月

月 (canonical)
-getsu (romanization)
-gwetu (romanization)
ぐゑつ (hiragana historical)

/ɡʷetu/ → /ɡet͡su/
From Middle Chinese 月 (ŋʉɐt̚).
Compare modern Hakka 月 (ngie̍t), Min Nan 月 (ge̍h).


人

From Early Middle Chinese 人 (MC nyin). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare Shanghainese nyin.


人

From Old Japanese. The protoform may have been -ri or -tari, see 二人 (futari, literally “two people”).


入

(archaic) counter for soakings (of fabric in a dye)


丁

From Middle Chinese 挺 (MC deng|dengX). 丁 is a daiyōji replacing 挺.

二丁の拳銃

counter for long and thin things, e.g. guns, hoes, candles.


年

From Middle Chinese 年 (nen, “year”). Compare modern Mandarin reading nián, Hakka ngièn, Cantonese nin⁴.


柄

In light of the stem sense, probably derived semantically from origin, source meanings.
Compare also Korean 가락 (garak), similarly used as a counter for long and slender objects.


両

From Old Japanese. Possibly related to root koro in reference to rolling, as in 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall; to roll”), ころころ (korokoro, “rollingly”).

(obsolete) a traditional unit of weight, roughly equivalent to 37.5 grams


両

両 (canonical)
-ryō (romanization)
-ryau (romanization)
りやう (hiragana historical)

Probably from Middle Chinese 輛 (MC *ljangH, “counter for vehicles”).

この電車は六両編成です。


俵

俵 (canonical)
-hyō (romanization)
-feu (romanization)
へう (hiragana historical)


位

位 (canonical)
-wi (romanization)
ゐ (hiragana historical)

第一位である。

二位になる。

十位に落ちる。


体

2017 March 25, “リンク・スパイダー [Link Spider]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:

1 or more Normal Monsters
1: Once per turn, can be activated during your Main Phase. Special Summons 1 Normal Monster of Level 4 or lower from your hand to where this card is linked to.

通常モンスター１体
①：１ターンに１度、自分メインフェイズに発動できる。手札からレベル４以下の通常モンスター１体をこのカードのリンク先に特殊召喚する。

Tsūjō Monsutā ittaī
Chi: Ittān ni ichi-do, jibun Mein Feizu ni hatsudō dekiru. tefuda kara Reberu yon ika no Tsūjō Monsutā ittai o kono kādo no rinku-saki ni Tokushu Shōkan suru.


世

From Middle Chinese 世 (MC syejH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

ルパン三世


倍

この飛行機はあの飛行機よりも ３倍速い。

Kono hikōki wa ano hikōki yori mo san-bai hayai.

This plane is a whole three times faster than that plane.

４ の ５倍

2倍

(typography) a multiple of 全角 (zenkaku, “fullwidth/-height”) or 1 em in Western typography

(typography, newspapers) a unit in newspaper typesetting, equal to 88 mils, ⁸⁸⁄₁₀₀₀ in, 8 U (U) and ¹⁄₁₆ 段 (dan)


個

あの枝に桜ん坊が十二個だけあります。

Ano eda ni sakuranbo ga jūni-ko dake arimasu.

There are only twelve cherries on that branch.


日

/nʲitɨ/ → /nit͡ɕi/
From Middle Chinese 日 (MC nyit).

２７日

誕生日まであと１２日だ


則

From Middle Chinese 則 (MC tsok, “rule”).


匹

The original hichi reading evolved into hiki by association with 引き (hiki, “pulling”), from the way that an animal's leash is pulled.

犬が一匹います。

猫三匹を飼っています。

1984 February 20 [1983 June 15], Motoka Murakami, “気(き)になる新(しん)任(にん)先(せん)生(せい)の巻(まき) [A Little Worried about the New Teacher]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], 4th edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 147:

きっと十一の子よ‼十一とあの白い犬との赤ちゃんよ！

Kitto Toichi no ko yo‼ Toichi to ano shiroi inu to no aka-chan yo!

These must be Toichi’s puppies!! They’re Toichi and that white dog’s babies!

きっと十一の子よ‼十一とあの白い犬との赤ちゃんよ！

きっと十一の子よ‼十一とあの白い犬との赤ちゃんよ！

きっと十一の子よ‼十一とあの白い犬との赤ちゃんよ！

きっと十一の子よ‼十一とあの白い犬との赤ちゃんよ！

2010 March 17 [2010 July 5], Hajime Isayama, “その日(ひ) [That Day]”, in 進撃の巨人 [Attack on Titan], 4th edition, volume 1, Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 86–87:

I will wipe them out!! Every single one... of those pests... off the face of the earth!!

駆逐してやる‼この世から…一匹…残らず‼

Kuchikushite yaru‼ Kono yo kara… ippiki… nokorazu‼


前

From Middle Chinese 前 (MC dzen). Compare modern Mandarin 前 (qián).

counter for irregularly shaped objects such as desks, armrests, and serving trays


合

合 (canonical)
-gō (romanization)
-gafu (romanization)
がふ (hiragana historical)


囲

囲 (canonical)
-wi (romanization)
ゐ (hiragana historical)

/wi/ → /i/
From Middle Chinese 圍 (MC hjw+j|hjw+jH). The kan'on.

counter for the amount that can be encircled in one's arms, used as a rough measurement of circumference (roughly 1.5 meters)


台

一家に一台！

A unit in every household! (stock phrase, sometimes humorously used to refer to people)

machines, especially vehicles or computers


味

From Middle Chinese 味 (MC mj+jH).
Also used in Old Japanese as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨mi₂⟩.

counter for kinds of food, drink, medicine, etc.


品

一品


品

一品

三品


品

一品

三品

(history) a type of rank for officials in East Asian courts


周

周 (canonical)
-shū (romanization)
-siu (romanization)
しう (hiragana historical)


分

/pun/ → /fun/
From Middle Chinese 分 (MC pjun, “a minute”).


句

counter for stanzas from a poem or for haiku


名

From Middle Chinese 名 (MC mjieng, “name”).


