ze

-ze (canonical)
endize (attributive first-person positive singular)
endingeze (attributive first-person negative singular)
ndize (attributive copulative first-person positive singular)
andize (attributive copulative first-person negative singular)
oze (attributive positive second-person singular)
ongeze (attributive negative second-person singular)
uze (attributive copulative positive second-person singular)
awuze (attributive copulative negative second-person singular)
esize (attributive first-person plural positive)
esingeze (attributive first-person negative plural)
size (attributive copulative first-person plural positive)
asize (attributive copulative first-person negative plural)
enize (attributive plural positive second-person)
eningeze (attributive negative plural second-person)
nize (attributive copulative plural positive second-person)
anize (attributive copulative negative plural second-person)
oze (attributive class-1 positive)
ongeze (attributive class-1 negative)
uze (attributive class-1 copulative positive)
akaze (attributive class-1 copulative negative)
abaze (attributive class-2 positive)
abangeze (attributive class-2 negative)
baze (attributive class-2 copulative positive)
abaze (attributive class-2 copulative negative)
oze (attributive class-3 positive)
ongeze (attributive class-3 negative)
uze (attributive class-3 copulative positive)
awuze (attributive class-3 copulative negative)
eze (attributive class-4 positive)
engeze (attributive class-4 negative)
ize (attributive class-4 copulative positive)
ayize (attributive class-4 copulative negative)
elize (attributive class-5 positive)
elingeze (attributive class-5 negative)
lize (attributive class-5 copulative positive)
alize (attributive class-5 copulative negative)
aze (attributive class-6 positive)
angeze (attributive class-6 negative)
aze (attributive class-6 copulative positive)
awaze (attributive class-6 copulative negative)
esize (attributive class-7 positive)
esingeze (attributive class-7 negative)
size (attributive class-7 copulative positive)
asize (attributive class-7 copulative negative)
ezize (attributive class-8 positive)
ezingeze (attributive class-8 negative)
zize (attributive class-8 copulative positive)
azize (attributive class-8 copulative negative)
eze (attributive class-9 positive)
engeze (attributive class-9 negative)
ize (attributive class-9 copulative positive)
ayize (attributive class-9 copulative negative)
ezize (attributive class-10 positive)
ezingeze (attributive class-10 negative)
zize (attributive class-10 copulative positive)
azize (attributive class-10 copulative negative)
oluze (attributive class-11 positive)
olungeze (attributive class-11 negative)
luze (attributive class-11 copulative positive)
aluze (attributive class-11 copulative negative)
obuze (attributive class-14 positive)
obungeze (attributive class-14 negative)
buze (attributive class-14 copulative positive)
abuze (attributive class-14 copulative negative)
okuze (attributive class-15 positive)
okungeze (attributive class-15 negative)
kuze (attributive class-15 copulative positive)
akuze (attributive class-15 copulative negative)
okuze (attributive class-17 positive)
okungeze (attributive class-17 negative)
kuze (attributive class-17 copulative positive)
akuze (attributive class-17 copulative negative)


ze

-zé (canonical)
engize (first-person positive singular)
engingeze (first-person negative singular)
ngize (copulative first-person positive singular)
angize (copulative first-person negative singular)
oze (positive second-person singular)
ongeze (negative second-person singular)
uze (copulative positive second-person singular)
awuze (copulative negative second-person singular)
esize (first-person plural positive)
esingeze (first-person negative plural)
size (copulative first-person plural positive)
asize (copulative first-person negative plural)
enize (plural positive second-person)
eningeze (negative plural second-person)
nize (copulative plural positive second-person)
anize (copulative negative plural second-person)
oze (class-1 positive)
ongeze (class-1 negative)
uze (class-1 copulative positive)
akaze (class-1 copulative negative)
abaze (class-2 positive)
abangeze (class-2 negative)
baze (class-2 copulative positive)
abaze (class-2 copulative negative)
oze (class-3 positive)
ongeze (class-3 negative)
uze (class-3 copulative positive)
awuze (class-3 copulative negative)
eze (class-4 positive)
engeze (class-4 negative)
ize (class-4 copulative positive)
ayize (class-4 copulative negative)
elize (class-5 positive)
elingeze (class-5 negative)
lize (class-5 copulative positive)
alize (class-5 copulative negative)
aze (class-6 positive)
angeze (class-6 negative)
aze (class-6 copulative positive)
awaze (class-6 copulative negative)
esize (class-7 positive)
esingeze (class-7 negative)
size (class-7 copulative positive)
asize (class-7 copulative negative)
ezize (class-8 positive)
ezingeze (class-8 negative)
zize (class-8 copulative positive)
azize (class-8 copulative negative)
eze (class-9 positive)
engeze (class-9 negative)
ize (class-9 copulative positive)
ayize (class-9 copulative negative)
ezize (class-10 positive)
ezingeze (class-10 negative)
zize (class-10 copulative positive)
azize (class-10 copulative negative)
oluze (class-11 positive)
olungeze (class-11 negative)
luze (class-11 copulative positive)
aluze (class-11 copulative negative)
obuze (class-14 positive)
obungeze (class-14 negative)
buze (class-14 copulative positive)
abuze (class-14 copulative negative)
okuze (class-15 positive)
okungeze (class-15 negative)
kuze (class-15 copulative positive)
akuze (class-15 copulative negative)
okuze (class-17 positive)
okungeze (class-17 negative)
kuze (class-17 copulative positive)
akuze (class-17 copulative negative)


seit

From Middle High German sīt, from Old High German sīd, from Proto-Germanic *sīþuz. Akin to Old Saxon sīd, Old English sīþ. Related to Dutch sedert and sinds.

Vierzig mal 365 Tage und dazu noch die Schalttage waren verstrichen, seit Dorothee unter den Apfelbäumen Burkahnens über ihr Leben entschieden hatte.

1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, “Aus dem Lande der Ostseeritter”, in Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun., page 106:

Forty times 365 days and in addition the leap days had passed since Dorothee had decided her future life under the apple trees of Burkahnen.

Eine davon ist die sieben Jahre alte Melina. Ihre Mutter ist sehr stolz und macht gerade Bilder von ihr. „Ich tanze schon, seit ich drei oder vier bin“, erzählt Melina.

2023 March 24, Anonym, “Herzklopfen beim Casting für die große Bühne”, in General-Anzeiger, page 26:

One of them is seven-year-old Melina. Her mother is very proud and is taking pictures of her. “I’ve danced since I was three or four”, Melina says.


ĉar

Borrowed from French car (“because”), ultimately from Latin quārē. Compare archaic Spanish car.


och

From Old Swedish ock, ok, from Old Norse ok, unstressed variant of Proto-Germanic *auk (“also”). Cognate with Norwegian and Danish og, Dutch ook, German auch, and English eke. The unusual spelling with the digraph ch may have been to avoid confusion with the now dated ock (“too, also”).

Jag gillar hundar och katter.

and; used to connect two homogeneous (similar) words or phrases

äpplen, apelsiner och päron

and; used to denote the last item of a list

Två och tre är fem.

Jag sitter och läser.

used to connect two finite verbs to denote that the two actions are performed at the same time, often used similarly to the gerund in other languages

Ska vi gå och bada?

to; in order to; used to connect two finite verbs to denote that the first is done in order to be able to do the second

Och det vart afton, och det vart morgon, den andra dagen.

And there was evening and there was morning, the second day.

(poetic) introduces a main clause which somehow is bound to a previous clause


vissi

Hon kemur, vissi bussurin koyrir.


directly

Tenderly, reluctantly, he took his leave of her, promising that he would contact her directly he got back, perhaps in ten days or so.

1982, Lawrence Durrell, Constance (Avignon Quintet), Faber & Faber, published 2004, page 725:

He is to go to Calais, directly this is over, to replace Lord Berners as governor [...].

2009, Hilary Mantel, Wolf Hall, Fourth Estate, published 2010, page 463:

(chiefly British) As soon as; immediately (elliptical for directly that/as/when)


koska

Proto-Finnic *kos + -ka; equivalent to ko- + -s + -ka; the s-lative singular of ko- (from Proto-Uralic *ku- ~ *ko-) with the interrogative particle -ka. Compare dialectal Erzya [script needed] (kosk), [script needed] (kosko, “when”).

Koska et soittanut, lähdimme ilman sinua.

Since you didn't call, we left without you.

Koska meillä on joulu, juhla armas lapsien, eikä rasita koulu, syyt’ on olla iloinen!

Because we have the midwinter festival now, ...

Koska sä oot ylivoimainen.


bc

Alternative form: b/c

(Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of because.


quasi

From Latin quasi. The final -i hints towards the word being borrowed or semi-learned, but it's not uncommon for Italian to shift final -e to -i (cf. avanti, dieci, tardi, etc.).

dà continuamente ordini quasi fosse lui il padrone

he continually gives orders as if he were the boss


quasi

Old Venetian: asques (Trevignano), squasio

Old Lombard: quaxe

Old Occitan: quaisses, cais

Old Catalan: quaix

Old Galician-Portuguese: acais

Sicilian: quasi, squasi

→ Asturian: cuasi

→ Dutch: quasi

→ English: quasi

→ Esperanto: kvazaŭ

→ French: quasi

→ Galician: case

→ German: quasi

→? Italian: quasi

→ Portuguese: quase

→ Romanian: quasi, Romanian: cvasi

→ Spanish: casi

Univerbation of quam (“how, as”) + sī (“if”) with clitic shortening of the first vowel and iambic shortening of the second.

univ

quasi vērō nesciam!


lai

Traditionally, lai is derived from the imperative form of the verb laist (“to allow, to permit”) (quod vide): laid → lai, an evolution reminiscent of Russian пускай (puskaj), пусть (pustʹ, “let, so be”) from пускать (puskatʹ, “to allow, to permit”). The form laid is indeed attested as a conjunction in the earliest sources. This view, however, has been recently criticized on the basis that Latvian lai, Lithuanian laĩ are clearly related to Old Prussian -lai, which is added to (usually infinitive) verbs to indicate volitive or conditional mood. This suggests a Proto-Baltic form *lai, probably related to the final -le of Latvian reinforcing particles jele ~ jel, nule, and (dialectal) nele, and to Old Prussian -le, apparently a variant of -lai. This *le would then have the same origin as Proto-Slavic *li (compare Polish li (“only”) Russian ли (li)), with cognates in other languages (Albanian, Tocharian) from a basic Proto-Indo-European *l-. After this criticism, the relationship between lai and laist has become unclear. Maybe Proto-Indo-European *l- was an old verb, or maybe laist was derived from an older particle.

lai varētu labāk pārredzēt apkārtni, bija jāuzkāpj tornī

in order to be able to see the surroundings better, it was necessary to climb the tower

kad viņa, laimīgi smiedamās, pacēla savu glāzi, lai saskandinātu ar viesiem, es noraudzījos ar klusu skaudību

when she, laughing happily, lifted her glass, in order to clink glasses with the visitors, I watched with quiet envy

gājējiem jāraugās, lai dēļa vaļējais gals neiesistu pa pieri

the passers-by must be careful, so that the free end of the log does not hit them on the forehead

apģērbam un apaviem jābūt ērtiem, lai tie netraucētu kustības

clothes and shoes must be comfortable, so that they don't disturb (one's) movement

kafiju nedrīkst vārīt, lai tā nezaudētu aromātu

coffee should not be boiled, so that it doesn't lose its aroma

es mācos tikai tāpēc, lai labāk noderētu lielajā cīņā

I learn only so that I can serve better in the great fight

studēt es gribu tikai tādēļ, lai pati vairāk zinātu un lai iegūtās zināšanas varētu atdot citiem

