vai

Borrowed from Livonian vȯi or dialectal Estonian vai; compare other Finnic languages (Finnish vai, Standard Estonian või). First found occasionally in Latvian writings in the 17th century, initially as a conjunction, then as a particle, it became more frequent in the 18th century; but only in the 19th century did it really strike root in the language. Likely unrelated to Sanskrit वा (vā).

atbildi: jā vai nē!

viņa nezināja, ko pirkt: rozes vai neļķes

she didn't know what to buy: roses or carnations

used to indicate a disjunction between two elements; or (in the either-or sense, not in the sense of a.k.a., which is jeb).

ja labi grib, to darbu var veikt parasts dežurants, vai brigadieris, vai (...)

if (he) really wants, an ordinary man on duty can do this job, or a brigadier, or... (= or someone like that)

vai tas kāds noziegums, kauns, vai?

jums tas jādara, vai...

used to suggest vagueness, uncertainty, or a veiled threat; usually followed by ellipsis (...); or, or else...

nav zināms, vai to darījis viņš

es nezinu, vai to spēšu

pasaki, vai es esmu nodevējs

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

used to introduce conditional subordinate clauses; whether, if


vai

Kuulet vai et kuule?

2018, Tatjana Boiko, Lʹudmila Markianova, Suuri Venʹa-Karjalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Russian-Karelian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 3rd edition, →ISBN, page 118:

lähtet vai et lähte?

Et vai tulle, suutun.

2019, Tatjana Boiko, Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2rd edition, →ISBN, page 311:


vai

or (in questions, for mutually exclusive possibilities)


vai

Estonian: või

Finnish: vai

Ingrian: vai

Karelian:

North Karelian: vai

South Karelian: vai

Livonian: või, vȯi

→ Latgalian: voi

→ Latvian: vai

Livvi: vai

Ludian: vai

Veps: vai

Võro: vai

Votic: vai

Either from the root of *vajaga, *vajot'ak, or that of *vajëh. Both roots may have also had an impact.


што

From Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis. Cognates include Ukrainian що (ščo), Russian что (što) and Polish co.


што

Што вы за єдны?


што

Карминьдерятадо вейкеҥк-вейкеҥк вечкеме, тень кувалма весе кармить содамоҥк, што тынь Монь тонавтницятадо.

1910, Makar Evsevievich Evseviev, Gospoda nashego Iisusa Hrista Svjatoe Evangelie ot Matfeja, Marka, Luki i Ioanna na mordovskom jazyke^(https://m.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C)/%D0%92), page 269:

“By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.”


што

Што повеќе јадеш, толку подебел стануваш.

Što poveḱe jadeš, tolku podebel stanuvaš.


oder

From Middle Dutch oder or borrowed from Low German oder or German oder.

(obsolete, chiefly Eastern Dutch, and Northeastern) or


oder

From Middle High German oder, from Old High German odar. Related to Old English oþþe, Middle Dutch oder, Yiddish אָדער (oder).

Danach alles gestr. oder noch 1–2 Wörter?

Is everything after that crossed out or are there one or two more words?


oder

From Middle High German oder, from Old High German odar.


pasi

Pasi erdhën të gjithë, filloi mbledhja.

Pasi qenka puna kështu, unë po iki.

Since this is (apparently) the case, then I'm leaving.

Pasi ajo nuk po vjen edhe unë do të rri.

If she is not coming then I'll stay too.


supposing

Supposing our daughter was to marry her sweetheart, and supposing they was to have a son, and supposing he was to grow to man’s estate, and supposing he was to come down to draw cider like as we’re doing, and supposing that there mallet was to fall on his head and kill him, how dreadful it would be!

2013, Flora Annie Steel, “The Three Sillies”, in English Fairy Tales:

if hypothetically (optionally followed by that)


него

Београд је већи него Загреб.

(with nominative) than (in comparisons, following the comparative)

он је не само даровит, него и јако марљив.

He is not only talented, but also very industrious.

то није црно, него б(иј)ело.

(following a negation) but (see also ве̏ћ)


let alone

He couldn't boil water, let alone prepare a dinner for eight.

(idiomatic, chiefly in the negative) Much less; to say nothing of; used after one negative clause to introduce another, usually broader and more important clause, whose negation is implied by the negation of the first. However either of these instances mentioned can be applied with the use of let alone.

(idiomatic, chiefly in the positive, rare) Not to mention, as well as; used after one item, to introduce a further item which is entailed by the first.


a

By cock a pie and Mous-foot Dent bring's in, / Examples to express forbidden Sin:

1655, William Barton, Man's Monitor, or, the Free-school of Virtue; Holding Forth the Duties Required and Sins Forbidden in the Two Tables of the Law., London: W.D. for T. Underhill, unnumbered page; republished in Early English Books Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Text Creation Partnership, p. 2011:

Thee lace ma? Chem a laced well-a-fine aready.—Zey wone word more, and chell breſh tha, chell make thy boddize pilmee.

1746, “Exmoor Scolding: Or, a Devonſhire Dialogue:”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume XVI, London: Edw. Cave, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 353, column 2:

4. as if. "I'll gi ye a dunt i' the hid 'a ye dew so no more." This is equivalent to the "an if" of some of our old writers.

1823, Edward Moor, Suffolk Words and Phrases: Or, An Attempt to Collect the Lingual Localisms of that County, London: J. Loder, page 2:

(obsolete, dialectal, rare) Contraction of and.


a

* According to Orel, the particle and conjunction are etymologically identical. From Proto-Albanian *a and cognate to Ancient Greek ἦ (ê, “indeed”).
* From Proto-Albanian *(h)au, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eu- (“that”). Cognate to Ancient Greek αὖ (aû, “on the other hand, again”). A proclitic disjunctive particle, used with one or more parts of the sentence.


a

Inherited from Old Czech a, from Proto-Slavic *a, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō.


a

Clipping of aga. Probably influenced by Russian а (a).


a

A siä Jaakko, kuhu määt?

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 17:

keskipäivääl hää [päivyt] on kaikkiin ylemmääl, a siis alkaa laskiissa.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

on midday it [the Sun] is highest, and then it starts to descend.


a

and (used to continue a previous statement or to add to it)


a

Ultimately from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō. The source is not clear:
* Probably borrowed from a Slavic language (compare Russian а (a) and Belarusian а (a)).
* Alternatively, irregularly shortened from *ā, inherited from *ō.
Compare Lithuanian o.


a

Czech: a

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō.


a

Polish: a

Silesian: a

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō. First attested in the first half of 14th century.

etydate

and then (used to say an event will occur if some requirement is fulfilled)


a

From Pre-Palauan *a, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *a, from Proto-Austronesian *a.


a

A ty?

Wolisz tabletki, a ja wolę zastrzyki.

You prefer pills whereas I prefer injections.

walka między dobrem a złem

Poszukasz, a znajdziesz.

pracować a pracować

and (used after a verb to indicate it will last a long time)

such and such (used when the speaker does not want to be more specific, when repeating an element)

is (used to show some connection between two objects which are very different from each other)

Ja jestem gotowy, a ty?


a

From Latin ac, alternative form of atque (“and, and also; as, then”).

(Nuorese) Only used in che a (“like, as”)

(Campidanese) Only used in tottu a and a tottu

used in the words for the numbers 17 and 19

(Logudorese) Only used in degasette (“seventeen”)

(Campidanese) Only used in dexasetti (“seventeen”) and degannoi (“nineteen”)

(Nuorese) Only used in decassette (“seventeen”) and decannobe (“nineteen”)


a

From Latin aut (“or”), from Proto-Italic *auti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti (“on the other hand”), derived from *h₂ew (“away from, off”). Doublet of o.

inh

a benis?

a nos pasamos!

(central Sardinia) Used to introduce a question or an exhortation


a

Učio sam c(ij)elo posl(ij)epodne, a ništa nisam naučio.

I studied for the whole afternoon, but I didn't learn anything.

A kako biste vi to napravili?

Stolovi su crveni, a stolice su zelene.

The tables are red, whereas the chairs are green.

Ne mogu se uključiti u raspravu, a da ne napravim nered.

I cannot enter a discussion without making a mess.

Odlazi, a da nije rekao ni zbogom.

He's leaving without even saying goodbye.

(with da ne) without (usually after negative verbs)

Pravi prijatelj zna sve o tebi, a ipak te voli.

The real friend knows everything about you, and yet he loves you.

U moru loših v(ij)esti teško je ostati objektivan, a kamoli optimističan.

In the sea of bad news it's hard to stay objective, let alone optimistic.

A i da jesam to napravio, ne bi to učinilo neku razliku.

Even if I did it, it wouldn't have made much of a difference.

Sviđaju mi se plavuše, a i ja se pokojoj svidim.

I like blondes, and some of them even like me.

Bili su žalosni, a i ja sam.


a

From Proto-Slavic *a, from Proto-Indo-European *ō̃t, which is ablative form of Proto-Indo-European *e- 'this'. Cognates with Serbo-Croatian a, Russian а (a) and Czech a.


a

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a (“and; but”).


a

starši a mudriši

dlěje a hórje

the (establishing a parallel between two comparatives)


a

but (Following a negative clause or sentence) On the contrary, but rather

However, although, nevertheless, on the other hand


a

From Old Welsh a(c), from Proto-Brythonic *(h)a, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-gʰe (compare Welsh ag and Cornish ha).


a

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: а (a)
Old Ruthenian: а (a)
Belarusian: а (a)
Carpathian Rusyn: а (a)
Ukrainian: а (a)
Russian: а (a) (see there for further descendants)

Old Novgorodian: а (a)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: а (a)

Glagolitic script: ⰰ (a)

Macedonian: а (a)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: а

Latin script: a

Slovene: a

West Slavic:

Old Czech: a
Czech: a

Old Polish: a
Polish: a
Silesian: a

Polabian: ă

Slovak: a

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: a

Slovincian: a

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: a

Lower Sorbian: a

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō. According to the usual doctrine, the initial form was *h₁ōd, ablative singular of the PIE demonstrative pronoun *éy, h₁e. However, that demonstrative has no such ablative singular attested in any of the daughter languages, so that hypothesis remains unprovable.
The same PIE proto-form could have also yielded Sanskrit आत् (ā́t, “so, then, afterwards”) and Avestan 𐬁𐬀𐬝 (āat̰, “afterwards, then”).


sss

(mathematics, logic) if and only if; used to show that the predicate that follows it has the same truth value as the predicate that precedes it


wheresoever

From Middle English hwer se eaver, hwer-se-eaver, hwer so ever, qheresoevere, quar-sua-ever, quere-so-ever, wer so ever, wharsoever, where-sere, wheresoever, where so evere, wher ser, wher-sever, wher-so-ever, wher so evere, wher-so-evere, whe[r] so er, whor so ever. By surface analysis, where + so + ever. Cognate with West Frisian hwērsāea (“wheresoever”).

While wee, returning again to embark our ſelvs for Greece, underſtood that the mightie Otanes (brother to Barzanes, ſlain by Muſidorus, in the battell of the ſix Princes) had entred upon the kingdom of Pontus, partly upon the pretences hee had 20 to the crown, but principally, becauſ hee would revenge upon him (whom hee knew wee loved) the loſs of his brother, thinking (as indeed he had cauſ) that whereſoëver wee were, hearing of his extremity, wee would com to reliev him;

1655, Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, the tenth edition, London: […] William Du-Gard, page 186:

We have said that in our judgment there was no evidence which would justify a jury in finding that the defendants, for a valuable consideration, sold the working right to the entire Heathcock range, wheresoëver it might run on lands owned by them.

1881, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Wisconsin, with Tables of the Cases and Principal Matters, volume LII, Chicago: Callaghan & Company, page 571:


puisque

’’Puisqu’il ne sera pas de retour avant cinq heures, je propose que nous commencions sans lui.

Since he will not be back before 5 o’clock, I suggest we begin without him.

Puisque nous sommes ici sans savoir ce qui nous attend un peu plus tard, laisser parler mon instinct me guérit.

Since we're here without knowing what awaits us a little bit later, letting my instinct[s] speak heals me.


ammo

Borrowed from Arabic أَمَّا (ʔammā, “as for”).


ær

From Proto-Germanic *airiz, originally a comparative form (=‘earlier’).

forþon ne mæġ wearþan wīs · wer, ǣr hē āge
wintra dǣl in woruldrīċe. · Wita sċeal ġeþyldiġ.

thus a man cannot become wise, before he would own
a part of years in world-kingdom. A wise man must be patient.

Ne telle man nānne mann ġesǣliġne ǣr hē biþ dēad.

No one should be considered lucky until he is dead.

