لم

ar-particle

لَمْ • (lam)

See also: مَا

لَمْ يَكْتُبْ

لَمۡ يَكُنِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ مِنۡ أَهۡلِ ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ وَٱلۡمُشۡرِكِينَ مُنفَكِّينَ حَتَّىٰ تَأۡتِيَهُمُ ٱلۡبَيِّنَةُ.

Those who disbelieved among the People of the Scripture and the polytheists were not to be parted [from misbelief] until there came to them clear evidence.


لما

لَمَّا • (lammā)

Univerbation of لَم (lam, “not”) + مَا (mā, relative), the original thought being "but not have it that".

univerbation

not yet, but not, yet not; (governs a jussive verb)


s'

S'mie lhiam shillishyn.

Shegin dooin goll dy chaggey.

my saillt

V'ee yn inneen s'bwaaee 'sy theihll.

She was the prettiest girl in the world.

fer s'gilley jeh mooinjey y vadran

the brightest of the sons of the morning

Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives


-ne

Nihilne in mentem?

Does nothing suggest itself to your mind?

Ah, pergisne?

Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne maiorum?

What hinders you? The customs of the ancestors?

Potesne mihi succurrere, quaeso?

Added to the end of a word in a phrase (usually the first word) to make it a question.

or… (introduces a question or an alternative)


-pas

head

-pas (front vowel harmony variant -päs, linguistic notation -pAs)

Sinä et tiedä mitään historiasta! - Tiedänpäs!

You know nothing about history! - Yes I do!

Et ole kyllin vanha. – Olenpas!

Jopas jotakin!

Hän yritti taivutella minua, mutta minäpäs en antanut periksi.

He tried to persuade me, but I [emphasis] did not give up.

Saapas nähdä.

Used to stress a contradicting or surprising element in a sentence. Can be attached to all words. No clear translation into English.

Katsopas tuonne!

Äläpäs naura minulle!

Olepas nyt hetki hiljaa!

When added to the imperative verb, makes the command softer. No clear translation into English.


summa summarum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin summa summārum.

ubor

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


不到

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/b̥u tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ tou̯³³⁻³⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/b̥u tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ tou̯³³⁻³⁵/

我看不到你。

晚來買不到

晚来买不到


себе

head

себе́ • (sebé)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic себѣ (sebě), from Proto-Slavic *sebě. Compare Old East Slavic and Middle Russian собѣ (sobě).

cog

А он себе́ чита́ет.

The alternative forms starting with н- are used after a preposition

Instrumental forms ending in -ю are either dated

The prepositional case is never used without a preposition


жити

head

жити • (žiti)

Жити одговорот!

What an answer! (i.e. an inadequate answer)


-ik

Interrogative particle. It is attached to the finite verb in yes-no questions, which is then placed first in the sentence.


нє

Inherited from Old Slovak nie, from Proto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne. Cognate with Slovak nie.


הנה

הִנֵּה • (hiné)

הִנֵּה (canonical)
hiné (romanization)
הִנֵּה
הִנְנִי (feminine first-person masculine singular)
הִנֵּנִי (hinéni) (feminine first-person masculine pausal singular)
הִנְנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
הִנֶּנּוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural)
הִנֵּנוּ (hinénu) (feminine first-person masculine pausal plural)
הִנְּךָ (masculine second-person singular)
הִנָּךְ (feminine second-person singular)
הִנְּכֶם (masculine plural second-person)
הִנְּכֶן (feminine plural second-person)
הִנּוֹ (masculine singular third-person)
הִנֵּהוּ (masculine singular third-person)
הִנָּהּ (feminine singular third-person)
הִנֶּהָ (feminine singular third-person)
הִנֵּהִי (feminine singular third-person)
הִנָּם (masculine plural third-person)
הִנָּן (feminine plural third-person)

he-prep-inflection

הִנֵּה (hiné)

הִנְנִי (hin'ní), (pausal) הִנֵּנִי (hinéni)

הִנְּךָ (hin'khá)

הִנָּךְ (hinákh)

הִנּוֹ (hinó), הִנֵּהוּ (hinehu)

הִנָּהּ (hináh), הִנֶּהָ (hinéha), הִנֵּהִי (hinéhi)

הִנְנוּ (hin'nú), הִנֶּנּוּ (hinénu), (pausal) הִנֵּנוּ (hinénu)

הִנְּכֶם (hin'khém)

הִנְּכֶן (hin'khén)

הִנָּם (hinám)

הִנָּן (hinán)

Cognate to Arabic إِنَّ (ʔinna, “indeed”).

וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיֹּאמֶר לְיוֹסֵף הִנֵּה אָבִיךָ חֹלֶה וַיִּקַּח אֶת שְׁנֵי בָנָיו עִמּוֹ אֶת־מְנַשֶּׁה וְאֶת־אֶפְרָיִם׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0148#מח_א|48:1]], with translation of the King James Version:

And it came to pass after these things, that one told Joseph, Behold, thy father is sick: and he took with him his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim.

Vay'hí akharéi had'varím ha'éle vayómer l'yoséf hiné avíkha kholé vayikákh et sh'néi vanáv imó et-m'nashé v'et-efráyim.


μη

μη θέλοντας (not wanting)

μην καπνίζετε (do not smoke)

Μακάρι να μην είχα κάνει τόσα λάθη στη ζωή μου.

I wish I hadn't made so many mistakes in my life.

ο μη εργαζόμενος (the non-employee)


-으로

From Middle Korean 으〮로〮 (Yale: -úlwó), from Old Korean 乙留 (*-ulwo).

나무 방향으로 가자.

Let's go toward the direction of the tree.

집으로 가다가 노숙자를 만났다.

I met a homeless person while going home [lit. going towards home].

to, toward: directional case marker, in a physical sense

사람이 호랑이로 변했다.

나무를 풀로 바꾸자.

올해로 한국어를 배운 지 3년이 됐다.

This year it's been 3 years since I've started learning Korean.

Olhaero han'gugeo-reul bae'un ji 3nyeon-i dwaetda.

into, direction of a change: directional case marker in a metaphorical sense; expresses transformation or direction towards a certain time

종이로 옷을 만들어봤다.

칼로 돌을 깎았다.

오랑캐로 오랑캐를 제어한다.

One controls barbarians using [other] barbarians.

뒷문으로 둘어와.

using, out of; with: instrumental case marker, marking material, instruments, or means of doing something

독감으로 돌아가셨다.

로또로 부자 됐어.

due to; from: instrumental case marker, marking causation

몇 년 간 거지로 살았다.

좋은 친구로 생각한다.

긍정적으로 생각을 해야 돼.

Geungjeongjeogeuro saenggag-eul haeya dwae.

as; as being; in the state of: instrumental case marker, marking state, manner, status, or capacity

오늘 부로 너는 지각을 다섯 번 했어.

As of today, you've been late five times.

Oneul bu-ro neo-neun jigag-eul daseot beon haesseo.

as of: instrumental case marker, marking an update in a list of previous events

아홉시로 열두시ᄭᅡ지는 이경이오 十(십)二(이)시로브터 상오 세시ᄭᅡ지는 삼경이라

1901, 神(신)學(학)月(월)報(보) [Theological Monthly], volume 4:

From nine to twelve, it is the second watch; from twelve to three in the afternoon, it is the third watch.

ahop-si-ro yeoldu-si-kkaji-neun igyeong-io sibi-si-ro-beuteo sang'o se-si-kkaji-neun samgyeong-ira

(archaic) from; egressive case marker, in a physical or chronological sense

(Gyeongsang) Marks the direct object for certain action verbs, especially verbs that have a direct impact on the object.

See 으로 하여 (-euro hayeo, “because of; via”).

으로 하여
-으로 하여#Korean

See 으로 하여금 (-euro hayeogeum, expresses the agent in a causative construction).

으로 하여금
-으로 하여금#Korean

See 으로 더불어 (-euro deobureo, “together with”).

으로 더불어
-으로 더불어#Korean


valu

From Proto-Oceanic *palu (“several, some”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balu.


như

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-như.wav

ngu như lợn

giống như

like; as; comparable to; as though; as if


ṣe

Placed before a sentence to make it a yes-no question.


murar

head

murar (past/conditional copular particle used before a consonant, form used before a vowel murarbh)

murar bhréag é

if it was not a lie; if it had not been a lie


jelda

From je (“is”) + li (“if”) + da (“yes”).

Izgubljeni smo, jelda?

To i nije tako loša ideja, jelda?

(informal, Croatia) interrogative particle used in tag questions, asking for an affirmation to a polar question; right?, is it?, is it not?, isn't it so?


không

Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.
The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, as well as Korean 공 (gong).
In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.

Có ai ở nhà không (ạ) ?

Đúng không ?

Mày chưa làm phải không ?

at or near the end of a question, makes it a yes-no question


نا

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀡𑀸 (ṇā), from Sanskrit न (na). Doublet of نہ (nā).

inh+

آؤ نا!

Do come! (literally, “come imperative emphasis marker!”)


добро

head

добро́ or до́бро • (dobró or dóbro)

добро́ (canonical)
до́бро (canonical)
dobró (romanization)
dóbro (romanization)


cér

cér (copular form used before a consonant, present/future form used before a vowel cérb, past/conditional form used before a vowel cérbh)

Cér leis an leabhar seo?

Cér chóra do dhuine eile?

who was... (triggers lenition of a following consonant)


barang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baraŋ (“marker of indefiniteness”). Meaning of "thing", "goods" or "item" was a late innovation in western Indonesia.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (varaṃ).

inh

Barang siapa

Barang apa


-ci

From ci (“here”), older form of ici. Similar to Latin -ce, but not a direct continuation of it.

Cette chambre-ci est plus grande que l’autre.

L’autre chambre était plus petite que celle-ci.

The other room was smaller than this one.

Cet homme-ci n’est pas mon mari.

Ces valises-ci ne sont pas les miennes.

Used with the demonstrative ce and all its forms in order to specify the meaning “this, these”.


баран

modal particle, expressing negation with a tinge of disapproval, and coming directly after the target word


აი

აი, შესანიშნავი მაგალითი

Used to draw attention to, or to point out, an object or event.


かし

わざとあめるを、早うものせよかし。

It seems to be a special [invitation], so please go early.

広野の吹雪よ 語れかし
密林の長き夜 告げよかし

kōya no fubuki yo katare kashi
mitsurin no nagaki yo tsugeyo kashi

Tell, blizzards in the wild plains,
Tell, long nights in dense forests


nawet

even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


nawet

→ Belarusian: на́ват (návat)

→ Kashubian: nawet

→ Silesian: nawet

→ Ukrainian: на́віть (návitʹ)

Univerbation of na + wet. The shift from an adverb to a particle was influenced by German sogar. First attested in 1575.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nawet”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Nawet ty możesz się uczyć polskiego.


-께

저는 선생님께 사과를 드렸습니다.

jeo-neun seonsaengnim-kke sagwa-reul deuryeotseumnida.

어머님께 온 편지

(honorific) The honorific form of the particle 에게 (ege) meaning to, by, or for


-께서

선생님께서 저에게 사과를 주셨습니다.

seonsaengnim-kkeseo jeo-ege sagwa-reul jusyeotseumnida.

The honorific form of the particles 이 (-i) and 가 (-ga) denoting the subject of a sentence.


-까지

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: skòcáng), from ㅅ (Yale: -s, genitive marker) + ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: kòcáng, “very, extremely”).

ko-etym-native

나는 한 시부터 늦게까지 공부했어요.

naneun han sibuteo neutgekkaji gongbuhaesseoyo.

매리가 부산에서 서울까지 열차로 갔어요.

Mary went as far as/to Seoul from Busan by train.

Maeriga Busaneseo Seoulkkaji yeolcharo gasseoyo.

(generally) until, till, by (a time), up to

Used to illustrate the extent of a finished action or situation.

일년 더 걸려도 서울대에 입학할 때까지 공부하기로 결정했어요.

Even if it takes one more year I have decided that I will study until I get into Seoul National University.

illyeon deo geollyeodo Seouldaee iphakhal ttaekkaji gongbuhagiro gyeoljeonghaesseoyo.

Used to illustrate to what extent an action will continue.

존이 동우를 이렇게까지 좋아할 줄 몰랐어요.

I had no idea how much John liked Dongwoo.

Joni Dong'ureul ireokekkaji joahal jul mollasseoyo.

Used to illustrate the degree or intensity of a situation.


gur

head

gur (triggers lenition in the past/conditional, present/future form before a vowel gurb, past/conditional form before a vowel gurbh)

in the past (triggers-lenition)
conditional (triggers-lenition)
form before a vowel gurb (future present)

Deir sé gur maith leis tae.

Dúirt sé gur mhaith leis tae.


ดอก

Cognate with Lao ດອກ (dǭk), Thai หรอก (rɔ̀k).