基

counter for grounded things (e.g. pyramids, electric power plants, wells, toro (Japanese traditional lantern), tombs)

counter for wooden grave tablets (卒塔婆 (sotoba))


回

回 (canonical)
-kai (romanization)
-kwai (romanization)
くわい (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 回 (MC hwoj).
The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

一週間に二回

一回生

(Kansai) indicating year of university students


場

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

/nipa/ → */niba/*/ⁿba/ → /ba/
An alteration from Old Japanese 庭 (nipa), modern 庭 (niwa, “garden, yard”).
First cited to a text from 1275.


口

From Middle Chinese 口 (MC khuwX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so likely a later borrowing.


巻

巻 (canonical)
-kan (romanization)
-kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 卷 (MC gjwen|gjwonX|kjwenX|kjwenH).


弾

弾 (canonical)
-dan (romanization)
だん (hiragana historical)

クラウドファンディング第二弾


局

2019 February 28, “＜平(へい)成(せい) この日(ひ)、（番(ばん)外(がい)）＞郵(ゆう)便(びん)局(きょく)で「うるう日(び)」障(しょう)害(がい)゠平(へい)成(せい)12(じゅうに)年(ねん)2(に)月(がつ)29(にじゅうく)日(にち)（19(じゅうく)年(ねん)前(まえ)） Ａ(エー)Ｔ(ティー)Ｍ(エム)の電(でん)源(げん)入(はい)らず窓(まど)口(ぐち)対(たい)応(おう)”, in 佐(さ)賀(が)新(しん)聞(ぶん) [Saga Shimbun]:

In the Prefecture, post office deposit automatic teller machines (ATMs) installed in four post offices including the Special Post Office couldn't turn on from 8 a.m. at starting operations and they handled depositing money work at windows until 12:20 a.m. when it had been restored.

県内でも特定郵便局など4局で、業務開始の午前8時から郵便貯金自動預払機（ATM）の電源が入らず、午後0時20分に復旧するまで、貯金の預け入れは窓口で対応した。

Kennai demo tokutei yūbin-kyoku nado yon-kyoku de, gyōmu kaishi no gozen hachiji kara yūbin chokin jidō azuke barai-ki (ētīemu) no dengen ga hairazu, gogo reiji nijippun ni fukkyū suru made, chokin no azukeire wa madoguchi de taiō shita.

テレビ局(きょく) テレビ局#Japanese

counter for buildings or operators suffixed "局" (e.g. 郵(ゆう)便(びん)局(きょく) (yūbin-kyoku, “post office”), テレビ局(きょく) (terebi-kyoku, “television station”))

2019 November 25, “将(しょう)棋(ぎ)ユーチューバー、四(よ)段(だん)に勝(しょう)利(り) あと２(に)勝(しょう)でプロ入(い)り”, in 朝(あさ)日(ひ)新(しん)聞(ぶん) [Asahi Shimbun]:

In the examination, he will play five games against five young players and if he wins three games, he will pass the examination.

試験は若手棋士 ５人と ５局指し、 ３勝で合格する。

Shiken wa wakate kishi go-nin to go-kyoku sashi, san-shō de gōkaku suru.

counter for board games (e.g. chess, shogi or go)


択

緑か黄色か赤かの三択


尊

From Middle Chinese 尊 (MC tswon).
Compare modern Mandarin 尊 (zūn).


戸

Sino-Japanese, from Middle Chinese 戶 (MC huX).


字

４０字以内で書いてください。

Please write it down in 40 characters or fewer.


夜

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yoru, from Proto-Japonic *yoru.
Cognate with mainland Japanese 夜 (yoru, “night”).

一(ちゅ)夜(ゆる)

二(た)夜(ゆる)


床

床 (canonical)
-shō (romanization)
-syau (romanization)
しやう (hiragana historical)

/ʑau/ → /ɕau/ → /ɕɔː/ → /ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 床 (MC dzrjang). Devoicing apparently occurred after borrowing.


挺

long and narrow things such as guns, scissors, candles, inksticks


常

*⟨ki₁da⟩ → */kʲida/ → /kida/
First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).
Also sometimes read as kita.


棟

棟 (canonical)
棟 (canonical)
-tō (romanization)
-mune (romanization)


服

an amount equal to one swallow:
doses of medicine

an amount equal to one swallow:
gulps of tea

an amount equal to one swallow:
puffs of tobacco


束

それは一束十円の値段でした


果

果 (canonical)
-ka (romanization)
-kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)


柱

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pasira or *parira. Cognate with Okinawan 柱 (hāya).


時

/ʑi/ → /ʑi//d͡ʑi/
From Middle Chinese 時 (MC dzyi).

時計を見ると、ちょうど １２時 ３４分 ５６秒だった。

Tokei o miru to, chōdo jūni-ji sanjūyon-pun gojūroku-byō datta.

When I looked at the clock, it was just 12:34 and 56 seconds.

1987 February 20 [1982 November 15], Motoka Murakami, “嵐(らん)子(こ)再(ふたた)びの巻(まき) [Reunite with Ranko]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], 18th edition, volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 154:

Mah name’s Natsuki Musashi! It’s Musashi because ah was born on June 3 at four o'clock!! Nice to meet y’all!!

オラ、夏木六三四！６月３日の４時に生まれだから六三四‼まんずよろしく‼

Ora, Natsuki Musashi! Rokugatsu mikka no yoji ni umareda kara Musashi‼ Manzu yoroshiku‼


浪

浪 (canonical)
-rō (romanization)
-rau (romanization)
らう (hiragana historical)

二浪目

second time failing the annual university entrance exams

failing the annual university entrance exams (see 浪人)


点

From Middle Chinese 點／点 (tem^X, “point”).

points; marks (in a competition, examination, etc.)


機

From Middle Chinese 機／机 (kjɨj, “mechanism; opportunity, chance”). Compare modern Min Nan reading ki.


次

/si/ → /ʑi/ → /d͡ʑi/
Sound shift from shi above.

