و

لُغَوِيّ لغوي#Arabic

لُغَة لغة#Arabic

ثَانَوِيّ ثانوي#Arabic

ثَانٍ ثان#Arabic

interfix used in forming nisba (relative) adjectives, particularly with short bases, inserted between the base noun and the ending ِـيّ (-iyy), e.g. لُغَوِيّ (luḡawiyy, “linguistic”), based on لُغَة (luḡa, “language”), or ثَانَوِيّ (ṯānawiyy, “secondary”), based on ثَانٍ (ṯānin, “second”).


-ar

From Old Norse -ar, the genitive singular ending for strong feminine nouns and masculine i- and u-stem nouns.

Ein fredar mann.

Used to form indefinite genitive singulars of strong feminine nouns and some strong masculine nouns, used in frozen expressions.


-er-

Originally the plural ending of those nouns.

kindertaal

interfix used in compounds after certain neuter nouns with a plural on -eren


-er-

Added before various suffixes (especially -ole and -on, but also sometimes -elle, -et, -ette, -eau, by analogy to or mistaken division of other words which end in erole, eron, ereau, etc, where the er was part of the first element (e.g. fougerolle, fougerole, from fougère + -ole) or the entire word was borrowed from another language such as Italian (e.g. muserole, muserolle, from Italian museruola).

-erelle (coquerelle), -eret (coqueret), -erette (collerette), -ereau (poétereau), -erole (èverole), -eron (laideron)

used before various noun-forming suffixes


-int-

The i vowel of past-tense -is plus the nt of the Latin/Romance active present participle.

Example: ami (to love), aminto (one who has loved)

(nominal) -into One who did the action of the root

Example: ami (to love), aminta (having loved)

(adjectival) -inta The active past participle

Example: ami (to love), aminte (having loved)

adverbial participle
adverbial participle

(adverbial) -inte The active past adverbial participle


-ont-

The o vowel of future-tense -os plus the nt of the Latin/Romance active present participle.

Example: ami (to love), amonto (one who is to love)

(nominal) -onto One who will do the action of the root

Example: ami (to love), amonta (about to love)

(adjectival) -onta The active future participle

Example: ami (to love), amonte (being about to love)

(adverbial) -onte The active future adverbial participle


-ot-

The o vowel of future-tense -os plus the t of the Latin/Romance/German passive perfect participle.

Example: ami (“to love”) → amoto (“one who will be loved”)

(nominal) -oto: One who will undergo the action of the root

Example: ami (“to love”) → amota (“about to be loved”)

(adjectival) -ota: Undergoing the action of the root in the future (the passive future participle)

Example: pafi (“to shoot”) → pafote (“about to be shot”)

Eĉ pafote silentadus li.

He would remain silent even if he were about to be shot.

(adverbial) -ote: The passive future participle


-um-

brako (“arm”) → brakumi (“to hug”)

dekstra (“right”) → dekstruma (“clockwise”)

komuna (“common”) → komunumo (“community”)

mondo (“world”) → mondumo (“high society”)

proksima (“near”) → proksimume (“approximately”)

kruco (“cross”) → krucumi (“to crucify”)

kolo (“neck”) → kolumo (“collar”)

related in an unspecified way. A lexical affix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.


-in-

From the oblique stem of Latin -tūdō being -tūdin-.

An epenthetic syllable inserted before Latinate suffixes appended to nouns ending with -itude or -tude.


-ant-

The a vowel of present-tense -as plus the nt of the Romance active present participle.

Example: fari (“to do, make”) → faranto (“an agent, a doer, a maker”)

(nominal) -anto One who does the action of the root

Example: fari (“to do, to make”) → faranta (“doing, making”)

(adjectival) -anta The active present participle

Example: fari (“to do, to make”) → farante (“doing, making”)

(adverbial) -ante The active present adverbial participle


-o-

Adopted from Latin -o-, originating ultimately from Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-).
In English, the connective is found from the Middle English period in direct borrowings from Latin. Direct formations of English terms with the connective, always combining Greek or Latin roots, appear from the 16th or 17th century. From the 18th century, the suffix becomes productive in compounds where the second element is English. From about 1800, formations on all sorts of stems become common.

extreme + -o- + -phile producing extremophile

blog + -o- + -sphere producing blogosphere

speed + -o- + meter producing speedometer

sadism + -o- + masochism producing sadomasochism

smell + -o- + vision producing smell-o-vision

classical compounds
w:classical compound

international scientific vocabulary
w:international scientific vocabulary

A linking vowel inserted interconsonantally between two morphemes, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning. It frequently joins words or combining forms of Ancient Greek or Classical Latin origin in the classical compounds of New Latin and international scientific vocabulary, but it can also be used to join modern terms and even abbreviations, either formally or informally.


-o-

Inherited from Old Czech -o-, from Proto-Slavic *-o-.


-o-

kor (“age”) + -o- + -k → korok (“ages”)

A suffix-initial vowel (or linking vowel) inserted interconsonantally between the word stem and the suffix, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.