ดอก

th-particle

ดอก • (dɔ̀ɔk)

(somewhat archaic) used at the end of a negative expression for emphasising.


kō

From Proto-Polynesian *koa. Cognates include Maori koa and Tongan koaa.


tym

Polish: tym

insrumental singular of ten／to. First attested in 1425.

Przeto aby naszy poddany czczą tym szyrzey slynaly, vstawyamy

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 37:

Yscy velkocrocz sø to przygadza, gymcy clouek gest pøknegsy, timcy gest f serczu gorsy, a presto gdiscy mili Ihu Xc cloueka czudne stvorzy, tymcy sø richle grechu dopuscy

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page gl. 70b:

Czim wyøczey lyat ostalobi po milosciwem lyatv, tim wyøczey roscz bødze y *naem (quanto plures anni remanserint..., tanto crescet et pretium)

1930 [c. 1455], “Lev”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 25, 16:

Quanto, ale y[m] wące, autem eis precipiebat, ut tacerent, tanto magis, tym vącze, plus predicabant (Marc 7, 36)

1874-1891 [15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXIV, page 74:

(attested in Lesser Poland) used in parallel, conditional or comparative statements; the

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Aoyad (pro doyad) Antypater v Rzymye byl, tym vmarl Feroras (cum... Antipater Romae esset, mortuus est Pheroras)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 106:


tym

Inherited from Old Polish tym. By surface analysis, the instrumental singular of ten／to.

No to tym lepiej!

im więcej..., tym mniej...

Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje.

The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.

used in parallel, conditional, or comparative statements; the


jwt

(chiefly Old Egyptian) introduces a negated noun clause with realis mood; that not


значить

head

зна́чить • (znáčytʹ)

зна́чить (canonical)
znáčytʹ (romanization)


sześcian

/ˈʂɛɕ.t͡ɕan/

(arithmetic, informal) to the cube of (raised to the third power)


blisko

Inherited from Old Polish blisko. By surface analysis, bliski + -o.

Blisko 20 osób zginęło w tym wypadku.


जनि

From Sanskrit यथा न (yathā na). Equivalent in function to Hindi मत (mat).


darb

darb (present/future copular form used before a vowel, form used before a consonant dar)

copular form used before a vowel (future present)
a consonant dar (archaic)

an fear darb aithnid mé


później

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


jeśli

Inherited from Old Polish jestli. By surface analysis, univerbation of jest + li. Compare Czech jestli, Russian е́сли (jésli).

surf

(obsolete) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question; whether

An adverbium interrogandi. Izali/ yeſli

Nunquando, Ieſlikiedy.

1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon, page 254d (5):

Ecquando – Ieſtli kiedi. Ecquis ‒ Ieſtli kto?

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 348a:

zgołá ſobie obieray: ábo ofiáruy Bogom […] ábo więc ná męki […] potepion będzieſz. Odpowiedział Iánuáryuſz: ieśli to vcżyniſz/ ią ſam tego prágnę/ ábych ſię ſtał ofiárą Bogu memu

1579, P. Skarga, Żywoty świętych, page 428:

expresses optative meaning; hopefully, if only, let, may, had better


οὖν

According to Beekes, (2010) "the relation between οὖν and ὦν is unclear. Unconvincing explanations in Brugmann-Thumb 1913: 633 and in Schwyzer 1950: 586f. On οὖν in Homer, cf.
Reynen Glotta 36 (1957): Iff. and Reynen Glotta 37 (1958): 67ff."

Marker of the continuation of a previously interrupted line of thought: "As I was saying..."

Added to indefinite pronoun or adverb, such as ὁστισοῦν (hostisoûn), to make it more general: whoever, whatever; whosoever


τε

From Proto-Hellenic *kʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀤 (qe), Sanskrit च (ca), and Latin -que.


kamo

Univerbation of 'ka mo, with 'ka from wika.


natomiast

Univerbation of na + to + miasto. First attested in 1645–1702. Compare Ukrainian нато́мість (natómistʹ).

ref

Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w. (in Polish), 1983 [1645-1702], Inwentarz akcesyjny kaplicy Domagaliczów we Lwowie z lat 1645-1702, page 350: “[…] ale zachować natomiast, […]”

Near-synonyms: ale, tymczasem, za to, zaś


żaden

żaden (masculine nominative singular)
żadna (feminine nominative singular)
żadne (neuter nominative singular)
żadni (nominative plural virile)
żadne (nominative plural)
żadnego (genitive masculine singular)
żadnej (feminine genitive singular)
żadnego (genitive neuter singular)
żadnych (genitive plural)
żadnych (genitive plural virile)
żadnemu (dative masculine singular)
żadnej (dative feminine singular)
żadnemu (dative neuter singular)
żadnym (dative plural)
żadnym (dative plural virile)
żadnego (accusative animate masculine singular)
żaden (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
żadną (accusative feminine singular)
żadne (accusative neuter singular)
żadnych (accusative plural virile)
żadne (accusative plural)
żadnym (instrumental masculine singular)
żadną (feminine instrumental singular)
żadnym (instrumental neuter singular)
żadnymi (instrumental plural)
żadnymi (instrumental plural virile)
żadnym (locative masculine singular)
żadnej (feminine locative singular)
żadnym (locative neuter singular)
żadnych (locative plural)
żadnych (locative plural virile)

→ Belarusian: жа́дны (žádny)

→ Ukrainian: жо́дний (žódnyj)

Inherited from Old Polish żadny, which see for more. Cognate with Czech žádný.

(colloquial) indicates that the following item has none of the characteristics it should; no

(colloquial) indicates that the realness of something isn't; no, no such


czyli

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *či li. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li. First attested in the end of the 14th century.

etydate

Opatrzicze... lvd..., gestli silni, czili mdli, iestli mali, czili wyeliki (utrum fortis sit, an infirmus, si pauci numero, an plures)?

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 13, 19:

Będzieli kto chcieć wolą jego czynić, pozna, ta nauka jestli od boga, czyli ja sam od siebie czynię, iż mowię (utrum ex deo sit, an ego a me ipso loquar Jo 7, 17)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 433:

Chcesz sye bogom naszym modlicz, czily nye chcesz?

1896 [Middle of the 15th century], Lucjan Malinowski, editor, Żywot świętego Błażeja. Zabytek języka polskiego z początku wieku XV,, page 322:

introduces a second alternative question; or

Ne iest strach boszi przed oczima gich. Czili ne poznaiø wszitcy (nonne cognoscent omnes), czso stroiø lichotø, gisz to szrø lud moy iaco karmø chleba?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 13, 8:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces a question sentence; whether


czyli

Inherited from Old Polish czyli. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li.

Kupiłem książkę o Mieszku I, czyli pierwszym królu Polski.

I bought a book about Mieszko I, i.e. the first king of Poland.

Poszedłem sam, czyli byłem samotny.

clarifying or connective particle; as in, in other words, i.e., or, that is to say

(obsolete) introduces a yes-no question sentence; whether


czyli

clarifying or connective particle; in other words, i.e., or, that is to say


γε

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-European *gó ~ *ge (emphatic, delimiting particle), which is sometimes unified with, but is formally impossible to derive from, the similar particle *gʰo ~ *gʰe. Possible cognates include Proto-Germanic *-k (pronominal accusative marker, see *mek, *dek, *sek) and Tocharian B -k (emphatic suffix).

cog

often translatable with italics or stress


不成

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ sɪŋ²¹/


dlatego

Inherited from Old Polish dlatego. By surface analysis, univerbation of dla + tego. Compare Kashubian dlôtegò and Slovincian dlotêwo.


nenu

(dubious spelling) Alternative form of noenu


głównie

From główny + -ie. Compare Polish głównie.

especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


głównie

From główny + -ie. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian głównie.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “głównie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


może

Ellipsis of być może (literally “maybe”). First attested in 1588.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “może”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

surf

bo my nyſzeſzmy thego doſſwyatczely iſſz tho czo ſye dzyalo za przodkow naſſzych […] bylo wſzyſthko dobrze

1500-1547, Libri legationum, page 8/133:

NYſz ſpráwą myſlą zſſedwſſy ſie ſpołu/ rozráduymy ſie pánu ſwemu

Czos chces niz ſię winien dawam

Panie ſtrzez ſie chytry to Chłop A ſnaċ chytroſczj nicz [!] ktory Pop RejKup dd5; iż ſie dla thego vcżył/ áby ſwą náuką pożytecżnem ſie sſtał niż wten cżás gdy ná to ſie wſpomoże á záłoży

1558, E. Gliczner, Książki o wychowaniu dzieci, page Ov:

Krol IMPan nasz na Zęby chor, ale iakis pod czas słaby bywa wszakze niz todwakroć albo trzy po odiachaniu wm wpole wyiezdzał

1588, Acta primi regiminis Sigismundi III, page 155:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


yd

(archaic) preverbal particle used to mark an affirmative verb in a main clause


ទេ

ថ្លៃទេ

មិន មិន#Khmer

ពុំ ពុំ#Khmer

អត់ អត់#Khmer

no, not (phrase-final negative marker; usually requires one of the preverbal particles មិន (mɨn), ពុំ (pum), អត់ (ʼɑt), ឥត (ʼət), or a combination of them with other preverbal particles)


ל־

he-part

לְ־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־, לֵ־, לוֹ־

לְ־, לִ־, לַ־, לֶ־, לָ־, לֵ־, לוֹ־ • (l'-, li-, la-, le-, la-, le-, lo-)

לְ־ (canonical)
לִ־ (canonical)
לַ־ (canonical)
לֶ־ (canonical)
לָ־ (canonical)
לֵ־ (canonical)
לוֹ־ (canonical)
l'- (romanization)
li- (romanization)
la- (romanization)
le- (romanization)
lo- (romanization)

סָגוֹר (sagór, “close”) → לִסְגּוֹר (lisgór, “to close”)


kwadrat

A kwadrat plus B kwadrat równa się C kwadrat.

A squared plus B squared equals C squared.

(arithmetic, informal) squared, to the square of (multiplied by itself)


zbyt

→ Silesian: zbyt

Deverbal from zbyć. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “2. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

To zbyt niebezpieczne!

To nie jest zbyt mądre.

too (in negated sentences, to a high degree, very)


również

From równie + -ż. First attested in the first half of the 18th century. Compare Czech rovněž.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “również”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


właśnie

Inherited from Old Polish właśnie. By surface analysis, własny + -ie.

actually (in act or in fact; really; in truth; positively)

O to właśnie chodzi.

exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)

Właśnie miałem to zrobić.


ບໍ່

Compare Isan บ่, Lü ᦢᧁᧈ (ḃaw¹), Zhuang mbouj, Min Nan 無／无, Chinese 不.

cog

Lü ᦢᧁᧈ (ḃaw¹)

ບໍ່ດີ.

(negative) no, not (used to form negatives)

ດີບໍ່?

(interrogative) no?, isn't it? (used to form yes/no questions)


ແມ່ນ

lo-part

ແມ່ນ • (mǣn)

Compare Isan แม่น (maen), Khmer មែន (mɛɛn), Thai แม่น (mɛ̂n), Shan မႅၼ်ႈ (mēn)


だに

微動だにしない


ຖືກ

lo-particle

ຖືກ • (thư̄k)

(+ adjective) indicating that object/person acquires qualities of given adjective

(+ verb) indicating that an earlier-named person/object is the subject of the action


-부터

나는 한 시부터 늦게까지 공부했어요.

I studied (starting) from one o’clock until late.

na-neun han si-buteo neutge-kkaji gongbuhaesseoyo.

(generally) Used to show when or where an action or situation started.

Used to illustrate the time that a certain action or situation began or will begin: (start) from; (start) at

시험은 범위가 15 (십오)쪽부터 56 (오십육)쪽까지예요.
siheom-eun beomwi-ga 15 (sibo)-jjok-buteo 56 (osibyuk)-jjok-kkaji-yeyo.
Speaking of the test, it covers from page 15 to page 56.

매리가 부산에서부터 열차를 탔어요.

Mary rode the train (starting) from Busan.

maeri-ga Busan-eseo-buteo yeolcha-reul tasseoyo.

Used to illustrate the place that a certain action began or will begin: from. Can be used after 에서 (eseo) 로 (ro) also together meaning "from".

손부터 씻고 먹어요.

좋은 음식을 먹고부터는 몸이 좋아졌다.

jo'eun eumsig-eul meokgo-buteoneun mom-i joajeotda.

할 일이 많아서 무엇부터 해야 할지 모르겠어요.

I have so much work, I do not know where to start from.

hal ir-i manaseo mueot-buteo haeya halji moreugesseoyo.

Used to illustrate an order of a series of actions.


