ស្មោះ

km-particle

ស្មោះ • (smɑh)


-해

Unknown. Compare Mandarin 好 (hǎo, “good, okay”). Japanese has アル (aru).

(ethnic slur) Attached to the end of sentences to imitate Chinese people speaking Korean.


點止

點只汽水咁簡單

点只汽水咁简单

(Cantonese) (used in rhetorical questions to indicate the actual extent is far greater) be much more than


-이야

From Middle Korean 이〮ᅀᅡ〮 (Yale: -í-zá), from Old Korean 是沙 (*-i-sa).
In Old Korean, 沙 (*-sa) was actually a verbal suffix, so the first element 是 (*-i-) > 이〮 (Yale: -í-) is simply the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”).
After Middle Korean /z/ was lost, /-j-/ was introduced to break hiatus. Gyeongsang Korean 이사 (-isa) preserves the original pronunciation.

그야 모를 일이지.

As for that, it's something [we] can't know.

저야 다쳐도 괜찮으니 아이만 구해주세요.

As for me, it's okay if I get hurt; please, just save the kid.

Jeo-ya dacheodo gwaenchaneuni ai-man guhae-juseyo.

이 정도쯤이야 식은 죽 먹기지!

I jeongdo-jjeum-iya sigeun juk meokgi-ji!

사람이야 희노애락이 있지만 천지신명도 그렇겠소?

As for we humans, we are pleased or angry, sad or happy; but would the myriad spirits be like us?

Saram-iya huinoaerag-i itjiman cheonjisinmyeong-do geureoketso?

as for; adds emphasis to the topic of the sentence.


-잉

(Jeolla dialect) Alternative form of 이 (-i, word-final particle denoting certitude and/or emotional intimacy).


-야

From Middle Korean 야〮 (Yale: -yá); see the main entry for more.

현우야, 너가 물 엎질렀어?

나무야, 넌 이름이 뭐니?

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 아 (-a, “hey”, vocative particle).


-야

From Middle Korean ᅀᅡ〮 (Yale: -zá), from Old Korean 沙 (*-sa); see the main entry for more.

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이야 (-iya, emphatic particle).


-여

From Middle Korean ㅣ여〮 (Yale: -yyé), 여〮 (Yale: -yé), from Old Korean 亦 (*-ye), 也 (*-ye). See the main entry for more.

눈보라에도 푸르른 소나무여

O pine tree, green despite the snowstorm

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이여 (-iyeo, “O”, exclamatory vocative particle).


-여

네 알겠어여 ㅎㅎ ― ne al-gess-eo-yeo hh ― Yes okay ^^

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of 요 (-yo, politeness-adding particle), representing colloquial Korean.


-여

Alternative form of 이여 (-iyeo, “and”, dialectal connective particle for enumerating nouns).


-다

The contraction may be first attested only in the early twentieth century, such as in the 1922 literary journal Baekjo.

Contraction of 다가 (-daga, emphatic marker).


-엔

Contraction of 에는 (-e-neun), or alternatively analyzable as the synonymous 에 (-e) + ㄴ (-n).


-짱

Borrowed from Japanese ちゃん (chan, diminutive suffix).

bor+

(Japan, familiar or childish) title affixed to people's names


-만

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 만〮 (Yale: -mán).

ko-etym-native

나는 너만을 사랑해.


-의

From Middle Korean 의〮 (Yale: -úy), from Old Korean 衣 (*-uy).

한국의 수도는 서울이다.

나의 책

’s. genitive case marker, indicating that the previous word has possession of the next one. It functions like the English suffix “-’s”, or like the word “of” with the position of possessor and possessee switched.


-이랑

삼촌이랑 함께 갔어요.

내 동생은 수박이랑 사과를 좋아해요.

My younger sibling likes watermelon and apple.

Nae dongsaeng-eun subag-irang sagwa-reul joahaeyo.

and, with: the comitative particle denoting accompaniment or connection of two or more items.

내 형이랑 달리, 나는 축구가 너무 좋아요.

Unlike my brother, I like football very much.

Nae hyeong-irang dalli, na-neun chukgu-ga neomu jo-a-yo.

숙진이는 아빠랑 닮았네.

a particle denoting similarity or difference with the subject.


-랑

너랑 나랑은 영원한 친구지.

Neorang narang-eun yeong'wonhan chin'gu-ji.

나랑 같이 갈래?

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이랑 (-irang).


-이

From Middle Korean 이〮 (-í, subject marker), from Old Korean 是, 利 (*-i, subject marker). Old Korean sources also use 亦 (*-yek?) and 弋只 (*-ik) as a subject marker. It is possible that these are the more conservative forms, and that there was a shift from 亦 (*-yek?) > 弋只 (*-ik) > 是 (*-i). However, others have considered 弋只 (*-ik)) to be a suffixed form of -i. The forms with *-k are attested later than simple *-i.
John Whitman and Yuko Yanagida speculate an ultimate connection either to the demonstrative ("this") or to the bound noun ("person").
Old Japanese い (i, emphatic particle) is believed to be a borrowing from Korean into Japanese.

이 치킨이 맛있다.
I chikin-i masitda.
This chicken is delicious.
Audio: (file)

For non-honorific nouns ending in consonants, the nominative case particle marking it as the subject of a verb or adjective; see also Usage Notes.

물이 얼음이 되었다.
Mur-i eoreum-i doeeotda.
The water became ice.
Audio (South Korea): (file)

걔는 정상이 아니다.
Gyae-neun jeongsang-i anida.
He is not normal.
Audio (South Korea): (file)

For nouns ending in consonants, a particle marking it as the grammatical complement of the verbal stems 되다 (doeda, “to become”) and 아니다 (anida, “to not be”).

쟨 짜장면이 먹고 싶다는데?
Jaen jjajangmyeon-i meokgo sipda-neunde?
She says she wants to eat jajangmyeon.
Audio (South Korea): (file)

For nouns ending in consonants, an emphatic particle used to mark the object of desire in a construction with the auxiliary verb 싶다 (sipda, “to want”).


-이

Cognate to Standard Seoul Korean 응 (eung, “yes, yeah, yep”, informal affirmative interjection). The interjection grammaticalized into a particle.

종철아! 잘 가그래이... 이 아부지는 아무 할 말이 없대이. (Gyeongsang dialect, Busan)
Jongcheor-a! Jal ga-geurae-i... I abuji-neun amu hal mar-i eopdae-i.
Go on to a good place, Cheol, my son. There’s nothing more I can say.

This is a quote from the father of Bak Jong-cheol, a university student tortured to death by the junta in 1987, during his son's funeral. It became a slogan of the June Struggle that toppled the regime that year. The translation is from a 2018 article in The Korea Herald.

(southern dialectal, including Gyeongsang, Gangwon, Jeolla dialect) A word-final particle denoting certitude and emotional intimacy.


-ㅇ

감사합니당

안녕하세용

(colloquial) a sentence-final particle associated with cuteness or affection, particularly common among young people and especially young women


-로

From Middle Korean 로〮 (Yale: -lwó), from Old Korean 留 (*-lwo).

기차가 어디로 갑니까? ― Gichaga eodiro gamnikka? ― Where the train is going to go to?

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of 으로 (-euro, “by, with”).


-보다

From 보 (bo, “to see”) + 다가 (-daga, while; after).
Grammaticalization pathway: "after seeing [noun A], [noun B] is [adjective]" > "[noun B] is more [adjective] than [noun A]". This has occurred in other languages; compare Tibetan བལྟས་ན (bltas na).
First attested in the mid-eighteenth century, displacing previous 도곤 (Yale: twokwon) by the nineteenth century.

suffix

내가 걔보다 키가 크다.

내가 걔보다 키가 더 크다.

지리산보다 한라산이 더 높다.
Jirisan-boda hallasan-i deo nopda.
Mount Halla is taller than Mount Jiri.
Audio: (file)

어제보다 오늘이 손님이 더 많다.
Eoje-boda oneur-i sonnim-i deo manta.
There are more customers today than yesterday.
Audio: (file)

than; used to form comparisons, optionally with 더 (deo, “more”)


-에

From Middle Korean 에〮/애〮 (Yale: -éy/áy, locative particle), from Old Korean 良中 (*-akuy, *-ahuy, locative particle), compound of 良 (*-a, locative particle) + 中 (*-kuy, locative particle).

inh

어디에 가요?

저는 종이에 사자를 그리고 있어요. ― Jeoneun jong'ie sajareul geurigo isseoyo. ― I am painting a lion on a paper.


하면

Of native Korean origin. From 하 (ha-, “to say”) + 면 (-myeon, “if”): "if one speaks [about]..."

생선 하면 고등어지.

영국 하면 해리포터지.

When I think of the United Kingdom, Harry Potter comes to mind.

친구 하면 민지가 제일 먼저 떠오른다.

When I think of friends, Minji is the first to come to mind.

Chin'gu hamyeon Minji-ga jeil meonjeo tteooreunda.

이 정도 각오도 안 했습니까? 실패하면 반역, 성공하면 혁명 아입니까!

2023, Kim Sung-su, 12.12: The Day, episode 7, spoken by Chun Doo-gwang (Hwang Jung-min)

How come you are not determined to this extent? If it fails, it's treason; if it succeeds, it's revolution, isn't it?

i jeongdo gago-do an haetseumnikka? silpaehamyeon banyeok, seonggonghamyeon hyeongmyeong aimnikka!

Attaches to a noun to introduce an exemplar, most desirable example, or closely associated fact about said noun.


-뿐

그뿐


-이라도

대만을 못 가니까 부산이라도 가야지.

Since we can't go to Taiwan, we should at least go to Busan.

Daeman-eul mot ganikka Busan-irado ga-yaji.

병원이라도 가봐.

even, at least; marks that something is acceptable or that one must make do with it, but that it is not totally desirable.

하나라도 없으면 안 된다.

고작 하룻밤이라도 같이 있어줘.

Even if it's just one night, stay with me.

even; used for emphasis after a limited time or quantity.

전쟁이라도 나면 어디로 피난 가지?

If a war breaks out, where should we escape to?

Jeonjaeng-irado namyeon eodi-ro pinan gaji?

혹시라도 내가 잘못한 게 있어?

Is there just maybe something I did wrong?

Used in conditionals to add greater doubt, attaching either to an adverb expressing doubt or to the thing whose existence is being supposed.

귀신이라도 본 것처럼 소스라쳤다.

She shuddered in fright, as if she had seen a ghost.

Gwisin-irado bon geot-cheoreom soseuracheotda.

Used for emphasis in constructions involving 은 듯 (-eun deut, “as if”) or 은 것처럼 (-eun geot-cheoreom, “as if”).

살인마라도 법에 따라 처벌되어야 한다.
Sarinma-rado beob-e ttara cheobeol-doeeoya handa.
Even a mass murderer should be punished according to the law.

literally, “Even if he is a mass murderer, he should be punished according to the law.”

뱀이라도 죽이면 안 된다.
Baem-i-rado jugimyeon an doenda.
You should not kill even a snake.

literally, “Even if [something] is a snake, it should not be killed.”

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 이다 (-ida), 라도 (-rado).


-인데

From 있는 데 (in-neun de, “the place where one is”), per the Dictionary of southern Gyeongsang varieties. Also listed to be used in the Gangwon dialect in 우리말샘.

회령 창효란 데서는 영채를 길러 그래가서 김일성인데 이거 올려 보내 특산물로.

2015 September 15, 김항나 [gimhangna], “북한학 전공 학생이 함경도 청년 집에서 같이 살아봤습니다. [bukhanhak jeon'gong haksaeng'i hamgyeongdo cheongnyeon jibeseo gachi sarabwatseumnida.]”, in KBS [KBS], 함경남도 북청군 [hamgyeongnamdo bukcheonggun]

In a place called Changhyo in Hoeryong they cultivate garden cress so they send it to Kim Il Sung as a regional speciality.
Although the speaker comes from coastal South Hamgyong Province, as she was married to a man from the Hoeryong area, and lived in the city for a long while, it is possible that certain features of her speech may not be reflective of the dialect in the place of her origin.

Hoeryeong changhyoran de-seo-neun yeongchae-reul gilleo geuraegaseo gimilseong'inde igeo ollyeo bonae teuksanmul-lo.


-인데

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 이다 (-ida), 은데 (-eunde).


-같이

형제같이 사이가 좋다.

매일같이 지각한다.

새벽같이 산에 오르다

to climb the mountain the moment dawn breaks


-와

From Middle Korean 와〮 (Yale: -Gwá), allomorph of 과〮 (Yale: -kwá) following a vowel, produced by intervocalic lenition of /k/ to /ɣ/ from Old Korean 果 (*-kwa).

나와 나타샤와 흰 당나귀


-과

From Middle Korean 과〮 (Yale: -kwá), from Old Korean 果 (*-kwa).

책과 연필

가족과 같이 가세요?

미군은 아프간에서 탈레반과 싸웠다.

U.S. forces fought with the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Migun-eun Apeugan-eseo Talleban-'gwa ssawotda.

나는 너와 다르다.

그의 성격은 불과 같다.


-오

Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.

Lenited allomorphic form of 고〮 (-kwo, non-polar interrogative marker) (in certain voiced environments)

Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject

History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.


ອິວະ

ກັດຕ໌ວາ ນະກັດຖະ ມຸທະລັງ ອິວະຄັບພິນີຍາ ຈິນຈາຍະ ທຸດຖະວະຈະນັງ ຊະນະ ກາຍະ ມັດເຊ ສັນເຕນະ ໂສມະ ວິທິນາ ຊິຕະວາ ມຸນັນໂທ* ຕັນເຕຊະສາ ພະວະຕຸ ເຕ ຊະຍະມັງ ຄະລານິ ຯ

(Can we date this quote?), Laobounkird, Anisongfree (overall work in Lao), published 2015:

Having used wood to make her belly as though pregnant, there came a wicked utterance from Cinca in the midst of a body of people. The lord of the sages has subdued her by the method of calmness and gentleness. May you have the blessings of success by the power of this.

kattvā na kattha mudalaṃ ivaɡabbinīyā ciñcāya dutthavacanaṃ jana kāya majje santena soma vidinā jitavā munando* tantejasā bavatu te jayamaṃ galāni
*Read as ມຸນິນໂທ (munindo), and so treated below.
With ambiguities resolved:
katvā na kaṭṭha mudaraṃ ivaɡabbhinīyā ciñcāya duṭṭhavacanaṃ jana kāya majjhe santena soma vidhinā jitavā munindo tantejasā bhavatu te jayamaṃ galāni


(j)uže

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic:

Belarusian: ужо́ (užó)

Russian: уже́ (užé), ужо́ (užó)

desc

Old Ukrainian: оуже (uže), оужь (užʹ), вже (vže), вжо (vžo)

Ukrainian: вже (vže), уже (uže)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: юже (juže)

Glagolitic script: ⱓⰶⰵ (juže)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ју̏р, ју̏ре, ју̑р, ју̃р (dialectal, dated)

Latin script: jȕr, jȕre, jȗr, jũr (dialectal, dated)

Slovene: jur

West Slavic:

Old Czech: juže, juž

Czech: již

Polabian: jauz

Polish: już; juże, uż (dialectal, dated)

Slovak: už

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: juž, južo

Upper Sorbian: juž, južo, hižo, huž

From *ju + *že.
The first part might possibly be *u, in which case this would be a cognate with Proto-Germanic *auk, Ancient Greek αὖγε (aûge).


w pierwszym rzędzie

/ˈfpjɛr.fʂɘm ˈʐɛɲ.d͡ʑɛ/

Literally, “in [the] first row”. Calque of German in erster Linie.


