که

→ Azerbaijani: ki

→ Gujarati: કે (ke)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कि (ki)

Urdu: کِہ (ki)

→ Marathi: की (kī)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كه (ki)
Turkish: ki
→ Armenian: քի (kʻi)
→ Laz: ქი (ki), ჭი (ç̌i) — Atina, ჩი (çi) — Artasheni

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਿ (ki)

Shahmukhi script: کِہ (kih)

Uzbek: ki

Merger of Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭪 (AYK /kū/, “that”, used for subordination to a main clause) with [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (MNW /kē/, “who, which”, used for relative clauses) and [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (AMT /ka/, “when; if, since”), all but the latter are ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís, *kʷós. Cognate with Northern Kurdish ku, Italian che, French que.

inh

شنیدم که با فرشته ازدواج کرد.

I heard that he got married to Fereshteh.

نمیدونستم که پسرشون پشتو بلده. (colloquial Iranian)

I didn't know that their son knows Pashto.

ne-mi-dunestam ke pesar-ešun pašto balad-e.

that; subordinates a clause to a main clause

آن کتابی را که به تو دادم هنوز میخوانی؟ (more literary)
ân ketâbi râ ke be to dâdam hanuz mi-xâni?

اون کتابی رو که بهت دادم هنوز میخونیش؟ (more colloquial)

Are you still reading the book that I gave you?

un ketâbi ro ke be-het dâdam hanuz mi-xuni-š?

آن زنی را که بهرنگ با او ازدواج میکند میشناسی؟ (more literary)
ân zani râ ke behrang bâ u ezdevâj mi-konad mi-šenâsi?

اون زنی رو که بهرنگ باهاش ازدواج میکنه میشناسیش؟ (more colloquial)

Do you know the woman to whom Behrang is getting married?

un zani ro ke behrang bâ-hâš ezdevâj mi-kone mi-šnâsi-š?

آن شهری که من در آن زندگی میکردم بزرگ است. (more literary)
ân šahri ke man dar ân zendegi mi-kardam bozorg ast.

اون شهری که من توش زندگی میکردم بزرگه. (more colloquial)

un šahri ke man tu-š zendegi mi-kardam bozorg-e.

that, which, when, where; attaches a relative clause to a noun phrase

بیرون رفته بود که ببیندم.

غذا که خوردم، بیرون رفتم.

من غذا میخوردم که شوهرم رسید.

او که برگشت!

Used after a topic to emphasize, or express surprise or indignation at, information pertaining to it.


se non

Se non è vero, è ben trovato.


ellei

Univerbation of ellä (“if”) (dialectal) + ei

univ

Ellei sada, menen ulos.


sekä

minä, sinä sekä hän

both; in the expression sekä ... että (“both ... and”)


tuomet

From tuo (“that [instrumental]”) + metu (“time [instrumental]”), literally “via that time”.

af

Connector paired with jeigu (“if”); then, in that case


imperocché

From Italian imperò (conjunction) + che.


giacché

From già + che. Cognate with Portuguese já que.


ché

(dated or literary) Clipping of perché, comparable to 'cause in English


прежде чем

head

пре́жде чем • (préžde čem)

пре́жде чем (canonical)
préžde čem (romanization)


sodat

From Dutch zodat, from Middle Dutch sodat. Equivalent to so + dat.


siis

Lative of se. Akin to Finnish siis and Estonian siis.

Paino voip olla vahva, poolivahva ja slaaboi, siis sitä voip sannoa i painottomaks.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:

The stress may be strong, half-strong and weak, so it's possible to say it as unstressed.

Makkaa aina yksintää, siis et noise läsimää.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 32:

Always sleep alone, so you don't get ill.

Siis höö näyttiit meille poolen, kus ono linna, vaikko linnaa metsän takant bygrält ei näkynt.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

Then they showed us the direction, where the city is, even though the city wasn't visible from the hillock from behind the forest.


-que

From Proto-Italic *-kʷe (“and”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Sanskrit च (ca), Ancient Greek τε (te), Faliscan -𐌂𐌖𐌄 (-cue), Proto-Germanic *-hw ( → English (thou)gh). Its alternative use as a generalizing particle "any, -every" with pronouns and adverbs may result from a shift from an earlier meaning along the lines of "as". There are also a number of words that are etymologically suffixed with this particle but that have developed specific meanings not clearly analyzable in terms of either of these senses, such as dēnique (“finally; at length”).

𐌂𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌏𐌓𐌄𐌉:𐌐𐌏𐌃𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌒𐌖𐌄𐌉𐌒𐌖𐌄/𐌒𐌖𐌓𐌏𐌉𐌔
CASTOREI PODLOVQVEIQVE/QVROIS

6th or 5th century BCE, Castor-Pollux dedication (image (page 3; requires access to JSTOR); facsimile)

Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas quod non ego non modo audiam sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.

63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.VIII

There is nothing you do, nothing you plot, nothing you think about, that I do not only hear of, but actually see as well and distinctly discern.

Arma virumque cano.

Senatus Populusque Romanus.

(literally, “The Roman Senate and People”)

29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III

(when repeated) "both... and", "whether... or"

Fretusque his animis.

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 1.2

tuncque primum ignota antea vocabula reperta sunt sellariorum et spintriarum ex foeditate loci

1598 translation by Richard Greenway
Then first of all were those vnknowen words of Sellaries and Spintries found out of the filthines of the place.

Ain heri nos advenisse huc? — Aio, adveniensque ilico me salutasti.

c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Amphitryon II.ii

Do you say that we arrived here yesterday? — I do say so, and on your arrival (lit. and arriving) you instantly greeted me.


precisely unless

(mathematics, logic) implies a negative and is implied by a negative; i.e. B implies not-A and not-B implies A


unlesss

Attributed to John Horton Conway. From unless, by analogy with the formation of iff from if.

1990, James Glimm, The Legacy of John Von Neumann, American Mathematical Society, →ISBN, page 279,
Partial Order: G ≥ H unlesss (unless and only unless) H ≥ some Gᴿ or some Hᴸ ≥ G.

A subset S is called absorbing if to each x#x5C;inX there is a real number #x5C;epsilon#x3D;#x5C;epsilon#x5F;x#x3E;0 such that #x5C;lambdax#x5C;inS for all #x5C;lambda with 0#x3C;#x5C;left#x7C;#x5C;lambda#x5C;right#x7C;#x5C;le#x5C;epsilon. Trivially the set X is absorbing; on the other hand #x5C;#x7B;0#x5C;#x7D; can never be absorbing (unlesss X#x3D;#x5C;#x7B;0#x5C;#x7D;).

1999, V. K. Balachandran, Topological Algebras, North-Holland, published 2000, →ISBN, pages 78–79:

2004, William Fraser, Susan Hirshberg, and David Wolfe, "The Structure of the Distributive Lattice of Games Born by Day n", in Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory 5(2) (2005), page 2,
G ≥ H unlesss H ≥ Gᴿ or Hᴸ ≥ G for some Gᴿ ∈ Gᴿ or some Hᴸ ∈ Hᴸ. ¶ (Analogous to “iff”, the term “unlesss” means “unless and only unless”.)


ynnä

From Proto-Finnic *üknä, earlier essive case of yksi (“one”).

yksi ynnä kaksi

kissat ynnä koirat


entä

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *anþi. Compare Estonian ent (“but”), Ingrian entä (“but, however”).

Minä lähden – entä sinä?
I'll go – what about you?

Sinulla on selvästi hauskaa, mutta entä minulla?

You're obviously having a good time, but what about me?

Entä toinen maali!

Entä jos eksyn matkalla laivaan?

What if I get lost on my way to the ship?

Entä jos Abraham Lincolnia ei olisi murhattu?

What if Abraham Lincoln had not been assassinated?

Entä jos mentäisiinkin elokuviin?

what (used to introduce a speculation or alternative proposition together with jos (“if”); see also what if)

Meijän isä on kovempi entä teijän isä.


ฉัน

th-con

ฉัน • (chǎn)

Cognate with Lao ສັນ (san), Lü ᦶᦉᧃ (ṡaen) or ᦉᧃ (ṡan).


kalu

Borrowed from Indonesian kalau (“if, when”).


আর

Inherited from Magadhi Prakrit *𑀅𑀯𑀭 (*avara), from Sanskrit अपर (apara, “other, different”), from whence also came অপর (opor) (a tatsama), আরো (arō, “more”) and probably also ও (ō, “and”).

inh

বর আর বউ


ellet

Univerbation of ellä (“if”) (dialectal) + et


totun

Jupitèr es, totun, una planeta gasosa facha d’idrogèn e d’èli que son pas de liquids conductors.

2019 January 18, “La planeta dels tres pòls magnetics”, in Jornalet:

Jupiter is, however, a gaseous planet made of hydrogen and helium, which are not conductive liquids.


因為

/in⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/in⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/in²⁴⁻¹¹ vi⁵⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋi⁵³/

/ĩŋ¹¹ vei¹¹/

/eiŋ⁵⁴ yɛ⁵⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋui²⁴²/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ ui³³/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² ui²²/

/in³³⁻²¹ ui²¹/

/eŋ³³⁻²¹ ɡue²¹/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ ui⁵⁵/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ ui⁵⁵/

/in³³ u̯e̞i̯¹³/

/in⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/in⁵⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/in²⁴⁻¹¹ vi⁵⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋi⁵³/

/ĩŋ¹¹ vei¹¹/

/eiŋ⁵⁴ yɛ⁵⁵/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋui²⁴²/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ ui³³/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² ui²²/

/in³³⁻²¹ ui²¹/

/eŋ³³⁻²¹ ɡue²¹/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ ui⁵⁵/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ ui⁵⁵/

/in³³ u̯e̞i̯¹³/

Yesterday's picnic was cancelled because it had been raining since morning.

Zuótiān de yěcān qǔxiāo le, yīnwèi cóng zǎoshàng kāishǐ jiù yīzhí zài xiàyǔ.

昨天的野餐取消了，因為從早上開始就一直在下雨。

昨天的野餐取消了，因为从早上开始就一直在下雨。

Because the uneducated are illiterate, they are fooled by people. Because the educated are literate, they are fooled by printed products.

Bù shòu jiàoyù de rén, yīnwèi bù shízì, shàng rén de dāng. Shòu jiàoyù de rén, yīnwèi shí le zì, shàng yìnshuāpǐn de dāng.

不受教育的人，因為不識字，上人的當。受教育的人，因為識了字，上印刷品的當。

不受教育的人，因为不识字，上人的当。受教育的人，因为识了字，上印刷品的当。


manti

-mânti (canonical)
lengimanti (first-person singular)
ngimanti (copulative first-person singular)
lomanti (second-person singular)
umanti (copulative second-person singular)
lesimanti (first-person plural)
simanti (copulative first-person plural)
lenimanti (plural second-person)
nimanti (copulative plural second-person)
lomanti (class-1)
umanti (class-1 copulative)
labamanti (class-2)
bamanti (class-2 copulative)
lomanti (class-3)
umanti (class-3 copulative)
lemanti (class-4)
imanti (class-4 copulative)
lelimanti (class-5)
limanti (class-5 copulative)
lamanti (class-6)
amanti (class-6 copulative)
lesimanti (class-7)
simanti (class-7 copulative)
letimanti (class-8)
timanti (class-8 copulative)
lemanti (class-9)
imanti (class-9 copulative)
letimanti (class-10)
timanti (class-10 copulative)
lolumanti (class-11)
lumanti (class-11 copulative)
lobumanti (class-14)
bumanti (class-14 copulative)
lokumanti (class-15)
kumanti (class-15 copulative)
lokumanti (class-17)
kumanti (class-17 copulative)


אויב

head

אויב • (oyb)

From Middle High German obe, from Old High German oba, from Proto-West Germanic *jabē, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”).


אי

מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל, מסכתא דפסחא, as quoted in, a. 1200, Maimonides, משנה תורה, חמץ ומצה, נוסח ההגדה:
והגדת לבנך יכול מראש החודש תלמוד לומר ביום ההוא אי ביום ההוא יכול מבעוד יום תלמוד לומר בעבור זה לא אמרתי אלא בשעה שיש מצה ומרור מונחים לפניך
"V-higádta l-vinkhá" — yakhól me-rosh ha-ḥódesh! Talmúd lomár "ba-yom ha-hu". I "ba-yom ha-hu", yakhól mi-be'ód yom! Talmúd lomár "ba'avúr zeh". Lo amárti éla be-sha'áh she-yesh matzáh u-marór munnaḥím lefanécha.
"And you will speak to your son" - it could be from the New Moon! But we learn where it is stated, "on that day." If it is "on that day," it could be from while it is still daytime! But we learn where it is stated, "for the sake of this." I did not say it except when matsa and bitter herbs are resting in front of you.


אי

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

It was one of those fresh and tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Era una de akelyas maḏrugaḏas freskas i tiernas en el mes de septembre, entre Rosh Ashana i Yom Kippur.


tho'

[…] I again conveyed his Key into his Pocket, and counterfeiting Sleep, tho’ I never once cloſed my Eyes, lay in Bed till after he aroſe and went to Prayers, an Exerciſe to which I had long been unaccuſtomed.

