ta

uk:Мельничук Олександр Савич

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: та (ta)

Old Ruthenian: та (ta)

Belarusian: та (ta)

Carpathian Rusyn: та (ta)

Ukrainian: та (ta)

→ Polish: ta (dialectal)

→ Slovak: ta (dialectal)

Russian: та (ta) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: та (ta)

Glagolitic script: ⱅⰰ (ta)

Bulgarian: та (ta)

Macedonian: та (ta)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: та̏

Latin script: tȁ

Slovene: ta

Cognates include Hittite 𒋫 (ta, “and”), Ancient Greek τῷ (tôi, “then”), Sanskrit तात् (tāt, “thus, then”).


em

em … em … (canonical)
ем … ем … (Cyrillic)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish هم (hem), from Persian هم (ham).

Em me bio em još da mu kažem hvala.

Not only did he beat me up but he also wanted me to tell him thanks.


ni

Ni taara sugu la, i bɛ ne ba ye.

If you go to the market, you will see my mother


ni

From Middle French ny, from Old French ne, from Latin nec. Compare Italian né, Catalan and Spanish ni, Portuguese nem.

Notre imagination, si ardente qu’on la suppose, ne peut ni guérir instantanément une lésion organique, ni ressusciter un mort.

1898, Revue du monde invisible, page 339:

Our imagination, so ardent as we suppose, can neither instantaneously heal an organic lesion, nor resuscitate the dead.

[…] les constitutions accidentelles ou intercurrentes ne sont ni moins importantes ni plus faciles à expliquer.

1876, Bulletins et mémoires de la Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris, Volume 12:

[…] accidental or intercurrent constitutions are neither less important nor easier to explain.

Mais nous ne connaissons ni l’existence ni la nature de Dieu, parce qu’il n’a ni étendue, ni bornes.

c. 1656–1662, Blaise Pascal, “Preuves par discours I – Papier original : RO 3-1 r° / v° et RO 7-1 r° / v°”, in Pensées [Thoughts]:

But we know neither the existence nor the nature of God, because He has neither extent nor limits.


ni

Jot saavva tiitä mitä ono pintamaas, ni pittää tehä mokomat oopьtat.

1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. I. Molotsova, Loonnontiito (ensimäin osa): oppikirja alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:

In order to get to know what is in the topsoil, (that's why) it's important to perform such experiments.


ni

From Old Latin nei, from Proto-Italic *nei, from Proto-Indo-European *néy (“not”), from *ne. Cognates include Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹 (nei), Lithuanian nei, Old Church Slavonic ни (ni), Old Irish ní and Sanskrit न (ná). See also nē.

Ni quid tibi hinc in spem referas.

Vinum aliudve quid ni laudato.

Numa constituit, ut pisces, qui squamosi non essent, ni pollucerent ... ni qui ad polluctum emerent.

Numa ordained scaleless fish not to be served nor bought for serving.

not, that not, unless; like ne in imperative and intentional clauses


ni

From Proto-Slavic *ni (“nor, not”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *nej, from Proto-Indo-European *ney. Compare ni-, ne.

ona nije ni pametna ni(ti) marljiva

ni traga ni glasa o ..

ni kriv ni dužan

completely innocent (lit. neither guilty nor indebted)


ni

From Old Spanish nin, from Latin nec, apocopated form of neque, from Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe (“and not, neither, nor”), from *ne (“not”) + *-kʷe (“and”). Compare Asturian and Galician nin, Catalan and French ni, Portuguese nem, Italian né, Dalmatian ne. Indo-European cognates include Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih) and Irish nach.

der

No tengo ni dinero ni tiempo.

Ni Juan, ni Pedro, ni Felipe te darán la razón.

None of John, Peter, or Phillip will give you the reason.

(with three or more referents) none of...

No descansa de día ni de noche.

He doesn't rest during the day nor during the night.


ni

Borrowed from Spanish ni (“not even”), from Old Spanish nin, from Latin nec, apocopated form of neque.

Ni ako hindi nagsisigarilyo.

Ni aso ni pusa.


ni

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: ни (ni)
Old Ruthenian: ни (ni)
Belarusian: ні (ni)
Carpathian Rusyn: ни (ny)
Ukrainian: ні (ni)
Russian: ни (ni)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ни (ni)

Glagolitic script: ⱀⰹ (ni)

Bulgarian: ни (ni)

Macedonian: ни (ni)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ни, ⇒ ни̏ти

Latin script: ni, ⇒ nȉti

⇒ Slovene: niti

West Slavic:

Czech: ni (archaic)

⇒ Czech: ani

Polish: ni

⇒ Polish: ani

Old Slovak: ni (archaic)

⇒ Pannonian Rusyn: анї (anji)

⇒ Slovak: ani

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ni, nje

Lower Sorbian: ni

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *nei, from Proto-Indo-European *nе́y, a locative case of Proto-Indo-European *ne (“not”). Cognate with Latvian and Lithuanian nei and related to Latin nī, Proto-Germanic *nai.


ge

Middle English: gea, ȝe, ȝa, ȝi, ye

From Proto-Germanic *jahw, from *ja + *-hw.

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?

and; often doubled as ġe... ġe... ("both... and...")


ge

From Old Irish cía (“although”). Cognate with Irish cé.


wantaim

Olsem na dispela pasin i kamap. Man i save lusim papamama na i pas wantaim meri bilong en, na tupela i kamap wanpela bodi tasol.

1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:24:


nah

Nah, itu yang tidak bisa kita ketahui.

Now, that's what we haven't been able to find out.

Lalu saya dipecat dengan tidak hormat. Nah, ini yang minimbulkan perasaan bahwa itu keterlaluan.

Then I was given a dishonourable dismissal. Now, this is what made me feel that they had over-stepped the mark.

Used to conclude a speech or train of thought; now; so; right; okay


un

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-Germanic *andi. Cognate with German und, Dutch en, English and, Icelandic enn.


un

Planten un Blomen


un

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Draus is es kalt un nass.

Ich kaafe Epple un Bananne.


un

Borrowed from Middle Low German un (“and”). It replaced, in this sense, the particle ir (compare Lithuanian ir, which still has the sense of “and”). Variants were und, unde and ind, in (these latter may have been influenced by ir, but ind also existed in Middle Low German). From the 18th century on, the form un gradually became dominant.

Didzis un Ilga apstājās

tas ir skaists un dārgs

tēvs strādā un domā

additive conjunction used to link similar terms in a clause; and

Lupatu Zeta smējās tik sirsnīgi, ka asaras sakāpa acīs un pat Lupats pieliecās klausīties

Lupatu Zeta laughed so heartily that tears filled her eyes and even Lupats leaned forward to listen

pie tēva vīri atnāk uz runāšanu... Annelei patīk skatīties, kādi tie vīri un kā viņi runā

(some) men came to father to talk... Annele liked to look what those men looked like and how they spoke

used to link clauses within a sentence; and

uzlec saule, un sākas jauna diena

Annele papurināja smiedamās galvu, un visi lakati bija atkal nost

Annele shook her head, laughing, and all scarves were (= fell) off once more

Ansis bija noliesējis gluži dzeltenīgs, nomocījis, un tomēr viņa acīs bija arī līksmība

Ansis had lost weight, grown rather yellow, (he looked) run down, and yet in his eyes there was also joy

pavasarī viņam palika pieci gadi, un tas jau bija diezgan cienījams vecums

in spring he became five years (old), and that was already quite a respectable age

used to link two independent clauses, indicating simultaneity, sequence, contrast, opposition, or comparison between them; and

mātei varēja stāstīt visu... vai tiešām visu? un Ģirts atskārta, ka pēdējā laikā noticis daudz kas tāds, par ko viņš tomēr nestāstīs mātei...

mother might tell everything... really everything? and Ģirts realized that recently many things had happened that he wouldn't tell mother...

atceries, cik Latvijā šis vārds skanēja noslēpumaini un vilinoši: Kalifornija! un tagad ļoti labvēlīgs liktenis tevi iespēlējis tieši teiksmainajā Kalifornijā

remember how in Latvia this word sounds mysterious and tempting: California! and now a very favorable fate has brought you to legendary California

used to introduce an independent clause, linking it to the preceding context


un

From Old Frisian and, from Proto-Germanic *andi. Cognates include West Frisian en and German und.

Wilst hie noch deeruur ättertoachte, ferskeen him n Ängel fon dän Here in n Droom un kwaad: Josef, Súun fon David, freze die nit, Maria as dien Wieuw bie die aptouníemen;

2000, Marron C. Fort, transl., Dät Näie Tästamänt un do Psoolme in ju aasterlauwerfräiske Uurtoal fon dät Seelterlound, Fräislound, Butjoarlound, Aastfräislound un do Groninger Umelounde [The New Testament and the Psalms in the East Frisian language, native to Saterland, Friesland, Butjadingen, East Frisia and the Ommelanden of Groningen], →ISBN, Dät Evangelium ätter Matthäus 1:20:

While he was still thinking about it, came to him an angel from the Lord in a dream and said: Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take Maria as your wife;


ac

Sardinian: a


ac

From Old English ac, from Proto-West Germanic *ak, from Proto-Germanic *ak.

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

c. 1325, Harrowing of Hell, lines 241–245:

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]

Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

"Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]"

c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:

"Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "


ac

Middle English: ac, ak, ah

Sēo æx forġiett, ac þæt trēow ġeman.

The axe forgets, but the tree remembers.

Ne ġēotaþ wē tēaras, ac blōd.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”

Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
and gif we forleosað þas lænan woruld-þingc, þonne sceole we witan þæt ure wunung nis na her ac is on heofonum gif we hopiað to gode.

and if we lose the transitory things of this world, then should we know that our dwelling is not here, but is in heaven, if we hope in God.

but instead: in this sense ac should sometimes be translated as "but," but most often it is best left untranslated


ac

From Old Welsh (h)ac, from Proto-Brythonic *atkʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ét-kʷe (compare Breton hag and Cornish hag); identical to Latin atque. Doublet of Welsh ag.


pis

Je suis habituée, protesta-t-elle. Pis j’ai pas besoin d’un père pour me faire la morale.

1996, Chrystine Brouillet, C'est pour mieux t'aimer, mon enfant, →ISBN, page 78:

‘I'm used to it,’ she protested. ‘And I don't need a father to lecture me.’

(North America, colloquial) and, besides


ce

Ba torad sa⟨í⟩thir dúun in chrud so ce du·melmis cech túari et ce du·gnemmis a ndu·gníat ar céli, act ní bad nertad na mbráithre et frescsiu fochricce as móo.

It would be a fruit of our labor in this way if we consumed every food and if we did what our fellows do, but it would not be a strengthening of the brothers and a hope of a greater reward.