第四次計画

二次方程式、三次式

a quadratic equation, a third order expression

number in a sequence, number of aspects or dimensions


本

long cylindrical things such as glasses of drink, pairs of jeans, pens or trains and buses

rounds of a match in boxing, wrestling or judo


本

くぬ二(に)本(ふの)ぉ芯(しん)ぬ折(をぅー)りやっさん。


疋

From Middle Chinese 疋 (srjo, “foot; roll of cloth”). Conflated in Japanese with Middle Chinese 匹 (phjit, “counter for horses and mules; counter for rolls of cloth”), both in meaning and in reading. The hichi reading evolved into hiki by association with 引き (hiki, “pulling”), from the way that an animal's leash is pulled.

Alternative form of 匹: counter for smaller animals


山

From Old Japanese 山 (yama). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Reconstructed as deriving in turn from Proto-Japonic *yama (“mountain; forest”).

inh

counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain

counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines


畳

畳 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
-defu (romanization)
でふ (hiragana historical)

units of area as measured in tatami mats


灯

counter for 電灯 (dentō, “electric lights”)


発

一発の銃弾

(by extension) Counter for other things which are "fired".


着

From Middle Chinese 著 (MC trjak).
First cited as an independent noun from the early 1700s.

used to count suits of clothing or individual garments


玉

冷凍うどん1玉

counter for ramen and udon for one person


箇

used with numbers in the ichi-ni-san counting system


筋

筋 (canonical)
-suji (romanization)
-sudi (romanization)
すぢ (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *suntuy ~ *sunti.
Possibly a compound of す (*su, unknown, possibly the same source as 脛 (sune, “shin”)) + 霊, 血, 乳 (chi, “life essence, spirit, power; blood; milk”).

一筋の光


絇

First attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).


番

番 (canonical)
-ban (romanization)
ばん (hiragana historical)


缶

缶 (canonical)
-kan (romanization)
-kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)

Likely from Dutch kan (“cylindrical metallic container”), with additional influence from English can (“cylindrical metallic container”). The kanji is an example of ateji (当て字). Alternatively, from Middle Chinese 罐 (kuɑnH, “can; jar; tin”). The usage of 缶 is likely due to a 新字体 (shinjitai) simplification from earlier 旧字体 (kyūjitai) 罐, where the phonetic component 雚 was entirely eliminated.


粒

Not attested until a text from the Muromachi period with the spelling ツブ (tsubu).
An earlier form 粒 (tsubi) exists, which might have been the predecessor to this word; both must have been ultimately derived from a source cognate to つぶら (tsubura, “the state of being round and small”, obsolete).

used to count things that are round and small, such as seeds and pills

(historical, Edo period) used to count 一分金 (ichibukin, “a currency equivalent to 1/4 of a 両 (ryō)”)


石

counter for gemstones used as bearings in watches and other devices

六石ラジオ

(slang, electronics) counter for transistors, especially discrete ones


脚

counter for desks, chairs, long-stemmed glasses


種

From Old Japanese.
Possibly derived from or cognate with 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”), from the way grass grows from its base, hence origin.


羽

ja-pos

羽(は) or 羽(ば) or 羽(ぱ) or 羽(わ) • (-ha or -ba or -pa or -wa)

羽 (canonical)
羽 (canonical)
羽 (canonical)
羽 (canonical)
-ha (romanization)
-ba (romanization)
-pa (romanization)
-wa (romanization)

From Old Japanese.
May be cognate with 葉 (ha, “leaf”).


荷

loads that can be carried on one's shoulders


課

第二課


葉

葉 (canonical)
-yō (romanization)
-efu (romanization)
えふ (hiragana historical)

/epu/ → /efu/ → /eu/ → /joː/
From Middle Chinese 葉 (MC yep, “leaf”).

(rare) counter for flat, thin things such as leaves or paper


色

From Middle Chinese 色 (MC srik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

三色刷り


貫

貫 (canonical)
-kan (romanization)
-kwan (romanization)
くわん (hiragana historical)


軒

寄付を募るため、数軒の家を回った。

Kifu o tsunoru tame, sūken no ie o mawatta.

We visited several houses to raise donations.


軸

軸 (canonical)
-jiku (romanization)
-diku (romanization)
ぢく (hiragana historical)

Derived from Middle Chinese 軸 (MC drjuwk).

things wrapped about a central rod- scrolls, rolls of material, also yarn balls


遍

二遍も三遍も


週

週 (canonical)
-shū (romanization)
-siu (romanization)
しう (hiragana historical)

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕjɨu/ → /ɕuː/
From Middle Chinese 周 (MC tsyuw).


輪

一輪の花が咲く


話

第１話


通

証書一通


錠

錠 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
-dyau (romanization)
ぢやう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 錠 (MC dengH|tengH). Compare modern Mandarin 錠／锭 (dìng).


針

⟨pari⟩ → /ɸaɾi/ → /haɾi/
From Old Japanese.


限

一限目は数学だった。


鎖

鎖 (canonical)
-jō (romanization)
-dyau (romanization)
ぢやう (hiragana historical)

Alteration from sau, itself an alternative reading of sa above, possibly influenced by an early variety of Mandarin reading suǒ or Cantonese reading so². The shift from sau to jau (modern jō) was probably the influence of the reading of synonymous character 錠 (jō).
/sa/ → /sau/ → /d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑoː/

この薬は一回に三鎖とのことです。

Kono kusuri wa ikkai ni sanjō to no koto desu.

The instructions are to take three pills of this medicine for each dose.


階

（私の）オフィスは五階にあります。

(Watashi no) ofisu wa go-kai ni arimasu.