אינו

head

אֵינוֹ • (einó)

אז אל תבוא אליי ותבקש את מה שכבר מזמן אינו שלי

אֵין אין#Hebrew

third-person masculine singular personal pronoun-including form of אֵין (ein)


także

From tak + -że.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Polish także, Silesian także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).


także

From tak + -że. First attested in the 16th century.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Silesian także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “także”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


także

From tak + -że.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Polish także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).


jakiś

jakiś (masculine nominative)
jakaś (feminine nominative)
jakieś (neuter nominative)
jacyś (nominative plural virile)
jakieś (nominative)
jakiegoś (genitive masculine)
jakiejś (feminine genitive)
jakiegoś (genitive neuter)
jakichś (genitive plural virile)
jakichś (genitive)
jakiemuś (dative masculine)
jakiejś (dative feminine)
jakiemuś (dative neuter)
jakimś (dative plural virile)
jakimś (dative)
jakiegoś (accusative masculine)
jakiś (accusative masculine)
jakąś (accusative feminine)
jakieś (accusative neuter)
jakichś (accusative plural virile)
jakieś (accusative)
jakimś (instrumental masculine)
jakąś (feminine instrumental)
jakimś (instrumental neuter)
jakimiś (instrumental plural virile)
jakimiś (instrumental)
jakimś (locative masculine)
jakiejś (feminine locative)
jakimś (locative neuter)
jakichś (locative plural virile)
jakichś (locative)

From jaki + -ś. First attested in 1534. Compare Kashubian jaczis, Silesian jakiś, and Slovincian jakjysz.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jakiś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Ona jest jakaś niemiła.

(colloquial) used to express doubt on the usage of a term on the speaker's part; kinda, sorta

Ma jakiś litr.

(colloquial) used to express doubt on the amount on the speaker's part; about


też

→ Ukrainian: теж (tež)

Inherited from Old Polish też. By surface analysis, te(n) + -że.

(derogatory) expresses the speaker's disdain towards something

denotes a lack of wanting to discuss a given topic

Też wskazówka! (said ironically)

expresses that the speaker does not think something is a true representative of that group


ว่ะ

ดีว่ะ

เลวว่ะ

ไม่เอาว่ะ

[I] don't want [it]; [I'm] not gonna do [it]; etc

ชอบว่ะ

(vulgar, offensive) used at the end of an indicative expression for emphasis.


วะ

เอวะ เอวะ#Pali

Thai script form of va, sandhi form of เอวะ (eva, “even”)


วะ

อะไรวะ

อยู่ไหนวะ

โอปะวะ

(vulgar, offensive) used at the end of an expression of doubt, interrogation, or suggestion.


ເຈົ້າ

lo-part

ເຈົ້າ • (chao)

From Middle Chinese 主 (MC tsyuX, “master; owner”). Cognate with Thai เจ้า (jâao), Lü ᦈᧁᧉ (ṫsaw²), Tai Dam ꪹꪊ꫁ꪱ, Shan ၸဝ်ႈ (tsāo), Ahom 𑜋𑜈𑜫 (chaw) or 𑜋𑜨𑜧 (chow).

cog

Lü ᦈᧁᧉ (ṫsaw²)


бол

Mongolian Cyrillic
 ᠪᠣᠯ
(bol) бол
(bol)
From болбол (bolbol, “if it be”, conditional converb of болох (bolox)) by haplology.

Намайг явсан бол яах байсан бэ?

Тэр хотноос буцаж ирсэн бол уу?

Бат бол монгол хүн.


абы

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, а (a) + бы́ (bý)

С утра ему́ яи́чко. Да ещё не абы как сва́ренное.

In the morning he has an egg. And it matters how it's cooked.

S utra jemú jaíčko. Da ješčó ne aby kak svárennoje.

Отпра́вить письма мо́жно то́лько через санита́рок, и не абы каки́х, а сердобо́льных, иначе ничего́ не вы́йдет.

You can only send letters through the nurses, but not just any but through the (they must be) compassionate ones, otherwise nothing will come of it.

Otprávitʹ pisʹma móžno tólʹko čerez sanitárok, i ne aby kakíx, a serdobólʹnyx, inače ničevó ne výjdet.

(low colloquial, often in the negative) it doesn't matter (what/which/who/how)

low colloquial; often in the negative; low colloquial; often in the negative


np.

Są to nie tylko słynne skalne miasta w Adršpachu i Teplicach nad Metují, ale także liczne miejscowości z cennymi zabytkami architektury, np. Náchod, Broumov, Polica nad Metují z miejską zabudową i objęta ochroną konserwatorką wieś Křínice.

2010, Waldemar Brygier, Góry Stołowe. Przewodnik, Piastów: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Rewasz”, →ISBN, §. Turystyka, page 14:

Not only is it the renowned stone cities in Adršpach and Teplice nad Metují, but also numerous locations with valuable architectural relics, e.g. Náchod, Broumov, Polica nad Metují of urban structure, and Křínice village under conservatorial protection.

Abbreviation of na przykład; e.g., for example.


ພຣະ

From Old Khmer bra or Angkorian Old Khmer braḥ, braḥh, brah (literally “distinguished; divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc”), likely from Sanskrit वर (vara, “best; excellent; foremost; holy; precious; top; valuable; etc”); see Khmer ព្រះ (prĕəh) for more.
Compare Old Khmer vraḥ, vraḥh, vrah, vrahh, vrāʼaḥ, brā; Angkorian Old Khmer vraḥ, vraḥha, vraḥh, vrah, vras, vrāḥ.
Cognate with Modern Khmer ព្រះ (prĕəh); พระ (prá). Compare also Burmese ဘုရား (bhu.ra:), Old Javanese phra, Javanese bra.

der

(used before gods, kings, holy objects etc.; sometimes translated:) royal, holy, divine

kings; holy objects etc.; sometimes translated:; kings; holy objects etc.; sometimes translated:


כא

Alternative form of קָא (qā, indicates a progressive periphrastic tense)


đi

From Proto-Vietic *diː ~ tiː (“to go, to walk”); cognate with Muong ti, Chut [Rục] tiː², Thavung tiː² and Tho [Cuối Chăm] tiː².
The similarity to 移 (SV: di) is purely coincidental (a false cognate).
The development of the verb "to go" into an imperative marker is a Sprachbund phenomenon. Wu & Huang (2018) and de Sousa (2022) discuss similar usage of "to go" in the Northern Tai and Sinitic lects of Guangxi in particular (Zhuang bae, Nanning Cantonese 去 (hy³³), etc.)

inh

Thôi dẹp đi!

Thấy Chí Phèo không nhúc nhích, cụ tiếp luôn: - Nào đứng lên đi. Cứ vào đây uống nước đã.

Seeing that Chí Phèo wasn't budging, the old man continued, "Get up now. Come here and have some water."

Vậy thì người đi đi!

2007, Quang Vinh, Bảo Thy (lyrics and music), “Vẫn tin mình có nhau [Still Think We've Got Each Other]”:

after a verb, conveys an urging or commanding tone


ء

ما مرگءَ کشتگٚتانٚ.

چاکرءَ دئے.


ء

احمدءِ کچک


kaba

haduh kaba kut

(used before verbs and adjectives to form abstract nouns) that which is, -ing


тудо

мурет тудо, кузе от муро

of course you'll sing, how couldn't you?


мо

толыда мо?

Те мо, пашаш толыда але контор гыч?

1926, Попов Игорь Геннадьевич, Ончыко^(https://mari-lab.ru/index.php/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE_(PDF)), page 6:

Are you coming to work or from the office?


zwykle

From zwykły + -e. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Silesian zwykle.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zwykle”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


zwłaszcza

Near-synonyms: głównie, przede wszystkim, szczególnie, w pierwszym rzędzie, w szczególności

especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


stąd

stądem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
stądeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
stądeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
stądeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
stąd (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
stąd (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Near-synonyms: dlatego, więc

hence (as a result; therefore; for this reason)


podczas

Ellipsis of pod czas niektóry. First attested in the 16th century.


czasami

Instrumental plural of czas. Compare Ukrainian часа́ми (časámy).

Near-synonyms: aby, czasem, przypadkiem

(colloquial, with czy) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


czasem

Instrumental singular of czas. First attested in the 18th century. Compare Kashubian czasã, Silesian czasym, and Slovincian czasã.

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “czasem”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Near-synonyms: aby, czasami, przypadkiem

(with czy) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


a'a

no
Hamisi akaphia kare Mombasa? — A'a, kadzangbwephiya.
Has Hamisi already gone to Mombasa? — No, he hasn't gone yet.


ας

Inherited from the medieval ἄς (ás), shortening of the ancient 2nd person singular aorist active imperative ἄφες (áphes, “let!, allowed!, permitted!”) of ἀφίημι (aphíēmi).

Ας πάμε!

Ας γκρινιάζει.

Με βοήθησεςᵀ⁻ᶠᵒʳᵐ πολύ! Ας είσαιᵀ⁻ᶠᵒʳᵐ καλά!
Me voḯthises polý! As eísai kalá!
/me‿voíθises polí. as‿íse kalá/
You helped me a lot! May you be well. [expression]

added before the dependent or present verb forms to form the hortative and jussive moods:


całkowicie

From całkowity + -ie. First attested in 1764. Compare Kashubian całkòwice and Silesian cołkowicie.

Kasper Balsam (1764) Kazania Przygodne W. X. Kaspra Balsama Soc: Jesu. T. 1 , O cnotach: wiary, nadziei, miłosci, y obowiązkach z nich wynikających (in Polish), page 24

something has all ascribable traits to the speaker's surprise; completely, totally


koniecznie

/kɔˈɲɛt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

necessarily, really (it does have to be like that)


կենացդ

head

կենա՛ցդ • (kenácʻd)

hy-particle

կենա՛ցդ • (kenácʻd)

կենա՛ցդ (canonical)
kenácʻd (romanization)


ても

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

A conjunctive particle that follows a conditional subordinate clause; even if.


prawie

Inherited from Old Polish prawie. By surface analysis, prawy + -ie. Sense 1 is an extension of sense 2. Compare Kashubian prawie and Slovincian prawjê.


prawie

Inherited from Old Polish prawie. By surface analysis, prawy + -ie.


jeszcze

Polish: jeszcze

Silesian: jeszcze

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)ešče. First attested in the 14th century.

Coordinate term: już

Y robicz bødze na weky, y sziw bødze ieszcze (adhuc) do concza

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 48, 8:

Ieszcze (adhuc) karme gich bechø w usczech gich, a gnew boszi wstøpil na ne

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 77, 34:

Margorzata winowata iescze dwadzescza groszi

1920 [1403], Marceli Handelsman, Antoni Rybarski, Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editors, Najdawniejsze księgi sądowe mazowieckie, volume I, number 271, Płońsk:

I ieszcze (et adhuc) malutko, esz ne bødze grzesznik

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 36, 10:

O moy synku namylschy, vczyeschy szvą mathką zalostną, abych czyą ale mogla yescze yedno vzrecz

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 697:

Allecz dzisza gescze pefnegsze nouiniy szøcz ony nam bily... przyneszoniy

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 2a:

(attested in Lesser Poland) even, still, yet, to a larger degree, emphasizes a comparative


jeszcze

Coordinate term: już

Nie zrobiłem jeszcze zadania domowego.

Coordinate term: już

Jestem jeszcze zajęty.

Wypiłem jeszcze dwa kieliszki.

Pracowała jeszcze ona.

Jestem jeszcze bardziej zły niż byłem pięć minut temu.

I'm even angrier than I was five minutes ago.

emphasizes a comparative even, still, yet, to a larger degree

(Middle Polish, expressive) emphasizes a positive element among bad elements even so

(Middle Polish, expressive) even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned)

(Middle Polish, expressive) expresses discontent

Nondum, Ieſzcze.

Adhuc – Ieſzcze, Az dotąd

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 23:

(Middle Polish) not yet; so far; Further details are uncertain.


jeszcze

Coordinate term: już

denotes an action that happened a long time ago in the past

denotes a small amount of passed time from a different event


około

Po około czterdziestu minutach ciasto można wyjąć z piekarnika

After around forty minutes, you can take the cake out of the oven.


हि

→ Awadhi: हि (hi)

⇒ Hindustani:

Hindi: ही (hī)

Urdu: ہی (hī)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰí, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰí, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi.

सर्वो हि पृतना जिगीषति (sárvo hí pṛ́tanā jígīṣati)

भवान् हि प्रमाणम् (bhavān hi pramāṇam)

तथा हि (tathā hi)

न हि (ná hí), नहि (nahí)

for, because, on account of (never standing first in a sentence, but generally after the first word and used enclitically, sometimes after pronouns)

पश्यामो हि (paśyāmo hi)

just, pray, do (with an imperative or potential emphatically; sometimes with indicative)

हि वै (hí vaí)

हि – तु (hi – tu), हि – पुनर् (hi – punar) — indeed – but

indeed, assuredly, surely, of course, certainly

often a mere expletive, especially to avoid a hiatus, sometimes repeated in the same sentence; hi is also said to be an interjection of "envy", "contempt", "hurry" etc.


naman

Tulungan mo naman ako.

Pupunta si Miguel sa eskwela. Si Mark naman ay pupunta sa opisina.

Miguel is going to school. On the other hand, Mark is heading to the office.