-o-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-o-. Compare Slovincian -ô-

used to link two words in some compounds; -o-


-o-

Adopted from the thematic vowel in Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-), often used to form nominal compounds. In Ancient Greek, the connective suffix originates in compounds where the first member is thematic, such as δημοκρατία (dēmokratía), but was extended by analogy to other stems, such as μητρόπολις (mētrópolis). The suffix was borrowed as a connective into Latin, mainly in compounds of Greek origin.
The suffix becomes productive and forms new compounds in learned humanist Latin, from the Renaissance. The connective is especially productive in connecting ethnonyms or geographical terms; genuine Greek stems include Gallo-, and Syro-, but most are of medieval or modern origin, productive from the 15th century, such as Anglo-, Graeco- or Latino-.

Anglus (“Angle, English”) + -o- + saxonicus (“Saxon”) → anglosaxonicus (“Anglo-Saxon”)

(post-classical Latin) Suffix forming nominal compounds


-o-

Polish: -o-

Silesian: -o-

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *-o-
Old Polish -o-
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-o-.


-o-

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *-o-
Old Polish -o-
Polish -o-
Inherited from Old Polish -o-.

deszcz + -o- + mierzyć → deszczomierz


-o-

kiš + -o- + -bran → kȉšobrān

Interfix used for forming nominal compounds.


-o-

From Old Swedish -u, -o, from the Old Swedish genitive form of Germanic feminine ōn-stems.
Alternates with -u- according to Old Swedish rules of syllable weight, where -o was used after heavy syllables and -u after light.

Genitival interfix used to link elements in some compounds.


-o-

horni + -o- + serbšćina → hornjoserbšćina


-o-

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -о- (-o-)

Old Ruthenian: -о- (-o-)

Belarusian: -а- (-a-), -о́- (-ó-)

Carpathian Rusyn: -о- (-o-)

Ukrainian: -о- (-o-)

Russian: -о- (-o-)

Old Novgorodian: -о- (-o-)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -о- (-o-)

Glagolitic script: -ⱁ- (-o-)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -о-

Latin script: -o-

Slovene: -o-

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -o-

Czech: -o-

Old Polish: -o-

Polish: -o-

Silesian: -o-

Polabian: -ü-

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -o-

Slovincian: -ô-

Slovak: -o-

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -o-

Upper Sorbian: -o-

čьrnъ (“black”) + *-o- + *bylь (“plant, herb”) → *čьrnobylь (“mugwort”)

bělъ (“white”) + *-o- + *golvъ (“headed”) → *bělogolvъ (“white headed”)

dobrъ (“good”) + *-o- + *mirъ (“peace”) → *Dobromirъ (given name)


-ach

From Esperanto -aĉ-, from Romance languages.

nigro (“black person”) + -ach → nigracho (“nigger”)

domo (“house”) + -ach → domacho (“hovel”)

Used to denote substandard degree, lack of quality, or inferiority.


-ad-

Borrowed from French -ade, as in promenade; adopted by other languages, as seen in English blockade.

lerni (“to learn”) → lernadi (“to study”)

(verbal suffix) -adi notable duration of an action

vivi (“to live”) → vivado (“life”)

eduki (“to educate”) → edukado (“education”)

spiri (“to breathe”) → spirado (“respiration”)

amuzi (“to amuse”) → amuzado (“amusement”)

(nominal suffix with verbal root) -ado noun of an action

krono (“a crown”) → kronado (“a coronation”)

(nominal suffix with nominal root) -ado simple action of the verb without connotation of duration


-at-

The a vowel of present-tense -as plus the t of the Latin/Romance/German passive perfect participle.

influi (“to influence”) → influato (“one who is influenced”)

(patient substantive) -ato One who undergoes the action of the root

influi (“to influence”) → influata (“influenced”)

Mi estis influata de miaj amikoj

(adjectival) -ata The passive present participle

influi (“to influence”) → influate (“being influenced, in a way influenced”)

(adverbial) -ate The passive present participle


-il-

instrument, tool (for performing the action of the root)


-i-

(in coining neologisms) A vowel inserted interconsonantally between morphemes of Latinate origin in order to ease pronunciation (an anaptyxis, a linking vowel).


-i-

(pharmacology) A monoclonal antibody derived from a non-human primate source.

-mab is the base suffix common to all monoclonal antibodies


-i-

konipas (kůň + -i- + pást)

connecting two parts of some compound words


-i-

From Proto-Finnic *-i-, from Proto-Uralic *-j (oblique plural marker).

talossa - taloissa

Plural marker in nominal forms, except in nominative case, in which it is -t.


-i-

From Proto-Finnic *-i-, from Proto-Uralic *-j (past tense marker).

katson - katsoin


-i-

From the reduction of several historical unstressed short stem vowels during the Old Latin period. The reduced vowel was later reinterpreted as part of various suffixes.

Connecting vowel inserted between a stem and a suffix or other appended words in compound words.


-i-

Polish: -i-

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *-i-
Old Polish -i-
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-i-.


-i-

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *-i-
Old Polish -i-
Polish -i-
Inherited from Old Polish -i-.

łamać + strajk → łamistrajk


-it-

The i vowel of past-tense -is plus the t of the Latin/Romance/German passive perfect participle.

Example: ami (“to love”) → amito (“one that has been loved”)

(nominal) -ito One who has undergone the action of the root

Example: ami (“to love”) → amita (“having been loved”)

(adjectival) -ita The passive past participle

Example: ami (“to love”) → amite (“having been loved”)

(adverbial) -ite The passive past participle


-aĉ-

From Italian -accio, ultimately from Latin -āceus. Compare French -asse, English -aceous.

