jeżeli

jeżelim (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jeżeliśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jeżeliś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jeżeliście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jeżeli (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jeżeli (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

→ Kashubian: jeżlë, eżlë, żelë, żlë

→ Silesian: jeżeli

Univerbation of je(st) + że + li. First attested in 1588.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jeżeli”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Jeżeli kochać, to nie indywidualnie!


jeśli

jeślim (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jeśliśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jeśliś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jeśliście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jeśli (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jeśli (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jestli. By surface analysis, univerbation of jest + li. Compare Czech jestli, Russian е́сли (jésli).

surf

Coordinate term: to

introduces a real conditional clause; if

gdi proſſim orzeczy czeſne/ iako ſą ſlawa/ rozum/ maiętnoſc y yne/ tedy mamy proſſic pod obyazaiem albo (iako żowa) pod oblikiem zdawaiąc proſby naſze pod wolą boża mowiąc ieſli to wola twoią á nie ieſt przeciw memu duſznemu zbawieniu.

1547, J. Seklucjan, Catechismus, page B2v:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


τε

From Proto-Hellenic *kʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀤 (qe), Sanskrit च (ca), and Latin -que.

Τὴν δ’ ἠμείβετ’ ἔπειτα πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·

Then the father of men and gods answered her:

Tḕn d’ ēmeíbet’ épeita patḕr andrôn te theôn te;

and, also or untranslatable
(after each item in a list) and

εἰ δὲ ὥσπερ ἐγώ τε καὶ σὺ νυνὶ φίλοι ὄντες βούλοιντο ἀλλήλοις διαλέγεσθαι, δεῖ δὴ πρᾳότερόν πως καὶ διαλεκτικώτερον ἀποκρίνεσθαι.

But if, like you and I now, they were friends and chose to converse together, it is appropriate to answer in a somewhat more easygoing and conversational manner.

ei dè hṓsper egṓ te kaì sù nunì phíloi óntes boúlointo allḗlois dialégesthai, deî dḕ prāióterón pōs kaì dialektikṓteron apokrínesthai.

ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασίλεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.7

There Cyrus had a palace and a large garden full of wild animals, which he would hunt from a horse, whenever he wanted to exercise himself and his horses.

entaûtha Kúrōi basíleia ên kaì parádeisos mégas agríōn thēríōn plḗrēs, hà ekeînos ethḗreuen apò híppou, hopóte gumnásai boúloito heautón te kaì toùs híppous.

(combined with καί (kaí), untranslatable)


već

1891, recorded by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Srpske narodne pjesme

If from the sky an impetuous rain were to fall, / nowhere would it fall on the soil, / but rather on good horses and heroes.

Da iz neba plaha kiša padne, / niđe ne bi na zemljicu pala, / već na dobre konje i junake.

(following a negation) but, but rather (see also nȅgo)


iffen

“Itʼs burninʼ hot as iffen the house was caught on fire.”

1952, Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, Penguin Books (2014), page 58:


baita

Contraction of - bai (“yes”) and eta (“and”).


skoro

Inherited from Old Polish skoro. By surface analysis, skory + -o. Compare Kashubian skòro and Slovincian skôrô.


ולא

he-con

וָלֹא • (való)

From pausal form of וְ־ (v'-, “and”) + לֹא (lo, “no”)

וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְשָׁלוֹם, וָלֹא יֵלֶךְ־נָא אִתָּנוּ אַמְנוֹן אָחִי;

Tanach, 2 Samuel [[s:he:T08b13#יג_כו|13:26]], with translation of the New International Version:

Then Absalom said, If not, please let my brother Amnon come with us;

vayómer avshalóm, való yeléch-na ittánu amnón aḥí;


𐎜

head

𐎜 • (ủ /ʾō/)

Cognate with Arabic أَوْ (ʔaw) and Hebrew אוֹ (’o).


𐎆

From Proto-Semitic *wa. Cognate with Arabic وَ (wa) and Biblical Hebrew וְ (wə).

and (coordinating conjunction, used between all types of constituents)


being that

Possibly an ellipsis of "it being so that" or "it being true that"

Being that it's midnight, let's go home.


when, as, and if

The dividend on the preferred stock shall be payable in equal amount to the dividend on the common stock when, as, and if the Company declares a dividend on the common stock.

(law, finance, business) Used to indicate the timing and contingency of some obligation in contracts, especially financial.

jos ja kun

conjugation indicating time and contingency


czyli

Polish: czyli

Silesian: czyli

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *či li. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li. First attested in the end of the 14th century.

etydate

Gyesthly k themu... domu tha nyewyastha blysza, czyly[…] dzyeczy, czyly czo prawo, a ktho gy ma wszyacz albo oszyescz?

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 24:

(attested in Greater Poland) which is actually


czyli

Inherited from Old Polish czyli. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li.


negu

From nè (“no”) + -gu (“emphatic particle”). Compare jéigu (“if”), Czech než (“than”).


ἄρα

head

ᾰ̓́ρᾰ • (ára)

grc-conjunction

ᾰ̓́ρᾰ • (ára)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“thus, so”) (which is probably a grammaticalization of the "to fit, fix" meaning). Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and; so”).


точно

head

то́чно • (tóčno)

From то́чный (tóčnyj). Compare Ukrainian то́чно (tóčno).


dlatego

Polish: dlatego

Silesian: dlŏtygo

/dlʲaːtɛːɡɔ/

Univerbation of dla + tego, literally “for that”. First attested in c. 1498.

univ

Oszwyeczylesz mathką szwa dvchem szwyathym. Dlyathego czye proschą, panye, yzby oszwyeczyl szyercze moye, bo grzechy moye sza nyewymowne

1875 [End of the 15th century], Stanisław Motty, editor, Książeczka do nabożeństwa Jadwigi księżniczki polskiej, Modlitewnik Nawojki, page 159:

O kthore ssbyczye na mya zalvye o robothlywego kmyeczya Andrzeya..., aczbych czo vdzyalal, tho dlathego w skodzye szwey, w borv szwoym, gdzye my szkoda dzyelal

1950 [c. 1498], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 1804, Warsaw:

(attested in Masovia) that's why, because of this,


dlatego

dlategom (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
dlategośmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
dlategoś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
dlategoście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
dlatego (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
dlatego (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish dlatego. By surface analysis, univerbation of dla + tego. Compare Kashubian dlôtegò and Slovincian dlotêwo.


lecz

Polish: lecz

Silesian: lecz

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lěče. First attested in 1415. Compare Old Czech leč.

Krystus schedl do Ierusalem y vypądzyl przedayące y kvpvyące, ktorasz rzecz mynye (pro myenyą), yze ynegdy szye nye stalo, lecz tey Vyelykey Noczy (quod numquam ab eo factum dicunt nisi in Pascha)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 203:

connects oppositely two rows or sentences; only

Tako panna, yako pany ma to wedzecz, czszo szø gany. Lecz riczerz albo panosza czczy *szensko twarz, tocz *przisluchsza

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 76:

(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) contrastive conjuncton; but

Prawi sød bødze myedzi wami, lyecz myesczanin, lyecz przichodzen sgrzeszilibi (sive peregrinus, sive civis peccaverit)

1930 [c. 1455], “Lev”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 24, 22:

Ale dvsze, ktoresz... *nyeczø sgrzeszø, lecz bødz myesczanin, lecz bødz goscz (sive civis sit ille, sive peregrinus), ... sgynye z lvdv swego

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 15, 30:

repeated, expresses an equivalent association; both... and


lecz

Inherited from Old Polish lecz. Compare Czech leč.


若非

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːk̚² fei̯⁵⁵/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːk̚² fei̯⁵⁵/


a menos que

El trabajo me salió muy largo así que tuve que cortar por lo sano y decirles que ya no iba a aceptar más ese tipo de trabajos, a menos que me pagaran mejor.

2010, Adela Robles-Sáez, 3,000 locuciones verbales y combinaciones frecuentes, Georgetown University Press, →ISBN, page 71:

The job took me a long time so I had to cut my losses and tell them that I wasn't going to take those kinds of jobs anymore, unless they paid me better.

Hace muchos años escribí el guion de Pussycat [1965]^([sic]) e hicieron con él una película terrible, aunque muy popular. Nunca más he escrito un guion a menos que yo fuera el director.

2023 September 18, Jacinto Antón, quoting Woody Allen, “Woody Allen: “La infidelidad sólo es buena en la ficción””, in El País:


不顧

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ku⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ kuː³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ²¹/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ⁴¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ kɔ²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ¹¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ²¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ku⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ kuː³³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ²¹/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ kɔ⁴¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ kɔ²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ¹¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ kɔ²¹/


𐎢𐎫𐎠

desc

Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭥𐭣 (ʾwd /ud/), 𐭠𐭥 (ʾw /u/) 𐭥

Classical Persian:

Persian: و (o, va)

Tajik: у (u), ва (va) (after a pause)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, from *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u. Cognate with Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬙𐬀 (uta), Parthian [script needed] ('wd), Sanskrit उत (utá).
Mayrhofer and others suggested a further connection with Ancient Greek αὖτε (aûte, “again”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-te. This connection has been disputed by later scholars due to the difference in usage, but a direct PIE ancestor is still possible; Celtiberian [Term?] (uta) serves an identical function, and on this basis Klein reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *utá.


ὅτι

head

ὅτι • (hóti)

grc-conjunction

ὅτι • (hóti)

Greek: ότι (óti)

Pontic Greek: ότι (óti)

→ Laz: ოტი (oťi)

Originally the neuter accusative form of the indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις (hóstis, “whomever”)

after verbs of perception and emotion, introducing a noun clause expressing a fact: that (with the same mood as the corresponding independent clause)

expressing a fact
w:Presupposition#Factive verbs

after verbs of perception, emotion, saying, or hearing, introducing an indirect statement: that (with indicative or optative)

introducing a causal clause expressing a reason: because, seeing that

(with a superlative) as much as possible


etti

From Proto-Finnic *että. Cognates with Finnish että and Estonian et.

Mittaisivat mitälee plaanua mööt, reknaisiit ja sanoivat, etti linnaa saa ono neljä kilometraa i yli tunnin, melkeen, möö leenemmä kois.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:

They measured something along the map, counted and said, that it's four kilometers to the city and in an hour, approximately, we would be home.

Etti saavva syyvvä talvikylmääl, linnut aine likemmälle ja likemmälle mättiijäät meijen kottiin looks.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 10:

In order to be able to eat in the winter cold, birds always drift closer and closer to our houses.


både

From Old Norse báðir (“both”), a combination of Proto-Germanic *bai and the demonstrative pronoun þeir, cf. Old English bā þā (English both) and Old High German beide (German beide).

in the combinations både ... og "both ... and" and (proscribed) både ... men også, lit. "both ... but also".


både

både ... og


både

From Old Norse báðir, bæði. Akin to English both.

både ... og


både

From Old Swedish bāþe, from Old Norse báðir (“both”), from Proto-Germanic *bai, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₁. Cognate with English both.

Ta med både den lilla och den stora.

Bring both the little one and the big one.


ačkoli

From ač + -koli. Compare Polish aczkolwiek.


żeby

Polish: żeby

Silesian: żeby

From że + -by. First attested in the 15th century.