Fomnid-si, a phopul núíednissi, ar ce dud·rónath ní di maith fri maccu Israhél…

Take heed, O people of the New Testament, for although some good has been done to the children of Israel…

ɔrabad cech bráthair post alium .i. is huisse ce ru·samaltar fri Críst

so that each brother should be after the other, i.e. it is right that he be compared to Christ


au

Dar cum ai vrea să mă cobor?
Au nu-nțelegi tu oare,
Cum că eu sunt nemuritor,
Și tu ești muritoare?

1883, Luceafărul, Mihai Eminescu, 149-152:

But how would I descend to thee?
Or don't you understand,
That I am immortal
And thou a mortal art?


li

From Arabic اَلَّذِي (allaḏī, relative pronoun). Compare common dialectal Arabic اللي (illi, lli). The use as a conjunction is widely found in Maghrebi Arabic, so there is no reason to consider it a Romance influence (as might otherwise be thought; compare Italian che, which is both a relative pronoun and the conjunction “that”).

inh

Nixtieq ngħidilha li nħobbha.


li

Polish: li

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li. First attested in 1395. Displaced by Polish czy.

Bødzeszly lychoty chowacz (si iniquitates observaveris), pane, pane, kto sczyrzpy?

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 129, 3:

Ktoricole... zaklad weszmye..., tho gest konye abo gynsze bydlo..., nye mayą... dzelicz myedzy sobą, ale gestly zymye (si autem hiemali), tedy za tydzen, a gestly lecze (si fuerit in aestivo tempore), tedy za dwie nyedzeli mayą bycz chowany

1895 [Fifteenth century], Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich. Kodeks Działyńskich I, Lesser Poland, page 9:

(attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces a conditional; if


li

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: ли (li), ль (lĭ)

Old Ruthenian: ли (li), ль (lʹ)

Belarusian: лi (li)

Ukrainian: ли (ly) (dialectal)

Russian: ли (li), ль (lʹ); ле (le) (dialectal)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: ли (li)

Glagolitic script: ⰾⰺ (li)

Bulgarian: ли (li)

Macedonian: ли (li)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ли

Latin script: li

Slovene: li (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: li

Old Polish: li

Polish: li (obsolete)

Slovak: li

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: li

Lower Sorbian: li

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *lei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (pronominal root). Cognates include Lithuanian -li (as in nùli (“now, just now”), juoli (“especially, all the more so”)), Latvian -lei, -lai (as in nulei, nulai (“now, just now”)), and probably Lithuanian lai (“let”) and Latvian lai (“let”). Other cognates include Latin olle.


dok

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do kъ, as if from dȍ + k.

dok je čov(j)ek mlad, ne brine o zdravlju

while one is young, he doesn't care about health

ovd(j)e ću čekati dok se ona ne vrati

mi se brinemo za kuću, dok je njemu svejedno

we worry about the house, while he doesn't care at all


co

Inherited from Old Czech čso, from Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis.

Od té doby, co jsme spolu…

Since we’ve been together… (literally, “Since the time that we’ve been together…”)

Ví, co chce.


co

iou co vôs


co

head

co (triggers nasalization, followed by the prototonic or conjunct form of a verb, may be followed by an infixed pronoun)

Irish: go

Scottish Gaelic: gu

Manx: dy

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *ku (“where”).
The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum + *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

coní

so that…not; corresponding to the nasalizing conjunction

conna

so that…not; corresponding to the leniting conjunction

ní fitir cid muntar nime conidro·foilsigsetar apstil doib

not even heaven’s household knew it until the apostles had revealed it to them

co nos·berinn dochum hirisse


co

Ma ten sam rower co ja.
He has the same bike as me.


co

(proscribed) coordinating conjunction; that


bia

From Middle High German wie. Cognate with German wie; see there for more.

Tüa bia 's ghéet bóol.


ra

adoum ra hawa ra

Sabit da Arbaha ra


acht

Irish: ach

Manx: agh

Scottish Gaelic: ach

From Proto-Celtic *extos (“except, but”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰsto- (“out”), from *h₁eǵʰs. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐκτός (ektós, “outside”).

Mógi sidi uili do Día; acht do·rigénsat in descipuil dechor etarru et déu diib: is hed on ɔsecha-som hic.

They are all servants to God; but the disciples had made a distinction between them and (made) gods of them; that is what he corrects here.

Ní imned lim act rop Críst pridches et imme·ráda cách.

It is not tribulation for me provided that it is Christ on whom everyone preaches and meditates.

provided (that) (followed by ro- and the subjunctive mood of the verb)

Fa·didmed aicned, acht dond·ecmaiṅg anísiu.

Nature would have allowed it, except that this happens.

(followed by a nasalizing relative clause) except that


das

some speakers in south-western Germany; when stressed

From Middle High German daz, from Old High German daz, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Compare Silesian East Central German doas, Dutch dat, English that.

dat

in western and parts of northern Germany

dit

colloquial in eastern Germany, especially the federal state of Brandenburg, around Berlin


das

Sagom, das odunom-la tävi gretik.

1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 21:

He says that he will make a big journey.

Äsagom obe, das övisitom obi.

1940, “Pro yunanef Nedänik”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 38:

If xamobs yufapükis dabinöl, täno mutobs dasevön, das ons valik jenöfo binons geboviks pro disein.

1938, “Ge lü Volapük!”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, pages 17-19:

If we examine the existing auxiliary languages, we must admit that they are all indeed useful for the purpose.


ca

Nun mientas, ca dir foi.

Ca inda son piores qu’estudiantes.

Because they are still worse than students.


ca

From Old Galician-Portuguese ca (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin quam.

As miñas irmás son máis altas ca min.


ca

From Old Galician-Portuguese ca (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin quia.


ca

Inherited from a combination of Latin quam and quia.


ca

than (comparison between adjectives only)

that (as in 'the boy that I saw' ("O guaglio' ca vist'"))


ca

From Vulgar Latin qua, alternative form of Latin quia.

Sospiró mio Cid, ca mucho avié grandes cuidados

My Cid sighed, for very great grief had he


am

From Middle Welsh am, from Old Welsh im, from Proto-Celtic *ambi (compare Old Irish imb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi.
Cognate with Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (a-b-i-y /abiy/, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “about, around”) and the first part of Old Armenian ամբ-ողջ (amb-ołǰ, “whole”).

Fydd e ddim yma heddiw am ei fod e’n sâl.

because (followed by fod or a “that”-clause)


whence

From Middle English whennes, from Old English hwanon (with adverbial genitive -s), related to hwonne (whence when). Analyzable as when + -s.

The work is slow and dangerous, whence the high costs.

I scored more than you in the exam, whence we can conclude that I am better at the subject than you are.

(literary, poetic) Used for introducing the result of a fact that has just been stated; thence


ga

V'eh yn fer toshee dy feer, ga nagh row yn ennym er. He was leader in deed though not in name.


ga

head

ga (conjunction, Perso-Arabic spelling گہ)


pe

From earlier bei (now bai), third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of bod.
The alternative form ped (whence counterfactual forms of bod such as petaswn and taswn) is perhaps from addition of the affirmative particle yd (compare nad and nid).

Pe bawn i'n gyfoethog, teithiwn i o gwmpas y byd.

If I were rich, I would travel around the world.

if (used with counterfactual conditionals, i.e., those that are impossible or considered very unlikely)


voi

Borrowed from Livonian vȯi. Akin to Latvian vai.


slash

Originally a verb of uncertain etymology. Possibly from French esclachier (“to break”). Used in the Wycliffe Bible as slascht (see 1 Kings 5:18) but otherwise unattested until 16th century. Conjunctive use from various applications of the punctuation mark ⟨/⟩. See also slash fiction.

Saul Hudson is a famous musician/songwriter.

What this, the Slashie, means is that you consider me the best actor slash model and not the other way around.

2001, Drake Sather, Ben Stiller, John Hamburg, Zoolander, spoken by Fabio Lanzoni:

“It’s been a joke-slash-tragedy,” the restaurant host, 29, said of the president’s tumultuous far-right administration as she cast her vote against him in her country’s most important election in decades.

2022 October 2, Tom Phillips, “‘A day of hope’: Lula fans eager to see Bolsonaro defeated”, in The Guardian:

(Canada, US) Used to connect two or more identities in a list.

Alternatives can be marked by the slash/stroke/solidus punctuation mark, a tall, right-slanting oblique line.
Read: Alternatives can be marked by the slash-slash-stroke-slash-solidus punctuation mark, a tall, right-slanting oblique line.


kaj

Mi volas picon kaj refreŝigaĵon.


ne

From Middle English ne, from Old English ne, from Proto-West Germanic *ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.
Cognates include Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni), Latin nē, Sanskrit न (na), Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Russian не (ne), Lithuanian ne, Irish ní.

That than I shall not geve therunto faith ne credence, nor therfore put them to any maner ponyssement, before that they or any of them so accused may be at their lawful defence and answer.

1484, Original Letters, King Edward the Fifth, under the direction of his Uncle, to Otes Gilbert, Esq., commanding him to receive Knighthood at the expected Coronation:

And therin is no drede nor bytternes ne expences, but therin is pure recreacyon of body and of soule soo it be donn in clene places.

Be not to hasty ne sodenly vengeable, to poure folke doo no vyolence.

Moreouer no man be so hardy to drynk fastyng cold water, ne after that he hath accompanyed wyth a woman, ne after gret trauayle, ne after exersice tyll he haue fyrst rested hym, ne by nyght namely yf he haue do gloue tofore.

A false tonge wyll euer Imagyne and saye / That neuer by creature was sayd ne thought.

For chastyce can he not by daye ne nyght his wyfe but by his betynge maketh lyght and hote the loue bytwene her and her frende.

1509, Wynkyn de Worde, The fyftene joyes of maryage:

Item, that noo woman nor maide weyve any worsted stamynges ne sayes for that that thei be nott of sufficient powre to werke the said worsteddes as thei owte to be wrought, upon payne of iij s iiij d as often as thei be founde wevyng to be devyded and leuyed in maner and forme aboue expressed.

1511, The Records of the City of Norwich:

That they shulde no lenger kepe ne susteyne Thomas the archebysshope.

1520, Richard Pynson, The Lyfe of The Blessed Martyr Saynte Thomas:

The rote ought to be gadered in the begynnynge of somer and dryed in the sonne bycause [tha]¬t it corrupt ne rotte bycause of the moystnesse[,] & it may be kept two yeres;

For lyinge is a detestable vice, and to be hated of all men, ne to be suffred amonge seruantis ne other persones[,] howe poure estate so euer they be of.

1535, Thomas Elyot, The Education or Bringing up of Children:

Thus some persones beeyng inuited and exhorted to falle to the studie of lettres, make their excuse that thei bee sickely, that thei can not slepe ne take their naturall reste in the nightes.