I want to study only so that I will know more and so that the knowledge gained can be given to others

with the conditional, indicating purpose, sometimes cause; sometimes correlating with tāpēc, tādēļ in the main clause; so that, in order to, in order that

lai cīņas būs grūtas, mēs uzvarēsim

though the fight will be difficult, we will win

un, lai ļaudis sacījuši ko sacīdami, jaunā sieva katru sliktu vārdu atvairījusi

and, although the people said what(ever) they wanted, the young wife deflected every bad word

pēc teātra Vilis Virpuls palika uz deju, lai gan nekad nedejoja

after the theater Vilis Virpuls stayed at the dance, even though he never danced

viņš atbrauca ātri, lai gan ceļš bija slikts

he came quickly, although the road was bad

lai arī dārzs ir mazliet nolaists, tas tomēr ir skaists

although the garden is a little neglected, it still is beautiful

indicating concession, especially in the combinations lai gan, lai arī; though, although, even though

viņa bija viņam iedvesusi ticību, ka viņš skatīs sauli, lai arī cik grūti būtu pašreiz

she had inspired in him the belief that he would look at the sun, no matter how difficult this would be now

mēs visi būsim kopā, lai kā mums kuram ies

we will all be together, no matter how it goes for us

lai vai kā, es tomēr runāšu

no matter how (= whatever happens), I will still speak

lai kur kāds runā, viņš tūdaļ pretī ar savu

wherever someone speaks, he immediately (goes) against him with his (words, opinions)

lai nu tālu, tomēr kādos svētkos raudzīšu attikt

however far (it may be), I will still try to be at the celebration

indicating strong concession, in combination with arī, nu, vai and with interrogative pronouns like cik, kāds, kurš, kas, kur; no matter how, which, who, what, where; however, wherever, whichever, whoever, whatever, wherever

zīlītes vairs negaidīja, lai Ilzīte viņas baro
the titmice no longer waited for Ilzīte to feed them

nē, viņa lūdza, lai es apturu mašīnu

vai nevajadzētu paziņot, lai atbrauc viņa piederīgie?

couldn't (you) have informed (us) that his people would come back?

bērnu stomatoloģiskajā poliklīnikā galvenokārt rūpējas par to, lai zobi tiktu savlaicīgi salaboti

in the children's dental clinic, one cares primarily that the (children's) teeth will be repaired in time

after certain verbs, introducing a direct object clause; that, for ... to, to

runā, lai var ko saprast

speak so that (= in such a way that) one can understand something

lampu novietu tā, lai gaisma krīt no augšas un kreisās puses

the lamp (is) placed in such a way that the light falls from the top and (from) the left side

tu centies to pateikt saudzīgi, tā, lai mani nesāpinātu

you try to say it gently, in such a way that it won't hurt me

indicating manner and/or purpose, usually correlating with an adverb like tā (“like that”) in the main clause; so that, such that, in such a way that

pie debesīm stāvēja pusmēness, izplatīdams pietiekošu krēslu, lai celiņu uz riju varētu redzēt

on the sky (there) was a half moon, spreading enough light (lit. dawn), so that one could see the little path to the barn

aitas bijušas tik vājas, lai vējš apgāztu

the sheep were so weak that the wind (would) turn them over

zemnieki bija pārāk iebaidīti, lai nakts laikā rādītos ārpus mājām

the peasants were too intimidated to show themselves outside during the night

nebija vēl noadīti tik biezi cimdi, lai tagad, laukā braucot, nesaltu rokas

(one) had not yet knit such thick gloves that, going out now, (one's) hands wouldn't freeze

indicating consequence, especially with tik (“so (much)”), pārāk (“too much”) and an adjective or participle in the main clause; so that, so ... that, too (much) ... for, to, that


gin

Cognate to Scots gin (“if”): perhaps from gi(v)en, or a compound in which the first element is from Old English ġif (English if) and the second is cognate to English an (“if”) (compare iffen), or perhaps from again.

[…]for pronouncing according as one would ſay at London I would eat more cheeſe if I had it, the Northern man ſaith, Ay ſuld eat mare cheeſe gin ay hadet, and the Weſterne man ſaith Chud eat more cheeſe an chad it.

1605, Richard Verstegan, Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, in Antiquities: Concerning the Most Noble, and Renowned English Nation:

Gin the plough rests on the bank, / The loom, the nation, dies.

An' gin I'm weel and can keep sober / You may look for it in October.

1809, Thomas Donaldson, Poems, section 76:

He's get han' and siller, / Gin he fancies me.

1815, Robert Anderson, Ballads in the Cumberland dialect, page 152:

yon felley at Barleigh has wrote farrantly (fairly) to my naunt; gin Robin could bur see ť letter he'd foind no fawt wi' me.

1860, J. P. K. Shuttleworth, Scarsdale; Or, Life on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Border, Thirty Years Ago, page 158:

Wheeah, Ah thinks thee could, gin ye tried.

1870, John Christopher Atkinson, Lost; or, What came of a slip from 'honour bright'., page 19:

"Aw'd never ha slept i' mi bed gin that little un had bin dreawnded, an' me lookin' on loike a stump. Neay; that lass wur Bess, moi wench. We'n no notion wheer th' lad's mother is." Mr. Clough would have pressed the money upon him, but he put it back with a motion of his han.

1876, Mrs. George Linnaeus Banks, The Manchester Man, page 15:

[…] gin schoo sets off in a tantrum an' flaah's t'mistress wiv her blutherin […]

(chiefly Scotland, Northern England, Southern US, Appalachia) If.


gin

Cognate to dialectal English gin (“if”), which see for more.

Gin A war ye, A wad gang.

Then says the squire,
Gin that be all your fear,
She sanna want a man, for want of gear.
A thousand pounds a year, well burthen free,
I mak her sure of, gin she'll gang with me.

1778, Alexander Ross, Fortunate Shepherdess, page 124:


gin

Gin we have no mo' maate, it maakes no mo' matter,

1927, “THE FORTH MAN'S GRACE AFTER A SCANTY DINNER”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 137, line 3:

[If we have no more meat, it makes no more matter,]


soit

From Latin sĭt, third-person singular present subjunctive of sum.

3 en janvier, 4 en février, 5 en mars ; soit un total de 12.

3 in January, 4 in February, 5 in March ; or a total of 12.


soit

Il veut adopter un animal de compagnie, soit un chat, soit un chien.

He wants to adopt a pet, either a cat, or a dog.

Je lui ai dit que j’aimerais reprendre un de mes vieux passe-temps, soit jouer du piano, soit apprendre une langue.

I told him I want to take up one of my old hobbies again, be that playing the piano or learning a language.


wherein

From Middle English wherin; equivalent to where- + in.

Defile not therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I dwell: for I the Lord dwell among the children of Israel.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 35:34:

As she went through the woods where the primroses and the whitethorn were blossoming, the place seemed as the land of Elim, wherein there were twelve wells and threescore and ten palm trees.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 8:9–There is a time wherein one man ruleth over another to his own hurt.:

In order to show them wherein they were wrong, Samuel was instructed to bear witness against them […]

2011, Bible (English Standard Version), 1 Samuel 8:9


immediately

From Middle English immediatly, equivalent to immediate + -ly.

Immediately you transact on the Redemption and stop the impertinence of debate, God gives you the witness.

1924 (compiled and published posthumously), Oswald Chambers, "The Witness of the Spirit" (reading for Oct. 22), My Utmost for His Highest

directly (as soon as), instantly, the moment that. Indicates that the independent clause describes something that occurs immediately after the dependent clause's referent does.


toi

toi ipongi, ma tasagal yo


ponieważ

Borrowed from Silesian pōniywŏż, from Czech poněvadž, from Old Czech, from Proto-Slavic *poňevaže. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ponieważ”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


yiff

Yiff ther was lak, thou woldest crie & pleyne.
Remembre theron, and at me nat disdeyne

c. 1438, John Lydgate, edited by Henry Bergen, Fall of Princes, page 384, line 2020:

If there was lack, you would cry and complain,
Remember that, and do not me disdain.

And yiff that trust with pryncis wil nat tarie,
Litil merueile thouh the peeple varie[…]

c. 1438, John Lydgate, edited by Henry Bergen, Fall of Princes, page 339, line 384:

And if that trust with princes will not tarry,
Little marvel though the people vary […]

So yonge so lusty with hire eyen glade
That yiff that god that hevene and erthe made
Wolde haue a love For beaute and goodnesse
And womanhede and trouthe and semelynesse

1385-1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, Legend of Good Women, page 154, line 1039:

So young and lusty with her eyes glad,
that if that god that heaven and earth made,
would have a love for beauty and goodness,
and womanhood and truth and seemliness


gal

A shortening derived from "gali (“it may”) būti (“be”)".


ond

Contraction of onid, from o (“if”) + nid (“not”).


seid

From Middle High German sīt, from Old High German sīd, from Proto-Germanic *sīþuz. Akin to Old Saxon sīd, Old English sīþ.

Mia håm nix mehr vo erna gheat, seid's as letzte Moi då woan.

We haven't heard from them since the last time they were here.


or else

Go now, or else you'll have to stay all night.

If you wil willingly remaine with me,
You ſhall haue honors, as your merits be:
Or els you ſhal be forc’d with ſlauerie.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act (please specify |act=I or II), scene ii:

He shall do this, or else I do recant / The pardon that I late pronounced here.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:


aussi

Inherited from Middle French aussi, from Old French ossi, ausi, alsi (“as, in the same way as”), from Vulgar Latin *ale si (“other so, else so”), from Latin alid, aliud (“other, another, any other, else”) + sīc (“so, thus”); probably a calque of Frankish *allswā (“as, likewise, in the same way”). Compare also similarly formed Old French altresi (“as, in the same way as, also, as well”).


comme

From Middle French comme, from Old French come, from Late Latin quōmodo et.

Je travaille comme artiste.

Qu’est-ce que vous avez comme vin ?

(literally, “What do you have as wine?”)

Il y a que ça comme eau dans une noix de coco ?!

(literally, “There is only this (= this is all you get) as water in a coconut?!”)

This is all the water you get in a coconut?!

La baladodiffusion est ainsi utilisée comme outil à potentiel cognitif, parce qu’elle permet, relativement facilement, de diffuser un contenu audio ou vidéo qui peut, par la suite, être écouté ou vu à tout moment par l’apprenant. Par ailleurs, les responsables du projet rappellent que les étudiants l’utilisent également pour écouter des balados de chroniques audio comme celles de The New England Journal of Medicine, une des plus importantes revues en médecine au monde.

2011, Christian Depover, Thierry Karsenti, Enseigner avec les technologies: Favoriser les apprentissages, développer des compétences, PUQ, →ISBN:

Therefore, podcasting is used as a tool with cognitive potential, because it allows for the relatively easy distribution of audio or video content, which can subsequently be listened to or watched at any moment by the learner. Furthermore, the project managers remark that the students also use it to listen to audio podcast series, such as those of the New England Journal of Medicine, one of the most important medical journals in the world.

Tu parles comme un fou.

J’agis comme il faut.

des philosophes comme Descartes, Spinoza ou Kant

philosophers such as Descartes, Spinoza, or Kant

Comme tu es belle ce soir !

Comme j’étais malade, il est venu me voir.

J’entends les rires sur mon passage ; il paraît que je suis trop fragile. Mais comme les critiques glissent sur le plumage, être une plume rend les choses plus faciles.

I hear the laughter as I pass; it seems that I'm too fragile. But since criticism is like water off a duck's back, being a feather makes things easier.


comme

From Old French come, from Late Latin quōmodo et.

