeare, translated by Tsubouchi Shōyō, Romeo and Juliet:

「はて、飼犬を見たゞけでも向うてゆくわい。モンタギューの奴等と見りゃ、男でも女でも關うたことァない。」

"Hate, inu wo mita dake de mo mukōteyuku wai. Montagyū no yatsura to mirya, otoko de mo onna de mo kamōta kotwa nai."

"A dog of that house shall move me to stand. I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's."


-kaan

head

-kaan (front vowel harmony variant -kään, linguistic notation -kAAn)

According to Hakulinen, from earlier *-kahan, composed of -ka (as seen in joka and kuka) and -han, and why the particle is restricted to contexts with negative polarity is not clear. Räisänen (1996) presents an alternative etymology, in which the particle originates from the partitive forms of indefinite pronouns like ketään, mitään, in which it is developed from a reduction of -ka through partitive forms like *mitä-kä > *mitä-ɣä > mitää, and eventually this long vowel was adapted by analogy to other forms. The ending would have developed into a particle that represents negation, as the partitive case is used for objects in negative sentences. According to this theory, the final -n would be analogous to -kin, but this results in a cyclical etymology, as the -n in -kin is generally taken as analogous to -kaan. The particle has also been compared and probably cognate to Erzya -как (-kak).

Jos sinä et korjaa sitä, minäkään en sitä tee.

If you won’t correct it, neither will I.

Mitä muutakaan olisin voinut tehdä?

Kuka tämä herra olikaan?

Used to soften a question, e.g. when the speaker is asking to be reminded of something, or when the speaker is seeking agreement or confirmation.

Se tehtävä ei kuulunut minulle, ja minä en sitä tehnytkään.

That task didn't belong to me, and indeed, I didn't do it.

En haluaisi tehdä sitä työtä päivääkään.

I would not want to do that job for even one day.

Ahtisaarikaan ei osaisi ratkaista tätä riitaa.

Even Ahtisaari could not solve this dispute.

En matkustakaan Italiaan, vaan menen tervehtimään vanhaa äitiäni.

Instead of travelling to Italy, I'll go to greet my elderly mother.

Tänään ei satanutkaan, vaikka aamulla näytti synkältä.

It didn't rain today after all, although the morning looked gloomy.

En syönytkään jäätelöä jälkiruoaksi, vaan piirakkaa.

After all, I didn't eat ice-cream for dessert, but pie.

Used to indicate change of mind or circumstances; indicates confirmation of not doing something, e.g. if someone doubts it, or, when someone is more or less surprised at an occurrence, indicates the reason why some thing was not successful – which is by not doing that something

Kuka ikinä onkaan, hän yrittää vain saada huomiosi.

Whoever that person is, they are just trying to get your attention.

-ever (when used with a verb that has an interrogative pronoun, often with ikinä for emphasis)

Kuinka katoavaista maine onkaan.

Used to form exclamations of wonder, with clauses that begin with an interrogative.


ats

indeed, truly, (as an emphatic particle)


ats

A shortened form of attsaik. Compare Tocharian A ats.


suli

From Proto-Inuit *culi (“still, more, again, also”), from Proto-Eskimo *ca/u-li (“more, also, still”).


suli

Aŋutim piyai qipmiġḷu, suluunlu suli umiaq.

The man took the dog, the boy, and also the boat.


হাঁ

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀆𑀫𑀁 (āmaṃ), from Sanskrit আম্ (ām), probably a variant of the sacred syllable ওঁ (om̐). The initial হ- (h-) is emphatic, from Sanskrit হি (hi) or হ (ha).


না

Inherited from Magadhi Prakrit 𑀡 (ṇa), from Sanskrit न (na), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ná, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-European *né.

না, করা হবে!

(informal) used to show disagreement - no, incorrect


-만큼

Of native Korean origin. Same as 만큼 (mankeum, dependent noun); see there for more.


mũ

Ta tóg kutẽ mũ.

It is raining (lit. the rain is falling).


nó

From Old Irish nó, nú, from Proto-Celtic *nowe (compare Welsh neu and Old Breton nou).

No meaning of its own; only used in nó go (“until”) and its derivatives.


δεν

Inherited from Byzantine Greek δέν (dén), from Ancient Greek οὐδέν (oudén, “in no way”).

inh

Δεν ήρθα χθες στο γραφείο.