ĉevalo (“horse”) → ĉevalaĉo (“nag”)

domo (“house”) → domaĉo (“shack”)

skribi (“to write”) → skribaĉi (“to scrawl”)


ان

head

َـانـ • (-ān-)

أَنَانِيّ أناني#Arabic

أَنَا أنا#Arabic

عَالَمَانِيّ عالماني#Arabic

عَالَم عالم#Arabic

Interfix used in forming nisba (relative) adjectives, inserted between the base noun and the ending ـِيّ (-iyy), e.g. أَنَانِيّ (ʔanāniyy, “selfish”), based on أَنَا (ʔanā) or عَالَمَانِيّ (ʕālamāniyy, “worldly, secular”), based on عَالَم (ʕālam, “world”).


-ա-

գետ (get, “river”) + -ա- (-a-) + ձի (ji, “horse”) → գետաձի (getaji, “hippopotamus”)


-ա-

Armenian: -ա- (-a-)

մգլահոտ


-ա-

desctree

Middle Armenian: -ա- (-a-)
Armenian: -ա- (-a-)

ծայր-ա-քաղաք


-an-

This is really an interfix variant of the suffix -an, used to form directional adverbs. From Old Norse suffix -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anē, used to denote ablativ adverbs.

Used to bind together a directional adverb and a preposition to create composite ones.


-ar-

From Old Norse -ar, the genitive singular ending for strong feminine nouns.

tid (“time”) + bolk (“section”) → tidarbolk (“period”)

Used to form indefinite genitive singulars of strong feminine nouns, used in compounds.


-estr-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of estrogens.


-s-

From Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -es (“-'s”, masculine and neuter genitive singular ending), which survives in many old compounds. In more recent coinage, from contraction of the derived clitic -'s in compounds. For more, see -'s.

inh

hogshead, kingsman, yearsworth, jobsworth, womenswear, craftsperson

Genitival interfix used to link elements in some compounds, equivalent to the possessive clitic -'s.


-s-

aanleerder (“learner”) + -s- + woordeboek (“dictionary”) → aanleerderswoordeboek

staat (“state”) + -s- + kaping (“hijacking, privateering”) → staatskaping

An interfix used to link elements in some compounds, originally a genitival interfix.


-s-

plotë (“full”, adjective) + -s- + -oj (verbal suffix) → plotësoj (“I complete; I satisfy, fulfill”)

a consonant that sometimes appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound word.


-s-

Genitival interfix inserted in some compounds.


-s-

The genitive singular masculine and neuter ending used as interfix; more at -s.

dood (“dead”) + -s- + kist (“chest”) → doodskist

ezel (“donkey”) + -s- + brug (“bridge”) + -etje (diminutive suffix) → ezelsbruggetje

Genitival interfix used to link elements in some compounds.


-s-

Genitival interfix indicating that the former part is a characteristic of the latter.


-s-

Possibly by analogy from compounds using combining forms of words with -inen/-nen.

An interfix used at compound word boundaries with certain words; optional.


-s-

Common sound-symbolic element, often attached to after a -p-. Probably akin to diminutive suffixes like -sa and -su.

A sound-symbolic interfix without any meaning.


-s-

Gestein (“rock”) + -s- + Formation (“formation”) → Gesteinsformation (“geological formation”)

Arbeit (“work”) + -s- + Zimmer (“room”) → Arbeitszimmer (“workroom, study”)


-s-

bįįh + -s- + tsoh → bįįstsoh


-s-

From a genitival suffix, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-as. Cognates include German -s- and Dutch -s-.

Used to link two elements in some compounds.


-s-

From Old Swedish -s (“genitival suffix”), from Old Norse -s. Many noun phrases with -s later merged into single-word compounds, but the s remained, now serving the function of a joining interfix as opposed to a suffix placed on a single word.


-e-

A morph interjected between word roots to give pronunciation a better sense of flow, but which gives no change in meaning.


-e-

Originally often represented a thematic vowel or a (genitive) case ending; also sometimes added simply for ease of pronunciation.

willekeur

Koninginnedag


-e-

öreg (“old”) + -e- + -bb → öregebb (“older”)

A suffix-initial vowel (or linking vowel) inserted interconsonantally between the word stem and the suffix, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.


-e-

pîrejin (pîr-e-jin, 'an old woman')

kurteçîrok (kurt-e-çîrok, 'a short story')


-e-

From the Old Norse genitive plural ending, -a, such as in manna mál (> mannemål). Also from the strong feminine genitive singular, -ar, whence also -ar- and -a-.

hest (“horse”) + hov (“hoof”) → hestehov (“horse’s hoof”)

Genitival interfix indicating that the former element is a characteristic of the latter.


-e-

Akin to German -n-/-e-, Dutch -en-/-e- and Swedish -e-.

Múus (“mouse”) + Buk (“male animal”) → Muzebuk (“male mouse”)


-e-

Interfix used to link elements in some compounds


-k-

(pharmacology) Alternative form of -kin-.


-n-

Panamanian, Torontonian

Shanghainese, Balinese

Used with certain suffixes, such as -ian and -ese, when the base word ends in a vowel that is not readily elided.