кузнај

којзнае којзнае#Macedonian


co dopiero

(idiomatic) all the more, let alone, to say nothing of


یِنہٕ

head

یِنہٕ • (yinụ)

یِنہٕ یور یِکھ


चाईं

ne-particle

चाईं • (cāīṃ)

चाहिँ चाहिँ#Nepali


chcąc nie chcąc

Literally, “wanting [to] or not [wanting to]”.

lit

Nie miałem hajsu, więc, chcąc nie chcąc, wróciłem do banku.

I didn't have any cash so whether I wanted to or not I went back to the bank.

(colloquial, idiomatic) willy-nilly, like it or not


ليكون

ajp-particle

ليكون • (laykūn)

From لا (la, “don't”) + یكون (ykūn, “to be”, subjunctive).

com

ليكون زعلتي.

ليكون خربطنا بالطريق؟

You don't think we might have gone the wrong way?

ليكون ضايقناك بس؟


baldin eta

Hondartzara joango gara baldin eta ez badu euririk egiten.

We'll go to the beach only if it doesn't rain.

Used before a clause containing a conditional verb form to show emphasis.


ഏതാണ്ട്

head

ഏതാണ്ട് • (ētāṇṭŭ)

/eːd̪aːɳɖə̆/


nacc

Middle Irish: acc

Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

Ní fetar indam·ṡoírfad Día fa nacc.

I do not know whether God would deliver me or not.

No scrútain-se, in tan no mbíinn isnaib fochaidib, dús in retarscar cairde ṅDǽ ⁊ a remcaissiu, ⁊ ní tucus-sa insin, in ru·etarscar fa naic.

I used to consider, when I was in the tribulations, [to see] whether the covenant of God and his providence had departed, and I didn't understand [that,] whether it had departed or not.


rùi

(Internet slang, text messaging) Alternative form of rồi


тибам

тибам кучката!
tibam kučkata!
fucking bitch!

(vulgar, offensive) fucking, fuck (expresses contempt towards the following noun, which may also refer to the addresses)


zasię

Polish: (obsolete) zasię

⇒ Silesian: zaś

Univerbation of za + się. First attested in 1395.

Tedi Dauid wstaw s tego myasta y szedl precz, a Ionatas zasyø takesz do miy[a]sta (sed et Ionathas ingressus est civitatem)

1930 [c. 1455], “I Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 20, 43:

Jako Adam... ne wszøl kona na dobrowolney drodze Nicolao, ale gy wszøl w swem zapuscze y ten mu kmecz zaszą vkradl

1967 [1418], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty kościańskie, volume III, number 673, Kościan:

(attested in Greater Poland) however, nevertheless, nonetheless


zasię

Inherited from Old Polish zasię. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + się. Compare przecież.


-곳

Unattested in Old Korean, where only 火叱 (*-pos) (whence Middle Korean ᄇᆞᆺ (-pos)) is attested.
In Middle Korean, 곳 (-kwos) and ᄇᆞᆺ (-pos) appear to be wholly synonymous except that the former is much more common (the latter is also not attested outside conditional clauses, but this may be a result of its rarity). It is often speculated that they stem from the same etymon and that there is a diachronic shift from 火叱 / ᄇᆞᆺ > 곳, but the phonological differences are difficult to resolve.

소콧 얼면 여흘도 됴ᄒᆞ니

14th century?, “滿殿春 / 만전춘 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang gasa):

As long as the pond is frozen, the rapids are good as well

산〯 것곳〮 아니〮 주기〮면〮 어〯두ᇙ 주〮리〮 업〯스니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 (Worin seokbo), page 11:4b:

As long as one does not kill a living thing, it cannot be obtained

sǎn kès-kwós àní cwùkímyén ĕtwùlq cwúl-í ěpsùní

(in conditional clauses) as long as (emphasizes that if the conditional holds true, the result is inescapable)

ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ〮야〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮 모ᄅᆞ〮리라〮 나옷〮 이〮 相(샤ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 알〯오〮 十(십)方(바ᇰ)佛(불)도〮 아〯ᄅᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮라〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 (Seokbo sangjeol), pages 13:42b—43a:

(limiting) Even if they reflect upon it, they will not know; it is only that I know this figure, and the Buddhas of the Ten Directions know it as well.
(emphatic) Even if they reflect upon it, they will not know; I indeed know this figure, and the Buddhas of the Ten Directions know it as well.

sòlàng-hóyá-twó stwó mwòlólìlá nà-Gwós í SYANG-ól ǎlGwó SIP.PANG.PWUL-twó ǎlòsínònílá

(outside conditional clauses) Perhaps an emphatic marker, or perhaps a marker limiting the clause; see contrasting analyses below. Typically used with adverbs of limitation, such as 오직 (wocik, “only, solely”).


-광

지슬광 ᄃᆞᆨ세기


-영

Post-vowel form of 이영 (-iyeong, and, with)


-양

이시카양

Sentence-final particle for verbs and adjectives in the polite speech level.


-레

to (in the direction of, and arriving at)


-레

네레 어지께 그러디 아난?

1998, 김영배 [gimyeongbae], “서북방언 [seobukbang'eon]”, in 새국어생활 [saegugeosaenghwal], volume 8, number 4, National Institute of the Korean Language, page 60:

(Pyongan) suffix used after words ending with a vowel.


-디

밧디


-덜

사름덜


-덜

Pronunciation spelling of 들 (-deul, plural marker), representing Gyeongsang Korean.

들

그런 할아버지덜두 있구, 그래서 우리 어머니는 그 젊어서 출가했어야,

2012 February 1, 박선한 [bakseonhan], “박참봉 할아버지의 인정 [bakchambong harabeojiui injeong]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 홍성군 서부면 [chungcheongnamdo hongseonggun seobumyeon]:

Because they were those kind of old men, our mother left the house since she was young.

Chungcheong, Gangwon, and Jeolla dialect form of 들 (-deul, plural marker)


అని

From the past participle of అను (anu, “to say”, literally “having said, having thought, saying, thinking”).

డబ్బు ఇస్తాను అని చెప్పేడు.

వెంటనే బయల్దేరం అని ఆజ్ఞ వచ్చింది.

used as a connecting particle, often translated as "that" or "so":

as a marker of indirect report or command

అది ఎలా చేయాలా అని దిగులు పడుతున్నాను.

కన్న తల్లి మనస్సు బాధ పెట్టడం ఎందుకు అని నేను ఆ విషయాలేమీ మాట్ళాడలేదు.

Thinking, why should I worry my own mother, I talked of none of those things.

kanna talli manassu bādha peṭṭaḍaṁ enduku ani nēnu ā viṣayālēmī māṭḷāḍalēdu.

పూజక్ అని తెచ్చిన బెల్లం గడ్డలను ఎఙిలి చేసేడు.

He defiled the jaggery balls that had been brought for (use in) worship.

pūjak ani teccina bellaṁ gaḍḍalanu eṅili cēsēḍu.

to subordinate a clause to a verb expressing knowledge, thinking, fearing, etc.

ఒంటికి మంచిది కాద్ అని సిగరెట్ళు తాగడం మానేసేను.

I gave up smoking cigarettes because it was not good for my health.

oṇṭiki mañcidi kād ani sigareṭḷu tāgaḍaṁ mānēsēnu.

to subordinate a causal clause to a main clause in which the subject is human

నాకు సినిమా చూడాల్ అని ఉంది.

మీకు ఆ పని చేద్దాం అనిఉందా?

బుస్సుమ్ అని

suffixed to onomatopoeic words ~ gives adverbial force

అందుకని పరాయి పదాలను అన్నిటినీ నెట్టడమ్ అని కాదు.

That is not to say (or that does not mean) that for that reason we should reject all foreign words.

andukani parāyi padālanu anniṭinī neṭṭaḍam ani kādu.

(in the form అని కాదు (ani kādu)) negates a preceding clause or sentence

other usages:
negates a preceding clause or sentence


gbe

Ibẹ̀ la gbé ń ṣeré wa.

Ṣáínà ni wọ́n gbé ṣe é.

Níbo lo gbé rà á?


njẹ

Placed before a sentence to make it a yes-no question.


をも

(literary) を (o, the accusative case particle) + も (mo, “also; as well”). Even x (acc).


もが

誰もが知る

(literary) も (mo, “also; as well”) + が (ga, the subject case particle). Even x (sbj).


ならば

Hypothetical form of なり (nari), formed by attaching ば (ba) to the irrealis stem.

Alternative form of なら (nara, conditional particle)


വീണ്ടും

head

വീണ്ടും • (vīṇṭuṁ)


മുന്നെ

മുന്നെ • (munne)


നേർക്ക്

നേർക്ക് • (nēṟkkŭ)


മുമ്പ്

മുമ്പ് • (mumpŭ)

Derived from Proto-Dravidian *mun. Cognate with Tamil முன்பு (muṉpu).


ഉടനീളം

ഉടനീളം • (uṭanīḷaṁ)

ഉട (uṭa) + നീളം (nīḷaṁ)

compound

ഉട (uṭa) + നീളം (nīḷaṁ)


മുൻപ്

head

മുൻപ് • (muṉpŭ)


കൂടെ

കൂടെ • (kūṭe)

Cognate with Kannada ಕೂಡ (kūḍa), Tamil கூட (kūṭa), Telugu కూడా (kūḍā).


ഒപ്പം

ഒപ്പം • (oppaṁ)

Derived from Proto-Dravidian *o- (“to be united”).


słowo harcerza

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see słowo, harcerz.

(idiomatic) Scout's honor (used to promise something)


ഉള്ള

head

ഉള്ള • (uḷḷa)

From the old present stem of ഉണ്ട് (uṇṭŭ, “to be”), cognate with Telugu ఉండు (uṇḍu), Tamil உள் (uḷ), Kannada ಉಳಿದ (uḷida).


എന്നത്

എന്നത് • (ennatŭ)


štai

Štai mano namas.

here (it) is (indicating the location of something)

lo, behold (drawing attention to something)

so, thus, in sum (used to conclude or summarize)

Štai kur tu!


dajmy na to

(idiomatic) say, let's say (for example, let's assume)


jakby tego było mało

Literally, “as if that were [too] little”.

lit

add insult to injury
add insult to injury

(colloquial, idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, as if that weren't enough


живти

head

живти • (živti)


کِن

یَتھ چھا دَپان ژۆک کِن ٹیٛۆٹھ؟
yath chا dapān ċok kin ṭeoṭh؟
Is this called sour or bitter?


pōhēhē

(modifier) mistaken, confused, misguided


dość powiedzieć

/dɔɕt͡ɕ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/


ᥜᥣᥳ

Sentence-final particle expressing excitement


шүү

after all; isn't it; indeed (used for emphasis or affirmation)


jakże

jakżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jakżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jakżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jakżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jakże (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jakże (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jakże. By surface analysis, jak + -że.

Expresses surprise at the degree of something; how

Expresses surprise and confusion; but how

Jakże głośno potem kichali!

Afterwards, they sneezed so very loudly!

Expresses high degree or intensity; oh so very


хуль

хуль • (xulʹ)

ху́ли хули#Russian


-하부라

Unknown. Sometimes connected to 어불다 (eobulda, dialectal form of 어우르다 (eoureuda, “to incorporate; to bring together”)), but this does not explain the initial consonant. Jeju 알롸 (-allwa) is from the same root.

(dialectal) even; expresses greater intensity than 도 (-do).


czy jak

(transitive, idiomatic) or what? (expresses doubt)


phứt

See bứt, likely originated from a North Central dialect. For pairs of plain (or in many cases, lenited) vs. aspirated initial, compare gảy vs. khảy, quấy vs. khuấy, cứa vs. khứa, bết vs. phết, bỏng vs. phỏng.
See also phắt, a variant.

Làm gì mà ngồi nhơi cả tiếng vậy, ăn phứt đi cho mau nào.

You sure have all the time in the world just for a meal, just eat and be done with it.

Làm phứt đi cho xong.

(colloquial) placed after a verb, indicating the action that should be done with


alboż

Inherited from Old Polish alboż. By surface analysis, albo + -ż.

Alboż to będzie przydatne?

Do you really think this is going to be handy?

(archaic) used to express the speaker's doubt or surprise


オア

文系or理系


ⲙⲁⲣⲉ-

mare- (romanization)
ⲙⲁ⸗ⲉ (pronominal-state)

(Sahidic, Bohairic) indicates the jussive mood.


ϣⲁⲣⲉ-

šare- (romanization)
ϣⲁ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Sahidic, Bohairic) indicates the aorist tense.


ϣⲁⲗⲉ-

šale- (romanization)
ϣⲁ⸗ (pronominal-state)


ⲙⲁⲗⲉ-

male- (romanization)
ⲙⲁ⸗ⲉ (pronominal-state)


ⲉⲗⲉ-

ele- (romanization)
ⲉ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Fayyumic) indicates the circumstantial clause.


ⲉⲣⲉ-

ere- (romanization)
ⲉ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Sahidic, Bohairic) indicates the circumstantial clause.


ⲛⲁⲣⲉ-

nare- (romanization)
ⲛⲁ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Bohairic) indicates the preterite clause.


ⲁⲗⲉ-

ale- (romanization)
ⲁ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Fayyumic) indicates the focalising clause.


ⲧⲣⲉ

tre (romanization)
ⲧⲣⲉ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Sahidic) prefix of causative infinitive.


ⲁⲣⲉ-

are- (romanization)
ⲁ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Sahidic, Bohairic) indicates the focalising clause.


ⲛⲉⲣⲉ-

nere- (romanization)
ⲛⲉ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Sahidic) indicates the preterite clause.