Δεν έρχεσαι μαζί μας;

Πήρε δεν πήρε εκατό ευρώ.

not (with stress on the negative aspect of a statement)


klokken

[ˈkʰl̥ʌɡ̊ŋ̩]

klokken syv


να

From Byzantine Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἵνα (hína).

Μπορώ να έχω...

Θέλω να φύγω.

Να μείνω ή να φύγω;

Δε θέλω να τον βλέπω.

Δεν έχω όρεξη να κάθομαι εκεί επί ώρες.

I’m not in the mood to be sitting there for hours.

Den écho órexi na káthomai ekeí epí óres.

Να προσέχεις τον εαυτό σου.

Να ’χεις το νου σου.

Να είχαμε πέντε λεπτά ακόμα.

added before the dependent or present verb forms to form the different subjunctive moods, serving a variety of different clausal functions and to express imperatives, wishes or hypotheticals:

Το να κλέβεις τις ιδέες ενός είναι «λογοκλοπή», το να κλέβεις τις ιδέες πολλών είναι «επιστημονική έρευνα».
To na kléveis tis idées enós eínai «logoklopí», to na kléveis tis idées pollón eínai «epistimonikí érevna».
Stealing ideas from one person is “plagiarism”, stealing from many is “research”.

used after the neuter definite article and before the second person singular of the present tense, it converts the clause to a noun phrase with the function of gerund:


να

From Byzantine Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἤν (ḗn).

Να τα προβλήματά μου.

Να ’τος! (’τος here is a contraction of αυτός (aftós))

Να ’μαστε πάλι εδώ Αντρέα! (’μαστε here is a contraction of είμαστε (eímaste))

used to show or point out someone or something: there, here

Να! Παρ’ τα!

when used with the hand gesture moutza, indicates of displeasure or anger:

Κι εμένα, να!

(vulgar) when used with a hand gesture pointing to own genitals, means "I don't give a shit":


нар

From Middle Mongol [script needed] (-nar/-ner).
Compare also Turkish -lar/-ler, Yakut -лар (-lar)/-лэр (-ler), -нар (-nar)/-нэр (-ner).

бид нар

багш нар

эмч нар

A particle used to connote plurality. It is used after words that refer to people.

Хүлэгү нар

Connotes associative objects of a person.


yn

Welsh: yn

Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet a oed yn arglwyd ar seith cantref Dyuet.

Pwyll Prince of Dyfed was lord of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed.

grammatical particle used in conjunction with bot (“to be”) to mark adjectival, nominal, or verbal complements

grammatical particle used to change an adjective into an adverb


yn

Mae Tom yn darllen.

Mae Tom yn gysglyd.

Mae Tom yn fachgen.

grammatical particle used in conjunction with bod (“to be”) to mark adjectival, nominal, or verbal predicate complements

yn dda

yn fawr

yn wir

Mae'r llyfr yn Gymraeg.


ม้า

ไหม ไหม#Thai

(childish) Alternative form of ไหม (mǎi)


lena

head

lena (triggers eclipsis, in regular past tenses lenar)

Fusion of le (“with”) with various meanings of a. The -n- is analogical to prepositions like i.

an t-ord lena bhfuil sé ag briseadh an chathaoir

the sledgehammer with which he is breaking the chair

an bhean lena dúirt sé é

the woman to whom he told it (literally, “the woman with whom he said it”)

with which, with whom (indirect relative; not used in the past tense except with some irregular verbs)


איכא

אִיכָּא • (ʾīkkā)

אִיכָּא (canonical)
ʾīkkā (romanization)

אִית (ʾīṯ, “there is”) + כָּא (kā, “here”)

affix

(Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic) there is, there are


cain

Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

Alternative form of cani used before the preverb ro-


ль

До́лго ль ждать?


ה־

Compare Arabic أَ (ʔa) (also its purported dialectal, and now obsoleted, variant, هَ (ha)) and Arabic هَلْ (hal).

הֲשָׁמַעְתָּ?

הֲיָדַעְתָּ?

[…] הֲשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹכִי׃

Tanach, Genesis [[s:he:T0104#ד_ט|4:09]], with translation of the King James Version:

הֲרָצַחְתָּ וְגַם־יָרָשְׁתָּ

Tanach, 1 Kings [[s:he:T09a21#כא_יט|21:19]], with translation of the English Standard Version:

Have you killed and also taken possession?