Jaune coume q'zette.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 523:


agus

From Old Irish ocus (“and”) (originally “proximity”), from Proto-Celtic *adgostus (“near”).

arán agus im

hug šē klox wōr, agəs xȧ šē leš ə wińōg ī.

1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 1:

He took a big stone and he threw it at the window.

Bhreathnaigh sí ar an teilifís agus é ina chodladh.

She watched television while he slept. (or) She watched television although he was asleep.

while; although (introduces a small clause)

chomh geal agus sneachta

a oiread agus ba mhian leis

fad agus atá tú ann

ionann agus


agus

From Old Irish ocus (“and”) (originally “proximity”), from Proto-Celtic *adgostus (“near”). Doublet of faisg.

aran agus ìm

Tha e cheart cho math agus a bha e.

Nach truagh leat mi, agus mi am prìosan?

Do you not pity me, although I am in prison?


tá

From Old Norse þá, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then”). Compare Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌽 (þan), Old English þan and þā.


wann

From Middle High German wanne, Old High German wanne, from Proto-West Germanic *hwannā, *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan. Cognate with English when.


wann

From Middle Low German wan, from Old Saxon hwan (“when”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan (“when”).
Related to wannehr and wenn, Dutch wanneer and wen, High German wann and wenn, English when.

Ik weet nich, wann he kamen deit.

when (wannehr is sometimes used with this meaning as well)


wann

From Middle High German wan, wanne, from Old High German wanne, from Proto-West Germanic *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan.

Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 4:6

He said to him: "If you are the Son of God, then throw yourself down! For it is written: He will give his angels charge concerning you, and they will bear you in their hands, so that you do not strike your foot on a stone."

Hie sot zu him: "Wann s du dem Herrgott säi Jong bass, da gehei dech hei erof! Et steet nämlech geschriwwen: Wéinst denger gëtt hien sengen Engelen den Uerder, an si droen dech op den Hänn, fir datt s du dir de Fouss net un engem Stee stéiss."


agar

From Malay agar, from Sanskrit अग्र (agra).

so that; in order to
indicates purpose; with the result that

indicates purpose; in such a way that, with the intent that

to; in order to (as a means of achieving the specified end)


agar

Indonesian: agar


aj

(dialect, Moravia) even (implying an extreme example, used at the beginning of sentences)


whereupon

General American, Southern and Midland US

/ˌwɛərəˈpɒn/

From Middle English wherupon; equivalent to where- + upon.

The network went down, whereupon I made a cup of tea

This was followed by his presenting his sable acquaintance with a fig of tobacco, whereupon, instead of thanking the donor in the usual way, the black signified his gratitude by throwing a spear at twenty or thirty yards' distance.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 289:

the wet cliff whereupon he stood

My tender wife and children standing by, / Dewing the death-bed whereupon I lie.

1835, John Nichols, The Gentleman's Magazine, volume 158, page 495:

You see that the Apostle speaks as one who had distinct and certain knowledge of the grounds whereupon he was standing.

1846, John Clarke Crosthwaite, Alexander Watson, Practical sermons, by dignitaries and other clergymen, page 270:

Gradually, however, the white clouds resolved themselves into the snowy linen and coverlets of a bed whereupon he was lying, whilst the crimson light proved to be the effect of a blazing fire, […]

1880, “Cassell's family magazine”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), page 262:

He sprung from his bed, whereupon one of them had fired. He pursued them as they retreated, and they fled out of the house by the back door. Thereupon he returned to the bed, saw that his wife had been shot, and roused the servants […]

1889, “Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), volume 27, page 78:

[…]could take no rest except such as he obtained by supporting himself on his knees and elbows, being unable to suffer any part of his body to touch the bed whereupon he lay.

1907, Francis Bazley Lee, Genealogical and personal memorial of Mercer County, New Jersey, volume 2, page 530:

The Democrats sent a very political and long response memo which they knew, because of sources and methods (and more), would have to be heavily redacted, whereupon they would blame the White House for lack of transparency. Told them to re-do and send back in proper form!

2018 February 10, Donald J. Trump, Twitter, archived from the original on 2018-02-10:


nad

From na with the same meaning, perhaps with addition of yd (affirmative particle).

Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.

(formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)

Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.

that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)


mé

Inherited from French mais (“but, although”).


bile

From Ottoman Turkish بیله (bile), from Proto-Turkic *bile (“with, together, also”). Cognate with Turkish ile.


mais

From Old Galician-Portuguese mais, from Latin magis (“more”).


mais

Inherited from Old French mes, mais, from Latin magis.


mais

Eu mais uns amigos

Eu acepto, mais só baixo unha condición.


mais

French: mais


mais

From Old Galician-Portuguese mais, from Latin magis (“more”). Doublet of mas. Displaced collateral form chus.

(arithmetic) plus (sum of the previous one and the following one)

Eu mais ela vamos 'tar casando

(Brazil, colloquial) and; with; together with


mais

Alteration of mas through the epenthesis of /j/ in Brazilian Portuguese.


wherever

Wherever you go, I’ll find you.

Henceforth, wherever thou may’st roam,
My blessing, like a line of light,
Is on the waters day and night,
And like a beacon guards thee home.

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XVII, page 28:

Regardless of the place in, at or to which.

You can sit wherever you like.

In, at or to any place (that); anywhere.

Add quotations wherever they are needed.

I see mistakes wherever I look.

Our charity has limited funds, but we help wherever we can.

If the afternoon was fine they strolled together in the park, very slowly, and with pauses to draw breath wherever the ground sloped upward. The slightest effort made the patient cough.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

In, at or to all places or situations (that); everywhere.

She lives in Puddletown, wherever that is.

Used to show that one does not know where someone or something is located.


whereof

From Middle English wherof; equivalent to where + of. Compare the parallel formations of Swedish varav and Dutch waaraf.

SATURNINUS: Go fetch them hither to us presently.
TITUS: Why, there they are, both baked in that pie,
Whereof their mother daintily hath fed,
Eating the flesh that she herself hath bred.

c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

However, upon a ſtrict Review, I blotted out ſeveral Paſſages of leſs Moment which were in my firſt Copy, for fear of being cenſured as tedious and trifling, whereof Travellers are often, perhaps not without Juſtice, accuſed.

1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “A Great Storm Described, the Long-Boat Sent to Fetch Water, the Author Goes with It to Discover the Country. […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part II (A Voyage to Brobdingnag), page [176]:

Then they set somewhat of food before me, whereof I ate my fill, and gave me somewhat of clothes wherewith I clad myself anew and covered my nakedness; after which they took me up into the ship, […]

1885, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, “[Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman] The Fifth Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman. [Night 558.]”, in A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, now Entituled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume VI, [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC, page 53:

Now one day of the days, […] the Sultan cast his eyes upon her as she stood before him, and said to his Grand Wazir, “This be the very woman whereof I spake to thee yesterday, so do thou straightway bring her before me, that I may see what be her suit and fulfil her need.”

1887, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, “Alaeddin; or, The Wonderful Lamp. [Night 547.]”, in Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume III, [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC, page 108:


eins

Ég ætla að lesa eins hratt og ég get.

Ég hef aldrei keyrt eins mikið.


dum

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Italic *dūm (adverb), from *dweh₂- (“long”) + *-m (adverbial suffix). Compare dūdum.

affix

Dum vīxī tacuī, mortua dulcē canō.

While I lived I was quiet; dead I sweetly sing.

dum erunt hominēs

as long as there are humans (as long as humankind exists)

fugit inreparabile tempus

c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284–285

Irretrievable time flies away while, in thrall to love, we are carried about from one thing to another.

Dum loquor, hōra fugit.

(indicating coincidence of duration): (with indicative) while, whilst, as, meanwhile (as), (for) as long as, until

(indicating coincidence of duration): (before a verbal substantive) during

“Quid moror? An mea Pygmaliōn dum moenia frāter

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.325–326

“What am I waiting for? Until my brother Pygmalion busts down these walls? Or the Gaetulian, Iarbas, drags me away, enslaved?”

dēstruat, aut captam dūcat Gaetūlus Iarbās?”

(indicating duration with expectancy): (with subjunctive) until, long enough for

Oderint, dum metuant.

tollensque illud portavit ad domum suam occulte ut dum sol occubuisset caute sepeliret eum

And taking it up carried it privately to his house, that after the sun was down, he might bury him cautiously.

(indicating duration with contingency): (with subjunctive) as long as, (for) so long as, provided (that), on the condition that


ahora

Inherited from Old Spanish agora, from Latin hāc hōrā (“at this time”).
According to Coromines and Pascual, the original form agora was, from the early modern period, increasingly left to both high and low registers, in favour of the phonetically reduced ahora. Francisco de Quevedo in the early 17th century mocks agora in his Cuento de Cuentos as a "rustic vulgarity", although the term continued to be used by archaizing poets into the 19th century, and it continues to survive to this day in various non-prestigious dialects. As for ahora, there is a very rare early attestation (spelled aora) in Juan Ruiz in the early 14th century, but the term doesn't enter common written usage until the 16th century with writers like Cervantes and Góngora, side-by-side the older agora. Compare Portuguese agora.

Ahora en la sala, ahora en el comedor, había un desastre por doquier.

Whether you looked at the kitchen, or the dining room, there was a disaster everywhere.

(correlative, literary) now...now, whether...or...


albeit

From the Middle English expression al be it (that), itself shortened from althagh it be that (“although it be that”), and thus composed from al (“completely, entirely”) + be (3rd person singular present subjunctive of been (“to be”)) + it.

com

3rd person singular present subjunctive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">been</i> (“to be”)

VVho are you? tell me for more certainty, / Albeit Ile ſvveare that I do knovv your tongue.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi], page 170:

The stranger had crossed a sacred line. He had mentioned the men’s mothers. Nothing could get him out of a beating now, even the fact that he was obviously a simpleton. Albeit a simpleton with a good vocabulary.

2001, Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl, page 92:

There’s an easy, albeit expensive, way to fix the national crisis in forensic crime labs.

2007 June 17, Ellen Marrus, Houston Chronicle:

Up front, skipper and open-side Lewis Moody looked almost back to full fitness, while England's set-piece was barely troubled, albeit against a Romania side showing 11 changes from that beaten by Argentina earlier in the week.

2011 September 24, Ben Dirs, “Rugby World Cup 2011: England 67 – 3 Romania”, in BBC Sport:


albeit

and whilke we canna zei, albeit o' 'Governere,' 'Statesman,' an alike.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 7-9:

and for which we have no words but of 'Governor,' 'Statesman,' &c.


ya

Borrowed from Persian یا (yâ, “either, or”).

bor+

Ya bu, ya da o. İkisinə də birdən pulumuz çatmaz.

[Choose] either this or that. We can't afford to buy them both at once.


ya

Nu kanenmi nan tinapay

2017, Diocese of Baguio, “Acclamacion [Acclamation]”, in Aweng Rambak: Hymnal of the Diocese of Baguio (overall work in English, Tagalog, Ilocano, and Kankanaey), Baguio: Diocese of Baguio, page 178

When we eat this bread
And drink this chalice


ya

Inherited from Latin iam. Compare Portuguese já, French déjà and Italian già.

¡Ya lluvia ya nieve!

first (something) then (something else); first (something), now (something else)

ya sol ya lluvia


ya

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish یا (ya), from Persian یا (yâ, “either, or”).

İlahi, hocam, hiç göle maya çalmakla göl maya tutar mı? -Ya tutarsa?

Teacher, can a little bit of yeast ferment the lake? -What if it does?

what if (used to introduce speculation about future)

Poşetleri taşıması kolay. Ya bu bavullar? Onlar ne olacak?