飜

ロン。20符4飜なので、5200です。


顆

顆 (canonical)
-ka (romanization)
-kwa (romanization)
くゎ (hiragana historical)

indicates small round things, such as gemstones, fruit, stones, tears


顧

顧 (canonical)
顧 (canonical)
-ko (romanization)

The form 一(いっ)顧(こ) (ikko, “look back (once); reconsider”) is attested from the 11th century.

ja-r

looks back, double-takes (often as 一(いっ)顧(こ) (ikko))

それに一顧もしない！

(figurative, chiefly in the negative) care, concern; amount one cares


隻

一隻


騎

From Middle Chinese 騎 (MC gje|gjeH). Already used phonetically in Old Japanese to spell unvoiced ki, as in the place name 阿騎・安騎 (Aki, a former hunting ground in Nara).
Attested as a counter in the early 1200s, and as a standalone noun in the late 1800s.


頭

Early Middle Japanese
Early Modern Japanese
Kojiki
Late Middle Japanese
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Old Japanese language

From Old Japanese. Found as a standalone noun in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, and as a counter in the Kojiki, dating to 712 CE.

a head, as when counting people, or cattle or other livestock


頭

Cantonese language
Mandarin language
Middle Chinese language
Min Nan language
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC duw). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The shift from initial /d/ to voiceless /t/ is due to influence or reborrowing from a later stage of the Chinese language. Compare modern Mandarin reading tóu, Cantonese tau⁴, Min Nan tao⁵.

合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。

Awasete sensanbyaku tō amari ga shukka sare, zenkoku kakuchi ni ryūtsū shita.

Altogether over 1300 head of cattle have been distributed throughout the country.

三頭の北極熊

一頭の羊

counter for certain relatively large animals, or for livestock animals; "head"

counter for insects (used only in biology)


じ

寺: (Buddhism) temple; monastery; place of worship

次: number of times: an ordinal marker; number in a sequence, number of aspects or dimensions


つ

suffixed to Japanese numerals hito-, futa-, mi-, ... , kokono-, used to count almost anything


년

마지막 15(십오)년
majimak 15(sibo)nyeon
the last 15 years

1978(천구백칠십팔)년
1978(cheon'gubaekchilsip'pal)nyeon
the year of 1978


두

Counter for animals, usually cattle: "head"

the hanja entry at 頭 for Sino-Korean compounds of 두


인

5인 이상 집합금지

Gatherings of five or more people are prohibited.

十(십)三(삼)人(인)의兒(아)孩(해)가道(도)路(로)로疾(질)走(주)하오.

1934, 이상／李箱 (I Sang), 烏(오)瞰(감)圖(도) [Crow's Eye View]:

Thirteen children are running down the street.

Counter for number of people (with Sino-Korean numerals)


사

the hanja entry at 死 for Sino-Korean compounds of 사


수

Sino-Korean word from 首 (“head”), from the Middle Korean reading 슈〮 (Yale: syú).

the hanja entry at 首 for Sino-Korean compounds of 수


권

한 권; 두 권; 세 권; 네 권

one volume; two volumes; three volumes; four volumes


주

the hanja entry at 週 for Sino-Korean compounds of 주


주

the hanja entry at 株 for Sino-Korean compounds of 주


범

사기 전과 3범

count (number of times one has committed a crime)

the hanja entry at 犯 for Sino-Korean compounds of 범


돌

First attested in the Eoje naehun, (御製內訓 / 어제내훈), 1475 , as Middle Korean 돐〮 (Yale: twóls). From 돌다 (dolda, “to rotate”).


길

Korean: 길 (gil)

굴허〮ᅌᅦ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디〯내〯샤〮 도ᄌᆞ기〮 다〯 도라〮가니〮 半 길〯 노ᄑᆡᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 년기〮 디〯나리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 48”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

[Chased] into an alley, [emperor Taizu] had his horse leap over [a cliff a gil high], and all the bandits [had no choice but to] turn back. Even if it were half a gil high, could anyone else [i.e. the bandits] have done the same?

kwùlhéng-éy mòl-ól tǐnǎysyá twòcòk-í tǎ twòlákàní PAN kǐl nwòphóy-ntól nyènk-í tǐnàlíngìká

a gil, a traditional Korean unit of length equal to the height of a person; a fathom


사람

Inherited from Middle Korean 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (sǎlòm), first attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446.
From earlier Old Korean 人音 (*SALOm), first attested in the “Suhui gongdeokga” (隨喜功德歌 / 수희공덕가), before 973. The word is also attested as Old Korean 人米 in the same source.
The Middle Korean form, 사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (Yale: sǎlòm), is analyzed as a derived substantive of 살〯다〮 (Yale: sǎl-tá, “to live”) with ᄋᆞᆷ (Yale: -om, nominalizer) (> modern 음 (eum)), and thus literally meant "one who is alive". It is no longer perceived as a derived noun by modern speakers. Doublet of 삶 (sam).
Cognate with Jeju 사름 (sareum).

ko-attest

학생 세 사람


ふん

本: long cylindrical objects, films or TV shows, home runs or goals


びょう

ja-pos

びょう • (-byō)


개

general counter for objects: item, piece, article

the hanja entry at 個 for Sino-Korean compounds of 개


時間

Daijirin
Inoue Tetsujirō
Meiji period
University of Tokyo
ja:時間

Probably originally borrowed from Middle Chinese compound 時間 (dzyi kɛn, literally “time interval”). Repurposed in the early Meiji period as a translation of the western term time in relation to philosophy in the 1881 publication of 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Philosophy Dictionary”) compiled by Inoue Tetsujirō. The meaning "hour" can be analyzed as a compound of 時(じ) (-ji, “o'clock”) + 間(かん) (-kan, time interval suffix). Compare other terms formed with the suffix 間(かん) (-kan) like 三(さん)分(ぷん)間(かん) (sanpunkan) and 三日(みっか)間(かん) (mikkakan).
The reading is a mix of the goon reading ji and the kan'on reading kan, suggesting either that the reading changed after borrowing (from the expected goon pronunciation of jiken or the expected kan'on pronunciation of shikan), or that this term was independently coined in Japanese after the constituent terms 時(じ) (ji) and 間(かん) (kan) were borrowed.

ja-compound

一時間、二時間、五時間半

one hour, two hours, five and a half hours

何時間もかかりそうです。


時間

Pronunciation shift to a devoiced initial consonant in certain dialects.
/d͡ʑikaɴ/ → /t͡ɕikaɴ/


ふね

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *punay.
Standalone form of 船(ふな), 舟(ふな) (funa, older form).