Okay, ako naman!

Sana Vietnam naman ang manalo sa Miss Universe.

I wish Vietnam would win this time in Miss Universe.

particle used to express the turn of somebody or something

Sabi nila may pera daw sa lamesa, wala naman!

They told me there's money on the table but there really was none!

Wala ka namang sinabi na pupunta ka, ha?

But you really didn't tell me you were coming, huh?

Maganda siya, tamad naman.

Mali 'yung sagot mo sa number 5. — Hindi ah! Tama naman, ah!

Your answer in number 5 is incorrect. — No way! It's correct, mind you!

Wala naman akong kasalanan, ah!

Sasama ka ba sa amin? — Oo naman!

Sabihin mo na sa akin ang sekreto mo. Wala namang makakaalam na iba, eh.

Tell me that secret of yours already. Nobody else is really going to know.

particle used to give additional information so the other person will be finally convinced of what you've said or asked

Ang tanga naman niyun!

Sana mamatay na 'yang gagong 'yan! — Huwag naman!

I wish that jerk would die! — Oh, not at all!

Grabe naman 'yung nangyaring lindol sa Japan!

How outrageous was the earthquake that happened in Japan!

Kawawa naman 'yung mga nasalanta ng bagyong Yolanda!

How pitiful are the victims of typhoon Yolanda!

particle used in exclamatory sentences to add more emotion


kaut

Es to nedarīšu

used to express that an assumed obstacle is not going to be a hindrance

kaut vai tu lūgtos.I'm not going to do it even if you beg me.

kaut vai zeme ar debesīm grieztos kopā.We have to go regardless of everything.

Būtu kaut vai pateicis kādu vārdu.Would have said at least something.

kaut kas undefined pronoun - something undefined, something

Iedod man kaut ko padzerties!Give me something to drink!

Viņam kaut kas bija sakāms.He had something to say.

kaut kāds pronoun, in the sense of an adjective - undefined regarding its qualities.

Iedod man kaut kādu rakstāmo!Give me something to write with!

more closely Give me a pen of some sort!

Not very well, in a slapdash manner - somehow

Viņš kaut kā nokārtoja pārbaudījumus.He somehow to pass the exams.

ka tēva vēl nebija mājās.It seemed pretty odd

Būtu iedevis kaut latu.

(You) could had given at least one lats.

Būtu kaut drusku siltāks.

Viņš mēģināja kaut pāris rindiņu uzrakstīt.

He tried to write at least a couple of lines.

Jāmin kaut viens piemērs.

(You) have to name at least one example.

Used to stress the meaning of a particular word.

kaut cik in the sense of an undefined number or an adverb - a little, a few (but with the implication that it's sufficient)

Man vēl ir kaut cik naudas.I still have some money.

Bērns ilgojās, kaut māte atnāktu.

The child was longing for the mother to come.

Links parts of a sentence and expresses a wish (subjunctive mood).

Kaut viņš to jau zināja, tomēr pārbaudīja.

Even though he knew it already, nevertheless he checked it.

Kaut gan lija, laiks bija silts.

Even though it was raining, the weather was warm.

Viņš strādāja, kaut arī bez prieka.

He was working, without any joy whatsoever.

Links parts of a sentence and expresses an assumption/probability.

Aizdošu grāmatu kaut rīt.

I can lend you the book any time (be it tomorrow).

Viņš var atnākt kaut šodien.

To var izlasīt kaut vai skolas grāmatās.

You can look that up even in text books.


łu

"it is said" (usually placed at the end of the phrase or sentence)

Sukdu łu


bár

Shortened from the archaic adverb sense of bátor (“although, though”). Compare ámbátor, ámbár.


หรือ

th-particle

หรือ • (rʉ̌ʉ)

Compare Lao ຫຼື (lư̄), ຫລື (lư̄); Zhuang rox; Khmer ឬ (rɨɨ).

final interrogative particle on a yes-no question.


ว

เอว เอว#Pali

Thai script form of va, sandhi form of เอว (eva, “even”)


เสีย

th-part

เสีย • (sǐia)

From Proto-Southwestern Tai *siəᴬ¹ (“to lose (something)”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᩈ᩠ᨿᩮ, Khün ᩈ᩠ᨿᩮ, Lao ເສຍ (sīa), Lü ᦵᦉ (ṡe), Shan သေ (sěe), Tai Nüa ᥔᥥᥴ (sé), Phake ꩬေ (se), Ahom *𑜏𑜦𑜧 (*sē).

inh

used at the end of a verb or adverb for emphasising or for indicating an imperative or hortative.


kéž

Kéž bych tak mohl létat.

A statement of a wish that is hard or impossible to fulfill; if only


ať

Inherited from Old Czech ať, ati. By surface analysis, a + -ť.

Ať to neposílají.

Oni to udělají, ať se ti to líbí nebo ne.

They'll do it, whether you like it or not.

Ať to děláš jakkoli.


nechť

Inherited from Old Czech nechť. By surface analysis, nech (“leave, let”) + -ť. Compare Polish niech, Serbo-Croatian neka, and Ukrainian неха́й (nexáj).

surf

Nechť tě provází Síla.

let (used to introduce a third person imperative verb construction)


nechť

From nech (“leave, let”) + -ť. Compare Old Polish niech.

(hortative) Forms third person imperative; let


どこか

First cited to a 滑稽本 (kokkeibon) text in the early 1800s.
Shift from どころか (dokoro ka) of the same meaning.

Short for どころか (dokoro ka): anything but, far from, not at all


amin

From Malay amin, from Classical Malay أمين (amin), from Arabic آمِين (ʔāmīn), from Aramaic ܐܡܝܢ (ʾāmēyn), from Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn)


näät

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Näät i pestäisikko, kus seisoo laageri.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

There's the pine forest, where the camp is located.


bądź co bądź

/bɔɲt͡ɕ t͡sɔ bɔɲt͡ɕ/

Literally, “whatever might be”. Compare Czech buď jak buď, Russian будь что бу́дет (budʹ što búdet).

cog

будь что бу́дет

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


bądź

Polish: bądź

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bǫdi. First attested in the 15th century.

Mogaly kogo ku przyszyadze przyczysznacz, kyedy kto na kogo zalowal o dlug albo oczkolye bandcz o gyna rzecz

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, volume VI, page 374:

Paknyąly kthokole bącz kmyecza zabye, szescz grzywyen zaplaczycz ma

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 67:

Gdi *kteri bąncz slyachczycz... nyecziyąn dzyewkąn dobrego lozaa... prziyaczyelyewy w zonąn bi prawąn vidal, tegdi... s gymyenya wlostnego yąn vipossazi

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 90:

(attested in Masovia) Intensifies an indefinite pronoun.

Gdy nasza krolewska wyelmosznoscz w zyemyą kalyską alybo poznanyską wgeszdzy, sządza na te myescze lvbo kalysky lvbo poznanysky bącz ma przyechacz a wnycz na nasz dwor s sządzicz

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 63:

(attested in Masovia) Intensifies a disjunctive conjunction.


bądź

Inherited from Old Polish bądź. As a conjunction, compare Hungarian vagy.

Położył swoje rzeczy jak bądź.


nn

>? Late Egyptian: bn

Oréal hypothesizes an origin in a contraction of nj (negative particle) + wn (“exists”), following Vergote and rejecting an earlier hypothesis by Osing and Loprieno that would suggest an origin in nj (negative particle) + jn.

wa:a-A1-Z1-i-m-nb-m-a:k\-A-A24-ib*Z1:f-n&xt-A24-a*Z1:f-r-sn-n:nw-w-A1-Z1-Z1-f-!-D35:n-w-xA-A-nDs-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2
wꜥ jm nb mꜥkꜣ jb.f nḫt ꜥ.f r snnw.f nn wḫꜣ m ḥr(j) jb.sn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 99–101

Each one of them, his mind was more observant and his arm was stronger than his fellow’s. There was no fool in their midst.

D35:n-i-iz-pr*Z1:n-s-b-i-A13-Hr:Z1-Hm-Z1:f-i-w-XA:t-Aa2:f-m-q:H_SPACE-T14-Y1:n-mw

c. 1859 BCE – 1813 BCE, The Loyalist Teaching (Stele of Sehetepibre/Cairo CG 20538 Verso) line 19

There is no tomb for a rebel against His Majesty; his corpse is thrown to the water.

(since Middle Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) there is no, there are no; introduces an independent negated existential clause

iz-w:*t-A1-Z2ss-T:n:Z2-ii-i-t:D54-aD:d-t:Y2-D35:n-n:h-w-nDs:n-mSa-A1-Z2ss-n:Z2
jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 6–8

Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.

(since Middle Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) without; there not being any …; introduces a subordinated negated existential clause

xpr-r:n-r-s-D35:n-w-A1-H-n:a-A-m-Q7-n:y-D35:n-w-A1-m-Hr:r-ib-s-n:Z2
ḫpr.n r.s nn wj ḥnꜥ(w) ꜣm.nj nn wj m ḥr(j) jb.sn

c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 130–131

But it happened while I wasn’t with them, and they burned up while I wasn’t in their midst.

(since Middle Egyptian) not; negates an adverbial or adjectival sentence

(since Middle Egyptian) not; negates a subjunctive main clause with future meaning

(since Middle Egyptian, uncommon) not; negates a nominal sentence

(since Middle Egyptian, used without anything negated following) or not; contrasts with a preceding clause or phrase


dość

Inherited from Old Polish dość. By surface analysis, clipping of dosyć. Compare Czech dost, Kashubian dosc, Slovincian dôsc, and Ukrainian до́ста (dósta).

Nie dość, że zapomniałem kluczy, też nie wyłączyłem kuchenki!

Not only did I forget my keys, I also didn't turn off the stove!

enough, sufficiently (not less than necessary)


ino

Respelled after a dialectal pronunciation of jeno.

Ale sulisławskie chłopy nie głupie, ino spojrzały po sobie i powiadają[…]

1960, Kazimierz Nitsch, Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych, page 167:

But the peasants [men] from Sulisławice weren’t stupid, just looked at each other and said […]


gdzieś

From gdzie + -ś. First attested in 1534. Compare Kashubian dzes.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “gdzieś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(colloquial) somewhere around (at some indeterminate amount or degree)

(Middle Polish, optative) if only; had better, may


ສາ

(imperative) used to express an order, command etc.


مش

مِش (canonical)
مُش (canonical)
miš (romanization)
muš (romanization)

From underlying Arabic مَا هُوَ شَيْء (mā huwa šayʔ) and Arabic مَا هِيَ شَيْء (mā hiya šayʔ). The gender distinction was eventually lost, leaving miš, muš as interchangeable or regional variants.

der

مَا هُوَ شَيْء

Arabic مَا هُوَ شَيْء (mā huwa šayʔ)

مَا هِيَ شَيْء

Arabic مَا هِيَ شَيْء (mā hiya šayʔ)

أنا مش مصري.


مش

Contraction of ماهوش (mahúš, mahūš, “it is not”), obtained by applying the negative circumfix ما ...ـش (mā ...-š, “not”) to pronouns like هو (hū, “he; it”). Can be traced piecewise to Arabic مَا + هُوَ + شَيْء (mā + huwa + šayʔ, literally “it is not one thing”).

inh

مَا + هُوَ + شَيْء

أنا مش فلسطيني.
ʔana miš falasṭīni
I'm not Palestinian.

Audio (Ramallah): (file)


مش

From underlying Arabic مَا هُوَ شَيْء (mā huwa šayʔ).

der

مَا هُوَ شَيْء

Arabic مَا هُوَ شَيْء (mā huwa šayʔ)

آنا مش تونسي.


tə̂otho

From tə̂o- (“village”) [bound stem] (cognate with Southern Tiwa na-tə́aʼi) + -tho (“in”).

in the village, at the village, Taos pueblo


kwę́ʼogą

/ˈkwɛ̃̄ʔɑɡæ̃/

From kwę́- (“Mexican”) + -ʼogą (“into”).

among the Mexicans (i.e. Taos city, Taos village)


tə̂obo

From tə̂o- (“village”) [bound stem] + -bo (“up against”).

to the village, toward the village, Taos pueblo


hǫ́lpʼȍno

/ˈhɑ̃̄lˌpʔɑ̀nɑ/

From hǫ́l- (“shell”) + -pʼȍ- (“water”) + -no (“in”).