(pharmacology) Alternative form of -ner-.


-n-

Interfix used to link elements in some compounds, sometimes short for -en-. Often used for compounds whose first word is ending in a schwa (spelt with a final e).


-n-

javanais

Used to break up certain vowel sequences, for euphonic reasons.


-n-

Dose (“can”) + -n- + Öffner (“opener”) → Dosenöffner (“can opener”)

Tasche (“pocket”) + -n- + Uhr (“clock”) → Taschenuhr (“pocket watch”)


-n-

łeesʼáán = łeezh + siʼą́ + -n- + -í

sáanii = są́ + -n- + -ii

a consonant that often appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound word. It usually comes between a final nasal vowel (ą, ę, į, ǫ) and a suffix that begins with a vowel. The nasal vowel(s) lose the nasal mark when followed by -n.


-n-

bi- + -n- + ocular (“ocular”) → binocular (“binocular, using two eyes or viewpoints”)

Rousseau + -n- + -ismo (“-ism”) → rousseaunismo (“Rousseauism”)

used as a linking consonant between two vowels, usually between a stem and a suffix


-n-

ᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
-ng- (alternative)
-g- (alternative)
-m- (alternative)

isa + -n- + daan → sandaan

labi + -n- + lima → labinlima

bago + -n- + sakop + -in → bagunsakupin

libo + -n- + taon → libuntaon

Compound interfix, connecting the adjective stem to the noun stem, after the preceding stem ends in a vowel, but next stem starts with the letter ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨t⟩.


-n-

onu, ona, bunu, buna, şunu, şuna, onda, bunda, şunda, ondan, bundan, şundan

that (accusative), this (accusative), to/at/on/in/from this/that, it (accusative)/her/him, to/at/on/in/from it/her/him

thematic consonant for the words that have one syllable and ending with vowel sound (su is an irregular word)

iş yerinden, birinci dünya savaşında

Thematic consonant between the third person possessive suffix -i and case endings.


-vir-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of antivirals.

(pharmacology) Alternative form of -vi-.


-a-

From of a (as in half-a-crown) or of (as in jack-a-napes from Middle English Jak of Naples). Some terms have fully incorporated the use, as ragamuffin and jackanape(s); others arise from mistaken assimilation to the form, as all-a-gog and cock-a-leekie.

Connective interfix used in forming compounds, often no longer carrying a distinct meaning.


-a-

fiatal (“young”) + -a- + -bb → fiatalabb (“younger”)


-a-

Adapted from Latin -o-, originating ultimately from Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-).


-a-

intrinsic derivational suffix or meaningless lexical linking element


-a-

joiner vowel used when adding verb suffixes


-a-

Derived from the earlier and Old Norse genitive suffixes -a and -ar used in compounds. Akin to -e-.


-a-

Forms the oblique singular stem of oikoclitic feminine nouns


-a-

* In most words from an old plural genitive, Old Swedish -a, from Old Norse -a, e.g. gästabud (“feast, banquet”), from Old Swedish gæsta buþ, genitive plural of gæster (“guest”), modern Swedish gäst.
* In some words from an old singular genitive, Old Swedish -a, -ar, from Old Norse -ar, e.g. dialectal veaträ (“log of wood”) from viþaträ, cf. Icelandic viðartré, standard Swedish vedträ.
* Occasionally from an old singular genitive, Old Swedish -a, from Old Norse -a, the oblique form of weak masculines.

(somewhat archaic or dialectal) Genitival interfix used to link elements in some compounds


-u-

pies + -u- + brat → psubrat

(rare, not productive) used in compound words


-u-

In almost all words from Old Swedish -u, -o, from the Old Swedish genitive form of Germanic feminine ōn-stems.
Alternates with -o- according to Old Swedish rules of syllable weight, where -o was used after heavy syllables and -u after light.

Genitival interfix used to link elements in some compounds.


-ma-

(pharmacology) a shortened allomorph of the monoclonal antibody affix -mar-, used before the affixes -xi- and -zu- for ease of pronunciation


-kin-

-ki- (alternative)
-xi- (alternative)
-zu- (alternative)

(pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody that targets interleukins


-ki-

Compare with Arigidi -kí-, Ede Idaca -kú-

ọmọ (“child”) → ọmọkọ́mọ (“any child, bad child”)

fìlà (“hat”) → fìlàkífìlà (“any hat”)

ẹni (“one, person”) → ẹnikẹ́ni (“anyone”)

ewé (“leaf”) → ewékéwé (“any leaf; bad leaf”)

adds the meaning "any" to a noun when inserted into the reduplicated form (sometimes used pejoratively to mean "bad")


-ne-

From Proto-Finnic *-në-, probably from Proto-Uralic *-ne. Related to Ingrian -ne-, Karelian -ne-, Votic -ne-, and probably Hungarian -na-, -ne- (conditional mood markers).

lähtee → lähtenee

he/she leaves/goes → he/she will probably leave


-ㅅ-

Cognate with Middle Korean -ㅅ (Yale: -s).

genitive marker sometimes placed between a vowel-final syllable of the first constituent and a syllable of the second constituent when forming compounds, and also after a locative marker when attributing a noun.