1542, Nicholas Udall, Apophthegms (translation):

We Moores be not so base of wit, ne yet so blunt of mynd.

1558, Thomas Phaer, The Aeneid (translation):

The deuyll gossyp, ought me a shame / And prayde I am nowe, euerye penye I wolde god he had, be blinde and lame / The daye and houre, he fyrste woed me / Ware not gossyp, these chyldren thre I wolde not tary, ye may be sure / Longer with hym, daye ne houre.

c. 1560, Edward Gosynhill, The Schoolhouse of Women:

Neither extremitie, ne gentle meanes could boote; she hydeth close within her brest, her secret sorowes roote.

1562, Arthur Brooke, The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet:

Ne on her teares or plaint, at all to have remorse, but (if they can not with her will,) to bring the mayde perforce.

His hart encreaseth not thereby ne lesseth as edoon these fooles.

1570, John Thynne, The Debate betweene Pride and Lowlines:

And that no victualer ne other person or persons forestall any kynde of victualls cominge to the said Cyty or within the precyncte of the same before the same victualls be come to the place.

1577, The Hereford Municipal Manuscript:

Ioc: How can that be and thou my ioy in warre? Po: Henceforth n'am I your ioy ne yet your sonne.

1587, George Gascoigne, Francis Kinwelmershe, Jocasta:

But to her cry they list not lenden eare, / Ne ought the more their mightie strokes surceasse.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Whose worth all outward is in shew alone / But inward sent hath not, ne vertue none.

1634, W. Lathum, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

The pang, the curse, with which they died, / Had never pass'd away; / I could not draw my een from theirs / Ne turn them up to pray.

1798, Samuel Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, ll. 443-6:


ne

From Old Latin ne (“not”), from Proto-Italic *nē, from the extension of Proto-Indo-European *ne (“not”). Cognates include Proto-Germanic *ne (whence Gothic 𐌽𐌹 (ni) and Old English ne), Sanskrit न (ná), Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Russian не (ne), Lithuanian ne, Irish ní.

Vereor, nē videātur ōrātiō mea stulta.

nē quem post sē hostem reliqueret

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.11

in order not to leave any enemy behind himself

sī reliquam partem hiemis ūnō locō legiōnēs continēret, nē stipendiāriīs Aeduōrum expugnātīs cūncta Gallia dēficeret

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.10

[he feared] lest if he should confine his legions in one place for the remaining part of the winter, all Gaul would revolt when the stipendiaries of the Aedui were subdued

veritus nē noctū ex oppidō prōfugerent

he feared lest [the enemy] should escape by night

that not, in order not to and similar; lest


ne

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

ne tikai

ne visai


ne

and (only used if the overall statement is grammatically positive)


ne

English: ne (obsolete)

Scots: ne (obsolete)

From Old English ne, from Proto-West Germanic *ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

than (introducing a basis of comparison)


ne

desctree

Middle English: ne, ny, ni (rare)
English: ne (obsolete)
Scots: ne (obsolete)

Þurh þissa þinga ġehāt sind cumene tō anwealde unmenn. Ac hīe lēogaþ, ne ġelǣstaþ hīe þæt ġehāt, ne hīe nǣfre nyllaþ!

By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie, they do not fulfill that promise, and they never will!

c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
Sē enġel him cwæþ tō, "Ne cyss þū mīne fēt, ne þū mē ne hrepe."

The angel said to him, "Don't kiss my feet, and don't touch me."

late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of The Consolation of Philosophy
Nān mann hine ne cann, ne hē nānne mann ne furðum þæt ġeþēode.

No one knows him, and he doesn't know anyone or even the language.

(in negative phrases) or, and not (optionally translated as "nor")

Iċ næbbe ne frīend ne fīend. Wrace iċ hæbbe.

I don't have friends or enemies. I have revenge.

ne... ne... is used to mean "[not...] or..." (optionally translated as "neither... nor...")


ne

French: ni

A lor seignor gaires n’antendent
Ne les serors ne li cinc frere

c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la charrette:

They didn't listen to their father
Neither the sisters nor the five brothers


ne

From Proto-Germanic *ne (“not”). Cognates include Old English ne and Old Saxon ne.


ne

From Middle English ne, from Old English ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

Ne mother, ne father, ne friends, ne foes ne-knew what had worthen of him.


ne

From Ottoman Turkish نه (ne, “neither; nor”), from Persian نه (na). Cognate to Old English ne (“not”).

Ne bu ne şu


và

head

và • (吧, 𡝕, 頗)

vi-conj

và • (吧, 𡝕, 頗)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 和 (“and”, SV: hoà).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hoà</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-và.wav

bạn và tôi

Chiến tranh và hoà bình

Tội ác và trừng phạt


wan

Shinechmaka yey pula wan chikwasen tumat

Give me three plantains and six tomatoes

Nikilwij ma timuitakan yalua wan inte walajsik

I told her/him to meet yesterday but she/he didn't come


es

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).


nec

Asturian: nin

Catalan: ni

Dalmatian: ne

Esperanto: nek

Fala: nin

French: ni

Galician: nin

Italian: né

Lombard: gna

Middle French: ny

Old French: ne

Old Galician-Portuguese: nen

Portuguese: nem

Sicilian: ne

Spanish: ni


ar

Evribadi av di rait fi uon prapati bai demself ar wid ada piipl.

2023, Yuunivorshal Deklarieshan a Yuuman Raits, United Nations, Aatikl 17:

Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.


ar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“thus, so”), thought to be a specialized conjunctional usage of the Proto-Indo-European root's usual "to fit" meaning. Cognate with Latvian ar (“whether, if, with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “then”).

czy

word with the same function in Polish, which has significant historical presence in Lithuania

Ar norite valgyti?

Nežinau, ar tai tiesa, ar ne.

I don't know whether that is true or not.


ar

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).

Alternative spelling of air (“for, since”)


ar

From Middle English or; partially contracted from other, auther, from Old English āþor, āwþer, āhwæþer.

Ar aany noor dhing at woode comfoort mee,

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:

Or any other thing that would comfort me,

Gooude var nat oan dhing, niether treesh ar thraame;

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:

Good for not one thing; neither for the trace, nor the car.

Ich woode be pitcht ee kurkeen, ar zippeen, to a coolaan.

1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 106:

I would be poked into the mow or the stack up to the back of my head.


po

According to an Gerlyver Meur, either an unstressed form of py (“which”) or provected form of the present-future subjunctive of bos (“to be”).


phi

Phi anh ấy, không ai biết.


A stylized form of Latin et (“and”). Romans used such symbols (ligatures) from at least the first century C.E., but the character may not have acquired its present form until the advent of calligraphy in the Middle Ages. Compare ⁊ and +, of same meaning and similar derivation.


“Welcum to McCaufreys, Billy Dean” he says. “Make yorself at home & hav a pie.”

2011, David Almond, The True Tale of the Monster Billy Dean, Candlewick Press, published 2014, →ISBN, page 121:

& (normally used on translated English names that contain this character, but rarely elsewhere)

(dated) Abbreviation of et in borrowed Latin phrases such as et cetera.


Abbreviation of et; historically a scribal abbreviation of et.


la

From Arabic لَا (lā). Doublet of le (“no”).

La jiekol u la jixrob.


nem

From Old Galician-Portuguese nen, from Latin nec (“nor; and not”). Compare Galician nin, Catalan, French, and Spanish ni, Italian né.

Não sei, nem quero saber.

I don’t know, and I don’t want to know. / I neither know nor want to.

nor; and not (introduces a further negative statement)

Devemos aguentar sem água nem comida.

nor (introducing each except the first term of a series, indicating none of them is true)


sì

From Latin sīc. In the “yes” sense, from sīc (est).


if only

It made me feel better, if only for a moment.

It won't be much fun if only guys turn up to the party.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see if, only.

If only I could win the lottery.

My gambling ex could come to his senses, if only.

(idiomatic) I wish that; signifies a wish or desire for the present or the future.

لَيْتَ

or use auxiliary hebben with inversion and maar

(conditional sentence + ii noni (nā)) -ばいいのになあ (-ba ii noni nā)

quem dera (que)

a sentence in the subjunctive mood follows

If only I had listened to my parents.

We didn't have that luxury. If only!

(idiomatic) I wish that; signifies a regret about an action in the past.

I was pretty sure what I wanted, but I still tried on another if only to make sure.

(idiomatic) Even if for no other reason than; only just.

ha másért nem, azért,… (csak/csupán/pusztán/mindössze)

He could be a great student if only he got [or: if he only got] a little non-judgmental encouragement.

If you'd only quit interrupting me, I'll tell you!

(idiomatic) Signifies a hypothetical or wishful precondition, or one which would be simple but is nonetheless unlikely, for a hypothetical, counterfactual, or future outcome.


pa

Common South Slavic; compare Slovene pa, Bulgarian па (pa). See also pa-.

prvo ću skočiti ja, pa ti

učenje pa odmor pa zabava

Potrošio sam sav novac, pa sam se morao vratiti kući.

I've spent all of my money, so I had to go back home.

(with da or màkar) even if, even though, although

bogat je, pa ipak usamljen


pa

Jaz pa ti.

Je dober, ne pa najbolši.

Zaspal je, pa je zamudil šolo.

He overslept, so he was late for school.


whereas

From where + as (“that”); first attested in the meaning of "where" First attested in the 14ᵗʰ century. Compare thereas.

He came first in the race, whereas his brother came last.

In contrast; whilst on the contrary; although.

عِنْدَمَا

but in contrast; whilst on the contrary…

And Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union.

1778, United States Articles of Confederation:

(chiefly law) It being the fact that; inasmuch as. (Often used to begin recitals; sometimes emboldened or emphasized as a signifier.)


se

From Proto-Albanian *tśe(i), *tśi from Proto-Indo-European *kʷe-, *kʷ(e)i- (“how, what”). Interrogative and relative pronoun, especially in connection with a preposition.

Më duket se ke nevojë për disa shokë të rinj.

It seems to me that you need some new friends.

Vëllai im më tha se don të bisedojë me ty rreth librit të ri.

My brother told me that he wants to talk to you about the new book.


se

Borrowed from Italian se, influenced by French si and Latin sī.


se

From Old Galician-Portuguese se (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin sī.


se

La klerko komencus laborar se ilu povus.

The clerk would begin to work if he could.

Se me povus, me komprus altra domo.


se

Biela, se ti vedissi li galiere

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:


se

From Latin sī (“if”) or from Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī and quid ("what").

Se non è vero, è ben trovato.


se

se Dio ti lasci, lettor, prender frutto / di tua lezione

even if God leaves you, reader, take fruit of your lesson (Dante)

(archaic) Alternative form of così: if (only); even if


se

From Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī (“if”) + quid (“what”).


se

French: si


se

From Old Galician-Portuguese se, from Latin sī (“if”).