Tegdi ten, yen bi myenil, zebi yego bili role... ma doswyatczicz

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 88:

Aczbi syąn prigodzilo, zebi nyektori nyeprzyiaczel... na nyekogo wrzvczil syąn (quod... irruerit) gy zabycz chczancz

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 86:

Pakli nowø rzecz vcini pan, zebi *otworzocz zemya vsta swa polknølabi ge (ut... deglutiat eos)

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 16,30:

Bo gest to to prawo dzewek Salfaad od boga vidano, zeby syø swadzbili, s kim zechczø

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 36,6:

Zebichom na them kazanu prziszli g boszkemu posznanu po them zawithanu

1874-1891 [Fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXV, page 218:

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

(attested in Masovia) introduces a subordinate clause; that

Gdyszem umrzecz ymyal, prothoszem tho kazal popysszacz, zeby tho na mey duszy mye zostalo

1864 [15th century], Jan Długosz, edited by Aleksander Przezdziecki, Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis nunc primum e codice autographo, volume III, Krakow, page 354:

Aby snad nye bili myedzi wami møsz albo zona..., gegos to by sercze bilo odwroczono od pana boga twego dzysz, zeby sedl (ut vadat) y slvzil bogom tich narodow

1930 [c. 1455], “Deut”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 29,18:

Paklibi ktori krziwi s przerzeczonich ku moczi prziycz bi wsgardzil, tako zebi prawu staacz nye chczyal (sic quod iuri nollet parere)..., tegdi... tho wschisthko onemu, komu zaloscz yest, dano ma bicz

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 93:

Gensze (sc. kapłan) pyrwe offyervge za grzech, zakrøczyw glowø gego, tako zebi syø gardla *dzerszalo (retorquebit caput eius ad pennulas, ita ut collo haereat) any owszem gey vrwacz

1930 [c. 1455], “Lev”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), section 5,8:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Masovia) to, so that, in order to


żeby

żebym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
żebyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
żebyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
żebyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
żeby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
żeby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish żeby. By surface analysis, że + -by. Compare Kashubian żebë.

Chcę, żebyś ciężej pracował!

creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to [with past-tense clause]

Żeby mnie nie zabiło!

creates a subordinate clause in which the speaker believes the following event would be good; to, that, had better, may [with past-tense clause]

Czytam, żeby się uczyć.

creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

creates a subordinate clause expressing expressing means by which something is achieved; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive or past-tense clause]

Zjadłem za dużo, żeby teraz biegać.

creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

Żebyś wiedział!

You bet! (literally, “So that you knew!”)

Żebyś wiedział!

+obj

creates a subordinate clause expressing the speaker's position on the truthfulness of a given situation [with past-tense clause or present-tense clause or infinitive]

żeby nie wiem co

you'd better believe it (literally, “so that I don't know what”)

(colloquial) creates a subordinate clause emphasizing that the speaker thinks the contents of their statement are apt [with past-tense clause or present-tense clause or infinitive]

Nie wiem, żeby...

(chiefly in negated sentences) creates a subordinate clause expressing doubt; that, if [with past-tense clause]

żeby też

to think that (literally, “so that also”)

ale żeby

creates a subordinate clause expressing the speakers doubt with relation to the goodness of a given event; roughly, to think that [with past-tense clause or infinitive]

gadać, żeby gadać

(colloquial) creates a subordinate clause that expresses a lack of results; for the sake of [with infinitive]

creates a subordinate clause in which the speaker thinks something else should be reality rather than what truly is; so that, may; if only [with past-tense clause]

Uciekał przez trzy lata, żeby skończyć w więzieniu.

He ran away for three years just to end up in prison. [with infinitive]

(literary) introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to [with infinitive]

żeby tak powiedzieć

as it were/so to speak/I'll add (literally, “in order to say so”)

(colloquial) introduces a second action co-occurring with another; to [with past-tense clause]

(colloquial) creates a subordinate clause expressing consequences; or else [with past-tense clause]


altho

American English alteration of although.

This is a pitiful defence, for ’tis certain there are people who are not judged to be praiſe-worthy altho they be praiſed by others: […]

1684, Jean Claude, translated by J. R. R., The Catholick Doctrine of the Eucharist in All Ages, R. Royston, page 261:

The Usefull, the mechanic Arts, are those which We have occasion for in a young Country, as yet simple and not far advanced in Luxury, altho perhaps much too far for her Age and Character.

1984, George Will, quoting John Adams, US President, 1780, (Please provide the book title or journal name) (Political Science), Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(informal, chiefly US) Alternative spelling of although


gus

Chaidh e dhan bhùth gus biadh a cheannach.

Thuirt am Bòrd gu bheil siostaman ann gus nach bi buaidh air seirbheisean.

2020 December 11, “Na h-Eileanan Siar gun chùisean ùra Diardaoin”, in BBC News:

The Board said that systems are in place to ensure that services will not be affected.


niż

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *niže. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

surf

used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than


niż

Polish: niż

Silesian: niż

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *niže. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e). First attested in the 14th century.

Maczek ne dal lista wysszey data (pro daty ?), niz iaco byla oprawa

1856-1870 [1399], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki, volume VIII, number 8324:

Wibral iesm odrzuczon bicz w domu boga mego wøczey, nisz bidlicz w przebitczech grzesznicow (elegi abiectus esse in domo dei mei magis, quam habitare in tabernaculis peccatorum)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 83, 11:

Milowal ies zloscz nad dobrocz, lichotø wøcey, nisze mowicz prawdø (iniquitatem magis quam loqui aequitatem)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page 51:

Dobrze gest pfacz v pana, nysz pfacz we czloweka (bonum est confidere in domino, quam confidere in homine)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 117, 8:

Czastokrocz syą przygadza, ysze geden pylnyeyszy gest syebye obeszrzenya y syedlenya nysz drvgy

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 45:

Iacosmi vissego posagv Dzychne VIII marcas vyrzødnego ne røczili nis iaco Katherzine

1960 [1405], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty pyzdrskie, volume II, number 263, Pyzdry:

Iacosim dal vanczey penadzi nisze dwescze krziwen na Cobile Pole

1959 [1404], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 752, Poznań:

Peczna yest ossobna dzedzina nisz Gilowecz

1902 [1409], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 385:

Jacom ya o than krziwdą oth Micolaya wstal, esze my vyssey kasal robicz, nysem mal umową

1921 [1426], Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editor, Procesy twórcze formowania się społeczeństwa polskiego w wiekach średnich, page 311:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

Toma ne vczinil moczi nat Chroslø... pirwey, nis se wansoual

1959 [1389], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 239, Poznań:

Iako Symanowi prziszøndzono Swønchowo mene pirwe, nisz gy Swøch obesall

1959 [1391], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 111, Poznań:

Jacom bil poslem ot Maczka do Piotrasza, bi zaplaczene wszal dwadzescze griwen gotouich, nisz ktorø skoda vczinil na Sczepana

1959 [1397], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 332, Poznań:

Iaco Potrek do Kaliszkego slal zøndayø miru drzewey, nisz w zemi zawadzil

1959 [1400], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 446, Poznań:

V wody szø poczina czescz drzewey, nisz gdi szødø gestcz, tedyø na røcze dayø

1415, Przecław Słota, O zachowaniu się przy stole, Łęczyca, Poznań, line 57:

Yakom przod dzelil Byenka z braczą, nysz szye tho rancoyemstwo stalo

1960 [1422], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty pyzdrskie, volume II, number 706, Pyzdry:

Dal im przethtim rok otpusczenye ('odpuszczenia'), nysz sye tho pobranye stalo

1959 [1426], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 1229, Poznań:

Jacom ya s Pawlem smowi nye ymal lista wannego pirwey dacz nisze w gimenye wwansanya

1950 [1428], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 2839, Warsaw:

A prosczye trzeba *wschitgyego schesczyorga blogoslawyenstwa naprzod myecz, nysz tho przidzye

1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 244:

(attested in Greater Poland, Sieradz-Łęczyca, Masovia) introduces a temporal clause; before

Ale pirworodzone wolv, owcze y kozy nye dasz viplaczicz, bo iest prziswyøczono bogv. Nisz krew przelegesz na oltarzv (sanguinem tantum eorum fundes super altare) a tvk zakadzisz na wonyø *przechatnø panv

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 18, 17:

Scepan pospolnych sdzegen ne zayøl, nisz yako ye zaztal ot pyanczy lath, tako ge grodzy

1888 [1411], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 125:

Tho skazvyemy bicz... proszne, nisz wsdy przerzeczone dzewky wroczicz szą mayą k gych dzedzynnym cząsczam (quin praefatae filiae redeant ad earum hereditarias porciones)

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 76:

(attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) introduces a contradicting clause; but, however

Iako Sandziuoy... wmovil medzi mnø a medzi Sczepanem, esz ne mal na mø niyednego roku stacz, nisz przet timi pani, czso sø nameneni

1959 [1398], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty poznańskie, volume I, number 362, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces an exclusionary conditional clause; unless only

V ych rące bądzye podan szyn czlovyeczy... any szye zzalvyą yego nyevynnosczy, nyz kako vyelyką... mąką bądzye vmączen

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 545:

Iaco prawe wemi i swaczczimi, nisze cazal za ząn dacz zastawan w dzezandczi grziwen, a coszm zaplaczil

1958 [1394], “Nieznane czternastowieczne roty polskie z ksiąg sądowych ziemskich krakowskich [Unknown fourteenth-century Polish oaths from court records of Krakow landowners]”, in Zbigniew Perzanowski, Mieczysław Karaś, editors, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego [Scientific Journals of the Jagiellonian University], volume I, Krakow, page 239:

(attested in Lesser Poland) corruption of iż(e)


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

Spostrzegałeś między nimi postacie podobniejsze do zbójów, niż do pasterzy, okrutne, straszne, pokryte łachmanami rozmaitych ubiorów.

1901 (first published 1884), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ogniem i Mieczem, Gebethner i Wolff, book 1, chapter 2:

You saw among them figures more similar to bandits than to herders: cruel, frightening, covered in the rags of diverse outfits.

...woleli puszczać się czajkami na Czarne morze, niż żenić się lub gospodarstwa pilnować.

1901 (first published 1884), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ogniem i Mieczem, Gebethner i Wolff, book 1, chapter 4:

[They] preferred to go out in chaikas on the Black Sea rather than get married or look after farms.

...zrozumiałem, że w moim życiu następuje zwrot, który kieruje mnie ku czemuś większemu niż słowa, które czytam.

2010, Murray Bodo, translated by Małgorzata Bortnowska, Mistycy: Odkrywcy Bożych Dróg, Kraków: Wydawnictwo M, archived from the original on 2022-08-24, page 178:

...I understood that there was happening in my life a change of direction which was leading me towards something greater than the words that I was reading.

Wówczas idzie i bierze ze sobą siedem innych duchów gorszych niż on sam i wszedłszy, mieszkają tam.

2013, Updated Gdańsk Bible, archived from the original on 2022-08-24, Matthew 12:45:

Then he goes and brings with him seven other spirits worse than he himself, and having gone in, they live there.

Co do reszty, musiałem, ze względu na okoliczności, mylić się znacznie częściej, niż bym to sobie wymarzył...

2018, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, translated by Maciej Wąs, Nowe Jeruzalem, 2nd edition, Chesterton Polska, page 20:

As for the rest, because of the circumstances, I must have been mistaken much more often than I would dream of...

(Middle Polish) introduces a contrastive clause; not only; but, however


sanki

desc

→ Georgian: საჲქი (sayki) (chiefly Ingiloy dialect)

Univerbation of san + ki. Compare elə bil ki, literally 'know as if', which also uses an imperative verb form.


withoute

And whanne this old man had sayd thus he came to one of tho knyghtes and sayd I haue lost alle that I haue sette in the / For thou hast rulyd the ageynste me as a warryour and vsed wrong werres with vayne glory more for the pleasyr of the world than to please me / therfor thow shalt be confounded withoute thow yelde me my tresour

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “iij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XV:


veik

Paukštis lėkė véik šen, véik ten.

Oras keitas: véik lyna, véik saulė

The weather is changing: rain comes, sun comes.

repeated conjunction used to enumerate contrasting phrases


ແລະ

Compare Lü ᧞ (l̇ae), Shan လႄႈ (lāae), Thai และ (lɛ́).


fordi

From Old Danish for þy (at), Old Norse fyrir því (at), from fyrir (“for”) + því, dative singular of þat, which is extant in Danish as an independent conjunction, thi. Compare also English forthy (“therefore”) (obsolete), Norwegian fordi, and Swedish förty (archaic).

because (subordinating conjunction introducing a subclause expressing the cause, less often a concession or a motive)


fordi

From Old Norse fyrir því at (for det at).