-ㅅ-

From Middle Korean -ㅅ (Yale: -s, inanimate or honorific genitive particle), from Old Korean 叱 (-s, inanimate genitive particle). Possibly cognate with the rare and ancient -s- genitive interfix in Japanese, as in 春雨 (harusame).

inh

치(齒) (chi, “tooth”) + -ㅅ- (-s-) + 솔 (sol, “brush”) → 칫솔 (chitsol, “toothbrush”)

새 (sae, “east”) + -ㅅ- (-s-) + 별 (byeol, “star”) → 샛별 (saetbyeol, “morning star”), literally “star of the east”

나무 (namu, “tree”) + -ㅅ- (-s-) + 잎 (ip, “leaf”) → 나뭇잎 (namunnip, “tree leaf”)

바다 (bada, “sea”) + -ㅅ- (-s-) + 물 (mul, “water”) → 바닷물 (badanmul, “seawater”)

저 (jeo, “chopstick”) + -ㅅ- (-s-) + 가락 (garak, “rod”) → 젓가락 (jeotgarak, “chopstick”), literally “chopstick sticks”

뒤 (dwi, “future”) + -ㅅ- (-s-) + 일 (il, “occurrence”) → 뒷일 (dwinnil, “aftermath”), literally “later things”

The saitsori or "genitive -s-", a marker used between the components of many (but not all) compound nouns, typically when the components have a genitive relationship or when the first component is attributive.


-ö-

kör (“circle”) + -ö- + -k → körök (“circles”)

öröm (“joy”) + -ö- + -d → örömöd (“your joy”)

A suffix-initial vowel (or linking vowel) inserted interconsonantally between the word stem and the suffix, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.


-á-

telefon (“telephone”) + -á- + -l → telefonál (“to telephone”)


-ł-

táłtłʼááh = tó + -ł- + -tłʼááh

a consonant that sometimes appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound word.


-და-

სხვა (sxva, “other”) + -და- (-da-) + სხვა (sxva, “other”) → სხვადასხვა (sxvadasxva, “various, sundry”)

An interfix used to build compound words.


-es-

Bundesamt


-es-

Genitival interfix indicating that the former part is a characteristic of the latter.


-es-

interfix forming the singular oblique stem of oikoclitic (pre-European) masculine nouns


-en-

paard (“horse”) + -en- + kracht (“power”) → paardenkracht (“horsepower”)

tulp (“tulip”) + -en- + bol (“bulb”) → tulpenbol (“tulip bulb”)

genitival interfix indicating that the former element is a characteristic of the latter; sometimes connotes countability or plurality


-en-

Mensch + -en- + Welt → Menschenwelt

Frau + -en- + Versammlung → Frauenversammlung (“women's assembly, assembly of women”)


-en-

Forms the oblique plural stem of oikoclitic nouns


-о-

For native terms, inherited from Old Church Slavonic -о- (-o-), from Proto-Slavic *-o-.
For borrowings, from Latin -o- or Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-).

inh+

Used to form compound words. Usually excrescent.


-о-

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic -о- (-o-), from Proto-Slavic *-o-.

Interfix used to form compound nouns and adjectives.


-о-

an interfix that surfaces before various suffixes, after a hard consonant


-о-

Inherited from Old East Slavic -о- (-o-), from Proto-Slavic *-o-.

челове́к (čelovék, “human”) + -о- (-o-) + ненави́стник (nenavístnik, “hater”) → человеконенави́стник (čelovekonenavístnik, “misanthrope”)

а́том (átom, “atom”) + -о- (-o-) + ходи́ть (xodítʹ, “to go, to walk”) → атомохо́д (atomoxód, “atomic-powered vessel”)

круг (krug, “circle”) + -о- (-o-) + верте́ть (vertétʹ, “to twist, to turn”) → кругове́рть (krugovértʹ, “whirlwind”)

бе́лый (bélyj, “white”) + -о- (-o-) + снег (sneg, “snow”) + -ный (-nyj) → белосне́жный (belosnéžnyj, “snow-white”)

пе́рвый (pérvyj, “first”) + -о- (-o-) + очередно́й (očerednój, “foremost”) + -ной (-noj) → первоочередно́й (pervoočerednój, “first and foremost”)

пе́ший (péšij, “unmounted, on foot”) + -е- (-e-) + ходи́ть (xodítʹ, “to go, to walk”) → пешехо́д (pešexód, “pedestrian”)

ни́щий (níščij, “poor, destitute”) + -е- (-e-) + броди́ть (brodítʹ, “to wander, to roam”) → нищебро́д (niščebród, “beggar, tramp (colloquial, dated); cheapskate (pejorative)”)

верте́ть (vertétʹ, “to twist, to turn”) + -о- (-o-) + лете́ть (letétʹ, “to fly”) → вертолёт (vertoljót, “helicopter”)

-и-

less common interfix sometimes found when the first component is a verb or cardinal number


-о-

киш + -о- + -бран → ки̏шобра̄н

Interfix used for forming nominal compounds.


-о-

Inherited from Old Ruthenian -о- (-o-), from Old East Slavic -о- (-o-), from Proto-Slavic *-o-.


-h-

fuck! + -h- → fuhuck!

damn! + -h- → dahamn!

beer + -h- → bheer

boy + -h- → bhoy

god + -h- → ghod

good + -h- → ghood

(dated, fandom slang, humorous) Indicates a fannish context or an association with science fiction fandom.