船, 舟, 槽: items in a box-shaped container


채

First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527, as Middle Korean 채〮 (Yale: cháy).

ko-etym-native

집 한 채


장

Sino-Korean word from 張, from the Middle Korean reading 댜ᇰ (Yale: tyàng).

the hanja entry at 張 for Sino-Korean compounds of 장


벌

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean ᄇᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: pól).

한복 한 벌 ― hanbok han beol ― a set of hanbok


매

Counter for sheets (e.g. paper or tickets)

the hanja entry at 枚 for Sino-Korean compounds of 매


대

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 대 (Yale: tay).

Used to count long, stick-like objects, such as arrows, rib bones, and cigarettes.

Used to count the number of times one has been hit, whipped, or stabbed.

Used to count the number of times one has had a medical injection.


대

Used to count machinery, including automobiles.


도

the hanja entry at 度 for Sino-Korean compounds of 도

섭씨 25도

45도 각도

동경 125도 ― donggyeong baegisibo-do ― longitude 125° E

(geography) degree of longitude or latitude


바닥

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 바다ᇰ〮 (Yale: pàtáng). In the Early Modern era, the form was supplanted by modern 바닥 (badak), which may originally have been dialectal; Korean dialects often variably have coda /k~ŋ~j~h/, probably from ancestral */-k/.
바다 (bada, “sea, ocean”) may originally have been a semantic extension of this word. Beyond Koreanic, probably related to Manchu ᡶᠠᡨᠠᠨ (fatan, “sole of the foot”), which is quite possibly a Korean borrowing into Jurchen or Manchu given the apparent lack of clear Tungusic cognates.

cog

책 한 바닥


ヶ

ヶ (canonical)
か (canonical)
ka (romanization)

An abbreviation for the kanji 箇 (ka), the counter for months, places or provisions.
Note that ヶ is a graphical abbreviation of the top of the character (𥫗, 竹), and is pronounced カ ka (or ガ ga), not as ケ ke. Compare simplified Chinese character 个.

三ヶ月

三ヶ国

箇: Counter for months, places or provisions of Classical Chinese origin.


ヶ

ヶ (canonical)
こ (canonical)
ko (romanization)

３ヶ


世紀

20世紀

21世紀


구

Sino-Korean word from 具 (“classifier for coffins, corpses”).

ko-etym-sino

the hanja entry at 具 for Sino-Korean compounds of 구


구

Sino-Korean word from 口 (“mouth, hole”).

(obsolete) Used to count family members.


グラム

From French gramme or English gramme, gram.


섬

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 셤〮 (Yale: syém).

ko-etym-native

a seom, a traditional Korean unit of volume equal to approximately 180 litres; mostly used when measuring grain such as rice


발

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 潑 (Yale: *pal).
In the hangul script, first attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 발〮 (Yale: pál).

한 발 한 발 내딛다


발

Counter for shots or rounds fired by a gun or cannon: round


불

Sino-Korean word from 弗. Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.

the hanja entry at 弗 for Sino-Korean compounds of 불


갑

Sino-Korean word from 匣 (“small box, case, coffer”)

ko-etym-Sino

한갑; 두갑; 세갑; 네갑

one pack; two packs; three packs; four packs


위

the hanja entry at 位 for Sino-Korean compounds of 위


자루

First attested in the Geumganggyeong samgahae (金剛經三家解 / 금강경삼가해), 1482, as Middle Korean ᄌᆞᄅᆞ (Yale: còlò).


자루

First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527, as Middle Korean 쟈ᄅᆞ (Yale: cyàlò).


tetl

From Proto-Nahuan *tetl, from Proto-Uto-Aztecan *tïn-ta.

Zan ōntetl in īteuh.

Mācuiltemeh in temeh, tēcpantocah.

There are fives of stones, placed in a row.

P Ara contar piedras, gallinas, cacao, tunas, tamales, cerezas, hueuos, vaſijas, caſas, aſſentaderos, frutas, chiles, mayz, friſoles, calabaças, nabos, xicalas, o coſas redondas, aſi como cerros, ¬c. Dizen deſta manera. / ¶Centetl.vno o vna. 1 / ¶Ontetl.dos. 2 / ¶Etetl.tres. 3 / ¶Nauhtetl.quatro. 4 […]

1571, Alonso de Molina, Arte de la lengua mexicana y castellana, f. 3v:

To count stones, chickens, cacao beans, prickly pears, tamales, cherries, eggs, pots, houses, places to sit, fruit, chili peppers, kernels of maize, beans, gourds, turnips, calabashes, or other rounds things, as well as mountains, etc., they say as follows: ¶Centetl. one. 1 / ¶Ontetl. two. 2 / ¶Etetl. three. 3 / ¶Nauhtetl. four. 4 […]

a counter word used mainly for small, round objects; including, but not limited to: stones, chickens, seeds and beans, tamales, fruit, eggs, houses, seats, chili peppers, maize kernels, gourds, tubers, hills, etc.


박

Sino-Korean word from 泊 (“to stay”). Compare Japanese 泊(はく) (haku).

1박 2일

[a trip of] one night and two days; a trip beginning on a morning and ending on the next day's evening

the hanja entry at 泊 for Sino-Korean compounds of 박


박

Probably a Sino-Korean word from 博 (“to gamble”).

한 박 먹다

(uncommon, idiomatic) unit of money spent during a round of gambling


입

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 邑 (Yale: *ip). Compare Japanese 言う (iu, “mouth”).

한 입만

a unit that counts the amount of food that can be eaten at a time.


살

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 설〯 (Yale: sěl).
The word 설 (seol, “Lunar New Year”) originally meant both "New Year" and "year of age". The two terms are connected; in Korea, one gains a new year of age at every New Year (so that all people born in the same year have the same age). In the eighteenth century, speakers created the new term 살 (sal, “year of age”) as a yang-vowel alternation of 설 (seol), and the original term came to mean only the New Year. 설 (seol) and 살 (sal) are one of a number of Korean noun pairs with yin-yang vowel alternation which were originally the same word.