επειδή

head

επειδή • (epeidí)

el-conjunction

επειδή • (epeidí)

Inherited from Ancient Greek ἐπειδή (epeidḗ, “after, since”).


karwa

> Javanese: ꦏꦫꦺꦴ (karo) (inherited)

→ Balinese: ᬓᬭᭀ (karo)


премда

пре̏мда (canonical)
prȅmda (romanization)

From earlier and archaic пре̏м (“albeit”) + particle да.


чак и ако

ча̏к и а̏ко (canonical)
čȁk i ȁko (romanization)


иако

albeit, even though (usually sentence-initially)


candu

Veni candu voi

Come whenever you want (literally, “Come when you want”)

Eju lu muru: e li me’ titti cumenti una torra, finza da candu denanz’a eddu sogg’eju comu chidda, ch’ha incuntraddu la pazi.

1863, chapter VIII, in Giovanni Spano, transl., Lu càntiggu de li càntigghi di Salamoni [Solomon's Song of songs] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), London, translation of Canticum canticorum, verse 10, page 19:

I [am] a wall, and my breasts as towers, since when in front of him I am as one who has found peace.

Lassa i la pruzissïoni
a mamma tóia arrasendi.
Candu lu Cristhu è passendi
cresci la mé passïoni.

1956, Salvator Ruju, “Pascha d’amòri [Easter of love]”, in Agnireddu e Rusina; republished as Caterina Ruju, editor, Sassari véccia e nóba, Nuoro: Ilisso edizioni, 2001, →ISBN, page 75:

Leave your mother praying in the procession. When Christ passes, my passion grows.

[…] Insieme
delle memorie spaventose il cumulo
si scioglierebbe, come neve al sole.

1989 [1934], Giovanni Maria Cherchi, Paràuri [Words], adaptation of Parole by Umberto Saba; collected in La poesia di l'althri, Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1989, page 11:

At the same time, the dreadful heap of memories would melt like snow when the sun is there.


yit

English: yet

Scots: yet

From Old English ġīet, from Proto-Germanic *juta.


także

From tak + -że. First attested in the 16th century.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Silesian także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “także”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


iban

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ibah (“other”).


też

Polish: też

Silesian: tyż

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tъže. By surface analysis, te(n) + -że. First attested in the 14th century.

Cczczi oczcza y maczerz, a nye zabyay *nikoko tesz

1417, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume IV, number 1:

Nye... cziny *svadeczva falszyvego. Tesz nye poszanday szony blisznego twego

c. 1450, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume V, number 2:

Ne gest swøty, yakosz gest gospodzyn any tesz (neque enim I Reg 2, 2) gest gyny krome czebe

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ann 3:

Gebal gestcy... bila posznala, yszecz dzeuicza gest bila porodzila, a po porodzenv gestcy tesze ona dzeuiczø bila szostala

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 4a:

Gako tho vy szamy dobrze vecze y tesze vy o them tho czøsto *slychake

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 1a:

Ne dagcze vy chualy ginsemu bogu nisly mne. A tese vy krzyvo ne przyszøgagcze

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 175a:

I kalsdacz tesze neuescza thvarsz ne moszecz bicz ona tako vboga

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 3b:

Ony richlo vmiragø albocz tesze ony slø smerczø *dzynø

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 12a:

Thysz nye tylko gnyew krola nyebyeszkyego vblogala, alye thesz z nyeba gy zwabila

1887 [Fifteenth century], Wacław Ubogi z Brodni, edited by Lucjan Malinowski, Modlitwy Wacława. Zabytek języka polskiego z wieku XV odkryty i skopjowany przez Aleksandra Przezdzieckiego wydał i objaśnił Lucyjan Malinowski, Krakow, Brodnia, page 61a:

Kyedy macz ymrze, dzeczy cząsczy od oczcza szadney nye poszysczą wygyąwszy to, ysz oczecz gynszą szoną chczal poyącz abo tesz (nisi tunc) gdyby marnye gymyenye chczal roztruoszycz

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 38:

Prosnoly przidzesch, thesch proszno odydze[s]ch

1902-2024 [1446], Pamiętnik Literacki, volume XXVIII, page 307:

Opyekadlnyk dzeczy dzedzyny gych przedacz alybo granyczicz, alybo thesz (seu etiam) straczycz nye moze

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 56:

Vstawyamy, ysz gdyby kthore sczepi... yvsze przyąthe vykopany, aczby tesz (etiamsi) byly wlosthne tegosz vykopacza, polowiczą tych tho sczepow osthawycz na zemy... kaszdy wynowath bącz

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 49:


gdy

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъdy. First attested in the 14th century.

Tekdi, gdi stala ossada pane bytgostkey hy Paskowa, tedi poslali comornika hy vosnego do paney hy do Paska

1861 [1398], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 34:

Gospodzin wislucha me, gdi wolacz bødø k nemu (cum clamavero ad eum)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 4, 4:

A czemu nam smutek, gdi ta panna wyesele

1874-1891 [c. 1500], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XIX, page 74:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces a temporal clause; when

Nasiczon bødø, gdi se pokasze slawa twoia (cum apparuerit gloria tua)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 16, 17:

Gdy przyda namyleyszy k thobye, tedy barszo szeczknyesz szobye

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 61:

A gdy szye to przedanye stalo v Yerusalem, ... potenczass (leg. pod ten czas) lepak slonce pomyrzklo

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 516:

Potem, gdy gescze gey lata nye byly wyszly (dum adhuc esset iunior annis), gest yą dal za mąsz

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 26:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Masovia) as soon as

Gdi vpadne, ne zarazy se (cum ceciderit, non collidetur), bo gospodzin podclada swoiø røkø

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 36, 25:

Gdzyez vkazvye, yze gdy yest s nymy byl, vschakosch od nych nye mogl poznan bycz

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 623:

(attested in Lesser Poland) although, even though

Gdi ies widzal zlodzeia (si videbas furem), beszal ies s nim

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 49, 19:

Gdi wlodika zabye wlodikąn. Gdi wlodika zabye wlodikąn, za wlodikąn zabytego cztirdzyesczy grziwen zaplaczycz bąndze vynen

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 88:

Mow sze mnv, bocz mam dzalo, gdycz szya sze mnv movycz chczalo

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 76.:

Bo gdy sądza vkazuge sprawiedlywoscz, tedy wsporcze odstąpvyą od pothwarzy

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 47:

Gdy kmyecz kmyecza zabige

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 30:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Masovia) introduces a real conditional clause if

Gdy kto nye czczącz sądv naszego przed sądem myeczą abo korda dobylby (ubi aliquis... gladium praesumpserit extrahendum)

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 18:

To tesz chczemy, gdy (sii) slvszebnyk przy dzeczkowanyv nyektorego zemyanyna s pacholky sądzey gwaltem we wsy... abo za granyczamy... bylby odbyth, tedi taky zemyanyn nam... przepadnye wyną pyathnadzescza

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces an unreal conditional clause if

Chcza czyrzpyecz mąką y wsz[y]thky szle phyle ymyecz v mego oczcza na dworze, gdym nye przebil za morze

1451-1455, Legenda o świętym Aleksym, line 163:

Bo czsso pomoze albo platno tobye gine z sobą gednacz a pocoycz gdi w t[w]ey duschi gest walka grzeschna?

1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 243:

[I]sze gdy wszelky czlowiek sam swey rzeczy drugdi nye mosze przewiescz (quia cuilibet summa defensio non est neganda, Sul 23: ysze kaszdemv... obronyenyee nye ma bicz *zapraano), przeto chczemi, abi kaszdi czlowiek ktoregokoli stadla bąndz, przed sądem sobie rzecznyka zrządzyl

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 11:

Alye szly dvch Yewa szdradzyl, gdy gyey ovocz ruszycz radzyl

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 134:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Masovia) introduces a causal clause; because

Iacosmi przi tem bili [y] iednaczmi, kdi Heduigis viznala Swanthochne czøscz w Przetoczne

1902 [1400], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 29:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces a clause relating to the previous; as; how

Y vzrzal, gdy møczyly sø sye (cum tribularentur), y vslyszal modlytwø gych

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 105, 42:

O them (sc. ustawienie), gdi kogo gaba gwalthem

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 86:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces a subordinate clause; that

Acz syąn przigodzy, gdi nyektori czlowyek, poswaph drugyego do sandv, bandzye nayn zalowal (item contingit, quod quandocumque aliquis homo evocat alium ad iudicium et de ipso querulatur), kako zytho yego... vipasl, tha zaloba ma bicz sandzona kv vynye po polsku rzeczoney pyanczdzesyanth

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 94:

(attested in Masovia) connects clauses; that


gdy

Przyjdę gdy będę gotowy.

Near-synonym: podczas gdy

iako to każdy ſłyſzy/ gdy mowi ty ſłowa/ tedy/ wiédzmy/ inſzy ſłyſzy/ każdy/ gdy rć.

Ubi [...] Aliquando temporis adverbium est. Potym/ álbogdy.476c

(Middle Polish) when; Further details are uncertain.


足す

５足す５は１０だ。


割る

１２割る３は４。


partant

Mais la perspective d’une vie matérielle assurée par des moyens honnêtes, et, partant, la possibilité de se livrer sans remords à ses occupations favorites lui souriait beaucoup.

But the prospect of guaranteed financial stability obtained by honest means, and consequently the opportunity to devote himself guilt-free to his favourite pastimes, appealed to him greatly.


掛ける

From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

２掛ける３は６。


ای

dialectal: most Southern dialects of Persian

If you tell him don't bother (more power to your elbow), he would say let me ride on your shoulder.

ای وهش گفتی نه خسته میگو بشی تا کولتاوم. Éy vaš gófti na xáste migú béši tâ kúlet-awom. (Proverb, Dashtestan)

روز مرگُم باشه ای یی رو بفَمَم که اَزُم سیر شده وُ دوسُم نداره.
Ruze margom baše ay yey ru befāmam ke azom sir šode o dusom nadâre. (Shiraz)


већ

Да из неба плаха киша падне, / ниђе не би на земљицу пала, / већ на добре коње и јунаке.

1891, recorded by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Srpske narodne pjesme

If from the sky an impetuous rain were to fall, / nowhere would it fall on the soil, / but rather on good horses and heroes.

(following a negation) but, but rather (see also не̏го)


таман

head

тама́н • (tamán)


абы

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, а (a) + бы́ (bý)

Покорнейше Вас прошу́, св. оте́ц, уве́домить та́йно самого Государя о моём приключе́нии, абы он меня́ взял во дворе́ц, зна́ю, что на́добно быть тепе́рь в Империи.

Obediently asking You, holy father, to let it know in secret the emperor himself about my journey, if only he would take me to the palace, I know, that it is necessary to be in the empire now. ― Aleksandr Arkhangelsky ‘Alexander I’, 2000 (cite taken from the National Corpora of Russian Language).

Pokornejše Vas prošú, sv. otéc, uvédomitʹ tájno samovo Gosudarja o mojóm priključénii, aby on menjá vzjal vo dvoréc, znáju, što nádobno bytʹ tepérʹ v Imperii.


tût

tût äk ânkwām

1912, Dialect Notes, volume 3, page 469:


straks

From Middle Low German strakes, strackes (“stretched, right away”), cognate with German stracks, Dutch straks (“later”). The Low German word was also borrowed to Norwegian straks,Swedish strax, Icelandic strax. The adverb is derived from the adjective Middle Low German strak (“straight”), German strack (“straight”), from Proto-West Germanic *strak.


straks

From Middle Low German strak (“straight”).


nowe

Proto-Brythonic: *now

Old Breton: nou

Old Welsh: neu, nou

Middle Welsh: neu

Welsh: neu, nou

desctree

Old Irish: nó, no, nú, ꝉ
Irish: nó
Manx: ny
Scottish Gaelic: no, neo

From Proto-Indo-European *ne-we, from *ne (“not”) + *-wē (“or”), literally “or not”. Compare Latin nēve, which was formed identically.


ois

From Middle High German alles, from Old High German also, alsō (“as, like”); equivalent to ois + so. Compare German als, Dutch als and English as.