ⲛⲁⲗⲉ-

nale- (romanization)
ⲛⲁ⸗ (pronominal-state)

(Fayyumic) indicates the preterite clause.


jak amen w pacierzu

Literally, “like saying amen in a prayer”.

lit

Może otruła, może nie otruła, na dwoje babka wróżyła - włączyła się do dysputy gruba mieszczka w haftowanym półkożuszku. - Powiadają, ten poprzedni na śmierć się zapił. Szewc był. - Szewc, nie szewc, otruła go, jak amen w pacierzu - zawyrokował chudy.

"Maybe she poisoned him to death, maybe not, it's hard to say." A fat townswoman in an embroidered, short sheepskin coat joined the dispute. "They say that the last one drank to death. He was a cobbler." "Whether he's a shoemaker or not", and she poisoned him, no ifs ands or buts about it." the skinny one chimed in.

(colloquial, idiomatic, simile) indubitably, undeniably, no ifs ands or buts about it (for sure, definitely)


ќа

(dialectal) Nonstandard form of ќе (ḱe).


-으로서

국민으로서 반대합니다.


-로서

Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of 으로서 (-euroseo).


спасибка

head

спаси́бка • (spasíbka)

спаси́бка (canonical)
spasíbka (romanization)

Спаси́бки за подде́ржку.

(colloquial, in the plural) Used to express gratitude.


-유

Of Native Korean origin, related to standard Korean and more common 요 (-yo).

고린장, 그전엔 고린장했잖유.

2012 February 28, 최계자 [choegyeja], “고려장이 없어진 유래 [goryeojang'i eopseojin yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 홍성군 결성면 [chungcheongnamdo hongseonggun gyeolseongmyeon]:

Back then didn't they practice Goryeo-jang.

Chungcheong form of 요 (-yo, “A particle attached to intimate-style verbs and adjectives to form the polite style”).


-까정

[k͈a̠d͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]

From Middle Korean ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: skòcáng). Related to standard Korean 까지 (kkaji).

목포에서 전쟁 끝나고 한 10년 쌀장시를 크게 하다가 인천까정 올라온 것도 다 영감이 바람 피워가꼬 그렇게 된거여.

2007 March 5, 강길재 [ganggiljae], “4.3민주행쟁겪고, 목포에서 6.25치르고... "지금은 전쟁없응께 살기 좋아" [4.3minjuhaengjaenggyeokgo, mokpo'eseo 6.25chireugo... jigeumeun jeonjaeng'eopseungkke salgi joa"]”, in 형과니의삶 [hyeonggwaniuisam], 전라남도 목포시 [jeollanamdo mokposi], archived from the original on 2022-01-13:

Because of my husband's adultery, I had to sell rice in Mokpo for 10 years after the war, until I moved up to Incheon.

Though originally from Jeju island, the interviewee moved to Mokpo as a teenager and lived there until adulthood, and thus her spoken Korean is from the Mokpo dialect.

(dialectal, including Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong) until, by


-버텀

지끔으로버텀 1500년 전에 신라 시대 화랑인 영랑, 술랑, 삼조, 남석 등이...

1981 April 17, 유만석 [yumanseok], “영랑호와 달마봉 유래 [yeongnanghowa dalmabong yurae]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 속초시 설악동 [gang'wondo sokchosi seorakdong]:

About 1500 years ago from now, the Shilla Hwarangs Yeongrang, Sulrang, Samjo, Namseok, and others...

Pyongan, Hwanghae, Hamgyong, and Gangwon form of 부터 (-buteo, “from, a particle used to denote when or where a certain action or even will occur, a particle used to illustrate an order of a series of actions.”)


ӧд

Directs attention towards something: (so) that's (who / where / how)...


-qaa

Similar, though probably unrelated, to many interrogative markers in other languages; Compare Korean 가 (ga), 까 (kka, “interrogative particle”), Finnish -ko, -kö (“interrogative suffix”), Indonesian kah (“interrogative suffix”), Malay kah (“interrogative suffix”), Kapampangan ká (“interrogative particle”), Tagalog ga (“dialectal interrogative particle”), Marathi का (kā, “interrogative particle”).

noncog

Added to the first word in a sentence, used to form polar questions.


އުން

head

އުން • (-un)


জ্বী না

জ্বী না • (jī na)

জ্বী না, করা হবে!

(formal) used to show disagreement - no, incorrect


জ্বী

Semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit जीव (jīva).

slbor

জি, করা হবে!

(formal) used to show agreement - yes, correct


жда

Convergence of ща да (šta da, “to will, to seek to”) (< Old Church Slavonic хътѣти (xŭtěti)< Proto-Slavic *xъtěti) and dialectal жъда́ (žǎdá, “to await”) (< Old Church Slavonic жьдати (žĭdati)< Proto-Slavic *žьdati).

(nonstandard, dialectal) used to form (periphrastic) future and future perfect tense


ܗܘܐ

aii-particle

ܗ݇ܘܵܐ • (wā)

Derived from Aramaic הֲוָא (hăwā, literally “he/it was”); related to the above and one of the only traces left of the imperfect tense in the language.

der

ܒܸܟܬܵܒ݂ܵܐ ܝܘܸܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ

a verbal prefix placed after the definite or indefinite present

(auxiliary, used with the continuous present tense) Used to express imperfect continuous past tense

ܟܹܐ ܟܵܬܒ݂ܹܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ

kē kātḇēn wā

(auxiliary, used with ܟܹܐ (kē)) Used to express imperfect simple past tense

ܟܬܝܼܒ݂ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ

(auxiliary, used with the simple past tense) Used to express anterior past tense

ܒܸܬ ܟܵܬܒ݂ܹܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ

ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܝܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܟܬܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ

(auxiliary, used with ܒܸܬ (bit)) Used to express conditional mood


a³¹

ŋai³¹ ja̠m⁵⁵ mɛ̃⁵⁵ a³¹ pju⁵⁵ a³¹ ŋa³¹ jauʔ⁵¹.

We are a family of 5. (lit. As for my family, for persons, it is 5.)

məŋ³¹.kɔŋ³¹ mau³¹ a³¹ a³¹ tɔ̠̃⁵⁵ lə̆.tʃɔn³¹ lə̆.tʃam³¹ ʃɿ⁵⁵ lai³¹ kɔ̠t⁵⁵ ka̠⁵⁵ kə̠̆.ŋ̍³¹.
It is said that (as for) the Mengguang region, it was originally built by the lə̆.tʃɔn³¹ and lə̆.tʃam³¹ clans long ago.


rẹn

Mo jọ̀jẹ̀ rẹ́n.

Ó gbẹ̀gbé rẹ́n.

Marks the perfective aspect, for actions that are completed.


ܟܠ

kul (romanization)
ܟܠ
kul
ܟܠܝܼ (first-person singular)
klī (first-person singular)
ܟܠܲܢ (first-person plural)
kullan (first-person plural)
ܟܠܘܼܟ݂ (masculine second-person singular)
kullōḵ (masculine second-person singular)
ܟܠܵܟ݂ܝ (feminine second-person singular)
kullāḵ (feminine second-person singular)
ܟܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ (plural second-person)
kullāwḵōn (plural second-person)
ܟܠܹܗ (masculine singular third-person)
kullēh (masculine singular third-person)
ܟܠܵܗ̇ (feminine singular third-person)
kullāh (feminine singular third-person)
ܟܠܗܘܿܢ (plural third-person)
kullhōn (plural third-person)

aii-infl-prep

Inflection of <i class="Syrc mention" lang="aii">ܟܠ</i> (kul)

From Aramaic כֹּל (kol), either from Proto-Semitic *kʷall- or *kull-; compare Arabic كُلّ (kull), Ge'ez ኵል (kʷəll), Akkadian 𒆕𒀀𒁉 (kalûm), Hebrew כֹּל (kol).

ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܫܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܣ ܠܹܗ ܠܟܠ ܩܘܼܪ̈ܢܝܼܵܬܹܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܵܐ

The Assyrian language then quickly spread to all corners of the Middle East.

ḥartā liššānā āšōrāyā prīs lēh l-kul qurnīyātē d-madnḥā miṣˁāyā

ܒܹܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܝܘܸܢ ܐܸܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ: ܟܠܹܗ ܥܲܠܡܵܐ ܓܸܫܪܵܐ ܥܝܼܩܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ، ܘܡܸܢܕܝܼ ܐܵܢܲܢܩܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܕܠܵܐ ܙܵܕܥܝܼܬܘܿܢ ܠܥܵܠܲܡ.

I tell you all; the entire world is a very narrow bridge, and the important thing is to never have fear.

bēmārā ìwen illāwḵōn: kullēh ˁalmā gišrā ˁīqā ìlēh, w-mindī ānanqāyā ìlēh d-lā zādˁītōn l-ˁālam.

ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ ܗܘܼܠܸܟ݂ ܠܝܼ ܒܟܠܹܗ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ.

Today I walked throughout the whole house.

(with suffix pronoun) the entire, the entirety of, the whole


xkwithakamike

From Proto-Algonquian *waϴkitaxkamik (“on top of the snow”).
* /xkwìt-/axkwit-/ (root): on top of
* /ahkam/ (formative): the ground
Cognate with Ojibwe ogidakamig (“on the ground”), Potawatomi kwedgemek, Atikamekw okitaskamik, Northern East Cree ᐅᔅᑎᔅᑭᒥᒡ (ostiskimic).


lampeq

From Proto-Algonquian *aϴaᐧmepyeᐧnki. Cognate with Northern East Cree ᐄᑖᒥᐹᑯᐦᒡ (iitaamipaakohc), Southern East Cree ᓂᑖᒥᐯᑯᐦᒡ (nitaamipekohc), Atikamekw atamipekok, Naskapi ᑕᒥᐸᑯᒡ (tamipakuch), Montagnais atamipekut, Ojibwe anaamibiig.


mun-a

(Daet, Partido, Sorsogon) Alternative form of muna


ið-

desc

Old Swedish: edizla, idhisla (“ruminate”)

Swedish: idissla (“ruminate”)

Old Swedish: idha (“eddy”)

Swedish: eda (“eddy”)

Old Swedish: idheliker (“perpetual”)

Swedish: idelig (“perpetual”)

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *idi. Cognate to English ed- (cf. eddish).


တာ

(colloquial) particle suffixed to verbs and adjectives to form nouns


-lee

From lee (“he/she/it would be”). Compare Russian -нибудь (-nibudʹ).

indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun#English

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

Used to make indefinite pronouns from interrogative pronouns.


na koniec dnia

Literally, “at the end of the day”. Calque of English at the end of the day.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see na, koniec, dnia.

at the end of the day
at the end of the day

when all is said and done
when all is said and done

(colloquial, idiomatic) at the end of the day, in the end, when all is said and done


ܒܬ

Likely from *ܒܥܹܐ ܕ (*bˁē d, “he (it) is wished that”). Compare Turoyo ܓ݄ܕ.

ܐܵܢܵܐ ܒܸܬ ܐܵܙܹܠ݇ܢ ܠܡܲܕܪܵܫܬܵܐ ܩܘܼܕܡܹܐ.

(auxiliary) Used to express the future tense

ܐܵܢܵܐ ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܝܢ ܥܒ݂ܝܼܕܵܐ ܩܘܼܕܡܹܐ.

(auxiliary, used with past participle and verb inflected ܗܵܘܹܐ (hāwē)) Used to express the future anterior

ܐܵܢܵܐ ܒܸܬ ܩܵܝܡܹܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܵܬܵܐ ܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܸܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܐܵܟ݂ܵܐ.

I would leave the village if you were not here.

ānā bit qāymēn wā min mātā in lā ìwet wā āḵā.

(auxiliary, used with past participle and ܗ݇ܘܵܐ (wā)) Used to express the conditional tense.

ܐܸܢ ܐܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܝܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܩܵܛܹ̈ܐ، ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܝܼ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܐ݇ܟ݂ܝܼ̈ܠܝܼ ܥܵܩܘܼܒܪܹ̈ܐ.

If I had not had cats, the rats would have eaten me.

in ānā layt wā lī qāṭē, bit hāwī wā ḵīlī ˁāqubrē.

(auxiliary, used with past participle and conditional of the verb inflected ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)) Used to express the past conditional tense.


wogule

Dla mnie to najlepszy i najsmaczniejszy Kebab ktorego wogule jadlam.

For me it's the best and tastiest kebab that I ever ate.

Bo jak każdy co chodzi na mecze nie widziało ich wogule, chyba zostały schowane w szafie razem z osobami które je kupiły!

2018 April 29, Xxxmartysxxx5, Re: województwo Zachodniopomorskie:

Because everyone who goes to matches didn't see them at all, I think they were hidden in a closet with everyone who bought them!

Jebać bycie miłym, ludzie tutaj juz wogule kurwa nie wkładają w nie wysiłku, robia je na szybko, wiele o takiej samej tematyce.

2022 February 23, moznajaknajbardziej, Flota be like:

Fuck being nice, people here don't fucking put effort in stuff at all, they do it fast, often within the same subject area.


އިން

head

އިން • (in̊)


azaliż

(archaic, emphatic) Alternative form of azali


azali

Univerbation of aza + li. First attested in the 14th century.

Azaly chleb mosze dacz, albo gotowacz stol ludu swemu (numquid et panem poterit dare)?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 77, 24:

Aszali thego dla ne podobno thobe szmilowacz szø nathwim szlugą?

1874-1891 [c. 1420], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXIV, page 82:

(attested in Lesser Poland) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


azali

Inherited from Old Polish azali. By surface analysis, univerbation of aza + li.

surf

(archaic) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


ܟܐ

Root
 ܩ ܘ ܡ (q w m)
 0 terms
From the older form ܟܵܐ (kā), itself from the older form *ܩܵܐ (*qā), related to ܩܵܐܸܡ (qāˀim). Compare Turoyo ܟܳܐ (kō). Attested also in other Aramaic languages. In the 13th century, the Syriac writer Bar Ebroyo notes this feature (in the form of ܟܵܐ (kā)) among the speakers of the colloquial East Syriac of his day, the ancestor of modern Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.