1749, Henry Fielding, “In which the Man of the Hill begins to relate his History”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VIII, page 244:


supposto

Inherited from Latin suppostus, contracted form of suppositus.


zodat

Afrikaans: sodat

Negerhollands: sodat

From Middle Dutch sodat. Equivalent to a univerbation of zo + dat.

such that (indicating result or consequence)

in order that, so that (indicating goal or intent)


mert

Shortened from meret, an obsolete variant of miért (“why”).

Coordinate term: (“the reason why”, optionally supplied in the focus position of the main clause) azért

Becsuktam az ablakot, mert fáztam. or Azért csuktam be az ablakot, mert fáztam.

I closed the window because I was cold. (literally, “The reason why I closed the window was that I was cold.”)

because (by or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that)


evenals

Negerhollands: eeven as


seč

Utíkal, seč mu síly stačily.


nó

From Old Irish nó, nú, from Proto-Celtic *nowe (compare Welsh neu and Old Breton nou).


nó

ꝉ (abbreviation)
nó (mutation mutation-radical)
also nnó after a proclitic (mutation mutation-radical)
ending in a vowel (mutation mutation-radical)
nó (mutation mutation-nasal)

Irish: nó

Manx: ny

Scottish Gaelic: no, neo

From Proto-Celtic *nowe (compare Welsh neu and Old Breton nou); nowadays derived from Proto-Indo-European *ne-we, from *ne (“not”) + *-wē (“or”), literally “or not”. Compare Latin nēve, which was formed identically.
Stokes derives it from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod”), but in a later publication, prefers *nu (“and, now”).


ו־

From Proto-Semitic *wa. Cognate with Arabic وَ (wa).


că

Inherited from Latin quod, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷod. Compare Aromanian cã, che.

Sperăm că îți place casa nouă.

A spus că va fi la spital.

He said that he will be at the hospital.

Să dormim, că e târziu.


αν

Αν μπορείτε να έρθετε σήμερα.

Δεν ξέρω αν είστε στο σπίτι σας.


γιατί

head

γιατί • (giatí)

el-conjunction

γιατί • (giatí)

From για (gia, “for”) + τί (tí, “what”). Compare similar constructions in the Romance languages: Italian perché, Spanish por qué, French pourquoi.

Δεν πήγα, γιατί είμαι άρρωστος.


ότι

Αποφάσισε ότι έπρεπε να φύγει.

Χαίρομαι ότι δικαιώθηκαν οι προβλέψεις μου.

I am glad because my predictions were vindicated.

Chaíromai óti dikaióthikan oi provlépseis mou.


όμως

head

όμως • (ómos)

el-conjunction

όμως • (ómos)

Inherited from Ancient Greek ὅμως (hómōs).


πως

Νόμιζα πως είχες φύγει ήδη.

Επιμένει πως δε συμβαίνει τίποτα.


μόλις

head

μόλις • (mólis)

el-conjunction

μόλις • (mólis)


μόνο

head

μόνο • (móno)

el-conjunction

μόνο • (móno)

Inherited from Ancient Greek μόνον (mónon, “only”).


kak

(colloquial, Croatia) Informal form of kako.


on account of

[…] I had a pretty good notion of the weather conditions generally, on account of I was out in them.

1998, Bill Bryson, A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail, Broadway Books, published 1999, →ISBN, page 213:

Truth is I was the kind of fellow who people would run away from when they seen me coming on account of I was so full of facts and names and places and families I had to tell about.

1999, Craig S. Womack, Red on Red: Native American Literary Separatism, University of Minnesota Press, →ISBN, page 216:

After that, I resumed walking, on account of it involves little contact with strangers.

2015, Bill Bryson, The Road to Little Dribbling: More Notes From a Small Island, page 84:

(colloquial) On account of the fact that: because, since.


dầu

Alternative form of dù, dẫu (“although”)


arna

Univerbation of ara (“so that”) + ná (“not”)

univerbation

arna dich cách assa dligud i n-adaltras tri láthar demuin et tri bar nebcongabthetit-si

lest everyone go out of his duty into adultery through the Devil's machination and through your incontinence

arna té .i. féith forsna muire

so that it may not go, i.e. a calm over the seas

arna derṅmis cum nobis; air dïa ndénmis cum me, do·génmis dano cum nobis

that we might not make cum nobis; for if we made cum me, then we should make cum nobis


only if

The company will succeed only if it has sufficient backing.

Neither will I make the feet of Israel move any more out of the land which I gave their fathers; only if they will observe to do according to all that I have commanded them, and according to all the law that my servant Moses commanded them.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Kings 21:8:

1965 June 4, John W. Tukey, Data Analysis and the Frontiers of Geophysics, in Science New Series, 148(3675), page 1288, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819650604%293%3A148%3A3675%3C1283%3ADAATFO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N
This is a somewhat paradoxical conclusion, and we can be happy to learn that it follows only if we can trust, precisely and in detail, the assumed way in which the probability of occurrence of a deviation decreases as the size of that deviation increases.

This option is available only if the client supports it.

2005, Ellen Siever, Aaron Weber, Stephen Figgins, Robert Love, Arnold Robbins, Linux in a Nutshell, O'Reilly, page 802:

Not unless; used to introduce a necessary condition.


even though

/ˈiːvən ðəʊ/

She left him even though she still loved him.

I can't remember the last time that you invited me to your house for a cup of coffee even though my wife is godmother to your only child.

1972 March 14, Mario Puzo, Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather, spoken by Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando), Paramount Pictures:

Although; though; despite or in spite of the fact that.

As it is, I would defend her honor even though I died in that defence.

1903, Howard Pyle, The Story of King Arthur and His Knights:


pourvu que

Pourvu qu’il arrive à temps ! J’ai pas envie de rater le train.

Let's hope that he arrives on time! I don't want to miss the train.

Je suis d’accord de te payer ton billet d’avion, pourvu que tu réussisses tes examens.

I'm okay with buying you a plane ticket, provided that you pass your exams.


da-

Old Georgian: და (da)

Georgian: და (da)

Zan:

Laz: დო (do)

Mingrelian: დო (do)


conque

Attested since 1697. Probably borrowed from Spanish conque.


conque

Alicia Jurado escribió un libro sobre mí. Yo le agradecí, le dije: “Sé que es bueno, pero el tema no me interesa o quizás me interesa demasiado, conque no voy a leerlo”.

2020 June 13, Mario Vargas Llosa, “Borges en su casa. Una entrevista de Mario Vargas Llosa”, in El País:

Alicia Jurado wrote a book about me. I thanked her and said, “I know it's good, but I'm not interested in the subject, or perhaps I'm overly interested in it, so I'm not going to read it.”

¡Conque hoy estabas enfermo!


مع

مع جيت، مشى ينعس.


trá

From Old Irish trá (“then, therefore, so, indeed”).


mä

From French mais (“but”), from Old French mais, from Latin magis. Perhaps merged with a descendant of Middle High German niwære (“but, only”). Rests of such forms (mär, mar, mor) are attested in several dialects not far to the east and north of Luxembourg. It is plausible that this inherited word, which may already have become dated, was absorbed by the French borrowing. Compare Dutch maar and Luxembourgish nëmmen.


бо

Old Ruthenian: бо (bo)

Belarusian: бо (bo)

Carpathian Rusyn: бо (bo)

Ukrainian: бо (bo)

From Proto-Slavic *bo. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic бо (bo) and Old Polish bo.

рече бо въ сьрдьци моѥмь съкрꙑхъ словеса твоꙗ да не съгрѣшѫ тебѣ·

For [one] said: In my heart I hid your words so I won't commit a sin before you

reče bo vŭ sĭrdĭci mojemĭ sŭkryxŭ slovesa tvoja da ne sŭgrěšǫ tebě·


бо

Inherited from Old Slovak bo, from Proto-Slavic *bo. Cognate with Czech, Polish, and Slovak bo.


бо

Inherited from Old Ruthenian бо (bo), from Old East Slavic бо (bo), from Proto-Slavic *bo.


加以

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ i⁵³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ i⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaː⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ i⁵³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ i⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² i⁵³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² i⁵³/


以致

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jiː¹³ t͡siː³³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti¹¹/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ ti²¹³/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jiː¹³ t͡siː³³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti¹¹/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ ti²¹³/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

For sixteen years the Kuomintang has violated this declaration and as a result it has created the present grave national crisis.

1940, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《新民主主義論》 (On New Democracy), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

Shíliù nián lái, Guómíndǎng zìjǐ wéibèi le zhège shēngmíng, yǐzhì zàochéng jīntiān zhèyàng guónàn shēnzhòng de júmiàn.

十六年來，國民黨自己違背了這個聲明，以致造成今天這樣國難深重的局面。

十六年来，国民党自己违背了这个声明，以致造成今天这样国难深重的局面。


בתר

head

בָתָר • (bɑtar)

arc-con

בָתָר • (bɑtar)


ברם

he-con

בְּרַם • (b'rám)


因此

/in⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː³⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰu⁴¹/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰu⁵³/

/in³³ t͡sʰɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/in⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹/

/in⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː³⁵/

/in⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu⁵³/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰu⁴¹/

/in⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰu⁵³/

/in³³ t͡sʰɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/in⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹/

Singapore abolished its jury system in 1969, so all criminal defendants are tried before judges.

Xīnjiāpō zài 1969 nián fèichú le péishěntuán zhìdù, yīncǐ suǒyǒu xíngshì ànjiàn de bèigàorén jūn yóu fǎguān shěnpàn.

新加坡在1969年廢除了陪審團制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官審判。

新加坡在1969年废除了陪审团制度，因此所有刑事案件的被告人均由法官审判。

The Lhasa dialect has tones, but Tibetan Pinyin does not indicate tone. As a result, Tibetan Pinyin cannot perfectly transcribe the sounds of the Lhasa dialect.

Lāsàhuà yǒu shēngdiào, dànshì Zàngyǔ Pīnyīn bù biāo shēngdiào. Yīncǐ Zàngyǔ Pīnyīn bìng bùnéng wánzhěng de jìlù Lāsàhuà de yǔyīn.

拉薩話有聲調，但是藏語拼音不標聲調。因此藏語拼音並不能完整地記錄拉薩話的語音。

拉萨话有声调，但是藏语拼音不标声调。因此藏语拼音并不能完整地记录拉萨话的语音。


故此

/ku⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³³ t͡sʰiː³⁵/

/ku⁵¹ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³³ t͡sʰiː³⁵/

(formal or dialectal) because of this; consequently; therefore; hence


alhoewel

Afrikaans: alhoewel

/ˌɑl.ɦuˈʋɛl/


tokko

Originates from eastern dialects; probably as a loan from Karelian toko, from dialectal Russian токо́ (tokó); alternatively from toki + -ko.

En osaa sanoa, tokko hän vielä tietää.

if, whether; used to begin an indirect question, especially in the negative


ós

before é, ea, í, iad and their emphatic equivalents

Ós breá an lá inniu, táimid ag dul go dtí an trá.

Since it’s a fine day today, we’re going to the beach.

ós eisean a rinne é


עדמא

Compare Classical Syriac ܥܕܡܐ (adma, “until”).


於是

/jyː⁵⁵ siː²²/

/u⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/u⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/u²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/i³³⁻²³ si³⁵/

/jyː⁵⁵ siː²²/

/u⁴⁴⁻³³ si³³/

/u⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/u²⁴⁻²² si²²/

/i³³⁻²³ si³⁵/

so; hence; thus; therefore; thereupon; consequently; as a result


allorché

Contraction of allora + che, attested in modern Italian since the 14th century.


sempreché

(literary) Alternative form of sempre che (“whenever”)


perocché

Messere, non ci se’ più necessario e che più abbi sollecitudine di noi, perocchè, come dice questo frate, noi medesimi ci possiamo e vogliamo vendicare

14ᵗʰ century, Domenico Cavalca, Vite de’ SS. Padri - Tomo secondo, Milan: Giovanni Silvestri, published 1830, page 90:

Lord, we don't need you, or your care for us, anymore, because—as this man says—we ourselves can and want to take revenge.

Ancora nel detto tempo e mese furono per lo detto popolo fatti uficiali a rimettere tra ribelli certi Ghibellini caporali, e altri possenti stati rubelli prima; però che per la cacciata del duca tutti i libri di rubelli e sbanditi […] furono arsi

1348, Giovanni Villani, “Libro tredecimo [Thirteenth Book]”, in Nuova Cronica [New Chronicle], published 1991, section 32:

And, in that same year and month, by that same people, some officials were made to put some Ghibelline corporals among the rebels, along with some other potentates that had been rebels before, because, due to the duke's banishment, all the books of rebels and banishees were burned

Meritamente, però ch’io potei
Abbandonarti, or grido alle frementi
Onde che batton l’alpi, e i pianti miei
Sperdano sordi del Tirreno i venti.

1803, Ugo Foscolo, “Meritamente”, in Sonetti [Sonnets]^(https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Sonetti_(Foscolo)), collected in Opere scelte di Ugo Foscolo, vol. 2, Florence, published 1835, page 118:

Deservingly, because I left you, I now scream at the trembling waves crashing against the mountains, and may the unfeeling Tyrrhenian winds scatter my cries

Nè però che con atti acerbi e rei
Del mio ben pianga e del mio pianger rida,
Poria cangiar sol un de’ pensier miei.