הֲתִשְׁמַע קוֹלִי, רְחוֹקִי שֶׁלִּי,

1890 – 1931, Rachel the Poetess, זמר נגה 1

(archaic or poetic) An interrogative particle, introducing a yes-no question.


atu

From Proto-Polynesian *atu. Cognates include Hawaiian aku and Samoan atu.

Used to denote a motion of the action of the preceding verb from the speaker to the hearer; away


ось

A merger of о (o) + се (se) which underwent subsequent reduction. Cognate with Belarusian вось (vosʹ).

here (is), this (is), there (is), that (is)

uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич


ولا

هو كبير ولا؟


-hun

Gothic: -𐌷𐌿𐌽 (-hun) (𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 (ainshun), 𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 (þishun), etc.)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *-kʷune, from a variant or development of the root found in Proto-Indo-European *kʷos + particle *ne.

Attaches to indefinite pronouns, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.

Attaches to indefinite adverbs, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.


isht

Mobilian: isht


són

són (mutation mutation-radical)
ṡón (mutation mutation-nasal)

Conda·rías .i. noch is nonda·ges ón, co nderlaig⟨e⟩ dam són innahí no·guidim daitsiu.

that I may bind them, i.e. that I pray that for them thus, that is to say, that you pl forgive me (for) the things that I pray for to you

In tan imme·romastar són nach noíb, ara cuintea dílgud Dé isind aimsir sin.

That is to say, when any saint sins, that he may seek the forgiveness of God at that time.

Ad·n‑amraigther .i. no·n‑étaigther .i. ad·cosnae són nó no·carae

that you sg may admire, i.e. that you may emulate i.e. that is to say that you may strive after or love


par excellence

Unadapted borrowing from French par excellence.

ubor

(idiomatic, literary) par excellence (most excellently)


ა

ა ჸვალი

Used to draw attention to, or to point out, an object or event.


aua

From Proto-Polynesian *qaua (“negative imperative”).

inh

Negative imperative particle: no! don't!


aua

From Proto-Polynesian *qaua. Cognates include Maori aua and Tongan ʻoua.


rồi

lâu rồi không gặp


chưa

head

𣗓, 𣠕, 渚, 猪, 諸, 豬, 𣠖, 𤀞, 𬄞, 𬚍, 󱋃

chưa • (𣗓, 𣠕, 渚, 猪, 諸, 豬, 𣠖, 𤀞, 𬄞, 𬚍, 󱋃)

vi-particle

𣗓, 𣠕, 渚, 猪, 諸, 豬, 𣠖, 𤀞, 𬄞, 𬚍, 󱋃

𣗓 (CJK)
𣠕 (CJK)
渚 (CJK)
猪 (CJK)
諸 (CJK)
豬 (CJK)
𣠖 (CJK)
𤀞 (CJK)
𬄞 (CJK)
𬚍 (CJK)

Mày chưa chết hử?


đã

head

đã • (㐌, 吔, 諸)

vi-particle

đã • (㐌, 吔, 諸)

Đã xong!

Bờ biển Nha Trang đẹp thế nào? Tôi đã đi Nha Trang bao giờ đâu mà biết.

How beautiful the Nha Trang beaches are? I have never been to Nha Trang so how can I know?

Cha tôi không đóng vai trò gì trong cuộc tháo chạy ấy, ông im lặng, khi đã đi khá xa, cha ra đằng mũi cầm sào.

2005, Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, “"Cánh đồng bất tận" chapter 2”, in Cánh đồng bất tận, NXB Trẻ:

My father did not play any role in this escape at all; he kept silent; when we had gone some distance, he went to the prow and took the pole.

(before action verb) having completed this action, perfect aspect

Near-synonym: rồi

[…] "Đã là chiến sĩ, phải là người lính thực thụ cầm súng ngoài chiến trường",[…]

1978, Chu Lai, chapter 1, in Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân:

[…] "Having become a fighter, you must now be a true soldier wielding your gun on the battlefield," […]

'Chưa giàu đã già' là một trong những gánh nặng được TS Bùi Tôn Hiến chia sẻ[…]

2021, Linh Lan, “Gánh nặng 'chưa giàu đã già'”, in Tuổi trẻ online:

'Not yet rich but already grown old' is one of the burdens Dr Bùi Tôn Hiến spoke about […]

(before stative/adjective) having reached this state

Đôi mắt em hoe đỏ: "Mẹ đã khóc khi em được nhận học bổng ạ".

2022, Phạm Oanh, “"Mẹ đã khóc khi em được nhận học bổng Nguyễn Trường Tộ!"”, in Dân trí:

Her eyes were reddish: "My mother burst into tears when I received the scholarship."

"Ờ, giá như mình đừng có quá nghiêm chỉnh thì biết đâu mình đã có con…"

2002, Nguyễn Khắc Phê, Thập giá giữa rừng sâu, NXB Trẻ, page 53:

"Mhm, if only I hadn't been so strict, who knows I would've had a child…"

irrealis, used in a statement that did not come about due to a condition not being met

Đã có lần Linh tranh luận to tiếng với chính trị viên Cầu về điều này như vậy.

There had been times Linh had loudly argued this way with Political Commissar Cầu.

indicates the statement refers to a time prior to the one suggested by the context

Đi chơi đi ! / Đợi tớ rửa bát xong đã.

Let's go out! / Let me finish the dishes first.

Đi đâu mà vội, chờ cho tạnh mưa đã.

Why rush? Just wait until it stops raining.

Vội gì, cứ ăn cho xong bát cơm đã.

No need to rush, take time to finish your meal first.

(sentence final) indicates the action or task described in the sentence needs to be completed before something else could start


đang

Sino-Vietnamese word from 當, common reading of đương. Unrelated to Malay sedang.

Đã làm xong chưa.
Đang làm.
Have you done yet?
Still working on it.

Tao nhớ lúc đó nó đang chơi ngoài sân.

Đang bận. Không có thì giờ đâu mà đi chơi.

I'm busy right now. I don't have time to go out.

marks the continuous, imperfect aspect of an action or state


हां

From Khasa Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit आम् (ām).


тоже

head

то́же • (tóže)

то́же мне поэ́т!

expresses disbelief, sarcasm, irony, often combined with мне (mne)


أما

ar-particle

أَمَا • (ʔamā)

compound

أَ (ʔa) + مَا (mā)


таки

head

таки́ • (takí)

Она́ таки́ пое́хала в Росси́ю.

Он таки́ не прав.

(colloquial) still, after all, in spite of (everything)


خلت

ar-particle

خِلْت • (ḵilt)


вообще

head

вообще • (voobŝe)

Borrowed from Russian вообще́ (voobščé).

in general, generally, generally speaking, altogether, on the whole


že

Monta že hänel ono rahhaa!


že

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰe (“emphatic particle”), cognate with Sanskrit घ (gha, “at least, at any rate”) and akin to Sanskrit हि (hi, “for, on account of, indeed”).


ليس

ar-particle

لَيْسَ • (laysa)

Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a contracted pronunciation of either an earlier form لَيِسَ (layisa), whose ultimate origin is in turn unknown or unexplored, or of لَا (lā, “not”) + an existential أَيْس (ʔays) that has a proposed etymology in Proto-Semitic *ys < *yṯ. This existential would be a native cognate to Hebrew יֵשׁ (yēš) and Akkadian 𒌇 (/išu/, “to have or own; to be”, also used copulatively), although Al-Jallad (2018) expresses doubt that it is anything more than a back-formation from the negative, in other words implying that لَا (lā, “not”) + *أَيْس (*ʔays, existential) is just a folk etymology from which أَيْس (ʔays) was created artificially. Al-Jallad proceeds to attest a form of لَيْسَ (laysa) in a Safaitic inscription dated between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, whose form, he says, invalidates the possibility of an origin in a verb لَيِسَ (layisa); he thereby argues that لَيْسَ (laysa) may either be a loan from Neo-Assyrian 𒆷𒀸𒋗 (la-aš-šu /laššu/, “there is not”) or from Taymanitic 𐪁𐪚𐪏 (lys³ /lāʾis, lāyis/, “not existing or being”).

bor

وَلَيْسَ يَصِحُّ فِي الْأَفْهَامِ شَيْءٌ / إِذَا ٱحْتَاجَ النَّهَارُ إِلَى دَلِيلِ

walaysa yaṣiḥḥu fī l-ʔafhāmi šayʔun / ʔiḏā ḥtāja n-nahāru ʔilā dalīli