Ǣr þon þe hē hit cwæþ, nyste hē nā hwæt hē cweðan wolde.

Until he said it, he did not know what he was going to say.

c. 992, Ælfric, "THE PASSION OF THE APOSTLES PETER AND PAUL"
"Paulus cwæð to Petre, "Broðer, þu wære Gode gecoren ær ic,

Paul said to Peter, "Brother, thou wast chosen of God before me


af því að

Compare Norwegian Nynorsk av di (at) and Faroese av tí at

Ég kemst ekki af því að ég er veikur.


weil

From the accusative of Middle High German wīle (modern Weile), from Old High German wīla, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu, from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō.

Ich kann nicht kommen, weil ich krank bin.


siþ

Middle English: *siþe

Yola: zeeth

⇒ Old English: sīþlīċe

Middle English: siþeli, siddele

From Proto-Germanic *sīþuz. Cognate with Old High German sīd and Old Norse síðr.


sondern

From Middle High German sunder, from Old High German suntar, from Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“isolated, particular, alone”).

der

(coordinating, with a negative in the preceding clause) rather, but (instead).


afin que

Je vais au lit afin que mon père se taise

I'm going to bed so that my father will shut up


nes

From an older nesà or nėsà, which Ford interprets as ne- + *so; the latter element being from Proto-Indo-European *so (“conjunctve particle”); compare Hittite 𒋗 (šu-, “preterite conjunctive particle”), Old Irish se (“conjunctive particle”), ultimately deriving most likely from the Proto-Indo-European demonstrative *só, *séh₂, *tód. See tas for more. The further parallel drawn by Ford with Hittite 𒈾𒀸𒋗 (naššu, “or”) is neither supported nor ruled out by Kloekhorst.

cog

Àš studijúoju, nès nóriu mókytis.

(subordinating) because, since (expresses the reason for an action)


nes

From Middle Welsh nes, from Old Welsh nes, from Proto-Brythonic *nes (compare Breton nes (“near”)), from Proto-Celtic *nessos (compare Old Irish nessa (“nearer”)).


atque

Either from ad (“to”) + -que (“and”) or from at (“yet, whereas”) + -que (“and”).

Ad vim atque ad arma cōnfugere.

habēmus pāpam – ēminentissimum ac reverendissimum dominum[…]
We have a Pope – the Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord […]
(literally, “...the most outstanding and most to-be-revered...”)

Dīxerat, atque illam mediā inter tālia, ….

[Dido] had spoken, and even in the midst of her [speech], during such [final words], ….

Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.

63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.1

As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many people's eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.

and, and also, and besides, and too, and even, and in fact

[…]alia enim sunt lēgātī partēs atque imperātōris[…]

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War 3.51.4

[…] after all, the duties of the legate aren't the same as those of the general […]

Sed ea rēs longē aliter, ac ratus erat, ēvēnit.

86 BCE – c. 35 BCE, Sallust, The War with Jugurtha 7.3.1

But the result was far different from what he had anticipated.

Docet longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea gestum sit

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.14

He teaches that they must fight by a very different method from that which had been previously adopted

(after words expressing comparison) as, than


dummodo

[ˈd̪ʊmːɔd̪ɔ]


enim

From Proto-Italic *eno (“that one”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁enos (“that”), the same source of nam, nē (“truly”), Ancient Greek νή (nḗ), ναί (naí).

Id enim ferendum esse negat.

Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius.

Kill them, for the Lord knows those that are His own.


neque

Aromanian: nitsi

Romanian: nici

From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe (“and not, neither, nor”), from *ne (“not”) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, whence Irish nach; Proto-Germanic *nehw, whence Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih). Equivalent to Old Latin ne (“not”) + -que (“and”).

der

neque ... neque (or neque ... et)

neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.30

And neither had concealed himself nor shunned the eyes of the people

Neque tē teneō, neque dicta refellō.

“I neither detain you, nor refute [what you] have said.”


Lizards ≠ dinosaurs.

(informal) Not the same as; different from.


quoniam

Quoniam el esis nefidela, il abandonis el.

Since she was unfaithful, he abandoned her.

(neologism, rare) since, as, seeing that, inasmuch as, considering


quoniam

→ Catalan: quòniam (learned)

4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 2:18

For we are the children of saints, and look for that life which God will give to those that never change their faith from him.

Quoniam fīliī sānctōrum sumus et vītam illam expectāmus quam Deus datūrus est hīs quī fidem suam numquam mūtant ab eō.


igitur

Old French: gieres, giers (?)

* Probably the post-tonic development of *agetor 'it is done' (> agitur) after e.g. quid.

Eho dīc mihi, quis illic igitur est?

c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 624

(postpositive) therefore, then consequently


quia

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: ca

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: ca

Sicilian: ca

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: ca (Alto Ayer)

Old Galician-Portuguese: ca

Old Spanish: ca

Old neuter plural accusative case of quis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂. Corresponds both formally and functionally to Megara Ancient Greek σᾰ́ (sá, “what?”), and functionally to ὅτι (hóti); this and other evidence point to the Greek origin of the use of quia as a subordinator, in contrast to quod where there's stronger evidence for a native development.

Tobias vero cum filio suo et cum uxore fugiens nudus latuit quia multi diligebant eum

But Tobias fleeing naked away with his son and with his wife, lay concealed, for many loved him.

et aut ego indigna fui illis aut illi mihi forsitan digni non fuerunt quia forsitan viro alio conservasti me

And either I was unworthy of them, or they perhaps were not worthy of me: because perhaps thou hast kept me for another man,

Nōn timeō, quia amō.

c. 1135 – 1153, Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermōnēs super Cantica Canticōrum 84.6

et audierunt vicini et cognati eius quia magnificavit Dominus misericordiam suam cum illa et congratulabantur ei

Her neighbors and her relatives heard that the Lord had magnified his mercy towards her, and they rejoiced with her.

(Late Latin, subordinator) (the fact) that


па

Common South Slavic; compare Slovene pa, Bulgarian па (pa). See also па-.

прво ћу скочити ја, па ти

учење па одмор па забава

потрошио сам сав новац, па сам се морао вратити кући

I've spent all of my money, so I had to return home

(with да or ма̀кар) even if, even though, although

with да or ма̀кар

богат је, па ипак усамљен


aji

(dialect, Moravia) even (implying an extreme example, used at the beginning of sentences)


aza

Middle Polish: aza

Univerbation of a + za. First attested in the 14th century.

Maria dzewicze, prosmy sinka thwego..., haza nasz hwchowa othe wszego szlego

1937 [1408], Józef Birkenmajer, editor, Bogarodzica dziewica. Analiza tekstu, treści i formy, number B, Krakow:


自然

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän¹/

/t͡sz̩⁴⁴ ʐæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ian¹¹/

/t͡su⁴² iŋ²¹/

/t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ ziɛn²³/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/

/zz̩²² zø⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän¹/

/t͡sz̩⁴⁴ ʐæ̃²⁴/

/t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ian¹¹/

/t͡su⁴² iŋ²¹/

/t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ ziɛn²³/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/

/zz̩²² zø⁴⁴/

Attested earliest in the Tao Te Ching:
*
*

When the work is completed and affairs succeeded, the common people say, "We are like this by ourselves."

Gōngchéng shìsuì, bǎixìng jiē wèi: “Wǒ zìrán.”

功成事遂，百姓皆謂：「我自然。」

功成事遂，百姓皆谓：「我自然。」

Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Dao. The law of the Dao is its being what it is.

Rénfǎ dì, dìfǎ tiān, tiānfǎ dào, dàofǎ zìrán.

人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。


utrum

Adverbial accusative of uter, used as a conjunction.

Quarto, utrum solum debuerit docere verbo, vel etiam scripto.

1485, Thomas Aquinas, “Part III, Question 42”, in Summa Theologiae:

4. Whether He should have preached by word only, or also by writing.


caso

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Please send your enquiries and suggestions to the Public Information Centre by email via the homepage:


im

im więcej..., tym mniej...

Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje.

The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.

introduces a parallel, conditional or comparative statement, placed before the thing being compared to


duru

-dúru (canonical)
endiduru (attributive first-person positive singular)
endingeduru (attributive first-person negative singular)
ndiduru (attributive copulative first-person positive singular)
andiduru (attributive copulative first-person negative singular)
oduru (attributive positive second-person singular)
ongeduru (attributive negative second-person singular)
uduru (attributive copulative positive second-person singular)
awuduru (attributive copulative negative second-person singular)
esiduru (attributive first-person plural positive)
esingeduru (attributive first-person negative plural)
siduru (attributive copulative first-person plural positive)
asiduru (attributive copulative first-person negative plural)
eniduru (attributive plural positive second-person)
eningeduru (attributive negative plural second-person)
niduru (attributive copulative plural positive second-person)
aniduru (attributive copulative negative plural second-person)
oduru (attributive class-1 positive)
ongeduru (attributive class-1 negative)
uduru (attributive class-1 copulative positive)
akaduru (attributive class-1 copulative negative)
abaduru (attributive class-2 positive)
abangeduru (attributive class-2 negative)
baduru (attributive class-2 copulative positive)
abaduru (attributive class-2 copulative negative)
oduru (attributive class-3 positive)
ongeduru (attributive class-3 negative)
uduru (attributive class-3 copulative positive)
awuduru (attributive class-3 copulative negative)
eduru (attributive class-4 positive)
engeduru (attributive class-4 negative)
iduru (attributive class-4 copulative positive)
ayiduru (attributive class-4 copulative negative)
eliduru (attributive class-5 positive)
elingeduru (attributive class-5 negative)
liduru (attributive class-5 copulative positive)
aliduru (attributive class-5 copulative negative)
aduru (attributive class-6 positive)
angeduru (attributive class-6 negative)
aduru (attributive class-6 copulative positive)
awaduru (attributive class-6 copulative negative)
esiduru (attributive class-7 positive)
esingeduru (attributive class-7 negative)
siduru (attributive class-7 copulative positive)
asiduru (attributive class-7 copulative negative)
eziduru (attributive class-8 positive)
ezingeduru (attributive class-8 negative)
ziduru (attributive class-8 copulative positive)
aziduru (attributive class-8 copulative negative)
eduru (attributive class-9 positive)
engeduru (attributive class-9 negative)
iduru (attributive class-9 copulative positive)
ayiduru (attributive class-9 copulative negative)
eziduru (attributive class-10 positive)
ezingeduru (attributive class-10 negative)
ziduru (attributive class-10 copulative positive)
aziduru (attributive class-10 copulative negative)
oluduru (attributive class-11 positive)
olungeduru (attributive class-11 negative)
luduru (attributive class-11 copulative positive)
aluduru (attributive class-11 copulative negative)
obuduru (attributive class-14 positive)
obungeduru (attributive class-14 negative)
buduru (attributive class-14 copulative positive)
abuduru (attributive class-14 copulative negative)
okuduru (attributive class-15 positive)
okungeduru (attributive class-15 negative)
kuduru (attributive class-15 copulative positive)
akuduru (attributive class-15 copulative negative)
okuduru (attributive class-17 positive)
okungeduru (attributive class-17 negative)
kuduru (attributive class-17 copulative positive)
akuduru (attributive class-17 copulative negative)


ato

Inherited from Old Polish ato. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + oto.

surf

boscie nas tam czci poodsądzali, powiedział ato iako odaycie pokoy.

1588, Acta primi regiminis Sigismundi III, page 84:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


asa

als en slechts als
als en slechts als#Dutch

Abbreviation of als en slechts als (“iff”).


一日

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jɐt̚²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³⁵⁻² lit̚³⁵/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² lit̚⁵⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁴⁴ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ jɐt̚²/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/iʔ²⁴⁻²¹ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³⁵⁻² lit̚³⁵/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁴⁻³² lit̚⁵⁴/

/iɪʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/iɪʔ⁴⁴ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

1999, 喜劇之王 [King of Comedy], spoken by 杜娟兒 (Karen Mok):

Did you guys hear that? As long as [the director] hasn't called “cut”, one has to continue acting. This is what I've always been telling you – professionalism.

teng¹ m⁴ teng¹ dou³⁻² aa³? teng¹ m⁴ teng¹ dou³⁻² aa³? jat¹ jat⁶ mei⁶ aai³ kat¹, jat¹ jat⁶ dou¹ jiu³ jin² lok⁶ heoi³, ni¹ di¹ zau⁶ hai⁶ ngo⁵ seng⁴ jat⁶ tung⁴ nei⁵ dei⁶ gong² ge³ zyun¹ jip⁶.