1374, Francesco Petrarca, “O invidia, nemica di virtute [O Envy, enemy of Virtue]”, in Il Canzoniere, Florence: Andrea Bettini, published 1858, page 138, lines 9–11:

Yet, even though, with harsh, evil acts, it cries at my well-being, and laughs at my crying, it couldn't change a single one of my thoughts.

(obsolete) although, even though, despite


由是

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹ siː²²/

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jɐu̯²¹ siː²²/


laddove

Agì, laddove gli si era detto di star fermo.

He acted, while we told him to stay still.


何如

/hɔː²¹ jyː²¹/

/ɦu²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/hɔː²¹ jyː²¹/

/ɦu²² zz̩⁴⁴/

(archaic) it would be better to; might as well; let's


fyrsta

føroyingar hava hilling á at lesa fornmálið, fyrsta teir royna

Faroese have good skills in reading the Old Norse language, as soon as they try it.


quantunque

→ Ladino: kuantunke

From quanto (“how much”) + -unque (indefinite ending). Formed similarly to, and possibly influenced by, Latin quantuscumque.

suffix

quantunque gli piacesse molto d’andar per le bocche degli uomini, n’avrebbe, in quella congiuntura, fatto volentieri di meno

1840, Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi^(https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Indice:I_promessi_sposi_(1840).djvu), Tip. Guglielmini e Redaelli, Chapter XXV, page 476:

although generally desirous to be talked of, [he] would willingly have been forgotten on this occasion

(dated with subjunctive) although, even though

E non sarà dato alla Verità, quantunque potentissima, […] nè sterminarlo mai dalla terra, nè vincerlo

1827, Giacomo Leopardi, “Storia del genere umano [History of Mankind]”, in Operette morali [Small Moral Works], Florence: Guglielmo Piatti, published 1834, page 21:

And the Truth, however very powerful, will not be able to eradicate it from the earth, nor win against it

Puoi non andarci, se credi: quantunque, chi te lo impedisce?

If you think so, you can just not go: although who's preventing you [from doing it]?


база

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bAsa (“also, as well”), from Sogdian ܦܣܐ (psʾ /pasā̆/, “then, afterwards, on the other hand”), 𐫛𐫘𐫀𐫍 (psʾh /pasā̆/).
Cognate with Tofa баъса (“again”), баъсаӄ, паъса; Khakas паза (paza), Shor паза (“again”), Southern Altai база (baza); Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽰𐽿𐽰 (pʾsʾ /basa/), Old Turkic 𐰉𐰽𐰀 (b¹s¹a /basa/). Compare also Mongolian ᠪᠠᠰᠠ (basa) / бас (bas, “also, and”).


ولا

ar-con

وَلَا • (wa-lā)

Morphologically وَ (wa, “and”) + لَا (lā, “not”).

أَقْرَأُ ٱلْكِتَابَ وَلَا أَفْهَمُ شَيْئًا مِنْهُ

I’m reading the book, and I do not understand anything in it.

ʔaqraʔu l-kitāba wa-lā ʔafhamu šayʔan minhu

For non-idiomatic uses, see وَ (wa) and لَا (lā).

لَمْ أَشْعُرْ بِٱلْحُزْنِ وَلَا بِٱلْفَرَحِ

لَنْ تَجِدَ خَيْرًا مِن هٰذَا وَلَا فِي أَمْرِيكَا
lan tajida ḵayran min hāḏā wa-lā fī ʔamrīkā
You won’t even find anything better than this in America.

literally, “You won’t find anything better than this, and not in America.”

(idiomatic, used to emphasize a negative) (not) even; (not) at all


ولا

From Arabic وَ (wa, “and”) + أَلَّا (ʔallā, “except”).

تبغى هذا؟ وَلَّا هذا؟


ولا

لا هدا ,ولا هداك


ولا

شنو باغي تشري فالقمايص للعرس؟ هدا اللي مخطط بالاصفر ولا هداك اللي بلون موحد ومطرز بالصقلي زرق؟
šnu bāḡi tašri f-le-qmāyiṣ l-el-ʕurs? hāda lli mḵaṭṭaṭ b-l-aṣfar walla hadāk elli b-lūn mwaḥḥad u mṭarraz b-eṣ-ṣqalli zraq?
What do you want to buy for a wedding qmīṣ (Moroccan male dress) for the wedding? This yellow-stripped one or that one with one colour and embroidered with blue ṣqalli (Moroccan golden motif)?


ولا

ما خاصني لا هادا ولا هداك.


ولا

From Arabic وَ (wa, “and”) + لَا (lā, “not”).

ما بدي هادا ولا هادا.


ولا

From Arabic وَ (wa, “and”) + إِلَّا (ʔillā, “except”).

بدك هادا ولا هادا؟


maski

From an ellipsis of Spanish por más que (“however much; even though”, literally “for more than”).


maski

Ultimately derived from an ellipsis of Spanish por más que (“however much; even though”, literally “for more than”), possibly through Ilocano.


maski

Ultimately derived from an ellipsis of Spanish por más que (“however much; even though”, literally “for more than”).


maski

From an ellipsis of Spanish por más que (“however much; even though”, literally “for more than”). Compare Macanese masqui, Portuguese por mais que, Malay & Indonesian meski.


yalnız

[jɑɫ̟ˈn̟ɯz̟]

[jɑn̟ˈɫ̟ɯz̟]

[jɑn̟ˈn̟ɯz̟]

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish یالڭز (yalñız), from Proto-Turkic *yalïŋ (“lonely”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰖𐰞𐰭𐰆𐰽 (yalŋus).

inh+

Güzel yalnız biraz eski.


tenzij

Represents a univerbation of Middle Dutch het ne si, het en si, from Old Dutch hit ne sī (“if it not be”); thus closely related to hetzij.


taw

From Proto-Celtic *tāyeti (“to be (stative)”) (compare Old Irish at·tá, Irish tá), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).

inh

1990, Y Faner, p. 8

Let me declare that hard work it will all be.

Gadewch imi ddatgan taw gwaith caled fydd y cyfan.

(South Wales) that (introduces a noun clause, marking it for emphasis)


只得

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tit̚⁵/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tit̚⁵/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/


zo niet

Als u regelmatig reservekopieën van uw bestanden maakt en die apart bewaart, kunt u de meeste, zo niet alle gegevens terugzetten als er iets met de originele bestanden op uw computer is gebeurd. — If you regularly back up your files and keep them apart, then you can replace most, if not all, of your data, if something were to occur to the original files on your computer.

2007, Beslissen van welke gegevens u een back-up maakt, Microsoft:


'cuz

(US) Informal spelling of 'cause (“because”).


wherealong

/ˌʍɛː.əˈlɒŋ/

/ˌʍɛɹ.əˈlɔŋ/

1768-1777, Abraham Tucker, The Light of Nature Pursued
Magnitude, figure, and motion, are reputed both by learned and vulgar to reside in the bodies wherein we observe them : yet it cannot be denied, that the suffer alterations in their conveyance to the mind, whether that be made through the sight, or the touch; they being all motion in the rays of light, the organs or other channels wherealong they pass, and that a different kind of motion from any in the bodies themselves.

At the closing afternoon, when there was a certain cessation of household cares and a frequent solitariness at teatime in the kitchen, those sea-bordering and empurpled heights would fix her attention, and she would project an inner vision beyond them to desolate sands wherealong her spirit had lamented, and their soleful hush had been borne back to her ears amid the melancholy wave-sounds which traversed watery distances.

1912, William H. Kersey, The Darksome Maids of Bagleere: A Somerset Tale, page 237:

On this assumption of the independent migration stream eastward through Torres Strait we find our difficulties reduced to a minimum; we find confirmation in the line of affiliation wherealong quality is maintained — a line clearly marked from the Gulf Coast province to Suau, to Sariba, to Tubetube, to Panaieti with almost unimpared weight.

1916, William A. Churchill, Sissano: Movements of Migration Within and Through Melanesia, page 169:


takku

Qiaruq takku aliasrukhuni.


just in case

The negation of a disjunction is true just in case both disjuncts are false.


not to mention

The city was already having staffing difficulties, not to mention having a three million dollar budget shortfall.

In fact, the immortal tunemeister Irving Berlin wrote all three [songs], along with about 1,500 others, not to mention the scores for eighteen Hollywood films and nineteen Broadway musicals.

2012, Christoper Zara, Tortured Artists: From Picasso and Monroe to Warhol and Winehouse, the Twisted Secrets of the World's Most Creative Minds, part 1, chapter 2, 51:

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]. But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.

2013 June 1, “A better waterworks”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 5 (Technology Quarterly):

(idiomatic) An apophasis used by a speaker to introduce, despite claiming not to address, a given point of discussion.

هٰذَا عَدَا عَنْ

hāḏā ʕadā ʕan


vaan

Originally a dialectal and interchangeable variant of vain (specifically perhaps originally from the singular instructive *vajan, or directly from the plural instructive form, compare pohjaanen < *pohjainen, standard pohjoinen). A singular instructive of vaka is another possibility. The differences in use were introduced as a part of the standard language. Has also been compared with Middle Low German wan (“only, if; but; if only”), which is probably not the direct origin (as asserted by some) but likely served as a reinforcing influence.

ncog

Near-synonym: mutta

Se ei ole musta, vaan punainen.

(coordinating) but (... instead), (but) rather (introducing a word or clause in contrast or contradiction with the preceding negative clause or sentence, wholly rejecting that clause)

Near-synonym: mutta

Vaan kuinka väärässä olinkaan.

(coordinating) yet, but (but, however; introducing a clause contrary to prior belief or in contrast with the preceding clause or sentence; generally implies a more subjective statement on part of the speaker than mutta)


nici

Inherited from Latin neque. Compare Aromanian nitsi.

Nu vreau nici lapte nici apă


beziehungsweise

Die Gallenblase (Vesica fellea bzw. biliaris, lat.: vesica für „Blase“, fellis bzw. bilis für „Galle“) ist ein Hohlorgan der Wirbeltiere, das der Speicherung und Eindickung der von der Leber produzierten Galle dient.

The gall bladder (Vesica fellea or biliaris, from Latin vesica for "bladder", fellis or bilis for "gall") is a hollow organ in vertebrates that serves in the storage and concentrating of the gall produced by the liver.

ein Taschenbuch und eine gebundene Ausgabe, die 12 beziehungsweise 18 Franken kosten

A paperback and a hardback costing 12 and 18 franks respectively


nema

ber er hver að baki, nema sér bróður eigi

(connecting clauses) but that, whether or not (introducing a hypothetical but likely scenario)


nema

Icelandic: nema

Old Swedish: numa, num

From a form related to né (“not; nor”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *ne (“not”). Probably cognate with Old English nefne, Old English nemne (“except, unless”).

Hann drap alla sveina nema einn.
He slew all the boys, save one.

1200s, Old Norwegian Homily Book (AM 619 4to.), Matthew 10:34-35

Eigi kom ek til þess at senda frið nema heldr sverð, til þess kom ek at skilja sun frá feðr ok dóttur frá móður sinni.

I did not come to bring peace, but rather a sword, I came to separate son from father, and daughter from her mother.


từ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 自 (“from, since”, SV: tự). Doublet of tự.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tự</i>

vi-etym-sino

Bảo tàng Hà Nội thực tế đã được quyết định thành lập từ năm 1982, hiện tạm đạt tại phố Hàm Long.

2009, Nguyễn Huy Thắng, Nguyễn Như Mai, Nguyễn Quốc Tín, Đoàn Đức Thành, Từ kinh đô đến thủ đô - dặm dài đất nước theo năm tháng, Kim Đồng publishing house, page 211:

The Museum of Hanoi was actually officially founded in 1982, temporarily in Hàm Long street.

at, in (a time; indicating that the result of the action continues to the present)


若使

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


ש־

Likely a reduced form of the relativizer אֲשֶׁר (ashér).

(relativizer) Used to introduce relative clauses; see below.


quin

Vestrum nēmō est quīn intellegat populum Rōmānum

There is no one among you who doesn't understand the Roman people

Neque erat quisquam omnium quīn in eius diēī cāsū suārum omnium fortūnārum ēventum cōnsistere existimāret.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, De Bello Civili 2.5

Nor was there anyone among them who didn't think that the fate of all their fortunes rested on the outcome of that day.

(used with a negative like nēmō or nūllus) who does/can/would not (usually following a nominative)

Numquam tam māne ēgredior, neque tam vesperī domum revortor, quīn tē in fundō cōnspicer fodere aut […]

163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 68, (complaining at an old man for working too much)

I never go out so early, or come home so late, that I don't see you digging or […] on your farm.

Neque ūllus flāre ventus poterat quīn aliquā ex parte secundum cursum habērent.

100 BCE – 44 BCE, Julius Caesar, De Bello Civili 3.47

And no wind could blow that it wasn't favourable to them to some extent.

(used with a negative like numquam or nōn) without (something happening), (so) that...not

nōn quīn ab eō ipse dissentiam, sed quod eā tē sapientiā esse iūdicem, ut meum cōnsilium nōn antepōnam tuō

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Ad Familiares 4.7

not because I don't disagree with it, but because I judge you to be of the kind of wisdom where I wouldn't prefer my own opinion to yours

nōn quīn magnitūdō Carthāginis mereātur etiam a philosophō precem prō honōre, sed ut integrum et intemerātum esset vestrum beneficium

c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Florida 16

not because the great city of Carthage doesn't deserve that even a philosopher should beg to be given an honor, but so that your generosity remained pure and irreproachable

(preceded by nōn, followed by sed quod/quia/ut) not because not...but, not that not...but

"Necessārium" ait esse Opillus Aurēlius, in quō nōn sit cessandum, […] aut quod nōn possit prohibēre quīn fīat.