Se for sair, leve um guarda-chuva.

Só começaremos se nos pagarem.

Se enfim, você um dia resolver mudar, tirar meu pobre coração do altar, me devolver como se deve ser.

Desculpe, acho que dá mais medo se for meia-noite!

2007, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte, Rocco, page 317:

I'm sorry, I thought it would be more fearsome if it were midnight!


se

tohida riyaya se ribaba

bobato nyagimoi se tofkange

the (council of) eighteen bobatos (literally, “the ten and eight bobatos”)


ohne

From Middle High German āne (“without”), from Old High German āna, ānu, āno (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁(n̥)new.
Cognate with Yiddish אָן (on), Old Saxon āno (“without”), Old Frisian ōni (“without”), Old Norse án, ón (“without”), English on, ohn (“without”), Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu, “without”), Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”).

Ich habe viele Jahre vergeudet, ohne dir zu sagen, was du mir bedeutest.

I wasted many years without telling you what you mean to me.

+obj

dass (+ clause) zu (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’

without [with dass (+ clause) or zu (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’]


ach

From Old Irish acht (“but, except”), from Proto-Celtic *extos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


ach

From Old Irish acht (“but, except”), from Proto-Celtic *extos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-tos.

Thèid mise ach cha tèid thusa.

Cha robh ann ach trì daoine.

There were only three people (literally "there was not there but/except for three people").


ach

Dh'aontaich e ach am biodh adhartas air choireigin ann.

He agreed so that there would be some progress.


idi

Gothic: 𐌹𐌸 (iþ)

From an unstressed variety of Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Latin et.


chi

From Latin quid, from Proto-Italic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid.


chi

From a conflation of Latin quia, quod, and other conjunctions.

Li me' amigghi dìzini chi soggu simpàtiggu

Mégliu figlioru di la bonasorthi chi figlioru di re

Better [to be] son of good luck than son of a king


well

From the accusative of Middle High German wīle, from Old High German wīla, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu. Cognate with German weil.

Ech gi geschwënn um Bett, well ech midd sinn.

I'm going to bed soon because I am tired.


cos

Taking the shortcut through the alleyway by the Jobcentre Plus, just cos I can, we arrive at my flat within minutes.

2021, Isabel Waidner, Sterling Karat Gold, Peninsula Press, page 161:

(UK, Ireland, South Africa, African-American Vernacular) Informal spelling of 'cause (“because”).


si

From Old Catalan si, from Latin si (“if”).


si

I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

And if “a man’s homeland is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

if (used to introduce a condition or choice)


si

From Old French se, from Latin si (“if”).

avec des si on mettrait Paris en bouteille

Je me demande si elle sera seule.

Je veux savoir si tu viendras ou non.

Si j’avais ses pouvoirs, je créerais un monde où le mal n’existe pas.

If I had his power, I'd create a world where evil didn't exist.

Si tu n’avais pas appelé, je serais morte.


si

From Portuguese se. Cognate with Kabuverdianu si.


si

Aromanian: si

Catalan: si

Franco-Provençal: se

French: si

Friulian: se

Galician: se

Italian: se

Occitan: se

Portuguese: se

Guinea-Bissau Creole: si

Kabuverdianu: si

Papiamentu: si

Romanian: să

Romansch: sche

Sicilian: si

Spanish: si

From Proto-Italic *sei (“so, thus”) used in parataxis, likely via the meaning "in this" as the locative singular of Proto-Indo-European *só (“this, that”); this older meaning is preserved in Latin sīc as well as in the oath sī dīs placet, cf. English so help me God. Related to Old English sē (“he, that”).

Sī versūs hōrum duōrum poētārum neglegētis, magnā parte litterārum carēbitis.

If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

sī... sī

whether (when a verb of seeing or trying is the main verb in the apodosis; or when sī is used twice correlatively)


si

si nunca

si sâm capaz

si más pricisâ

si já falâ co iou

si vosôtro querê vêm

iou vai olâ si têm

si têm vagar lôgo vêm


si

From Old French si, from Latin si (“if”).


si

From Spanish si and Portuguese se and Kabuverdianu si.


si

Eye dialect spelling of se, representing Brazil Portuguese.


si

From Latin sī, from Proto-Italic *sei (“so, thus”) used in parataxis, likely via the meaning "in this" as the locative singular of Proto-Indo-European *só (“this, that”).

Si lu sai, dìmmiru!

If you know, tell me! (literally, “If you know it, tell it to me!”)


jedoch

From Middle High German iedoch, idoch, ēdoch, from Old High German iodoh, iothoh. Equivalent to je + doch. Compare Dutch edoch.

Er versuchte es immer wieder, jedoch ohne Erfolg.

He tried again and again, but without success.


je

ana iwaje je kolano osone

Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)


ed

Borrowing from French et, Italian ed, Russian и (i) and Spanish e.


ed

Parlo italiano ed esperanto.

(before vowels) Alternative form of e for euphony, especially before /e/ or /ɛ/; and


ed

Allora il Diavolo lo laſciò: ed ecco, che ſe gli accoﬅarono gli Angeli, e lo ſervivano.

1866 [1770s], Antonio Martini, chapter IV, in Giovanni Spano, transl., L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju [The Gospel according to St. Matthew], London, translation of Il santo Vangelo di Gesù Cristo secondo Matteo (in Italian), verse 11, page 10:

Then the Devil left him alone. And then the angels approached him, and served him.

Dunca lu megliu è

c. 19ᵗʰ century, anonymous, “[untitled song]”, in Giovanni Spano, editor, Canti popolari in dialetto sassarese, volume 2, Cagliari, song 15, page 87

So the best [thing] is: you think about your own peace, and I [think] about myself.

Sobr’a la terra è dugnunu a la sora
infiraddu da un raggiu di sòri:
ed è subbidu buggiu.

1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Ed è subbidu buggiu [And it's suddenly night]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others], Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 169:

Everyone is alone on Earth, pierced by a ray of sunshine: and it's suddenly night.

Alternative form of e, found before a vowel


ed

Fat obik ed olikan binoms flens.

1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 13:


denn

From Middle High German denne, tenne, from Old High German denna, a variant of danne (see dann). The functional split between denn and dann was prescribed only by the grammarians of the 18th century. Cognate with English then.

Ich möchte diese Hose kaufen, denn sie gefällt mir sehr.

I'd like to buy these pants since I like them a lot.

(after a comparative, archaic or dialectal) than


doh

From Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh, whence also Old English þēah, Old Norse þó.


ee

head

ee (conjunction, Perso-Arabic spelling اے)

Conjoining marker cliticized to the first constituent


ob

From Middle High German obe, ob, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”). Compare English if.

ob ... oder

Ich weiß nicht, ob sie krank ist.

Hast du sie gefragt, ob sie kommt?

Ob das wirklich wahr ist?

(subordinating) Introduces an indirect question, a doubt. if, whether.

(conditional, obsolete, except in als ob) if, in case


ob

From Middle High German obe, ob, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”). Compare German ob.

Ich will mol frohe, ob-der es honn.

Meer sihn, ob-er kommd.


aber

From Middle High German aber, aver, from Old High German aber, ābar, abur, aver, avur, afur, from Proto-Germanic *aferą (“behind”). Compare Bavarian owa (“but”), Luxembourgish awer (“but”), Saterland Frisian oaber (“but”), Middle Low German āver, German Low German aver (“but”).

Ich mag keine Orangen, aber ich mag Äpfel.

I don't like oranges, but I like apples.


wen

(eye dialect) Alternative spelling of when


wen

From Proto-Germanic *hwannē. Cognate with English when, German wann.

There have I, when the birds flew, looked privily in each nest!

Daar heb ik wen de vogels vlogen, heimelik in elk nest geschouwd! (L. De Mont, 1880)


neu

From Proto-Celtic *nowe (compare Old Breton nou and Irish nó); see the Proto-Celtic etymology for more.


nur

From late Middle High German nuor, contracted from older niwer, newære, from Old High German niwāri, ni wāri (“were it not”). Cognate with Yiddish נאָר (nor), Dutch maar, Old English nǣre.

Ich wär auf jeden Fall dabei, nur ich hab echt keine Zeit.

I’d definitely come along, but I really don’t have the time.


nach

From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.

der

Dúirt sé nach raibh carr aige.

that...not (introduces a negative subordinate clause; the negation of go).


nach

From Old High German noh. Cognate with German noch, Dutch nog.

Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
nach bei der Äerd, well dat ass d'Bänkelche fir seng Féiss, nach bei Jerusalem, well dat ass deem grousse Kinnek seng Stad.
nor by the earth, because it is the footstool for his feet, nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.


less

From Middle English lesse, les, from Old English lǣs, as in þȳ lǣs þe.

To tell you true, 'tis too good for you, 'less you had grace to follow it

1614 November 10 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Beniamin Iohnson [i.e., Ben Jonson], Bartholmew Fayre: A Comedie, […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Robert Allot, […], published 1631, →OCLC, (please specify the page):


ny

French: ni


sedan

From Old Swedish siþan, from Old Norse síðan.
See Norwegian siden. Cognate with Old English siþþan.

Sedan vi sålde bilen cyklar vi överallt.

Since we sold the car, we bike everywhere.

since, from the time that (and often as a consequence of)


ty

From Old Swedish þy, from Old Norse því.

ty riket är ditt

(archaic, poetic, biblical) for (because)


and (only used if the overall statement is grammatically negative)


English: no

Geordie English: ne, naw

Scots: nae, naw

From Proto-West Germanic *nai (“never”), equivalent to a contraction of ne (“not”) and ā (“ever”).

c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þonne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsende manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.

It's more of a miracle that God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than that he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.


Akin to Lingala na, Luganda na. From Proto-Bantu *nà.


Mekim olsem pinis, orait tupela i planim taro na banana, na kumu, painap, kon, tomato, na kaukau tu.

1995, John Verhaar, Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: an experiment in corpus linguistics, →ISBN, page 433:

and - na

1986, John Hunter, “Vocabulary”, in Papua New Guinea phrasebook, →ISBN, page 60:


From Proto-Bantu *nà. Cognate with Swahili na, Lingala na and Luganda na.


From Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Old Irish nach and Latin neque.

Mae e’n dweud na fydd e’n mynd.

that … not (introduces a negative noun clause)

nad

used before a vowel, or where an element is fronted for emphasis


Variant of no(g), probably from rebracketing of the comparative “*-achn o” as “-ach no”.


bare

Bare vi var alene.

1979, Tove Ditlevsen, Vi har kun hinanden: To som elsker hinanden, →ISBN:

„Bare jeg kunne blive hele natten," fortsatte han.

2014, Pernille Eybye, Blodets bånd #1: Blodsøstre, Tellerup A/S, →ISBN:

"If only I could stay all night", he continued.