聽唔聽到呀？聽唔聽到呀？一日未嗌cut，一日都要演落去，呢啲就係我成日同你哋講嘅專業。

听唔听到呀？听唔听到呀？一日未嗌cut，一日都要演落去，呢啲就系我成日同你哋讲嘅专业。


In the modern sense as the equal sign, first attested in The Whetstone of Witte (1557) by Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde, in which the two parallel lines expressed equality, because, as Recorde wrote, "bicauſe noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle" ("because no two things can be more equal").

abbr

The whetstone of witte, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmetike: containyng thextraction of Rootes: The Coßike practise, with the rule of Equation: and the woorkes of Surde Nombers

A wireless keyboard = a keyboard without a wire.

Vulpes vulpes = red fox.


awa

Mobilian: awa

and (used only in numerical expressions such as awa chaffa)


tills

Contraction of Old Swedish til þäs. Equivalent to till dess.

Man går ditåt, man tycker sig vara helt nära och ser dock intet annat än den ljungbevuxna sandmon och stam vid stam av de furor, den bär, tills på ett käppkasts avstånd den motsatta stranden börjar röja topparna av sina björkar.

1875, Zacharias Topelius, “Finska ödemarker”, in Boken om vårt land:

One goes there, one feels very close and yet see nothing but the heather-covered heath and trunk after trunk of the pines it carries, until at a distance the opposite beach begins to shed the crowns of its birches.

Brister hastigt en för vindens pust
strax en ny i färgglans brinner;
så det fortgår under lek och lust,
tills den sista ock bortrinner.

92 jägare på 11.000 hektar skulle enligt planen ha fällt 32 älgar det här jaktåret inom Trönö viltvårdsområde. Men då endast nio älgar hade fällts på tre dagar jakt togs beslutet att avbryta älgjakten tills vidare.

2019, Olle Olsson, “Avbryter jakten – finns inga älgar att jaga”, in Svensk Jakt:

92 hunters on 11,000 hectares were supposed to have killed 32 moose this ear in the Trönö game area. But when only nine moose had been killed in three days of hunting, the decision was made to cancel the moose hunt until further notice.


seu

Romanian: sau


postquam

[ˈpɔs̠(t̪)kʷä̃ˑ]

A univerbation of post (“after”) and quam (“than”).

eō postquam Caesar pervēnit, obsidēs, arma, servōs, qui ad eōs perfūgissent, poposcit.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de bello gallico 1.27.3

After Caesar had come thither, he demanded hostages, their arms, and the slaves who had deserted to them.

postquam inter nōs est plūs feritātis habet.

38 CE – 104 CE, Martial, Spectactula 1.18.6

since she has been among us, she has more of wildness


pati

From Proto-Philippine *pati (“also, including”).


swa

desctree

Middle English: so, swo, zo (Kent)
English: so
Geordie English: se
Scots: sae
Yola: zo, zoo, sae

From Proto-West Germanic *swā. See there for more.

Iċ bēo simle swā iċ eom.

Exeter Book, Riddle 24

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, year 473

like, as, the way (often doubled as "swā swā")


kuni

The ku- stem (from Proto-Finnic *ku-) with the terminative case suffix -ni. Compare Finnish kunnes and Votic kuniz.

Magasin, kuni mind äratati.

Tee seda, kuni pole hilja!

Seni linnuke lendab, kuni ta pesa leiab.

Ta ootas, kuni teised järele jõudsid.

Indicating the time until which the action or situation expressed in the main clause will take place: until, till

Mul läheb aega veel viis kuni kümme minutit.

It will take me another five to ten minutes.

Kümne kuni kaheteistkümne päeva pärast kirjutatakse ta haiglast välja.

After ten to twelve days (s)he will be discharged from hospital.

kuue- kuni kaheksa-aastased lapsed

Seene kübar on kollakas- kuni kahvatupruun.

The mushroom cap is yellowish to pale brown.

Linking words or phrases that indicate the scope of something: to


ve

From Ottoman Turkish و (ve), from Arabic وَ (wa).


kao

Šepa kao (da je) ozlijeđen.

(in comparisons, commonly followed by da) as, as if, as though, like (in a real or affected manner suggested)

Nije visok kao ja.

(in comparisons, with nominative, informal) as, like (=poput)

Imamo hrane kao blata.

(in comparisons, with genitive, emphatic) as, as much as (to such an extent or degree)


þæs

Middle English: þæs, þas

English: thes (obsolete)


þa

From Proto-Germanic *þai, which shares the same root as Old English þæt.

early 11th century C.E. Ælfwine’s Prayerbook

she was 14 years old when she gave birth to Christ

hio wæs feowortyne geara eald þa hio Crist acende


þy

Middle English: þi, the

English: the

Scots: the

From an earlier *þiu, apparently formed from the demonstrative base *þi- with the nominal instrumental ending -ō. Cognate with Old Frisian þiu, Old Saxon þiu, Old High German diu, Old Norse því, Gothic 𐌸𐌴 (þē).

for the reason that, by reason of; because, since; then


þæt

Middle English: that
English: that
Scots: that
Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

þinċeð him on mōde · þæt hē his mondryhten
clyppe ond cysse, · ond on cnēo leċġe

it seems to him on mind that he would his man-lord
hug and kiss, and on knee would put.

Ful oft mec ġesīþas sendað æfter hondum, þæt mec weras ond wīf wlonce cyssað.

Very oft companions send me from hand to hand so that proud men and women kiss me.

Hū meaht þū swā swīðe þenċan þæt þū ne beġiete hēafodeċe?

How can you think so much without getting a headache?


mas

Mas nun hai qu'estrayese

Nun había mas unos vecinos

There wasn't anyone other than some neighbours

only, other than, no more than (used with negative)


mas

Inherited from Latin magis. Doublet of més (“more”).


mas

Mas vôs sábi qui ancusa iou tâ papiâ.


mas

Macanese: mas

From Old Galician-Portuguese mas, from Latin magis (“more”), from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂- (“great”). Doublet of mais.

O livro é curto, mas bom.

Somos preguiçosos mas fazemos o que precisa de ser feito.

We are lazy but we do what needs to be done.

but (introduces a clause that contradicts the implications of the previous clause)

Fomos recebidos não com aplausos, mas pedradas.

We were not received with applause, but [with] rocks.

but (introduces the correct information for something that was denied in the previous clause)

Todos alunos reprovaram em matemática, mas ninguém estudou mesmo.

All students flunked mathematics, but no one studied really.

but ... really; of course; no wonder (introduces the cause of the previous clause, with the implication that the result was expected given this cause)

Mas que porcaria!

Mas que diabos vocês estão fazendo aqui?

(beginning a sentence) emphasises an exclamation


unz

Icelandic: uns

From earlier *und (from Proto-Germanic *und (“until”)) + es (“when, relative conjunction”), thus literally "until when". Cognate with Old Frisian und, Old Saxon und, Old High German unz, Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐌳 (und).

Tefldu í túni, / teitir váru
var þeim vettugis / vant ór gulli;
unz þrjár kvámu / þursa meyjar

Vǫluspá, verse 8, in 1867, S. Bugge, Norrœn fornkvæði: Sæmundar Edda hins fróða. Christiania, page 2

They played games in the yard, / joyous were they
to them was no / lack of gold;
until three came / Troll-maidens
very powerful / from Jotunheim


é

Ladino: i

Spanish: y


εν τούτοις

head

εν τούτοις • (en toútois)

el-conjunction

εν τούτοις • (en toútois)

εντούτοις εντούτοις

(learned) however, nevertheless (see εντούτοις)


eik

Siit kunigas lähetti vanhemman poikaha vahtii, eik tapajais varasta.

1885, “Sprachproben: Der goldene Vogel”, in Volmari Porkka, editor, Ueber den Ingrischen Dialekt mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen finnisch-ingermanländischen Dialekte:

Then the king sent his oldest son to the guard, so that he could catch the thief.


endi

desc

Middle Low German: ende, end, en; unde, und, un; (western also) inde, ind, in; (early) ande

Dutch Low Saxon: en, in

German Low German: un, on

Plautdietsch: un, en

→ Latvian: un

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.


eala

Middle English: halloo, halow

English: hallo, hello

Perhaps from a compound whose elements answer to ēa (“oh!, ah!”) + lā (“lo”). Compare Old Frisian ēala (“hail!, hello!”).

c. 897, King Alfred's translation of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care
Ēalā wǣre hē āwðer oþþe hāt oþþe ċeald.


ή

Θα φύγεις ή θα μείνεις;

Ή θα μείνω ή θα φύγω. Δεν έχω αποφασίσει.

I will either stay or go. I haven't decided yet.

Í tha meíno í tha fýgo. Den écho apofasísei.

Θα βάψω το δωμάτιο ή γαλάζιο ή ροζ.

I shall paint the room either blue or pink.


μέχρι

head

μέχρῐ • (mékhri)

grc-conjunction

μέχρῐ • (mékhri)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri (locative), from *me (“with”) (see also μετά (metá)) + *ǵʰes- (“hand”) (whence χείρ (kheír, “hand”)). Cognate with its zero-grade ἄχρι (ákhri, “utterly, as far as”), Old Armenian մերձ (merj, “near, by”) and Albanian ndjerë (“until, near”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.


sababu

From Classical Malay سبب (sebab), from Arabic سَبَبْ (sabab).


luego

Inherited from Latin locō (“in the place of, instead of, for”), ablative of locus, from Old Latin stlocus, from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place, locate”). Doublet of locus. Cognate with English lieu and locus.

der

Pienso, luego existo.


じゃ

ja (romanization)
dya (romanization)
ぢや (hiragana historical)

(colloquial) so, then—used for connecting to a reasonable conclusion, supposition


然後

/ʐän³⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/jiːn²¹ hɐu̯²²/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɑu²⁴²/

/ziɛn²³⁻³³ au³³/

/d͡ziɛn¹³⁻²² au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ au³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² au³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hio²²/

/d͡zieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ au³⁵/

/d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ au³⁵/

/ʐän³⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/jiːn²¹ hɐu̯²²/

/yoŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋɑu²⁴²/

/ziɛn²³⁻³³ au³³/

/d͡ziɛn¹³⁻²² au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ au³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² au³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² au²²/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hio²²/

/d͡zieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ au³⁵/

/d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ au³⁵/

You only need an initial investment of 50 dollars, and you can get that back very quickly.

Nǐ zhǐ xūyào xiān tóuzī wǔshí kuài, ránhòu hěn kuài jiù kěyǐ huíběn le.

你只需要先投資50塊，然後很快就可以回本了。

你只需要先投资50块，然后很快就可以回本了。


يوم

ar-con

يَوْمَ • (yawma)

From the root ي و م (y-w-m). From Proto-Semitic *yawm-.

كَأَنَّهُمْ يَوْمَ يَرَوْنَهَا لَمْ يَلْبَثُوا إِلَّا عَشِيَّةً أَوْ ضُحَاهَا

It will be, on the Day they see it, as though they had not remained except for an afternoon or a morning thereof.

kaʔannahum yawma yarawnahā lam yalbaṯū ʔillā ʕašiyyatan ʔaw ḍuḥāhā


touch wood

/tʰɐt͡ʃ⁵⁵ wuːt̚⁵⁵/

Supposing that I were to die in a car accident tomorrow, what would you do then?

touch wood ngo⁵ ting¹ jat⁶ caau² ce¹ zau² zo², nei⁵ wui⁵ dim² zou⁶ a¹?

touch wood我聽日炒車走咗，你會點做吖？

touch wood我听日炒车走咗，你会点做吖？

(Hong Kong Cantonese) supposing (that something bad happens); what if (something bad happens)


أب

Inherited from Common Turkic *ap. Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (ap).

اَبْ بُو اَبْ اُولْ


また

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *mata. First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.


but then

He may finish writing his novel next year; but then, he may never finish.

(idiomatic) then again, on the other hand; used to show that the opposite viewpoint is possible.


x

If there is anyone in the audience who can't stand someone pushing a Shinji x Rei thing, I know you want to quit on this fic now.

1998 August 31, Greg Upchurch, “[Eva][Fanfic] Aright”, in rec.arts.anime.creative (Usenet):

I'm a fairly big Angel x Buffy fan, though I'm not a particularly big fan of Angel. They just work well together, IMO.

2002 July 7, Arnold Kim, “Re: Favorite couples??”, in alt.tv.buffy-v-slayer (Usenet):

Tho' my doujinshi is a Cloud x Sephiroth - yes you read that right - Cloud's name is first. ^^!

2003 April 29, sephigirl, “Re: [OT] Character selections was: Re: [POLL] Identification”, in alt.fan.utena (Usenet):

(fandom slang) Used between the names of two characters to denote a ship, particularly in anime, manga, and video games.

Taska Black x DROELOE, Steve Aoki x Lauren Jauregui, etc.

(music) Used in place of and in artist collaborations.


ae

Welsh: ai

Sef kyfryw chware a wneynt, taraw a wnai pob un dyrnawt ar y got, ae a’e droet ae a throssawl;

In this manner they played the game, each of them striking the bag, either with his foot or with a staff.


maar

From Dutch maar, from Middle Dutch maer.


maar

Afrikaans: maar

Javindo: maar

Jersey Dutch: mâr

Negerhollands: maer, maar, ma

Petjo: maar

→ Ambonese Malay: mar

→ Papiamentu: ma

→ Sranan Tongo: ma

→ Lokono: ma

→ Aukan: ma

→ Kari'na: ma

→ Kwinti: ma

→ Saramaccan: ma

From Middle Dutch maer, māre, mar, mer, apheretic variant of nemaer, nemāre, from earlier newaer, neware (“except, however, only”), from ne ware (“were not”). Not cognate with English mere.

Dat ging goed, maar het kan beter.

Hij was maar een clown, maar nu is hij dood.

He was just a clown, but now he is dead.

Hij zou een succesvol zakenman kunnen worden, maar, hij zou ook zwerver kunnen worden.

He could become a successful businessman, but, he could also become a vagrant.


すなわち

sunawachi (romanization)
sunafati (romanization)
すなはち (hiragana historical)

則ち, 則: conjunction used to indicate sequence of events; and


shi

From Latin sic. Compare to Daco-Romanian și.


varken

varken X eller Y


nought

From Old English nāwiht, nōwiht, from Proto-West Germanic *naiwwiht; equivalent to ne + ought.


uma

numa (first-person singular)
wuma (first-person plural)
buma (second-person singular)
huma (plural second-person)
huma (feminine masculine plural third-person)
luma (masculine singular third-person)
tuma (feminine singular third-person)
huma (plural third-person)

Baruru tuma faluma


niin

The instructive plural form of ne (“they (things and animals)”).

Jos yöllä on selkeää, niin tulee kova pakkanen.

If it's clear at night, then it'll be heavy frost.

Kun maailma kuohuu ja on levoton, / niin Taivas vain rauhaa voi antaa

1876, “Siionin laulu 260: Mun kotini taivaassa ihana on [Songs and Hymns of Zion, 574b: My Beautiful Home Is in Heaven on High]”, Herman Brueckner (1932), Alexandra Glynn (2008), transl., Edla Pöyry (lyrics), trad., Lauri-Kalle Kallunki (music):

This earth is so restless, how often I sigh! / My heart for my homeland is yearning.

(coordinating) then; used to introduce the main clause after an auxiliary clause

niin siellä kuin täällä

In the structure niin ... kuin ...: ... as well as ...


niin

Instructive of neet (“these”). Akin to Finnish niin.

Used to join two verbal phrases in a causal relation: therefore, then


zoals

Afrikaans: soos

Negerhollands: soo as

Univerbation of zo + als. Compare alzo and the development of als itself.

landen zoals Duitsland en Frankrijk

We hebben in deze muur een gat gelaten, zoals was afgesproken.

We left a hole in this wall, as was agreed.


gif

desctree

Middle English: if, yif, yef
English: if, yif
Scots: gif, gyf, gin
Yola: yith, if

From Proto-West Germanic *jabē, *jabu, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”) with anomalous apocope. The expected form is attested once as ġyfe in the early 7th-century Law of Æthelberht, if not simply a scribal error.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint George, Martyr"
...ac hi ge-eacniacð heora wita, gif hi ær ende ne cyrrað.

...but they add to their punishments, if they turn not before the end..


hoewel

Afrikaans: hoewel


schoon

From Middle Dutch schône, from Old Dutch scōni, from Proto-West Germanic *skaunī, from Proto-Germanic *skauniz.


wanneer

From Middle Dutch wanneer, wan eer, from Old Dutch *wan ēr. The former part is found as Middle Dutch wan, from Old Dutch *wan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan. The latter part is identical with modern eer (“before”). Cognate with Low German wannehr, Luxembourgish wéini, obsolete German wannehe.

Wanneer ik dat doe, gebeurt er dit.

Wanneer hij mij ziet, loopt hij weg.


as soon as

I came as soon as I could.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see as, soon.

As soon as he arrived, everyone gasped.

[…] that eye which watches guilt
And goodness, and hath power to see
Within the green the moulder’d tree,
And towers fall’n as soon as built— […]

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXVI, page 43:

At the moment when; immediately after; instantly.

I'd jump out the window as soon as not.

He was a bad guy. He would hit you with a chunk of pipe as soon as look at you.

2003 Oct. 12, William Safire (quoting 1913 New York City court records), "The Way We Live Now," New York Times (retrieved 19 Sep 2015)

"[T]hey are the worst of the worst and they will shoot you just as soon as say Hello."

2013 April 5, David Hathaway, “Your 2nd Amendment Cop Buddy Will Take Your Guns”, in LewRockwell.com, retrieved 2015-09-19:

(idiomatic) Used to indicate that the first action mentioned is as likely as, or is preferred to, the second action mentioned.


aunque

→ Francisco León Zoque: aunque

→ Rayón Zoque: aŋke

aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda

Aunque es importante, nadie lo considera así.

Although it is important, nobody considers it so.

Voy a juntarme con los amigos, aunque tengo mucho que hacer por la mañana

I'm going to meet up with friends, even though I have a lot to do in the morning.

Mañana me voy aunque llueva.

Aunque se dé cuenta de que todavía no he hecho lo que pidió, espero que no se enoje. No es que no sepa que ya tengo muchas otras cosas que hacer.

Even if he realizes I still haven't done what he asked, I hope he doesn't get upset. It's not like he doesn't know that I already have a lot of other things to do.

even if, irrespective of (followed by subjunctive verb form)


gelijk

Inherited from Middle Dutch gelike, from Old Dutch *gilīko, from Proto-West Germanic *galīkō, from Proto-Germanic *galīkô.

landen gelijk Engeland en Frankrijk

(Belgium, archaic, elsewhere) like, such as

Juist gelijk dat?

Het is gelijk ge wilt.

(Belgium, archaic, elsewhere) as, just like, just as, the way that


noch

From Middle Dutch noch, from Old Dutch noh (“until now, still”), from Proto-Germanic *nuh (“still”, literally “now too”), from Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”) + *-kʷe (“and, also”).

inh

Als een ei te gaar gekookt wordt, verschijnt er soms een groenachtige ring rond de eidooier. Dit is het resultaat van ijzer- en zwavelsamenstellingen in het ei. Het kan ook vóórkomen wanneer er veel ijzer in het kokende water zit. De groene ring beïnvloedt noch smaak noch de samenstelling.

If an egg is cooked too well, there sometimes appears a greenish ring around the egg yolk. This is the result of compositions of iron and sulfur in the egg. It can also occur whenever there is much iron in the cooking water. The green ring influences neither the taste nor the composition.


noch

Afrikaans: nog

Negerhollands: noch, nochal

Officieel heeft de Europese Unie echter geen hoofdstad, noch de intentie er een vast te leggen.

Officially, however, the European Union has no capital, nor the intention to declare one.


noch

in the northern half in some positions; in the northern half in some positions

From Middle High German noch, nog, from Old High German noh, from Proto-West Germanic *noh, from Proto-Germanic *nuh, from Proto-Indo-European *nū-kʷe-. Cognate to Dutch nog and noch (which are etymologically the same word).

Ich mag weder ihn noch dich.

Er versteht es nicht noch wird er es jemals verstehen.

He doesn’t understand it, nor will he ever understand it.

(following a negation, especially weder) nor; function word introducing each except the first term or series, indicating none of them is true

following a negation; especially weder; following a negation; especially weder


noch

Dutch: noch

Limburgish: nóch

From Old Dutch noh (“until now, still”), from Proto-Germanic *nuh (“still”, literally “now too”), from Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”) + *-kʷe- (“and, also”).


noch

From Proto-Celtic *nu-kʷe (“and now”), from Proto-Indo-European *nu-kʷe, equivalent to no- + -ch-. Cognate with Old High German noh (from Proto-Germanic *nuh).


نه

نه...نه... (canonical)
nə ... nə ... (romanization)


نه

Turkish: ne


lakin

Ultimately from Arabic لٰكِنْ (lākin, “but, however”).


lakin

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish لكن (lâkin), from Arabic لٰكِنْ (lākin, “but”).


και

From Ancient Greek καί (kaí, “and”). Cognate with Tsakonian τσαι (tsai) and Italiot Greek ce (“and”).

με γάλα και ζάχαρη

Φάγαμε και ήπιαμε καλά.

ήταν και ο Γιώργος εκεί.

Δύο και δύο κάνουν τέσσερα.

Η ώρα είναι δύο και τέταρτο.


παρά

head

παρά • (pará)


μετά

μετά • (metá)

el-conjunction

μετά • (metá)

Μας έχει ξεγελάσει τόσες φορές. Μετά, πώς να του έχουμε εμπιστοσύνη;

We have been deceived so often. So how can we have confidence in him?

Mas échei xegelásei tóses forés. Metá, pós na tou échoume empistosýni?

so, therefore (for consecutive statements)


אבל

he-con

אֲבָל • (avál)


ала

ала йӱр йӱреш, ала лум лумеш

sometimes... sometimes, either... or, now... now

эрла толам ала уке, ом пале

I'll come tomorrow or I won't, I don't know


其次

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/kʰi¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹/

/ki¹³⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/kʰi¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹/

/ki¹³⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/


cependant

Haitian Creole: sepandan

however, nevertheless, yet, notwithstanding


所以

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/

/su³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ i⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/

/su³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ i⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/

I have a test tomorrow, so I have to stay at home today and review my homework.

Míngtiān yào kǎoshì le, suǒyǐ wǒ jīntiān zhǐ néng liú zài jiālǐ fùxí gōngkè.

明天要考試了，所以我今天只能留在家裡複習功課。

明天要考试了，所以我今天只能留在家里复习功课。

He is from the South, so when he opens his mouth to speak, you can hear his Southern accent.

Tā shì nánfāngrén, suǒyǐ yī zhāngkǒu shuōhuà jiù dàiyǒu nánfāng kǒuyīn.

他是南方人，所以一張口說話就帶有南方口音。

他是南方人，所以一张口说话就带有南方口音。

It's your grandma's birthday today, so you've got to attend.

Jīntiān shì nǐ nǎinai de shēngchén, suǒyǐ nǐ fēi lái bùkě.

今天是你奶奶的生辰，所以你非來不可。

今天是你奶奶的生辰，所以你非来不可。

My reason for opposing this plan, is because I feel that there are quite a few holes in it.

Wǒ suǒyǐ yào fǎnduì zhège jìhuà, shì yīnwèi wǒ juéde qízhōng yǒu bùshào shūlòu.

我所以要反對這個計畫，是因為我覺得其中有不少疏漏。

我所以要反对这个计画，是因为我觉得其中有不少疏漏。

Used in the first part of a sentence to indicate a reason that will be explained in the second part of the sentence.


ake

Not of low on earth, ake of the high in heaven.

approx. 1225, Hali Meidenhad (Holy Maidenhood)

approx. 1225, Homilies in Lambeth

Those men.. have the name of Christians, ake though they are Christ's unwins (enemies).

He was still, ne spake no-more, ake he worth athirst well sore.

circa 1350, Midland Prose Psalter

Blessed be the man that.. ne set nowt in false judgement. Ake his will was in the will of our Lord.

circa 1390, Walter Hilton, On the Mixed Life

This thought is good.. ake if a man may not lightly have salvation ne devotion in it, I hold it not speedful.

approx. 1450, South English Legendary: Temporale
It ... rotted fast; ake that flesh and that blood rotteth never-more.


doch

Negerhollands: doch, dog

→ Papiamentu: doch, dò (dated)

From Middle Dutch doch, from Old Dutch thoh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh.

(formal or dated) yet, but, still, on the contrary, no, yes


doch

chiefly southern Germany and Austria by influence of Bavarian; also in northern Germany in some positions, e.g. before stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognate to Old English þēah (English though).


doch

Borrowed from German doch. Compare Slovincian dôch.

Począn stękac, choc doch nidze jego nie bolało.

1880, Hieronim Derdowski, O panu Czorlińscim co do Pucka po sece jachoł zełgoł dlo swojech druchow kaszubściech, page 26:

He started groaning, even though nowhere hurt him


ó

From Old Irish ó, úa, from Proto-Celtic *au, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away”).

ó chuala mé an scéala

bliain ó rugadh é

ó bhaintear an féar go bhfuil sé tirim

from the time the hay is cut until it is dry

ó bhrisfear é

ó tá mé liom féin


ó

Vôs tâ uví, ô tâ finzí surdo?

Are you listening, or pretending to be deaf?

Na alegria, Ó na tristéza


ó

head

ó (triggers lenition, takes independent verbs)

Contested.
* From Proto-Celtic *au (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу- (u-).
* From Proto-Celtic *aɸu (“away”), from *apó/*h₂epó (“away”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Old Church Slavonic по (po), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af).


niinku

Colloquial/vernacular form of niin kuin.

Tytöt on vähän niinku kissatkin, ne tykkää siitä kun niitä pitää hyvänä.

Girls are kinda like cats, they like it when you caress them.

Olin niinku "en mä tiiä".


an'

Greash an' goouness.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:

Aar was Thieg, an' Joane, an lhaung Jauane,

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, page 94:

There was Thadee, and John, and long Joan,


тата

head

тата • (tat̬a)


когда

когда́ • (kogdá)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *koda, from which the following words also were derived: Old Church Slavonic къгда (kŭgda), Bulgarian кога (koga), Polish kiedy, gdy, Serbo-Croatian када / kada, Slovene kdaj, Czech kdy, Lower Sorbian gdy. Originally the word was probably *koda; compare Lithuanian kada (“when”), Latvian kad, Old Indic and Sanskrit कदा (kadā), Avestan kadā. From *koda came *kъdа, possibly under the influence of *kъdе, kъtо. On the other hand, one may perceive in когда́ (kogdá) the old instrumental singular *godō of the word год (god) (the old meaning of which was “time, period”) with the interrogative particle ко-, making a genitive singular form *kogo goda (which time?). Thus the -гда ending may have derived from the genitive of год (god, “period of time”).

Я не зна́ю, когда́ э́то бы́ло.

Он звонит людям, которых он один раз в жизни видел, и просит денег, и очень обижается, когда ему отказывают.

1979, Эдуард Лимонов, “Глава первая. Отель «Винслоу» и его обитатели”, in Это я — Эдичка, Альпина Диджитал; English translation from S. L. Campbell, transl., It's Me, Eddie, 1983:

He calls up people he has seen once in his life and asks for money, and is very offended when they refuse him.

On zvonit ljudjam, kotoryx on odin raz v žizni videl, i prosit deneg, i očenʹ obižajetsja, kogda jemu otkazyvajut.


ⴷ

From Proto-Berber *d. Cognate with Kabyle d.


quindi

From Vulgar Latin *eccum inde. The regular outcome of the stressed vowel should have been */e/. The actual /i/ may have been taken by analogy from quinci (< *eccum hince), with which quindi forms a natural pair, and where stressed /i/ is expected due to the following /ntʃ/ triggering anaphonesis.


att

From Old Swedish at, æt, ad, adh. Probably derived from Old Norse þat (“that”).

Jag tycker att det är en intressant bok.

I think (that) it's an interesting book.


मगर

Borrowed from Classical Persian مگر (magar). Compare Bengali মাগার (magar), Punjabi ਮਗਰ (magar).

bor+

मैं उसका दोस्त हूँ, मगर वह मेरा दोस्त नहीं है।

I am his friend, but he is not my friend.

ma͠i uskā dost hū̃, magar vah merā dost nahī̃ hai.


onde

From Old Galician-Portuguese onde, from Latin unde (“whence”). Cognate with Portuguese onde and Asturian onde.

where (at or in which place or situation)


onde

Voi ch’ascoltate in rime sparse il suono ¶ di quei sospiri ond’io nudriva ’l core […]

1336–1374, Francesco Petrarca, “I — Voi ch’ascoltate in rime sparse il suono”, in Il Canzoniere, lines 1–2; republished as Daniele Ponchiroli, editor, Turin: publ. Giulio Einaudi, 1964:

Ye who in scattered rhymes hear the sound of those sighs that I fed my heart with […]


onde

Macanese: úndi

From Old Galician-Portuguese onde, from Latin unde (“whence”). Compare Spanish donde.

Procuro uma cidade onde possa viver tranquilamente.

I look for a city where I can live tranquilly.


פן

head

פֶּן • (pen)

וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה דַּבֵּר־אַתָּה עִמָּנוּ וְנִשְׁמָעָה וְאַל־יְדַבֵּר עִמָּנוּ אֱלֹהִים פֶּן־נָמוּת׃

Tanach, [[s:he:T0220#כ_יט|20:19]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

And they said unto Moses: 'Speak thou with us, and we will hear; but let not God speak with us, lest we die.'

vayom'rú 'el-moshé dabér-'atá 'imánu v'nishmá'a v'al-y'dabér 'imánu 'elohím pen-namút.

הִוָּסְרִי יְר֣וּשָׁלִַם פֶּן־תֵּקַע נַפְשִׁי מִמֵּךְ פֶּן־אֲשִׂימֵךְ שְׁמָמָה אֶרֶץ לוֹא נוֹשָׁבָה׃

Tanach, Jeremiah [[s:he:T1106#ו_ח|6:8]], with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

Be thou corrected, O Jerusalem, lest My soul be alienated from thee, lest I make thee desolate, a land not inhabited.

hivasrí y'rushalám pen-teiká nafshí mimékh, pen-asimékh sh'mamá éretz lo noshavá.

Lest, [[[in order that|in order]]] that … not, for otherwise; used in constructing warnings.


sain

bcl-head

sàin (plural sarain, Basahan spelling ᜐᜁᜈ᜔)

Lingaw ko na kun sain ko binugtak an (sakuyang) salming (ko).


مگر

Borrowed from Persian مگر (“but, yet, however”).


مگر

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭫 𐭧𐭲 (ʾl ḥt /ma agar/, “perhaps; lest”), from 𐭠𐭫 (ʾl /ma/, “not”) + 𐭧𐭲 (ḥt /agar/, “if”).

inh

مگر کتاب را نخواندی؟ (literary)
magar ketâb râ na-xândi?

مگه کتاب و نخوندی؟ (colloquial)
mage ketâb o na-xundi?
Didn't you read the book? / Oh, you didn't read the book?
[assuming that the listener did or should have read the book; or, that the speaker had previously thought the listener had read the book]

مگر غذا میخواهی؟ (literary)
magar ğazâ mi-xâhi?

مگه غذا میخوای؟ (colloquial)

You don't want food, do you? / I thought you didn’t want food?

گفت: مگر گوشت نیافته بودی و نقل که مرا و کدخدایم را بخورید؟

c. 1075, Abu'l-Fażl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī, تاریخ بیهقی [Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī]:

He said, “Had you not found any meat or delicacy, that you had to ‘eat’ [slander] me and my chamberlain?”

guft: magar gōšt nayāfta būdī u nuql ki marā u kadxudāyam rā bixwarēd?

Used to introduce a question to which the opposite answer is expected, or had been previously assumed; expresses surprise or disbelief.

من میروم مگر او هم برود. (literary)
man mi-ravam magar u ham beravam.

من میرم مگه اونم برم. (colloquial)

مگر از روی جنازه من رد بشوی!

[Not] unless you cross over my dead body!

magar az ru-ye jenâze-ye man rad bešavi!

مگه خیلی پول داری! (colloquial)

برف منظرۀ طبیعت را خیلی زیبا میسازد، مگر هوا را خیلی سرد میسازد. (Dari, more literary)

Snow makes the scenery of nature very beautiful, but [it also] makes the air very cold.

barf manzara-yi tabī'at rā xaylē zēbā mēsāzad, magar hawā rā xaylē sard mēsāzad.

زود میآمد که دردم را دوا سازد مگر
باز گشت از در بچشم در فشان مسکین طبیب

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 113:

He had come early to cure my pain, but
The helpless physician turned back from the door with eyes strewing pearls [metaphor: teardrops].

zūd mē-āmad ki dardam rā dawā sāzad magar
bāz gašt az dar ba-čašm-i durr fišān miskīn tabīb

(archaic) it happened that...; used to introduce a narrative.

تا وزیدست برو از تو نسیم ادبی
زنده گشتست مگر از دم عیسی لاله

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 87:

As long as courteous breezes from you have wafted upon it,
The tulip has become alive, as if from Jesus's breath.

tā wazīdast bar ō az tō nasīm-i adabī
zinda gaštast magar az dam-i īsā lāla

ز دریا مگر بر لب آمد حباب.

1699, Muḥammad Amīn ibn Mīrzā Muḥammad Zamān Bukhārī, محیط التواریخ [Muḥīṭ al-Tawārīkh]:

[It was] as if bubbles were coming from the sea to its lips.


مگر

Borrowed from Classical Persian مگر (magar, “but, unless, perhaps”), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭫 𐭧𐭲 (ʾl ḥt /ma agar/, “perhaps; lest (lit. not if)”).


sebbene

Sebbene facesse molto freddo, uscii.


jakoby

Zapewnienia, jakoby barbarzyńskie elity gardziły złotem, pozwoliła skorygować archeologia.

2004, Karol Modzelewski, Barbarzyńska Europa:

Archeology has allowed for the correction of claims that barbarian elites supposedly scorned gold.

introduces a subordinate clause expressing the speaker's doubt or disbelief: as if, that supposedly


wa

Cognate to Silt'e [script needed] (-wa:).


wa

East Semitic:

Akkadian: 𒅇 (U₃ /u/)

West Semitic:

Central Semitic:

Arabic: وَ (wa)

Northwest Semitic:

Aramaic: וְ־ (wə-)

Classical Syriac: ܘ- (wə-)

Canaanite:

Hebrew: וְ־ (wə-)

Phoenician: 𐤅- (w-)

Punic: 𐤅- (w-)

Ugaritic: 𐎆 (wa-)

Old South Arabian:

Hadrami: 𐩥- (w-)

Minaean: 𐩥- (w-)

Qatabanian: 𐩥- (w-)

Sabaean: 𐩥- (w-)

Modern South Arabian:

Mehri: w-, wə-, əw-

Shehri: b-

Soqotri: wə-

Ethiopian Semitic:

Northern Ethiopian Semitic:

Ge'ez: ወ- (wä-)

→ Amharic: ወ- (wä-)

Tigre: ወ- (wä-)

desc

⇒ Tigrinya: ውን (wən, “and”, coordinates two clauses), ወይ (wäy, “or”)

Southern Ethiopian Semitic:

Gurage: -ወ (-wä)

Harari: ዋ (wa)


і

From Proto-Slavic *i, from Proto-Indo-European *ei, an early locative singular determiner, formed from the root *h₁e-, *h₁o-. Compare Ancient Greek εἰ (ei, “if”), Gothic 𐌴𐌹 (ei, “and, so that, be it”). Follows from ablative Proto-Indo-European *ed.


і

From Old Ukrainian и (i), from Proto-Slavic *i, from Proto-Indo-European *ei, an early locative singular determiner, formed from the root *h₁e-, *h₁o-. Compare Greek εἰ (ei, “if”), Gothic 𐌴𐌹 (ei, “and, so that, be it”). Follows from ablative Proto-Indo-European *ed.

та

used between a vowel and then a consonant


nen

Fala: nin

Galician: nin

Portuguese: nem

Porend a ſant eſcritura que non mente nen erra nos conta un gn̈ miragre que fez en Engra terra. A uirgen ſanta maria.

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 6 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/067.html] facsimile])

However, the Holy Scripture, which doesn’t lie nor err, tells of a great miracle that Virgin Holy Mary worked in England.

nor (introduces each except the first term of a series, indicating that none of them is true)


でも

でも、私はそう思わない。


'cos

Should five per cent appear too small, Be thankful I don't take it all, 'Cos I'm the Taxman, Yeah, I'm the Taxman.

1991, Alan Aldridge, The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics, page 69:

(British) Informal spelling of 'cause (“because”).


telkens als

Telkens als ik op de deur klop, hoor ik iets raars.

Every time I knock on the door, I hear something weird.


telkens wanneer

Telkens wanneer ik dat hoor, denk ik terug aan toen.

Every time I hear that I think back to that time.


jako

Czech: jako

Denotes desired result; such, so; in order to


jako

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

etydate

introduces relative temporal clause; when


niku

Niku meijen vahti.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:

Sanan merkitöstä tämä vokaloin muuttumiin ei muuta, niku tekkööt lyhhyet ja pität vokalat […].

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 9:

This change of the vowels doesn't change the meaning of the word the way short and long vowels do […] .


და

From Old Georgian და (da), from Proto-Georgian-Zan *da-.


потому что

head

потому́ что • (potomú što)

потому́ что (canonical)
potomú što (romanization)

Ru-потому что.ogg

* See потому́ (potomú) and что (što). A possible English gloss is "by the fact that".


если

если • (jesĺi)

если толат, ойлем


если

е́сли • (jésli)

→ Eastern Mari: если (jesĺi)

[ˈjes⁽ʲ⁾lʲɪ]

Borrowed from Old Ruthenian єсли (jesli) around XVI, from Old Polish jestli, jesli. By surface analysis, есть (jestʹ) + ли (li).

surf

Я бы пошёл в кино́, е́сли бы у меня́ бы́ло вре́мя.

I would have gone to the cinema if I had had time.

Ja by pošól v kinó, jésli by u menjá býlo vrémja.

а е́сли

е́сли и

е́сли то́лько

Если б знали вы, как мне дороги
Подмосковные вечера.

1956, “Подмосковные вечера (Moscow Suburban Evenings)”, Mikhail Matusovsky (lyrics), Vasily Solovyov-Sedoi (music):

If ye would know, how dear [they are] to me
The Moscow suburban nights.

Jesli b znali vy, kak mne dorogi
Podmoskovnyje večera.


けど

Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Clipping of けれど (keredo, “although, but”), itself a clipping of older and longer form けれども (keredomo).
First attested in 1732.

clipping

けどさあ、よく考えてみたらキモくね？

Kedo sā, yoku kangaete mitara kimoku ne?

But when you think about it though, isn't it kinda disgusting?


由於

/joʊ̯³⁵ y³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ jyː⁵⁵/

/iu²⁴⁻²² u⁴⁴/

/iu²⁴⁻²² ɯ³³/

/iu²³⁻³³ i²³/

/iu¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ i²⁴/

/iu²³⁻³³ u²³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ u²⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ i³³/

/ɦiɤ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

/joʊ̯³⁵ y³⁵/

/jɐu̯²¹ jyː⁵⁵/

/iu²⁴⁻²² u⁴⁴/

/iu²⁴⁻²² ɯ³³/

/iu²³⁻³³ i²³/

/iu¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ i²⁴/

/iu²³⁻³³ u²³/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ u²⁴/

/iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ i³³/

/ɦiɤ²² ɦy⁴⁴/


чтоб

head

чтоб • (štob)

что́бы чтобы#Russian


kuin

Hän oli kuin ei olisi huomannut mitään.

He behaved as if he hadn't noticed anything.

(subordinating) as if [with conditional]

niin kesällä kuin talvella

niin kesällä, kuin myös talvella

In the structure niin ... kuin ...: ... as well as ...

kuin kesällä myös talvella

In the structure kuin ... myös ...: ... as well as ...


如果

/ʐu³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/jyː²¹ kuː³⁵/

/y⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lɯ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/zu²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zu¹³⁻²² ko⁵³/

/d͡zi²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kua⁵²/

/d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kũã⁵²/

/ʐu³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/jyː²¹ kuː³⁵/

/y⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uo³³/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² ko⁵³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lɯ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/zu²³⁻³³ kɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zu¹³⁻²² ko⁵³/

/d͡zi²⁴⁻³³ ko⁵³/

/d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kua⁵²/

/d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kũã⁵²/

如果天氣允許的話

如果天气允许的话

If something sounds too good to be true it probably is.

Rúguǒ yī jiàn shìqíng hǎo dào bù xiàng shì zhēn de, duōbàn bù shì zhēn de.

如果一件事情好到不像是真的，多半不是真的。

If you think of going anywhere tomorrow, let me know.

Rúguǒ nǐ míngtiān xiǎng shàng nǎr qù, jiù gēn wǒ shuō yīshēng.

如果你明天想上哪兒去，就跟我說一聲。

如果你明天想上哪儿去，就跟我说一声。


чтобы

что́бы • (štóby)

что́бы (canonical)
štóby (romanization)
or the infinitive (with-subjunctive)

that...should (indicates the subjunctive)

Невозмо́жно, что́бы она́ э́то сде́лала

It’s impossible that she should have done this; She could not possibly have done this.

что́бы быть во́время

что́бы я не забы́л


mutta

From muu (“other”), either based on the abessive singular form (muutta, as if "without something else", "not to mention something else"), the partitive singular form (muuta: "something else"; the -uu- would have first been shortened and the final vowel elided, thus mut(t) with reanalysis as mutta) or (rejected by SKRK) from the -tta suffix indicating adverbs of manner ("regarding something else"). Compare Ingrian mut, Karelian muuta.

Near-synonym: vaan

Olisin halunnut lähteä heidän mukaansa, mutta en ehtinyt.

I would have wanted to go with them, but I didn't have the time.

Hän on nyt työmatkalla mutta palaa huomenna.

He is on a business trip right now, but will come back tomorrow.

Se ruoka on hyvää mutta myös terveellistä.

Mutta kuvittelepa maailma, jossa ei olisi ilmastonmuutosta.

But imagine, if you like, a world where climate change did not exist.

(coordinating) but (introducing a clause contrary to prior belief or in contrast with the preceding clause or sentence)

Near-synonym: vaan

Kirja ei ollut paras lukemani, mutta ihan hyvä.

The book wasn't the best I have read, but (still) pretty good.

(coordinating) but (however/still/at least) (introducing a word or clause in contrast or contradiction with the preceding negative clause or sentence, but in such a way that the preceding clause is not wholly rejected)


हम

Borrowed from Classical Persian هم (ham), from Middle Persian hm (ham), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (hama), from Proto-Iranian *hamHáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós. Doublet of सम (sam), a Sanskrit borrowing. Cognate of English same.


kunnes

From the pronominal stem ku- (also in kuka and kun) + -nnes, a terminative suffix. Compare Ingrian kunis and dialectal sinnes, the adverbial sublative suffix -nne and the adverbial lative suffix -s.

Osoitamme mieltämme kunnes saamme tahtomme läpi.

We will demonstrate until our demands will be accepted.


та

From the pronoun Bulgarian то (to, “it”) (cognate with English that), possibly from its abl. sg. form *tōd. Applied in a similar logic as English so that.

Пил студена вода, та се простудил.

[He] drank cold water and thus [he] caught a cold.

Та се почна.

Той бе тънък та висок.


та

Old Ruthenian: та (ta)

Belarusian: та (ta)

Carpathian Rusyn: та (ta)

Ukrainian: та (ta)

→ Polish: ta (dialectal)

→ Slovak: ta (dialectal)

Russian: та (ta) (dialectal)

From Proto-Slavic *ta. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic та (ta).


та

→ Polish: ta

uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ta. May be related with Serbo-Croatian te.

Пий, та не напива́йся.


hogy

From Proto-Uralic *kuńćɜ, from *ku (“interrogative stem”). Cognates include Komi-Zyrian кыдз (kydź, “how”), Eastern Mari кузе (kuze, “how”), perhaps Finnish konsa (“when”).

Látom, hogy itt vagy.

Láttam, hogy jössz.

I saw you coming. (literally, “I saw that you "are" coming.”)

Nem tudom, (hogy) akar-e jönni.

Nem tudom, (hogy) mikor akar jönni.

I don't know when s/he wants to come. (literally, “I don't know that when s/he wants to come.”)

(followed by indicative mood, used with -e or a question word, often omitted) if, whether (or not translated)

Mondtam neki, hogy maradjon otthon.

I told him/her to stay at home. (literally, “I told him/her that he/she stay [imperative] at home.”)

(followed by subjunctive/imperative mood, occasionally omitted) to (expressing imperative in reported speech)

Átmegyek a másik szobába, hogy ne zavarjalak.

I'll go to the other room so I don't disturb you.

Azért megyek át a másik szobába, hogy ne zavarjalak.

I'll go to the other room so that I don't disturb you.

(followed by subjunctive/imperative mood, optionally preceded by azért, abból a célból or avégett) so, so that, so as to, in order to, in order that (specifying the aim or goal of an action)


lan

> Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan) (inherited)

→ Balinese: ᬮᬦ᭄ (lan)

Probably from earlier len, lyan (“other, different”), inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lian (“to change appearance”).


eftersom

Eftersom han arbejdede hårdt, fik han en forfremmelse.

Since he worked hard, he got a promotion.


eftersom

[²ˈɛ̞fːt̪əˌʂɔm]

From Old Swedish æptir sum. By surface analysis, efter (“after”) + som (“like”).

surf

Men eftersom du ändå är hans farmor, tycker jag nog, att du har rätt i det.

1926, Hjalmar Bergman, Farmor och Vår Herre:

But still since you are his grandmother, I do think that you have a point.


ak

Its usage as meaning "with" and "and" is modelled after usage of similar terms in substrate languages.http://books.google.com/books?id=11jHBcTTYWEC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=haitian+creole+substrate+languages&source=bl&ots=alL7ZZBqWU&sig=uYsZHspDcbkvIXm8C2zQdpyNWME&hl=en&ei=jvmcTZnzEYv6sAOH2sXcDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Its phonological form might be from French avec (“with”) or Wolof ak or both.


ak

Its usage as meaning "with" and "and" is modelled after usage of similar terms in substrate languages.http://books.google.com/books?id=11jHBcTTYWEC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=haitian+creole+substrate+languages&source=bl&ots=alL7ZZBqWU&sig=uYsZHspDcbkvIXm8C2zQdpyNWME&hl=en&ei=jvmcTZnzEYv6sAOH2sXcDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Its phonological form might be from French avec (“with”) or Wolof ak or both; in the former case, it is a doublet of avèk.

Anvwaye espesyal Etazini pou Venezuela, Elliot Abrams, ak vis-minis afè etranjè Larisi, Sergei Ryabkov, ap fè reyinyon nan vil Wòm ann Itali pou yo pale sou “sityasyon Venezuela kap agrave.”

2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik:

American Special Envoy for Venezuela Elliot Abrams and Russian Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Ryabkov are meeting in the city of Rome, Italy to speak about "the worsening situation in Venezuela."


ak

From Proto-Germanic *ak. Cognate with Old English ac, Gothic 𐌰𐌺 (ak), Old High German oh.


ak

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ak
Old English: ac, ah, oc
Middle English: ac, ak, ah, ach, oc, occ, ok, auh, auch, auȝ
English: ac, ake
Scots: ac
Old Frisian: *ak, *ok
Saterland Frisian: uk
West Frisian: ek
Old Saxon: ak
Old Dutch: *ak, *ok, *oh
>? Middle Dutch: och
Old High German: oh
Middle High German: och, ouch
German: auch (partially)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺 (ak)

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *h₁o-ge, demonstrative *h₁e- + emphatic *ge.


ak

Old English: ac, ah, oc

desc

Middle English: ac, ak, ah, ach, oc, occ, ok, auh, auch, auȝ

English: ac, ake

Scots: ac

Old Frisian: *ak, *ok

Saterland Frisian: uk

West Frisian: ek

Old Saxon: ak

Old Dutch: *ak, *ok, *oh

>? Middle Dutch: och

Old High German: oh

Middle High German: och, ouch

German: auch (partially)


epe

→ Tocharian A: epe


kuha

Dropping of word-final, and in some cases syllable-final, n is fairly common in many dialects of Finnish.

Kuha ampuu hyvin, voitatte taistelun.

As long as they shoot well, you will win the battle.

(subordinating) Alternative form of kunhan (“as long as, provided”)


malli

Univerbation of ma’ + li, literally “with what”.


kur

From Proto-Baltic *kur, from the same Proto-Indo-European stem *kʷu-, *kʷo- as the interrogative pronoun kas (q.v.). Cognates include Lithuanian kur̃, Old Church Slavonic къде (kŭde) (cf. Russian где (gde)), Sanskrit कुह (kúha).

(a) subject:

ja slimnieks sūdzas par sāpēm pakrūtē, tad jānoskaidro, kur īsti sāp, vairāk pa labi... vai pa kreisi...

if the patient complains of chest pain, then (we) must find out where it really hurts, more to the right... or to the left...

vistrokšņainākā istaba redakcijā bija tā, kur strādāja lauksaimniecības nodaļas līdzstrādnieki

the noisiest room in the editorial office was the one where the associates of the agriculture department worked

gravu ienaidnieks uzskatīja par vietu, kur katrā ziņā vajag būt sapulcētiem uzbrūkošajiem spēkiem

the enemy considered a ravine a place where in all respects there must be assembled attacking forces

itin kā zemes trūktu, kur dārzu stādīt ― as if there was no land where to plant a garden

(e) direct object (e.g., reporting a question)

tātad taisnība un brīvība nav vis pavisam pazudušas: Jēkabs zina, kur tās paslēptas

so, truth and freedom were not completely lost: Jēkabs knew where they (were) hidden

sveicināti! vai jūs man neparādītu, kur dzīvo Dzenes? ― hello! wouldn't you (= would you please) show me where the Dzenes live?