2nd c. CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De Verborum Significatione

'The necessary', says Opillus Aurelius, 'is that which doesn't allow for delays, […] or that which one can't prevent from happening.'

Et omnia quae dēsīderāvērunt oculī meī, nōn negāvī eīs; nec prohibuī cor quīn omnī voluptāte fruerētur...

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ecclesiastes.2.10

And anything that my eyes desired, I did not deny to them. Nor did I withhold my heart from enjoying every pleasure...

Nōluit autem Asahel omittere quīn urgueret eum.

But Asahel did not want to stop pursuing him.

(with negated verbs of stopping, hindering) from doing or happening

quis ignōrat, quīn ...?

Nōn dubium·st quīn mī magnum ex hāc rē sit malum.

161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 997

There's no doubt that I'll sorely regret this.

Nec dubitāvit Dārēus quīn interfecta esset, quia nequīsset contumēliam perpetī, exclāmatque āmēns dolōre: "Quod ego tantum nefās commīsī, Alexander?..."

1st c. CE, Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 4.10.29

And Darius had no doubt that she [his wife] had been killed, because she had been unable to endure great offense, and so he shouted in a frenzy from the pain, "What great crime have I committed, Alexander?!.."

(used with negated words of hesitation, doubting, not knowing) that


yoki

Borrowed from Classical Persian یَاکِه (yāki, “or”); compare Uyghur ياكى (yaki, “or”).

bor+

Ha yoki yoʻq?


после того как

head

по́сле того́ как

по́сле того́ как • (pósle tovó kak)

по́сле того́ как (canonical)
pósle tovó kak (romanization)

Обраще́ние украи́нских солда́т к па́ну Пороше́нко, по́сле того́, как он наказа́л их за пра́вду.

Appeal from the Ukrainian soldiers to Mr. Poroshenko after he punished them for the truth.

Obraščénije ukraínskix soldát k pánu Porošénko, pósle tovó, kak on nakazál ix za právdu.


дабы

да́бы or дабы́ • (dáby or dabý)

да́бы (canonical)
дабы́ (canonical)
dáby (romanization)
dabý (romanization)

да́бы я э́то знал

Василиса Егоровна сделала ему несколько замечаний касательно хозяйства, как судия, начинающий следствие вопросами посторонними, дабы сперва усыпить осторожность ответчика.

1836, Александр Пушкин, “Глава VI. Пугачёвщина”, in Капитанская дочка, London: Henry S. King & Co.; English translation from Ekaterina Telfer, transl., The Captain's Daughter, 1875:

Vassilissa Yegorovna made some remarks having reference to housekeeping, like a judge who prefaces his interrogatory by putting irrelevant questions in order to throw the accused off his guard.

Vasilisa Jegorovna sdelala jemu neskolʹko zamečanij kasatelʹno xozjajstva, kak sudija, načinajuščij sledstvije voprosami postoronnimi, daby sperva usypitʹ ostorožnostʹ otvetčika.

(archaic, non-standard colloquial) in order to, in order that, so that


ибо

и́бо • (íbo)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic ибо (ibo). Compare Ukrainian бо (bo).

bor+

ибо многие придут под именем Моим и будут говорить, что это Я; и многих прельстят.

ibo mnogije pridut pod imenem Moim i budut govoritʹ, što eto Ja; i mnogix prelʹstjat.


أما

head

أَمَّا • (ʔammā)

Maltese: imma

Moroccan Arabic: أما (ʔamma)

→ Azerbaijani: amma

→ Bashkir: әммә (əmmə)

→ Khalaj: əmmâ

→ Classical Persian: اَمَّا (ammā)

Dari: اَمَّا (ammā)

Iranian Persian: اَمَّا (ammâ)

Tajik: аммо (ammo)

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: اَمَّا (ammā)

desc

Hindi: अम्मा (ammā) (literary, uncommon)

→ Ottoman Turkish: اما (ammâ)

Turkish: ama

→ Albanian: ama (Kosovo)

→ Armenian: ամա (ama), ամմա (amma)

→ Laz: ამა (ama)

→ Macedonian: ама (ama)

→ Hausa: àmmā

→ Yoruba:

Latin script: àmọ́

Arabic script: اموَْ

→ Nupe: àmáà

→ Uzbek: ammo

Univerbation of أَن (ʔan, “that”) + مَا (mā, relative), the original thought being “that this matter be touched”, “be it that”, or just a dialectal variant of disjunctive إِمَّا (ʔimmā, “be it that”) as أَمَّا (ʔammā) can well be used for positing two alternatives.

univerbation

إِنَّ سَعْيَكُمْ لَشَتَّى
 فَأَمَّا مَنْ أَعْطَى وَٱتَّقَى
 وَصَدَّقَ بِٱلْحُسْنَى
 فَسَنُيَسِّرُهُ لِلْيُسْرَى
 وَأَمَّا مَن بَخِلَ وَٱسْتَغْنَى
 وَكَذَّبَ بِٱلْحُسْنَى
 فَسَنُيَسِّرُهُ لِلْعُسْرَى

Indeed, your efforts are diverse.
As for he who gives and fears Allah
And believes in the best [reward],
We will ease him toward ease.
But as for he who withholds and considers himself free of need
And denies the best [reward],
We will ease him toward difficulty.

ʔinna saʕyakum lašattā
 fa-ʔammā man ʔaʕṭā wa-ttaqā
 wa-ṣaddaqa bi-l-ḥusnā
 fa-sanuyassiruhu li-l-yusrā
 wa-ʔammā man baḵila wa-staḡnā
 wa-kaḏḏaba bi-l-ḥusnā
 fa-sanuyassiruhu li-l-ʕusrā

وَلَمْ أَرَ كَٱلمَعْرُوفِ؛ أَمَّا مَذَاقُهُ / فَحُلْوٌ، وَأَمَّا وَجْهُهُ فَجَمِيلُ

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

wa-lam ʔara ka-l-maʕrūfi; ʔammā maḏāquhu / fa-ḥulwun, wa-ʔammā wajhuhu fa-jamīlu

as for; followed by a noun or pronoun, itself followed by the particle فَـ (fa-)


أما

ألف شيكل ممكن اعطيك — أمّا ألفين، هلا والله ما بقدر.

I can give you a thousand shekels — as for two thousand, I really can't right now.

ʔalf šēkel mumken aʕṭīk, ʔamma ʔalfēn halla walla mā baʔdar.

كل هادا، معليش — أمّا يكذب علي كمان؟
kull hāda, maʕlēš — ʔamma yikzeb ʕalay kamān?
All of this is fine — but that he should lie to me too?

دخلنا جول — أمّا شو جول!
daḵalna gōl — ʔamma šū gōl!
We scored a goal — what a goal!

used to indicate surprise or other strong feelings in an exclamation


elleivät

[ˈe̞lːe̞i̯ʋæt̪]

Univerbation of ellä (“if”) (dialectal) + eivät


jollemme

Univerbation of jolla (“if”) (dialectal) + emme


ellette

[ˈe̞lːe̞t̪ːe̞]

Univerbation of ellä (“if”) (dialectal) + ette


jolleivät

[ˈjo̞lːe̞i̯ʋæt̪]

Univerbation of jolla (“if”) (dialectal) + eivät

(subordinating) If they not, unless they, lest they.


josko

Katso, josko hän olisi jo tullut.


jospa

Jospa tämä ovi on auki.


jollet

Univerbation of jolla (“if”) (dialectal) + et

(subordinating) if you sg (do) not, unless you sg


ellemme

Univerbation of ellä (“if”) (dialectal) + emme


jollen

Univerbation of jolla (“if”) (dialectal) + en

Jollen olisi sairas, lähtisin kanssasi ostoksille.

If I were not ill, I would go shopping with you.


joskin

Hän on täysin normaali, joskin totinen lukiolainen.

He is a completely normal, though serious high school student.

(chiefly in the positive) though, even though, although


joskaan

Kaikki meni hyvin, joskaan ei aivan odotetusti.

Everything went fine, even though not quite as expected.

(chiefly in the negative) though (not), even though (not), although (not)


jollette

Univerbation of jolla (“if”) (dialectal) + ette

(subordinating) if you pl (do) not, unless you pl, lest you pl


不止

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ t͡si⁵³/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁵³/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ t͡si⁵³/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁵³/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/


že

that (used for connecting clauses, for example with reported speech)


že

From Sanskrit च (ca, “and”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe. Cognate with Northern Kurdish jî (“also, too”).


že

Czech: že

Reduced form of ježe, eže, inherited from Proto-Slavic *je že (neuter acc. sg. of *jь že), from *je n sg (“it; that”, accusative) + *že (emphatic particle). Akin to Old Polish że, compare also English that, Old Norse at, German dass, Ancient Greek ὅτι (hóti).


že

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: же (že)
Old Ruthenian: же (že)
Belarusian: жа (ža)
Carpathian Rusyn: же (že)
Ukrainian: же (že), ж (ž)
Russian: же (že), ж (ž)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: же (že)

Glagolitic script: ⰶⰵ (že)

q

Serbo-Croatian: (archaic, only survives as non-productive suffix)

Cyrillic script: ре

Latin script: re

Slovene: re (archaic, only survives as non-productive suffix)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: że

Old Czech: že, ježe, eže, ež
Czech: že

Old Polish: że
Polish: że
Silesian: że

Slovak: že

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: že (archaic)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰe (“emphatic particle”), cognate with Sanskrit घ (gha, “at least, at any rate”) and akin to Sanskrit हि (hi, “for, on account of, indeed”).


kuti

Formed from the infinitive of -ti (“say”).

that (introduces a clause which is the subject or object of a verb (such as one involving reported speech), or which is a complement to a previous statement)


ungeachtet

(dated) regardless of the fact that; despite the fact that; although


ið

From Old Norse et, from Proto-Germanic *it (“it; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Compare also Old Norse er

inh

har ið

hvar ið

nú ið

tá ið

ið hvussu er


правда

head

пра́вда • (právda)

пра́вда (canonical)
právda (romanization)

Inherited from Old East Slavic правьда (pravĭda), from Proto-Slavic *pravьda, derived from Proto-Slavic *pravъ (compare пра́вый (právyj)) plus an unclear suffix.
Cognate with Ukrainian пра́вда (právda, “truth”), Belarusian пра́ўда (práŭda, “truth”), Old Church Slavonic правьда (pravĭda, “justice, truth”), Bulgarian пра́вда (právda, “justice, truth, livestock capital”), Serbo-Croatian пра̑вда (“justice, truth, controversial matter”), Slovene prȃvda (“regulation, law, court case”), Czech pravda (“truth”), Slovak pravda (“truth”), Polish prawda (“truth”), Upper Sorbian prawda (“truth”), Lower Sorbian pšawda (“truth”). Compare derived adjective пра́ведный (právednyj).


引く

１２引く６は６だ。


albethey

An alteration of albeit, replacing it with they. Albeit literally means “although it [may] be”, but has become univerbated as a conjunction in Standard English. Accordingly, a phrase like “they were good parents, albeit indulgent” should be read as “albeit [that they were] indulgent”. Speakers who are still aware of the underlying construct, however, may feel that they should be used for “proper” agreement. (Theoretically, this would require other forms like *albehe, *albeshe, etc., depending on the context.)

Men felt that they were being deliberately excluded, other women felt this was the “separatist élitism” of which the women’s movement is so often accused. When a group of men did join us for a couple of sessions, there was a complete change in dynamic: it was necessary to have a chairperson, and to some of us it became clear yet again, that it is almost impossible to talk about your oppression with the oppressors (albethey potential or unconscious oppressors).

1963, International Peace Research Newsletter, volume 14, [Boulder, Colo.?]: International Peace Research Association, →OCLC, page 38:

But we would submit that it is going much too far to claim that all secularization arises from biblical influences—albethey indirect or incognito in many cases.

1972, M. Abel et al., edited by Saral Kumar Chatterji, The Asian Meaning of Modernization: East Asia Christian Conference Studies, Delhi: […] [F]or the East Asia Christian Conference by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Christian Literature Society and Lucknow Pub. House, →OCLC, page 136:

When, for example, asked what they favoured most about living in the area, a number of residents mentioned “open spaces” (albethey vanishing) and “horses” (stabled at a nearby riding school).

1976, Society and Leisure: Bulletin for Sociology of Leisure, Education and Culture, volume 3, Prague: European Centre for Leisure and Education, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 97:

The absence of any well established union structure can severely inhibit and possibly damage a service standard by virtue of the resultant inaction on behalf of inadequately motivated staff. This will arise whenever there is a situation where the library policy is controlled by non-professionals, albethey democratically elected laymen, or whenever the library director is involved with policy making: both these factors have already been broached in a quotation above.