Ois wås gemma heier zum Fåsching?

What do we dress up as for carneval this year?

Des soid ma ois a Åazt scho wissn.

De håd a Ångst vuam Regn ois warad's aus Zucker.

She is afraid of the rain as if she were made of sugar.


ហើយ

km-con

ហើយ • (haəy)


tasol

Tasol mi givim ol grinpela lip na gras samting olsem kaikai bilong olgeta bikpela na liklik animal na bilong olgeta pisin.” Orait ol dispela samting i kamap olsem God i tok.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:30:

Yu ken sindaun long haus na paitim [kundu] long hamamasim yu yet, tasol taim bilong man i dai, em bai nogat tru.

Porer Nombo and James Leach, Reite Plants, p. 23

People also enjoy drumming inside their houses, but is strictly forbidden when anyone in the area is in mourning.


既是

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ki⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ si³³/

/ki¹¹⁻⁵³ si³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ si³³/

/ki²¹⁻⁴¹ si³³/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ki⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ si²²/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ si³³/

/ki¹¹⁻⁵³ si³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ si³³/

/ki²¹⁻⁴¹ si³³/


quá

ún bấu quá coong fầy, đây bấu quá po̱ me̱

Nothing is warmer than bonfire, no one is better than parents

ăn tỉ đây quá

Van bố quá nựa pết, chếp bố quá pả na̱

Nothing is more delicious than the duck's meat, nothing is closer than sisterhood


就是

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː²²/

/t͡siu³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/t͡siu²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/t͡siu³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/t͡siu⁴¹⁻²² si³³/

/t͡siu⁴¹⁻²² si²²/

/to³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/to⁴¹⁻²² si³³/

/tiɤ³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/tio³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/t͡siu³⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/ʑiɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiø¹¹ zz̩⁵³/

/ʑɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/zøy²³ zz̩¹¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯²² siː²²/

/t͡siu³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/t͡siu²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/t͡siu³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/t͡siu⁴¹⁻²² si³³/

/t͡siu⁴¹⁻²² si²²/

/to³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/to⁴¹⁻²² si³³/

/tiɤ³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/tio³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/t͡siu³⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/ʑiɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiø¹¹ zz̩⁵³/

/ʑɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/zøy²³ zz̩¹¹/

就是下雨，我們也要去。

就是下雨，我们也要去。

就是讓她來，也晚了。

就是让她来，也晚了。

even if (when the verb of the following part of the sentence is preceded by 也 (yě))

Even now he walked with a vigorous step.

Jiùshì xiànzài, tā de bùzǐ háishì hěn zhuàngjiàn yǒulì de.

就是現在，他的步子還是很壯健有力的。

就是现在，他的步子还是很壮健有力的。

I never eat spinach. I just don't like the taste.

Wǒ cóngbù chī bōcài. Wǒ jiùshì bù xǐhuān nà wèir.

我從不吃菠菜。我就是不喜歡那味兒。

我从不吃菠菜。我就是不喜欢那味儿。


یعنی

یَعْنی (canonical)
yā'nī (romanization)
यानी (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian یَعْنِی (ya'nī), from Arabic يَعْنِي (yaʕnī).


既然

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/ki²¹⁻⁴² liɛn²⁴/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/ki¹¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/ki⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/ki²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɛn²³/

/ki⁵⁵ ɡiɛn¹¹/

/ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/

/ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/ki²¹⁻⁴² liɛn²⁴/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/ki¹¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/ki⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/ki²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/ki²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɛn²³/

/ki⁵⁵ ɡiɛn¹¹/

/ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/

/ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zieŋ⁵⁵/

Since we've already helped him out, we might as well help until the job is done.

Jìrán yǐjīng bāngzhù tā le, jiù suǒxìng bāng dàodǐ.

既然已經幫助他了，就索性幫到底。

既然已经帮助他了，就索性帮到底。

Considering you have all thought it through, I will respect your wishes.

Jìrán nǐmen dōu yǐjīng xiǎng qīngchu le, nà wǒ zūnjìng nǐmen de yìyuàn.

既然你們都已經想清楚了，那我尊敬你們的意願。

既然你们都已经想清楚了，那我尊敬你们的意愿。


ء

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, from *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u. Compare Persian و (o), Central Kurdish و (û), Pashto او (aw).

منٚ ءُ تؤ


貴賤

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²²/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²²/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn³³/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɛn³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²²/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛn⁴¹/

/kui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn²²/

/kui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛn³³/

/kui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɛn³³/

(colloquial) in any case; regardless; in any event; anyway; anyhow


aboli

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aboli”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


だから

綺麗だから

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see だ, から.

だからしませんでした。

だから何だ！

だから、そういうことじゃないって！

therefore, so, consequently
Used to emphasize a point.


倘或

/tʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ³⁵ waːk̚²/

/tʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ³⁵ waːk̚²/


subah

Subah wé kaja, djĕnkat pĕdih bĕprih

Just because he feels so rich, he is presumptious in his speaking


se bem que

/sɨ ˈbɐ̃j̃ kɨ/

[sɨ ˈβɐ̃j̃ kɨ]

albeit; although; even though (introducing a clause that expresses a concession)


否則

/foʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/fɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/hio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sak̚⁵/

/hɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/hɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/fɤ³³ t͡səʔ⁴⁴/

/foʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/fɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/hio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sak̚⁵/

/hɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/hɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɪk̚³²/

/fɤ³³ t͡səʔ⁴⁴/

Stop what you are doing or we'll open fire!

Gǎnkuài tíngzhǐ nǐ de dòngzuò, fǒuzé wǒmen yào kāiqiāng le!

趕快停止你的動作，否則我們要開槍了！

赶快停止你的动作，否则我们要开枪了！


bym

From by + -m. Replaced earlier bych (Compare Czech bych).


sence

(dialectal) Alternative spelling of since


倘若

/tʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡ziak̚¹²¹/

/tʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ³⁵ jœːk̚²/

/tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/

/tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡ziak̚¹²¹/

Obama: If I can have a third term, I would be able to beat Trump!

2016, 歐巴馬：倘若能三度競選 我能選贏川普！

Ōubāmǎ: tǎngruò néng sāndù jìngxuǎn, wǒ néng xuǎnyíng Chuānpǔ!

歐巴馬：倘若能三度競選，我能選贏川普！

2016, 歐巴馬：倘若能三度競選 我能選贏川普！

欧巴马：倘若能三度竞选，我能选赢川普！


sithence

I leve of therefore
ſithens in a nett I ſeke to hold the wynde

c. 1527–1542, Thomas Wyatt, “Who so list to hounte”, in Egerton MS 2711, page 7v:

Sithence it muſt continue ſo ſhort a time, and begunne ſo late[…], there was no time to be loſt.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, translated by John Florio, The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 93:


以て

From the gerund (-te form) of verb 持つ (motsu, “to hold”).
Compare Middle Korean ᄡᅥ (pse) / Korean 써 (sseo) from Middle Korean ᄡᅳ다 (psuta) / Korean 쓰다 (sseuda).

本日をもって閉店します。


以て

From もって (motte) above with the geminate consonant omitted.

1922, “聞け万国の労働者”, 大場勇 (lyrics), 栗林宇一 (music), performed by 中央合唱団:

奪い去られし生産を
正義の手もて取り返せ

ubaisarareshi seisan o
seigi no te mote torikaese

The means of production taken away
 Take them back with our hands of justice


мый

From Proto-Permic [Term?], from Proto-Uralic *mi. Cognates include Finnish mikä and Hungarian mi.


hetzij

Univerbation of het + zij meaning "be it", zij being the subjunctive of the verb zijn (“to be”); thus closely related to tenzij.

(used as hetzij ... hetzij) either ... or


bikasi

From English because, with the unrounded pronunciation of -au- common in many English dialects of the Americas, e.g. the pronunciation of because in the US:
 Audio (US): (file).


samt

ko och tjur, höna och tupp samt tacka och bagge

cow and bull, hen and cock, plus ewe and ram


省得

/ʂɤŋ²¹⁴ d̥ə⁴/

/saːŋ³⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/ʂɤŋ²¹⁴ d̥ə⁴/

/saːŋ³⁵ tɐk̚⁵/


ки

From Ancient Greek καί (kaí). Cognates include Greek και (kai).


即便

/t͡ɕi³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɛn⁴¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ piɛn²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ piɛn²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ piɛn²²/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɛn⁴¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ piɛn²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ piɛn²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ piɛn²²/


olsem na

Olsem na dispela pasin i kamap. Man i save lusim papamama na i pas wantaim meri bilong en, na tupela i kamap wanpela bodi tasol.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:24:

Sapos yutupela i kaikai pikinini bilong dispela diwai, bai ai bilong yutupela i op na yutupela i kisim save long wanem samting i gutpela, na wanem samting i nogut, na bai yutupela i kamap wankain olsem God. God i save long dispela, olsem na em i tambuim yutupela long kaikai pikinini bilong dispela diwai.”

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 3:5:


olsem

Na man i bekim tok olsem, “Dispela meri yu bin givim mi olsem poroman bilong mi, em tasol i givim mi pikinini bilong dispela diwai na mi kaikai.”

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 3:12:


要麼

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ mə¹/

/jiːu̯³³ mɔː⁵⁵/

/iɔ³³ məʔ⁴⁴/

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ mə¹/

/jiːu̯³³ mɔː⁵⁵/

/iɔ³³ məʔ⁴⁴/

Give me love, or give me money, or get the hell away from me.

Yàome gěi wǒ ài, yàome gěi wǒ qián, yàome gěi wǒ gǔn.

要麼給我愛，要麼給我錢，要麼給我滾。

要么给我爱，要么给我钱，要么给我滚。


lub

Polish: lub

Silesian: lub

Clipping of lubo. First attested in c. 1487.

Jest w Golianach Joh[annes] Gysthor lub Gysthorek

[c. 1487], Adam Wolff, editor, Rękopiśmienne ekscerpty Adama Wolffa pochodzące z mazowieckich ksiąg sądowych, Grójec, page 4 a:

(attested in Masovia) or, that is, and/or


lub

Inherited from Old Polish lub. By surface analysis, clipping of lubo.


邊……邊……

ㄅㄧㄢ ... ㄅㄧㄢ ...

бянь... бянь...

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

邊走邊唱

边走边唱

...while... (i.e. do one thing at the same time one does something else)


並且

/piŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ²² t͡sʰɛː³⁵/

/pin⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia³¹/

/piɪŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiã⁵³/

/piɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiã⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiã⁵³/

/piɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiã⁵³/

/piɪŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiã⁴¹/

/peŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁵²/

/bin²² t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/bin²² t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/piŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɪŋ²² t͡sʰɛː³⁵/

/pin⁵³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia³¹/

/piɪŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiã⁵³/

/piɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰiã⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰiã⁵³/

/piɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiã⁵³/

/piɪŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiã⁴¹/

/peŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁵²/

/bin²² t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/bin²² t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴/

I am unable and unwilling to comment on his views.

Duìyú tā de guāndiǎn wǒ wúfǎ bìngqiě bù yuànyì qù pínglùn.

對於他的觀點我無法並且不願意去評論。

对于他的观点我无法并且不愿意去评论。

He's a very broad-minded and strong-willed leader.

Tā shì yī wèi xiōnghuái shífēn huòdá, bìngqiě yìniàn fēicháng jiānqiáng de lǐngxiù.