ܟܹܐ ܐܵܙܹܠ

a verbal prefix that when placed before the subjunctive of the verb indicates the indicative mode, the sign of the habitual and historic present and imperfect

(auxiliary) Used to express the present tense

ܟܹܐ ܐܵܙܹܠ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ

(auxiliary, used with ܗ݇ܘܵܐ (wā)) Used to express the imperfect tense

ܠܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܐܵܙܸܠ

(auxiliary, with ܠܵܐ (lā)) Used to indicate a future non-occurring action; won’t


എന്നുടെ

head

എന്നുടെ • (ennuṭe)

(dated) my (1st person singular (genitive case))


-ஆக

From the infinitive of ஆகு (āku, “to become”).

joined with a finite verb to indicate indirect speech


щойно

що́йно • (ščójno)

що́йно (canonical)
ščójno (romanization)

[ˈʃt͡ʃɔi̯nɔ]

що́йно тепе́р

Used with conjunctions or adverbs to emphasize exactness or immediacy: just


khę

Question particle used in yes-or-no questions.


bagatelka

(rare) used to emphasize the importance and value of something just said


މެ

Inherited from Sanskrit एव (eva). Cognate with Sinhalese ම (ma)


akxa

Ižį́ðe waší akxa.

progressive aspect
progressive aspect#English

postverbal third person continuative/continuous/progressive aspect marker used when the subject is in stasis on the horizontal point of view

Mį́įhpapo ðé wakˀó akxa kǫpé huuwáli paahí

This late afternoon the woman sorted a lot of hackberries.

marker following subjects that are in stasis, except for dead humans


gęh

Question particle used in yes-or-no questions


𐌾𐌰𐌿

𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹, 𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌴𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐍂𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌰.

And the scribes and Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal on the sabbath day; that they might find an accusation against him. (KJV)

witaidēdunuh þan þai bōkarjōs jah fareisaieis, jau in sabbatō daga leikinōdēdi, ei bigēteina til du wrōhjan ina.


даҕаны

даҕаны • (dağanı)

Related to Turkish da, Tuvan даа (daa). Potentially related to Turkish dahi.

With interrogative pronouns, forms negative indefinites


эмэ

Likely related to эмиэ (emie, “also; again”).

With interrogative pronouns, forms irrealis indefinites.


သမ

Perhaps related to သမား (sa.ma:) or a contraction of သူမ (suma.).

word indicating a female practitioner of some art or trade


என்று

என்று • (eṉṟu)

From the verb என் (eṉ, “to say”). Cognate with Kannada ಎಂದು (endu), Malayalam എന്ന് (ennŭ).

that, relative particle and quotative marker, used after a verb or noun, connects the verb with the speaker's thoughts or indicates an action or cause


nie za bardzo

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of nie bardzo


yööjünka

From iyö (inanimate invisible demonstrative pronoun) + -jünka (tag question clitic).

af

used in reaction to another clause to request confirmation: Is it true? Really?


yaawö

Probably from iyö (inanimate invisible demonstrative pronoun) + awö (“in”). Compare the construction of Trió irëme, derived from the Trió cognate of iyö and having a very similar meaning to yaawö.

Then, so, and so; used in the explanation of events to indicate a transition from one to the next.

Focalizes an element of a sentence by isolating it after the particle.


என்றால்

ta-part

என்றால் • (eṉṟāl)

af

என்று (eṉṟu) + -ஆல் (-āl)

introduces the meaning or essence of something


сөп

From Proto-Turkic. Compare to Other turkic *čöp or *ǰöp.


z innej beczki

(colloquial, idiomatic) in other news, so random; used to note that what the speaker said was unrelated to anything said before


rychtyk

Borrowed from German richtig. Compare Kashubian richtich and Silesian rychtig


przecã

Inherited from Old Polish przedsie. By surface analysis, univerbation of przed + siã.

surf

but used to introduce a new, conflicting fact


rychtig

Borrowed from German richtig. Compare Kashubian richtich and dialectal Polish rychtyk.


dyć

but (used to introduce a new, conflicting fact)


вроде бы

head

вро́де бы • (vróde by)

вро́де бы (canonical)
vróde by (romanization)

Вро́де бы я не могу́ отказа́ться.

Я вро́де бы ви́дел тебя́. ― Ja vróde by vídel tebjá. ― I thought I saw you.

Я вро́де бы по́нял, но реши́л убеди́ться.

I kind of knew, but I decided to make sure.

Ja vróde by pónjal, no rešíl ubedítʹsja.

Он вро́де бы вы́полнил поруче́ние.

Мы вро́де бы друзья́.

Ты вро́де бы у́мный.

Сейча́с, вро́де бы, ле́то.

Э́то вро́де бы то, что я де́лаю.


de'a

right, exactly, at the very time or place

very self, own self (intensifier for preceding pronouns)


denña

Alternative form of de'a (“still, again, at the same time or place”)


che'a

allomorph of de'a (“still, again, at the same time or place”) used after words that end in i


ne'a

allomorph of de'a (“still, again, at the same time or place”) used after words that end in nö or dü


-느

는 (-neun). Compare 으 (-eu), which is used in the same areas in place of the standard Korean 을 (-eul)

통일돼서 고향 산천 한번 가느 게 소워이니까니...

2013 June 21, 김진국 [gimjin'guk], “나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun]”, in KBS 고향극장 [KBS gohyanggeukjang], 함경남도 북청군 [hamgyeongnamdo bukcheonggun]

Because our dreams are to be able to go to our hometown's once again when reunification happens...
As the speaker is a Korean War refugee from the 1950s who has since lived in Sokcho, it is probable that his speech does not represent the traditional dialect of the region.

Tong'ildwae-seo gohyang sancheon hanbeon ganeu ge sowoi-nikkani...

(Hamgyong, Yukjin, Russia) Alternative form of 는 (-neun, “post vowel allomorph of 은 (-eun)”)


znowuż

(archaic) whereas, on the other hand, in turn

On nie jest znowuż taki głupi.

(archaic) after all, I guess; used to lessen the effect

(archaic) I beg your pardon, pardon me (used to express irritation at a suggestion that the speaker cannot agree with)


na mur beton

Na mur beton wrócili do siebie.

I would bet anything they got back together.

(colloquial, idiomatic) for sure, concrete, solid


mur beton

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of na mur beton


bez porównania

To jest bez porównania trudniejsze.

(idiomatic, in comparisons) incomparably, immeasurably, beyond measure


jak nic

(colloquial, idiomatic, simile) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, hands down


o niebo

Czuję się o niebo lepiej.


żeby nie było

/ˈʐɛ.bɘ ɲɛ ˈbɘ.wɔ/

Literally, “so that it wasn't [unclear]”.

lit

(idiomatic) for what it's worth, for the record, for clarity's sake, just so you know, I'll have you know, just so it's clear

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see żeby, nie, być.


mmaja

Alternative form of -mmaja (“and, also, too”)


bezdyskusyjnie

From bezdyskusyjny + -ie. First attested in 1920.


-슈

Of Native Korean origin, compare Chungcheong 세유 (-seyu), as well as standard Korean 세요 (-seyo), 으세요 (-euseyo).

걱정마슈, 걱정말구 일어나서 이 뱁이나 자슈

1980 March 15, 오영석 [oyeongseok], “나뭇군과 선녀 [namutgun'gwa seonnyeo]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 대덕군 신탄진읍 (현 대전광역시 대덕구 신탄진동) [chungcheongnamdo daedeokgun sintanjineup (hyeon daejeon'gwang'yeoksi daedeokgu sintanjindong)]:

Don't worry, instead of worrying get up and eat some rice.

Chungcheong form of 세요 (-seyo, “A non-past honorific informal polite style suffix expressing declarative, interrogative, imperative, and suggestive moods depending on context”).


ардыгар

head

ардыгар • (ardıgar)

ардыгар хаамар, ардыгар сүүрэр

ардыгар ... ардыгар ... — Used for emphasis, and to connect a series of verbs or phrases. In this usage, corresponds with Russian то (to) ...то (to) ... and is likewise untranslatable.


-함줄라

함줄라 (canonical)
-hamjulla (romanization)

Probably related to 하부라 (-habura). Compare Jeolla dialectal 한질라 (-hanjilla), Pyongan dialectal 암불라 (-ambulla).

늙언이, 아이덜함줄라 인민군댈 지원했시다.

2007, 황대화 [hwangdaehwa], 황해도 방언 연구 [hwanghaedo bang'eon yeon'gu, Study of the Hwanghae dialect], 한국 문화사, →ISBN:

The eldery, even the children aided the North Korean people's army.


-꺼지

From Middle Korean ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (Yale: skòcáng). Related to standard Korean 까지 (kkaji).

요기서 고향꺼지는 차루 간담 몇 분도 안 걸리지.

2021 March 25, 엄택규 [eomtaekgyu], “큰 나무같던 아버지 그립습니다 [keun namugatdeon abeoji geuripseumnida]”, in 나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun], 강원도 고성군 수동면 [gang'wondo goseonggun sudongmyeon]:

From here until my hometown if you went by car it wouldn barely take a few minutes.

The speaker's hometown is a part of Gangwon-do that was cleared of its residents after the Korean war due to being located within the DMZ. As he moved to a neighboring township, it is likely that the dialects of both areas is near identical.

(Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Seoul, Jeolla dialect, Chungcheong, Hwanghae) Alternative form of 까지 (-kkaji, “until, by”)


-한데

제일 바라구 싶은 것이 아부지 어마니한데, 따뜻한 고기 백반을.. 그리구 소주 한잔을 대접하는 것입니다.

2021 May 18, 김원진 [gimwonjin], “전쟁 전 임진강을 맨몸으로 건너 월남한 사연 [jeonjaeng jeon imjin'gang'eul maenmomeuro geonneo wollamhan sayeon]”, in 나의 살던 고향은 [naui saldeon gohyang'eun], 평안남도 강서군 성태면 [pyeong'annamdo gangseogun seongtaemyeon]:

The thing I wish for the most is to give a warm meal with meat dishes to my father and mother.. and treat them with a glass of soju.

(Pyongan) Alternative form of 한테 (-hante, “to, at, for”)


не то чтобы

не то́ что́бы

не то́ что́бы • (ne tó štóby)

не то́ что́бы (canonical)
ne tó štóby (romanization)

Я не то что́бы люблю́ тебя́.

Не то что́бы я бою́сь.

not that, not like, not as if (used to express that something potentially assumed is not actually the case, or at least not to the same degree)


أيوى

ajp-particle

أيوى • (ʔaywa)

Probably formed أَيّ (ʔayy) + swearing وَ (wa), the former as well used in Palestinian Arabic in the sense “let’s go”, “styll” etc. and with أَيّ نَعَم (ʔayy naʕam), possibly arbitrarily chosen for its onomatopoeic properties like Urban British English aye, as well as High Arabic هَيَّا (hayyā).


പക്ഷെ

head

പക്ഷെ • (pakṣe)

പക്ഷേ പക്ഷേ#Malayalam

Obsolete spelling of പക്ഷേ (pakṣē, “but”).


கூட

கூட • (kūṭa)

From the infinitive of கூடு (kūṭu, “to gather, congregate”). Cognate with Kannada ಕೂಡ (kūḍa), Malayalam കൂടെ (kūṭe), Telugu కూడా (kūḍā).

இதைக் கூட உன்னால் செய்ய முடியாதா?

இவனுக்கு அது கூட தெரியாதா?


ḍaṅ

Unknown, probably inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀaŋ (“outsider”) (Doublet of oraṅ, woṅ, and wwaṅ).

inh+

religious person particle, preceding a noun or proper name


につき

ni tsuki (romanization)
nituki (romanization)
につき (hiragana historical)

工事中につき要注意

一週間につき


эҥин

head

эҥин • (eñin)

From Proto-Turkic. Compare to Other turkic *ögün.


жде

тъжде (tŭžde) ⇐ тъ (tŭ)

такъжде (takŭžde) ⇐ такъ (takŭ)


mỹr

Kófa tóg nĩgtĩ mỹr.

There was an old man (and I know this because I saw him).

Expresses evidentiality, marking that the speaker has personally seen the event/situation happen.


үһү

(expresses reported speech) they say, it is said


кэрэх

этиэххэ эрэ кэрэх

барыахха эрэ кэрэх

A modal particle indicating that something ought to be done.


дѣѣши

дѣѣши • (dějěši)


іянгъ

іянгъ (ïjang)


ばっかり

(informal, more emphatic) Alternative form of ばかり (bakari)


-으루

인조대왕 때 임진왜란이 해가지구, 인조 왕이 어디루 피란을 가냐믄 남한산성으루 피란을 갔거든.

2013 February 1, 김규선 [gimgyuseon], “가락골 전충묘 [garakgol jeonchungmyo]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경기도 광명시 학온동 [gyeonggido gwangmyeongsi hagondong]:

Since it was during the reign of king Injo that the Imjin War occurred, [if you were wondering] where king Injo fled, he fled to the Namhansanseong fortress.

에이 뭐 인제 애를 둘씩이나 낳구 뭐 했으니, 천상으루 안 올라 가겠지?

1981 July 19, 진병두 [jinbyeongdu], “신부 시귀의 대귀 [sinbu sigwiui daegwi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 강원도 횡성군 갑천면 [gang'wondo hoengseonggun gapcheonmyeon]:

Hey, because she gave birth to two children that doesn't mean she'll die? (literally: go to heaven)

(Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Yeongseo Gangwon, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 으로 (-euro, “to, toward”)

그러니께 가서 문구녁으루 들여다 보믄은 손꼬락으루 폭 찔르니께 고만 도망갔대유.

1980 June 22, 맹언순 [maeng'eonsun], “도둑잡은 얘기 [dodukjabeun yaegi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 당진시 고대면 [chungcheongnamdo dangjinsi godaemyeon]:

So if you lead them into the hole in the door, prick one of their fingers then they'll just run away.

(Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Yeongseo Gangwon, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 으로 (-euro, “into”)

내가 손톱으루 한 번 톡 튕기먼 죽어."

1983 January 17, 최관옥 [choegwanok], “정저쿵 삐쭉 곰배불알 털 [jeongjeokung ppijjuk gombaebural teol]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 공주시 유구읍 [chungcheongnamdo gongjusi yugueup]:

If I just lightly flicked you using my fingertip, you'd die.

(Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Yeongseo Gangwon, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 으로 (-euro, “using, out of”)

그 전에 이제 거기 시환병으루... 사람이 그냥 막 죽어나가니까...

2010 July 19, 이병두 [ibyeongdu], “돌림병을 막으려고 세운 장승 [dollimbyeong'eul mageuryeogo se'un jangseung]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청북도 음성군 삼성면 [chungcheongbukdo eumseonggun samseongmyeon]:

Because in the past... so many people were dying from cold-like diseases...

(Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Yeongseo Gangwon, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 으로 (-euro, “due to, from”)

(Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Yeongseo Gangwon, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 으로 (-euro, “as, as being”)

(Chungcheong, Seoul, Hwanghae, Jeolla dialect, Yeongseo Gangwon, Yukjin, Russia) Dialectal form of 으로 (-euro, “as of”)


авжеж

авже́ж • (avžéž)

Univerbation of а (a) + вже (vže) + ж (ž).


дьэ

дьэ, мин бардым

See synonyms at чэ (ce).

дьэ, тиийдилэр

A: Мунньахха сырыттым.
B: Дьэ?
A: Munnyaqqa sırıttım.
B: Je?
—
A: I went to the meeting.
B: Well?

(in conversation, encourages the other person to keep talking) well?


可い

Regular shift from Classical Japanese ク活用(かつよう) (ku-katsuyō) adjective 可(べ)し (beshi) to modern -i adjective.

(dialectal Kanto, Tōhoku, Hokkaidō) sentence-ending particle indicating volition or supposition


生嗮

/saːŋ⁵⁵ saːi̯³³/

/saːŋ⁵⁵ saːi̯³³/

你哋咪嘈生嗮啦！

Rumours of the legislator's scandal were spread all over.

go³ ji⁵ jyun⁴ ge³ cau² si⁶ bei² jan⁴ coeng³ saang¹ saai³.

個議員嘅醜事畀人唱生嗮。

个议员嘅丑事畀人唱生嗮。

(Cantonese) Used after a verb to indicate annoying persistence of the action (usually related to speech).


киэнэ

аҕам киэнэ

киһи киэнигэр баҕарыма

do not desire what belongs to someone (else)


չքարա

head

չքարա • (čʻkʻara)

hy-particle

չքարա • (čʻkʻara)

/t͡ʃʰəˈkʰɑɾɑ/

[t͡ʃʰəkʰɑ́ɾɑ]

From Georgian ჩქარა (čkara, “quickly; suddenly”). For the sense development compare հանկարծ (hankarc).

bor

Չքարա հաց լինի տանը:


мээрик

See synonyms at мэлдьи (melji).

утуйар мээрик буолла


мэник

There may or may not be any connection with English manic (Russian маниакальный (maniakalʹnyj)).

m+

маниакальный

See synonyms at мэлдьи (melji).

ытырдар мэник буоллум

Expresses doing something constantly (compare English like crazy or like a fool).


আইজ্ঞা

head

আইজ্ঞা • (aijna)

Borrowed from Sanskrit आज्ञा (ājñā); in the precedent Middle Bengali stage, the জ্ঞ cluster was pronounced /ɡːi̯/ intervocalically, and later, by typical high vowel metathesis (syllabic anticipation), it yielded /i̯ɡː/.

আইজ্ঞা, কি কইছইন?

আজ্ঞা আজ্ঞা#Bengali

Pronunciation spelling of আজ্ঞা (ajna, “politness particle, yes”).


-으

그 섣달으 그 사람들 인제 고공살이 했다 말이오.

1979, 한순식 [hansunsik], “노젓는소리 만선소리 [nojeonneunsori - manseonsori]”, in MBC 한국민요대전 음반자료 사이트 [MBC han'gungminyodaejeon eumbanjaryo saiteu], 함경남도 단천시 전진동 [hamgyeongnamdo dancheonsi jeonjindong]:

On the twelfth month those people went off to be farmhands.

Gangwon, Hamgyong, Yukjin, and Russia form of 을 (-eul, “the accusative particle, direct object marker”)


আজ্ঞা

আজ্ঞা • (ajna)

আজ্ঞা হ্যাঁ!

আজ্ঞা না!

(formal) used to show politeness in agreement or disagreement - sir, ma'am

আজ্ঞা, করা হবে!

(by extension) used to show agreement - yes, correct


আজ্ঞে

আজ্ঞে • (ajne)

আজ্ঞা আজ্ঞা#Bengali

umlauted form of আজ্ঞা (ajna, “honorific particle”)

আজ্ঞে, করা হবে!

আজ্ঞা আজ্ঞা#Bengali

umlauted form of আজ্ঞা (ajna, “yes, correct”)


তো

তুমি মাছ খাও তো?

আপনি আসছেন তো?

আমি তো জানি না।

I don't know. [Why did you expect me to know?]

উনি তো মাছ খান না।

He/she doesn't eat fish. [Why would you cook a fish dish?]

বাঁচতে চাও তো আমার কথা শনো।
bãcte cao to amar kôtha śôno.
Listen to me if you want to live.

literally, “To live you want if, [to] my words listen.”

এটা একবার দেখে দিন তো।
eṭa ekbar dekhe din tō.
Could you look over this?

literally, “At this, once look over please.”

ওখানে বসবে না তো!


hoc ille

Northern:

desc

Franco-Provençal: ây, a, ayé, ouè, oua, ouay, voua, vouan, vouè

Oïl:

Bourguignon: ouö

Champenois: ouiche

Franc-Comtois: aïe, voui, ouaye, eoue

Lorrain: oïe, aïe, oïé, ui, oïl, ouèy, ây, oui, aïe, oïl, ouèy, ây, oui, aïe

Norman: oin, voui, ouail

Old French: oil, ouail

Middle French: ouil, hoüay

French: oui, voui, ouais

Picard: aoui

Poitevin-Saintongeais: voil, oué, ouey, voi, vouey

Walloon: ay, ây, aôy

Southern: (borrowed from the north?)

Old Occitan: oi

Occitan: oi, voi, oé, vaîe (generally eastern dialects)


джанъм

head

джа́нъм • (džánǎm)

джа́нъм (canonical)
džánǎm (romanization)

From Ottoman Turkish جانيم (canım), cognate with Macedonian џанам (džanam).

bor

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">canım</i>


лишь бы

head

лишь бы • (lišʹ by)

desc

→ Armenian: լիշբի (lišbi), լիժբի (ližbi) (slang)

→ Georgian: ლიჟბი (ližbi) (slang)

LL-Q7737 (rus)-Tatiana Kerbush-лишь бы.wav

From лишь (lišʹ, “only, just”) + бы (by, “so that, if”).

А. Павлова и М. Безродный привлекают работы, далеко выходящие за рамки рассматриваемых направлений, — лишь бы в них упоминались «концепты», или «ментальность», или «картина мира», или «лингвокультура», или «этнопсихология».

2011, А.Д. Шмелёв, ВСЕГДА ЛИ НАУЧНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА ЯВЛЯЕТСЯ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕМ «ЛИНГВОНАРЦИССИЗМА»? [Is the Scientific Study of Russian Always a Manifestation of 'Linguanarcissim'?]:

A. Pavlova and M. Bezrodny draw in works that go far beyond the limits of the areas under consideration, just so long as they mention “concepts”, or “mentality”, or “worldview”, or “linguaculture”, or “ethnopsychology”.

A. Pavlova i M. Bezrodnyj privlekajut raboty, daleko vyxodjaščije za ramki rassmatrivajemyx napravlenij, — lišʹ by v nix upominalisʹ «koncepty», ili «mentalʹnostʹ», ili «kartina mira», ili «lingvokulʹtura», ili «etnopsixologija».


özbaşnalıq

Misspelling of özbaşınalıq (“power abuse”).


bo ja wiem

(colloquial) I don't know (used as a pause for the speaker to come up with a term)


aiwi

(sentence-final) alternative form of wai (“not yet”)


bodajże

From earlier bogdajże. By surface analysis, bodaj + -że. First attested in the first half of the 16th century.


bodajby

From earlier bogdajby. By surface analysis, bodaj + -by. First attested in 1607.

(archaic) whichever, for example, such as, if only, say, just


саатар

муҥ саатар

оҕолор саатар эрэ оонньоотуннар ээ

please just let the children play, okay?


w istocie rzeczy

/visˈtɔ.t͡ɕɛ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “in the essence of the matter”.

lit

(formal, idiomatic) as a matter of fact, essentially, in essence, in fact, in point of fact


zaraz, zaraz

used to let someone know that the speaker needs a moment to think about what they want to say and that they will continue speaking in a moment

(colloquial) wait a minute (used to indicate a new insight or dawning understanding)


ἅτε

grc-particle

ἅτε • (háte)

(without a participle)
ἅτε πολεμίους περιέπουσιν
háte polemíous periépousin
they treat as enemies

(with a participle)
ἅτε τὸν χρῡσὸν ἔχων πάντα
háte tòn khrūsòn ékhōn pánta
because he had all the gold

as if, as, in as much as, since, seeing that, because


барахсан

See synonyms at мааны (maanı).

кэрэ кыыс барахсан

оҕолорум барахсаттар

Сахам сирэ барахсан

After a noun, expresses love, affection, or respect, sometimes with a tinge of pity.


ܠ-

aii-particle

ܠܸ or ܠܹ or ܠ- or ܠܝܼ • (li or lē or l- or lī)

ܠܸ (canonical)
ܠܹ (canonical)
ܠ- (canonical)
ܠܝܼ (canonical)
li (romanization)
lē (romanization)
l- (romanization)
lī (romanization)

Ultimately merged from Proto-Semitic *lV- (“for, to”) + *ʔila (“towards, nigh”); cognate with Hebrew ל־ (lə-), אֶל (el), Arabic لِـ (li-), إِلَى (ʔilā) and Akkadian 𒀀𒈾 (ana).

ܦܬܵܚܵܐ (ptāḥā, “opening”) → ܠܸܦܬܵܚܵܐ (liptāḥā, “to close”)

ܐ݇ܟ݂ܵܠܵܐ (ḵālā, “eating”) → ܠܹܐ݇ܟ݂ܵܠܵܐ (lēḵālā, “to eat”)

ܗܲܡܙܘܼܡܹܐ (hamzūmē, “speaking”) → ܠܗܲܡܙܘܼܡܹܐ (l-hamzumē, “to speak”)

to; added to gerunds to form the first part of a to-infinitive


དོ

ད་ལས་ཀ་དེ་བྱེད་དོ

(sentence-final particle) form of འོ ('o) after final ད


możliwie

możliwie jak najbardziej

as ... as (used to say that what is being discussed has the maximum amount or value that can be achieved in a given situation)


pây

From Proto-Tai *pajᴬ (“to go”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨻᩱ (pai), Khün ᨻᩱ (pai), Lao ໄປ (pai), Lü ᦺᦔ (ṗay) and ᦺᦗ (pay), Tai Dam ꪼꪜ, Shan ပႆ (pǎi), Aiton ပႝ (pay), Phake ပႝ (pay), Zhuang bae, Bouyei bail, Thai ไป (bpai).

Khảu rườn pây.

Thâng vằn pjục pây.

after a verb, conveys an urging or commanding tone


ані

head

ані́ • (aní)

From Proto-Slavic *ani. Compare Polish ani.

Сияло сонце в небесах;
Ані хмариночки, та тихо,
Та любо, як у раї.

1844, Taras Shevchenko, Kobzar [The Bard], volume 1, published 1876, Наймичка:

The sun was shining in the sky;
Not even a cloud, but quietly
And pleasantly, like in paradise.

Syjalo sonce v nebesax;
Ani xmarynočky, ta tyxo,
Ta ljubo, jak u raji.

(emphatic) not a single, not even (a), nary (a)


'no

Possibly clipping of ano (“what”) or from Spanish no. See also Japanese ね (ne).

Meron pala talagang ganun noh. Yung walang appeal kahit na maganda at sexy naman si best friend. O baka naman takot lang din akong magalit sa akin ang sister ko pag pinatulan ko si Tessa. Heheh, palagay ko ganun na nga.

2012, Jay Panti, The Panti Clicks and Tweets, Psicom Publishing Inc., page 79:

“Pero hoy, hindi naman sa lahat noh! Yung iba lang at malay natin baka ganoon mag-isip si Ariel kaya step 5 might work! You just need to make her jealous, kahit wag ka ng mag-date ng girls basta just try to be sweet with others and show it to her para magselos siya.”

2013, HaveYouSeenThisGirL [Denny], Steps To You, VIVA Psicom Publishing Corp., page 45:

Natuwa si Cyan. “Aba'y ibig sabihin nu'n eh, hindi na kami manghuhula pa ng mga sasabihin namin? Ang galing naman noh?” “Ganoon na nga mga iho...” Hanga ang lahat. “Woooowww!” Lumapit ang matanda kay Kenji.

2014, Kirsten Nimwey, The Explorers (Tagalog Edition), →ISBN:

(tag question) Sentence-final question marker particle indicating emphasis and asking for confirmation: right?; eh?; isn't it, innit?

Ngayon, ito na no? Nakikita ninyo ang halaga ng kalikasan.

Now, this is it, yeah? You see the importance of nature.

meaningless filler particle, which may also have a softening effect when introducing information: well...; you see...

Hindi ako magnanakaw no!

emphasis particle especially with intent of clarification


зер

Зер уев, т'адърефя-м, на пширисум
Мыс трагодъ нда лоя аршизна

1987, L. N. Kir'jakov, transl., Лого пас Игор ту стратыю [Tale of Igor's Campaign]:

Is it really appropriate, my brothers, that we have begun
The song with words of old

Zjer ujev, t'aðrjefja-m, na pširisum
Mys trahoð nda loja aršizna

Introduces a question that verifies something which the speaker is doubtful of; really?


吖嘛

I don't know, but "tomorrow lies hope", isn't it?

2005, 生命滿希望 前路由我創 [The future is your's to make, where there's life there's hope],

m⁴ zi¹ gaa³, “hei¹ mong⁶ zoi⁶ ming⁴ tin¹” a¹ maa³!

唔知㗎，「希望在明天」吖嘛！

(Cantonese) Used to suggest something obvious.

You are having meal A today as well, right?

今日都係A餐吖嘛？

今日都系A餐吖嘛？

(Cantonese) Used to confirm something that may be obvious in a question.


吖嘛

唔係吖嘛？

唔系吖嘛？

(Cantonese) Used to raise questions with disbelief.


kaq

used as particle, has no equivalent in English


脫了

/tʰəʔ³³ ləʔ⁴⁴/

/tʰəʔ³³ ləʔ⁴⁴/

腦子壞脫了

脑子坏脱了

太陽撥雲遮脫了。

太阳拨云遮脱了。

Used to indicate the occurrence of an action that results in a loss, vanishment or a negative outcome.

Used to indicate that the consumption or disposition of a certain number of objects has been completed.

Used to indicate that the completion of a due task has been achieved.


a dè

[ʔaː˧˧ zɛ˧˨]

chin a dè


拉末

(dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the perfective aspect in a question.


拉蠻

Pronounced /lɑ.mɛ̃/. Became obsolete after the /ɛ̃/ rime disappeared. (Edkins, 1868)

(obsolete Shanghainese) Used to indicate the perfective aspect in a question.