몇 살입니까?
Myeot sar-imnikka?
How old are [you]?
(literally, “How many years of age are [you]?”)
Audio (South Korea): (file)

years of age (of a person) (takes native numerals)


분

Possibly from Chinese 分/份 ("part, portion").


호

the hanja entry at 戶 for Sino-Korean compounds of 호


술

First attested in the Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해), 1466, as Middle Korean 술〮 (Yale: swúl).

두 술만 더 떠 주세요.


바퀴

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 바회〮 (Yale: pàhwóy). The Middle Korean word also meant "rock" (> modern 바위 (bawi)), although this may be coincidental.

몇 바퀴 뛰었어?

두 바퀴 돌리면 돼.

Counter for turns, cycles, or rotations.


치

(unit of measure) a chi or Korean inch, traditional unit of length equivalent to about 3.03 cm; nowadays most often used in idiomatic expressions.

세치 혀

silver tongue, lip service; three-inch tongue

한 치 앞도 모르다

to not know anything about the future; to not know what is one inch in front


닢

From Middle Korean 닢〮 (Yale: níph, “leaf”), doublet of 잎 (ip).

동전 한 닢

(possibly dated) Used to count flat objects, nowadays mainly coins.


타

the hanja entry at 打 for Sino-Korean compounds of 타


しゅるい

種類: counter for different sorts of things


그루

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 그릏 (Yale: kùlùh).


방

the hanja entry at 放 for Sino-Korean compounds of 방

한 방 먹이다 (vulgar)

Counter for injections (needle shots): shot


명

Sino-Korean word from 名, from the Middle Korean reading 며ᇰ (Yale: myèng).

다섯 명이 서 있습니다. ― Daseot myeong-i seo itseumnida. ― There are five people standing.


번

한번; 두번; 세번; 네번

One time; two times; three times; four times


마리

Originally identical to 머리 (meori, “head”), its yang-vowel analogue. This is one of a number of Korean yang-yin vowel pairs which were originally one word with two connected but different meanings, leading to speakers using vowels to differentiate between the two meanings. See also 살 (sal, “age”) and 설 (seol, “Lunar New Year”).


光年

ja-pos

光(こう)年(ねん) • (-kōnen) ^(←くわうねん (-kwaunen)?)

光年 (canonical)
-kōnen (romanization)
-kwaunen (romanization)
くわうねん (hiragana historical)

Appears to be a calque of English light year.

宇宙の直径は約 930億光年だ。

Uchū no chokkei wa yaku kyūhyakusanjū-oku kōnen da.

The diameter of the universe is some 93 billion light years.

1988 July 30 [1984 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “ニューイヤー星(せい)調(ちょう)査(さ)行(こう) [Expedition to Planet New Year]”, in ポストの中の明日 [Post-Mid-Tomorrow] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 2), 10th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 73:

Earth is essentially situated in the extremity of the Milky Way, sixty thousand light years from which, at the tip of the vortex molecules..., is “New Year”, the third planet of the Lorcal system.

地球自身すでに銀河系の外れにあるといえるが、そこからさらに六万光年渦分子の先っぽに……、ロルカル系第三惑星「ニューイヤー」がある。

Chikyū jishin sude ni Gingakei no hazure ni aru to ieru ga, soko kara sara ni rokuman kōnen kabunshi no sakippo ni……, Rorukaru-kei dai-san wakusei “Nyū Iyā” ga aru.


개월

Sino-Korean word from 個月, from 個 (“piece”) + 月 (“month”)

ko-etym-Sino

(number of) months; used as a count word for months


점

points; marks (in a competition, examination, etc.) (takes Sino-Korean numerals)


잔

a glass of a beverage (beer, soju, water, etc.)


ミリ秒

ミリ秒 (canonical)
-miri-byō (romanization)

From ミリ (miri-, “milli-”) + 秒 (byō, “second”).


センチメートル

[sẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕime̞ːto̞ɾɯ̟]


オングストローム

[õ̞ŋɡɯ̟sɨ̥to̞ɾo̞ːmɯ̟]

彼(かれ)等(ら)が外(がい)界(かい)を知(ち)覚(かく)する手(しゅ)段(だん)は主(しゅ)として太(たい)陽(よう)光(こう)によってである 可(か)視(し)範(はん)囲(い)は４０００(よんせん)〜８０００(はっせん)オングストローム

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “宇(う)宙(ちゅう)人(じん)レポート サンプルＡ(エー)とＢ(ビー) [Alien Report: Samples A and B]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 45:

The way they perceived the world was primarily dependent on sunlight. Their visible spectrum was 4000–8000 angstroms.

Arera ga gaikai o chikaku suru shudan wa shu to shite taiyōkō ni yotte de aru. Kashi han'i wa yonsen ~ hassen ongusutorōmu.


가락

First attested in the Myobeomnyeonhwagyeong eonhae (妙法蓮華經諺解 / 묘법연화경언해), 1463, as Middle Korean 가락 (Yale: kàlàk).
This word is part of a family of related terms with a core meaning of "split". The ancestral root form appears to have been *가ᄃᆞ *kato- or similar, with some forms undergoing intervocalic lenition and some not. Related forms include 갈래 (gallae, “strand, fork, division”), 가달 (gadal, “something split from each other”), 가닥 (gadak, “strand, long thin object”), and 가르다 (gareuda, “to split, to sort out”).


行李

行李 (canonical)
-kōri (romanization)
-kauri (romanization)
かうり (hiragana historical)

Baggage
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shoku Nihongi
Wicker
ja:行李

/kauri/ → /kɔːri/ → /koːri/
From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 行李 (MC haeng liX, “baggage, luggage”). First cited in Japanese in a section of the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) dated to 706.

used to count items of luggage, cargo, or freight: box, bundle, item, bale, package


行李

/kɔːri/ → /kori/
Analyzable as a shortening of the kōri reading. First cited in 1523.