-l-

(pharmacology) Alternative form of -lim-.


-l-

togolais

congolais

bralette

used to break up certain vowel sequences, when certain suffixes—particularly -ais—follow certain vowels, especially o


-l-

chá (“tea”) + -l- + -eira → chaleira (“teakettle”)

tecer (“to weave”) + -l- + -ão → tecelão (“weaver”)

used as a linking consonant between two vowels, usually between a stem and a suffix


-l-

-ıl (alternative)
-il (alternative)
-ul (alternative)
-ül (alternative)

kurtarmak (“to save, rescue”) + -l- → kurtarılmak (“to be saved of”)

aldatmak (“to cheat, deceive”) + -l- → aldatılmak (“to be cheated”)

Passive suffix. Used to form verbs that affected by event(s).


-sh-

tóshjeeh = tó + -sh- + jeeh

a variant of -s- with coronal harmony that sometimes appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound noun.


-v-

Perhaps a result of the hardening of /-u(w)iən/ (to /-uviən/); compare English Peruvian to French péruvien and Italian peruviano.

Kachruvian, Monrovia, Nehruvian, Peruvian, Whovian

Used before -ian, when the base word ends in certain vowels, especially /u/.


-z-

dorëzoj = dorë + -z- + -oj

a consonant that sometimes appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound word


-z-

jacaré + -z- + -inho → jacarezinho

coração + -z- + -inho → coraçãozinho

dendê + -z- + -eiro → dendezeiro

used when an entire word, rather than the word's stem, is connected to a suffix that begins with a vowel


-ed-

cervo (“deer”) → cervedo (“cervid”)

homo (“human”) → homedo (“hominid”)


-ku-

nitakuwa

placed between certain tense/aspect markers and the stem of monosyllabic verbs (-ja, -la, -wa) in the absence of object concord


CD'en

FN's menneskerettighedserklæring

Det staves med tre s'er!

Inserted between the root and the ending/suffix in inflections (and derivations) of abbreviations, numbers, graphemes and the like.


-е-

Alternative form of -о- (-o-) used after consonants that were originally palatalized stops or hushing sibilants, as well as ц (c). Modern Bulgarian features much less palatalization, so this isn't readily apparent in derived words.

alternative form of -о- (-o-) (forms compound words; not meaning-bearing)


-е-

an interfix that surfaces before various suffixes, after a soft consonant


-е-

alternative form of -о- (-o-) (used after palatalized and hushing consonants)


-ю-

Used to form adjectives of the form "N times removed", referring to types of cousins. Originally the genitive dual ending of Old East Slavic дъвою (dŭvoju, “of two”).


-со-

O. Je. Poljakov (1993) Russko-mokšanskij razgovornik [Russian-Moksha phrasebook], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN
кяльса — кяльсот
käľ sa — käľ so t
in tongue — in your tongue


-ο-

linking vowel inserted interconsonantally between two morphemes, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.


-j-

taloja - taloja

alternative form of -i- (in the cases in which the plural marker falls between vowels)


ـلىرـ

ـلار ـلار#Uyghur

ـلەر ـلەر#Uyghur


-ch-

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *-xъ
Old Polish -ch
Polish -ch
Polish -ch-
From -ch.

etymon

nos + -ch- → nochal

forms general augmentatives, usually found with more endings


-и-

верте́ть (vertétʹ, “to turn, to twist”) + -и- (-i-) + ше́я (šéja, “neck”) + -ка (-ka) → вертише́йка (vertišéjka, “wryneck (type of bird)”)

владе́ть (vladétʹ, “to possess, to be master of”) + -и- (-i-) + восто́к (vostók, “the East”) → Владивосто́к (Vladivostók, “Vladivostok”)

шесть (šestʹ, “six”) + -и- (-i-) + у́гол (úgol, “corner, angle”) + -ник (-nik) → шестиуго́льник (šestiugólʹnik, “hexagon”)

пяти́десяти (pjatídesjati, “fifty”, genitive) + -и- (-i-) + ле́то (léto, “summer”) ("years" in the plural) + -ний (-nij) → пятидесятиле́тний (pjatidesjatilétnij, “(relational) fifty-year; fifty-year-old”)

Interfix used to form compound nouns and adjectives, when the first part is a verb or number.


-loi-

head

-loi- (front vowel harmony variant -löi-, linguistic notation -lOi-)

By analogy with the plural stem of other words, particularly -la words; many eastern dialects, as well as Ingrian and Karelian, have this feature as the distinction of singular and plural forms could otherwise have been lost due to sound changes.

taloloissa

in (the) houses (inessive plural, standard taloissa)

tyttölöitä

girls (partitive plural, standard tyttöjä)


-isi-

From Proto-Finnic *-ici- (related to Karelian -si- and Veps -isi-), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ńće-j, *-nśe-j; derived from the same ending as in -ista (see *-istak).

voi (“he can”) + -isi- → voisi (“he could”)

katson (“I watch”) + -isi- → katsoisin (“I would watch”)


-isc-

capire (“to understand”) + -isc- → capisco (“I understand”)

used with some -ire verbs to make the present stem


-ti-

-tlan (“under, around”) → -titlan
calli (“house”) + -titlan → caltitlan (“around, under a house”)

A ligature connecting relational suffixes to nouns.