1977, R. D. Taylor, “Trade Unions and Librarianship”, in Gileon Holroyd, editor, Studies in Library Management, volume 4, London: Clive Bingley; Hamden, Conn.: Linnet Books, →ISBN, →ISSN, part II, page 97:

In a typical early issue of Le Journal de Mickey from the 1930s, of the six ‘bandes dessinées’ four have domestic settings, albethey American. The strip entitled Pim Pam Poum (The Katzenjammer Kids), for example, revolves around the rude awakening elderly members of the family receive as a result of a goat being introduced into their bedroom.

2005, Laurence [F. R.] Grove, “Where Have All the Nazis Gone?”, in Text/Image Mosaics in French Culture: Emblems and Comic Strips (Studies in European Cultural Transition; 23), Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN, part IV (Thematics), page 108:

(nonstandard, rare) Used when introducing information referring to a plural phrase: alternative form of albeit


The various uses of the present symbol derive from several sources. The medieval virgule (Latin virgula) was an oblique or vertical line that served as a comma, period, and caesura mark and is still used in literary contexts to mark line breaks in verse. (This mark separately developed as the comma ⟨,⟩ and caesura mark ⟨‖⟩ and some senses of the vertical bar ⟨|⟩.) The shilling mark (Latin solidus) was variously written s. or as the long s ſ. This eventually developed into a single unpunctuated slash; its use to separate shillings from pence was sometimes generalized to any currency division. Most mathematical senses derived from the earlier horizontal fraction bar (as in 12, usually attributed to Arabic mathematician al-Hassar), rewritten with a slash by the 18th century to permit fractions to be written on a single line. As a separator and conjunction, it represents an oblique form of the dash ⟨–⟩ or hyphen ⟨-⟩. Its use to mark supposed actions derives from command formatting in online chat forums, while its use to comment on preceding text derives from its use in some programming languages to form closing tags. Its present British name stroke derives from its use in telegraphy; its present American name slash gained wide currency from its use in computing.

He's an actor / model.

(sometimes proscribed) inclusive or (used to link compatible alternatives or joint items)

I think she / he writes very well.

(proscribed) exclusive or (used to link mutually-exclusive alternatives)


مما

من (min, “than”) + ما (ma, linking particle).

com

أكتر ممّا فكّرو


qu'

(before vowel sound) Apocopic form of que (that, which)

Anyway chuis content que tu r’viennes / t’arrives en même temps qu’l’automne / Tsé qu’ça m’a fait ben d’la peine / de t’voir partir ma mignonne

2002, Jean-François Pauzé, Marie-Annick Lépine (lyrics and music), “Toune d'automne”, in Break Syndical:

Anyway, I'm glad you're back / you've come at the same time as autumn / Ya know [that] it hurt lots / to see you go, my darling

(informal, before consonants) Apocopic form of que (that, which)


qu'

(before vowel sound) Apocopic form of que


ليس

ar-con

لَيْسَ • (laysa)

Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a contracted pronunciation of either an earlier form لَيِسَ (layisa), whose ultimate origin is in turn unknown or unexplored, or of لَا (lā, “not”) + an existential أَيْس (ʔays) that has a proposed etymology in Proto-Semitic *ys < *yṯ. This existential would be a native cognate to Hebrew יֵשׁ (yēš) and Akkadian 𒌇 (/išu/, “to have or own; to be”, also used copulatively), although Al-Jallad (2018) expresses doubt that it is anything more than a back-formation from the negative, in other words implying that لَا (lā, “not”) + *أَيْس (*ʔays, existential) is just a folk etymology from which أَيْس (ʔays) was created artificially. Al-Jallad proceeds to attest a form of لَيْسَ (laysa) in a Safaitic inscription dated between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, whose form, he says, invalidates the possibility of an origin in a verb لَيِسَ (layisa); he thereby argues that لَيْسَ (laysa) may either be a loan from Neo-Assyrian 𒆷𒀸𒋗 (la-aš-šu /laššu/, “there is not”) or from Taymanitic 𐪁𐪚𐪏 (lys³ /lāʾis, lāyis/, “not existing or being”).

bor

أَيْنَ الْمَفَرُّ وَالْإِلَهُ الطَّالِبُ
 وَالْأَشْرَمُ الْمَغْلُوبُ لَيْسَ الْغَالِبُ

ʔayna l-mafarru wa-l-ʔilahu ṭ-ṭālibu
 wa-l-ʔašramu l-maḡlūbu laysa l-ḡālibu

(rare, disputed) not (refers to a preceding context)


لما

ar-con

لَمَّا • (lammā)

Univerbation of لِ (li, “for”) + إِمَّا (ʔimmā, as for), the original thought being "for as for [when] this is so".

univerbation

فَلَمَّا لَمْ يَرْتَبِطْ أَوَّلُ الْكَلَامِ بِآخِرِهِ لِأَنَّ أَوَّلَهُ فِعْلٌ وَآخِرُهُ ٱسْمَانِ، وَٱلْأَسْمَاءُ لَا يُعَادَلُ بِهَا ٱلْأَفْعَال، أَدْخَلُوا هُنَاكَ حَرْفًا يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ مَا بَعْدَهُ مُسَبَّبٌ عَمَّا قَبْلَهُ لَا مَعْنَى لِلْعَطْفِ فِيهِ فَلَمْ يَجِدُوا هَٰذَا الْمَعْنَى إِلَّا فِي الْفَاءِ وَحْدَهَا.

falammā lam yartabiṭ ʔawwalu l-kalāmi biʔāḵirihi liʔanna ʔawwalahu fiʕlun waʔāḵiruhu smāni, wal-ʔasmāʔu lā yuʕādalu bihā l-ʔafʕāl, ʔadḵalū hunāka ḥarfan yadullu ʕalā ʔanna mā baʕdahu musabbabun ʕammā qablahu lā maʕnā lilʕaṭfi fīhi falam yajidū hāḏā l-maʕnā ʔillā fī l-fāʔi waḥdahā.

in view of, the fact that; because, since

إِن كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَّمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ

إِلَّا إلا#Arabic

(obsolete) Synonym of إِلَّا (ʔillā, “except”)


لما

لما جيت ذاك اليوم ما لقيتك


لما

لمّا يكون الواحد تعبان أحسن ما يروح عالنادي.

When someone is tired it's better that they not go to the gym.

lamma ykūn il-wāḥad taʕbān ʔaḥsan mā yrūḥ ʕal-nādi

as soon as, once (with subjunctive verb)


fintanto

Alternative form of fintantoché or finché


不論

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ lɵn²²/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ luŋ³⁵/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ lɵn²²/

/puk̚²⁻⁴ luŋ³⁵/

no matter (what, how, etc.); regardless of; whether


s'

S’il vous plaît

S’il te plaît.

Je ne sais pas s’ils viendront demain.

I don’t know if they will come tomorrow.


s'

S'aví pazenzia d' lezer ste librett E ch'a sbrucheva i virs in rumagnol A i truvarí zinquanta e piò sunett Ch'av gudrí ch'a farí dal scapariol.

1920, Olindo Guerrini, edited by Zanichelli, Sonetti romagnoli, published 1967:

If [you] are patient to read this book and you (can) understand the poetry in Romagnol you will find more than fifty sonnets that will entertain you more than tumbling.


落來

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃i⁵³/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃i⁵³/

(Singapore Hokkien) then; next; after that


ač

Inherited from Old Czech ač, from Proto-Slavic *ače.


kada

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kadāˀn, compare Latvian kad, Old Prussian kaden. Equivalent to kas + -ada. Despite the external similarity with Sanskrit कदा (kadā́, “when”), there are a number of formal difficulties. Firstly, the original form (as in Prussian) had a final nasal, and acute accentuation, evidenced in the derivative kadángi (“since, because”) and dialectal kadù. Secondly, the lack of Winter's Law suggests Proto-Indo-European *dʰ rather than *d. However, a genetic connection with Sanskrit is still conceivable. Probably unrelated to Proto-Slavic *kogъda (“when”).

Válgyk kíek nóri, ir kadà nóri.


kada

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kogъda, a compound of *ko (from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos) and *gъda, genitive singular of *godъ (compare Old Church Slavonic годъ (godŭ, “right time”)), thus originally meaning 'at what time'.


要是

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/

/jiːu̯³³ siː²²/

/iau²¹⁻⁵³ si²²/

/iau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si²²/

/iɔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/iæ⁵² zz̩¹¹/

/jɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩¹/

/jiːu̯³³ siː²²/

/iau²¹⁻⁵³ si²²/

/iau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si²²/

/iɔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/iæ⁵² zz̩¹¹/

要是考試不及格的話，怎麼辦？

要是考试不及格的话，怎么办？


mikäli

Tulen mukaasi, mikäli maksat liput.

I'll come with you, provided that you pay [for] the tickets.


so that

From Middle English so that, so þat, sa þat, swo þat, swa þat, from Old English swā þæt, equivalent to so + that. Cognate with Saterland Frisian sodät, West Frisian sadat, Dutch zodat, German sodaß, sodass.

He must die so that others might live.

He seized his axe, which he had made very sharp, and as the leader of the wolves came on the Tin Woodman swung his arm and chopped the wolf's head from its body, so that it immediately died.

1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill., New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:

Indicates purpose; in order that, with the result that.

He tied a complex knot so that others would find it hard to undo.

The Bat—they called him the Bat.[…]. He'd never been in stir, the bulls had never mugged him, he didn't run with a mob, he played a lone hand, and fenced his stuff so that even the fence couldn't swear he knew his face.

1920, Mary Roberts Rinehart, Avery Hopwood, chapter I, in The Bat: A Novel from the Play (Dell Book; 241), New York, N.Y.: Dell Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 01:

Indicates purpose; in such a way that, with the intent that.


hoặc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 或 (“or, either”).

vi-etym-sino

Hoặc chịu phạt hoặc báo phụ huynh, chọn đi.

Either you accept the penalty or I will have to inform your parents of what you did, your choice.


нъ

From Proto-Slavic *nъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nu.


нъ

Old Ruthenian: но (no)

Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)

Ukrainian: но (no)

Russian: но (no) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Slavic *nъ. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic нъ (nŭ).

нъ пораꙁоумѣи чьто гл҃ють книгꙑ и словеса та·

but understand what the books say and the words, too

nŭ porazuměi čĭto gl::jutĭ knigy i slovesa ta·


antin

Antin elskar man tað, ella hatar man tað


只有

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɐu̯¹³/

/t͡sɨ³¹ i̯u²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ u³³/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ u³³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ u²²/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ u²²/

/t͡səʔ³³ ɦiɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː³⁵ jɐu̯¹³/

/t͡sɨ³¹ i̯u²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ u³³/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ u³³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ u²²/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ u²²/

/t͡səʔ³³ ɦiɤ⁴⁴/

沒有最好，只有更好

没有最好，只有更好

搿搭現在只有五點鐘。

搿搭现在只有五点钟。


gah

Gah belə deyir, gah elə.

Gah sola gedir, gah sağa, özü bilmir hara getsin.

i.e. He keeps turning to different directions.

He walks left, then he walks right, he doesn't know where to go himself.

Used to denote repeated alternation of enumerated actions, events or objects.


先是

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ siː²²/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ siː²²/

First, he was fired by his company for something trivial. Then, after finding a part-time job with much difficulty, because someone complained that he keeps giving back the wrong change, his boss fired him in a fury. In the end, he even broke up with his girlfriend who was living together with him for five years because of two-timing.

sin¹ si⁶ jan¹ wai⁶ jat¹ se¹ siu² si⁶ ji⁴ bei⁶ gung¹ si¹ gaai² gu³, zip³ zoek⁶ hou² bat¹ jung⁴ ji⁶ zoi⁶ bin⁶ lei⁶ dim³ zaau² dou³ fan⁶ paat¹ taai¹, git³ gwo² ging² jin⁴ jan¹ wai⁶ bei⁶ tau⁴ sou³ seng⁴ jat⁶ zaau² co³ cin⁴⁻², lou⁵ baan² jat¹ hei³ zi¹ haa⁶ baa² taa¹ ci⁴ teoi³, zeoi³ hau⁶ lin⁴ tung⁴ geoi¹ liu⁵ ng⁵ nin⁴ dik¹ neoi⁵ pang⁴ jau⁵ jik⁶ jan¹ wai⁶ jat¹ goek³ daap⁶ loeng⁵ syun⁴ ji⁴ fan¹ sau²!

先是因為一些小事而被公司解僱，接着好不容易在便利店找到份part-time，結果竟然因為被投訴成日找錯錢，老闆一氣之下把他辭退，最後連同居了五年的女朋友亦因為一腳踏兩船而分手！

先是因为一些小事而被公司解雇，接着好不容易在便利店找到份part-time，结果竟然因为被投诉成日找错钱，老板一气之下把他辞退，最后连同居了五年的女朋友亦因为一脚踏两船而分手！


若是

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jœːk̚² siː²²/

/yoʔ⁵⁻²¹ sɛi²⁴²/

/nã³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/na²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/nã²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/nã³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jœːk̚² siː²²/

/yoʔ⁵⁻²¹ sɛi²⁴²/

/nã³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/na²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/nã²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/nã³³⁻¹¹ si³³/


כאשר

head

כַּאֲשֶׁר • (ka'ashér)

כַּאֲשֶׁר (canonical)
ka'ashér (romanization)

From כְּ־ (k'-, “like, as”) + אֲשֶׁר (ashér, “that, which”); compare כְּשֶׁ־ (k'she-).

af

וְלֹא עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֲלֵיהֶן מֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם

Tanach, [[s:he:T0201#א_יז|1:17]], with translation of the King James Version:

and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see כ־, אשר.