보

50보 100보 아닌가요?

세 보 옆으로 가!


리

Sino-Korean word from 里 (“village; unit of distance”).

ko-etym-Sino

li; East Asian unit of distance (traditionally around 393 meters in Korea)

the hanja entry at 里 for Sino-Korean compounds of 리


필

Korean reading of various Chinese characters

한 필의 베적삼


필

네 필의 말


ヵ

Small form of the katakana character カ (ka).

Kana-small

一ヵ月


باش

بىر باش پىياز


切れ

Nominative form of 切(き)れる (kireru, “be cut off, be injured”).


바쿠

그 버스를 타시면은... 섬 전체를 한 바쿠 돌아볼 수 잇을 겁니다.

2015 July 17, 정용환 [jeong'yonghwan], “천혜의 푸른 섬, 대청도 [cheonhyeui pureun seom, daecheongdo]”, in KBS 교양 [KBS gyoyang], 인천광역시 옹진군 대청면 [incheon'gwang'yeoksi ongjin'gun daecheongmyeon]:

If you take the bus... you'll be able to make one rotation around the island.

Gangwon, Gyeongsang, Seoul, Chungcheong, Jeolla dialect, and Hwanghae form of 바퀴 (bakwi, “counter for turns, cycles, rotations”)


ジュール

ja-pos

ジュール • (-jūru)


송이

First attested in the Neung'eomgyeong eonhae (楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해), 1461, as Middle Korean 소ᇰ이〮 (Yale: swòng.í).


ミリ

ミリメートル ミリメートル#Japanese

Clipping of ミリメートル (mirimētoru, “millimeter”).


キロ

キログラム キログラム#Japanese

Clipping of キログラム (kiroguramu, “kilogram”); kilo

俺(おれ)は３(さん)年(ねん)でここまで強(つよ)くなった 腕(うで)立(た)て伏(ふ)せ100(ひゃっ)回(かい) 上(じょう)体(たい)起(お)こし100(ひゃっ)回(かい) スクワット100(ひゃっ)回(かい) そしてランニング10(じゅう)㎞(キロ) これを毎(まい)日(にち)やる!!!

2013 April 7 [2012 December 9], ONE with Murata, Yusuke, “11(じゅういち)撃(げき)目(め) 強(つよ)さの秘(ひ)訣(けつ) [11th Hit: Key to Power]”, in ONEPUNCH-MAN(【ワンパンマン】) [ONE-PUNCH MAN], 6th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, pages 69–70:

I’ve gotten this strong after 3 years, by doing 100 push-ups, 100 sit-ups, 100 squats, plus running 10 km, every single day!!!

Ore wa sannen de koko made tsuyoku natta, udetatefuse hyakkai, jōtai okoshi hyakkai, sukuwatto hyakkai, soshite ranningu jū-kiro, kore o mainichi yaru!!!

キロメートル キロメートル#Japanese

Clipping of キロメートル (kiromētoru, “kilometer”).


立て

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 立(た)てる (tateru).

ja-etym-renyokei

(appended to numeral) successive defeats


ヶ月

counter for months, used to express a period of time numbered in months


판

달걀 1판


たて

All semantically derived from stem noun form tate of verb 立てる (tateru, “to stand something up, to set something up”), from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand, to be established, to be situated”).

立: the number of rounds or matches in a competition; the number of acts in a kabuki play; the number of losses in a losing streak


군데

이 근처에 커피숍이 여러 군데 있습니다.

There are several coffee shops around here.

i geuncheo'e keopisyobi yeoreo gunde itseumnida.


주일

두 주일

몇 주일

사 주일

여러 주일

한 주일

나는 이틀에 한 나라씩 이 주일 동안 유럽 칠 개국을 여행했다.

I travelled to seven countries in Europe in a week, spending one day in each country.

naneun iteure han narassik i ju'il dong'an yureop chil gaegugeul yeohaenghaetda.

그는 사 주일 동안 병원에 입원해서 한 달 가까이 회사에 나가지 못했다.

He has been in hospital for four weeks and has not gone to work for nearly a month.

geuneun sa ju'il dong'an byeong'wone ibwonhaeseo han dal gakkai hoesa'e nagaji mothaetda.


칸

First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 간 (Yale: kan). Originally a variant reading of 간 (間, gan, “room”).


वटा

head

वटा • (waṭā)

counter for number of animals and inanimates


जना

जना • (janā)


다발

Often compared to Japanese 束(たば) (taba, “bundle”).

꽃 한 다발


振り

/puri/ → /furi/
From Old Japanese.
The 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 振(ふ)る (furu, “to swing”).

ja-ryk

一振りする

刀が一振りある。


ウェーバ

ja-pos

ウェーバ • (-wēba)


ニュートン

ja:ニュートン
ja:ニュートン (曖昧さ回避)


ターン

ターン • (-tān)

１ターンに１度

turn (one's chance to make a move in a game)


승

3승 2패

4전 2승 2패

2승 1무 1패

4전 전승

5승째다.


승

2의 5승

17의 2승

m의 n승
m-ui nseung
nth power of m

(mathematics) Counter for exponents in mathematical formulae.


يۇتۇم

بىر يۇتۇم سۇ


ئوتلام

head

ئوتلام • (otlam)

بىر ئوتلام سۇ


غېرىچ

بىر غېرىچ


ルックス

[ɾɯ̟k̚kɯ̟̊sɨ]

1987 March 20 [1987 February 20], Fujiko Fujio, “宇(う)宙(ちゅう)人(じん)レポート サンプルＡ(エー)とＢ(ビー) [Alien Report: Samples A and B]”, in カンビュセスの籤(くじ) [Cambyses’s Drawing] (藤子不二雄 ＳＦ全短編; 1), 2nd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, →ISBN, 第一章, page 49:

Both A and B’s light-receiving holes opened wide and endeavored not to miss even one lux of reflected light.