It's easy to carry the bags. What about the luggage? What will happen to them?

what about (used to ask someone to consider something or someone that they have apparently not considered)

Saçları, sesi, gülüşü çok güzel. Ya gözleri.

Her hair, her voice, her smile are all so beautiful. And especially her eyes.

(preceding the last term in a list) above all, especially


ya

Ya bu, ya şu. İkisine birden paramız yetmez.

Either this or that. We can't afford to buy them both.

ya bu deveyi gütmeli, ya bu diyardan gitmeli


wo

With a widespread dialectal shift from -ā- to -ō-, from Middle High German wā, wār, from Old High German wār, hwār, from Proto-West Germanic *hwār, from Proto-Germanic *hwēr, *hwar. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis, whence also wer. Cognate with German wo, Dutch waar and English where.

Wås håst'n nix gmåcht, wo'st as eh scho länger gwusst håst?

Why didn't you do anything when you had known about it for a long time?

Mia soidadn ned spazierngehn, wo's so regnt.

We shouldn't go for a walk when it's raining like that.


wo

With a widespread dialectal shift from -ā- to -ō-, from Middle High German wā, wār, from Old High German wār, hwār, from Proto-West Germanic *hwār, from Proto-Germanic *hwēr, *hwar. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis, whence also wer. Cognate with English where.

Wo ich mich umgedreht hab, haut der mir unvermittelt eine rein.

When I turned around, he just abruptly punched me in the face.


notwithstanding

From Middle English notwithstandinge, notwithstondyng, natwithstandyng, equivalent to not + withstanding. Compare Middle English notgainstonding, not aȝenstondynge, of similar meaning and formation.

After this, Amy told her, That notvvithſtanding I vvas angry vvith her, and had uſed her ſo hardly, for ſaying ſomething about her of the ſame kind; yet there vvas an abſolute Neceſſity of ſecuring her, and removing her out of the VVay; […]

1724, [Daniel Defoe], The Fortunate Mistress; […] [Roxana], London: […] E. Applebee, […], published 1740, →OCLC, page 293:

The firebox married to Britannia's boiler is not, however, in the Doncaster tradition, notwithstanding that it is comparable in dimensions to that of the "V2."

1951 April, Stirling Everard, “A Matter of Pedigree”, in Railway Magazine, number 600, page 273:


sith

Clipping of sithen; compare German seit (“since”).

Alternative forms: sithe, sithen, sithence, sithens, syth, sythe

Therefore we need not fear them, sith Christ is with us; […]

1552, Hugh Latimer, “The Third Sermon, Preached on the Twenty-First Sunday after Trinity, 1552, by Master Hugh Latimer.”, in The Sermons of the Right Reverend Father in God, and Constant Martyr of Jesus Christ, Hugh Latimer, Some Time Bishop of Worcester, […], volume II, London: […] James Duncan, […], published 1824, →OCLC, page 161:

Welcome deere Roſencraus, and Guyldensterne, / Moreouer, that we much did long to ſee you, / The need we haue to vſe you did prouoke / Our haſtie ſending, ſomething haue you heard / Of Hamlets transformation, ſo call it, / Sith nor th'exterior, nor the inward man / Reſembles that it was, what it ſhould be, / More then his fathers death, that thus hath put him / So much from th'vnderſtanding of himſelfe / I cannot dreame of: […]

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], signature E2, verso:

I had almost askt---qui gurges, aut quis tartarus hoc ſcelus--eſt auſus attrectare? ſith in ſo many thouſãds of years from the fal of the reprobate and faithleſſe angels it neuer came into the head of anie deuil to ſuggeſt to the hart of any mã before this time ſo nefarious, flagitius, portentuous a wickedneſſe, as this was?

1607 November 5, John Kinge, A Sermon Preached in Oxford: […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Ioseph Barnes, page 23:

Therefoꝛe, as I liue, ſaith the Loꝛd GOD, I will pꝛepare thee vnto blood, and blood ſhall purſue thee: ſith thou haſt not hated blood, euen blood ſhall purſue thee.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 35:6, signature Bbbb3, verso, columns 1–2:


nonostante

Univerbation of non + ostante. Compare Portuguese não obstante, Spanish no obstante, French nonobstant.


ت

خلّينا نستنّى تيرجع.


instantly

I phoned instantly I heard you were back.


elles

English: else

Yola: elles

From Old English elles, from Proto-West Germanic *alljas.


var

From Old Norse hvar, from Proto-Germanic *hwar.


'cause

From Middle English cause; aphetic form of because; first used in the 15th century.

I'me forc'd to love thee now,
'Cause thou provid'st so carefully for my honor

1622 (first performance), Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, The Changeling: […], London: […] [Thomas Newcombe] for Humphrey Moseley, […], published 1653, →OCLC, Act V, signature H2, verso:

“[…] if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there’ll be trouble. It’s bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that ’cause I’m paid for it. […]”

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

D.B. Woodside as Amenadiel: "Something Charlotte said made me think. Maybe celestial beings and humans, Luci maybe they aren't that different."
Tom Ellis as Lucifer Morningstar: "What, are we talking in bed? 'Cause we know all know my skills are preternatural. But I suppose you on the other hand..."

2018, “Quintessential Deckerstar”, in Lucifer:

talk to the hand 'cause the face ain't listening


inasmuch as

From Middle English in as muche as, in as muchel as (“as far as, as much as, seeing that, since, as long as, so that”).

Which it certainly was. Admiration was the universal sentiment, though some objected that the reply to "Is it a bear?" ought to have been "Yes;" inasmuch as an answer in the negative was sufficient to have diverted their thoughts from Mr. Scrooge, supposing they had ever had any tendency that way.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “(please specify the page number)”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC:

This was a hardship in as much as inquiry showed that even in vegetarian restaurants many courses used to contain eggs. This meant that unless I knew what was what, I had to go through the awkward process of ascertaining whether a particular course contained eggs or no, for many puddings and cakes were not free from them.

1940 [1925–29], Mahadev Desai, chapter 27, in The Story of My Experiments with Truth, part 1, translation of original by M.K. Gandhi:

This employee was engaged to direct asphalt plants and inasmuch as the work for which he had been employed was completed, he was surplused and his return travel was approved […]

1952, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations, Moroccan air base construction. 2 v, page 618:

You will improve, but only inasmuch as you practise.


allora

→ Slavomolisano: alora

→ Ido: lor

From Latin ad illam hōram (“at that hour”). Compare French alors, Occitan alara, Spanish alora, and Catalan aleshores.


seeing

Probably an elision of "seeing that" or "seeing as".

Seeing the boss wasn't around, we took it easy.

(slang) Inasmuch as; in view of the fact that.


nisi

From nī (“not”) + sī (“if”). See also sine.

De mortuis nil nisi bonum.

[Say] nothing but good things about the dead.


ande

And'ich khimme, hölfadar. And'ich net khimme, halts net brüubel.

If I come, I'll help you. If I don't come, don't get hurt.


ande

desctree

Middle Dutch: ende, en, end, enn, enne; (early) inde; (very rare) unde, ande
Dutch: en
Afrikaans: en
Berbice Creole Dutch: an
Jersey Dutch: en
Negerhollands: en, an
Petjo: en
Sranan Tongo: èn
Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.


com

From Vulgar Latin *quomo, from classical Latin quomōdo. Gallo-Romance cognate with Old French con, cum, etc.


enn

From Old Norse enn, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.

nógv betur enn tú


enn

From Old Norse enn, from Proto-Germanic *andi.

and; used in the sense of "what about..."


enn

Det går bra med oss. Enn med dokker då?


sem

Julit sem láttam.

I didn’t see Juli, either. [aside from not having seen another person]

Én sem láttam Julit.

I didn’t see Juli, either. [aside from other people who haven't seen her]

Meg sem próbálta.


sem

Sem te, sem ő nem jöhettek velem.

néma gyereknek az anyja sem érti a szavát

koránt

used in the phrases korántsem, koránt sincs


sem

From Old Norse sem (“as, like”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *samaz (“same, alike”).

Hann var sem guð meðal manna.

Hár hennar var hvítt sem snjór.

Hann er sem nýr.

Vista sem…

Svo virðist sem sjúkdómurinn sé arfgengur

Is seems as though the disease is hereditary.

Þetta er maðurinn sem ég hitti í gær.

Þetta er konan sem barði mig.

(relative, with a clause) who, which, that


sem

Icelandic: sem

Faroese: sum (from East Nordic)

Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) sem, se

Old Swedish: sum, som

Swedish: som

→ Middle Norwegian: sum

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: som, sum; (dialectal) søm, so

Danish: som

Norwegian Bokmål: som

Possibly from Proto-Germanic *samaz (“same, alike”).


maru

Ijimʉ moare ãñʉ maru, ãmeno nʉcʉyʉme.

If the patient eats fish, he will get worse.


qué

(nonstandard) Alternative form of que (representing the Hispanic pronunciation)


ehkä

From Proto-Finnic *ehkä (compare Estonian ehk, Ingrian ehkä, Karelian ehki, Livonian agā, Livvi ehki, Votic ehtši; see for further etymology). Probably from Proto-Finnic *e- + *-hkä.


mani

manid

before the indicative if there is no infixed pronoun


än

From Old Norse an, from earlier *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan. Cognate with English than.

Han är större än du tror (att han är).

than; in comparisons, states a relationship


'n

fish 'n chips

rock 'n roll

“Might think we was brother 'n sister, to hear ye, Ma! Damn me to glory, don't ye know thar's fust cousins marryin' every week? And no harm come of it.” […] “Oh, son, not in the face of Pa 'n me that love you, whatever you think! We're only tryin' to figger for your own good.”

1927, Arthur D[ouglas] Howden Smith, “The Ferryman”, in Commodore Vanderbilt: An Epic of American Achievement, New York, N.Y.: Robert M[edill] McBride & Company, section III, pages 50–51:


'n

The feller took the box again, and took another long, particular look, and give it back to Smiley, and says, very deliberate, "Well, I don't see no p'ints about that frog that's any better'n any other frog."

1865, Mark Twain, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County:

She says you may laugh 'f you feel so inclined, but there ain't no such big difference between your leg 'n' a dead rat but what it 'll pay you to mark her words. She says 'f it don't do no more 'n eat the skin off it 'll still be pretty hard for you to lay there without no skin 'n' feel the plaster goin' in more 'n' more.

1969, Anne Warner, Susan Clegg and her friend Mrs. Lathrop, page 87:

What I can give ya is this bit o' knowledge: there be things in this world that no one can explain. There are things bigger 'n mountains, bigger 'n oceans, bigger 'n fields an' night skies filled with stars, bigger 'n kings, or queens…

2010, Arnan Heyden, Daughters of Agendale, page 228:


'n

(archaic) Contraction of when. (As found in if'n.)


já

From Indo-Portuguese já, from Portuguese já (“already; now”), from Old Galician-Portuguese ja, from Latin iam (“already”). Semantically, compare Chavacano ya.

Já churâ, já rí


ama

From Turkish ama, from Ottoman Turkish اما (ammâ), from Arabic أَمَّا (ʔammā).


ama

Dza uwana asal matəf gəl aŋha, adàziŋ ala, ama dza uwana az gəl aŋha ala kà gi, adàɓəl gəl aŋha. (Mata 16:25)

For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life on account of me will find it. (Matthew 16:25)


ama

From Ottoman Turkish اما (ammâ), in turn from Arabic أَمَّا (ʔammā).


ama

→ Ladino: ama

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish اما (ammâ), from Arabic أَمَّا (ʔammā).


asi

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *asi. First attested in the 14th century.