Bare jeg kunne spole tiden tilbage.

2013, Lyngby-Taarbæk Bibliotekerne, Tanker om tid: 15 udvalgte noveller, BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, page 43:

I wish, I hope, if only (introduces a wish)

if only (introduces a conditional subclause)


doe

(now dialectal) Alternative form of toen


doe

Dutch: toen

Limburgish: doe

From Old Dutch thuo, related to thie (“that one”).


whenever

From Middle English whan evere, whanne ever, whanne evere, whener, when ever; equivalent to when + ever.

Visit whenever you want to.

I did not see the program, but Mrs. Nixon told me that you were great on the Donahue Show.
As you can imagine, she is an expert on politics and she predicts that whenever you decide to run for office you will be a winner!

1987 December 21, Richard Nixon, Letters to Trump, Winning Team Publishing, published 2023, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 10:

Tomorrow I'll get up whenever the sun rises.

At the (single) time that, no matter when.

Whenever he has a pair of aces, his eyelids twitch.

Working around an ancient monument has meant having an archaeologist on site whenever there were excavations.

2024 January 24, Peter Plisner, “Rising to the University challenge”, in RAIL, number 1001, page 61:

Income must be reported in the period in which it is earned, whenever payment is actually received.

Whenever I was a child, I lived in Arkansas.

(Ireland, regional US, nonstandard) When.


oor

From Dutch over, from Middle Dutch over, from Old Dutch *ovar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo.


pero

From Old Galician-Portuguese pero, from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”).


pero

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese pero, peró, from Latin per hoc (“by this”).


pero

Mi gusta e kas aki, pero e ta muchu karu.

I like this house, but it's too expensive.

but (introduces a clause that contradicts the implications of the previous clause)


pero

Inherited from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”).

Nome próprio, ę aquelle que se nam póde atribuir a mais que a hũa só cousa:como este nome, Lisboa, por ser próprio desta çidade, e nam conuem a Roma: nẽ ô de Cęsar, a Cipiam, peró se dissęrmos çidade, que ę gęral nome a todas, em tam será comũ.

1540, João de Barros, Grammatica da Lingua Portuguesa, page 13:

Proper name, is that whitch cannot be attributed to more than one thing:like this name, Lisbon, for it is proper of this city, and doesn't suit Rome: neither Caesar's, to Scipio, but if we say city, which is general name to all of them, then it shall be common.

even if (indicates that the preceding clause is true regardless of the following clause)


pero

> Chavacano: pero (inherited)

→ Rapa Nui: pero

→ Tagalog: pero

→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: pero, poro

Inherited from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”). Compare Italian però, Old Franco-Provençal enperoi.

Mi casa es pequeña, pero cómoda.


weg

northern and central Germany; becoming rare for this particular word

Shortened from Middle High German enwec, from Old High German in weg, corresponding to modern in + Weg. The first syllable is still seen in dialectal forms with e-; compare Luxembourgish ewech. Cognate with Dutch weg, Hunsrik wech, English away.

[...] 3+5 „drei und fünf“ oder „drei plus fünf“ [...] „8-5“ als „acht weg fünf“ oder „acht weniger fünf“ oder „acht minus fünf“ [...]

2007, Michael Gaidoschik, Rechenschwäche verstehen - Kinder gezielt fördern: Ein Leitfaden für die Unterrichtspraxis, page 76:

Mathematik war das noch nicht; man sagte „und“ und „weg“ und „mal“ und „durch“. Eigentlich sollte man diese Sprachregelung wieder einführen, denn es sagt sich viel leichter „1 weg minus 2 ist 3“ als „1 minus minus 2 ist 3“.

2008, Matthias E. Jacob, Der erotische Bücherwurm: Dreizehn Geschichten aller Art, 2nd edition, page 22:


tik

Traditionally considered a shortening of tíek (“so much”) or tiektaĩ (“not only”), though the phonological processes involved are unclear.

Labaĩ nóriu, tìk pinigų̃ neturiù.

I'd love to, just I don't have the money.

but, yet, just (introduces a concession)


voor

Afrikaans: voor

Berbice Creole Dutch: foro

Javindo: foor

Negerhollands: voor, fo, for

Jersey Dutch: för, f'r

→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)

Petjo: voor, foor

Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou

From Middle Dutch vore, vor, voor, from Old Dutch fora, fore, from Proto-West Germanic *forē, from Proto-Germanic *furai. There were originally two distinct Germanic forms, *furai and *furi, which functionally merged in most Germanic languages, including Dutch. The form derived from the former became standard in Dutch, while the latter survives as the dialectal form veur.

Ik wil even wat zeggen voor we beginnen.

I want to say a few words before we begin.


lik

From Middle Dutch gelijc, from Old Dutch *gilīk, from Proto-West Germanic *galīk.


ter

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *teže, from Proto-Slavic *te + *že.


adder

Borrowed from Early German adder, dialectal variant of oder (“or”).

Ains Rikijs adder Supūni

1561, Martin Luther, translated by Abel Will & Paul Megott, Stas Likuts Catechismus [The Small Catechism], →OCLC, page 69, line 8:

Kas ſtwi druwē bhe Crixtits
wijrſt / ſtas wijrſt Deiwuts / kas adder ni Druwe /
ſtas wijrſt perklantīts.

1561, Martin Luther, translated by Abel Will & Paul Megott, Stas Likuts Catechismus [The Small Catechism], →OCLC, page 61, line 11:

That, who believes and is baptized, shall be blessed; that, however, who doesn't believe, shall be damned.

Tāns preigerdawi adder / etnijſtin bhe wiſſan
labban

1561, Martin Luther, translated by Abel Will & Paul Megott, Stas Likuts Catechismus [The Small Catechism], →OCLC, page 39, line 5:


ja

From Proto-Finnic *ja, from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh.


ja

From Proto-Finnic *ja (compare Estonian ja, Ingrian ja, Livonian ja, Votic ja), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”) (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh).

Siellä oli poikia ja tyttöjä.

Menin kotiin ja aloin soittaa pianoa.

I went home and started playing the piano.

Iltapalaksi on leipää, juustoa, kinkkua, tomaattia ja maitoa.

For supper we have bread, cheese, ham, tomato and milk.

Mies juoksee ja juoksee.

Ja sitten alkoi sataa.

Mene ja tiedä.

viisi ja puoli

ensimmäisen ja viimeisen kerran


ja

From Proto-Finnic *ja. Cognates include Finnish ja and Estonian ja.

Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:


ja

Estonian: ja

Finnish: ja

Ingrian: ja

Livonian: ja

Ludian: ja

Võro: ja

Votic: ja


afore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English afore, aforn, from Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.

Now the hand of the Lord was vpon mee in the euening, afore hee that was escaped came, and had opened my mouth vntill hee came to mee in the morning, and my mouth was opened, and I was no more dumbe.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 33:22:


afore

English: afore

Scots: afore

Yola: avar, avare

From Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.

before; afore: in advance of the time when


né

From Old Norse né, from Proto-Germanic *nehw.

Ég er hvorki svangur né þyrstur.

Maðurinn hennar er hvorki klár né hnyttinn.

nor (used with hvorki meaning "neither")


né

Volevo avere dei figli, né troppi né pochi, né tardi né domani

2015, “Gaetano”, in Mainstream, performed by Calcutta:


né

Icelandic: né

From Proto-Germanic *nehw (“nor”), cognate with Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih). From *ne (“not”) + *-hw (“and”).


som

From Old Norse som, sem (“as, like”), cognate with Norwegian som, Swedish som. Probably a weakened form of Proto-Germanic *samą, *samô (“same, in the same way”), compare Old High German sama, samo, sam (“so, likewise”).

cog

fuld som en allike

as, like (introduces comparisons, both noun phrases and dependent clauses)

Han var som kunstner højst original, men solgte aldrig et billede.

1991, Benny Andersen, Chagall & skorpiondans:

He was most original as an artist, but he never sold a single painting.

as (introduces a noun phrase that is an adjunct, or non-obligatory argument)

pattedyr som hunde og katte

...han tager pigens hånd, netop som hun vender sig for at gå tilbage til bordet.

...he takes the hand of the girl just as she turns around in order to go back to the table.

as (introduces a temporal adverbial clause)

Min Kone holder da af Dig, og jeg sympathiserer med hendes Følelse i denne henseende, saa meget mere som jeg troer, at grunden til hendes Velvillie for Dig for en Deel ligger deri, at hun seer Dine Svagheder.

1849, Søren Kierkegaard, Enten-Eller, p. vol. 2, p. 228 /:

My wife likes you, and I sympathize with her feeling in this respect, the more so as I think that the reason for her good will towards you is partly based on the fact that she sees your weaknesses.

as, because (introduces a causal adverbial clause)

Som vi da grinede!

how (introduces an exclamative independent clause)


som

Han jobbar som kelner.


som

From Old Swedish som or sum, in Runic inscriptions also sim, same as Icelandic sem, from Old Norse sem, from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”), also related to the prefix sam- (“co-, common, together”) and suffix -sam (“-some, -like”). Still in the Poetic Edda, the Icelandic sem is only used as a comparative particle, e.g. Hávamál 23 allt er víl sem var (And his woe is just as it was). With time it has displaced other relative conjunctions (es, er). Its use as a pronoun is of a later date.

Flitig som ett bi.

Hon lät som en häst.

Som du önskar.


más

before é, ea, í, iad and their emphatic equivalents

Univerbation of má (“if”) + is (“is”); compare Old Irish masu.

Más fíor é sin, tá mé sásta.

más é do thoil é


más

→ Tagalog: mas (more than)

Inherited from Latin magis, whence also English master.

uno más uno es igual a dos


od

Borrowing from English or, French ou, Italian od and Spanish o.


od

or (used before a vowel for euphony instead of o)


od

od (mutation mutation-radical)
hod (mutation prothesis-h)

(literary) Alternative form of o (“if, whether”) used before vowels.


dengan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəŋan.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as [script needed] (daṅan).

Di samping itu, perlawanan persahabatan di antara pemain-pemain Bulu Tangkis Pengguna Dewan Lambak Kanan Brunei Darussalam dengan Pasukan Bulu Tangkis Pejabat Residen Bintulu diadakan pada 8 April di Dewan Kelab Kidurong Bintulu dengan perlawanan dimenangi oleh pasukan dari Negara Brunei Darussalam dengan kiraan 13-1.

2017 April 12, Sim Y. H., “Erat silaturahim dengan sukan badminton [Strengthen bond of friendship through badminton sport]”, in Media Permata, archived from the original on 2018-10-24:

Besides that, the friendship tournament between players of the Badminton Users' of the Lambak Kanan Hall in Brunei Darussalam and the badminton team of the Residents' Office of Bintulu was held on the 8th of April at the Kidurong Club Hall of Bintulu and the match was won by the team from the country of Brunei Darussalam with a 13-1 score.


sebab

From Malay sebab, from Classical Malay sebab, from Arabic سَبَب (sabab).