Santa Fe (a city in New Mexico, United States)


所で

From 所 (tokoro, “place”) + で (de, “at”, “in”, indicates a location of action).

com

even if, no matter if (someone does something)


delas

Borrowed from Spanish delas, from de las. Its use as a contraction of de las in Spanish-origin surnames originated during the American colonial era, possibly by influence of Italian della and delle.

particle found in Spanish-derived surnames when originally spelled with de las, such as delas Alas (from earlier de las Alas)


ພວກ

[pʰuːə̯k̚˥˨]

[pʰuːə̯k̚˧˦]

Compare Khmer ពួក (puək), Thai พวก (pûuak).

used before nouns and pronouns to indicate plurality


ທີ່

From Proto-Tai *diːᴮ. Cognate with Thai ที่ (tîi), Lü ᦑᦲᧈ (tii¹), Shan တီႈ (tīi), Ahom 𑜄𑜣 (tī). Outside Tai-Kadai: compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *tiʔ ~ tiiʔ ~ tiəʔ (“that yonder”), Mon တေံ (teʔ, “that”), Khmer ទី (tii), Vietnamese thì (“then, which, to be”).

cog

(relative) used to link noun with adjective, or verb with subordinate clause

used to form ordinal number from cardinal number


-to

Miä veel en tohi viinaa ostaa, miul-to ono vaa viistoist vootta!

I'm not allowed to buy alcohol yet, I am still fifteen years old, after all!

Used to give contrastive emphasis to a preceding word.


آ

قُلۡ أَرَءَيۡتُم مَّاۤ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّٰهُ لَكُم مِّن رِّزۡقࣲ فَجَعَلۡتُم مِّنۡهُ حَرَامࣰا وَحَلَـٰلࣰا قُلۡ ءَاۤللَّهُ أَذِنَ لَكُمۡ ۖ أَمۡ عَلَى ٱللَّٰهِ تَفۡتَرُونَ

Sahih International: Say, "Have you seen what Allah has sent down to you of provision of which you have made [some] lawful and [some] unlawful?" Say, "Has Allah permitted you [to do so], or do you invent [something] about Allah?"

qul ʔa-raʔaytum mā ʔanzala llāhu lakum min rizqin fa-jaʕaltum minhu ḥarāman wa-ḥalālan qul ʔāllāhu ʔaḏina lakum ʔam ʕalā llāhi taftarūna

مَدَّة مدة#Arabic

A form of the initial interrogative particle that indicates a yes-or-no question. As it is written together with the following word, when this word begins with ال (al-, “the”) they are orthographically morphed together and written with a مَدَّة (madda) diacritic instead of maintaining both.


ເປັນຫຍັງ

[pen˩˨.ɲaŋ˥˧˧]

Isan เป็นหยัง


ขี้

From Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjꟲ (“excrement”); cognate with Northern Thai ᨡᩦ᩶, Lao ຂີ້ (khī), Lü ᦃᦲᧉ (ẋii²), Shan ၶီႈ (khīi), Ahom 𑜁𑜣 (khī), Zhuang haex, Saek ไกฺ. Compare Sui ggeex, Proto-Kra *kaiꟲ and Proto-Hlai *ɦaːjʔ (whence haːj³ in most modern lects). Compare also Proto-Austronesian *Caqi (whence Paiwan tsaqi, Malay tahi, Malagasy tay), Old Chinese 屎 (OC *[qʰ]ijʔ) (B-S).

Lü ᦃᦲᧉ (ẋii²)

(sometimes considered vulgar) used as a prefix to any word to form a noun, indicating the state of being a dirty substance, unwanted substance, or waste matter.

(sometimes considered vulgar) used as a prefix to any word to form an adjective or adverb, indicating a tendency, propensity, habit, behaviour, or condition, especially an unfavourable one.


ialah

Yang perlu dikerjakan sekarang ialah membawa korban ke rumah sakit.

What needs to be done now is to take the victims to the hospital.

(third person) a connector between two pieces of sentence that confirms the details or explanation of the first part


fakt

Learned borrowing from Latin factum. First attested in 1843.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “fakt”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


ها

→ Galician: eis

→ Portuguese: eis

→ Spanish: he


znów

Clipping of znowu. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “znów”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


a'

Chonnaic sé cailín ag nigheachán i sruthán le cois an bhealaigh mhóir ⁊ chuir sé an tiománach síos ag fiafraighe di a’ bpósfadh sí é. […] Chuaidh an rí é féin síos annsin ⁊ d’fhiafraigh dhi a’ bpósfadh sí é.

1894 March 5, Peadar Mac Fionnlaoigh, “An rí nach robh le fagháil bháis”, in Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge, volume 1:5, Dublin: Gaelic Union, pages 185–88:

He saw a girl washing in a stream by the roadside, and he sent his driver down to ask her if she would marry him. […] The king himself then went down, and asked her would she marry him.

(nonstandard) Contraction of an (used to form direct and indirect questions).


a'

A' Gigi, viè qua!

E che mi lasciate qua? A' 'nfami!

(regional, informal) uttered before a noun to call whoever it is referred to


a'

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Tha Seoc a' fuireach ann an Glaschu.

Dè tha thu a' leughadh?


mga

From earlier manga, from Proto-Central Philippine *maŋa, from Proto-Philippine *maŋa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maŋa.
The three-letter spelling originated in a now defunct Spanish language abbreviation convention of drawing a tilde over the abbreviated word, in this case manga, later rendered as mg̃a or m͠ga. The complications of typing ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨g̃⟩ or any such tilded combination using English language typewriters during the American occupation of the Philippines caused it to be dropped in writing. Compare ng.
The abbreviated form was kept to avoid possible confusion with prefix manga-.

mga aso


balaw

(interrogative) questions listener's thoughts or opinions, often in a conditional sense


akurat

Borrowed from German akkurat. First attested in 1807. Compare Kashubian akùrôt and Slovincian akúrot.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “akurat”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Jest akurat pięć jabłek.

used to emphasize the accuracy of information: just, exactly, precisely, to be exact, to be precise

Akurat te jabłka zjem.

I'm actually going to eat these apples (and not the other ones).

used to provide emphasis on a particular object, and draw attention away from other objects: exactly, precisely, actually


nár

head

nár (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms)

except of past autonomous forms (triggers-lenition)

Nár fhille sé!

Nár lige Dia!

God forbid! (literally, “May God not permit”)

may... not (used with the present subjunctive to express a negative wish)

Nár chuala tú mé?

didn’t...? (used to introduce a negative question in the past tense, except with some irregular verbs)

Dúirt sé nár oibrigh sé ansin.

that... not (used with past tenses except of some irregular verbs)

an fear nár chabhraigh mé

which/who... not (used with past tenses except of some irregular verbs)


nár

nár (triggers lenition, before vowels nárbh)

Nár mhaith leat cupán tae?

wasn’t/wouldn’t... be? (used to introduce a negative question)

an bhean nár mhúinteoir í

an bhean nár mhaith léi bainne

which/who wasn’t/wouldn’t be (used to introduce both direct and indirect relative clauses)

Dúirt sí nár mhaith léi cupán tae.

She said that she wouldn’t like a cup of tea

Ní raibh a fhios agam nár mhaith léi cupán tae.

I didn’t know whether she would like a cup of tea.

that... it wasn’t/wouldn’t be; whether/if... it wasn’t/wouldn’t be (used to introduce a negative past/conditional copular subordinate clause, including an indirect question)


إن

ar-particle

إِنَّ • (ʔinna)

إِنَّ (canonical)
ʔinna (romanization)
إِنَّ (stem)
إِنِّي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
إِنَّنِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
إِنَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
إِنَّا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
إِنَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
إِنَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
إِنَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
إِنَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
إِنَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
إِنَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
إِنَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
إِنَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
إِنَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
إِنَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

Cognate to Hebrew הִנֵּה (“lo, behold”).

إِنِّي فَقِيرٌ وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.

Indeed, I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.

ʔinnī faqīrun wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.

indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated


إن

إِنْ • (ʔin)

إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ إِلَّا فِي غُرُورٍ

the disbelievers are not but in delusion

إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا إِحْسَانًا وَتَوْفِيقًا

we intended nothing but good conduct and accommodation

لَا وَٱللّٰهِ، إِنْ أَهْلَكَ النَّاسَ وَلَا أَقْفَرَ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَلَا تَرَكَ دُورَهُمْ بَلَاقِعَ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانُ بِٱلْخَلَفِ

a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, “طرف أهل خراسان”, in البخلاء:

lā wal-lāhi, ʔin ʔahlaka n-nāsa walā ʔaqfara buyūtahum walā taraka dūrahum balāqiʕa ʔillā l-ʔīmānu bi-l-ḵalafi


とは

素数とは何かを学んだ。

「原子力」とは？

indicates that a word or a phrase is to be defined

あいつとはもう関係ない。

過去とは違う自分

a self who is different from the [self of the] past

(more emphatic) Synonym of と (to, “with”)

まさか自殺するとは……

I never would have thought that he/she would kill himself/herself...

Short for とは思わなかった (to wa omowanakatta, “did not think that ...”).


ขา

(women's speech) a familiar or disrespectful particle placed after an appellation, especially in an expression of doubt, interrogation, or suggestion.


ý

Alternative spelling of í; Northern Vietnam form of ấy


jakoś

From jako + -ś. First attested in 1500–1547. Compare Kashubian jakòs, and Silesian jakoś.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jakoś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


tə́yboʼoyą

/ˈtɤ̄jbɑʔɑjæ̃/


ก็

From Proto-Tai *koːꟲ (“also”); Cognate with Northern Thai ᨣᩴ᩵; Lao ກໍ (kǭ), ກໍ່ (kǭ); Tai Dam ꪁꪷ꫁; Shan ၵေႃႈ (kāu), ၵေႃး (káu); Ahom 𑜀𑜦𑜡 (kō), 𑜀𑜦𑜨𑜡 (keoā), compared with Old Khmer ក (ka), *កោ (*ko), *ករ៑ (*kar, “a conjunction marking a consequential clause; to happen, to occur; to begin, to start; etc”); Modern Khmer ក៏ (kɑɑ) and Mon ကဵု.

ความจริงก็คือความจริง

used just for linking words or for starting or emphasising an expression.


túykwitho

From túykwi- [< túy- (?) + -kwi- (“south”)] + -tho (“at”).


tə́kwitho

From tə́kwi- [<tə́- (?) + -kwi- (“south”?)] + -tho. Cognate with Picuris tə́kwe-tha.


tə́ʼutho

From tə́ʼu- [<tə́- (?) + -ʼu- (“north”?)] + -tho. Cognate with Picuris tə́ʼu-pa.


tə́nąwą

/ˈtɤ̄næ̃wæ̃/

From tə́- (?) + -nąwą (“west”?). Cognate with Picuris tə́ną.


tə́bu

From tə́- (?) + -bu (“east”?). Cognate with Picuris tə́pu-pa.

direction of the mountain Taos Peak (which is in the northeast)


ឬ

From Old Khmer រី (rī), ("topicalizer, often marking a new subject or a displaced direct object np" and "Of, on, about, concerning, in connection with."). See also រី (rii). Compare Lao ຫຼື (lư̄), ຫລື (lư̄); Zhuang rox

(interrogative, phrase-final) isn’t that so?


nors

From nórįs, the present adjectival active participle of norė́ti (“to want, desire”).

kas nórs

(in conjunction with interrogative words) some-


tə́ynąwą

/ˈtɤ̄jnæ̃wæ̃/


hûokwimo

From hûokwi- [<hûo- (?) + -kwi- (“south”?)] + -mo.


łáwkwimo

From łáwkwi- [<łáw- (?) + -kwi- (“south”?)] + -mo.


tə́wtʼo

Perhaps a misspelling or mishearing of tə́’utho.


とて

幾ら貧乏だとて


dokładnie

From dokładny + -ie. First attested in 1564. Compare Kashubian dokładno.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokładnie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

exactly, precisely used to provide emphasis

(colloquial, proscribed) exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)


The wave dash, used in some East Asian languages to indicate the starting point of a range.


Indicates the starting point of a range; from.


dosłownie

exactly, precisely (used to provide emphasis)


เจ้า

nod-part

เจ้า • (jâo)

a particle used at the end of a sentence, employed by females.


hìwkwíalto

From hìw- (“stone”) + -kwíal- (“fence”) + -to (“at”).


wę̀puopʼôto

/ˌwẽ̄puɑˈpʔɑ̀tɑ/

From wę̀- (“pine”) + -puo (“near”) + -pʼô- (“water”) + -to (“at”).


ną̀phę́tho

/ˌnæ̃̄ˈphẽ̄thɑ/

From what is probably a folk etymology of the Sandia term: ną́ (“hill”) + -phę́- (“cloud”) + -tho (“at”). Cognate with Southern Tiwa nafį̀’athúde “Sandia Indian”.

Sandia Pueblo (folk etymological meaning: “place of the cloud hills”, a reference to the sand dunes in the area)


wílatho

From *wíla- (“pass, gap?”) + -tho (“at”). Cognate with Picuris pʼį̀nwéltha (“Picuris Pueblo”) (literally “mountain pass place” although this decomposition is now opaque).

Picuris Pueblo; literally, "at the pass", referring to location of the pueblo near the west end of a pass leading to the Great Plains


krótko mówiąc

(idiomatic) briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


innymi słowy

Archaic instrumental plural of inne słowo (“another word”). In modern declension, the phrase would be innymi słowami, but that form is not used. Compare ostatnimi czasy.