Suøta Katerina... ne meskacy iesc stala, ue zlem ne lezala, asy y ty <...jeż są> v blødnem stadle lezaly, ty iesc suoiø naukø otuodila.

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page br 39:


as long as

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see as, long.

it doesn't matter what they say about you as long as they spell your name right

I don't mind if he stays there, as long as he cleans up after himself when he's done.

I don't care who you are, where you're from, what you did, as long as you love me

1997, Max Martin, Backstreet Boys, As Long as You Love Me:

(idiomatic) Provided that, if, assuming (depending upon some condition or requirement).

As long as you're here, you may as well help me with the garden.


quand

From Middle French quand, from Old French quant, from Latin quandō.

Appelez-moi quand vous arriverez chez vous.

Quand est-il mort ?

Je ne sais pas quand il est mort.

Quand est-ce que vous voulez partir ?


als

From Middle Dutch alse, an unstressed form of also (modern alzo). The sense “whether” is possibly a semantic loan from Sranan Tongo efu (“if, when; if, whether”).

sl

Als je die knop indrukt, gaat de computer uit.

If you push that button, the computer will turn off.

Als het regent worden alle daken nat.

Ik weet niet als de heer Ramon Cruden de Minister van Arbeid werkelijk zal kunnen adviseren

1978 November 4, “"CRUDEN IS EEN SLECHT ADVISEUR" ZEGT EENDRACHT ["CRUDEN IS A BAD ADVISOR" SAYS EENDRACHT]”, in Vrije Stem: onafhankelijk weekblad voor Suriname, page 6:

I don't know whether Mr Ramon Cruden will be truly able to advise the Minister of Labour

Het document is in opdracht van het OM samengesteld om aan te tonen als de gesloten contracten tussen de CBvS en het Belgische bedrijf Clairfield rechtmatig zijn, als de bedragen die contractueel zijn afgedwongen gangbaar zijn naar internationale maatstaven en als de verdachten wel of geen financieel voordeel hebben gehad aan deze deals.

2021 April 29, Wilfred Leeuwin, “Einde in zicht in geruchtmakende strafzaak Centrale Bank [End in sight in controversial Central Bank criminal case]”, in De Ware Tijd, retrieved 2021-05-02:

The document was commissioned by the prosecution to determine whether the contracts concluded between the Central Bank of Suriname and the Belgian company Clairfield were lawful, whether the sums enforced in the contracts were customary by international standards and whether or not the suspects benefited financially from these deals.

(Suriname, proscribed in the Netherlands) if, whether


als

From Middle High German alles, from Old High German also, alsō (“as, like”); equivalent to all + so. Compare English as.

Als er ankam, öffnete sie die Tür.

Als wir jung waren, spielten wir im Wald.

We played in the forest when we were young.

(subordinating, referring to time of occurrence) at (approximately) the same moment; when; while; as

Zwei ist größer als eins.

Die Kopie sieht anders aus als das Original.

The copy looks different than the original.

Er sagt nichts anderes als die Wahrheit.

(used with a comparison or as an exception) than

Wir sind immer so klein, als unser Glück, aber auch so groß, als unser Schmerz.

1837 January 7, Friedrich Hebbel, Tagebücher, An Emil Rousseau in Heidelberg – München:

We are always as small as our luck but so great as our pain is.

(nonstandard after the 19th century) To the same degree that, as (distinguished from the aforementioned use in that comparison was between equals)

Als Polizist muss ich es tun.

Wir sind Feinde, aber im Moment müssen wir uns als Freunde verhalten.

We are enemies, but for now we must act like friends.

Sie verkleidete sich als Krankenschwester, um das Krankenhaus zu betreten.

She disguised herself as a nurse to enter the hospital.

as; like; in the function of; in the form of

Es war als rängen beständig zwei Mächte um sie, als würde sie wehrlos von ihnen hin und her gerissen.

1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Aus dem Lande der Ostseeritter, in Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun., page 100:

It was as if two powers struggled over her continuously, as if she were torn to and fro by them defenselessly.

Doch die zwei Königstöchter Hildegard und Berta gewahrten nichts als den weissen Hirsch […].

But the two princesses Hildegard and Berta saw nothing but the white hart.

(after negative pronoun) but, other than


als

From Middle High German alles, from Old High German also, alsō (“as, like”). Compare German als.

Alst-du dort geschaff host

Schwarzebeere sin aach als Schabutikaave gekennd.
Jaboticabas are also known as jaboticabas.


als

From Middle High German als, from Old High German alsō, equivalent to all + esou.

Hatt schafft als Polizistin an engem klengen Duerf.

She works as a policewoman in a little village.


whiles

From while (noun) + -s (adverbial suffix); compare whilst.

Portia: […]Whiles we shut the gate upon one wooer, another knocks at the door.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

for it so falls out,
That what we have we prize not to the worth
Whiles we enjoy it; but being lack'd and lost,
Why, then we rack the value, then we find
The virtue that possession would not show us
Whiles it was ours.

1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:


но

Смята да посети Бостън и Чикаго, но не Ню Йорк.

He plans to visit Boston and Chicago, but not New York.

Smjata da poseti Bostǎn i Čikago, no ne Nju Jork.

Аз не я познавам, но съпругът ми я познава.

Az ne ja poznavam, no sǎprugǎt mi ja poznava.

Съжалявам, но няма да мога да ти помогна.

I'm sorry, but I won't be able to help you.

Sǎžaljavam, no njama da moga da ti pomogna.

used to introduce a word or phrase that adds something to a previous statement and contrasts with it in some way: but

На края на деня бяхме уморени, но щастливи.

By the end of the day we were tired but happy.

Na kraja na denja bjahme umoreni, no štastlivi.

Падна, но не се нарани.

Казах му да остане, но той отказа.

Но това е невъзможно!

Но ти обеща, че ще ми помогнеш.

But you promised that you would help me.

used at the beginning of a sentence that expresses surprise, annoyance, shock, disagreement, etc.: but


но

→ Ingrian: no

→ Votic: no

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nъ, from Proto-Indo-European *nu. Cognate with English now and Latin num ("now") and nunc (< *num + ce, "now").


но

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *no, *nu (Russian но (no), ну (nu)), from Proto-Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian nu), from Proto-Indo-European *nū (“now”) (Latin nun-c, Ancient Greek νῦν (nûn)).

бољи но он

→ (= modern) бољи него он/бољи од њега

Изгледаш боље но икад.

Прорачунски мањак Грчке у био је значајно већи но што је влада проц(иј)енила.

Greece's budget deficit was significantly bigger than the government had estimated.

(after a comparative, obsolete, expressively) than (=не̏го, о̏д)

than (=не̏го, о̏д)

Погрешно, но био си доста близу.

Но ос(ј)ећам само срећу.

Текст није савршен, но није ли могао бити бољи?

The text is not perfect, but could it have been better?


tel

Inherited from Old French tel, from Latin tālis. Compare Spanish tal.

Il fond sur elle tel un oiseau de proie.

He swoops down on her like a bird of prey.

Ottawa compte aussi de charmantes tables, tel le Fraser Café.
Ottawa is also home to some enchanting restaurants, such as the Fraser Café.


ka

Originally an old neuter nominative singular form of kas (“who, what”) that acquired the function of a conjunction. Cognates include Old Prussian ka (“who, what”).

(a) subject:

labi, ka darbs padarīts

viņam nepatika, ka tagad viņi ar Plienu bija palikuši tikai divi

he didn't like that now only he and Pliens had remained

aplam darīts arī tas, ka divās dienās nopļāva visu Spilvas pļavu

wrongly done was also that (= the fact) that (he) mowed the entire Spilva meadow in two days

tveice bija tāda, ka šķita - tīrums smaržo kā liela rudzu kalte ― the heat was such that one felt (as if) the field smelled like a big rye drier

(b) attributive complement, (secondary) predicate

pienāca ziņa, ka tēvs saslimis

viņi nolaida karogus per zīmi, ka demonstrācija beigusies

they lowered the flags as a sign that the protest was over

vēl vairāk sirdi nospeiž sāpes, / ka atkal apkārt tikai mežs

even more the heart is oppressed by the pain / that again (there is) only forest around

ir tāds karstums, ka pat putniņi paslēpušies ― (there) is such a heat that even the little birds are hiding

viņš teica, ka varam iet

Ģirts redzēja, ka Artūrs nekā neapjēdz, ka labāk runāt par ko citu

Ģirts saw that Artūrs would never realize that it would be better to talk about something else

Krančelis izrādīja visu savu nemieru ar to, ka nevarēja meiteni iepriecināt

Krančelis showed all his concern with that (= the fact) that he could not cheer up the girl

kas gan var būt vēl skaistāks pasaulē par to, ka cilvēks palīdz cilvēkam un draugs - draugam! ― what can be more beautiful in (this) world than that (= the fact) that a person helps (another) person and a friend - (another) friend!

viņpus upes krastā Preimanis lādējās, ka visa pamale skanēja

on the shore, on the other side of the river, Preimanis cursed (in such a way) that the whole horizon resounded (with his curses)

Saulītis krāca tā, ka ārā varēja dzirdēt ― Saulītis snored so (= in such a way) that one could hear it outside
(e) adverbial complement (cause)
(often tāpēc ka, tādēļ ka, less frequently tamdēļ ka, tālab ka, “for the reason that”)

viņai kļūst kauns par sevi, ka pat domās pieļāvusi salīdzinājumu

she felt ashamed of herself, that (= because) she had allowed herself (to make) this comparison even in thought

publicisti uzbruka rakstniekiem, ka tie bez īstas kvēles un dedzības ķeras pagatavot lugas

the publishers attacked the writers that (= because) they tried to prepare (= write) plays without real fervor and zeal

“bet varbūt tāpēc līst, ka man sāp zobs”, viņš iedomājās

“but maybe it is raining for that reason, that (= because) my tooth hurts,” he thought

krievu valoda mums jāprot tādēļ, ka tā ir mūsu kaimiņu un draugu valoda

we must know Russian for that reason, that (= because) it is the language of our neighbors and friends

Ješka nepaguva atbildēt, tāpēc ka papriekš gribēja iedzert

Ješka couldn't answer, because he first wanted to drink

tu, tēvoc, daudz ko nedzirdi, tādēļ ka kurls esi palicis

you, uncle, haven't heard much, because you have become deaf

otrā rītā sāp mugura, ka tīri vai jāraud

the next morning (his) back was in pain, (so much) that (he) simply had to cry

visi bija tik satraukti, ka nemanīja, vai viņš atsveicinās vai ne

everybody was so excited that (they) did not noticed whether or not he said goodbye

Ainas acis vērāas tik mierīgas un vēas, ka viņš atmeta šādu domu

(but) Aina's eyes were so peaceful and cool (= calm) that he abandoned such thought(s)

dejotāju kājas bija noru noblietējušas tā, ka zeme sāka skanēt

the dancers' feet had stomped the (forest) glade so (= in such a way) that the earth began to resound

vējš gaudoja aizvien stiprāk, tā ka sāka jau drebēt majas jumts

the wind howled more and more strongly, so that the house roof began to shake

vecais zvirbulis bija ļoti noskumis un kļuva pat neuzmanīgs, tā ka to gandrīz noķēra pelēkais Minka ― the old sparrow had become very sad and even inattentive, so that the gray Minka (= cat) almost caught him

pēc malkas ej, ka var kurināt tam akmenim virsū!

go find wood, (so) that we can burn it on (top of) that rock

skrien kā traks, ka tikai izraut lielāku normu ― I run (= work) like crazy, (so) that I may get a larger margin (= advantage)

(h) adverbial complement (measure, proportion)

tūlīt pēc kara pievairojis bija pelēču, ka mudž

immediately after the war the grays (= landowners) became many, (so much) that (they) were swarming

viņa steidzās tik ļoti, ka neievēroja vaļējās klēts durvis un tajās sēdošo cilvēku

she hurried so much that (she) did not notice the open barn door and the person sitting in(side of) it

vai tik daudz sāpju sevī pārvarēji, / ka tikai prieku spēsi citiem sniegt? ― have you overcome so much pain in yourself / that you will be able to give only joy to others?

kas tas par draugu, ka nevar palīdzēt?

what kind of friend is he, that (= if) he can't help?

kur gan esat, zilie ceriņi, ka nekur vairs nesatieku jūs?

where are you, blue lilac, that (= if) I don't find you anywhere?

that; used to link a subordinate clause to the main clause, sometimes with a pronominal antecedent (tas, tāds, tik, tādēļ, tāpēc), with various different functions:


ka

Watingku maḻu nyangu ka wirtjapakaṉu.