Menurut Eko, kebakaran diketahui warga desanya sebab ada asap tebal di kawasan hutan dekat dengan makam Ki Ageng Pandanaran.

2018 August 26, Achmad Hussain, “Kebakaran Lahan Hutan di Klaten Meluas ke Selatan [Forest Land Fires in Klaten Spreads to the South]”, in Suara Merdeka, archived from the original on 2018-10-27:

According to Eko, the fire was found out by the people of his village because there was thick smoke at the forest area that is close to the tomb of Ki Ageng Pandanaran.


sebab

Indonesian: sebab

Saya bukan pejuang bahasa sebab tatabahasa saya pun adakalanya tidak betul. Saya sama sahaja dengan kebanyakan rakyat yang memerhatikan kemerosotan hari demi hari terhadap kedaulatan bahasa ibunda orang Melayu ini. Saya mungkin boleh tidak peduli soal martabat bahasa kebangsaan ini. Tetapi sayang, sebab saya adalah generasi pertama yang dibuat uji kaji penggunaan bahasa Melayu sepenuhnya dalam sistem pendidikan kebangsaan.

2018 March 4, Abdul Razak Idris, “Kenapa akronim tidak ikut bahasa Melayu? [Why are acronyms not based on the Malay language?]”, in Utusan Malaysia, archived from the original on 2018-03-05:

I am not a language fighter because my grammar is sometimes not right. I am the same as most citizens that are observing day-to-day deterioration of the sovereignty of the mother language of the Malay people. It is possible for me to be unconcerned about the issue of dignity of the national language. However, it is a pity, because I was the first generation that had to experiment with the full usage of the Malay language in the national education system.


nei

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic: cognate to Latvian nei, Proto-Slavic *ni
.


nei

Lithuanian: neĩ

Latvian: neî

Proto-Slavic: *ni (see there for further descendants)


lagi

From Malay lagi, from Classical Malay lagi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lagi (emphatic particle).


lagi

Indonesian: lagi

→ Tagalog: lagi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laɡi (emphatic particle). Cognate with Javanese lagi and Cebuano lagi.


da

Da jeg var ung, fandtes der ikke computere.

When I was young, there were no computers.

Da jeg kom, gik hun.

Da hun er mindreårig kan hun ikke idømmes fængsel.

As she is underage, she cannot be sentenced to prison.


da

From a merger of three interrelated adverbs: 1.) Middle High German dā, dār (“there, at that place”), from Old High German thār, dār, from Proto-West Germanic *þār. 2.) Middle High German dar, dare (“thither, to that place”), from Old High German thara, dara, from an extended form of the former. 3.) Middle High German dō, duo (“then, at that time”), from Old High German thō, dō, duo, from Proto-Germanic *þō.
The three forms were already sometimes intermingled in Old and Middle High German. The eventual loss of the distinction in modern German was reinforced by phonetic mergers in various dialects. Today, the senses of adverbs 1 and 3 are covered by da, while adverb 2 has been chiefly replaced with hin, dahin. The form dar- remains as a variant of da- before vowels and in some compound verbs (like darlegen, darbringen). Adverb 1 and 2 are cognate with Dutch daar, English there, Swedish där. Adverb 3 is cognate with Dutch toen.

Und da er keinen Grund hatte, ihr seinen Namen zu verhehlen, so stellte er sich in aller Form vor.

1931, Arthur Schnitzler, Flucht in die Finsternis, S. Fischer Verlag, page 51:

And because he had no reason to conceal his name from her, he introduced himself in all due form.

Da die Stelle mit häufigen Auslandskontakten verbunden ist, sind gute Fremdsprachenkenntnisse unerlässlich.

Since the position involves frequent international contacts, good foreign-language skills are essential.

1545, Martin Luther et al., Genesis 7:6

He was six hundred years old however, when the water of the deluge came upon Earth.

Er war aber sechshundert jar alt / da das wasser der Sindflut auff Erden kam.

Am Tag, da die Wahrheit offenbar wird, ist es zur Umkehr zu spät.

On the day when the Truth will become manifest, it will be too late for penitence.


da

Em dixwin da em karibin bijîn.


da

From Old Norse þá and þó (adverb); and Old Norse þá er (when, conjunction), and German da (because, conjunction).


da

From Old Norse þá and þó (adverb); and Old Norse þá er (“when”, conjunction), and German da (“because”, conjunction).


da

From Proto-Slavic *da, probably old imperative of the word dȁti, itself from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”).

Rekao je da će doći.

Rekao sam ti da nemam pojma o čemu pričaš!

I told you that I have no idea what you are talking about!

Došao je da mi sve ispriča.

Došao je ovdje da nađe posao.

Da bi se i mi mogli natjecati, moramo vježbati.

To be able to compete, we have to practice.

On hoće da mu pokažete put do stanice.

He wants you to show him the way to the station.

to (when the subjects of both clauses are not the same)

(Serbia) to (when the subjects of both clauses are the same; for western Serbo-Croatian use infinitive instead of da + present tense)

Da sam na vašem m(j)estu, ne bih se puno zamarao takvim detaljima.

If I were you, I wouldn't bother too much with such details.

Da si više radio, zaradio bi više novca.

Had you worked harder, you would have made more money.

Da i znam ne bih ti rekao!

(subjunctive only, often followed by i) if, even if (= kad)

S(j)ećam se, kao da je bilo juče(r).

Kao da ne znaš o čemu pričam!

As if you don't know what I'm talking about!

(usually preceded by kȁo) as if, as though, like

Odlazi, a da nije rekao ni zbogom.

He's leaving without even saying goodbye.

(usually preceded by a) without (after negative verbs)

Onaj koji se bori protiv zla treba paziti da time i sam ne postane zao.

He who fights evil need care lest he thereby become evil himself.


da

Presumably loaned from Russian (compare with Russian да (da)) or from Proto-Slavic *da.


da

From Ottoman Turkish ده (da, de, “conj. also, and, moreover, again”), from Proto-Turkic *tākı (“conj. and”), whence daha and dahi. Cognate with Azerbaijani da (“also, as well, too”), Kazakh and Kyrgyz да (da, “also, as well, too”),

O da sorunun yanıtını biliyor.

He also knows the answer to the question.

Oğuzhan da bizimle geliyor.

Yağız da dondurma yemeyi sever.


da

Sabit da Arbaha ra


da

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: да (da)
Old Ruthenian: да (da)
Belarusian: ды (dy)
Ukrainian: да (da)
Russian: да (da) (see there for further descendants)

Old Novgorodian: да (da)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: да (da)

Glagolitic script: ⰴⰰ (da)

Bulgarian: да (da)

Macedonian: да (da)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: да, да̏

Latin script: da, dȁ

Slovene: dȁ

West Slavic:

Old Czech: da

Czech: da (dialectal)

Old Polish: da

Polish: da (dialectal)

Slovak: da

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: da

Non-Slavic:

→ Romanian: da

Probably instrumental case of *do (“to, up to, until”), from Proto-Indo-European *doh₁ (“thus, like so”). Similar to Proto-Slavic *ta (“and so, thereby”) from Proto-Slavic *to (“so”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δή (dḗ, “even, indeed”), Proto-Germanic *tō, English too.
Technically, could only reflect the collective case of Proto-Indo-European *dʰe (“locative particle”), similar to Proto-Slavic *ba, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰe (“instrumental particle”).


nun

(literary or dated colloquial) now that, given that it has occurred that the circumstances do not withstand that …


yang

From Malay yang, from Classical Malay يڠ (yang), from Old Malay yaṃ.

rumah yang aku mau


yang

First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (yaṃ).

kapal yang besar

Used to show that the following explanatory words are given importance or denotes a difference, similar to English relative that, which and who.

Adam tahu yang sebenarnya bukan dia yang menang.

Adam knows that it actually wasn't him who won.

(informal) Used to state the content or an explanation of the preceding word or sentence, similar to English conjunctive that.

Ramai orang yang ingin meminta autograf pelakon itu.

Many people wanted to ask for the actor's autograph.

Used to show that the following words or sentences are an explanation of the preceding words.


yang

pangkat yang gaku

a high position (literally, “a position which is high”)

ngofa halal yang manyirah

the legitimate eldest son (literally, “the legitimate son who is eldest”)

oto yang ikuraci ngori ri die

the yellow car is mine (literally, “the car which is yellow is my property”)


tali

Related to Finnish tai, possibly influenced by eli.

Soikkolaas näitä formia vastajaat pität vokalat: uu, ii, yy, tali, oo, ее, öö.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:

In Soikkola short vowels correspond to these forms: uu, ii, yy, or, oo, ee, öö.


deci

From de aci, from aici, compare French d’ici.


alias

Learned borrowing from Latin aliās. First attested in the 19 century.


dov'è

Vado in Spagna, dov'è più bello.


א

Inherited from Latin et. Compare Portuguese e and Spanish y.

אדבינש באלחק


yg

(text messaging) Abbreviation of yang (“which”).


xor

The argument leads to the conclusion that an omnipotent being could rationally be able to do one xor the other and still be omnipotent.

2002, Rob Janssen, “The rock argument”, in alt.atheism (Usenet):


где

Contraction of къде́ (kǎdé). The spelling was influenced by Russian где (gde).