Ａ Ｂ両者の受光孔はいっぱいに開かれ 一ルックスの反射光をものがすまいとした

Ē Bī ryōsha no jukōkō wa ippai ni hirakare ichi-rukkusu no hanshakō o mo nogasu mai to shita


갓

굴비 여섯 갓 ― gulbi yeoseot gat ― six bunches of dried croaker fish


다스

From Japanese ダース (dāsu, “dozen”), from English doz.

연필 한 다스


めー

枚: counter for flat thin objects or sheets


か国

2020 January 9, “安(あ)倍(べ)首(しゅ)相(しょう) 予(よ)定(てい)どおり中(ちゅう)東(とう)3(さん)か国(こく)訪(ほう)問(もん)へ”, in NHKニュース [NHK News], archived from the original on 2020-01-25:

Prime Minister Abe […] decided to visit the three nations as initially planned.

安倍総理大臣は、[…]当初の予定どおり3か国を訪問する意向を固めました。

Abe sōri daijin wa, […] tōsho no yotei dōri san-kakoku o hōmon suru ikō o katamemashita.


셤

Early Modern Korean: 셤 (syem), 섬 (sem)

Korean: 섬 (seom)

Jeju: 섬 (seom)

그듸ᄂᆞᆫ〮 긼〮ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡᆺ ᄇᆞ리〮옛〮ᄂᆞᆫ 모〮ᄉᆞᆯ 보디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᄂᆞᆫ다〮 […] ᄒᆞᆫ 셤〮만〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 녯〯 므〮레 蛟龍이〮 갈맛〮ᄂᆞ니〮라

1481, “君不見簡蘇徯 / 군불견간소혜”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:45b:

Have you not seen by the roadside a deserted pond? […] In that seom of old water, there hides the Jiaolong.

kùtùy-nón kíl-s-kǒz-òy-s pòlíyéysnòn mwós-òl pwòtí àníhònòntá […] hòn syém-mán hòn nyěy-s múl-èy KYWO.LYWONG-í kàlmásnònílà


푼

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean term 분 (分, bun, “division”). First attested in the Beonyeok nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대), 1517, as Middle Korean 푼〯 (Yale: phwǔn).

ko-etym-native

돈이 한 푼도 없다

돈 몇 푼 갖고 소인배처럼 왜 그러냐?

Why are you behaving like a narrow-minded person because of a few pennies' worth of money?

Don myeot pun gatgo soinbaecheoreom wae geureonya?

(most common modern meaning) a classifier for a small amount of money

조선시대 때 엽전 세 푼으로 뭘 살 수 있었어?

How much could you buy with three cash coins in the Joseon dynasty?

Joseonsidae ttae yeopjeon se pun-euro mwol sal su isseosseo?

(historical) a classifier for cash coins

a candareen (unit of weight equivalent to 378 miligrams)

Alternative form of 분(分) (bun, “bun, unit of length”).


모금

First attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 머곰 (Yale: mekwom).


개사

몇 개사가 비밀리에 모여 가격 담합을 모의하였다.

Several companies met in secret to conspire to fix prices.

Myeot gaesaga bimilli-e moyeo gagyeok damhab-eul mouihayeotda.

X와 Y 2개사


빠따

Japanese バット (batto), from English bat. For the "batter" sense and also the pronunciation, probably also from Japanese バッター (battā), from English batter. The counter sense is an allusion to the order of batters in baseball.

걔가 1빠따로 올렸어.

(slang, possibly vulgar) -th; position in order (with Sino-Korean numerals)


마하

Ultimately from German Mach (named after Ernst Mach), probably via Japanese マッハ (mahha, “Mach”).

마하 1.8


꼭지

원고 한 꼭지


초롱

[t͡ɕʰo̞ɾo̞ŋ]

containers, buckets, bucketfulls (of liquid)


돐

North Korea and Yanbian standard spelling of 돌 (dol, “anniversary”).


か国語

か国語 (canonical)
-ka kokugo (romanization)

1940, 小栗虫太郎, 人外魔境 遊魂境, 青空文庫:

その後、彼とケプナラがイースト・サイドへ出掛けていった。
そこは、二十七か国語が話されるという、人種の坩堝。

Sono go, kare to Kepunara ga Īsuto Saido e dekakete itta.
Soko wa, nijūnana-ka kokugo ga hanasareru to iu, jinshu no rutsubo.

Later, he and Kepunara headed out to the East Side.
It was a crucible of races, where twenty-seven languages were said to be spoken.


層倍

1955, 柳田国男, 年中行事覚書, 青空文庫:

人が自らを知るということは、すでに容易な仕事ではないが、国民が自分の国を知るのは、それよりもまた何層倍かむつかしいことだった。

Hito ga mizukara o shiru to iu koto wa, sude ni yōi na shigoto de wa nai ga, kokumin ga jibun no kuni o shiru no wa, sore yori mo mata nansōbai ka mutsukashii koto datta.

It is already not an easy task for people to understand themselves. Compared to that, it was several times more difficult for citizens to understand their own country.

薬九層倍

薬九層倍 くすりくそうばい


두름

From Middle Korean 두름 (twulum).
First attested in the Samguk Sagi (三國史記 / 삼국사기), 1145, as in Goguryeo placenames 冬音忽 (“Dongeumhol; Yonan, South Hwanghae at present”) and 冬音奈縣 (“Dongeumna/Dongeumnae prefecture; Hajeom-myeon, Ganghwa, Incheon at present”), and a Baekje placename 冬音縣 (“Dongeum prefecture; Daegu-myeon, Gangjin, South Jeolla at present”).
This term is a noun form of a verb 두르다 (dureuda, “to surround, to wrap”), which has a stem 둘ㅇ‐ (Yale: twulG-); this can explain how 冬 (Yale: twong, 도ᇰ) corresponds to 둘 (Yale: twul).

a unit of counting 20 fish in two braids of 10 fish per single braid

a unit of counting woven bundles of about 10 wild vegetables


pʼéel

Kaʼapʼéel naj.


túul

Óoxtúul koʼolel.