þat

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

Do not even consider bringing together the two parts of the bone which is broken or dislocated until eight days (if it is Winter) or five days (if it is Summer) have passed; for if you do, it will seep puss and swell, worsening its condition. Then [After the time has passed] bring together the ends of the bones (or, if it is a dislocation, the disjointed bones themselves) in accordance with the technique that shall be detailed in the chapter on bone-setting.


para que

Preparé la comida para que podamos cenar

I prepared food so that we can eat supper.

Está bien, pero yo me encargo de llevaros al hotel. — dijo él levantando la mano para que el camarero le trajera la cuenta. — Y, por favor, no salgáis de la ciudad sin mí. Ya he conseguido el jet para llevaros a casa, lo más rápido posible.

so that, in order that, in order for (followed by the subjunctive)


-nik

From -n (“that”) + -ik (partitive suffix).

Ez dut esan etorriko direnik.

Negative polarity item used to form relative clauses, that


不就

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

不就是他嗎？

不就是他吗？


-ve

From Proto-Indo-European *-wē. Compare the Sanskrit वा (vā, “or”) and the Ancient Greek ἤ (ḗ).

Quid tu es tristis? Quidve es alacris? Unde is?

161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 2.13

Why are you out of spirits or why are you in such a hurry? Whence come you?

Post hanc habitam contionem duabus tribusve horis optatissimi nuntii et litterae venerunt.

44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 14.6.16

After this assembly was over, within two or three hours, these most welcome messengers and letters arrived.

(always enclitic) or, leaving the choice free between two things or among several

Num, quod maximum est, leges nostras moresve novit, num denique homines?

44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 5.5.13

Does he—which is most important—does he know any thing about our laws and manners? Is he even acquainted with any of the citizens?

(especially in negative sentences or questions implying a negative sentence) and, with the same meaning as -que

Nostra quoque ipsorum semper requieque sine ulla / corpora vertuntur, nec quod fuimusve sumusve / cras erimus;

And our bodies themselves are always, restlessly, changing: we shall not be, tomorrow, either what we were, or what we are.

(poetic, repeated or with correlative part) either...or


embora

Reduced compound of en (“in”) + boa (“good”) + hora (“time”).

compound

although (used with subjunctive, introducing a clause that expresses a concession)


embora

Reduced compound of em (“in”) + boa (“good”) + hora (“time”).

Embora tenha chovido, fui à escola.

Although it had rained, I went to school.


ainsi que

Cela s’est passé ainsi que je vous l’ai dit.

Le RCEP, signé en novembre 2020, regroupe les dix Etats membres de l’Association des nations de l’Asie du sud-est (ASEAN), ainsi que la Chine, le Japon, la Corée du Sud, l’Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande.

2021 January 14, “Le RCEP est un signal fort de l'engagement de l'Asie envers de l'ouverture des échanges”, in french.xinhuanet.com, Xinhua News Agency:

The RCEP, signed in November 2020, groups together the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as well as China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.


къгда

head

къгда • (kŭgda)

cu-con

къгда • (kŭgda)


ꙗко

нъ ꙇ҅ нꙑнѣ вѣмъ · ѣко егоже колижъдо просиши ꙋ б꙯а дастъ тебѣ б꙯ъ ·

But even now I know that whatever you ask of God, God will give you.

ꙁемь҆ꙗ о̑убоꙗ҅ сꙙ и҅ о̑умльча · ꙗ҅ко богъ пльтиѭ̑ о̑усь҆пе ·

Ретъко, editor (1025±50?), Codex Suprasliensis (in Old Church Slavonic), page (leaf) 224.5, line 4

The earth grew frightened and fell silent, for God fell asleep in the flesh.


yok

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish یوق (yok), from Proto-Turkic *yōk. Compare Old Turkic 𐰖𐰸 (yok).

inh+

Verdiler, ne âlâ; yok vermediler, döner gelirsin.

If they give it, very well; if they don't, you'll just come back.

Used between two contrasting conditional clauses, conveying a negative meaning to the latter, similar to yoksa.

Yok kâğıdı kalmamış, yok mürekkebi iyi değilmiş, hasılı bir alay bahaneler!

He didn't have paper left, his ink wasn't good, whole bunch of excuses!

Used to denote sarcastic disbelief or belittlement to what someone else has said.


já que

Já que ele não quer mais bolo, eu comerei o último pedaço.

Since he doesn't want any more cake, I will eat the last piece.


nikoliv

Země je kulatá, nikoliv placatá.

not (first rather than second term is proper object)


myr

From Middle Irish immar. Cognate with Irish mar.

Myr va mee gra...


mnyama

-mnyama (canonical)
engimnyama (first-person singular)
ngimnyama (copulative first-person singular)
omnyama (second-person singular)
umnyama (copulative second-person singular)
esimnyama (first-person plural)
simnyama (copulative first-person plural)
elimnyama (plural second-person)
limnyama (copulative plural second-person)
omnyama (class-1)
umnyama (class-1 copulative)
abamnyama (class-2)
bamnyama (class-2 copulative)
omnyama (class-3)
umnyama (class-3 copulative)
emnyama (class-4)
imnyama (class-4 copulative)
elimnyama (class-5)
limnyama (class-5 copulative)
amnyama (class-6)
amnyama (class-6 copulative)
esimnyama (class-7)
simnyama (class-7 copulative)
ezimnyama (class-8)
zimnyama (class-8 copulative)
emnyama (class-9)
imnyama (class-9 copulative)
ezimnyama (class-10)
zimnyama (class-10 copulative)
olumnyama (class-11)
lumnyama (class-11 copulative)
obumnyama (class-14)
bumnyama (class-14 copulative)
okumnyama (class-15)
kumnyama (class-15 copulative)
okumnyama (class-17)
kumnyama (class-17 copulative)


mnyama

-mnyáma (canonical)
lengimnyama (first-person singular)
ngimnyama (copulative first-person singular)
lomnyama (second-person singular)
umnyama (copulative second-person singular)
lesimnyama (first-person plural)
simnyama (copulative first-person plural)
lenimnyama (plural second-person)
nimnyama (copulative plural second-person)
lomnyama (class-1)
umnyama (class-1 copulative)
labamnyama (class-2)
bamnyama (class-2 copulative)
lomnyama (class-3)
umnyama (class-3 copulative)
lemnyama (class-4)
imnyama (class-4 copulative)
lelimnyama (class-5)
limnyama (class-5 copulative)
lamnyama (class-6)
amnyama (class-6 copulative)
lesimnyama (class-7)
simnyama (class-7 copulative)
letimnyama (class-8)
timnyama (class-8 copulative)
lemnyama (class-9)
imnyama (class-9 copulative)
letimnyama (class-10)
timnyama (class-10 copulative)
lolumnyama (class-11)
lumnyama (class-11 copulative)
lobumnyama (class-14)
bumnyama (class-14 copulative)
lokumnyama (class-15)
kumnyama (class-15 copulative)
lokumnyama (class-17)
kumnyama (class-17 copulative)


mnyama

-mnyáma (canonical)
endimnyama (attributive first-person positive singular)
endingemnyama (attributive first-person negative singular)
ndimnyama (attributive copulative first-person positive singular)
andimnyama (attributive copulative first-person negative singular)
omnyama (attributive positive second-person singular)
ongemnyama (attributive negative second-person singular)
umnyama (attributive copulative positive second-person singular)
awumnyama (attributive copulative negative second-person singular)
esimnyama (attributive first-person plural positive)
esingemnyama (attributive first-person negative plural)
simnyama (attributive copulative first-person plural positive)
asimnyama (attributive copulative first-person negative plural)
enimnyama (attributive plural positive second-person)
eningemnyama (attributive negative plural second-person)
nimnyama (attributive copulative plural positive second-person)
animnyama (attributive copulative negative plural second-person)
omnyama (attributive class-1 positive)
ongemnyama (attributive class-1 negative)
umnyama (attributive class-1 copulative positive)
akamnyama (attributive class-1 copulative negative)
abamnyama (attributive class-2 positive)
abangemnyama (attributive class-2 negative)
bamnyama (attributive class-2 copulative positive)
abamnyama (attributive class-2 copulative negative)
omnyama (attributive class-3 positive)
ongemnyama (attributive class-3 negative)
umnyama (attributive class-3 copulative positive)
awumnyama (attributive class-3 copulative negative)
emnyama (attributive class-4 positive)
engemnyama (attributive class-4 negative)
imnyama (attributive class-4 copulative positive)
ayimnyama (attributive class-4 copulative negative)
elimnyama (attributive class-5 positive)
elingemnyama (attributive class-5 negative)
limnyama (attributive class-5 copulative positive)
alimnyama (attributive class-5 copulative negative)
amnyama (attributive class-6 positive)
angemnyama (attributive class-6 negative)
amnyama (attributive class-6 copulative positive)
awamnyama (attributive class-6 copulative negative)
esimnyama (attributive class-7 positive)
esingemnyama (attributive class-7 negative)
simnyama (attributive class-7 copulative positive)
asimnyama (attributive class-7 copulative negative)
ezimnyama (attributive class-8 positive)
ezingemnyama (attributive class-8 negative)
zimnyama (attributive class-8 copulative positive)
azimnyama (attributive class-8 copulative negative)
emnyama (attributive class-9 positive)
engemnyama (attributive class-9 negative)
imnyama (attributive class-9 copulative positive)
ayimnyama (attributive class-9 copulative negative)
ezimnyama (attributive class-10 positive)
ezingemnyama (attributive class-10 negative)
zimnyama (attributive class-10 copulative positive)
azimnyama (attributive class-10 copulative negative)
olumnyama (attributive class-11 positive)
olungemnyama (attributive class-11 negative)
lumnyama (attributive class-11 copulative positive)
alumnyama (attributive class-11 copulative negative)
obumnyama (attributive class-14 positive)
obungemnyama (attributive class-14 negative)
bumnyama (attributive class-14 copulative positive)
abumnyama (attributive class-14 copulative negative)
okumnyama (attributive class-15 positive)
okungemnyama (attributive class-15 negative)
kumnyama (attributive class-15 copulative positive)
akumnyama (attributive class-15 copulative negative)
okumnyama (attributive class-17 positive)
okungemnyama (attributive class-17 negative)
kumnyama (attributive class-17 copulative positive)
akumnyama (attributive class-17 copulative negative)


mnyama

-mnyama (canonical)
engimnyama (first-person positive singular)
engingemnyama (first-person negative singular)
ngimnyama (copulative first-person positive singular)
angimnyama (copulative first-person negative singular)
omnyama (positive second-person singular)
ongemnyama (negative second-person singular)
umnyama (copulative positive second-person singular)
awumnyama (copulative negative second-person singular)
esimnyama (first-person plural positive)
esingemnyama (first-person negative plural)
simnyama (copulative first-person plural positive)
asimnyama (copulative first-person negative plural)
enimnyama (plural positive second-person)
eningemnyama (negative plural second-person)
nimnyama (copulative plural positive second-person)
animnyama (copulative negative plural second-person)
omnyama (class-1 positive)
ongemnyama (class-1 negative)
umnyama (class-1 copulative positive)
akamnyama (class-1 copulative negative)
abamnyama (class-2 positive)
abangemnyama (class-2 negative)
bamnyama (class-2 copulative positive)
abamnyama (class-2 copulative negative)
omnyama (class-3 positive)
ongemnyama (class-3 negative)
umnyama (class-3 copulative positive)
awumnyama (class-3 copulative negative)
emnyama (class-4 positive)
engemnyama (class-4 negative)
imnyama (class-4 copulative positive)
ayimnyama (class-4 copulative negative)
elimnyama (class-5 positive)
elingemnyama (class-5 negative)
limnyama (class-5 copulative positive)
alimnyama (class-5 copulative negative)
amnyama (class-6 positive)
angemnyama (class-6 negative)
amnyama (class-6 copulative positive)
awamnyama (class-6 copulative negative)
esimnyama (class-7 positive)
esingemnyama (class-7 negative)
simnyama (class-7 copulative positive)
asimnyama (class-7 copulative negative)
ezimnyama (class-8 positive)
ezingemnyama (class-8 negative)
zimnyama (class-8 copulative positive)
azimnyama (class-8 copulative negative)
emnyama (class-9 positive)
engemnyama (class-9 negative)
imnyama (class-9 copulative positive)
ayimnyama (class-9 copulative negative)
ezimnyama (class-10 positive)
ezingemnyama (class-10 negative)
zimnyama (class-10 copulative positive)
azimnyama (class-10 copulative negative)
olumnyama (class-11 positive)
olungemnyama (class-11 negative)
lumnyama (class-11 copulative positive)
alumnyama (class-11 copulative negative)
obumnyama (class-14 positive)
obungemnyama (class-14 negative)
bumnyama (class-14 copulative positive)
abumnyama (class-14 copulative negative)
okumnyama (class-15 positive)
okungemnyama (class-15 negative)
kumnyama (class-15 copulative positive)
akumnyama (class-15 copulative negative)
okumnyama (class-17 positive)
okungemnyama (class-17 negative)
kumnyama (class-17 copulative positive)
akumnyama (class-17 copulative negative)


potom

Czech: potom

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *potomь. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + tom.

surf

then (upon the fulfilment of a condition)


før

From Old Norse fyrr, from Proto-Germanic *furi, *furiz (“for, before”). Cognates include Swedish före, för, English for, and German für. A different form of the same word, Proto-Germanic *furai, is found in Danish for and German vor.


no obstante

Compare Portuguese não obstante, Italian nonostante, French nonobstant.

Durante la campaña para las legislativas del 6 de diciembre, Maduro planteó que luego de esa jornada citaría a todos los diputados electos, incluidos los de la MUD, "a un diálogo nacional en el palacio de Miraflores en función de los grandes objetivos de desarrollo del país".
No obstante, tras su aplastante derrota elevó el tono y señaló que "no es tiempo de cohabitación" con sus detractores.

2015 December, “Capriles pide al gobierno de Maduro propiciar diálogo para buscar solución a crisis”, in Emol:


zato što

Nisam došao zato što sam bio bolestan.


fak

(Quebec, informal) Eye dialect spelling of fait que.


zda

Nevíš, zda přijde?


aussitôt que

Je le ferai aussitôt que vous serez parti.


dès que

Je partirai dès que tu seras prêt.


總是

/t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³⁵ siː²²/

/t͡sʊŋ³¹ sz̩⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si³³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²²/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si³³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ si²²/

/t͡soŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ si³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³⁵ siː²²/

/t͡sʊŋ³¹ sz̩⁵³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si³³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²²/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si³³/

/t͡sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ si²²/

/t͡soŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ si³⁵/


premda

From earlier and archaic prȅm (“albeit”) + particle da.


čak i ako

sh-conjunction

čȁk i ȁko (Cyrillic spelling ча̏к и а̏ко)

čȁk i ȁko (canonical)
ча̏к и а̏ко (Cyrillic)


iako

albeit, although, even though (usually sentence-initially)


d'où

Contraction of de (“from, of”) + où (“where”).


eppur

Eppur si muove ― And yet it moves (Galileo Galilei)


fiindcă

Univerbation of fiind + că. First attested in c. 1710.

Nu știu care restaurant e cel mai bun, fiindcă nu locuiesc pe aici.

I don't know which restaurant is the best, being that I don't live around here.


apakah

Aku tidak tahu apakah suratku sudah sampai.

I don't know whether (or not) my letter has arrived.


à moins que

and (with-subjunctive)
optionally (with-subjunctive)
ne (expletive)

LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-à moins que.wav

Vous n’obtiendrez pas de travail ici à moins que vous n’ayez un doctorat.

You won't get a job here unless you have a PhD.


wek

Several possibilities, which one is true is uncertain. Perhaps from ew + -ek (lit. "an it") or we + -ek (lit. "a so") or from "ew e ku" ("it is that") or from we + ku ("so that"). For the last two compare nek from ne ku ("unless"; lit. "not that"). Compare Central Kurdish وەکوو (wekû, “as, like”) which seems to rule out a few of these with the -û-, but it's possible it is loaned from Northern Kurdish. Dialectally used in the same way the -ek suffix is used (wekî, weke, weka, etc.).


murar

except of past autonomous forms (triggers-lenition)

murar chaill sé é, faigheann

murar cailleadh iad


fakat

From Ottoman Turkish فقط (fakat, “only”), from Arabic فَقَط (faqaṭ).


mesmo

From Old Galician-Portuguese mesmo／meesmo／miismo, from Vulgar Latin *metipsimus, from Latin -met (“emphatic suffix”) + ipse (“himself”) + -issimus (“superlative suffix”).


mesmo

Angolar: me

Annobonese: mismu

Guinea-Bissau Creole: mesmu, memu

Indo-Portuguese: mesmo

Kabuverdianu: mésmu, mèz

Korlai Creole Portuguese: medz

Kristang: mesu

Principense: mesu

Sãotomense: me

Papiamentu: mes

From Old Galician-Portuguese mesmo, from earlier Old Galician-Portuguese meesmo, from Vulgar Latin of Iberia *medesmo, from proto-Romanic forms as *medessimu, from *medissimu, from *medipsimu, from Vulgar Latin *metipsimus, from a previous *metipsissīmus, derived from Latin -met (emphatic suffix) + ipse (“himself”) + -issimus (superlative suffix). Compare with Spanish mismo, French même.

Mesmo sendo cedo, irei para casa.

Mesmo pobre, sempre conseguiu alimentar seus filhos.

Despite being poor, he was always able to feed his children.

though; although (despite the fact that); despite being


بو

A relativizer, used to introduce a relative clause after a determinate noun


аще

head

аще • (ašte)

cu-con

аще • (ašte)

From Proto-Slavic *aťe. See also *ače, *ači.

аштє с꙯нъ єси б꙯жіи · рьци да камєниє сє хлѣби бѫдѫтъ ·
ašte s:::nŭ esi b:::žii · rĭci da kamenie se xlěbi bǫdǫtŭ ·
If you are the son of God, tell these rocks to be loaves of bread.
ꙇ҅ аштє ц꙯рсо на сѧ раздѣлитъ сѧ · нє можєтъ стати ц꙯рьство то · ꙇ҅ аштє домъ на сѧ раздѣлитъ сѧ · нє можєтъ стати домъ тъ · ꙇ҅ аштє сотона самъ въста на сѧ · ꙇ҅ раздѣли сѧ · нє можєтъ стати · нъ коньчинѫ ꙇ҅матъ ·

“ⰰⱎⱅⰵ (leaf 2.5, line 9)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1] (in Old Church Slavonic), http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q267566, 1000±33, page Mt:4:3

And if a kingdom divides against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house divides against itself, that house cannot stand. And if Satan himself has arisen against himself, and divided himself, he cannot stand, but has an end.

пилатъ жє слꙑшавъ · въпроси галилєѩ · аштє ч꙯къ галилѣꙇ҅скъ є̆стъ ·

“ⰰⱎⱅⰵ (leaf 217.5, line 4)”, in Codex Zographensis [Глаг. 1] (in Old Church Slavonic), http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q267566, 1000±33, page Lk:23:6

And Pilate, having heard of Galilee, asked whether the person is Galilean.


nachdem

Equivalent to nach dem, an inflected form which has been used together as a conjunction from Old High German nâh diu.

Ich ging aus, nachdem ich mich angezogen hatte.

Tom kam, nachdem Mary gegangen war.


понеже

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поне́же • (ponéže)

поне́же (canonical)
ponéže (romanization)

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic пон҄еже (ponʹeže); cognates include Russian поне́же (ponéže) (archaic and literary).


понеже

head

пон҄еже • (ponʹeže)

cu-con

пон҄еже • (ponʹeže)

пон҄еже (canonical)
ponʹeže (romanization)

Bulgarian: поне́же (ponéže)

→ Russian: поне́же (ponéže)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *poňeže. By surface analysis, понѥ (ponje) + -же (-že).


понеже

head

поне́же • (ponéže)

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic пон҄еже (ponʹeže), cognates include Bulgarian поне́же (ponéže).

bor+

(archaic, literary) inasmuch as, as, since, because


hvad

From Old Norse hvat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód, *kʷod.

Han ved hvad han vil have.


město

Čehodla sće to činił, město toho, wo čož sym Was prosył?

Why did you do that instead of what I asked you to do?


lula

-lula (canonical)
engilula (first-person singular)
ngilula (copulative first-person singular)
olula (second-person singular)
ulula (copulative second-person singular)
esilula (first-person plural)
silula (copulative first-person plural)
enilula (plural second-person)
nilula (copulative plural second-person)
olula (class-1)
ulula (class-1 copulative)
abalula (class-2)
balula (class-2 copulative)
olula (class-3)
ulula (class-3 copulative)
elula (class-4)
ilula (class-4 copulative)
elilula (class-5)
lilula (class-5 copulative)
alula (class-6)
alula (class-6 copulative)
esilula (class-7)
silula (class-7 copulative)
ezilula (class-8)
zilula (class-8 copulative)
elula (class-9)
ilula (class-9 copulative)
ezilula (class-10)
zilula (class-10 copulative)
obulula (class-14)
bulula (class-14 copulative)
okulula (class-15)
kulula (class-15 copulative)
okulula (class-17)
kulula (class-17 copulative)


lula

-lûla (canonical)
lengilula (first-person singular)
ngilula (copulative first-person singular)
lolula (second-person singular)
ulula (copulative second-person singular)
lesilula (first-person plural)
silula (copulative first-person plural)
lenilula (plural second-person)
nilula (copulative plural second-person)
lolula (class-1)
ulula (class-1 copulative)
labalula (class-2)
balula (class-2 copulative)
lolula (class-3)
ulula (class-3 copulative)
lelula (class-4)
ilula (class-4 copulative)
lelilula (class-5)
lilula (class-5 copulative)
lalula (class-6)
alula (class-6 copulative)
lesilula (class-7)
silula (class-7 copulative)
letilula (class-8)
tilula (class-8 copulative)
lelula (class-9)
ilula (class-9 copulative)
letilula (class-10)
tilula (class-10 copulative)
lolulula (class-11)
lulula (class-11 copulative)
lobulula (class-14)
bulula (class-14 copulative)
lokulula (class-15)
kulula (class-15 copulative)
lokulula (class-17)
kulula (class-17 copulative)


lula

-lula (canonical)
endilula (attributive first-person positive singular)
endingelula (attributive first-person negative singular)
ndilula (attributive copulative first-person positive singular)
andilula (attributive copulative first-person negative singular)
olula (attributive positive second-person singular)
ongelula (attributive negative second-person singular)
ulula (attributive copulative positive second-person singular)
awulula (attributive copulative negative second-person singular)
esilula (attributive first-person plural positive)
esingelula (attributive first-person negative plural)
silula (attributive copulative first-person plural positive)
asilula (attributive copulative first-person negative plural)
enilula (attributive plural positive second-person)
eningelula (attributive negative plural second-person)
nilula (attributive copulative plural positive second-person)
anilula (attributive copulative negative plural second-person)
olula (attributive class-1 positive)
ongelula (attributive class-1 negative)
ulula (attributive class-1 copulative positive)
akalula (attributive class-1 copulative negative)
abalula (attributive class-2 positive)
abangelula (attributive class-2 negative)
balula (attributive class-2 copulative positive)
abalula (attributive class-2 copulative negative)
olula (attributive class-3 positive)
ongelula (attributive class-3 negative)
ulula (attributive class-3 copulative positive)
awulula (attributive class-3 copulative negative)
elula (attributive class-4 positive)
engelula (attributive class-4 negative)
ilula (attributive class-4 copulative positive)
ayilula (attributive class-4 copulative negative)
elilula (attributive class-5 positive)
elingelula (attributive class-5 negative)
lilula (attributive class-5 copulative positive)
alilula (attributive class-5 copulative negative)
alula (attributive class-6 positive)
angelula (attributive class-6 negative)
alula (attributive class-6 copulative positive)
awalula (attributive class-6 copulative negative)
esilula (attributive class-7 positive)
esingelula (attributive class-7 negative)
silula (attributive class-7 copulative positive)
asilula (attributive class-7 copulative negative)
ezilula (attributive class-8 positive)
ezingelula (attributive class-8 negative)
zilula (attributive class-8 copulative positive)
azilula (attributive class-8 copulative negative)
elula (attributive class-9 positive)
engelula (attributive class-9 negative)
ilula (attributive class-9 copulative positive)
ayilula (attributive class-9 copulative negative)
ezilula (attributive class-10 positive)
ezingelula (attributive class-10 negative)
zilula (attributive class-10 copulative positive)
azilula (attributive class-10 copulative negative)
olulula (attributive class-11 positive)
olungelula (attributive class-11 negative)
lulula (attributive class-11 copulative positive)
alulula (attributive class-11 copulative negative)
obulula (attributive class-14 positive)
obungelula (attributive class-14 negative)
bulula (attributive class-14 copulative positive)
abulula (attributive class-14 copulative negative)
okulula (attributive class-15 positive)
okungelula (attributive class-15 negative)
kulula (attributive class-15 copulative positive)
akulula (attributive class-15 copulative negative)
okulula (attributive class-17 positive)
okungelula (attributive class-17 negative)
kulula (attributive class-17 copulative positive)
akulula (attributive class-17 copulative negative)


lula

-lula (canonical)
engilula (first-person positive singular)
engingelula (first-person negative singular)
ngilula (copulative first-person positive singular)
angilula (copulative first-person negative singular)
olula (positive second-person singular)
ongelula (negative second-person singular)
ulula (copulative positive second-person singular)
awulula (copulative negative second-person singular)
esilula (first-person plural positive)
esingelula (first-person negative plural)
silula (copulative first-person plural positive)
asilula (copulative first-person negative plural)
enilula (plural positive second-person)
eningelula (negative plural second-person)
nilula (copulative plural positive second-person)
anilula (copulative negative plural second-person)
olula (class-1 positive)
ongelula (class-1 negative)
ulula (class-1 copulative positive)
akalula (class-1 copulative negative)
abalula (class-2 positive)
abangelula (class-2 negative)
balula (class-2 copulative positive)
abalula (class-2 copulative negative)
olula (class-3 positive)
ongelula (class-3 negative)
ulula (class-3 copulative positive)
awulula (class-3 copulative negative)
elula (class-4 positive)
engelula (class-4 negative)
ilula (class-4 copulative positive)
ayilula (class-4 copulative negative)
elilula (class-5 positive)
elingelula (class-5 negative)
lilula (class-5 copulative positive)
alilula (class-5 copulative negative)
alula (class-6 positive)
angelula (class-6 negative)
alula (class-6 copulative positive)
awalula (class-6 copulative negative)
esilula (class-7 positive)
esingelula (class-7 negative)
silula (class-7 copulative positive)
asilula (class-7 copulative negative)
ezilula (class-8 positive)
ezingelula (class-8 negative)
zilula (class-8 copulative positive)
azilula (class-8 copulative negative)
elula (class-9 positive)
engelula (class-9 negative)
ilula (class-9 copulative positive)
ayilula (class-9 copulative negative)
ezilula (class-10 positive)
ezingelula (class-10 negative)
zilula (class-10 copulative positive)
azilula (class-10 copulative negative)
olulula (class-11 positive)
olungelula (class-11 negative)
lulula (class-11 copulative positive)
alulula (class-11 copulative negative)
obulula (class-14 positive)
obungelula (class-14 negative)
bulula (class-14 copulative positive)
abulula (class-14 copulative negative)
okulula (class-15 positive)
okungelula (class-15 negative)
kulula (class-15 copulative positive)
akulula (class-15 copulative negative)
okulula (class-17 positive)
okungelula (class-17 negative)
kulula (class-17 copulative positive)
akulula (class-17 copulative negative)


barang

Tong so tra batamang deng dia barang dia manakal.