-서

거기서 왔어?


-스

김스 OO ― gimseu OO ― Kim's ...


-며

From Middle Korean 며〮 (Yale: -myé). See the main entry for more.

Post-vowel allomorph form of 이며 (-imyeo, “and”).

Short for 고 하며 (-go ha-myeo, “while saying that...”).

Alternative form of 면서 (-myeonseo, “even though [one] said..."; "you said... right?”)


-쓰

Perhaps originally intended to make the word sound more English.

상우쓰 뭐해?

(chiefly Internet slang, humorous) Used after a noun, a personal name, or (less commonly) a verb or adjective in order to express affection or add a “memey” effect.


-고

Contracted from 하고 (hago, “that”, used to quote speech, literally “[one] said, and...”), hence formally identical to the connective suffix above. First attested widely in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga (日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가), 1763, and other mid-eighteenth-century works.

lang

日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가

日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가

자기가 먹었다고 그랬다.

내가 어디 가냐고 물었다.

거기로 가자고 말했다.

왕은 신하에게 자결하라고 명령했다.

The king commanded the minister to take his own life.

Wang-eun sinha-ege jagyeolha-ra-go myeongnyeong-haetda.

"plain style"
w:Korean speech levels#Haera-che

that; quotative particle marking indirect quotes. Attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".

내가 먹었다고?

나도 갔냐고?

거기로 가자고요?

어디 가라고요?

intimate style
w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che

In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to request confirmation of what the speaker has just heard; by extension, can express surprise about what they have just heard.

내가 메달을 땄다고.

너도 좋았냐고.

얼른 가자고.

I said, let's leave as soon as possible.

빨리 나가라고요.

In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to emphasize that the speaker is repeating something they have just said; by extension, can be used to express emphasis or annoyance even if one is not actually repeating something.

Used with the declarative in certain constructions as 다고 (-dago); see there for more.


-고

From Middle Korean 고 (Yale: -kwó), from Old Korean 古 (*-kwo). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence ㄴ고 (-n'go) and ㄹ꼬 (-lkko).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below.

이 뭣고? (a Buddhist koan)

(Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.


om te

om te loop – to walk


zupełnie

Inherited from Old Polish zupełnie. By surface analysis, zupełny + -ie.

something has all ascribable traits to the speaker's surprise; completely, totally


no to dobrze

(colloquial, idiomatic) used when realizing the correctness of another opinion and presenting willingness to follow it


而已

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː²¹ jiː¹³/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ i⁵³/

/li²⁴⁻²² i⁵⁵⁴/

/li²⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/zi²³⁻³³ i⁴¹/

/d͡zi²⁴⁻³³ i⁵³/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² i⁵³/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː²¹ jiː¹³/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ i⁵³/

/li²⁴⁻²² i⁵⁵⁴/

/li²⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/zi²³⁻³³ i⁴¹/

/d͡zi²⁴⁻³³ i⁵³/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² i⁵³/

混混日子而已

如此而已，豈有他哉！

如此而已，岂有他哉！

僅此而已。

仅此而已。

(at the end of a phrase) that's all; nothing more; is all


trochę

head

trochę (diminutive troszkę or troszeczkę or troszeńkę)

troszkę (diminutive)
troszeczkę (diminutive)
troszeńkę (diminutive)

Inherited from Old Polish trochę. Accusative singular of trocha. Compare odrobinę, parę, or Hungarian egy kicsit.


na przykład

→ Belarusian: напры́клад (naprýklad)

→ Russian: наприкла́д (napriklád)

→ Ukrainian: напри́клад (naprýklad)

desc

נאַפּשיקלאַד

→ Yiddish: נאַפּשיקלאַד (napshiklad)

Literally, “for example”. Calque of French par exemple and German zum Beispiel. Compare Kashubian na przëkłôd.

(idiomatic) for example, for instance (as an example)


รา

(chiefly poetic) placed at the end of an expression of invitation or suggestion for emphasis.


շնորհակալություն

head

շնորհակալություն • (šnorhakalutʻyun)

hy-particle

շնորհակալութիւն

շնորհակալություն • (šnorhakalutʻyun)

/ʃənoɾɑɡɑluˈtʏn/

[ʃənoɾɑɡɑlutʰʏ́n]

Hy-շնորհակալություն.ogg

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian շնորհակալութիւն (šnorhakalutʻiwn).

lbor

շնորհակալութիւն


naprawdę

Univerbation of na + prawdę. First attested in the end of the 19th century. Largely displaced zaprawdę. Compare Silesian naprŏwdy and Ukrainian напра́вду (naprávdu).

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “naprawdę”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “naprawdę”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 132

really, truly, actually (in fact; in reality)


kònkʼə́obo

/ˌkɑ̄nˈkʔɤ̄ɑ̄bɑ/

From kòn- (“buffalo”) + -kʼə́o- (“up”) + -bo (“up against”).

placename for a place where a buffalo turned into stone in ancient times about 0.5 miles east of Taos


b'

b’ (canonical)
b' (mutation mutation-radical)
bh' (lenition mutation)
mb' (eclipsis mutation)

B’fhearr liom cupán tae.


οὐχ

Alternative form of οὐ (ou), used before a vowel with rough breathing


οὐκ

Alternative form of οὐ (ou), used before a vowel with smooth breathing


οὐ

Byzantine Greek: ὄχι (ókhi), ὤχι (ṓkhi)

Greek: όχι (óchi)

Mariupol Greek: йох (jox)

Possibly οὐκί (oukí, “not so, never”), from Proto-Hellenic *oyuki, from Proto-Indo-European *(ne) h₂óyu kʷíd (“(not) ever, (not) on your life”). Compare Sanskrit उद् (ud), Gothic 𐌿𐌳 (ud), Old Armenian ոչ (očʻ) and Albanian as.


-k

Löytyyk mittä? Are you finding anything?

(Southwest Finnish, enclitic) Alternative form of -ko


-k

Reduced form of -ka. The familiar meaning is probably influenced by Russian -ка (-ka).

Töötk siä meille hoomukseel?

1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:

Added to the indicative of a verb, used to form the interrogative aspect.

Määk siä șkouluu - sanoi Semon däädä, ilma sinnua saamma aikoo.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

Go to school - said uncle Semon, we'll get by without you.

Added to an imperative of a verb, used to form a familiar request.

Näijen kamppanioin hyväst veemisest rippuu se, jot saammak möö täl vootta ohto leipää, ruuhtija ja toisia maatalohusproduktoja, saammakse ohto saahkaraa ja materiaa.

1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. J. Molotsova, Loonnontiito oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

On the good carrying out of these campaigns depends whether this year we get enough bread, vegetables and other agricultural products, whether we get enough sugar and fabric.

Added to the indicative or the potential of a verb, used to form the deliberative aspect.

Se poika mäni vahtii, heittiis makkaamaa eik nähnyt varasta.

1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:

The boy went to the guard, threw himself and didn't see the thief.

(rare) Alternative form of -ka, -kä (“and not”)


არ

ველოდებოდი, მაგრამ ავტობუსი არ მოვიდა.

არ წახვიდე.


juba

Related to ju (“after all”), with an emphatic particle from Proto-Finnic *-pa. By formation, compare Finnish jopa.

Juba see mõtegi on hirmus.

Juba seetõttu, et...

Simply because.../For the mere reason, that...

Emphasising certain words.
just, ... alone; the mere, the very

Kui juba Ants ei oska, siis ei oska keegi.

If even Tony can't do it, then no one can.

Andke juba veel 10 muna.

Why don't you give me 10 more eggs, while you're at it?

Emphasising an amount; furthermore, in addition

Seda juba ei juhtu.

See juba sobib!

That's more like it!/Now you're talking! (literally, “That fits!”)

Tööd juba jätkub.

Meist juba jagu ei saa.

Tema juba kartma ei löö.

Küll teie juba teate.

Oi, see oleks juba huvitav!

See on juba tema moodi.

Kui juba teha, siis hästi.

„Hem, hem!” tegi Jooſep, „aga kas ei annaks teie uued koſilaſed kudagi järele?” „Juba nad annawad,” tähendas Miina tihkudes;[…]

1888, Eduard Vilde, Vigased pruudid, Tallinn: K. Busch, page 30:

"Ahem!" Joseph uttered. "But won't your new suitors give in?" "Hardly!" said Miina, with a whimper.

„Eks see ükskõik ei ole, missuguse rahaga osteti,” arwas Anna. „Juba ta siis ei ole, et nad nõnda ütlewad,” wastas Rein tütrele.

1922, A. H. Tammsaare, chapter 7, in Kõrboja peremees, Tallinn: Maa, →ISBN, page 58:

"It does matter what money was used to buy it," Anna thought. "Then it probably does, if they say so," Rein replied to his daughter.


zazwyczaj

Zazwyczaj o tej godzinie jem kolację.

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


մի

մի՛ գնա

don't! (used for forming negative conjugations of imperatives)


laa

Irregularly derived from lase (“let!”). Akin to dialectal Finnish las, laa.
Compare also the regular Estonian las, which serves the same function. Unrelated to German lass or Swedish låt.

Laa möö laulamma.

Used to form an optative construction with a following verb: may...; let...


nē

From Proto-Baltic *nē, from Proto-Indo-European *nē, a parallel form to *ne “no, not,” the sentence negation particle. Cognates include Lithuanian nè, nė̃ (“neither, nor”), Old Church Slavonic не (ne), Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian не (ne), Czech ne, Polish nie, Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni), 𐌽𐌴 (nē), Hittite 𒈾𒀜𒋫 (/natta/, “not”), [Term?] (/nāwi/, “not yet”), Sanskrit न (ná), Latin ne-, nē.

“Vai tu biji teātrī?” “Nē”

“Vai viņš ir slims?” “Nē”

used to deny or disagree with what was said in the preceding affirmative statement; no

“Avīzi neatvedi?” “Nē”, es iesaucos; “avīzes mums nav.”

“Didn't you bring the newspaper?” “No,” I exclaimed; “we don't have newspapers.”

“Tu esi klāt!” viņa sacīja. “Jā, esmu klāt.” “Nenomaldījies?” “Nē, nenomaldījos.”

“You are here!” she said. “Yes, I am here.” “You didn't get lost?” “No, I didn't get lost.”

used to confirm or agree with what was said in the preceding negative statement; no

Atskan telefona zvans: tai vajag būt viņai! Nē, nav.

The telephone bell rang: it must be her! No, it isn't.

Ja viss sils izdegtu!... Nē, nē, to Andrikssons nebija gribējis

If the whole forest burned!... No, no, Andrikssons had not wanted that

used to negate a previous assumption; no

Jūra bija zila. Nē, dzīzāk zaļa

The sea was blue. No, rather (it was) green.

Atnākšu rīt. Nē, parīt.

I'll come tomorrow. No, actually, the day after tomorrow

Kāds nāca. Nē, tur sarunādamies nāca vairāki vīri.

Someone was coming. No, actually, several men came talking.

Ieva reizēm palūkojās: zēns soļoja, rokas šūpodams, šaurajā sejā apņēmīga izteiksme. Nē, Aivars atradīs sev vietu dzīvē

Ieva looked a few times: the boy walked, arms swinging, a resolute expression in (his) narrow face. No, Aivars will find a place for himself in life

used to correct, precise or reinforce what was said in the preceding utterance; no, rather, actually

Nē, neiesim!

Nē, nevar.

Nē, tas patiesi nav saprotams.

Nē, citādi tu nevarēji rīkoties.

No, you could not have acted differently

used to reinforce a negative statement; no

vienam ieteicams sauļoties, otrs turpretī nedrīkst; viens var peldēties, cits nē

to one it is recommended to sit in the sun, the other, however, is not allowed; one may swim, the other no (= may not)

used instead of a negative verb form; no, ...not

Kristaps gribēja apprecēties... bet te nu Līvija pateica: nē

Kristaps wanted to get married... but here Līvija said: no.

viņai iztapa, viņu lutināja, nekad viņai nebija gadījies dzirdēt “nē”, kad viņa kaut ko vēlējās

they pleased her, they indulged her, she never had happened to hear “no” when she wanted something

used as a noun, to indicate a negative answer to a question, or to a proposal


gu h-

Bha e a' crochadh gu h-àrd air a' bhalla.

Makes an adverb when placed in front of an adjective.


amhlaidh

From Middle Irish amlaid, from Old Irish samlaid (“thus, so”).

Is amhlaidh a rinne sé airgead mór.

Is amhlaidh a bhrisfeas tú an chathaoir mar sin.

You're really going to break the chair like that.


nfr

Possibly from Proto-Afroasiatic *fir- (“to be good”) with an additional *nV- prefix. Compare also Tamahaq ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔ (ifrar, “best”) and Saho feer (“good”).


ӕндӕр

head

ӕндӕр • (ændær)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *Hántarah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hántaras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros (“other, second; beyond, further”). Compare Sanskrit अन्तर (ántara), English other (< Proto-Germanic *anþeraz).

inh

Æндӕр ма дзы чи уыди?


では

Compound of particle で (de, “at, in, on”, locative particle) and は (wa, topic particle; no English equivalent). In this case, the は (wa) is used in its contrastive function, emphasizing that the statement is about the portion preceding the で (de) in contrast to other possibilities.

彼は家ではおとなしい。

[As for] In the house, he is quiet. (Otherwise, he may not be quiet.)

ここでは駐車が出来ない。

No parking in this place. (Maybe you can park somewhere else.)

at, in a place (as the topic of a statement)

英語ではなんて言うんだったっけ。


की

Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘎𑘲𑘽 (kīṃ), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ), 𑀓𑀺 (ki), from Sanskrit किम् (kím, “what, which”). Compare Gujarati કિયું (kiyũ), Hindi कि (ki), Punjabi ਕੀ (kī), Bengali কি (ki), Assamese কি (ki).


անգամ

Անգամ եթե ինձ պաղպաղակ նվիրես, ես քեզ չեմ սիրի։

Even if you give my an ice-cream, I will not love you.

Angam etʻe inj paġpaġak nvires, es kʻez čʻem siri.


باش

added to an imperfect (present) verb form to express future tense: will


верно

head

ве́рно • (vérno)

Он, ве́рно, уже́ ушёл.

(colloquial) probably, I suppose, most likely


неужели

неуже́ли • (neužéli)

неуже́ли (canonical)
neužéli (romanization)

[nʲɪʊˈʐɛlʲɪ]

Ru-неужели.ogg

Univerbation of не (ne, “not”) + уже́ (užé, “already”) + ли (li, interrogative particle). Cognates include Ukrainian невже́ (nevžé), Belarusian няўжо́ (njaŭžó)

Неуже́ли та де́вочка я?


մեռսի

մեռսի • (meṙsi)

hy-particle

մեռսի • (meṙsi)

մերսի մերսի#Armenian


մերսի

From French merci. Introduced into Armenia by Western Armenian repatriates to the Armenian SSR in 1946–1948.


իսկ

Նրա անունն իսկ չէր ուզում լսել։

այդ իսկ պատճառով

առաջին իսկ պահից


бон

(dialectal) Alternative form of бен (ben)


nj

>? Late Egyptian: bw

Oréal hypothesizes that nj originated as a verb expressing nonexistence or absence in a stative construction, drawing a speculative connection with the attested verb nj (“to rebuff, to drive away”).
A cognate relation to Proto-Semitic *lā (“no, not”) has also been suggested.

(Old Egyptian, with a following noun or pronoun) there is no, there are no; introduces an independent negated existential clause

(Old Egyptian) not; negates any sentence

(Middle Egyptian) not; negates a nominal sentence, an adjectival sentence of possession, or the rheme of an emphatic clause (used with js; see Usage Notes below)

(Middle Egyptian) not; negates most verbal predicates besides infinitival, imperative, and subjunctive forms; forms the negation of the perfect, perfect passive, terminative, perfective, imperfective, prospective, and prospective passive.


notabene

(literary) nota bene; used to add an aside or warning to a text


اه

See also: مبلا (mbala)


dh'

Ní raibh aon fhear óg uasal timpall ná go raibh ag tnúth le Máire Bhán a dh’fhagháil le pósadh, ach ní raibh aon mhaith d’aoinne bheith á lorg.

1939, Peig Sayers, “Inghean an Cheannaidhe”, in Marie-Louise Sjoestedt, Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études; 270) (overall work in French), Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, page 193:

There wasn’t any young gentleman around but that he longed to get Blonde Mary in marriage, but it was no good for anyone to ask her.

(nonstandard) Used after a (“to”) before a lenited verbal noun starting with a vowel sound.


coraz

→ Kashubian: corôz

→ Silesian: corŏz

Univerbation of co + raz. First attested in 1603.

ref

Krzysztof Dorohostajski (1603) HIPPICA TO IEST O KONIÁCH XIĘGI (in Polish), page Hijv: “á ták po trzykroć coraz y tám y sám przybiegszy”

Near-synonym: coraz to

coraz częściej

more and more often/ever more frequently/increasingly more often

coraz lepiej

used with comparatives to show a growing rate of change; more and more, increasingly, ever


عم

ar-particle

عَمَّ • (ʕamma)

compound

عَن (ʕan) + مَا (mā)

عَمَّ يَتَسَاءَلُونَ


عم

Clipping of عَمَّال (ʕammāl), an earlier form related to the verb عمل (ʕimil, “to do”). See also مّا (mma).

عَمَّ بيِتسَاءَلُوا

شو عم تعمل؟ — عم إشرب قهوة
šū ʿam taʿmil? — ʿam ʾišrab ʾahwe.
What are you doing? — I’m drinking coffee.

Used with a following imperfect verb to mark the present progressive tense.


عم

ajp-particle

عمّ • (ʕamm)

Clipping of عمّال (ʕammāl), an earlier form related to the verb عمل (ʕimil, “to do”).

عمّ بشرب قهوة.

used to stress the ongoing nature of an action


тоа

Каде тоа?


-nya

Laku-nggu-nya.


ба

Аре ба! ― Are ba! ― Oh, come on!


бе

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish به, from Byzantine Greek βρέ (bré), from Ancient Greek μωρέ (mōré), which is the vocative form of μωρός (mōrós). Cognate with Serbo-Croatian bre, Greek ρε (re), and Turkish bre.

До́јди ва́му, бе!

Што се́ дереш, бе?

Ка́ко ве надму́дрија, бе?

A particle expressing anger, frustration, or surprise.


бе

From Proto-Turkic *-mi (“interrogative particle”). Cognate to Mongolian бэ (be), Kazakh бе (be), Turkish mi.

inh

Сен шай ижиксей-дир сен бе?

Particle for forming yes-or-no questions.


פי

פִּי שְׁלוֹשָׁה

אֲנִי גָּבֹהַּ פִּי שְׁנַיִם מִמֶּנּוּ

Multiplicative particle: followed by a number to indicate multiplication by that number; times; -fold; multiplied by


utimut

From Proto-Inuit *utǝʁ- (“return, back again”), from Proto-Eskimo *utǝʁ- (“return, backwards”). Compare uterpoq (“returns”).


эл

Эл цифра чуөн шоромо ньэлэмэдиэ эл лэйдиит.

2000, V. K. Spiridonov, I. A. Nikolaeva, Букварь для 1 класса юкагирских школ [A primer for the 1st class of Yukaghir schools], Saint Petersburg: Просвещение, →ISBN, page 50:

Without numbers humans cannot do anything.

El cifra čuøn šoromo nʹelemedie el lejdīt.


дали

Дали ми веруваш?

An interrogative particle for yes-or-no questions.


-li

From Proto-Slavic *-li; cognate with Upper Sorbian -li, Polish -li, Czech -li.

Spiš-li?

Sy-li Bóžy syn?

Wiźiš-li to?

used after a verb form to introduce a polar question


-li

(dated) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


би

Тие би јаделе.

A verbal particle used to render the conditional mood.


би

Inherited from Old Ruthenian бы (by), from Old East Slavic бꙑ (by), from Proto-Slavic *by.

would, expresses a conditional statement (following a consonant)


нешто

head

не́што • (néšto)

(colloquial) really?, is it possible?, indeed


kuno

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kunu. Compare Hiligaynon kuno, Pangasinan kuno, Bikol Central kono, Cebuano kono, Waray-Waray kono, Kapampangan kanu, Ibanag kanu, Ilocano kano, Indonesian konon, Malay konon, Ivatan kunu.

so they say; according to someone; it is said


való

From the val- stem variant of the verb van (“to be”) + -ó (present participle suffix).

af

Az Annával való találkozásom óta boldogabb vagyok.

Since my meeting ∅ with Anna, I have been happier.

A nehéz témáról való beszélgetés kimerítette őket.

The conversation ∅ about the difficult topic exhausted them.

Used to connect modifiers (e.g. adverbs) to a noun that expresses an action or process (ending in -ás/-és, similar to the English gerund)


gura

head

gura (subjunctive copular particle used before consonants, form used before vowels gurab)

copular particle used before consonants (subjunctive)
vowels gurab (archaic)

gura fada buan í an Bhanríon

gura slán duit

gura maith an mhaise duit é


kodi

Placed at the beginning of a sentence to indicate a question.


ที่

From Proto-Tai *diːᴮ, possibly from Middle Chinese 地 (MC dijH). Cognate with Lao ທີ່ (thī), Northern Thai ᨴᩦ᩵, Lü ᦑᦲᧈ (tii¹), Shan တီႈ (tīi), Ahom 𑜄𑜣 (tī), Zhuang dih. Outside Tai-Kadai: compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *tiʔ ~ tiiʔ ~ tiəʔ (“that yonder”), Mon တေံ (teʔ, “that”), Khmer ទី (tii), Vietnamese thì (“then, which, to be”). Compare Malay di.

placed after an adjective to indicate that it applies particularly and specifically to its preceding noun.

เป็น เป็น#Thai

used in the pattern “เป็น (bpen) + ที่ + verb” to make an adjective from a verb.


いは

ipa → iɸa → iwa. Compound of い (i, “emphatic marker”) and は (wa, “focus marker”). As -i was archaic even in Old Japanese, -wa was attached to supplement it.

不敢雖謂 話礼ゝゝ常 詔許曽 志斐伊波奏 強話登言

Even though I said no, [she] keeps talking and talking. When [she] talks about sipï, I talk about compelling.

INA TO₂ IPE₂DO₂ KATAre KATAre to₂ NO₂RASE ko₂so₂ sipi₂ i pa MAWOSE SIPI₂KATARI TO₂ NO₂RU

797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 45)
此乎持伊波稱乎致之、捨伊波謗乎招都
KO₂ wo TAMOTU ipa TATAPE₂ wo ITAsi SUTURU ipa SOSIRI wo MANEKI₁tu
To hold this is to praise it; to throw it away is to have had a bad mouth.


nga

Tama nga 'to.


мен

From Proto-Turkic [Term?]. Cognate with Tuvan мен (men), Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤 (mn²), etc.

First-person singular predicative particle, used after predicates.


мен

From Proto-Turkic *ben. Cognate with Tofa мен (men), Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤 (mn²).

Тос-ла чүзүн малымайны / Доруктурза, байыыр-ла мен.

1921, “Тоорутукг долгай тандым”:

My livestocks of nine colours / If my taiga raises them, I’ll be rich.

Tos-la çüzün malımaynı / Dorukturza, bayıır-la men.

Мен — тыва мен, / Мөңге харлыг дагның оглу мен.

2011, “Мен — тыва мен”:

I am a Tuvan, / I'm the son of the mountains capped with perpetual snow.

Men — tıva men, / Möñge xarlıg dagnıñ oglu men.

Forms the first-person singular predicative when used in conjunction with nouns, adjectives, and certain verb tenses, including the present-future and indefinite past.


tegu

From an earlier te-gùl < te-gùli, from tè (“let, may”) + the 3rd person singular present indicative form of gulė́ti (“to lie”), literally "let (it) lie".


քել

քել • (kʻel)

hy-particle

քել • (kʻel)

Literally, “walk, go!”, second-person imperative of քելել (kʻelel, “to walk, go”).

քել կինո գնանք

քել սեքսով զբաղվենք

քել ֆուտբոլ խաղանք

քել մի հատ բատանիկ ճարենք ու քացու տակ քցենք

let's find some nerds and beat the crap out of them

kʻel mi hat batanik čarenkʻ u kʻacʻu tak kʻcʻenkʻ


դավայ

դավայ կինո գնանք

դավայ ֆուտբոլ խաղանք

come on, c'mon (expression of encouragement)


lés

Borrowed from Old French lez, from Latin latus. Doublet of lado.

Used in the adverbial phrase de lés a lés.


чи

Inherited from Old Ruthenian чи (či), from Old East Slavic чи (či), from Proto-Slavic *či, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéy, initially instrumental singular of pronoun *kʷo-／*kʷe-.

interrogative particle: introduces a question


らむ

ramu (romanization)
らむ (stem terminative)
らん (stem terminative)
ramu (stem terminative)
ran (stem terminative)
らむ (attributive stem)
らん (attributive stem)
ramu (attributive stem)
ran (attributive stem)
らめ (realis stem)
rame (realis stem)

The final -mu is cognate with conjectural む (mu).

玉剋春 内乃大野尓 馬数而 朝布麻須等六 其草深野

鳴呼見乃浦尓 船乗為良武 𡢳嬬等之 珠裳乃須十二 四宝三都良武香

(archaic) conjecture about a presently occurring situation that the speaker has no direct knowledge about

(archaic) conjecture about the cause or reason of a presently occurring situation that is directly observed by the speaker

(archaic) hearsay based on things heard or read


szczególnie

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ/

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡol.ɲɛ/

From szczególny + -ie. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “szczególnie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

used to place greater emphasis upon someone or something; especially; particularly

especially; particularly (to a greater extent than is normal)


քելե

head

քելե • (kʻele)

hy-particle

քելե • (kʻele)


cid

cid (mutation mutation-radical)
chid (mutation mutation-nasal)
cid (mutation)

Univerbation of cía (“though”) + is/ba (“is (indicative or subjunctive)”)

univerbation

Mad áill dúib cid accaldam neich diib, da·rigénte.