拉哩

Used to indicate the present progressive.


要哉

(dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the future tense.


垃哉

2010, Qian Nairong, 《從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態》 (Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang)

電燈亮拉哉。

电灯亮拉哉。

(Suburban Shanghainese Wu, dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the present perfective.

Suburban Shanghainese Wu; dated Shanghainese; Suburban Shanghainese Wu; dated Shanghainese

伊爿天拉落哉。

儂拉瞎來來哉。

侬拉瞎来来哉。

(Suburban Shanghainese Wu, dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the present progressive.


快哉

(dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the near future tense.


拉個

(dated Shanghainese) Used to indiacte the past perfective.

We used to sit on ricksaws like this, we used to be used to sitting like this, and there are already rules there.

我伲一到拉坐個，坐慣拉個，有板數勒拉個。

我伲一到拉坐个，坐惯拉个，有板数勒拉个。

(dated Shanghainese) Used to indiacte the past progressive.


歇過

/ɕiɪʔ³³ ku⁴⁴/

/çiɪʔ⁴⁴ ku³⁵/

/ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵ kəu⁵²³/

/ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵ kəu³³/

/ɕiɪʔ³³ ku⁴⁴/

/çiɪʔ⁴⁴ ku³⁵/

/ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵ kəu⁵²³/

/ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵ kəu³³/

"Big News"? They didn't teach this sentence in the textbook at all!

1983, https://youtu.be/m1qoLglnFJk?si=JpnvtmQFrjOgCCdT&t=1951小小得月樓 "The Little Moonshadow Tower"

big news？俚句閒話課本浪㬟教歇過！

big news？俚句闲话课本浪㬟教歇过！

Have [you] ever been here before? No, [I] have never been here

2010: Qian Nairong, 《從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態》 (Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang)

先起頭來歇過否？勿曾來歇過

先起头来歇过否？勿曾来歇过

(Northern Wu) Experimentative marker; used to mark that the agent has experienced or done the action prior.


alez

(Masuria, Warmia) Alternative form of ależ


ай да

а́й да • (áj da)

Траге́дия моя́ ко́нчена; я перечёл её вслух, оди́н, и бил в ладо́ши и крича́л, а́й да Пу́шкин, а́й да су́кин сын!

1979 [1825 November], А. С. Пушкин, “Письмо 172 [Letter 172]”, in Полное собрание сочинений: В 10 т. [Complete Works, in 10 vols.], volume 10:

My tragedy is done; I reread it aloud, alone, and clapped my hands and shouted: What a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch!

Tragédija mojá kónčena; ja perečól jejó vslux, odín, i bil v ladóši i kričál, áj da Púškin, áj da súkin syn!

(colloquial) good old, what a (an expression of admiration or approval)

Хохотали господа, хохотали дети, хохотали холопы. ― Ай да угостили польскую гостью!..

1887, Е. А. Салиас, Фрейлина императрицы:

The lords laughed, the children laughed, the bondmen laughed. “Indeed we treated our Polish lady guest to a fine dinner!…”

Xoxotali gospoda, xoxotali deti, xoxotali xolopy. ― Aj da ugostili polʹskuju gostʹju!..

(colloquial, often ironic, sarcastic) truly, indeed (an expression of admiration or approval; or alternatively, of mockery or disapproval)


ပေ

particle suffixed to a verb for emphasis

particle suffixed to a noun to denote certainty


ပင်

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *baŋ (“tired, exhausted”), and cognate with the first syllable of Kaang Chin [Term?] (bɔŋ³⁵ kʉ³¹, “tired”). This root is very likely allofamic with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *bal (“tired, thirsty”), whence ပန်း (pan:, “tired”) (STEDT).

cog

particle suffixed to a word for emphasis


үлтү

head

үлтү • (ültü)

үлтү түһэр

үлтү кырбаа

үлтү кыыһыр

үлтү күргүйдээ


-하부래

Related to 하부라 (-habura). See main page for more information.

그거 동지 딸년 그거 하날 그거하부래 죽이 되는가?

1980 May 29, 이문구 [imun'gu], “비란의 이야기 [biranui iyagi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 경상남도 거창군 북상면 [gyeongsangnamdo geochanggun buksangmyeon]:


va'e e'ỹ teri

Guaxu xee aexa va'e e'ỹ teri.


ae ta ma

Xee ae ta ma xemonda.


'rã

Nda'okyi 'rã.


tak czy owak

(colloquial, idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


tak czy tak

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


tak czy siak

Literally, “this way or another”. Compare dialectal takatak.


náo lo̱

[naːw˧˥ lɔ˩˩]


w pewnym sensie

(idiomatic) in a way, kind of, so to speak


向左走向右走

/hœːŋ³³ t͡sɔː³⁵ t͡sɐu̯³⁵ hœːŋ³³ jɐu̯²² t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

From the word censor implemented in Hong Kong Golden Forum.

(Hong Kong Cantonese, originally Internet slang, euphemistic, neologism) Alternative form of 撚 (lan2, “fucking”)


ဏး

Audio: (file)

ကဵုအဲတီကီုလေဝ်ဏး။

post positional maker suffixed to a verb to indicate optative mood equivalent in usage to ‘please let me’.


bezala

bezala-bezala

the same; see there for further derivations

bezalako

like, similar to; see there for further derivations

bezalatsu

in the same way; see there for further derivations


le̱

Hạy phôn le̱ noòng.

Ái pây le̱ pây.


aboć

Inherited from Old Polish aboć. By surface analysis, abo + -ć.

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria) Synonym of alboć; introduces a rhetorical question


alić

Inherited from Old Polish alić. By surface analysis, ali + -ć.

(obsolete) used for presenting something; here


aliż

Inherited from Old Polish aliż. By surface analysis, ali + -ż.

(archaic) used to reinforce a point, usually expressing dissimilarity


aczci

Inherited from Old Polish aczci. By surface analysis, acz + -ci.

(Middle Polish) highlights or emphasizes an element; which is


އަކީ

އަކީ • (-akī)


けども

Clipping of けれども (keredomo, “although, but”).


авӑ

авӑ ҫав

авӑ унта

Ав вут ҫунать.

(deictic, distal) Indicates something that is far away from the speaker and addressee: that, over there, yonder, yon

Авӑ мӗн чухлӗ кӗнеке.

Expresses the extent or amount of something


ܙܝ

ܙܝܼ (canonical)
zī (romanization)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܸܢ (first-person masculine present singular)
zīlin (first-person masculine present singular)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܸܬ (masculine present second-person singular)
zīlit (masculine present second-person singular)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠ (masculine present singular third-person)
zīl (masculine present singular third-person)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܲܚ (first-person masculine plural present)
zīlaḥ (first-person masculine plural present)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܝܼܬܘܿܢ (masculine plural present second-person)
zīlītōn (masculine plural present second-person)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܝܼܢ݇ (masculine plural present third-person)
zīlī (masculine plural present third-person)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܲܢ (feminine first-person present singular)
zīlan (feminine first-person present singular)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܲܬܝ (feminine present second-person singular)
zīlat (feminine present second-person singular)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܵܐ (feminine present singular third-person)
zīlā (feminine present singular third-person)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܲܚ (feminine first-person plural present)
zīlaḥ (feminine first-person plural present)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܝܼܬܘܿܢ (feminine plural present second-person)
zīlītōn (feminine plural present second-person)
ܐ݇ܙܝܼܠܝܼܢ݇ (feminine plural present third-person)
zīlī (feminine plural present third-person)

Derived from a form of Aramaic אֲזַל (ʾăzal, “to go”).

ܙܝܼ ܐܵܡܪܹܢ ܠܹܗ

present progressive
present progressive#English

Used to form a present progressive tense with a future aspect.

ܙܝܼ ܐܵܬ݂ܹܝܢ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܐܸܠܵܐ ܪܲܕܵܝܬܝܼ ܫܩܝܼܠܵܐ ܠܗܘܿܢ

I was going to come but they took my car.

(with ܗ݇ܘܵܐ (wā)) Entails a past progressive action that preceded an ensuing occurrence or action in the past.


ဧါ

Final interrogative particle, forming yes/no questions.


ओ३म्

head

ओ३म् • (o3m)

Alternative form of ॐ (Om), with an Indian numeral ३ ("3") used to explicitly indicate pluti.


ꓶꓻ

ꓮ. ꓟꓰ. ꓓꓶꓽ ꓶꓻ

ɑ. me. dɯ̀ ɣɯ


ꓐꓰꓺ

ꓮꓺ ꓡ ꓗꓪꓺ ꓐꓰꓺ

ɑ̱ lɑ kwɑ̱ be̱


㗎呢

/kɐ³³ nɛː⁵⁵/

/kɐ³³ nɛː⁵⁵/

This plate of sushi is really delicious!

ni¹ dip⁶ sau⁶ si¹ zan¹ hai⁶ hou² hou² sik⁶ ga³ ne¹!

呢碟壽司真係好好食㗎呢！

呢碟寿司真系好好食㗎呢！

(Hong Kong Cantonese, ethnic slur) Sentence-final particle used to mimic Japanese person speaking Cantonese.


ꓫꓵꓺ

ꓔꓺ ꓔꓺ ꓫꓵꓺ

ꓗꓸ ꓠꓬꓸ ꓫꓵꓺ


ལགས

ལགས་རེད

honorific affix to names, titles and certain verbs


ܗܘܘ

aii-particle

ܗ݇ܘܵܘ • (wā)

From a variant of Aramaic הֲווֹ (hăwō, literally “they were”); see also ܗܵܘܹܐ (hāwē, “to be, exist, happen”).

der

ܒܸܟܬܵܒ݂ܵܐ ܝܘܲܚ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ

a verbal prefix placed after the definite or indefinite present

(auxiliary, used with the continuous present tense) Used to express imperfect continuous past tense

ܟܹܐ ܟܵܬܒ݂ܲܚ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ

kē kātḇaḥ wā

(auxiliary, used with ܟܹܐ (kē)) Used to express imperfect simple past tense

ܟܬܝܼܒ݂ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܠܲܢ

(auxiliary, used with the simple past tense) Used to express anterior past tense

ܒܸܬ ܟܵܬܒ݂ܲܚ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ

ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܲܚ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܟܬܝܼܒ݂ܹ̈ܐ

(auxiliary, used with ܒܸܬ (bit)) Used to express conditional mood


ну что ж

head

ну что ж • (nu što ž)

Ну что ж, пора́ нам идти́.

Ну что ж, дава́й посмо́трим. ― Nu što ž, daváj posmótrim. ― Well, let's see then.

Ну что ж, спаси́бо. ― Nu što ž, spasíbo. ― Well, thank you.

(colloquial) well, well then, right (in the sense of marking a transition to a new thought, action or summary, as if pronounced – in either English or Russian – ending with a falling tone and a subsequent pausa)


завгодно

завго́дно • (zavhódno)

завго́дно (canonical)
zavhódno (romanization)

[zɐu̯ˈɦɔdnɔ]

Uk-завгодно.ogg

From за- (za-) + вго́дно (vhódno). Compare Russian уго́дно (ugódno).

де завго́дно (indicating position)

куди́ завго́дно (indicating movement)

коли́ завго́дно

скі́льки завго́дно

as much as one likes, however much one likes

хто завго́дно

що завго́дно

як завго́дно

яки́й завго́дно

whichever one likes, whichsoever, whatever


aczle

Univerbation of acz + le. First attested in the middle of the 15th century.

etydate

Baczicz moze kto ma rozum, aczle zawszdi tako bilo, eze nysządni sluga Cristow nye bil przes przeczywyenstwa

1874-1891 [Middle of the 15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 248:

interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


aćby

From ać + -by. First attested in the 15th century.

Aczby vtinam

1874-1891 [15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XVI, page 341:

napełniło sie słowo, ktore *rzeczona przez proroka: Moj lud śmierdzący, aczby tako byli, jako niektorzy mienią

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page I:

Przeto, acz kto syą myeni vbogym na duschi, patrzacz, bi bil czich

1874-1891 [XV med.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 236:


aczli

Univerbation of acz + li. First attested in the 14th century.

A wydz, acz gestly droga lychoty we mne (et vide, si via iniquitatis in me est)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 138, 23:

(attested in Lesser Poland) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


kolivěkъ

West Slavic:

desc

Old Czech: kolivěk, kolvěk, kolivěč, kolvěč, -kolivěk, -koliv

Czech: -kolivěk (dated)

desctree

Old Polish: -kolwiek
Polish: -kolwiek
⇒ Polish: (dialectal) kolwicek
Silesian: (rare) -kolwiek

Slovak: -koľvek

Slovincian: -kôlvjek


-soo

Used after a female name to mark the referent as the speaker's sister.


lyeeuz

Compare Thai แล้ว (lɛ́ɛo), Lao ແລ້ວ (lǣu), from Middle Chinese 了 (MC lewX).

Max bail lyeeuz.

perfective aspect
perfective aspect#English

Clause-final particle used to indicate the perfective aspect.


alboć

Polish: alboć

From albo + -ć. First attested in the 15th century.

Dziatki... skazując na Jesusa, jakoby mieniły: Owoć ten jedzie, ktory ma lud żydowski... wykupić z niewolstwa...; ale ninie alboć w mie djabeł wstąpił? jakoby im ojca zabił, tako nastoją nań

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 753:


alboć

Inherited from Old Polish alboć. By surface analysis, albo + -ć.

(Middle Polish) probably introduces doubt or uncertainty

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

(Warmia) introduces a rhetorical question


aleć

Inherited from Old Polish aleć. By surface analysis, ale + -ć.

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, emphatic) emphatic particle


anić

Inherited from Old Polish anić. By surface analysis, ani + -ć.


aniż

Inherited from Old Polish aniż. By surface analysis, ani + -ż.


awiem

Univerbation of a + wiem. First attested in the mid 14th century.

Auem, praui, puace v moch boga uasego?

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page ar 3:


azażci

From azaż + -ci. First attested in the end of the 15th century.

etydate

Aszaszczy gy czarczy *nyoszv?

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 457:

(attested in Masovia) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


azaby

From aza + -by. First attested in the 15th century.

A oni zawołali potem wszyscy:... Abyć nie był złodziej, azabychmy ji podali tobie (si non esset hic malefactor, non tibi tradidissemus eum Jo 18, 30)?

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 770:

Mądrczi... radzyly szyą spolv..., aszabi mv ktori sz nych mogl nyeczo dopomocz

1901 [End of the 15th century], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume II, page 317:


azawiem

Univerbation of aza + wiem. First attested in the 14th century.

Azawem zaprawdø za dar vstavil ies wszistki sini ludzske (numquid enim vane constituisti)?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 88, 46:


azaliwiem

Univerbation of azali + wiem. First attested in the 14th century.

Slowo liche postawili sø przeciwo mne: azaliwem, ien spi, ne prziloszi, abi wstal (numquid qui dormit non adiciet, ut resurgat)?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 40, 9:


azażby

From azaż + -by. First attested in the middle of the 15th century.

By w sodomskim mieście były ty uczynki były uczynione..., azażby aże do dzisiejszego dnia było zostało (si in Sodomis factae fuissent virtutes, quae factae sunt in te, forte mansissent usque in hanc diem Mat 11, 23)?

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 318:


azaliby

From azali + -by. First attested in 1455.

Azaliby nie mogł być zbawion rodzaj człowieczy, jedno eżby ty... umorzon był?

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 167:


atoć

Middle Polish: atoć

From ato + -ć. First attested in the 15th century.

Atoczsmi sziwi ecce vivimus

1874-1891 [End of the 15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXV, page 258:


atoć

Inherited from Old Polish atoć. By surface analysis, ato + -ć.


azać

Middle Polish: azać

From aza + -ć. First attested in c. 1500.

Pilat... odpowiedział...: Azaciem ja Żyd (numquid ego Judaeus sum Jo 18, 35)?

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, pages 793–794:


azać

Inherited from Old Polish azać. By surface analysis, aza + -ć.

(Middle Polish) expresses uncertainty; maybe, perhaps


azaż

Middle Polish: azaż

From aza + -ż. First attested in 1464–1468.

Gdy Warsz nye *przyszgąl, azasz my Mykolay to przepadl y straczyl naprzeczywko mnye, czyly nye?

1886 [c. 1455-1460], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Die polnische Recension der Magdeburger Urtheile und die einschlägigen deutschen, lateinischen und czechischen Sammlungen, page 140:


azaż

Inherited from Old Polish azaż. By surface analysis, aza + -ż.


ażeć

Inherited from Old Polish ażeć. By surface analysis, aże + -ć.


jaż

that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality

as many as, as much as; emphasizes the amount


jaż

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń) Alternative form of aż


ażby

Inherited from Old Polish ażby. By surface analysis, aż + -by.


ażci

Inherited from Old Polish ażci. By surface analysis, aż + -ci.

(Middle Polish, emphatic) highlighting particle


ᥔᥧᥲ

emphatic particle used before verbs to stress what is being described or talked about


ஓம்

Ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *ām (“yes, let it be so”), a contraction of Proto-Dravidian *ākum (“it will be so, it shall be so”, see ஆகு (āku, “to become”), ஆகும் (ākum)), Doublet of ஆம் (ām) and ஆமாம் (āmām). Compare Sanskrit आम् (ām, “yes”).


przedsie

Polish: przedsię

Silesian: przecã

Univerbation of przed + się. First attested in the 15th century.

Alye ony wolaly przedsze (illi autem clamabant Jo 19, 15): Wezmy gy, wezmy, ukrzyzuy go!

1911 [15th century], Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Karta z "Rozmyślania o życiu Pana Jezusa", page 476:


przedsię

Inherited from Old Polish przedsie. By surface analysis, univerbation of przed + się.

surf

(Middle Polish) contrary to this, despite this

(Middle Polish) refers to what is considered by the speaker as obvious fact

(Middle Polish) emphasizes the confidence of the speaker

(Middle Polish) general emphasis particle

(Middle Polish) begins a conclusion after presenting many options; anyways


ꦲꦫꦶ

Inherited from Old Javanese ari (“emphatic particle”).


siah

(Singlish, Manglish) Alternative form of sia


əvət

Ultimately derived from Ottoman Turkish أوت (evet, “yes”).

der+

Əvət, doğru, fəqət məraq, intizar

Yes, it's true, but solicitude, wait
Bored me a little...


ọwọn

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *à-ɓã. A distinctive marker of Proto-Itsekiri-SEY from Proto-Yoruba is the lack of differing second and third person plural pronouns. This distinction continues in the present in Itsekiri and amongst all Southeast Yoruba varieties except Ìjẹ̀bú, which uses ẹ̀wẹn and ọ̀wọn, respectively. Cognates include Itsekiri àghan, Yoruba àwọn, Ìjẹ̀bú Yoruba ọ̀wọn, Ifè àŋa, Igala àma, Olukumi àwan, Àhàn xà, Èkìtì Yoruba ìn-ọn

Ọ̀wọn àdúmáadọ́n wèé éè mù bí Èdùmàrè ṣe súre wọn

These dark and shining men are unaware how the Creator blessed them

(Ijebu) Precedes a noun to mark it as plural.


mə

Old Japanese: も (mo)

Japanese: も (mo)

Proto-Ryukyuan: *mo

Northern Ryukyuan:

Kikai: む (mu), ん (n)

Kunigami: む (mu)

Northern Amami Ōshima: む (mu), ん (n)

Okinawan: ん (n)

Okinoerabu: む (mu)

Southern Amami Ōshima: む (mu), むっ (m)

Tokunoshima: ん (n)

Yoron: ん (n)

Southern Ryukyuan:

Yaeyama: ん (n)

Yonaguni: ん (n)

non-unique topic marker: also, even, too, as well


にや

Combination of particles に (ni, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of affirmative statement marker なり (nari) as used in classical Japanese) + や (ya, expressing doubt or uncertainty).

ja-r

(Classical Japanese, archaic) expresses doubt about a preceding affirmative statement, or introduces a contrary point


nẹẹ

Cognates with Itsekiri nẹ́ẹ̀, Yoruba náà

Èmi nẹ́ẹ̀?

(Ijebu) used to express solidarity or disbelief


noenum

From ne- + *oinom, Old Latin neuter of oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *ne (“not”) + *óynos (“one”).


madje

A variant of mandej, from më + andej (literally “beyond, thither”).

af

Ai nuk humbi asgjë, madje fitoi!

Reinforces what has already been said; even, in fact, furthermore


صاپ

صاپ صاری

An intensifier used with certain adjectives beginning with ص and a back vowel.


ܐܝܢ

ܐܹܝܢ ܦܬ݂ܝܼܚ ܠܘܼܟ݂ ܟܵܘܬܵܐ؟

ēn pṯīḥ lūḵ kāwtā?

ܐܹܝܢ ܐܲܢ݇ܬ ܝܼܘܸܬ ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ؟

interrogative particle: starts a yes-or-no question expecting a positive answer


-ܗ

From Aramaic ־ֵה (-ēh), analogical consonantism after the independent personal pronoun הוּ (hū); cognate to Hebrew ־וֹ (-ó) and Arabic ـهُ (-hu)

ܐܸܠܹܗ

ܥܲܡܹܗ

attached to prepositions to indicate a male or masculine object in the 3rd person; him, it

ܒܪܵܬܹܗ

attached to nouns to indicate possession by a male or masculine noun in the 3rd person; his, its

ܗ̇ܝ ܝܠܵܗ̇ ܒܸܙܒ݂ܵܢܹܗ ܡܹܐܟ݂ܘܼܠܬܵܐ

attached to progressive verbs to indicate an action being directed to a male or masculine noun in the 3rd person

ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܐ݇ܡܝܼܪܹܗ

attached to passive and past participles to indicate an action being directed to a male or masculine noun in the 3rd person


-ܗ

aii-particle

-ܵܗ̇ • (-āh)

From Aramaic ־ָהּ (-āh), analogical consonantism after the independent personal pronoun הִי (hī); cognate to Hebrew ־ָהּ (-áh) and Arabic ـهَا (-hā)

ܐܸܠܵܗ̇

ܥܲܡܵܗ̇

attached to prepositions to indicate a female or feminine object in the 3rd person; her, it

ܟܲܠܒܵܗ̇

attached to nouns to indicate possession by a female or feminine noun in the 3rd person; her, its

ܝܼܢܵܐ ܒܸܒܢܵܝܵܗ̇ ܒܲܝܬܵܐ

attached to progressive verbs to indicate an action being directed to a female or feminine noun in the 3rd person

ܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܐ݇ܟ݂ܝܼܠܵܗ̇

wē lēh ḵīlāh

attached to passive and past participles to indicate an action being directed to a female or feminine noun in the 3rd person


-더니

(it used to be that ...) but now/then, and now/then


ba da

LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-ba da.wav

Coordinate term: ba nu

yes (used to indicate disagreement or dissent in reply to a negative statement)


-kii

Elongated from the regular -ki analogically to -kaa.


އަކު

head

އަކު • (aku)


どころ

今そんな話どころではありません。

Ima sonna hanashi dokoro de wa arimasen.

Now is not the time for that kind of talk.

(chiefly in the negative) highlights that the marked entity is an extreme example and at odds with the true nature of the situation; the time for; the place for


na dokładkę

(colloquial, idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


mało tego

(idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


-할채

See 하부라 (-habura). Compare synonymous 할차 (halcha).

이눔 때미... 밥두 궁구... 말할채 팔어 먹었응께, 집이 가걸랑 당장 주리틀어서 틀어서 뒈져...

1980 July 7, 최영종 [choeyeongjong], “눈 감으면 코 베 난다 [nun gameumyeon ko be nanda]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye], 충청남도 보령시 주포면 [chungcheongnamdo boryeongsi jupomyeon]:

Because of this bastard... [we] starved... [and] because [he] even sold off our horse, when he goes home I hope his legs get twisted and [he] dies.

(Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect) even; expresses greater intensity than 도 (-do).


-하

[…]世(솅〮)尊(존)하〮 분별〮 마〯ᄅᆞ〮쇼셔〮[…]

1447, Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol]:

O (honorable) the World-Honored One (i.e. the Buddha), do not fret!

(honorific) O honorable... (vocative case particle showing extreme respect)


𐌽𐌹𐌿

𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍈𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸? 𐌽𐌹𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳.

For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? (KJV)

jabai auk frijōþ þans frijōndans izwis ainans, ƕō mizdōnō habaiþ? niu jah þai þiudō þata samō taujand.


snadź

Inherited from Old Polish snadź, from Proto-Slavic *snadь.


kehsinsk

kehs (“so many times”) + -insk (“multiple of ten”)

suffix

Esqonatek kehsinsk

generates multiples of ten for the numbers 6, 7, 8 and 9


kehs

Cognate with Penobscot kάkehsəta (“many times”) and Mi'kmaq gaqi'sg (“often; many times”).

(interrogative) how much, how many, how many times

Oqomolcin kehs

Nisinsk cel kamahcin kehs

adverbial numeral
adverbial number#English

(limited usage, see notes below) number of times, adverbial numeral marker

limited usage; see notes below; limited usage; see notes below


kehsewey

[ˈɡæː˧˦.se̞.weɪ˨]

Kamahcin kehsewey

forms ordinal numerals with numbers greater than five


aže

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: аже (aže), ажь (ažĭ)

desc

Old Ruthenian: аже (aže), ажь (ažʹ), ажъ (až)

Belarusian: аж (až)

Ukrainian: аж (až)

Russian: аж (až)

Old Novgorodian: аже (aže), ажь (ažĭ)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: ȁre (dated, dialectal)

Cyrillic script: а̏ре (dated, dialectal)

Slovene: àr (dated, dialectal)

West Slavic:

Old Czech: aže, až

Czech: až

Kashubian: jaż

Old Polish: aże, haże, jaż

Polish: aż

Slovak: až

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: až, ažo; haž, ažy (dialectal)


kehsuwok

[ˌɡæːˈsuˑ˧˦.wəɡ]

kehsi (“so much; how many”) with the animate plural ending -uwok. Also see kehs, kehsu.

(interrogative) how much, how many (of an animate noun)


kehsonul

kehsi (“so much; how many”) with the inanimate plural ending -ul. Also see kehs, kehsu.

(interrogative) how much, how many (of an inanimate noun)


nisokehs

[ˈniz˧˦.ɡæːs˨]


nanokehs

[ˈna˧˦.nə.ɡæːs˨]


newokehs

[ˈne̞˧˦.wə.ɡæːs˨]


hầy

Nói nghe hay hầy?

You really are just saying anything huh?

Vậy chứ món đó cũng đâu mắc lắm đâu hầy.

When you think about it, that stuff is actually not that expensive, no?

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) Sentence-final question particle.


davai

Borrowed from Russian давай (davaj). Akin to dialectal Finnish tavai.

Mees lankeis maaha i davai nagramaa.

The man fell to the ground and off he went laughing.

Used to denote the beginning of an action: off you go


都未定

/tou̯⁵⁵ mei̯²² tɪŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/tou̯⁵⁵ mei̯²² tɪŋ²²⁻³⁵/

佢死咗都未定

(Cantonese) Used to express possibility of an event.


auskalo

Auskalo non dauden giltzak.


ніби

head

ні́би • (níby)

From ні (ni) + би (by). Cognate with Belarusian ні́бы (níby), Polish niby. Compare Old Ruthenian небы (neby, “like, as if”), Russian как бы (kak by), Czech and Polish jakoby.

cog

as if, allegedly, seemingly, it seems (like)


далебі

head

далебі́ • (dalebí)

далебі́ (canonical)
dalebí (romanization)

Inherited from Old Ruthenian далибогъ (daliboh). By surface analysis, univerbation of да (da) + ле (le) + бі (bi).


တိုင်း

particle suffixed to nouns to convey the sense "every"


aby do

Aby do wtorku, a potem już można odpoczywać.

Just wait till Tuesday, and then you can finally rest.

used to express the hope that what we consider good will begin when the thing in question begins


відомо

head

відо́мо • (vidómo)

відо́мо (canonical)
vidómo (romanization)

From відо́мий (vidómyj) + -о (-o). Compare Belarusian вядо́ма (vjadóma), Polish wiadomo.

(parenthetical, dated) Used to introduce generally known information as an explanation: as you know, needless to say, of course


мовляв

мовля́в • (movljáv)

мовля́в (canonical)
movljáv (romanization)

Introducing reported speech: saying, he/she says, they say (that), like

Introducing the implied meaning of a gesture: as if to say, like

Introducing a clarification: like, as it were, so to speak


ياترى

From يا (ya) + ترى (tara). See Arabic تُرَى (turā).

مجاش ليه ياترى


ياما

ياما نصحتك

ياما هنا، ياما هناك


à-ɓã

From *à- + *ɓã, see Proto-Yoruboid *ɓã or Proto-Yoruboid *ɓã̀ (“they”)


-де

(slang) Used to indicate a shift in the speaker


prócz tego

(idiomatic, literary) besides, furthermore, what's more


oprócz tego

(idiomatic) besides, furthermore, what's more


nie mówiąc o

(idiomatic) let alone, to say nothing of, not to mention; all the more


ex definitione

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ex dēfīnītiōne.

ubor

(idiomatic, literary) by definition, inherently


do sześcianu

(arithmetic, idiomatic, in collocation with podnosić or podnieść) to the cube of (raised to the third power)

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


za pozwoleniem

– Ale przypomniało nam się...
– Za pozwoleniem, nie: nam, tylko: mnie!
– But we were reminded...
– I'm sorry, not: us, but: me!

(colloquial, dated, idiomatic) the speaker interrupts another person to say something, to contradict what is being said, or to ask about something


a więc

Stół znajduje się raczej po lewej stronie, a więc dość daleko od wejścia z prawej.

The table is rather on the left side, so quite far from the entrance on the right.


کے

inflection of کا (kā):
oblique/vocative masculine singular


znaczy się

(idiomatic) in other words, namely, that is, that is to say


niestocie

/ɲɛsˈtɔt͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish niestojcie. By surface analysis, univerbation of nie + stójcie.


ಎಂದು

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian *yĀnṯu. Cognate with Malayalam എന്ന് (ennŭ), Tamil என்று (eṉṟu).

that, relative particle and quotative marker, used after a verb or noun, connects the verb with the speaker's thoughts or indicates an action or cause


chociaj

(Middle Polish) Alternative form of chocia


chocia

Inherited from Old Polish chocia. Cognate with Russian хотя́ (xotjá).


adunay

[ʔɐˈd̪u.n̪ɐɪ̯]

Adunay tubig sa balay.

Adunay bulawan sa ungib.

Adunay dagkong mga pating sa dagat.

particle used as an existential marker: to be; to have


စရာ

မေးစရာရှိပါတယ်.

a particle suffixed to a verb to form a verbal noun or adjective


jeszcze jak

Byli praworządni, i to jeszcze jak.


հաճիս

head

հաճիս • (hačis)

hy-particle

հաճիս • (hačis)

Second person singular subjunctive of հաճիլ (hačil, “to be pleased, to approve, to agree”).

Ատ մէկը տուէ՛ք, հաճիս։


ދެކެ

Grammaticalization of the Dhivehi term ދެކެނީ (dekenī).


саме

head

са́ме • (sáme)

са́ме тому́

exactly for that reason, precisely for that reason, that's exactly why

Хто са́ме?

Коли са́ме?

Саме отут захована вся корупційна заковинка.

2013, “У Радомишльському Районі дії сільського голови можуть визнати корупційними [In Radomyshl Raion, the actions of the head of the village may be classified as corrupt]”, in Радомишль News, archived from the original on 2023-03-01:

This is exactly where the entirety of the corruption issue is hidden.

Same otut zaxovana vsja korupcijna zakovynka.


ngun-a

bcl-head

ngún-a or ngun-á (Basahan spelling ᜅᜓᜈ᜔ᜀ)


uari

Atin ka uaring pera?

Mikimamesus uari ka?


rasye

From Japanese らしい (rashii, “it seems that”).

are hana cigo rasye


சேர்த்து

head

சேர்த்து • (cērttu)

/t͡ɕeːɾt̪ːʊ/


சேத்து

சேத்து • (cēttu)


போன்ற

போன்ற • (pōṉṟa)


-한테서

한테서 (canonical)
-hanteseo (romanization)


эзь

The component э- (e-) is from Proto-Uralic *e- (“not”).
Cognates include Moksha изь (iź), Livonian iz (“didn't”) (from Proto-Finnic *esi).

Used with personal suffixes: эзинь, эзить, эзь; эзинек, эзиде, эсть

Пазонть кі-як эзизе нейть знярды-як. Вейкине шачовт Цёрась, Кона яла Тетянть марто, Сон содавтызе.

Objective conjugation also adds its suffixes: эзимек, эзимем, эзимизь, эзитень, эзизеть, эзидизь, эзия, эзинек, эзинк, эзизь, эзинзе 1910, Makar Evsevievich Evseviev, Gospoda nashego Iisusa Hrista Svyatoe Evangelie ot Matfeya, Marka, Luki i Ioanna na mordovskom yazyke/%D0%92&oldid=617014), page 225

No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.

(past tense negative particle) not, didn't, -n't, wasn't, weren't


илямизь

илямизь • (iľamiź)

Илямизь чумондо.
Iľamiź čumondo.
Excuse me.

иля иля#Erzya

second-person plural imperative objective conjugation of иля (iľa)


илямак

илямак • (iľamak)

Илямак чумондо.
Iľamak čumondo.
Excuse me.

иля иля#Erzya

second-person singular imperative objective conjugation of иля (iľa)


иля

From Proto-Mordvinic *iľə, inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric negative imperative verb stem *elä- ~ *älä-. Akin to Finnish älä, Estonian ära, Northern Sami ale, Kildin Sami ель (jel’).

Илядо судя, тынсь-как судязь а ульдядо; илядо чумонт, тынсь-как чумондозь а ульдядо; простядо, тынсь-как простязь ульдядо.

1910, Makar Evsevievich Evseviev, Gospoda nashego Iisusa Hrista Svjatoe Evangelie ot Matfeja, Marka, Luki i Ioanna na mordovskom jazyke^(https://m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C)/%D0%92), page 158:

“Do not judge, and you will not be judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven.”

Iľado suďa, tinś-kak suďaź a uľďado; iľado čumont, tinś-kak čumondoź a uľďado; prosťado, tinś-kak prosťaź uľďado.

(imperative, optative and volitional negative particle) don't


dopiyro

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *topьrvo with a change of t -> d under influence of do and a loss of v due to how often the word was used.

Jorguś, jeszcze ni mieli my okazje pogodać, bo dopiyro w nocy żech z lotniska przijechoł.

2016, Waldemar Szymczyk, editor, Bydzie lepij, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2022-11-12, page 106:

Jorguś, we still haven't had the opportunity to talk, because only at night did I arrive from the airport.


ngad

Informal spelling of nga'd; alternative form of ngarud.


अना

अना • (anā́)


ဖို

a word suffixed to a noun to denote maleness

a term to differentiate one from the other in a pair of opposites


ꓨꓼ

Alternative forms: ꓧꓼ (xɑ̱̀), ꓧꓽ (xɑ̀)


ikanga

tl-head

ikangà or íkangâ (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜃᜅ)

ikangà (canonical)
íkangâ (canonical)
ᜁᜃᜅ (Baybayin)

[ʔɪˈxaː.ŋɐʔ]

[ˌʔiː.xɐˈŋaʔ]


-tši

From Proto-Finnic *-kik. Cognate with Finnish -kin, Ingrian -ki and Estonian -gi.


lang naman

lang namán (canonical)
ᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈᜋᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Kamusta ka na? — Okay lang naman ako.

Bakit ba tayo naghahanda? Sino ba ang dadating bukas? — 'yung presidente lang naman!

What are we preparing for? Who's coming over tomorrow? — Oh, it's just the president!


din naman

din namán (canonical)
ᜇᜒᜈ᜔ ᜈᜋᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)

Hindi ako pupunta sa party. Wala rin naman akong kilala doon.

I'm not coming to the party. After all, I don't know anyone there.

Itapon mo na 'yan. Sira din naman na, eh!

You can throw that away! It's broken, after all.

Bakit ka pa nag-aaral eh babagsak ka rin naman.

What's the point of your studying when you're going to fail anyways?

used to express that something is pointless

Ikaw din naman!

emphasis that another matches a description


pa naman

Umuulan nang malakas sa labas. — Talaga? Naku, wala pa naman akong dalang payong.

It's raining hard outside. — Really? Oh no, I didn't even bring an umbrella.

Hindi na raw matutuloy 'yung party. — Talaga? Bumili pa naman ako ng bagong damit.

The party has been cancelled. — Really? I even bought a new dress.

used to express fear, worry or disappointment about something unexpected happened

Maaga pa naman.


plus minus

(idiomatic, literary) approximately, more or less


otóż to

(idiomatic) exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)


otóż

Polish: otóż

From oto + -ż. First attested in the 15th century.

Othosz na tho zalyeszy boyaszn bosza

1915 [15th century], Franciszek Pułaski, editor, Opis 815 rękopisów Biblioteki Ordynacji Krasińskich, page 12:

Othoosz

1907 [c. 1470], Jakub Parkoszowic, edited by Jan Łoś, Traktat o ortografii polskiej, Żurawica, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Krakow, page 414:

(emphatic, attested in Lesser Poland) emphasizes the following statement; well


otóż

Inherited from Old Polish otóż. By surface analysis, oto + -ż.

(emphatic) emphasizes the following statement; well


co nie

On poszedł do sklepu, co nie?

Jak tam pójdziesz, co nie, to skręć w lewo i dojdziesz na plac.

When you go there, right, turn left and you'll arrive at the square.

(colloquial, idiomatic) tag question; right? isn't it?


cn

(text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of co nie.


ရွက်

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *rwak (“leaf, leaflike part”). Cognate with the second syllable of Japhug [Term?] (tɐ jwɐk, “leaf”) (STEDT); an older theory by Luce also connects the word to Old Chinese 喬 (OC *krew, *ɡrew, “section on the shaft of a spear near the spearhead for hanging a feather; panache-hanger”), though this seems outdated.
The "carry on the head" sense is considered identical to the "leaf" sense by MED, but separate by STEDT (which doesn't assign etymology: rwak "carry on head") and Luce, the latter who compares Old Chinese 頍 (OC *kʰʷeʔ, “to raise one's head”).

och-l

particle suffixed to a verb to denote responsibility for some task


tak między nami

mówiąc między nami
mówiąc między nami#Polish

(idiomatic) Alternative form of mówiąc między nami


co tu dużo mówić

Literally, “what's there a lot to say here”


na marginesie mówiąc

(idiomatic) Alternative form of na marginesie


a nie mówiłem

Literally, “and wasn't I saying [that]?”.


co tu dużo gadać

co tu dużo mówić
co tu dużo mówić#Polish

(idiomatic) Alternative form of co tu dużo mówić


മിതം

head

മിതം • (mitaṁ)


ꦲꦸꦢꦸꦏ꧀

ꦲꦸꦢꦸꦏ꧀ (uduk)


chciałoby się rzec

/xt͡ɕaˈwɔ.bɘ ɕɛ ʐɛt͡s/

Literally, “one would feel like saying”.

chciałoby się powiedzieć
chciałoby się powiedzieć#Polish

(idiomatic) Alternative form of chciałoby się powiedzieć


chciałoby się powiedzieć

/xt͡ɕaˈwɔ.bɘ ɕɛ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

(idiomatic) used to express that the following expression might be surprising but better describes something than another; One could say


ܒܟܠ

ܛܵܒ݂ܵܐ ܒܟܠ
ṭāḇā b-kul
Best
(literally, “Good in all.”)

ܚܲܟܝܼܡܬܵܐ ܒܟܠ
ḥakīmtā b-kul
Wisest
(literally, “Wise in all.”)

ܫܲܦܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܒܟܠ
šapīrē b-kul
Most beautiful
(literally, “Beautiful in all.”)


-야말로

이야말로 -이야말로#Korean

Post-vowel allomorphic form of 이야말로 (-iyamallo, “indeed is”)


-이야말로

이야말로 (canonical)
-iyamallo (romanization)

Compound of 이야 (-iya, emphasizing particle) + 말 (mal, “speech, words”) + 로 (-ro, “as being”, particle indicating state or manner).

com+

-로<t:as being><pos:particle indicating state or manner>

예술이야말로 인간을 높이는 길이다.

Art is indeed the way to elevate human beings.

Yesur-iyamallo in'gan-eul nopi-neun gir-ida.

(after a consonant-ending substantive or adverb) Topic marker expressing emphasis and confirmation: indeed is, really is, truly is


себѣ

head

себѣ́ • (sebě́)

себе́ себе#Russian

Pre-1918 spelling of себе́ (sebé, “keep on”).


-haa

From Proto-Finnic *-han. Cognates include Finnish -han.

Tulihaa tänäpään meijen faabrikkaa kunigas!

Used to indicate the speaker's surprise.

Hää tahtoo noissa, kuinhaa saotaa, stantsian nacalnikaks.

He wants to become, whaddayacallit, a stationmaster.

Used to involve the collocutor in the conversation: then, so


tak samo

used to say that someone or something has the same trait as something previously mentioned; the same; also, too


ketimbang

Affixed ke- + timbang, borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦼꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ, ꦏꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ (ketimbang, katimbang, “than”).

bor+

ꦏꦼꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ, ꦏꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ


ရစ်

word suffixed to a verb to indicate being left behind


gdzie tam

(colloquial, idiomatic) tell me another, nothing of the kind, a likely story, yeah, right


wwaya

Javanese: ꦧꦺꦴꦪ (boya)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wada.


ꦧꦺꦴꦪ

Inherited from Old Javanese woya, wwaya (“to be (there, present)”).


ախր

Ultimately from Arabic آخِر (ʔāḵir, “last; end”).

Ախր ես քեզ ասել էի, որ իրա հետ չգնաս։ (colloquial)

Ասում են՝ չասեմ։ Ախր ո՞նց կարամ չասեմ։ (colloquial)

They're telling me not to say it. But how can I not say it?

Ես հույս ունեմ… ասենք պարտք ենք…
Բայց չէ՞ ախար մենք էլ մարդ ենք… […]
Es huys unem… asenkʻ partkʻ enkʻ…
Baycʻ čʻē axar menkʻ ēl mard enkʻ…[…]

1886, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Անբախտ վաճառականներ

I hope… let's say we're indebted…
But aren't we people too?

used to express opposition to a remark, often expressing a degree of exasperation, despair or frustration


навряд чи

head

навря́д чи • (navrjád čy)

навря́д чи (canonical)
navrjád čy (romanization)

hardly, unlikely, hardly likely (used to express doubt about the veracity of some statement)


umówmy się

used by the speaker that the listener might not like the following information but should accept it; here's the deal, let's be honest


baietz

Baietz erantzun nion.

I answered affirmatively. (literally, “I answered that yes.”)

Form of bai (“yes”) used as the object of a verb.

Baietz, ziur nagoela!


w pełnym tego słowa znaczeniu

Literally, “in the full meaning of this word”.

lit

w całym tego słowa znaczeniu
w całym tego słowa znaczeniu#Polish

(idiomatic) Synonym of w całym tego słowa znaczeniu


w całym tego słowa znaczeniu

Literally, “in the entire meaning of this word”.

in every sense of the word
in every sense of the word

(idiomatic) in every sense of the word; par excellence