他是一位胸懷十分豁達，並且意念非常堅強的領袖。

他是一位胸怀十分豁达，并且意念非常坚强的领袖。


不僅

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ kɐn³⁵/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ kin⁵⁵⁴/

/pu⁵¹ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ kɐn³⁵/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ kin⁵⁵⁴/


不然

/pu⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛn²³/

/pu⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ ziɛn²³/

Fortunately I came early or I wouldn't have been able to catch up.

Děikuī wǒ lái de zǎo, bùrán yòu gǎn bu shàng le.

得虧我來得早，不然又趕不上了。

得亏我来得早，不然又赶不上了。


不管

/pu⁵¹ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pu⁵¹ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

no matter (what, how, etc.); regardless of; whether


hvorki

From Old Norse hvártki, properly the neuter nominative and accusative of hvárrgi, i.e. the pronoun hvárr with the suffix -gi.

Ég vil hvorki sykur né mjólk.


אך

head

אַךְ • (akh)

וְהַנַּעַר לֹא־יָדַע מְאוּמָה אַךְ יְהוֹנָתָן וְדָוִד יָדְעוּ אֶת־הַדָּבָר׃

But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter.


szintén

Lexicalization of the adverb szinte (“almost”) + -n (adverb-forming suffix).


porém

From Old Galician-Portuguese poren, from por + ende, from Latin inde (“thence”).


as though

I felt sick, as though I'd just eaten a dozen bad oysters.

She reached out, as though to touch my face.

It always seemed as though we'd get married.

But the tall tower, with its four- faced clock, rose as majestically and uncompromisingly as though the land had never been subjugated.

1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars:

"A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day.[…]A strong man—a strong one; and a heedless." ¶ "Of what party is he?" she inquired, as though casually.

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

By that stage Townsend, playing again as though immune to any form of nerves, had curled a lovely, left-footed effort against the crossbar and Welbeck had slashed a shot wide from a position when he really should have done better.

15 October 2013, Daniel Taylor, “Steven Gerrard goal against Poland ensures England will go to World Cup”, in The Guardian:

As to suggest the idea that; as if, as would be true if.


þæs þe

Iċ nǣfre ǣr þē ne ġeseah, hūru þæs þe iċ ġemunan mæġ.

I've never seen you before, at least as far as I can remember.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
Ne mæġ iċ þē nāwht helan þæs þe iċ wāt.

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Eugenia, Virgin"
Þa æfter þrym gearum þæs þe heo gecyrred wæs

Then after three years since her conversion,...

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
Ic sæcge ðe to soðan þæt þu scealt gewitan on ðam sixteoðan geare þæs þe þu munuc wurde...

I say to thee, in sooth, that thou shalt depart, in the sixteenth year since thou becamest a monk...


हि

Devanagari script form of hi (“because”)


acciocché

(literary, with subjunctive verb) so that, in order that

(literary, with indicative verb) since, because


c'

(literary, before h or vowels different from e and i) Apocopic form of che


ἤ

Greek: ή (í)

From the Proto-Hellenic *ēwe, from Proto-Indo-European *-wē (“or”).

than, as (in a comparative construction)


mindazonáltal

nevertheless (in spite of what preceded)


ýmist

(used with eða (“or”)) either, sometimes


badar

Ich hòrre dich badar klóbedar nèt.

'S main baip is khlòan badar ze bilmar an groosa böole.

My wife is small but she loves me very much.


yethdi

and then, next (usually placed at the head of the phrase or sentence)


致使

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː³³ siː³⁵/

/t͡siː³³ sɐi̯³⁵/

/ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ti²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴¹/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/

/ti¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː³³ siː³⁵/

/t͡siː³³ sɐi̯³⁵/

/ti⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ti²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴¹/

/ti²¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/

/ti¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/


bár

Shortened from the archaic adverb sense of bátor (“although, though”). Compare ámbátor, ámbár.


sobald

Ich rufe meine Frau an, sobald ich in meinem Hotel bin.

I'll call my wife as soon as I am in my hotel.


だが

Phrase consisting of だ (da, “is, are”, copula) + が (ga, nominative particle, also used contrastively after verbs).
が is also used after verbs in this same way to indicate “the previous statement is the case, but...”

あの子は好き。だが、スタイルはちょっとださい。

Ano ko wa suki. Da ga, sutairu wa chotto dasai.

I like that girl. But her style is a bit uncool.

though, although, however, but, be that as it may, that said


甚而

/ʂən⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/sɐm²² jiː²¹/

/sim²²⁻²¹ d͡zi²⁴/

/sim⁴¹⁻²² d͡zi²⁴/

/sim²²⁻²¹ d͡zi¹³/

/sim³³⁻¹¹ d͡zi²⁴/

/sim³³⁻²¹ zi²³/

/ʂən⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/sɐm²² jiː²¹/

/sim²²⁻²¹ d͡zi²⁴/

/sim⁴¹⁻²² d͡zi²⁴/

/sim²²⁻²¹ d͡zi¹³/

/sim³³⁻¹¹ d͡zi²⁴/

/sim³³⁻²¹ zi²³/

(literary) even; even if; go so far as to; to the extent that


縱然

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ ʐän¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ jiːn²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɛn²³/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ ʐän¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ jiːn²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ziɛn²³/


不光

/pu⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/pu⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/pɐt̚⁵ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/


任憑

/ʐən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐm²² pʰɐŋ²¹/

/ʐən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐm²² pʰɐŋ²¹/


เพื่อว่า

th-con

เพื่อว่า • (pʉ̂ʉa-wâa)

/pʰɯa̯˥˩.waː˥˩/


ถึงอย่างนั้น

ถึงอย่างนั้น

ถึงอย่างนั้น • (tʉ̌ng yàang nán)

/tʰɯŋ˩˩˦.jaːŋ˨˩.nan˦˥/


ด้วยเหตุที่

ด้วยเหตุที่ • (dûai-hèet-tîi)


เพราะว่า

เพราะว่า • (prɔ́-wâa)

/pʰrɔʔ˦˥.waː˥˩/

com

เพราะ (prɔ́) + ว่า (wâa)


และ

Cognate with Lao ແລະ (læ), Northern Thai ᩓ, Khün ᩓ, Lü ᧞ (l̇ae), Shan လႄႈ (lāae), and Ahom 𑜎𑜦𑜧 (lē). Compare Burmese လည်း (lany:), Old Chinese 也 (OC *laːlʔ).


แต่

th-con

แต่ • (dtɛ̀ɛ)


หรือ

หรือ • (rʉ̌ʉ)

Compare Lao ຫຼື (lư̄), ຫລື (lư̄); Zhuang rox; Khmer ឬ (rɨɨ).


donec

From Old Latin dōnique, dōnicum, from Proto-Indo-European *de (see there for more). Compare dum from same source.

Donec, infecta pace, armis desilirent.

While, with peace broken off, they dismounted with arms.

Et non cognoscebat eam, donec peperit filium, et vocavit nomen eius Iesum.

And he did not have relations with her until she had given birth to a son, and he named him Jesus.

Dōnec venit Sōl per auram.

while, as long as, until, denotes the relation of two actions at the same time


ไม่

Possibly a contraction of miʔ^(DS2) (compare มิ (mí, “not”)) + ได้ (dâai, “to get; able; can; may; etc.”).

ไม่หล่อไม่รวย


благо

head

бла́го • (blágo)

Inherited from Old East Slavic благо (blago), Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic благо (blago), from Proto-Slavic *bolgo. Displaced the inherited East Slavic form бо́лого (bólogo)

doublet

бо́лого (bólogo)

по́льзуйтесь слу́чаем, бла́го вы здесь


กับ

From Proto-Tai *kapᴰ (“with; and”). Cognate with Lao ກັບ (kap), Lü ᦂᧇ (k̇ab), Shan ၵပ်း (káp), Tày cắp. Compare to Cantonese 及 gap6 (MC *ɡˠiɪp̚).


ตาม

From Proto-Southwestern Tai *taːmᴬ¹ (“to follow; to continue”). Cognate with Lao ຕາມ (tām), Lü ᦎᦱᧄ (ṫaam), Shan တၢမ်း (táam), Tai Nüa ᥖᥣᥛᥰ (täam).


หนึ่ง

From Proto-Tai *nɯːŋᴮ (“one”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ, Lao ໜຶ່ງ (nưng) or ນຶ່ງ (nưng), Lü ᦓᦹᧂᧈ (nueng¹), Shan ၼိုင်ႈ (nūeng), Aiton လိုင် (lüṅ), Ahom 𑜎𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 (lüṅ), Zuojiang Zhuang nwngq.

cog

Ahom 𑜎𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫 (lüṅ)


เกิด

th-con

เกิด • (gə̀ət)

From Old Khmer កេត (keta), កើត (kœta, “to bring into existence; to come into existence; etc”); thus cognate with Modern Khmer កើត (kaət); extended as Old Khmer កំនេត (kaṃneta), កុំនេត (kuṃneta), etc, from which Thai กำเนิด (gam-nə̀ət) is derived, and as Old Khmer បង្កេត៑ (paṅket), from which Thai บังเกิด is derived.
Cognate also with Lao ເກີດ (kœ̄t), Lü ᦵᦂᦲᧆ (k̇oed), Northern Thai ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨯ, Shan ၵိူတ်ႇ (kòet).

cog

Thai บังเกิด

used to introduce a likelihood, possibility, or supposition: if, should, in case that, if it happens to be that, etc


doli

Nemate nikakva dokaza doli r(ij)eč sluge.

You have no evidence but the word of a servant.

Plaćenik, poput tebe, je ništa doli stroj/mašina za ubijanje.

A mercenary, such as yourself, is nothing but a killing machine.


ofschoon

Afrikaans: ofskoon

Negerhollands: ofskoon

Univerbation of of + schoon (“although”).

univerbation

Ofschoon ik hard reed, haalde een auto mij in.

Although I was driving fast, another car overtook me.


illetve

illet + -ve (adverbial-participle suffix)

affix

or, (occasionally) and (as the case may be, depending on the specific circumstances)

or rather, that is to say (making corrections to what one previously said)


nechť

Czech: nechť

From nech (“leave, let”) + -ť. Compare Old Polish niech.


إلا

ar-con

إِلَّا • (ʔillā)

→ Azerbaijani: illa

→ Classical Persian: اِلَّا (illā)

→ Northern Kurdish: île, îlla, îlle

→ Ottoman Turkish: الا (illā)

Turkish: illa, ille

→ Swahili: ila

Cognate with Ge'ez አላ (ʾälla), Hebrew אֶלָּא (ʾellā).

رَأَيْتُهُمْ جَمِيعًا إِلّا إِيَّاكَ.

لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا ءَالِهَةٌ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا فَسُبْحَـٰنَ ٱللَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَرْشِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ

Had there been within them [i.e., the heavens and earth] any gods besides Allāh, they both would have been ruined. So exalted is Allāh, the Lord of the Throne, above what they describe.

law kāna fīhimā ʔālihatun ʔillā l-lahu lafasadatā fasubḥāna l-lahi rabbi l-ʕarši ʕammā yaṣifūna

(in affirmatives and rhetorical questions) except (for), save (for), but (for), barring; other than, besides, apart from

الصِّحَّةُ تَاجٌ عَلَى رُؤُوسِ الْأَصِحَّاءِ لَا يَرَاهُ إِلَّا الْمَرْضَى.

Health is a crown that is on the heads of the healthy, which only the ill can see.

aṣ-ṣiḥḥatu tājun ʕalā ruʔūsi l-ʔaṣiḥḥāʔi lā yarāhu ʔillā al-marḍā.

إِنْ هُوَ إِلاَّ ذِكْرٌ لِّلْعَالَمِينَ 27 لِمَن شَاء مِنكُمْ أَن يَسْتَقِيمَ 28 وَمَا تَشَاؤُونَ إِلاَّ أَن يَشَاء اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ 29

27 This is but a reminder to the worlds, 28 to those of you who wish to straighten out themselves, 29 and you never wish it except when God wishes it, the Lord of the Worlds.