If you pl desired even to address any of them, you could do it.


nícon

Irish: cha

Scottish Gaelic: cha

Manx: cha

From ní (“not”) and probably co (“to, toward”).

Ro·cluinethar cách in fogur et níɔ·fitir cid as·beir.

Everyone hears the sound and doesn't know what he says.


nád

Ní nád ṁbed arse di chorp, act atá de.

Not that it might therefore not be of (the) body, but (rather) it is of it

Amal nád n-airigther ⁊ nád fintar a ndu·gníther hi suidi, sic ba in fortgidiu ⁊ ba hi temul du·gníth Saul cona muntair intleda ⁊ erelca fri Dauid.

As what is done in that is not perceived and discovered, so it was covertly and it was in darkness that Saul with his people was making snares and ambushes against David.

Iss ed inso nád chumaing ara·n-ísar and, coní enggnatar gníma, acht asa·gnintar.

This is what cannot be found there, that actions are not understood, but they are understood.

negative relative particle: who/which/that … not

nád fil nech con·gné fris ón acht Día

that there is no one to help him but God

negative particle introducing noun clause: that … not

conflation of negative relative particle with is: who/which/that is not


ᡳ

genitive case
Appendix:Glossary#genitive case

instrumental case
Appendix:Glossary#instrumental case

Particle used to form the genitive case and the instrumental case.


bárcsak

Bárcsak sok pénzem lenne!


មិន

តែមិនអញ្ចឹងទេ

not, non- (usually requires the phrase-final negative particle ទេ (tei))


ờ

Mày biết làm à?
Ờ.
You know how to do it?
Uh-huh.

(colloquial, to an affirmative question) yeah

Mày không biết làm à?
Ờ.
You don't know how to do it?
Nope.

(colloquial, to a negative question) nope


ạ

Chào cụ ạ.

(polite) a particle at the end of the sentence to express formal politeness, especially to seniors


aql

Aql-anaɣ di wexxam-nneɣ.

Aql-itt weltma.


níos

From Middle Irish níd as (“a thing that is”); compare Scottish Gaelic nas.

an buachaill níos mó

Tá an buachaill níos mó ná Séamas.

Used with the comparative/superlative form of adjectives to form the simple comparative


tyk

Tyk oro'é.

We are many. (literally, “We make a "tyk" sound.”)

(used with the verb e) to be many (literally, “to make a "tyk" sound”)


ꖸ

ꔔꘋ ꖸ


င

(honorific, derogatory) particle prefixed to a man's name (now considered to be derogatory)


စ

ကြားပါစ

တွေ့ပါစ

မြင်ပါစ

ရှိပါစ


ဘ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pʷa (“man, father, husband, person”); cognate with Old Chinese 夫 (OC *pa, *ba, “husband, man”) (STEDT). Doublet of ဖ (hpa.).

inh

(honorific) title prefixed to a male's given name


မ

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”).

not (prefixed to the verb, which is itself followed by another negative particle such as ဘူး (bhu:) or နဲ့ (nai.).)


မ

ဘာ စားမလဲ။
bha ca:ma.lai:||
What will you eat?

(colloquial) Alternative form of မယ် (mai, “future tense marker”)


က

သူက ဒီလို ပြောခဲ့တယ်

indicates the subject of the sentence, a topic marker, a nominative marker


တ

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(t/d)a (“do not”).

ယတသ့ၣ်ညါဘၣ်

not (prefixed to the verb and used together with the negative final particle ဘၣ် (bà))


бен

бен, со удмурт кун университетысь дышетӥсь

yes, he/she is a teacher of the Udmurt State University

ben, so udmurt kun uńiverśiťetyś dyšetiś


че

Ей че гуляй му ударихме!

Че песни, че танци, че какво ли не.

There was singing and dancing and what not.

(used in exclamations for emphasis) what

Че покажи му къщата!

used in imperative sentences for emphasis

Че хубава е, защо не я вземеш?

It really is nice, why don't you take it?

used to emphasize agreement with someone/something

Че и да съм ходил, защо трябва да ти казвам?

Even if I've been there, why do I have to tell you?

Če i da sǎm hodil, zašto trjabva da ti kazvam?


че

(dialectal) Nonstandard form of ќе (ḱe).


całkiem

Old instrumental singular of całki. Compare dialectal gołkiem.

something has all ascribable traits to the speaker's surprise; completely, totally


коли

head

коли • (koĺi)

коли толат?


na pewno

(idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure


ife

From ai (interrogative particle) + fe (“him, it”).

com

Ife fe yw dy dad?

(South Wales, colloquial) interrogative particle (used sentence-initially when a non-verbal element is fronted for emphasis)

Fe yw dy dad, ife?
He’s your dad, is he?

(South Wales, colloquial) interrogative particle (used sentence-finally when a non-verbal element is fronted for emphasis)


więc

Polish: więc

Silesian: wiync

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vęťь. First attested in the 14th century.


фон

Ге́рберт фон Ка́раян

von (particle used in certain German names indicating a noble, aristocratic origin)


kwa

Kasim alianza kupanda ngazi ile kwa nguvu na kwa haraka,[…]

1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:

Kasim started climbing these stairs with strength and speed, […]

[[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#Ku class|ku class_((XV))]] inflected form of -a

by, with, -ly (used before nouns to form adverbs of manner, instrument, etc.)

Makes fractions where the numerator is not one, in the format denominator kwa numerator.

chumbani kwa mama yangu

[[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#Ku locative class|ku class_((XVII))]] inflected form of -a


razem

Instrumental singular of raz. Ellipsis of za jednym razem. First attested in 1525.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “razem”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


эт

Pronunciation spelling of э́то (éto) in fast speech.


sonder

Borrowed from Dutch zonder (“without”), from Middle Dutch sonder, from Old Dutch sunder, from Proto-Germanic *sundraz.


ат

Тав мо̄тхо̄тал ат ха̄сы минуӈкве.

He is unable to go the day after tomorrow.

(Used before the conjugated verb in a sentence.)


angli

From Proto-Eskimo *aŋ(e)li- base, “to grow bigger”

Asikaqa angli.


的話

/d̥ə xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɪk̚⁵ waː²²/

/tɪk̚⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ti³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/d̥ə xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɪk̚⁵ waː²²/

/tɪk̚⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ti³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

If no one offers assistance this kid will become permanently blind.

Rúguǒ méiyǒu rén juānzhù dehuà, zhè ge xiǎohái jiù huì yǒngyuǎn shīmíng.

如果沒有人捐助的話，這個小孩就會永遠失明。

如果没有人捐助的话，这个小孩就会永远失明。

要是考試不及格的話，怎麼辦？

要是考试不及格的话，怎么办？

If you go out today remember to lock the front door.

Nǐ jīntiān chūqù dehuà, jìde suǒshàng qiánmén.

你今天出去的話，記得鎖上前門。

你今天出去的话，记得锁上前门。

optional particle put at the end of a conditional clause


угодно

head

уго́дно • (ugódno)

уго́дно (canonical)
ugódno (romanization)

кто уго́дно


gäll

Clipping of gelt es, from gelten (“to be valid”).

S'isch scho härzig, gäll?

(colloquial, regional, Switzerland, Southern Germany) emphasis and question marker particle; asks for confirmation; right?; eh?; isn't it, innit?

Sorry, gäll?

(colloquial, regional, Switzerland, Southern Germany) particle that softens a request, or conveys friendliness; okay?; please?


iko

Anaamoonag iko ningii-tazhi-odaminomin.


けれど

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Clipping of けれども (keredomo, “although, but”).
First attested in 1711.


dậy

Eye dialect spelling of vậy, representing Southern Vietnam Vietnamese.


đây

From Proto-Tai *ɗɤjᴬ (“good”).
Cognate with Northern Thai ᨯᩦ (di), Lao ດີ (dī), Lü ᦡᦲ (ḋii), Shan လီ (lǐi), Tai Dam ꪒꪲ, Tai Dón ꪒꪲ, Ahom 𑜓𑜣 (dī), 𑜃𑜣 (nī) or 𑜑𑜣 (hī), Bouyei ndil, Zhuang ndei, Thai ดี (dii).
Compare Sui qdail (“good”), Southern Kam lail (“good”).

Phuối tỉnh đây.

particle that expresses ability, possibility


đây

Mà liê̱u đây.

(used sentence-finally) that's all; merely; only; just


đây

nơi nào. 2 Can be used on its own

where; no longer completely true in the modern language

where; this much; where *C is nonspecific consonant

đâu. 3 From earlier *C-raːw. 4 Placed before the head: bây nhiêu ()

bao nhiêu. 5 Placed after the head: nhanh vầy ()

Chính hắn đây chứ không ai khác.

emphasizes the very thing or person here

Biết làm sao đây.

forms a question expressing uncertainty or doubt

Máy bay gặp tai nạn ở chỗ này đây.

The airplane crashed right in this place.

Sentence-final particle used to point out a place or an event the speaker wants to stress. The place or event can be seen at the moment of speaking.

Chị ấy chắc có chuyện gì không vui đây.

I believe she is unhappy with something.

sentence-final particle used to refer to the speaker's idea or feeling of existence or presence of something without certain proof


èske

Inherited from French est-ce que (“is it that...”).


մթամ

head

մթամ • (mtʻam)

hy-particle

մթամ • (mtʻam)

միթամ միթամ#Armenian


մթոմ

head

մթոմ • (mtʻom)

hy-particle

մթոմ • (mtʻom)

միթամ միթամ#Armenian


միթամ

head

միթամ • (mitʻam)

hy-particle

միթամ • (mitʻam)

From Georgian მითამ (mitam). The resemblance to միթե (mitʻe) is coincidental.

նենց ես նայում, միթամ չես հասկանում

մթամ թե

(dialectal, colloquial) as if, as though


ครับ

th-particle

ครับ • (kráp)

Corrupted from ขอรับ (kɔ̌ɔ-ráp, “I would like/I am willing to accept/receive (your command, request, etc)”).

Genesis 27:24, KJV:
ท่านถามว่า "เจ้าเป็นเอซาวบุตรชายของพ่อจริงหรือ" เขาตอบว่า "ใช่ครับ"
tâan tǎam wâa · “jâao bpen ee-saao bùt-chaai kɔ̌ɔng pɔ̂ɔ jing rʉ̌ʉ” · kǎo dtɔ̀ɔp wâa · “châi kráp”
And he said, Art thou my very son Esau? And he said, I am.

2 Kings 6:5, KJV:
ขณะที่คนหนึ่งฟันไม้อยู่ หัวขวานของเขาตกลงไปในน้ำ และเขาร้องขึ้นว่า "อนิจจา นายครับ ขวานนั้นผมขอยืมเขามา"
kà-nà tîi kon nʉ̀ng fan máai yùu · hǔua-kwǎan kɔ̌ɔng kǎo dtòk long bpai nai náam · lɛ́ kǎo rɔ́ɔng kʉ̂n wâa · “à-nít-jaa · naai kráp · kwǎan nán pǒm kɔ̌ɔ yʉʉm kǎo maa”
But as one was felling a beam, the axe head fell into the water: and he cried, and said, Alas, master! for it was borrowed.

2 Kings 2:3, KJV:
และเหล่าศิษย์แห่งผู้พยากรณ์ผู้อยู่ในเบธเอลได้ออกมาหาเอลีชาและบอกท่านว่า "ท่านทราบไหมว่า วันนี้ พระเยโฮวาห์จะทรงรับอาจารย์ของท่านไปจากเป็นหัวหน้าท่าน" ท่านตอบว่า "ครับ ข้าพเจ้าทราบแล้ว เงียบ ๆ ไว้"
lɛ́ lào sìt hɛ̀ng pûu-pá-yaa-gɔɔn pûu yùu nai bêet-eel dâai ɔ̀ɔk maa hǎa ee-lii-chaa lɛ́ bɔ̀ɔk tâan wâa · “tâan sâap mǎi wâa · wan níi · prá yee-hoo-waa jà song ráp aa-jaan kɔ̌ɔng tâan bpai jàak bpen hǔua-nâa tâan” · tâan dtɔ̀ɔp wâa · “kráp · kâa-pá-jâao sâap lɛ́ɛo · ngîiap ngîiap wái”
And the sons of the prophets that were at Bethel came forth to Elisha, and said unto him, Knowest thou that the LORD will take away thy master from thy head to day? And he said, Yea, I know it; hold ye your peace.

(formal, humble, men's speech) employed by males to express affirmation or assent, or to politely end any expression.