(f) spatial (adverbial), locative or directional (including the combination kur (tik) vien) “wherever...”)

kur dūmi, tur siltums

where (there is) smoke, (there is also) heat

labi, labi! ņem sievu un bērnus un ej, kur esi nācis! OK, OK! get (your) wife and children and go (back) where you came from!

allaž gribas nokļūt tur, kur esmu jau bijis

(I) always feel like going where I have already been (before)

Andriksons stāvēja turpat, kur stāvējis, stīvs un mēms

Andriksons stood right there where he had stopped, stiff and speechless

kur vien Liena parādījās, tur skumjas bēga kā nakts no dienas

wherever Liena showed herself, there sadness ran (away) like the night from the day

kur tik vien māceklis pieķeras, visur notik klizma

wherever the apprentice tried to do something, accidents happened

lai kur tu dzīvotu, jaunais draugs, lai cik klusa būtu tava sēta, tu allaž sasniegsi draugus

wherever you may live, young friend, no matter how quiet your little ranch is, you will always obtain friends

viņš ir tik karsts un nikns... lai kur kāds runā, viņš tūdaļ pretī ar savu

he is so hot (= angry) and wild... wherever someone is speaking, he immediately reacts with his (comments, counterarguments)

where; used to introduce subordinate clauses indicating location and relating to elements of the main clause with various different functions:


että

From Proto-Finnic *että, from Proto-Uralic *e- (“this”) + -tta (suffix indicating manner). Cognate with Estonian et, Erzya эте (eťe), while the Uralic root is also found in Hungarian ez.

On hauskaa, että tulit.

Tiedän, että osaan tehdä sen.

Hän sanoi, että kaikki kääntyisi vielä parhain päin.

He said that things would still turn out fine.

that (conjunction indicating that the subordinate clause is the object of the verb of the main clause)

juoksi, että ei jalkoja näkynyt

ran (so fast) that you couldn't see the legs

Metelöin niin kovaa, että naapuri heräsi.

I made such a loud racket that the neighbor woke up.

Tiedän, että hän kärsi masennuksesta, mutta varmastikaan hän ei menisi niin pitkälle, että tappaisi itsensä?

I know he suffered from depression, but surely he wouldn't go so far as to (that [he] would) kill himself?

that (introducing a subordinate clause expressing a result, consequence or effect)

Ole onnellinen, että sinulla on katto pään päällä.

Be glad that you have a roof over your head.

that (introducing a subordinate clause expressing a reason or cause)

Jouduin maksamaan sakon siksi, että ajoin ylinopeutta.

because (when preceded by a particle like siksi; on its own archaic)

Vahdi kattilaa, ettei maito kiehu yli.

Watch the pot so that the milk won't boil over.

in order to, to, so that, that (as a means of achieving the specified end)

Ulkona on jo niin kylmä, että tarvitsee talvitakin.

It's already so cold outside that you need a winter coat.

that (introducing a subordinate clause modifying an adjective or adverb)

Jalanti kirjoitti, että »minusta on hyvin tärkeää, että hän on täällä kaiken varalta».

1994, Martti Turtola, Risto Ryti - elämä isänmaan puolesta, →ISBN:

Jalanti wrote that "I find it very important that he be here in case he is needed".

that (introducing a direct or an indirect quotation)

Jäin miettimään, että mitäköhän ihmettä taas oli tapahtunut?

I was left thinking what on earth had happened again.

Et voi tosissasi väittää, etteikö hän olisi yrittänyt.

You can't seriously claim that he didn't try.

(often informal) Used to introduce subordinate interrogative clauses.

Että täälläkö ei saisi kuvata!

So (you're saying that) I can't film here!

Vai että sitä ollaan oltu taas juhlimassa.

(emphatic) Used to introduce a clause, particularly when asking to confirm something someone else said, or when expressing a conclusion one has come to.

Voi että osaa ihminen olla itsepäinen!

Että joku voi tehdä sellaista!

that (introducing an exclamation expressing a strong emotion such as sadness or surprise)


että

Estonian: et

Finnish: että

→ Northern Sami: ahte

Ingrian: etti

Võro: et, õt

Votic: etti, ette, (Kattila) että


oszt

Shortened from aztán (“then”), often spelled with an apostrophe: oszt’.


bila

Bila dia gelak, dia mesti tersenyum lebar.

When he laughs, he always has a wide smile.

(proscribed) Alternative form of apabila.


howbeit

Univerbation of how + be + it, literally “however it [may] be”.

The Ueynes are ſpred foorth throughout the whole bodie, howbeit from one welhead, that is to ſay from the Liuer: ſo be the Sinews, howbeit from the Brayne; So likewiſe are the Heartſtrings, howbeit from the Heart.

1587, Philip of Mornay [i.e., Philippe de Mornay], “That there is but Onely One God”, in Philip Sidney, Arthur Golding, transl., A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, […], London: […] [John Charlewood and] George Robinson for Thomas Cadman, […], →OCLC, page 18:

Howbeit we have not yet been able to overtake young Madam, we may account it ſome good fortune, that we have hitherto traced her courſe aright.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:


xa

From Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam.

Xa ri, xa chora.

Sometimes they laugh, other times they cry.


és

From e (“this”).
Doublet of is (“too, even, again”).

Coordinate term: vagy


sula

From Old Irish sul (“before”) and the relative particle a. sul is a fused form of the conjunction Old Irish resíu (“before”) and Old Irish ro- (verbal prefix).

Téigh sula ndéanfaidh mé é.

Sula ndearna mé é, tháinig mé amach.

sular

used with the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs


utan

Eg gidd ikkje å gjera dette utan at du tek eit tak sjølv.

I'll not bother to do this unless you lend a helping hand.


utan

Huset är inte rött utan blått


мед

From Proto-Permic *mɛd. Cognate with Komi-Permyak мед (med) and Udmurt мед (med).


vana

ვანა ვანა#Laz


arba

ar̃ (“and”) + bà (“for”). Related to older aba.


nar

Na speen to be multh, nar flaase to be shaure.

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:

no teat to be milked, nor fleece to be shorn.

y'ast, bie ractzom o'honde, ee-delt t'ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 16-18:

you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that.

Ye state na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,'

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 1-2:

The condition, this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation,


व

Borrowed from Classical Persian وَ (wa), from Arabic وَ (wa). Cognate with Marathi व (va).

किताबें व पार्सल व काग़ज़


व

Borrowed from Classical Persian و (wa, u), from Arabic وَ (wa, “and”). Cognate with Hindi व (va).


kimi

From Proto-Turkic *kēp (“form, example, image”). Not cognate with kim (“who”). Cognate with Turkish gibi.

inh

Evə çatan kimi xəbər ver.

Arvad sözünü deyən kimi yox oldu.

2005, Arif Acaloğlu, Cəlal Bəydilli, edited by İsrafil Abbaslı, Əsatirlər, əfsanə və rəvayətlər, Baku: Şərq-Qərb, Mifoloji Rəvayət və əfsanələr, page 183:

As soon as the woman said what she had to say, she disappeared.

(used after present participle) as soon as


kiedy

(colloquial) when; if (under the condition that)


dlaczego

Polish: dlaczego

Silesian: dlŏczego

/dlʲaːt͡ʃʲɛɡɔ/

/dlʲɒt͡ʃʲɛɡɔ/

Univerbation of dla + czego, literally “for what”. First attested in the end of the fifteenth century.

etydate

Dvch boszy na myą, dlyaczego pomazal mya vzyawyacz vbogym (propter quod unxit me, evangelizare pauperibus misit me Luc 4, 18)

1928 [End of the fifteenth century], Jan Janów, editor, Zespół ewangelijny Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamoyskich nr 1116, Warsaw, page 307:

(attested in Masovia) that's why, so, ergo


pak

S druge pak strane, možda je u pravu.

To je pak drugačije.


gu

From Middle Irish go, from Old Irish co. Cognates include Irish go and Manx dy.

Tha mi a’ smaoineachadh gu bheil clann aca.

that; used with the dependent form of a verb to introduce a subordinate clause.


раз

раз йодат, ыштем


раз

>? Eastern Mari: раз (raz)

Inherited from Old East Slavic разъ (razŭ, “strike”), from Proto-Slavic *razъ. Cognate to рази́ть (razítʹ), ре́зать (rézatʹ). For the semantic shift, compare Polish raz.

inh+

Сади́сь, раз пришёл.

Раз он так сказа́л, зна́чит, так и бу́дет!

Since he said so, this is how it’s going to be!


oba

Middle High German: obe, ob, op

German: ob

Yiddish: אויב (oyb)


勿論

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/mɐt̚² lɵn²²/

/vəʔ¹¹ lən²³/

/u⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/mɐt̚² lɵn²²/

/vəʔ¹¹ lən²³/

(Wu) no matter (what, how, etc.); regardless of; whether


dég

Middle Irish: déig

From di (“from”) + fíach (“debt”), literally "from the debt of".

Lín a ḟertae maic Dé bí, ní·raisnedat cit ecnae, dég is du híic cech duini do·dechuid mo chlothruiri.

The number of the son of the living God's miracles, not even sages can tell, because it is for saving every person that my famous King has come.

Is díriuch a ndechor deg cinte persana.

Right is their difference since they define persons.

.i. dég ro·bói in spiurt nóib less.

That is, because the Holy Spirit has been with him.


weder

From Old High German wedar (“which of the two”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros.
Compare German weder (“neither”), Dutch weer (“again”), English whether, Icelandic hvor (“which”), Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 (ƕaþar, “which”).


weder

From Old High German wedar, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz; cognate with English whether and either.

weder Himmel noch Hölle


weder

From Old Dutch wethar, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros.


libo

Minä libo sinä.

2019, Tatjana Boiko, Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2rd edition, →ISBN, page 143:

Tulen huomei libo huomen еnjälles.

2018, Tatjana Boiko, Lʹudmila Markianova, Suuri Venʹa-Karjalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Russian-Karelian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 3rd edition, →ISBN, page 118:

I'll come tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.


kaya

Marami siyang ginawang trabaho, kaya pag-uwi niya'y nakatulog siya agad.

He'd done a lot of work, so as soon as he got home, he fell asleep instantly.


tere

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *teže, from Proto-Slavic *te + *že.


чем

лу́чше по́здно, чем никогда́

Чем языко́м трепа́ть, пошёл бы помо́г кому́-либо.

Rather than wagging your tongue, better go and help someone.

Čem jazykóm trepátʹ, pošól by pomóg komú-libo.


lagipula

Nonstandard form of lagi pula (“moreover”).


sehingga

so that; in order to
indicates purpose; with the result that

indicates purpose; in such a way that, with the intent that


walau

From Malay walau, from Arabic وَلَوْ (walaw, “albeit”).


karena

From Malay kerana, karena, from Classical Malay kerana, karena, karana, from Sanskrit कारण (kāraṇa, “cause; reason”), from vṛddhi derivative of करण (káraṇa). Doublet of kerani.


karena

An unadapted borrowing from Indonesian karena, preserving the schwa.


meskipun

Inherited from Malay meskipun. Equivalent to meski + pun.

though, even though, in spite of or despite the fact that: introducing a clause that expresses a concession


bahkan

From Malay bahkan, from Classical Malay بهکن (bahkan).


walaupun

Inherited from Malay walaupun. Equivalent to walau + pun.


atau

From earlier ataoe, from Malay atau (“or”), from Old Malay अथवा (athavā), from Pali atha vā (“or”), from Sanskrit अथो (atho) < अथवा (athavā, “or, rather”).


atau

Borrowed from Sanskrit अथवा (athavā, “or, rather”).

bor+

Pada sūltan atau pada mantrī-nia

1812, William Marsden, A Dictionary of the Malayan language in two parts, Malayan and English and English and Malayan, →OCLC, page 2:


supaya

From Malay supaya, from Old Javanese supaya, sopaya, probably from sa- + upāya (“aim, means, way, stratagem, craft”), compare to mopāya (“to use”), thus reconstructed as se- + upaya.


supaya

سوڤايا (Jawi)

Probably from sa- + upāya (“aim, means, way, stratagem, craft”)


hanya

hanja

van Ophuijsen (1901–1947); Republik/Soewandi (1947–1972)


tetapi

From Malay tetapi, from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


tetapi

From Malay tetapi, from Old Malay tathapi, from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi), तथा (tathā) + अपि (api).


tetapi

From Old Malay [script needed] (tathāpi) (attested in the Kota Kapur inscription), borrowed from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


kalau

‘’Saya geli kalau teringat masa sekolah dulu. Saya pernah dihukum oleh Bu Kunti (guru) gara-gara membiarkan teman-teman mbolos sekolah,’’ kata mantan ketua kelas yang kini tinggal di Jl Aster Condongcatur, Yogyakarta itu.

2018 March 29, “‘’Dulu, Kalau Ada Anak Merokok Ditamplek Mulutnya...’’ [‘’In the Past, If A Child Smokes, His Mouth is Glued...’’]”, in Suara Merdeka, archived from the original on 2018-10-26:

"I am amused when I recall my time at school. I was once punished by Mrs. Kunti (teacher) for letting my friends ditch school," said the former class leader who now lives in Jl Aster Condongcatur, Yogyakarta.


kalau

From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “occasion, circumstance, time”) + Arabic لَوْ (law, “if”), or alternatively from Hokkien 假如 (ká-lû, “if”).

der

Ungkapan panjang, ‘Kalau hendak kenal peribadi bangsa, renunglah pada bahasanya’ kerap kali juga kita dengar sepanjang hidup kita.

2016 September 15, Assim Hassan, “Kalau tidak kita, siapa lagi? [If not us, then who?]”, in Sinar Harian, archived from the original on 2016-09-16:

The expression, "If [somebody] wants to get to know the personality of a nation, look at their language," is often heard by us throughout our lives.


oþ

late 10th century, Ælfric, "On the Festival of Saint Peter the Apostle"
Hīe ēodon forþ ōþ þæt hīe cōmon tō ānum wīċe.

They kept walking until they came to a street.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
Sege us nu hwǣr se ealda hord sy þe þu digelice fundest and hine eall oþ nu bedyrndest...

Tell us now where the old treasure is which thou hast secretly found, and concealed it all until now?


lorsque

Lorsque j’étais jeune, mon meilleur ami était mon chat.

When I was young, my best friend was my cat.

2014, Indila, Égo
Pourquoi souffrir lorsqu’on peut s’aimer ?


tapi

Shortened form of ketapi, from Malay tetapi, from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


tapi

Shortened form of tetapi, from Malay tetapi, from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


tapi

Clipping of tetapi, from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


tur

murah tur ngeunah


sauf

Borrowed from Old French sauf, from Latin salvus, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós.


asal

Indonesian: asal

→ Ternate: asal

Etymology tree
Arabic أَصْل (ʔaṣl)bor.
Malay asalBorrowed from Arabic أَصْل (ʔaṣl). doublet of asli. Sense of interrogation extended from conjunction with overlap from elision of apa pasal or apasal from apa (“what”) + pasal (“cause, subject”).

etymon

as long as, only if, provided that, providing


ibu

From Proto-Germanic *jabai. Compare oba, whence modern German ob.


tengah

From Malay tengah (“center”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təŋaq.


außer

From Middle High German ūzer, from Old High German ūzar. More at aus. Cf. English outer, Norwegian uten-, ytre.

ausser

else obsolete or post-1996 hypercorrection

Sie können das Spiel nicht mehr gewinnen, außer wenn sie ein Wunder schaffen.

They can’t win the match anymore, except if they produce a miracle.

(standard) except; referring to a following clause or adverb

Keiner wollte mithelfen außer du und ich.

Nobody wanted to help except you and me.

Außer dich hab ich noch keinen gefragt.

Except for you I haven’t asked anyone so far.

(colloquial, otherwise nonstandard) except; referring to a noun phrase, which follows in the case suggested by the syntax of the clause


oleh

Inherited from Malay oleh, from Proto-Malayic *ulih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uliq.

by or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that

as is known, inferred, or determined from the fact that


ни

Това е ни в клин, ни в ръкав.

Тя ни знае, ни се интересува какво се е случило.

She neither knows nor cares what happened.

Tja ni znae, ni se interesuva kakvo se e slučilo.

used to show that a negative statement is true of two things; neither, nor


ни

Нема ни жена ни деца.


ни

From Proto-Slavic *ni (“nor, not”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *nei, from Proto-Indo-European *nei.


ни

Old Ruthenian: ни (ni)

Belarusian: ні (ni)

Carpathian Rusyn: ни (ny)

Ukrainian: ні (ni)

Russian: ни (ni)

From Proto-Slavic *ni. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic ни (ni).

ни правьдникъ [съставить сѧ] бес почитаниꙗ книжьнааго

nor [can] a righteous person [be built] without a reading of the books


ни

Inherited from Old East Slavic ни (ni), from Proto-Slavic *ni.

ни он, ни она́

ни ку́шает, ни спит


ни

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ni (“nor, not”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *nej, from Proto-Indo-European *ney. Compare ни-, не.

inh+

она није ни паметна ни(ти) марљива

ни трага ни гласа о ..

ни крив ни дужан


kalo

"Meski jauh datang dari Boja, gak masalah yang penting bisa belikan baju baru untuk anak saya buat Lebaran nanti. Soalnya, kalo sudah mepet hari Lebaran biasanya gak sempet lagi," ujarnya.

2018 June 6, Yulianto, “Bazar Ramadan di Balaikota Semarang Disambut Antusias Warga [Ramadan Bazaar at Semarang City Hall Welcomed by Enthusiastic Citizens]”, in Suara Merdeka, archived from the original on 2018-10-27:

"Even though it is far to come from Boja, it is not a problem, what's important is being able to buy new clothing for my son for Lebaran (Eid al-Fitr) later. The problem is, if/when it is already approaching the day for Lebaran, there is usually no chance anymore," she says.

(informal, colloquial) Alternative form of kalau (“if; when”)


kalo

(informal, colloquial) Alternative form of kalau (“if”)


anstatt

Anstatt mich anzurufen, ging er mit seinen Freunden ins Kino.

Instead of calling me, he went to the movies with his friends.


zat

Marie-Louise emerged from the girls' tent, wrapped in a fleece. She sat down by Jess. "It is wonderfool now zat Jodie is feelingue bettair," she said.

2009, Sue Limb, Girl, Barely 15: Flirting for England, page 195:

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of that (usually signifying a foreign accent, often French).


während

From the present participle während of währen (“to last, persist”), with resegmentation of währendes [noun], währender [noun], währendem [noun] as während des [noun], während der [noun], während dem [noun].


п.т.ч.

потому́ что
потому что#Russian

initialism of потому́ что (potomú što, “because”)


statt

Statt mich anzurufen, ging er mit seinen Freunden ins Kino.


cando

From Old Galician-Portuguese quando, from Latin quandō.


kasi

kasí (canonical)
kasî (canonical)
ᜃᜐᜒ (Baybayin)

Compare Paiwan kasi- (“from”), Cebuano kay (“because”).


anzi

From Latin antea, with the -i under influence of Italian anti (“before, in front of”) (from Latin ante) or from Latin antesic (from Latin ante + sic and used in the Peregrinatio Egeriae), or from a Vulgar Latin *antius, as a neuter comparative of ante. Compare Old French ains, Catalan ans. See also anziano.

or rather; or better still; or better yet; or even


almeno

Literally, “at the least”. Compare Spanish al menos, French au moins, Catalan almenys.

Almeno piovesse!


mara

mara (mutation mutation-radical)
mhara (lenition mutation)

Cois Fharraige form of mura (“if... not, unless”)


mara

მარა მარა#Laz


even if

I'm going to go for a picnic tomorrow even if it rains all day.

Even if you find one that has money and means to drill, he'll maybe know nothing about drilling.

2007 September 27, Paul Thomas Anderson, There Will Be Blood, spoken by Daniel Plainview (Daniel Day-Lewis), distributed by Paramount Vantage & Miramax Films:

Regardless of whether; irrespective of (something happening or being the case).

She is a leader, even if she has many enemies.


重要

/t͡sʊŋ²² jiːu̯³³/

/t͡sʊŋ²² jiːu̯³³/

Not only he is always late, he also does everything incorrectly.

keoi⁵ seng⁴ jat⁶ ci⁴ faan¹ dou¹ bat¹ dak⁶ zi², cung⁴ jiu³ zou⁶ me¹ dou¹ zou⁶ co³ saai³

佢成日遲返都不特只，重要做咩都做錯嗮

佢成日迟返都不特只，重要做咩都做错嗮

(Cantonese) Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 重, 要; and also


oir

From Old Irish óre, hóre, from Latin hōra.

Thog iad teine, oir bha an latha fuar.

They made a fire since the day was cold.


wati

Alcozauca Mixtec: chi

Chayuco Mixtec: vatyi

Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec: chi

San Juan Colorado Mixtec: tyin

San Miguel el Grande Mixtec: vachī

Tezoatlán Mixtec: chi̱

Yosondúa Mixtec: chi


還是

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai¹³⁻²² si²²/

/hũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/ɦe²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ɦue²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/xaɪ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩³/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/hai¹³⁻²² si²²/

/hũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/ɦe²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ɦue²² zz̩⁴⁴/

Do you want to eat Chinese food or Japanese food?

Nǐ yào chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ?

你要吃中國菜還是日本料理？

你要吃中国菜还是日本料理？

Whether you want Chinese or Japanese food, the buffet will have what you like.

Wúlùn nǐ xiǎng chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ, zìzhùcān dōu huì yǒu nǐ xǐhuān de.

無論你想吃中國菜還是日本料理，自助餐都會有你喜歡的。

无论你想吃中国菜还是日本料理，自助餐都会有你喜欢的。

For this trip, are you travelling by yourselves or with a tour group?

Nǐmen zhèicì lǚyóu shì zìzhù háishi gēntuánr a?

你們這次旅遊是自助還是跟團兒啊？

你们这次旅游是自助还是跟团儿啊？


tahi

Older/archaic variant of tai; see it for more.

(coordinating, now chiefly law, otherwise dialectal or archaic) or


sinon

Contraction of Middle French si non. Compare Catalan sinó, Portuguese senão.

Je ne sais pas grand-chose, sinon que je t’aime.

I don't know much, except that I love you.

Même si je perdais la plupart de mes livres, il m’en resterait au moins une centaine, sinon plus.

Even if I lost most of my books, I would still have at least a hundred, if not more.


jer

From an earlier jere, from the neuter form of Proto-Slavic *jь že. Compare Slovene ker.

Jer stalno ponavljaš jedno te isto.

'Cause you say the same thing over and over again. (literally, “Because you are repeating one and the same.”)

Svi su mrtvi jer su tražili mene.

They're all dead because they were looking for me.


γαρ

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek γάρ (gár).

lbor

(formal, archaistic) when introducing a new proposal : as well is

(colloquial or ironic) used to emphasize or highlight the faculty or the property of something or someone


când

Inherited from Latin quandō. Compare Aromanian cãndu.


γάρ

head

γᾰ́ρ • (gár)

grc-conjunction

γᾰ́ρ • (gár)

→ Aramaic: גיר

→ Coptic: ⲅⲁⲣ (gar)

Greek: γαρ (gar)


tí

Eg dugi ikki føroyskt, tí eg havi ikki verið í Føroyum.

I don't know Faroese for I have not been in the Faroes.

Eg dugi ikki føroyskt, av tí at eg ikki havi verið í Føroyum.

I don't know Faroese, because I have not been in the Faroes.


sive

From older seive, from sei (“if”) + -ve (“or”). Equivalent to sī (“if”) + -ve (“or”). Collateral form seu by apocope.

deus sive natura

Otium Vindelicum sive Meletematum Historico-philosophicorum Triga

1731, Johann Jakob Brucker, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

Augsburg Idleness, or, a Triga of Historico-Philosophical Essays


mut

Naapurikeeliin, suomen, viron ja vadjan keeliin kera iƶoran keeli ono siottu oman strukturan, fonettisen, äänisostavan, kautta, mut iƶoran keeleel ono suur yhtehös i karjalan keelen kera.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 3:

The Ingrian language is related to its neighbouring languages, Finnish, Estonian and Votic, through [its] own structure, that of phonetics, the inventory of sounds, but the Ingrian language has a strong connection with the Karelian language, too.


kad

Aš manau, kad ji graži.

Tupi angelai užsimerkę, kad nematytų ką darai.

Sitting angels closed their eyes so as not to see what you are doing.


kad

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kogъda, a compound of *ko (from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos) and *gъda, genitive singular of *godъ (compare Old Church Slavonic годъ (godŭ, “right time”)), thus originally meaning "at what time".

cog

Kad ćeš doći?

Ne znam kad ću stići na sastanak.

I don't know when I will arrive at the meeting.

Vjetar je prestao puhati baš kad je počelo kišiti.

The wind stopped blowing just when it began raining.

Kad bih samo imao malo više slobodnog vremena.

kad god

malo kad

kad-tad

sooner or later (literally, “when-then”)

(t)ko zna kad

used in miscellaneous phrases relating to time