(in negatives) no more than; nothing more than; nothing but or no one but; only, but


إلا

ary-con

إلا • (ʔila)

From a dialectal variant of Arabic إِذَا (ʔiḏā).


إلا

ajp-conjunction

إلّا • (ʔilla)

الساعة خمسة إلا تلت.

It's twenty to five (”The hour is five minus one third”).


բայց

head

բայց • (baycʻ)

hy-con

բայց • (baycʻ)

but, yet (contrastive logical conjunction)


adunche

From older dunche, from Vulgar Latin *dunquam.


όταν

head

όταν • (ótan)

el-conjunction

όταν • (ótan)

Όταν είστε στην Αθήνα.


geschweige denn

Man kann den Zug nicht verlangsamen, geschweige denn anhalten.

You can't slow down the train, let alone stop it.


geschweige

First-person singular indicative present of geschweigen (“to be silent”) (from Middle High German geswîgen, from Old High German giswîgên), which has been obsolete at least since the 18th century.

let alone; used after a negative or limiting clause to introduce another that applies even less

(rare) let alone; used after an affirmative clause to introduce another that applies even more


når

From Old Danish nār, which may derive from Proto-Germanic *nēhwōz, an alternative form of Danish nær (“nearer”), from Old Norse nær, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwiz. In Swedish, the conjunction has the form när.
Alternatively, it is an abbreviation of the interrogative adverb hvornår. In earlier Danish når was used as an interrogative adverb as well.


når

From Old Norse nær, hvé nær, through når som.

Jeg ble alltid glad når jeg møtte Erik på gaten.

I was always happy when I met Erik on the street.

Når jeg er i Oslo, besøker jeg ofte Vikingskipmuseet.

When in Oslo, I often visit the Viking Ship Museum.

when, whenever, every time (of regular occurrences)

Når det slutter å regne, går vi ut.

When it stops raining, we’ll go outside.


når

Når det regnar, blir eg våt.


أم

ar-con

أَمْ • (ʔam)

→ Swahili: ama

Univerbation of the interrogative particle أَ (ʔa) and the conjunction *ٱِم (*im). Compare إِمَّا (ʔimmā) for disjunction.

أَمِنَ الْعِراقِ أَنْتَ أَمْ مِنْ مِصْرَ؟

لَا أَدْرِي أَشَقِيٌّ صَاحِبُكَ أَمْ سَعِيدٌ.

I do not know whether your friend is happy or downhearted.

lā ʔadrī ʔašaqiyyun ṣāḥibuka ʔam saʕīdun.

أَمُحَمَّدٌ أَوْ إِبْرَاهِيمُ أَفْضَلُ أَمْ سَمِيرٌ؟

Is Muhammad or Ibrahim better [than Samir] or is Samir better [than either of them]?

ʔamuḥammadun ʔaw ʔibrāhīmu ʔafḍalu ʔam samīrun?

فَإِن تَوَلَّوْا فَقُلْ آذَنْتُكُمْ عَلَى سَوَاءٍ وَإِنْ أَدْرِي أَقَرِيبٌ أَم بَعِيدٌ مَّا تُوعَدُونَ

But if they turn away, then say, “I have announced to [all of] you equally. And I know not whether near or far is that which you are promised.”

fa-ʔin tawallaw fa-qul ʔāḏantukum ʕalā sawāʔin wa-ʔin ʔadrī ʔa-qarībun ʔam baʕīdun mā tūʕadūna

كان قد نفى او تجنب الاجابة في مقابلات سابقة مع الصحيفة حول ما اذا كان قد التقى مسؤولين روسا ام لا.

2017 November 4, “مستشار في حملة ترامب يعترف باجراء اتصالات مع مسؤولين روس”, in Al-Quds, archived from the original on 2017-11-04:

He had denied or avoided answering in previous interviews with the paper regarding whether he had met Russian officials or not.

(chiefly after interrogatives) indicates an exclusive disjunction introduced with أَ (ʔa), as in alternative questions

أَنَا أُحِبُّكَ سَوَاءٌ (أَ)أَحْبَبْتَنِي أَمْ لَمْ تُحِبَّنِي.
ʔanā ʔuḥibbuka sawāʔun (ʔa)ʔaḥbabtanī ʔam lam tuḥibbanī.
I love you, no matter whether you love me or whether you do not love me.

سَأَفُوزُ سَوَاءٌ (أَ)شِئْتَ أَمْ أَبَيْتَ
saʔafūzu sawāʔun (ʔa)šiʔta ʔam ʔabayta
I will win whether you like it or not.

سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَسْتَغْفَرْتَ لَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تَسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ لَن يَغْفِرَ ٱللّٰهُ لَهُمْ

It is the same for them whether you pray for their forgiveness or whether you do not: Allah will not forgive them.

sawāʔun ʕalayhim ʔastaḡfarta lahum ʔam lam tastaḡfir lahum lan yaḡfira llāhu lahum

indicates an inclusive disjunction introduced with أَ (ʔa) that denotes sameness, indistinguishability, unimportance, insignificance, or indifference


เหตุ

th-con

เหตุ • (hèet)

From Pali hetu (“case, matter; cause, motive, reason; root; etc”) or Sanskrit हेतु (hetu, idem); possibly via Old Khmer hetu, *hetu (“because; cause, reason; etc”). Cognate with Lao ເຫດ, Modern Khmer ហេតុ (haet), Northern Thai ᩉᩮ᩠ᨲᩩ (hēt).

bor

2022 September 26, admin26, “ศาลพิพากษาจำคุก 4 ปีอัปสรคดี ม. 112 แต่ให้รอลงอาญา เหตุแชร์โพสต์ปวินวิจารณ์ราชวงศ์ไทย แม้ไม่ได้ใส่คำบรรยายใด”, in ศูนย์ทนายความเพื่อสิทธิมนุษยชน, กรุงเทพฯ: ศูนย์ทนายความเพื่อสิทธิมนุษยชน:
ศาลพิพากษาจำคุก 4 ปีอัปสร...เหตุแชร์โพสต์ปวินวิจารณ์ราชวงศ์ไทย แม้ไม่ได้ใส่คำบรรยายใด
sǎan pí-pâak-sǎa jam-kúk · sìi · bpii àp-sɔ̌ɔn ... hèet chɛɛ póos bpà-win wí-jaan râat-chá-wong tai · mɛ́ɛ mâi dâai sài kam-ban-yaai dai
A court sentences Apson to four-year imprisonment...for sharing a Pawin's post [which] criticised the Thai royal family, even though [Apson] did not add any caption [to it].


bądź

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bǫdi. First attested in the 15th century.

Bandz ona szla za gyny mąsz, bandcz nye szla

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, volume VII, page 547:

Bødz to olegem pokropyona, bødz to sucha wszytkym synom Aaronowim rownøø myarøø rozdzyelona kaszdemv bødzye

1930 [c. 1455], “Lev”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 7, 10:

Acz komv... rzeczy... bądz zlodzeystwem, abo zbogem... vezma, ten gdy przed rokiem... sadownye nye vcziny, ... ma bycz dawnoscza odrzvczon

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 50:

Mayąly okolyczną myasta... layano albo nye layano ortel s przyszwolenym gych dzedzynnego pana, bandcz on duchowny albo szwyeczky, az on gym odpusczy, az maya v nasz ortel bracz?

1886 [c. 1455-1460], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Die polnische Recension der Magdeburger Urtheile und die einschlägigen deutschen, lateinischen und czechischen Sammlungen, page 295:

(often repeated, attested in Lesser Poland) either ... or

Ale dvsze, ktoresz z pychy vcinyø *nyeczø sgrzeszø, lecz bødz myesczanin, lecz bødz goscz, ktoris przeciw panv szemrzøci byl iest, sgynye

1930 [c. 1455], “Num”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 15, 30:

Chczallyby tesz ktory pan bandz duchowny albo szwyeczky szvoym poddanczom przyszvoly[cz], aby mogly waszego prawa pozywacz

Bancz to stary albo mlody sząthny nye udze szmyertelney skody

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 11:

Bancz vbodzy y bogadzy szvythky ma kosza potraczy

1901 [1463-1465], Jan Rozwadowski, editor, De morte prologus [Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze śmiercią], Mierzeniec, Płock, line 178:

(often repteaed, attested in Masovia) as well as; both ... and

often repteaed; attested in Masovia; often repteaed; attested in Masovia

Wysłuchawszy dziewica Marja ty słowa nasilniej się zmęciła, przeminiwszy swe światłe oblicze i spadła jej barwa krasna jako roża, bądź przeminiła się w białość

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 24:

A Sara bødz w dzewyøczydzeszyøt leczyech y porodzyla?

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 17, 17:

Wszdawam szwemu mazowy wszyczko, czokolwyek mam... besze wszey zawady bądz od przyrodzonych, ale thako ysz ya mam y chczą panya bycz, pokom zywa

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 68:

(attested in Greater Poland) though, although


bądź

Inherited from Old Polish bądź. As a conjunction, compare Hungarian vagy.

(Middle Polish) also ... and, both ... and

Seu disiunctiva particula, Albo/ Bądź Acz.

Sive ‒ Ieſtl, albo, bądz, chociaſz.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 986a:

(Middle Polish) or; Further details are uncertain.


就中

chữ Hán form of tựu trung (“in general”).


aure

aure rytoj ar poryt


siden

From Old Danish sithæn, from Old Norse síðan, from síð- + *-þan. Compare Swedish sedan, Old English siþþan, and — indirectly — with English since and Dutch sinds.

Siden det er varmt, bliver jeg indendørs.


cộng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 共 (“together”).


ฐาน

th-con

ฐาน • (tǎan)

Borrowed from Pali ṭhāna (“base”). Cognate with Lao ຖານ (thān), Northern Thai ᨮᩣᨶ, ᨮᩣ᩠ᨶ.


natož

Neviděl jsem ho, natož abych s ním mluvil.

I haven't seen him, let alone talked to him.


quer

From Old Galician-Portuguese quer, third-person singular present indicative of querer: "he/she/it wants".

1350, K. M. Parker (ed.), Historia Troyana. Santiago: Instituto "Padre Sarmiento", page 95

And when he was angry he would not keep a thing that he didn't say, whether embarrassing or mean or good, everything he would say

Et quando se asañaua, nõ gardaria cousa que nõdisese, quer fose vergonçosa quer maa quer bõa, todo o diria.

quer millo quer çenteo

1301, X. Ferro Couselo, editor, A vida e a fala dos devanceiros, Vigo: Galaxia, page 52:


quer

French: car

...quer le sens de li e la vertu creissoit chescun jour de mieux en mieux.

Because his discernment and his virtue grew better from day to day.

chevalier, cher vus purpensez?


quer

quer … quer (canonical)
quer … ou (canonical)

Iremos, quer chova ou não. / Iremos, quer chova, quer não.


stb.

Abbreviation of s a többi (“and the rest, and the others”).


com'

(sometimes before a vowel) Apocopic form of come


quand'

(sometimes before a vowel or a mute h) Apocopic form of quando


senz'

(sometimes before a vowel) Apocopic form of senza


neanch'

(sometimes before a vowel) Apocopic form of neanche


اگرچه

head

اگرچه • (agarče)

→ Azerbaijani: əgərçi

→ Turkish: gerçi, eğerçi

→ Urdu: اَگَرْچِہ (agarci)

→ Central Kurdish: ئەگەرچی (egerçî)

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰɪ]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰɪ]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰɪ]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰi]

[ʔǽ.ɡʲæɹ.t͡ʃʰe]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰi]

اگرچه امروز هوا گرم است، اما ما غذای داغ خوردیم.

Although the weather is warm today, we ate hot food.

agarče emruz havâ garm ast, ammâ mâ ğazâ-ye dâğ xordim.

اگرچه قبلا شما را ندیده باشم، ولی اسمتان به من آشنا بود.