-cain-

(pharmacology) A procainamide or lidocaine derivative used as a Class I antiarrhythmic.


-grel-

Probably related to platelet aggregation.

(pharmacology) Used to form names of platelet aggregation inhibitors.


-prost-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of prostaglandins.


-to-

roz + -to- + milý producing roztomilý

roz + -to- + divný producing roztodivný

roz + -to- + páchat producing roztopášný.


-c-

(pharmacology) Alternative form of -cir-.


-sal-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of salicylic acid derivatives.


-chon-

. Cognate with Tibetan ཆུང (chung)(probably)

small, used with classifiers to form verbs meaning small


-erg-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of ergot alkaloid derivatives.


-barb-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of barbituric acid derivatives used as hypnotics.


-dil-

dil- (alternative)
-dil (alternative)
-dyl (alternative)

(pharmacology) Used to form names of vasodilators.


-trop-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of atropine derivatives.


-gab-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of gabamimetic agents.


-orph-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of morphinan derivates used as opioid receptor antagonists/agonists.


-adol-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of analgesics.


-nab-

cannabinoid receptor
cannabinoid receptor#English

(pharmacology) Used to form names of cannabinoid receptor agonists.


-calci-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of vitamin D analogs/derivatives.


-retin-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of retinol derivatives.


-cort-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of corticosteroids except prednisolone derivatives.


-pred-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of prednisone and prednisolone derivatives.


-fos-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of phosphorous derivatives of various pharmacological categories.


-gestr-

(pharmacology) Used to form names of estrogens.


-𐔺-

𐕆𐔴𐔱𐔼𐔺𐔰 (hebiya, “send”) + -𐔺- (-y-) → 𐕆𐔴𐔱𐔼𐔺𐔰𐔺𐕒 (hebiyayo, “Apostle”)

Alveolar-palatal glide usually connecting two vowels.


-च्-

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit -च्- (-c-).

lbor

used before छ (cha), only in Sanskritic formations


-m-

ᜋ᜔ (Baybayin)
-ng- (alternative)
-n- (alternative)
-g- (alternative)

haba + -m- + buhay → habambuhay

ganti + -m- + pala → gantimpala

bago + -m- + bayan → Bagumbayan

Compound interfix, connecting the adjective stem to the noun stem, after the preceding stem ends in a vowel and where the next stem starts with the letter ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩.


-ng-

ᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
-g- (alternative)
-m- (alternative)
-n- (alternative)

haba + -ng- + buhay → habang-buhay

bunga + -ng- + kahoy → bungangkahoy

compound interfix, connecting the adjective stem to the noun stem, after the preceding stem ends in a vowel


-g-

ᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
-ng- (alternative)
-m- (alternative)
-n- (alternative)

daan + -g- + bakal → daang-bakal

kababaan + -g- + loob → kababaang-loob

kabungguan + -g- + balikat → kabungguang-balikat

Compound interfix, connecting the adjective stem to the noun stem, after the preceding stem ends with letter ⟨n⟩.


-ěn-

(International Standard) alternative form of -en-


-t-

From the -t of Latin -et, -it, which survived in Old French in some verb forms, now still spelt with -t (such as il fait, dort etc.). In Middle French, when final /t/ was no longer pronounced outside of liaison, the ending was reinstated analogically in the inversion forms of all verbs, even those in which -t had already been lost in Old French (such as those from Latin -at > Old French -e).
Note, however, that verbs spelled with final -t, -d can make liaison generally before a vowel, while the others do so in inversion only.

Parle-t-on?

Me regarde-t-il ?

Y a-t-il un endroit?

Quelles baleines Claire a-t-elle vues?

Le jardinier-poète sait parfois qu’il est fécond et que son Arbre est fertile. Ne vainc-t-il pas la mort chaque fois qu’il plante un arbre-poème?

1965 November, Carlo François, “Poésie d’André Marissel [André Marissel’s Poetry]”, in The French Review, volume 39, number 2, American Association of Teachers of French, →JSTOR, pages 265–274:

The gardener-poet sometimes knows that he is fertile and his Tree is fruitful. Does he not conquer death every time he plants a tree-poem?

an interfix, liaison or linking consonant used in inversion constructions for third-person singular verbs with orthographic forms ending in a letter other than -t or -d


-t-

A 'euphonic' consonant added before certain vowel-initial suffixes (such as the verb-forming suffix -er) in order to prevent a hiatus when deriving new words from a base that ends in a vowel. It might be influenced by the use of /t/ as a liaison consonant. Although avoided in this context, hiatus is phonologically possible; it occurs in words that were not derived within French by suffixation (e.g. créer, borrowed from Latin creō) and some suffixed words such as trouer, embouer show hiatus (or a realization of the first vowel as a semivowel).
When the base ends in a nasal vowel, the inserted consonant sound is sometimes /n/ instead, with denasalization of the preceding vowel; there are many examples from bases ending in -on /ɔ̃/ (compare also à fond + -er → afonner), some from bases ending in -an /ɑ̃/ (cancan + -er → cancaner, en- + ruban + -er → enrubanner, en- + turban + -er → enturbanner) or -en /ɛ̃/ (moyen + -er → moyenner). However, /t/ can also be used after bases ending in a nasal vowel; often ones spelled with final -nt (as in dé- + gant + -er → déganter), but sometimes after bases spelled with final -n (as in écran (“screen”) + -t- + -er → écranter (“to screen”).
Sometimes, as the result of analogy, another unetymological consonant is inserted before a vowel-initial suffix upon derivation (not necessarily after a vowel); e.g. /d/ after /ɑ̃/ in faisan + -d- + -é → faisandé, or after /aʁ/ (due to the influence of words ending in -ard) in cauchemar + -d- + -er → cauchemarder, caviar + -d- + -er → caviarder, bazar + -d- + er → bazarder.