The man saw the kangaroo and the kangaroo ran away.


ka

desctree

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *ka
Malay: ke
Indonesian: ke


ka

Malay: ke
Indonesian: ke


nd

😔💔 We gonna have to wait nd see

2022 June 4, u/Own_Marionberry_3727, “so it was kinn in the bathroom with him .....y'all know how it's gonna be now”, in Reddit, r/kinnporsche, archived from the original on 2023-11-03:

decided to do color eyebrows nd i like itttttt☺

2023 March 12, @ariiieeeee2, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-11-03:

this is actually very late but i couldn't post it due to the protests nd then i forgot ToT thank u !!

2023 August 9, u/snoozychu, “【Self-introduction】Vtuber Q&A self intro w/ Snoozy”, in Reddit, r/VirtualYoutubers, archived from the original on 2023-11-03:

me after i had an attitude wit him all day bc i miss him nd i finally see him 😭

2023 October 26, @badbbyaera, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-11-03:

(Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of and.


cs

Its a given. Exo undeniabley made a huge mark on everyone and its impossible for their standings to be affected just cs theyre on hiatus. Congrats exo and exols 💖💖

2020 December 3, @nsyhjtjla, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-09-28:

No.. it doesnt, i thought maybe its cs of adrenaline since whenever i play, i am super excited cs i dont have time

2020 December 8, u/ftwlwi, “Slow motion”, in Reddit, r/VALORANT, archived from the original on 2023-09-28:

I read somewhere that his audience shrunk big time since spotifucky deal. Not know if its cs of his dumb shit or whatever... but hes been obnoxious at times since he moved... cant stop yammering about the same shit.

2021 October 9, “Rogan talks about covi and chickenpox”, in Reddit, r/JoeRogan, archived from the original on 2023-09-28:

just asked my friend why i don't have a family WhatsApp group and they said its cs i don't have a family😭

2023 July 5, @aHoeInDisguise, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-09-28:

i would be very thankful if y'all stopped misgendering me, you can love me you can hate me but before saying anything check my bio for pronouns. y'all just assume that im a girl cs of my name. i hate that i have to beg people to use my right pronouns.

2023 September 23, @elckity, Twitter, archived from the original on 2023-09-28:

(text messaging) Abbreviation of 'cause. (because)


peru

From Old Galician-Portuguese pero, from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”).


butan

From Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, from *bī (“by”) + *ūtan, dative of Proto-West Germanic *ūtō (“exterior, outside”) (from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”)), corresponding to be- + ūtan.

der

c. 992, Ælfric, "The Universal Faith"
Būtan ġē hit ġelīefen, ne magon ġē hit understandan.

Unless you believe it, you can't understand it.

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
On ōðre wīsan wē sċēawiaþ mētinge and on ōðre wīsan stafas. Ne gǣþ nā māre tō mētinge būtan þæt þū hit ġesēo and herie. Nis nā ġenōg þæt þū stafas sċēawiġe būtan þū hīe ēac rǣde and þæt andġiet understande.

We look at pictures in one way and letters in another. You don't do anything with a painting except see it and praise it. Looking at letters is not enough unless you also read them and understand the meaning.

Hwæt is līf būtan swefn?

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Sēo leofaþ nū þē, þē ānum, for þon þe hēo nāwiht elles ne lufaþ būtan þē.

Now she lives for you, only you, because she loves nothing else but you.


anne

or (introduces a second or later option in a polar question)


jew

Il-mediċina remdisivir għandha ftit jew l-ebda effett fuq iċ-ċansijiet li pazjenti jfiqu mill-Covid-19. Dan jirriżulta minn studju ppubblikat mill-Organizzazzjoni Dinjija għas-Saħħa.

2020 October 16, “Il-WHO: “Il-mediċina remdisivir bi ftit jew l-ebda effett fuq il-kura mill-Covid-19””, in iNews Malta, archived from the original on 2020-11-01:


como

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese como, from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo.

inh+

Como che quero ben, dígoche non

Because I really love you, I tell you no.


como

Fala: cómu, comu, cumu

Galician: como, coma

Portuguese: como

From Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo.

Como ſanta maria fez deſcobrir hũa poſta de carne que furtaran a uũs romeus na uila de Rocamador.

13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 159 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/304.html] facsimile])

How Holy Mary caused to be found a piece of meat which was stolen from some pilgrims in the village of Rocamadour.


como

From Old Galician-Portuguese como (“how; in what way”), from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo.

inh

Ela não só leu o livro como escreveu uma crítica.

She didn’t only read the book, but also wrote a review.

Sou tão feio como burro.

but also; as well as (introduces an exceptional characteristic)

Como podem conferir por si mesmos, o animal já estava morto.

As you can check for yourselves, the animal was already dead.

Sinto muito ter de contradizê-la, Minerva, mas, como pode ver no meu bilhete, Harry tem obtido resultados muito fracos nas minhas aulas...

2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 538:

I'm sorry to contradict you, Minerva, but, as you can see in my note, Harry has obtained very weak results in my classes...

like; as (in the same way that; according to what)

Como choveu, ficamos/ficámos em casa.

(only in the main clause) as; because; since (introduces a reason or motive)

O professor ensinou-me/me ensinou como fazer subtrações.

The teacher taught me how to do subtractions.

Há/Tem como chegarmos mais cedo?

Is there a way for us to arrive earlier?


como

Inherited from Old Spanish commo, from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo (“how”). Cognate with Catalan com, Italian come and French comme.

¿Tienes tanta hambre como yo?

as (introducing a basis of comparison or equality)

Como nunca vio mi mensaje, vamos sin ella.

Since she never saw my message, we're going without her.

Me gusta como hablas.

Como llegues tarde otra vez, ¡te mato!

If you arrive late again, I'll kill you!

(followed by the subjunctive) if, unless (under the condition that)


lak

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of like, representing African-American Vernacular English.


K

(text messaging) Abbreviation of kaj (“and”).


meg

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *müŋä (“rear, beyond”). For a similar semantic development, see Finnish cognate myös (“also, too”). Of the same origin as mögött, mögé, and mögül.

Csak te meg én!

Három meg egy egyenlő néggyel.

plus (sum of the previous one and the following one)


autem

Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī; et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

bad argument #1 to 'lower' (string expected, got nil)

on the other hand, on the contrary, whereas


али

head

а́ли • (áli)


али

а́ли • (áli)


или

или́ or и́ли • (ilí or íli)

или́ (canonical)
и́ли (canonical)
ilí (romanization)
íli (romanization)

това́ или́ онова́

или́ това́, или́ онова́


или

Сакаш тост или пица?

Дојди, или јас ќе ти дојдам!

Или сакаш, или не. Друго нема.

Either you like it or you don't. There's no other option.


или

и́ли • (íli)

→ Kildin Sami: элэ (ele)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic или (ili). By surface analysis, univerbation of и (i) + ли (li).

surf

Хо́чешь чай и́ли ко́фе?

Иди́ сюда́, и́ли тебя́ пойма́ю!

и́ли то́т, и́ли друго́й


पर

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀁 (paraṃ), from Sanskrit परम् (param, “after, but”), oblique of पर (para, “distant, further”).

inh+

मैंने दूध पिया, पर मैंने नाश्ता नहीं किया।

I drank milk, however I did not have breakfast.

ma͠ine dūdh piyā, par ma͠ine nāśtā nahī̃ kiyā.


y/o

y/u

used before words beginning with an ‘o’ sound


unto

Inherited from Middle English unto, from Old English *untō, *und tō, equivalent to un- (“against; toward; up to”) + to. Cognate with Old Frisian ont to ("until"; > Saterland Frisian antou (“until”)) (cf. Old Frisian und (“up to; till”), Old Frisian til (“till; to”)), Old Saxon untō, untuo (“until”), Old High German unze, unzi, unza (“until”), Old Norse und (“as far as; up to”), Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 (untē, “until; as long as”).

gloss

"until"; > Saterland Frisian <i class="Latn mention" lang="stq">antou</i> (“until”)

Unto This Last (John Ruskin)

(obsolete, poetic) Up to the time or degree that; until.


toh

From Dutch toch, from Middle Dutch toch, alteration of doch, from Middle Dutch doch, from Old Dutch thoh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh.

moreover, after all, see lagipula, lagian


mcm

(informal, text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of macam (“like, similar to”).


hu

desctree

Middle English: how, hou, howe, hu, hwu, whu, wou, wu
English: how
Geordie English: hoo
Scots: hoo, how, foo
Yola: fowe, how

From Proto-Germanic *hwō. Cognate with Old Frisian hū, Old Saxon hū (Dutch hoe), Old High German wuo.

Iċ leornode hū man wæġn ġebētt.

Hīe āscodon hū hīe helpan meahten.

Iċ him sæġde hū iċ wǣre æt hām ealne dæġ and ne ġehīerde nāwiht.

I told them how I'd been at home all day and hadn't heard a thing.

Þæt is tō wundriġenne hū hīe þā bryċġe swā hrædlīċe ġefyldon.

It's amazing how they completed the bridge so quickly.

that, the fact that (introducing direct statements)


eli

Either from the pronominal stem e- seen in että (compare mikäli, from mikä), or alternatively a North Germanic loan (compare Old Norse ella, ellar, from Proto-Germanic *aljaz). Also compare Estonian elik.

Hän tulee tänne maanantaina eli ylihuomenna.

She's coming here on Monday as in two days from now.

Kuivajää sublimoituu lämmetessään kaasuksi, eli se muuttuu suoraan kaasuksi muuttumatta välillä nesteeksi.

Dry ice sublimates to gas directly, i.e. it turns straight into gas without turning into a liquid in between.

to put it another way
to put it another way

that is, that is to say, i.e.; in other words, to put it another way; as in (used to introduce a clarification or explanation)

Kikka eli Kirsi Sirén

ruokasuola eli natriumkloridi

or, also known as, AKA, a.k.a. (used to introduce an alternative name)

Eli miten se tarina päättyy?

Eli kävit siellä eilen.

(informal) so (used to connect previous conversation or events to the following question; used to introduce a rhetorical question)

Lähdetkö mukaan eli et?


eli

From the pronominal stem e-, of uncertain origin. Akin to Finnish eli and Estonian elik.
 Possibly influenced by or derived from Russian или (ili), Swedish eller.


iki

Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”). Cognate with Latvian ik (“how often; every”).


indien

Afrikaans: indien

Univerbation of in (“in”) + dien (“that”), with dien representing the now obsolete masculine dative/accusative case of die.

univerbation

Raadpleeg uw arts indien u andere geneesmiddelen neemt.

Consult your physician if you are taking other medicines.


saat

From Malay saat, from Arabic سَاعَة (sāʕa).

when, while, or referring to an occurrence that happened in the past


obwohl

Frau Selma, unsere Empfangsdame, flirtet mit Patienten, obwohl sie Mutter von drei Kindern ist.

Ms. Selma, our receptionist, flirts with patients, although she is the mother of three children.


obwohl

Obwohl es kalt is, sim-mer maaie gang.

Although it is cold, we are going tomorrow.


ori

Variant of oare, though it functions somewhat differently in certain compositions. See ori-.

"Viață-n libertate ori moarte" strigă toți.
"Life in liberty or death," shout all.
—Deșteaptă-te, române!, the Romanian national anthem

vreau o banană ori un măr


puis

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *postius, a comparative of Latin post (“after”). Compare Portuguese pois, Spanish pues, Italian poi, and Romanian apoi (archaic păi).


puis

From Vulgar Latin *pos, from Classical Latin post (“after”).

Me gusta l pan, puis creci cun el.

I like (the) bread, because (I) grew up with it.


ef

Captain Tom would have hired him to hunt down his own child, ef Rosebud hadn’t interfered.

1882, James Jackson, Tom Terror, the Outlaw:

(nonstandard) Pronunciation spelling of if, representing dialectal English.


ef

From Old Norse ef, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.


ef

Icelandic: ef

Old Swedish: ef, em, um

Swedish: om

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: um (influenced by um < umb)

Old Danish: æf, æm, um

Danish: om

Norwegian Bokmål: om

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: om

From Proto-Germanic *jabai, originally the dative of *jabą (“doubt”), whence ef (“doubt”).


kvankam

Kvankam neriĉa, li proponis anonime certan sumon por daŭrigi la gazeton dum tri jaroj.

Although not rich, he proposed anonymously a certain sum for continuing the gazette for three years.


har

Uncertain. The word is widespread in the Sahel, but may ultimately be from either Tuareg har (“until”) or Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until”).


kiam

ki- (“interrogative and relative correlative prefix”) + -am (“correlative suffix of time”)


tial

From ti- (demonstrative correlative prefix) + -al (correlative suffix of reason).

suf

Mi pensas, tial mi estas.

Ŝandraĥ, Meŝaĥ kaj Abed-Nego havis fidon; tial ili estis savitaj el la ardantaj flamoj.

2002, La Sankta Biblio, archived from the original on 2016-03-04, I Makabeoj 2:59:

Ananias, Azarias, and Misael, believed, for this reason, they were saved out of the flame.

for that reason (demonstrative correlative of reason)


kial

ki- (“interrogative and relative correlative prefix”) + -al (“correlative suffix of reason”)

Ne estas malfacile kompreni kial ŝi koleriĝis.

It isn't difficult to understand why she became angry.

Kial vi ĉiuj ne dancas?


kie

ki- (interrogative and relative correlative prefix) + -e (correlative suffix of place)

Tie li trovis post unuhora promenado kaj pridemandado la ponton, kie li trovos sian feliĉon.

There he found, after one hour of walking and interrogating, the bridge, where he would find his happiness.


kiel

From ki- (“interrogative and relative correlative prefix”) + -el (“correlative suffix of manner or degree”).

how (relative correlative of manner or degree)


jes

A result of confusion between English yes and Russian да (da, “yes, and”).


sii

Presumably from si and after English iff.


kvazaŭ

Mi falis kvazaŭ mi estus ebria.

Ŝi kuris renkonte al li, kvazaŭ ŝi volus lin kisi, sed ŝi tion ne faris.

She ran to him, as if she would desire to kiss him, but didn't do that.


donc

Inherited from Vulgar Latin dunc. Compare Catalan doncs and French donc.


tae

From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō. Cognates include English to, too and West Frisian ta.


sed

LL-Q143 (epo)-Robin van der Vliet-sed.wav


sed

From se, by analogy with e → ed and che → ched.

(literary, rare, archaic) Alternative form of se for euphony before a vowel, especially /e/ or /ɛ/; if


sed

From Proto-Indo-European *swét / *swéd, ablative case of *swé (whence se, suus); and originally the same as the inseparable preposition sē- (properly, “by itself”, “apart”, hence, “but”, “only”, etc.). Compare with the semantics of English "only (that)..." (= "but...").

c. ad 65, Seneca, Moral Letters to Lucilius, CVI.

We learn our lessons, not for life, but for the lecture-room.

Non vi, sed verbo

1522, Martin Luther, Invocavit, Sermons:

Not by force but by the word [i.e., of God]

1804 Jun 12, Oberdeutsche Allgemeine Litteraturzeitung, No. 70, p. 1119

We must learn not for school but for life!


sau

Inherited from Latin seu, a form of sīve, and perhaps influenced by Latin aut (Romanian au).


kol

leñk mẽdį, kõl jáunas

strike while the iron is hot (literally: bend the wood while it is young)

Žmogùs gývas tõl, kõl gyvì prisiminìmai apiẽ jį̃.

A person is alive for as long as memories of him live on.

Skaičiaũ, kõl neužmigaũ.

while, as long as (within or during the time that the second argument is still valid); (with negation) until

Àš tavę̃s pasiìlgsiu, kõl tù bū́si išvažiãvus.


же

From Proto-Slavic *že, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi.

егда же и роди мати...

по сихъ же вьсѣхъ ...

отроче же не рачи се ѥти тꙋждь съсьць никакоже, развѣ по матерꙿнꙇи, донꙿдеже ѡтьдоѥнь бꙑсть.

However, until the child was weaned he would not take any other breast but his mother’s.

онь же рече: вѣрꙋ ми ими, жено

Then he said: “Believe me, wife, I place my hope in God.

сътворь же въ томь кнѧжии лѣта многа

After spending many years in that principality

о крьстѣ же господьни ...

from the Homily against the Bogumils, 329


же

Old Ruthenian: же (že)

Belarusian: жа (ža)

Carpathian Rusyn: же (že)

Ukrainian: же (že), ж (ž)

Russian: же (že), ж (ž)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *že. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic же (že) and Old Polish że.

рекоу же· оуꙁда коневи правитель ѥсть и въꙁдьржаниѥ·

But I say: A bridle is a leader to a horse and a restriction.

reku že· uzda konevi pravitelĭ jestĭ i vŭzdĭržanije·


же

Inherited from Old East Slavic же (že), from Proto-Slavic *že, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰi. Cognate with Czech že, Ancient Greek γε (ge), Sanskrit हि (hi), Ukrainian ж (ž).

Он—америка́нец, она́ же ру́сская.
On—amerikánec, oná že rússkaja.
He’s an American; she, on the other hand, is Russian.

on the other hand, whereas, as for, as to


ведь

head

ведь • (vedʹ)

→ Bashkir: бит (bit)

→ Ingrian: vet

→ Karelian: vet’

Inherited from Old East Slavic вѣдѣ (vědě). Russian ведь (vedʹ) is a former Proto-Indo-European root perfect *wóyde with mediopassive ending -ai, with meaning "I have seen". Cognate with English wit.

inh+

Он лежи́т, ведь на про́шлой неде́ле он заболе́л

On ležít, vedʹ na próšloj nedéle on zabolél


aut

Aragonese: u

Asturian: o

Catalan: o

Franco-Provençal: ou

Italian: o

→ Sardinian: o

Ligurian: ò

Mozarabic: או (ʔw)

Occitan: o

Old French: ou
French: ou

Old Galician-Portuguese: ou

Galician: ou

Portuguese: ou

Romanian: au

Romansch: u

Sardinian: a

Spanish: o

→ Esperanto: aŭ

→ Ido: od, o

From Proto-Italic *auti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti (“on the other hand”), from *h₂ew. Cognate with autem, Ancient Greek αὖ (aû), αὖτε (aûte), αὐτός (autós), αὐτάρ (autár).

der

Aut Caesar aut nihil.

All or nothing. (literally, “Either a Caesar or a nothing.”)

Aut disce aut discēde.

nemo tribunos aut plebem timebat

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 3.16.4

[…] et aut ego indigna fuī illīs aut illī mihi forsitan dignī nōn fuērunt.

[…] and either I was unworthy for them, or they perhaps were not worthy for me.

Accipe nummōs nōnāgintā — aut nūllōs!

otherwise, or else (a consequence of the condition that the previous is false)

Introduces a correction to the previous words or an afterthought remark.


nam

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁enos (“that”), the same source of enim, nē (“truly, indeed”), Ancient Greek νή (nḗ).

Nam sicut beato Iob insultabant reges ita isti parentes et cognati eius et inridebant vitam eius.

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Tobiae 2:15:

For as the kings insulted over holy Job: so his relations and kinsmen mocked at his life.


nam

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Form of of nan used before the consonants b-, f-, m- or p-.


wenn

Like wann, from Proto-Germanic *hwannē (“at what time, when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-, *kʷi- (“interrogative base”).

inh

und wenn sie nicht gestorben sind, dann leben sie noch heute

wenn das Arbeiten nur leicht wäre, tät's der Bürgermeister selber

wenn das Aug nicht sehen will, helfen weder Brillen noch Licht

wenn der Berg nicht zum Propheten kommt, muss der Prophet wohl zum Berge kommen

wenn Ostern und Pfingsten auf einen Tag fallen

wenn Ostern und Weihnachten auf einen Tag fallen

Sag bitte Bescheid, wenn du fertig bist!

Was tun, wenn ich nicht weiß, ob sie mich liebt?

What (to do) if I don't know if she loves me?


wenn

Like wann, from Proto-Germanic *hwannē (“at what time, when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-, *kʷi- (“interrogative base”). Compare German wann.

Ich here Musik, wenn-ich aam Wegh gehn

I listen to music when I walk down the street.

Wenn-ich reich wäär, däd-ich meer en groses Haus kaafe.

If I were rich, I would buy a big house for myself.


wenn

From Proto-Germanic *hwannē (“at what time, when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-, *kʷi- (“interrogative base”).


nek

From Latin nec, used in identical fashion (nec...nec). Compare Italian né, French ni, Spanish ni.

nek ... nek ...

Li estas nek altkreska nek malaltkreska.

La Usonanoj posedis nek literaturon, nek arton, nek muzikon proprajn.

1910, J. A. Mitchell, translated by Lehman Wendelld, La lasta Usonano:

The Americans possessed neither literature, nor art, nor their own music.


ont

From Middle High German unt, unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-Germanic *andi (“furthermore, and”). Cognate with German und, English and.


eða

From Old Norse eða, from Proto-Germanic *efþau and thus related to Old High German odar, Old English oþþe, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau).

Það er annað hvort ég eða hann.

Viltu fara í bíó eða út að borða?


för

Partly from Old Swedish for, Proto-Germanic *furai. Partly from Old Swedish fyrir, firi, fyre, from Old Norse fyrir, from Proto-Germanic *furi.


damit

From da + mit. Compare English theremid, therewith.

Beeil dich, damit wir bald losfahren können.

(subordinating, with indicative or subjunctive I) so that, in order that


cuando

Inherited from Latin quandō. Compare English cue.

Ven cuando estés listo.


eins og

Þetta lítur út eins og fugl.

Þetta bragðast smá eins og súkkulaði.

Tíminn og vatnið ("The time and the water") by Steinn Steinarr

Time is like water, and the water is cool and deep like my own consciousness.

Tíminn er eins og vatnið, og vatnið er kalt og djúpt eins og vitund mín sjálfs.

koma til dyranna eins og maður er klæddur

fara í kringum eins og köttur í kringum heitan graut


ara

head

ara (negative arna or arná or arnacon or arnachon)

arna (negative)
arná (negative)
arnacon (negative)
arnachon (negative)

ar (“for (the sake of), because of”) + -a (relative pronoun)

af

Gigeste-si Día linn ara·fulsam ar fochidi.

You pl will pray to God for us so that we may endure our sufferings.

coní·árim-se peccad libsi uili, ꝉ ara·tart-sa fortacht dúibsi, arnap trom fuirib for n‑oínur

so that I may not count sin with you all, or so that I may give aid to you lest it be heavy on you by yourselves

In tan imme·romastar són nach noíb, ara cuintea dílgud Dé isind aimsir sin.

That is, when any saint sins, that he may seek the forgiveness of God at that time.

Foilsigidir són ⁊ do·adbat nertad coitchen do chách .i. ara·ngé cách Día amal dund·rigni-som ⁊ rond·cechladar […]

He reveals this and shows a common exhortation to everyone, i.e. that everyone should pray to God as he did, and that he will hear him […]


само

што волови мучу, само нек кола не шкрипе

дат ћу/даћу вам све, само без свађе!

I'll will get you everything, just don't get into a fight about it!

ова хаљина је л(иј)епа, само је скупа

this dress is very nice, but it's too expensive

(denoting opposition or exclusion) just, but, only

говорим само да говорим

(denoting limited intention) only to, merely to

ти учиш, само да не буде узалуд

you're studying, if only it were not in vain

(denoting an assumption of opposite outcome) if only

није само

није то само тако/не може то само тако

само што

само што не

само што нисам/само што није


porque

because (by or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that)


porque

Porque quero vivir en Galicia.

E porque nom podemos ir?

(reintegrationist, introducing a question) why

reintegrationist; introducing a question; reintegrationist; introducing a question


porque

From Old Galician-Portuguese porque, corresponding to por (“for”) + que (“that”).
Cognate with Galician and Spanish porque, Catalan perquè, French parce que and Italian perché.

Aproveita a vida porque ela é curta!

because; for (introduces an explanation to the claim in the previous clause)


porque

From por (“for; due to”) + que (“what”).


donde

From de (“from”) + Old Spanish onde (“whence, from where”), from Latin unde.
Replaced Old Spanish o (“where”), from Latin ubi, although the latter survives, in a marginal way, in the form do, which is also prefixed with de.


ug

Standardized form of ug as a conjunctive, see og. Akin to Hiligaynon kag, Maranao ago.

ikaw ug siya

punita ug ilabay

pritohon ug tulahon, pariha ra nako

deep fried or stewed, it's all the same to me


fois

Fossilized genitive of Foi, from Middle High German val, from Old High German fal, from Proto-West Germanic *fall. Compare German falls.


så

From Old Norse svá, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē, cognate with English so, German so, Dutch zo.

so that (introduces an adverbial clause stating the result)

so (introducing an independent clause summing up or concluding)


så

From Old Norse svá, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē.


så

From Old Norse svá, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē. Akin to English so.

Eg barberte meg så ho skulle synast eg var fin.

I shaved so that she would think I looked nice.


så

Vi måste åka så att vi hinner hem i tid

We have to go so that we make it home in time

Stäng av plattan så att inte maten bränns
Turn off the plate so the food doesn't burn ("så att inte" = "so that not" = "lest," but with a more everyday tone)

Det regnade, så vi satte oss inomhus

Imorgon (så) ska vi äta glass

Om ni kommit tidigare (så) hade ni fått mat

If you had come here earlier, you would've gotten food

Hade det inte regnat så förbaskat (så) hade vi kunnat gå på en promenad

If it hadn't been so darn rainy, we could've gone for a walk

I skogen (så) bodde det en trollkarl

Optionally appears between an initial adverbial and the principal verb of a sentence (where a comma would go in English). Compare English "then" for grammatical intuition (though the "så" doesn't carry any meaning or connotations). Note that due to V2 word order, the principal verb follows the adverbial, giving a different word order from English.


þess vegna

Þú drapst köttinn minn, þess vegna líkar mér illa við þig.

You killed my cat, therefore I dislike you.


eller

From Old Danish ællær, from Old Norse ella, ellar, from Proto-Germanic *aljaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.

At være eller ikke være.

Han sagde hverken ja eller nej.


eller

From Old Norse ella, ellar, from Proto-Germanic *aljaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.

Hun er litt rar, eller hva?

Knask eller knep?

Jeg veit ikke om han er dum eller frekk.

Organisasjonen er usikker på om det er en god idé eller ikke.

The organisation is unsure as to whether it's a good idea or not.


eller

From Old Swedish ælla, ællar, from Old Norse ella, ellar, from Proto-Germanic *aljaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.

Att vara eller inte vara.

Han sade varken ja eller nej.


þegar

From Old Norse þegar, cognate with Old Swedish þaghar, Old Gutnish þegar.

Ég tala aldrei þegar ég er að dreyma.

Ég hata þegar ég sé gulan bíl en hef engan til að kýla.

I hate when I see a yellow car but have no one to punch.


og

From Old Norse ok (“and, also”), from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och (“and”), ock (“also”), Dutch ook (“also”), and German auch (“also”).


og

From Old Norse ok, from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och.


og

Hanus og Janus

her og har


og

Kona og maður.

Ég heiti Baldur og þetta er Jón.
My name is Baldur and this is Jón.


og

From Old Norse ok (“and”), from earlier auk (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *auk (“also, too, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase, enlarge”).


efter

From Middle English after, from Old English æfter, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar.


síðan

Contracted from Proto-Germanic *sīþuz (“late”) *þanō (instrumental form of *sa (“that”)), similar to Old English siþþan (“since”). See also Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (seiþus).

(with relative pronoun) from the time when, since


fyrst

Fyrst þú heimsóttir mig á spítalann þá fyrirgef ég þér.

Since you visited me in the hospital I forgive you.


því

From Old Norse því, possibly from the instrumental interrogative Proto-Germanic *hwī (“how, with what”), with the initial h- replaced by the þ- from the forms of *sa.

Colossians 3:9
Ljúgið ekki hver að öðrum, því þér hafið afklæðst hinum gamla manni með gjörðum hans.
Do not lie to each other, since you have taken off your old self with its practices.


då

From Old Norse þá, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then”). Its use as a conjunction can be seen as taken from the Old Norse combination þá er (er being the actual conjunction).

Då morgonen kom, hadde vêret vorte betre.

When the morning came, the weather had gotten better.


då

From Old Swedish þā, from Old Norse þá, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then”).

Vi sov då branden började.

Då inget tvivel tycks råda om hans skuld, beslutar jag härmed...

Since there seems to be no doubts about his guilt, I hereby decide...

(dated) since, as; by background of the case being that


lessen

From Middle English lessenen, lasnen, equivalent to less + -en (verbal suffix).

Ober closed his encomium with the serious statement that “Lessen he could marry Miss Jennie he would be a bachelor the balance of his life," to which the drayman replied that " If Oi were Miss Janie Oi'd black yer oi the minute ye thought of such a thing. The oidee."

1895, Book-keeper (Detroit, Mich. : 1888). - Volume 8, Issue 6, page 10:

She was fine-looking; he couldn't find a fault with her 'lessen he made it up.

2011, Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom, page 107:

No more work outta them lessen they paid now.

That usually all they need fuh go that straight and narrow path, lessen they got that real badness or foolishness in them.

2013, Lornabelle Gethers, Honey Bea's Everlasting Gift, page 88:


что

dated Saint Petersburg pronunciation, now proscribed

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьto, a univerbation of Proto-Indo-European *kʷid and *tód.

Я ду́маю, что он до́ма. ― Ja dúmaju, što on dóma. ― I think that he's home.

Прокуратор понял, что там на площади уже собралась несметная толпа взволнованных последними беспорядками жителей Ершалаима, что эта толпа в нетерпении ожидает вынесения приговора и что в ней кричат беспокойные продавцы воды.

1973, Михаил Булгаков, “Глава II. Понтий Пилат”, in Мастер и Маргарита; English translation from Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, transl., Master and Margarita, London: Penguin Books, 1997:

The procurator understood that there, on the square, a numberless crowd of Yershalaim citizens, agitated by the recent disorders, had already gathered, that this crowd was waiting impatiently for the announcement of the sentences, and that restless water sellers were crying in its midst.

Prokurator ponjal, što tam na ploščadi uže sobralasʹ nesmetnaja tolpa vzvolnovannyx poslednimi besporjadkami žitelej Jeršalaima, što eta tolpa v neterpenii ožidajet vynesenija prigovora i što v nej kričat bespokojnyje prodavcy vody.


zašto

Univerbation of za (“for”) + što (“what”). For the conjunction compare zato.


зашто

head

зашто • (zašto)


зашто

Literally “for what”, from за (“for”) + што̏ (“what”). For the conjunction compare зато што.


kako

Kako je noć odmicala, sve sam više bio pospaniji.

As the night went on, I was getting increasingly sleepier.

as, while (links or emphasizes two or more events which happen and vary through time, in order or simultaneously)

Preselio se ovdje kako bi našao posao.

Kako bismo se jednog dana i mi mogli natjecati, moramo puno vježbati.

In order for us to compete one day, we need to train a lot.

(Croatia, used with present conditional) to, so, so as to, so that, in order to, in order for (expresses a past or future intent that refers to the present)


til

From Middle English til, from Old English til (“to, until”), possibly from Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”), or Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”). Compare to Old Frisian til.


til

From Old Norse til, from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“goal”), cognate with Swedish till (“to”), English till, German Ziel n (“goal”). The preposition has arisen from an adverbial use of the noun, lit. "(with) the goal of something". In Old Norse, the preposition governs the genitive, a usage which is preserved in certain fixed phrases in Danish.

Jeg venter til det bliver mørkt.


til

From Old Norse til, from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”), from Proto-Indo-European *ád (“near, at”).


til

English: til, till

Scots: til

From Old English til (“to, until”), possibly from Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”), or Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”). Cognate with Old Norse til, Old Frisian til.

[…]And pleſed hym in al that ever ſhe myghte.
 He drank, and wel his girdel underpighte;
 He ſlepeth, and he fnorteth in his gyſe
 Al nyght, til the ſonne gan aryſe.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Law's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 788–791:

[…] and she pleased him with everything she possibly could.
 He drank, and his belt became stuffed well;
 he slept, and snorted like he usually did
 throughout the night, until the sun arose.


vai

From Proto-Finnic *vai. Probably ultimately from the same root as vajaa, possibly by analogy with tai.

Onko se suuri vai pieni?

(coordinating, in question clauses) or (exclusive or; either what comes before or what comes after)


vai

From Proto-Finnic *vai. Cognate with Finnish vai and Estonian või.

Kummaas poolees oppilapsist ovat ikkunat - oikiaas vai kuras?

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:

On which side of the students are the windows - on the right or on the left?

Onko se niin vai ei oo?

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:

Itse käin kyselömmää: // »Mitä vessät velvyeen, // Vai vessät sotivennooja?»

1916, Volmari Porkka, “1576. [Soikkola]. III443b”, in Väinö Salminen, V. Alava, editor, Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot. Länsi-Inkerin runot, volume III2, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, lines 16-18:

Myself I started to ask him: // »What are you carving, my brother dear, // Are you carving a warship?»

Vai siis siulle syyvvä, juuvva ei annettu?

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 86:

Then they didn't give you anything to eat, to drink?

Hää mörnää: „Mitä lykit siä?
Vai maistaa tahot pleettiä?“

1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 46:

He shouts: „Why are you pushing?
Do you want to taste the whip, perchance?“

Used to introduce polar questions, especially rhetorical ones.