Although I hadn't seen you before, your name was familiar to me.

agarče qablan šomâ râ nadide bâšam, vali esmatân be man âšnâ bud.


zodra

Afrikaans: sodra

Univerbation of zo (“so”) + dra (“soon”), the latter from Middle Dutch drâde; compare weldra (“soon”). Likely related to Dutch draaien (“to turn”), with an unclear development of sense, in which case from Proto-Germanic *þrēaną. In this case cognate with German drehen (“to throw”) and English throw. Also compare Middle High German drâte (“fast”) from Old High German dratō (“swift, violent”).


cona

cona (mutation mutation-radical)
chona (mutation mutation-nasal)
cona (mutation)

Alternative spelling of conna (“so that…not”)


ຫຼັງຈາກ

lo-con

ຫຼັງຈາກ • (lang chāk)

[laŋ˥˧˧.t͡ɕaːk̚˥˥˨]


所で

From 所 (tokoro, “place”) + で (de, “at”, “in”, indicates a location of action).

com

所で、ちょっと君に話が在る。

Tokoro de, chotto kimi ni hanashi ga aru.

By the way, I have something to tell you.

所で、あなたの仕事は何ですか？

Tokoro de, anata no shigoto wa nan desu ka?


ຊຶ່ງ

lo-con

ຊຶ່ງ • (sưng)


ກວ່າ

ກວ່າ • (kuā)


ເພື່ອ

ເພື່ອ • (phư̄a)


noso

Compound of no + so. Perhaps a Calque of Dutch zoniet (“otherwise”).


ເມື່ອ

ເມື່ອ • (mư̄a)

cog

Thai เมื่อ (mʉ̂ʉa)


tehát

First part from Proto-Finno-Ugric, te + hát

5-en vagyunk, és 4 adag étel van, tehát valakinek nem jut.

There are 5 of us and 4 packs of food, so one person cannot get it.

(somewhat formal) so, therefore, thus, hence


opdat

Negerhollands: opdat


çünkü

From Ottoman Turkish چونكه (çünki, “because”), from Persian چون (čun) + که (ke).


akár

It was formed by way of conversion of akar!, the Old Hungarian imperative form of the verb akar.

Akár itt is ebédelhetünk.

Olyan, akár az anyja.

Akár hiszi, akár nem, ez az igazság.

Whether he believes it or not, this is the truth.


net als

De Maan is net als de Aarde een terrestrisch lichaam dat voornamelijk uit silicaten bestaat.) The Moon is, just like the Earth, a terrestrial body that predominantly consists of silicates.

De Frisii waren een Germaans volk en net als verscheidene andere Germaanse volkeren wisten ze zich fel te verdedigen tegen de Romeinen

The Frisii were a Germanic people and, just like various other Germanic peoples, they knew how to defend themselves fiercely against the Romans.


dees

Possibly from Middle High German deist (“that is”), contraction of daz or dat + ist. Compare German es sei denn (literally “it be then”) and the use of English that is to introduce a specification or additional requirement.
Alternatives include some formation with Luxembourgish ees (“once, sometime”), from Middle High German eins, or possibly a contraction similar to Dutch tenzij, based on Middle High German et en sī (“it be not”), where the loss of the stressed final syllable would be unexpected, however.


secara

Reconstructed as se- + acara, from Malay secara. Compare Old Javanese sācāra (“in the manner of”).


ان

اَِنْ اَِنْ#Afrikaans

Arabic spelling of en, alternative form of اَِنْ


hisz

Itt vagyok, hisz megígértem, hogy eljövök!

I am here, of course, as I promised I would come.

as, because; said if something follows obviously for the speaker

Hisz ez nem is nehéz!

hey, but, why; said when realizing something or wanting someone else to realize something


cía

Middle Irish: cía

Irish: cé go

Scottish Gaelic: ged

Manx: ga dy

cía (mutation mutation-radical)
chía (mutation mutation-nasal)
cía (mutation)

Uncertain; possibly from the pronoun (Etymology 1).


kakor

as (in the same way that, to the same degree)


καθώς

head

καθώς • (kathós)

el-conjunction

καθώς • (kathós)

From Ancient Greek καθώς (kathṓs), from καθ- (kath-) (from κατά (katá)) + ὡς (hōs).

Το ευρώ φθίνει καθώς η ευρωπαϊκή κρίση χρεών εξαπλώνεται.

The euro is depreciating as the European debt crisis spreads.

To evró fthínei kathós i evropaïkí krísi chreón exaplónetai.

Δεν βγήκα απόψε καθώς δεν είχα τα λεφτά.

I didn't go out tonight since I didn't have the money to.

Den vgíka apópse kathós den eícha ta leftá.


mivel

Mivel az előző levelemre nem érkezett válasz, most újra írok.

As I did not get any response to my previous letter, I write again now.


enquanto

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese enquanto, from en (“in”) + quanto (“how much”). Compare Spanish en cuanto.

inh+

Enquanto vocês assistiam o filme, eu estudei.

While you were watching the film, I was studying.

Fique aqui dentro enquanto chove.

Então continuaram a estudar enquanto o céu lá fora se tornava gradualmente mais escuro.

2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 246:

Then they continued to study while the sky outside was becoming gradually darker.

Enquanto eles são violentos e perigosos, nós somos pacíficos e amigáveis.

While they are violent and dangerous, we are peaceful and friendly.

Vocês querem vadiar enquanto nós queremos trabalhar.

while; whereas (introduces a situation that is contrasts with another situation)


jadi

From Malay jadi, from Sanskrit जाति (jāti, “birth”) or जात (jāta, “become”). Doublet of jata, jati, and jelata.


jadi

From Malay jadi, from Sanskrit जाति (jāti).


nár

head

nár (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms)

except of past autonomous forms (triggers-lenition)

Dúirt sé nár chuir sé an gloine ar an tábla.

He said that he didn’t put the glass on the table.

Tá súil agam nár cailleadh é.

that... not (used to introduce a negated subordinate clause with a past tense verb, except for some irregular verbs)

nach

used with nonpast tenses and with some irregular verbs even in the past


إن

Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.

إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ

إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْ

If you do not study you (will) not succeed.

اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فَخِنْجَرٌ.

A person is killed by what they are killed with, whether it's a sword, it's a sword, and if it's a dagger, it's a dagger.

al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran faḵinjarun.

اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ: إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.

People are rewarded for their deeds, if it's good, it's good, and if it's evil, it's evil.

an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim: ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.

هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ

(conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)


إن

إن قلت أه نبقى موافقين

إن كان كويس ولا وحش


إن

واضح إنه بيحبك

بيصرف مال كإنه غني


إن

إن جيت بكرة، جيبلي معك جاكيت.
ʔin jīt bukra jīb-li maʕak jākēt
If you come tomorrow, bring me a jacket.

literally, “If you come tomorrow, bring for me a jacket with you.”


إن

ajp-conjunction

إنّـ • (ʔinn-)

إنّـ (canonical)
ʔinn- (romanization)
إنّـ
إنّي (first-person singular)
إنّا (first-person plural)
إنّك (masculine second-person singular)
إنّك (feminine second-person singular)
إنكم (plural second-person)
إنّه (masculine singular third-person)
إنها (feminine singular third-person)
إنهم (plural third-person)

Invariable form: إنّه (ʔinno)


أن

ar-con

أَنْ • (ʔan)

Probably identical to هَمّ (hamm, “concern”) from the root ه م م (h-m-m), with sound changes typical to Arabic, as e.g. in إن (ʔin). Note also the noun هَن (han, “thing; self, synonym of نَفْس (nafs)”), often mentioned in grammars as one of “the six nouns” also known as “five nouns“, which became obsolete due to often referring to genitalia.

سَيَنْتَخِبُ الشَّعْبُ رَئِيسًا جَدِيدًا بَعْدَ أَنْ يُكْتَبَ الدُّسْتُور.
sayantaḵibu š-šaʕbu raʔīsan jadīdan baʕda ʔan yuktaba ad-dustūr.
The people will elect a new president after the constitution is written.

literally, “...after [that] the constitution be written”

أُرِيدُ أَنْ آكُلَ.
ʔurīdu ʔan ʔākula.
I want to eat.

أُرِيدُ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ.
ʔurīdu ʔan yaʔkula.
I want him to eat.

introduces a verb clause in place of the definite verbal noun

to, that; introduces a subjunctive verb (often corresponding to the English infinitive)

سَبَقَ أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ

سَبَقَ أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ

سَبَقَ أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ
sabaqa ʔan qultu laka ḏālika
I already told you so.
(literally, “it has passed that I told you so.”)

سَبَقَ أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ

سَبَقَ أَنْ قُلْتُ لَكَ ذٰلِكَ

اِنْتَخَبَ الشَّعْبُ رَئِيسًا جَدِيدًا بَعْدَ أَنْ كُتِبَ الدُّسْتُور.
intaḵaba š-šaʕbu raʔīsan jadīdan baʕda ʔan kutiba ad-dustūr.
The people elected a new president after the constitution was written.
(literally, “...after [that] the constitution was written”)

وَنَادَىٰ أَصْحَابُ الْجَنَّةِ أَصْحَابَ النَّارِ أَن قَدْ وَجَدْنَا مَا وَعَدَنَا رَبُّنَا حَقًّا فَهَلْ وَجَدتُّم مَّا وَعَدَ رَبُّكُمْ حَقًّا ۖ قَالُوا نَعَمْ ۚ فَأَذَّنَ مُؤَذِّنٌ بَيْنَهُمْ أَن لَّعْنَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ

وَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَى مُوسَى أَنْ أَلْقِ عَصَاكَ

And we intimated to Moses, “throw your staff!”

أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللّٰهُ.

I bear witness that there is no god except Allah.

عَلِمْتُ أَنْ سَيُسَافِرُ زُهَيْرٌ

وَآخِرُ دَعْوَاهُمْ أَنِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَالَمِينَ

And the last of their call will be [that] "Praise to Allah, Lord of the worlds!"

wa-ʔāḵiru daʕwāhum ʔani l-ḥamdu li-llahi rabbi l-ʕālamīna

أَنَّ أن#Arabic

وَإِذْ أَخَذَ رَبُّكَ مِنۢ بَنِىٓ ءَادَمَ مِن ظُهُورِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّتَهُمْ وَأَشْهَدَهُمْ عَلَىٰٓ أَنفُسِهِمْ أَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ ۖ قَالُوا۟ بَلَىٰ ۛ شَهِدْنَآ ۛ أَن تَقُولُوا۟ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَـٰمَةِ إِنَّا كُنَّا عَنْ هَـٰذَا غَـٰفِلِينَ

And (remember) when your Lord brought forth from the Children of Adam, from their loins, their seed (or from Adam's loin his offspring) and made them testify as to themselves (saying): "Am I not your Lord?" They said: "Yes! We testify," lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection: "Verily, we have been unaware of this."


أن

أَنَّ • (ʔanna)

أَنَّ (canonical)
ʔanna (romanization)
أَنَّ (stem)
أَنِّي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
أَنَّنِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
أَنَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
أَنَّا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
أَنَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
أَنَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
أَنَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
أَنَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
أَنَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
أَنَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
أَنَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
أَنَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
أَنَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
أَنَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

Adverbial accusative of the noun underlying the former conjunction.

هَلْ تَعْلَمُ أَنَّنِي أَطْوَلُ مِنْكَ؟

أَعْرِفُ أَنَّ ٱبْنَكَ سَرَقَ سَيَّارَتِي.

that (introduces an equational clause or a verb phrase)


Introduced by the B programming language, which also used "!" for boolean negation, and inherited by its successor C. Later adopted more widely.

You seem to be missing the point that you have failed to convince anyone that what you propose IS an improvement. As you already mentioned, change != progress/improvement. USENET has been around awhile now and the accepted rules are pretty much the result of eliminating things thta didn't work well.