где

Inherited from Old East Slavic къдѣ (kŭdě), alteration of къде (kŭde) with the locative ending -ѣ, from Proto-Slavic *kъde.

inh+

Я не зна́ю, где мои́ сапоги́.


ale

Inherited from Old Czech ale, from Proto-Slavic *ale.


ale

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ale. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + le. First attested in 1398.

surf

Wyeza dokonana a myesszek wyproznyony czyny czleka acz nyerichlo ale barzo mąndrego (faciunt valde sed tarde hominem prudentem)

1874-1891 [XV p. post.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume I, page XLV:

Ne *ne[śladujmy towarzy]stua luda y crola buynego, ale bøchmy s touaristua crola s[miernego]

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page cr 42:

Y przala Sara rzekøcz: Nye szmyalasm syø... Y rzekl gest pan bog: Nye tak, alesz syø smyala (non est, inquit, ita, sed risisti)

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 18, 15:

Ne taco nemilosciwi, ne taco, ale (sed) iaco proch

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 1, 5:

Iste testis yusch szan bil viroczil, ale palczow nye poloszil, nisch gy on wsperl

1950 [1428], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 289, Warsaw:

Kosprawyli (narraverunt) my mne *zloscny bazny, ale ne yako zakon twogy (sed non ut lex tua)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 118, 85:

Micolay yest plischy po ssestrze oczcza swego, po *strzynye, ale ne *rodzonye, po *ssczithnye, ku trzecze czasczy wssy Yawydzu

1915 [1427], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, Lublin, page 538:

Sit autem omnis homo velox ad audiendum, tardus autem ad loquendum nyerychly alye w *momyenyw (Jac 1, 19)

1874-1891 [1438], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 353:

Jaco w Iedliczi bilo nemeczke prawo, ale sginaul przywiley

1861 [1398], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 23:

Møsza krwawego y zglobliwego szadacz se bødze gospodzin, ale ia (ego autem) w mnoszstwe miloserdza twego

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 5, 7:

Było na wysszem piętrze piekła jedno miasto..., w ktoremże były dostojne dusze albo namienione ku krolestwu niebieskiemu, ale do stąpienia Jesucrista (in quo erant animae predestinatorum usque ad Christi descensum ad inferos)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 395:

A nye chczelisce wnidz, ale nye wyerziliscze k rzeczi pana boga naszego. Szemraliscze w stanyech... y rzekliste (et noluistis ascendere, sed increduli... murmurastis)

1930 [c. 1455], “Deut”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 1, 26:

Pamyøcz czczącz... dzewicze Mariey... y... Ihu Crista, ale y blogoslawyonych apostolow

1424, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume III, page 53:

Ale gesce et adhuc

1874-1891 [XV in.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXIV, page 73:

Tenczy ma mecz varø kresczyganskø, a ne telko skutkem, alle tesze y szerczem

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 171b:

Nye masz myecz any chwalycz balwana zadnego, alye thylko tego boga w throyczy gyedynego

c. 1478, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume III, number 13:

Pomocz gych zwyotszeye w pyeklye od slawy gich. Ale wezda (verumtamen) bog odkupy *dusze moyę od ręky pyekla

1916 [second half of the 15th century], Stanisław Słoński, editor, Psałterz puławski, Greater Poland, pages 48, 16:

Przeto baly syø cy iscy lyvdze boga, ale wszakosz (sed nihilominus) takesz y swim modlam syø klanyaly

1930 [c. 1455], “IV Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 17, 41:

Nye bødze wynyen gensze bi gi uraszyl, alye wszdy abi (ita tamen ut) gego roboti a gego nakladi na lekarze ma gemu wroczycz

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 21, 19:

Owa merne poloszil ies dni moie; ... Ale zaprawdø (verumtamen) wszelika prosznoscz prokni (omnis) czlowek sziwøczi. Ale zaprawdø (verumtamen) w obraze przeszedl czlowek

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 38, 8–9:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) Introduces a contrastive clause; but

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

A tesze sziin boszy gestcy on nam byl dzan. Alle kakecz tho dzeczøthko gest bilo?

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 3a:

Potem sinowye Helen...: Supha a Iemma... a Hamai... Sinowye Ether: Iephone a Phaspha a Ara. Ale (autem) sinowye Ola: Aree a Anihel

1930 [c. 1455], “I Par”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 7, 39:

(attested in Lesser Poland) Adds to the previous context; but, however

Acz nesmerne gesm rozumal, ale pow[y]szal gesm (sed exaltavi) dusza moyø

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 130, 3:

(attested in Lesser Poland) Connects non-equivalent sentences; but

Zadni pocorni nye gest przes nądze, acz niczs ale smyech ss nyego walayą any go... dbayą

1874-1891 [XV med.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 245:


ale

Inherited from Old Polish ale. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + le. For the particle use, compare Hungarian de.

Grałem dobrze, ale przegrałem.

Jesteś nie tylko głupi, ale też naiwny!


ale

(coordinating, with a negative in the preceding clause) rather, but (instead)


ale

East Slavic:

Old Ruthenian: але́ (alé) (possibly influenced by Polish)

Belarusian: але́ (aljé)

Ukrainian: але́ (alé)

South Slavic:

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: а̏ле, а̏ли

Latin script: ȁle, ȁli

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Czech: ale, aľe (alternative writing)
Czech: ale

Old Polish: ale
Polish: ale
Silesian: ale

Old Slovak: ale

Pannonian Rusyn: алє (alje)

Slovak: ale

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: ale

Slovincian: alê

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: ale

Lower Sorbian: ale

ESSJa reconstructs a compound conjunction *a (“however”) + *le, invented on native soil. Attested mainly in Western Slavic. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”) (expected would be **oľe), which Trubachev refutes.
In Bulgarian, there exists a conjunction ала (ala, “however”), which is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀλλά (allá).

(East Slavic, Eastern South Slavic)


dass

From Old High German daz, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Compare Dutch dat, English that. Distinction from das is purely orthographical convention.

daſs

older antiqua spelling used instead of daß; older fraktur spelling in Heyse's spelling

Ich habe gehört, dass du krank bist.

Beeil dich, dass wir bald losfahren können.

(subordinating, chiefly colloquial) so that


apa

Indonesian: apa

→ Min Nan: 啊吧 (a-pā)

From Proto-Malayic *apa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *apa (compare Maori aha).

Ya apa tidak?


و

From Proto-Semitic *wa. Cognate with Hebrew וְ־ (wə-).

and, "comma", "semi-colon"; a divider of words or clauses, particle of connection or continuation often unnecessary to render in translation

yet, but; versatile conjunction determined by context

لَا تَأْكُلِ السَّمَكَ وَتَشْرَبَ اللَّبَنَ

Do not eat fish and drink dairy; (Proverb about illnesses coming from bad combinations; originally the supposed increased risk of contracting leprosy, a myth stemming from fish scales and the white color of milk.)

لَا تَنْهَ عَنْ خُلُقٍ وَتَأْتِيَ مِثْلَهُ

Do not say to stay away from a behavior, while you come with the likes of it; (Practice what you preach.)

while, at the same time, and also do, simultaneously, to do this and to do that concurrently

particle of rephrasing or marking a clause of adposition; and in other words, that is to say, additionally called, i.e.

with, and also, additionally (with following accusative)

وَٱللّٰهِ

particle denoting an oath (with following genitive)


و

Uyghur:

Arabic script: ۋە (we)

Cyrillic script: вә (we)

Uzbek:

Cyrillic script: ва

Latin script: va

Borrowed from Classical Persian و (wa), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭣 (ʾʿd /ud/), 𐭠𐭥 (ʾʿ /u/), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎫𐎠 (u-t-a /utā/, “and”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u.


و

Turkish: ve


و

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: व (va)

Urdu: و (va, o)

→ Marathi: व (va)

Both inherited from Middle Persian and borrowed from Arabic, hence the multiple pronunciations:
* Pronunciation 1: From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭣 (ʾʿd /ud/), 𐭠𐭥 (ʾʿ /u/); from Old Persian 𐎢𐎫𐎠 (u-t-a /utā/, “and”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, from *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u.
* Pronunciation 2: From Arabic وَ (wa), from Proto-Semitic *wa. Also the etymology of the written form.

21st century, Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
گر چه جیب و جام من از مال و مِی تُهیست.
Gar če jib o jām-e man az māl o mey tohist.

Although my pocket and my cup are empty of money and wine.


و

مبيّن إنّك مبسوط وإنتا بتعلّم.

It's clear that you're happy when you're teaching.


و

حَاجْتِي بْقْلَمْ وكَرّاسَة


و

va (romanization)
o (romanization)
व (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian و (wa, u).


nor

From Middle English nauther, from nother. Cognate with neither. By surface analysis, not + or.

common sense is neither common nor sensical

neither fish, flesh, nor good red herring

neither fish nor flesh, nor good red herring

Nor did I stop to think, but ran.

They are happy, nor need we worry.

Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink.

1797, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner:

And, moreover, I had made my vow to preserve my rank unknown till the crusade should be accomplished; nor did I mention it […]

The cheeks drop in; the body bows;
Man dies: nor is there hope in dust: […]

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXXV, page 54:

(literary) And... not (introducing a negative statement, without necessarily following one).

I am neither hungry nor thirsty nor tired.

I love your majesty / According to my bond, nor more nor less.

c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

But neither breath of Morn when she ascends / With charm of earliest birds; nor rising sun / On this delightful land, nor herb, fruit, flower, / Glistering with dew; nor fragrance after showers; / Nor grateful Evening mild; nor silent Night / With this her solemn bird; nor walk by moon, / Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet.

1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them[…]is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies.[…]current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate[…]“stateless income”: profit subject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled.

2013 June 22, “T time”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 68:

A function word introducing each except the first term of a series, indicating none of them is true.

Nor you nor your house were so much as spoken of before I disbased myself.

1601, Ben Jonson, Poetaster or The Arraignment: […], London: […] [R. Bradock] for M[atthew] L[ownes] […], published 1602, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii:

The struggle didn't end, nor was it diminished.

I was about to say that I had known the Celebrity from the time he wore kilts. But I see I will have to amend that, because he was not a celebrity then, nor, indeed, did he achieve fame until some time after I left New York for the West.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Used to introduce a further negative statement.

He's no better nor you.

'I used to think, when you first come into these parts, as you were no better nor you should be.'

1861, George Eliot, Silas Marner, London: Penguin Books, published 1967, page 131:

I wouldn’t like to live here though, not after dark. Sooner you nor me.

1967, Barbara Sleigh, Jessamy, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, published 1993, →ISBN, page 92:


nor

Mye thee friend ne're waant welcome, nor straayart comfoort.

1867, “VERSES IN ANSWER TO THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 100:

May thy friend ne'er want welcome, nor the stranger comfort.

Mee piggès, mee geearthès, nor nodhing threeve,

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 104:


oni

head

triggers mixed mutation except of forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">bod</i>

oni (triggers mixed mutation except of forms of bod)

oni lwydda

Oni bai fe yma, bydden ni wedi gwybod.

Unless he were here, we would have known.

oni ddaw fe


kibi

Xeyr, eyib sizə olsun ki, bu kibi eşşəyi meydana çıxarıb vəkil seçməyi təklif edirsiniz.

1906, Süleyman Sani Axundov, Türk Birliyi [Turkic unity]; republished as Süleyman Sani Axundov. Seşilmiş Əsərləri, Baku: Şərq-Qərb, 2005, page 64:

No, shame on you for dragging out a donkey like him and suggesting that he be elected as a deputy.


byť

Inherited from Old Czech byť. By surface analysis, by + -ť.


daß

Formerly standard spelling of dass which was deprecated in the spelling reform (Rechtschreibreform) of 1996.


gum

Tha mi cinnteach gum biodh e toilichte.


as well as

The moon as well as the stars was shining down on them.

She has to sing as well as play the piano.

Smoking is unhealthy, as well as making you smell bad.

Not unnaturally, “Auntie” took this communication in bad part. Thus outraged, she showed herself to be a bold as well as a furious virago. Next day she found her way to their lodgings and tried to recover her ward by the hair of the head.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

As well as I recollect, he was about six feet tall.