affixusex

biffeton, dépiauter, gruter, maintée

added between vowels to prevent certain sequences of vowels


-t-

Wesen + -t- + -lich → wesentlich

eigen + -t- + -lich → eigentlich

Used to separate two adjacent sonorants, mostly when -en is followed by -lich.


-t-

joiner used with some nouns in noun incorporation


-t-

used to link two adjacent vowels in some words


-oi-

head

-oi- (front vowel harmony variant -öi-, linguistic notation -Oi-)

The -i- has labialized the preceding -a- (initially only for back vowels, but the suffix has been later generalized for front vowels as well).

kasassa - kasoissa

alternative form of -i- (“plural marker”)


-sa-

-sa- (front vowel harmony variant -sä-, linguistic notation -sA-)

Originally from the adjective ending -isa.

Used in adverbs describing location or direction that use a case ending (either from an external or internal location case), with a meaning that can range from a diminutive meaning to one implying unreachability. Placed right before the case ending.


-si-

Originally from the plural stem of -nen.

Used in adverbs between a noun (usually referring to an article of clothing) and an external location case ending (adessive, allative, ablative) to refer to a state where one is (only) wearing that clothing.

Used in adverbs between a noun and an external location case ending with a more generic diminutive meaning.


-ksi-

Originally from the plural stem of -s (in some cases also -os, -us; all deverbal noun suffixes), by analogy with plural derivatives of deverbal nouns using that suffix.

Used in adverbs between a verb and a locative case (especially an internal locative case, like inessive, illative or elative) ending.


-uksi-

-uksi- (front vowel harmony variant -yksi-, linguistic notation -Uksi-)


-ko-

laulaa (“he/she sings”) + -ko- → laulakoon (“may he/she sing”)

hankkii (“he/she acquires”) + -ko- → hankkikoon (“may he/she acquire”)

Marker of imperative mood in verbs in the third person, first-person plural and second-person plural.


-kw-

From the infinitive prefix kw- used before vowels.

nimekwenda

placed between certain tense/aspect markers and the stem of some vowel-initial bisyllabic verbs (-anza, -enda, -isha) in the absence of object concord

-ta-

Infix position positive subject concord; Positive future

Infix position positive subject concord; Negative subjunctive

-nge-

Infix position positive subject concord; Positive present conditional

-singe-

Infix position positive subject concord; Negative present conditional

-ngali-

Infix position positive subject concord; Positive past conditional

-singali-

Infix position positive subject concord; Negative past conditional

-me-

Infix position positive subject concord; Perfect

Infix position positive subject concord; Consecutive

-ta-

Infix position negative subject concord; Negative future

-nge-

Infix position negative subject concord; Negative present conditional

-ngali-

Infix position negative subject concord; Negative past conditional


-ინ-

Inherited from Proto-Kartvelian *-en : -in (derivatory affix of causative verbs).

inh+

ჭვ- (ç̌v-, “to hurt”) + -ინ- (-in-) → ჭვინ- (ç̌vin-, “to hurt someone”)

წაპ- (ǯap̌-, “to dribble”) + -ინ- (-in-) → წაპინ- (ǯap̌in-, “to drip”)

მტ- (mť-, “to escape”) + -ინ- (-in-) → მტინ- (mťin-, “to smuggle someone”)

ტკობ- (ťǩob-, “to hide”) + -ინ- (-in-) → ტკობინ- (ťǩobin-, “to hide someone”)

Used to form a causative verb/stem from a noncausative verb/stem


-ओ-

Borrowed from Classical Persian و (u), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭣 (ʾʿd /ud/), 𐭠𐭥 (ʾʿ /u/), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎫𐎠 (u-t-a /utā/, “and”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, from *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u.

होश (hoś) + -ओ- (-o-) + हवास (havās) → होशोहवास (hośohavās), होश-ओ-हवास (hoś-o-havās)

(in Perso-Arabic words) links terms with the meaning of "and"


-न-

कभी (kabhī, “sometime”) + -न- (-na-) + कभी (kabhī) → कभी-न-कभी (kabhī-na-kabhī, “sometime or another”)


-а-

-a- (alternative)
-о- (alternative stressed)
-е- (alternative)

Inherited from Old Ruthenian -о- (-o-), from Old East Slavic -о- (-o-), from Proto-Slavic *-o-. Compare Russian and Ukrainian -о- (-o-).


-ā-

ʻai (“to eat”) + -ā- + manō (“shark”) → ʻaiāmanō (“to eat like a shark”)


-ë-

forms compounds, used after soft consonants


ـیـ

A linking element between two parts, often aiding in the flow and pronunciation of the compound.