We're not friends with him anymore because he is naughty.


alsof

Negerhollands: as of

Petjo: alsof


يعني

head

يعني • (yaʿni)

عملنا اللي فينا نعملو، يعني رح نشوف شو بيصير

We’ve done what we could, so we’ll see what happens.

ʿMilna lli fīna naʿmlu, yaʿni raḥ nšūf šu biṣīr.


ehk

→ Ingrian: ehki

From Proto-Finnic *ehkä, cognate with Finnish ehkä, Votic ehtši, Karelian ehki. Possibly derived from the negative verb stem *e-, whence modern Estonian ei, or from an identical Proto-Uralic stem meaning 'this', from which et. A third theory suggests a Baltic loan, ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *jḗˀgāˀ (compare modern Lithuanian jėga (“force, power”) and Latvian jēga (“understanding, sense, intellect”)).

cog

uelsi ehk kõmri keel

Connects words that are synonymous, that mean the same thing or that are used in the same context.

Soode üldpindala on 9340 km² ehk 20,7% Eesti territooriumist.
The total area of marshland is 9340 km², or 20.7% of Estonia's territory.

Connects two expressions, the latter explaining the former or conveying it in other words.


neboť

Nespí, neboť se mu nechce spát.

He does not sleep, as he does not feel like it.


果然

/ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐän³⁵/

/kʷɔː³⁵ jiːn²¹/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/ko⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/kɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ziɛn²³/

/ko⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡ziɛn¹³/

/ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐän³⁵/

/kʷɔː³⁵ jiːn²¹/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/ko⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/kɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ziɛn²³/

/ko⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡ziɛn¹³/

The new method is not perfect; even so, it is much better than the old one.

Xīn fāngfǎ yě bùshì wánměi de; guǒrán rúcǐ, tā bǐ lǎo fāngfǎ hǎo de duō.

新方法也不是完美的；果然如此，它比老方法好得多。


pokud

Inherited from Old Czech pokud. Equivalent to po- + kudy.

Pokud bude pršet, zmoknu.


𒈠𒀀𒀭

ma-a-an (romanization)
mān (romanization)

Per Kloekhorst, from Proto-Anatolian *món or similar; cognate with Lycian 𐊎𐊚 (mẽ, “as; so, likewise”), Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒀭 (ma-a-an /mān/, “like, as, how; if, whenever”) and Palaic 𒈠𒀀𒀭 (ma-a-an /mān/, “when”). The Proto-Anatolian word is of uncertain but probably Proto-Indo-European origin: further compare Old Irish má (“when”), Tocharian A mänt (“how?”), Tocharian B mant (“so”, conj.) and perhaps Ancient Greek μέν (mén, “while, so”).


無奈

/u³⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

/mou̯²¹ nɔːi̯²²/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ nãi³³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ nãi³³/

/bu²⁴⁻²² nãi⁴¹/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ nãi³³/

/bu²³⁻³³ nãi³³/

/bu¹³⁻²² nãi²²/

/bu²⁴⁻²² nãi²²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nai³⁵/

/u³⁵ naɪ̯⁵¹/

/mou̯²¹ nɔːi̯²²/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ nãi³³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ nãi³³/

/bu²⁴⁻²² nãi⁴¹/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ nãi³³/

/bu²³⁻³³ nãi³³/

/bu¹³⁻²² nãi²²/

/bu²⁴⁻²² nãi²²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nai³⁵/


trotzdem

Univerbation of trotz + dem. Compare Middle High German tratz, traz, truz (“anyhow, nevertheless”).

Trotzdem ich anderer Meinung bin, verstehe ich deine Sichtweise.

Although I have a different opinion, I understand your point of view.

(less frequent, introduces a subordinate clause) although

less frequent; introduces a subordinate clause; less frequent; introduces a subordinate clause


když

Inherited from Old Czech když. By surface analysis, kdy + že. Compare Polish gdyż.

Jsem nejšťastnější, když pracuji.

Když jsem včera přišla, zrovna pršelo.

Když tu díru co nejrychleji neucpeme, vyteče nám všechna voda.

If we don't clog the hole as quickly as possible, all the water will flow out.

if (supposing that, assuming that, in the circumstances that)


až

Inherited from Old Czech až, from Proto-Slavic *aže.

Udělám to, až budu mít čas.

Jděte rovně až k té vysoké budově.


až

Ja wěm, až ty sy how.

Powěźej, až nicht doma njejo.

Cakaj, až twój bratš pśiźo.


nawet

Univerbation of na + wet. The shift from an adverb to a particle was influenced by German sogar. First attested in 1575.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nawet”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


gur

Dúirt sé gur chuala sé na héin.

that (used to introduce a subordinate clause beginning with a verb in the past tense, with the exception of some irregular verbs)


gur

Tha e ag ràdh gur e Suòmach a tha ann.


dhe

From Proto-Albanian *dže, from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe. Unlike its cognate descendants of Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe, dhe has lost its clitic behaviour, becoming like a typical coordinating conjunction such as English and.

and (used to connect two similar words, phrases, et cetera)


ov

From Old High German of, *ova, northern variant of oba.

ob

if; western Moselle Franconian; otherwise as a variant, but only in the sense of

Ich weeß net, ov dat stemmp.

Janz ejal, ov du jet ze fiere häs,
 Alles oder nix ze verliere häs,
 Alle Jläser zo de Stääne,
 Denn die Engel, die uns fähle,
 Stusse jään met uns aan.

2014, “Alle Jläser huh”performed by Kasalla:

No matter if you have something to celebrate,
 Everything or nothing to lose,
 All our glasses up to the stars,
 Because the angels that we miss
 Like to clink with us.

Dat mösse foffzig ov sechsig Mann jewäs senn.

They must’ve been fifty or sixty people.

Donnersdaach ov Friedaach moss ich nohm Finanzamp.

I need to go to the tax office Thursday or Friday.


-la

Erantzuna dakizula uste dut.

Menditik nenbilela istripu bat izan nuen.

I had an accident while hiking on the mountains.


bátor

Borrowed from a Turkic language before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries). Compare Bashkir батыр (batır), Turkish bahadır, batur (“brave, hero”).
The sense although was split from the original sense, perhaps shortened from its inflected forms bátoron or bátran. First it probably had a permissive meaning: Bátoron (hadd) jöjjön! (“Let him/her [be brave enough to / bravely] come!”). Later an optative sense developed: Ó, bátoron jönne! (“Wish he/she would be brave to come!”), on the other hand it became a restrictive conjunction: Megjött, bátor késve. (“He/she arrived, although late.”) In all these functions it was superseded by its shortened form bár.


ker

From the neuter form of Proto-Slavic *jь že. The initial j- in relative pronouns and conjunctions changed to k- through analogy to interrogative pronouns. Compare Serbo-Croatian jer.

because (by or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that)


ถ้า

Compare Northern Thai ᨳ᩶ᩣ, Lao ຖ້າ (thā), Shan ထႃႈ (thāa), Tai Dam ꪖ꫁ꪱ, Southern Thai ท้า.

ถ้าหิวก็กิน


เมื่อ

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เมื่อ • (mûea)

มารีย์จะเกิดลูกป้อจาย เมื่อเกิดมาแล้วหื้อตั้งจื้อว่า ‘เยซู’ ย้อนว่าต้านจะจ้วยคนของต้านหื้อรอดป๊นบาปโต้ษ

2017, Wycliffe Bible Translators, พระคริสตธรรมคัมภีร์ [New Testament], →ISBN, Matthew i.21, page 4:

Mary shall give birth to a male child. Once he has been born, you shall give him 'Jesus' as his name for the reason that it is he who shall help his people to escape from their sins.

maa-rii cà kə̀ət lûuk pɔ̂ɔ-caai. mʉ̂ʉa kəət maa lɛ́ɛo, hʉ̂ʉ tâŋ cʉ̂ʉ wâa 'yeesuu' yɔ̂ɔn wâa tâan cà cûuai khon khɔ̂ɔŋ tâan hʉ̂ʉ rɔ̂ɔt pón bàap tôot


เมื่อ

th-con

เมื่อ • (mʉ̂ʉa)

From Proto-Tai *mɯəᴮ. Cognate with Lao ເມື່ອ (mư̄a), Northern Thai ᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ, Khün ᨾᩮᩬᩨ᩵, Lü ᦵᦙᦲᧈ (moe¹), Tai Dam ꪹꪣ꪿, Shan မိူဝ်ႈ (mōe), Tai Nüa ᥛᥫ (moe), Tày mư̱a and Ahom 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜈𑜫 (müw).

cog

Lao ເມື່ອ (mư̄a)

Lü ᦵᦙᦲᧈ (moe¹)


vaikk'

(subordinating; + indicative mood) Apocopic form of vaikka (“although, though, even though”)

(subordinating; + conditional mood) Apocopic form of vaikka (“even if”)


mutt'

(coordinating) Apocopic form of mutta (“but”)


𐀤

From Proto-Hellenic *-kʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τε (te).


bevor

From Middle High German bevor, bevorn, from Old High German bifora, biforan (“before”, adverb), from Proto-West Germanic *bifuranē. Cognate with English before.

Geh, bevor ich rasend werde.


ansonsten

Reinforcement of sonst by adding an- to the regional (Southern) sonsten. Since 18th.

Im Insolvenzverfahren über das Vermögen des Käufers kann der Verkäufer, ohne Nachfrist zu setzen, gemäß § 323 I, II Nr. 1 vom Kaufvertrag zurücktreten und die Sache nach § 47 InsO aussondern, wenn der Insolvenzverwalter nach § 103 II InsO die Erfüllung ablehnt. Wählt er dagegen gemäß § 103 I InsO Erfüllung, sind die ausstehenden Raten in voller Höhe aus der Masse zu zahlen (§ 55 I Nr. 2 InsO), ansonsten der Vorbehaltsverkäufer zurücktreten und aussondern kann.

2020, Hans Josef Wieling, Thomas Finkenauer, Sachenrecht, 6th edition, Berlin: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, § 17 Rn. 9, page 311:

Solange der Tatbestand eines Rechtsgeschäfts nicht vollumfänglich erfüllt ist, liegt noch überhaupt kein Rechtsgeschäft vor. Von diesen tatbestandlichen Erfordernissen sind die zusätzlichen Voraussetzungen zu unterscheiden, die für den Eintritt der beabsichtigten Rechtsfolge erfüllt sein müssen. Dazu gehört die Gesetzeskonformität, ansonsten das Rechtsgeschäft nichtig ist.

2020, Jörg Neuner, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 12th edition, München: C.H. Beck, →DOI, →ISBN, § 28 Rn. 5, page 330:

(especially in Austria and Switzerland) adversative conjunction, otherwise, for else


andernfalls

Der Pfandverkauf darf nur mit der Abrede erfolgen, dass der Käufer den Preis sofort bar zu entrichten hat, andernfalls er seiner Rechte verlustig geht, § 1238 I.

2020, Hans Josef Wieling, Thomas Finkenauer, Sachenrecht, 6th edition, Berlin: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, § 15 Rn. 38, page 284:

The sale of a pledge is only permitted with the stipulation that the buyer has to pay the price in cash, otherwise he will lose his rights, § 1238 I.

Diese Einschränkungen der Vernehmungstheorie sind nicht gerechtfertigt. Im Unterschied zur Risikoverteilung beim Zugang von Erklärungen unter Abwesenden wird vom Empfänger hier verlangt, in seiner Person liegende Verständnisschwierigkeiten und damit zusammenhängende körperliche Handicaps erkennbar zu machen, anderenfalls der Zugang erfolgt.

2020, Jörg Neuner, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 12th edition, München: C.H. Beck, →DOI, →ISBN, § 33 Rn. 30, page 382:

sonst wersonst einersonst jemand(ein) anderer