2007 June 8, stan, “Re: FAQ says no attachments - time to change ?”, in comp.lang.c+ (Usenet):

(Internet slang) Not the same as; different from.


dala

-dalá (canonical)
legidala (first-person singular)
gidala (copulative first-person singular)
lodala (second-person singular)
udala (copulative second-person singular)
lesidala (first-person plural)
sidala (copulative first-person plural)
lelidala (plural second-person)
lidala (copulative plural second-person)
lodala (class-1)
udala (class-1 copulative)
labadala (class-2)
badala (class-2 copulative)
lodala (class-3)
udala (class-3 copulative)
ledala (class-4)
idala (class-4 copulative)
lelidala (class-5)
lidala (class-5 copulative)
ladala (class-6)
adala (class-6 copulative)
lesidala (class-7)
sidala (class-7 copulative)
letidala (class-8)
tidala (class-8 copulative)
ledala (class-9)
idala (class-9 copulative)
letidala (class-10)
tidala (class-10 copulative)
lobudala (class-14)
budala (class-14 copulative)
lokudala (class-15)
kudala (class-15 copulative)
lokudala (class-17)
kudala (class-17 copulative)


adunque

(literary) Alternative form of dunque (“so”)


gdyby

Polish: gdyby

Silesian: gdyby

Gdyby ktho kogo zabyl, ranyl, yako mayą na nye doszwyaczycz

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 31:

A gdibi bil plascza ne wrzocil, tegdy tego rakoyemstwa przoszen

1895 [1418], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 144:

Gdyby ktho mowyl o rayczach przed dzyedzycznym panem. Pythalysczye nasz o prawo thymy szlowy: Gdyby kthory czlowyek rzekl przed dzyedzycznym paanem o rayczach mowyącz, aby nye byly prawdzywy..., czo then za tho przepadl?

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 37:

Gdibi sią w sądzie zwada stala (de trubatione iuris)

1858 [1498], Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich, 2 edition, volume VI, page 273:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces an unreal conditional; if

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Alye tego myly Cristus yavnye nye rzekl, gdyby yny slyschely, alye ysch tego nye baczyly, bo nye chczyal myly Krystus grzecha Iudaschova

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 549:


gdyby

gdybym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
gdybyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
gdybyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
gdybyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
gdyby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
gdyby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish gdyby. By surface analysis, gdy + -by.

gdyby babcia miała wąsy, toby była dziadkiem

Near-synonyms: jakby, jeśliby, jeżeliby, żeby

Gdybym miał więcej pieniędzy, kupiłbym nowy samochód.

If I had more money, I would buy a new car.

Byłoby nam cieplej, gdybyś nie otworzył okna!

We would be warmer if you hadn’t opened the window!

Gdybym był wiedział, że się przewrócę, to bym usiadł.

If I had known that I would fall over, I would have sat down.

used to introduce a polite suggestion; what if

Near-synonym: żeby


gdyby

gdybych (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
gdybychmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
gdybyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
gdybyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
gdyby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
gdyby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


ก็

From Proto-Tai *koːꟲ (“also”); Cognate with Northern Thai ᨣᩴ᩵; Lao ກໍ (kǭ), ກໍ່ (kǭ); Tai Dam ꪁꪷ꫁; Shan ၵေႃႈ (kāu), ၵေႃး (káu); Ahom 𑜀𑜦𑜡 (kō), 𑜀𑜦𑜨𑜡 (keoā), compared with Old Khmer ក (ka), *កោ (*ko), *ករ៑ (*kar, “a conjunction marking a consequential clause; to happen, to occur; to begin, to start; etc”); Modern Khmer ក៏ (kɑɑ) and Mon ကဵု.

used to indicate a consequence or result: so, thus, then, next, accordingly, etc.


ឬ

From Old Khmer រី (rī), ("topicalizer, often marking a new subject or a displaced direct object np" and "Of, on, about, concerning, in connection with."). See also រី (rii). Compare Lao ຫຼື (lư̄), ຫລື (lư̄); Zhuang rox


یدی

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit यदि (yadi).


nors

From nórįs, the present adjectival active participle of norė́ti (“to want, desire”).


ինչպես

head

ինչպես • (inčʻpes)

hy-con

ինչպես • (inčʻpes)


vagyis

that is to say, in other words, thus, so

or better said (making corrections to what one previously said)


գլուխ

head

գլուխ • (glux)

hy-con

գլուխ • (glux)


imperciò

From im- (intensive suffix) + perciò (“therefore”).


eðr

Icelandic: eður

Related to Old English oþerg, oþþe, eþþa, Old Saxon ettho, Old High German odar, odo, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌸𐌰 (auþþa).


secretary‐general; yellow‐green; a here‐today‐gone‐tomorrow attitude; kitchen‐dinette‐office

Joins the components of coordinative compounds, with equal components.

and

joining components of coordinative compounds

a has‐been; cholesterol‐free; short‐changing

Joins the components of subordinative compounds, with a dominant component or head.


萬一

/wän⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/ʋan⁵³⁻⁵⁵ it̚¹/

/væ̃⁴⁵ iəʔ²/

/ban²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² it̚⁵/

/ban²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ it̚³²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/ve²² iɪʔ⁴⁴/

/wän⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/ʋan⁵³⁻⁵⁵ it̚¹/

/væ̃⁴⁵ iəʔ²/

/ban²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² it̚⁵/

/ban²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/ban³³⁻¹¹ it̚³²/

/ban³³⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/ve²² iɪʔ⁴⁴/


dels

part, partly, in part (part this, part that), both and


dels

Den består dels av nervceller, och dels av stödjande celler som kallas gliaceller.

It consists in part of nerve cells, and in part of supporting cells which are called glial cells.

Vårt företag erbjuder dels enkla och robusta nivåvakter, dels mer noggranna givare för mätning och registrering.

Our company offers both simple and robust level detectors, and also more accurate detectors for measuring and registration.

part, partly, in part (part this, part that), both ... and


bys

From Middle High German bitze, probably from Old High German bī ze, the latter for which see zu.


zdali

(formal) whether, if (in indirect questions)

Víš, zdali přijde?


malgré que

(proscribed) despite that (even though; despite the fact that; although)


若果

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːk̚² kʷɔː³⁵/


followed by

From the passive voice of follow, and still frequently used as such.

Yesterday morning I saw two ducks, followed by a gaggle of geese in the afternoon, followed by a swan in the evening. All told, it was a bird-filled day for me.


poscia

Poscia che m'ebbe ragionato questo, ¶ li occhi lucenti lagrimando volse ¶ per che mi fece del venir più presto.

1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno, Le Monnier, published 1994, Canto II, p. 30 vv. 115-117:

After she thus had spoken unto me, ¶ weeping, her shining eyes she turned away ¶ hereby she made me swifter in my coming.

(archaic, literary) after (followed by che)

Padre mio, poſcia che voi mi promettete di pregare Iddio per me, & io il vi dirò.

1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, Decamerone, Tommaso Hedlin, published 1527, page 13:

My Father, since you promise to pray God for me, I will tell you.

(archaic, literary) since, because (followed by che)


ever since

I have had this terrible cough ever since I started smoking.

Ever since I've been here

Continuously since a specified time or event.


genom att

Ljuset åstadkoms genom att elektrisk ström flyter genom en tunn tråd och denna upphettas till stark glödning.

Light is produced by electric current flowing through a thin wire causing the latter to glow.

(approximately) by; using the means of; by means of


för att

Jag gjorde det för att jag kunde

För att jag säger det!


oraz

Ellipsis of i oraz (“and at the same time”).


därför att

– Varför kan jag inte få en glass nu? – Därför att vi alldeles strax ska äta middag.
– Why can't I have an ice cream now? – Because (for the reason that) we're just about to have dinner.

De skjuter på oss därför att de tror vi är onda andar

They're shooting at us because (for the reason that) they think we're evil spirits

for the reason that ...; because, since, as


varför

A compound of var (“what”) + för, from Old Swedish hvar fore. Compare Norwegian and Danish hvorfor, English wherefore, Dutch waarvoor, German wofür.

Jag vann en miljon, varför jag sedan köpte ett nytt hus.

I won one million, why I later on bought a house.


eğer

From Ottoman Turkish اكر (eğer), from Persian اگر (agar).

in case (to allow for the possibility that): in the event (conjunction)


če

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *či, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéy, initially instrumental singular of pronoun *kʷo-/*kʷe-; compare Latin qui, Avestan čī, Old Saxon hwi.

I če je sunce čas,
Za oblak taki zajde.


دوب

dūb (romanization)
دوب
دوبني (first-person singular)
دوبي (first-person singular)
دوبنا (first-person plural)
دوبك (masculine second-person singular)
دوبك (feminine second-person singular)
دوبكم (plural second-person)
دوبه (masculine singular third-person)
دوبها (feminine singular third-person)
دوبهم (plural third-person)

From Arabic دَأَب (daʔab, “to remain, to continue”). Compare Moroccan Arabic دابا (dāba, “now”).

inh

دوبه وصل.

يا دوب أجيبه.


hvis

From Middle Low German wes, genitive to wê (“who”), wat (“what”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis.


hvis

From Middle Low German wes, genitive of wat (“what”).
The Low German genitive was often used in subject or object function in the sense of “that which” or “whatever.” For example: Wes deme koninge dunket got, dat is billich dat men also dot. (“Whatever seems good to the king, it is appropriate that one does so.”) Since such a phrase can easily be reinterpreted as “if it seems good to the king”, the Scandinavian conjunction may have developed from this usage.


chyba że

Nie chcę iść, chyba że i ty tam będziesz.

I don't want to go unless you're going to be there.

(idiomatic) unless (except on a specified condition)


ܩܕܡ

From the root ܩ-ܕ-ܡ (q-d-m) related to preceding. Compare Akkadian 𒁾𒊕 (qudmu [DUB.SAG]) and Hebrew קֹדֶם (qṓḏem).


orait

Mekim olsem pinis, orait tupela i planim taro na banana, na kumu, painap, kon, tomato, na kaukau tu.

1995, John Verhaar, Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: an experiment in corpus linguistics, →ISBN, page 433:

Na God i tok olsem, “Lait i mas kamap.” Orait lait i kamap.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:3:


soweit

as far as (in the scope in which something holds)


ու

ես ու դու


ու

Armenian: ու (u)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi, a variant of *h₁epi, whence came եւ (ew).


for to

for + to, compare Scots for tae, Danish for at, Norwegian for å, Swedish för att.

What went ye out for to see?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 7:25:

Farewell! Farewell! / Farewell, my fairy fay! / Oh, I'm off to Louisiana / For to see my Susy Anna, / Singing, "Polly-wolly-doodle" all the day!

c. 1843, “Polly-Wolly-Doodl[e]”, in Hoyt Parmelee et al., compilers, A Collection of Songs and Ballads as Sung by Alpha Kappa Phi and Germanæ Sodales Societies, of Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, Hillsdale, Mich.: Leader Steam Print, published 1885, →OCLC, page 11:

“Mr. Woilde, we ‘ave come for tew take yew
Where felons and criminals dwell:
We must ask yew tew leave with us quoietly^([sic])
For this is the Cadogan Hotel.”

1937, John Betjeman, The Arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel:

All that I need for to be satisfied is a woman who's nothing like me

2004, Jackie Greene (lyrics and music), “Honey I Been Thinking About You”, in Sweet Somewhere Bound:

(obsolete outside dialect or poetic use) Elaboration of to.

Elaboration of to.
Expressing purpose: in order to.

In the desert you can remember your name, / 'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain

1971, Dewey Bunnell (lyrics and music), “A Horse with No Name”, performed by America:

Elaboration of to.
As a general infinitive marker.


es sei denn

Ich bin um 8 Uhr da, es sei denn, der Zug hat Verspätung / dass der Zug Verspätung hat.

I'll be there at 8 a.m. unless the train is late.