She sings as well as she plays the piano.

[I]n time I got used to every thing, and could do my work as well as my mother.

[1877], Anna Sewell, “My Breaking In”, in Black Beauty: […], London: Jarrold and Sons, […], →OCLC, part I, page 19:

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see as, well.


milli

Contraction of minn li (“from what/that”).


'til

From a reinterpretation of till as an aphetic form of until.


dan

From Middle High German dan, from Old High German dan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then, at that time”). Cognate with German dann, English than. Doublet of dénne.

inh

Ich limme libor diiza dan dòi.

Dis is pessor dan des.


dan

Afrikaans: dan

Negerhollands: dan

From Middle Dutch dan, from Old Dutch than, from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan.

Ik ben ouder dan jij.


dan

Inherited from Malay dan, probably derived from dengan.

and (used to connect two similar words, phrases, et cetera)


dan

Indonesian: dan


dan

Dutch: dan

From Old Dutch than, from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan.


dan

From Old Frisian than, from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan. Cognates include West Frisian dan and German dann.

Ju skäl n Súun bere; him skääst du dän Nome Jesus reke; dan hie skäl sien Foulk fon sien Sänden ferleze.

2000, Marron C. Fort, transl., Dät Näie Tästamänt un do Psoolme in ju aasterlauwerfräiske Uurtoal fon dät Seelterlound, Fräislound, Butjoarlound, Aastfräislound un do Groninger Umelounde [The New Testament and the Psalms in the East Frisian language, native to Saterland, Friesland, Butjadingen, East Frisia and the Ommelanden of Groningen], →ISBN, Dät Evangelium ätter Matthäus 1:21:

She will bear a son; you will give him the name Jesus; for he will free his people from their sins.


und

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-West Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *andi. Cognates include German und and Luxembourgish an.

Du und i.

I waaß net, es gibt so vü' Dichter in Wien,
 und ålle geehrt und berühmt.

1938, Josef Weinheber, Wien wörtlich, Sieg der Provinz:

I didn't know there were so many poets in Vienna,
 and all honorable and famous.


und

in numbers from 21 to 99, alternative de-facto standard

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-Germanic *andi *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti. Compare Dutch en, English and, Danish end.

Kaffee und Kuchen

Ich kam, sah und siegte.

Das »Ich = Ich« ist die ursprünglichste Erkenntnis, die Urquelle alles Denkens [..], es bedeutet »erstens die rein logische Identität von Subject und Object im Acte des reinen Selbstbewußtseins, zweitens die reale metaphysische Identität des setzenden absoluten Ich und des gesetzten begrenzten Ich, und drittens die zeitliche Identität des Ich in zwei rasch aufeinander folgenden Zeitpunkten« [...].

1904, Rudolf Eisler, Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begriffe, Berlin, volume 1, sub verbo Ich, page 446-457

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Er und Abwaschen? Vielleicht einmal im Jahr!

Him doing the dishes? Maybe once per year!

(colloquial) links two nouns, often a person and an activity, in rhetoric questions to express an opposition between them


miesto

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *město. Cognates include Czech místo.


wie

From Middle High German wie, a merger of two interrelated forms: 1.) Old High German hwio, from older hwēo, from Proto-Germanic *hwaiwa; cognate with Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (ƕaiwa). 2.) Old High German hwē, hwie, from Proto-Germanic *hwē; cognate with Gothic 𐍈𐌴 (ƕē). The latter is a variant of Proto-Germanic *hwī, whence English why, and is further a fossilized instrumental case of *hwaz, *hwat (“who, what”). Form 1 is also related to this stem.

Freunde sind wie Sterne in der Nacht.

Wie ihr wisst, bin ich in Dortmund aufgewachsen.

Ich bin so schnell wie du.

Der Junge ist größer wie sein Vater.

Ich hab ihn gesehen, wie ich in Köln war.

Wie ich zur Tür herauskomme, steht da mein alter Schulfreund.

When I came out the door, my old school-day friend was standing in front of me.

(chiefly colloquial) when (referring to the past)


wie

Sie brilld wie en Kind.

Er is schun greser wie ich.

Wie-ich en Kind waar


coma

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese coma, this from Latin como plus either ad or ac.

inh+

Non es tan alto coma Xan


saha

→ Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)

→ Thai: สห (sà-hà-)


я

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish یا (ya), from Classical Persian یا (yā).

Я има вода, я няма.
Ja ima voda, ja njama.
Either there is water or there isn't.

Я се върне, я не.
Ja se vǎrne, ja ne.
He'll either come back or he won't.

(colloquial) used to introduce two alternative options; either, or


я

август мучаш, я сентябрь тӱҥалтыш

the end of August or the beginning of September

я толат, я от тол

я йӱр йӱреш, я лум лумеш

(я... я) now... now, sometimes... sometimes, first... then


even

/iː⁵⁵ fɐn²¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ fɐn²¹/

/iː⁵⁵ fɐn²¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ fɐn²¹/

From English even or even if or even though.

2015, “一千英哩 [A thousand miles away]”performed by 唐寧:

Even你只存在照片裡

Even你只存在照片里

(Hong Kong Cantonese, Taiwanese Mandarin) even though; even if


hoe

From Middle Dutch hoe, from Old Dutch huo, from Proto-Germanic *hwō.

Hoe meer hoe beter!

Hoe eerder hoe beter!

(hoe ... hoe, hoe ... des te) the ... the, forms a parallel comparative


di

From Old Norse því, þí, the neuter singular dative of the determiner sá, from Proto-Germanic *sa. Akin to the English comparative correlative the, derived from Old English þȳ. Other cognates include Norwegian Bokmål ti. Other determiners and pronouns also derive from there, such as den, det, dei, and dess.

Used especially in more common compound adverbs and conjunctions.


di

From Portuguese de and Spanish de and Kabuverdianu di.


как

Она́ вы́глядит как знамени́тость.

Звук «г», как в сло́ве «good». ― Zvuk «g», kak v slóve «good». ― The sound "g", like/as in the word "good".

Он относи́лся к э́тому как к рабо́те.

широ́кий как мо́ре

wide like the sea / (as) wide as the sea

Бу́дьте как до́ма.

Make yourself at home. (literally, “Be like at home.”)

like (in the same manner as / a similar manner to); occasionally as

В настоя́щее вре́мя дом функциони́рует как музе́й.

V nastojáščeje vrémja dom funkcionírujet kak muzéj.

Я говорю́ э́то как челове́к, кото́рый хо́чет помога́ть други́м.

I say this as a man who wants to help others.

Ja govorjú éto kak čelovék, kotóryj xóčet pomogátʹ drugím.

Я люблю́ её как челове́ка. ― Ja ljubljú jejó kak čelovéka. ― I love her as a person.

И как он до́лго не приходи́л, обе́дать ста́ли без него́.

And since he hadn't arrived for a long time, they began to have lunch without him.

I kak on dólgo ne prixodíl, obédatʹ stáli bez nevó.

as, since (because, due to the fact that)

Они́ так (же) краси́вы, как на фотогра́фиях. ― Oní tak (že) krasívy, kak na fotográfijax. ― They're as beautiful as (they are) on the photos.

Их не так мно́го, как ка́жется.

There aren't as many of them as it seems.

(when beginning a clause after так (же) (tak (že)) + a short-form adjective or adverb) as (introducing an object or scenario of comparison)

Она́ звучи́т так (же), как в фи́льмах. ― Oná zvučít tak (že), kak v fílʹmax. ― She sounds the same as / like (she does) in the films. / She sounds (like) how she does in the films.

Они́ располо́жены так (же), как на схе́ме. ― Oní raspolóženy tak (že), kak na sxéme. ― They are positioned as/like (they are) on the diagram. / They are positioned (like) how they are on the diagram. / They are positioned (in) the same way as on the diagram.

Они́ говоря́т не так, как говори́м мы.

They don't talk (like) how we talk. / They don't talk like we talk.

(when beginning a clause after a verb or short-form adjective + так (же) (tak (že))) as (introducing an object or scenario of comparison; can also be "how" + pronoun + verb in this case, or even just "how", if a verb and pronoun already exist)

Я подслу́шал, как он говори́л с мое́й сестро́й.

Ja podslúšal, kak on govoríl s mojéj sestrój.

Я ви́дела, как она́ ходи́ла за ним в шко́ле.

I saw her following him around in school. (literally, “I saw how she was following him around in school.”)

Ja vídela, kak oná xodíla za nim v škóle.

Я по́мню, как она́ пла́кала в раздева́лке.

I remember her crying in the changing room. (literally, “I remember how she was crying in the changing room.”)

Ja pómnju, kak oná plákala v razdeválke.

Used to connect a verb of perception (see, hear etc.) with a verb phrase describing an action being perceived. Usually not translated, but can sometimes be translated as "how". Sometimes, что (što) can be used in place of как (kak), but this has a different meaning and is usually translated as "that".

В рука́х Мо́ны Ли́зы нет ничего́ необы́чного. Ру́ки как ру́ки.

There's nothing unusual about the Mona Lisa's hands. They're just hands.

V rukáx Móny Lízy net ničevó neobýčnovo. Rúki kak rúki.

Паца́н как паца́н, норма́льный ма́льчик.

(colloquial, between a duplicated noun) Used to emphasise the insignificance of something, that something isn't special.

Бо́льше не́кому, как тебе́.

Кто, как не мы?

(with a negative or interrogative) except, besides, other than


till

From Middle English til, from Northern Old English til, from or akin to Old Norse til (“to, till”); both from Proto-Germanic *til (“to, toward”), from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“planned point in time”). Not a shortening of until; rather, until comes from till with the prefix un- (“against; toward; up to”) also found in unto. Cognate with Old Frisian til (“to, till”), Danish til (“to”), Swedish till (“to, till”), Icelandic til (“to, till”). Also related to Old English til (“good”), German Ziel (“goal”), Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til, “something fitting or suitable”).

cog

Maybe you can, maybe you can't: you won't know till you try.

I charge you, O ye daughters of Ierusalem, by the Roes, and by the hindes of the field, that ye stirre not vp, nor awake my loue, till she please.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Song of Solomon 2:7:

She twirled round and round, / Till she sunk underground, […]

1846, Edward Lear, The Book of Nonsense:

And the Mouse sat and laughed till he cried.

1912, anonymous, Punky Dunk and the Mouse, P.F. Volland & Co.


ani

Inherited from Old Czech ani, from Proto-Slavic *ani.

Do Prahy nepojedu ani v sobotu ani v pátek.

I will go to Prague neither on Saturday nor on Friday.

Ani nevím, jestli to udělá.

Ani náhodou!

Ani nedutal.


ani

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni


ani

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni.