man

From Middle Low German man. A contraction of Old Saxon newan (“none other than”). Compare a similar contraction in Dutch maar (“only”).

(in many dialects, including Low Prussian) only; but

awer

and many variations thereof; for which, see those entries


man

Borrowed from Middle Low German man. Compare Saterland Frisian man


man

Borrowed from Middle Low German man. Related to German Low German man and Swedish men.


an

From Middle English an (“and, if”). Doublet of and.

[…] An the worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without him.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Thereupon, quoth he, "O woman, for sundry days I have seen thee attend the levée sans a word said; so tell me an thou have any requirement I may grant."

1885–1888, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume (please specify the volume), [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC:

An it harm none, do what ye will.

At length did cross an Albatross,
 Thorough the Fog it came;
 And an it were a Christian Soul,
 We hail'd it in God's Name.


an

From Middle High German ein, from Old High German ein, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz. Cognate with German ein, Dutch een, English one, Icelandic einn.

Khömme an dar sbaighe.

(Sette Comuni) that (introduces a subordinate clause)


an

Inherited from Old Czech an. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + on.

surf

An tak mluvili, ruce se jim chvěly.

As they were speaking, their hands quivered.

Ulehčilo se mi, an jsem byla uspokojena, že sama trpím.

I was relieved, for it satisfied me that I myself do suffer.


an

Bot Paal an Baanabas tan a Antiyak an tiich an priich Gad wod. An nof muor tiicha an priicha did iina di choch.

2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Aks 15:35:

But Paul and Barnabas stayed in Antioch, and taught and proclaimed the word of God along with many others.


an

From Proto-Italic *an, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en. Cognate with Lithuanian angu (“or”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽 (an, “so? now?”). May also be related to Ancient Greek ἄν (án, particle), Sanskrit अना (anā́), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬁 (anā), Lithuanian anàs, Albanian a, Proto-Slavic *onъ.

or, or whether (A conjunction that introduces the second part of a disjunctive interrogation, or a phrase implying doubt.)

(introduced by -ne (interrogative enclitic))

(introduced by num (interrogative particle))

(introduced by -ne, interrogative enclitic)

or rather, or on the contrary (where the opinion of the speaker or the probability inclines to the second interrogative clause, and this is made emphatic, as a corrective of the former)

or, or rather, or indeed, or perhaps (where, as is frequent, the first part of the interrogation is not expressed, but is to be supplied from the context, an begins the interrogation, but it does not begin an absolute – i.e., non-disjunctive – interrogation)

(in the phrase an ne) pleonastic usage for an

(in disjunctive clauses that express doubt) or

denoting uncertainty by itself, without a verb of doubting

(chiefly in and after the Augustean period) standing for sīve

where the first disjunctive clause is to be supplied from the general idea or where an stands for utrum or necne

Since in such distributive sentences expressive of doubt, the opinion of the speaker or the probability usually inclines to the second, i.e. to the clause beginning with an, the expressions haud sciō an, nesciō an, and dubitō an incline to an affirmative signification, “I almost know”, “I am inclined to think”, “I almost think”, “I might say”, “I might assert that”, etc., for “perhaps”, “probably”.

Sometimes the distributive clause beginning with an designates directly the opposite, the more improbable, the negative; in which case nesciō an, haud sciō an, etc., like the English I know not whether, signify “I think that not”, “I believe that not”, etc.


an

an (masculine nominative singular)
ana (feminine nominative singular)
ano (neuter nominative singular)
ana (dual masculine nominative)
aně (dual feminine neuter nominative)
ani (masculine nominative plural)
any (feminine nominative plural)
ana (neuter nominative plural)

connects contrastive clauses; but that/he

introduces a temporal clause of recency; as he just (was)


an

desctree

⇒ Old Norse: en
Icelandic: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: enn
Norwegian Bokmål: enn
Old Swedish: æn
Swedish: än
Danish: end

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þan, possibly through *þannai, whence cognate with Old English þonne (“than”). For similar loss of þ- compare at from earlier Proto-Norse ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt).


an

Univerbation of a + on. First attested in 1388.

Wlost umouil Swenthoslauem rok, an gi na tem rocze ianl

1888 [1388], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 5:

(attested in Greater Poland) connects clauses; and that

Pani Helska Vøczenczovim ludzem czinila zaplaczena podlug vgednana, ani gey ne chczeli przyøcz

1887, 1889 [1391], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume I, number 1014, Poznań:

(attested in Greater Poland) connects contrastive clauses; but that

Wanczlaw wszal voli Yanowi na ych dzedzine, an czski berze

1879 [1417], Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, editor, Księga ziemi czerskiej 1404-1425. Liber terrae Cernensis, Masovia, page 178:

(attested in Masovia) introduces a temporal clause of recency; as it just (was)


an

From Old English and, ond, end (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, *undi, *unþi (“and, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”).


an

From Middle English an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi.

Coardhed an recoardhed.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 31:


not

From Middle English not, nat, variant of noght, naht (“not, nothing”), from Old English *nōht, nāht (“nought, nothing”), short for nōwiht, nāwiht (“nothing”, literally “not anything”), corresponding to ne (“not”) + ōwiht, āwiht (“anything”), corresponding to ā (“ever, always”) + wiht (“thing, creature”).
Cognate with Scots nat, naucht (“not”), Saterland Frisian nit (“not”), West Frisian net (“not”), Dutch niet (“not”), German nicht (“not”). Compare nought, naught and aught. More at no, wight, whit.

I wanted a plate of shrimp, not a bucket of chicken.

He painted the car blue and black, not solid purple.


ben

From Middle High German wenne, wanne, from Old High German hwenne, hwanne, from Proto-West Germanic *hwannā, from *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan (“when”). Cognate with German wenn, wann, English when. Doublet of benn (adverb), from the same Middle High German source.

Khåntamar khön ben 'z tüata offe di pinakotèk?

Can you tell me when the art gallery opens?


hay

Chọn cái này, hay chọn cái kia

吏輸妸李半命能牢

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)^(https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Truyện_Kiều_(bản_Liễu_Văn_Ðường_1866)):

Could I fall short of Lady Li, who sold herself?


against

Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen, or directly from again, either way with adverbial genitive singular ending -es; the parasitic -t was added circa 1350, probably by confusion with the superlative ending -est. By surface analysis, again + -st (excrescent ending).

surf

Thence she them brought into a stately Hall, / Wherein were many tables faire dispred, / And ready dight with drapets festiuall, / Against the viaundes should be ministred.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

He now gave Mrs Deborah positive orders to take the child to her own bed, and to call up a maid-servant to provide it pap, and other things, against it waked.

1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, Folio Society, published 1973, page 6:

(obsolete) By the time that (something happened); before.


ke

From French, Portuguese, Spanish que (“that”).


ke

From Esperanto ke, from French que, Portuguese que, Spanish que, Italian che.

Me konocas ke tu volas helpar me.


ke

indicating desire or permission (usually used with the subjunctive)


ke

Phonetic spelling of -kah in a Johor-Riau accent.

Besar ke kecil?

Boleh ke tak?


ke

ke ganto


ke

Ke azame-nje!

(that one) dare to, let; indicates threatening [with subjunctive]


so

From Middle English so, swo, zuo, swa, swe, from Old English swā, swǣ, swē (“so, as, the same, such, that”), from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē (“so”), from Proto-Indo-European *swē, *swō (reflexive pronomial stem). Cognate with Scots sae (“so”), Saterland Frisian so (“so”), West Frisian sa (“so”), Dutch zo (“so”), German Low German so (“so”), German so (“so”), Danish så (“so”), Norwegian Nynorsk so (“so”), Swedish så (“so, such that”), Faroese so (“so”), Icelandic svo (“so”), Old Latin suad (“so”), Albanian sa (“how much, so, as”), Ancient Greek ὡς (hōs, “as”), Urdu سو (sō, “hence”).

I got an earlier train to work so I'd have plenty of time to prepare for the meeting.

Eat your broccoli so you can have dessert.

Reduced form of 'so that', used to express purpose; in order that.

I was hungry, so I asked if there was any more food.

He ate too much cake, so he fell ill.

He wanted a book, so he went to the library.

“I need to go to the bathroom.” ― “So go!”

Thinks I to myself, “Sol, you're run off your course again. This is a rich man's summer ‘cottage’[…].” So I started to back away again into the bushes. But I hadn't backed more'n a couple of yards when I see something so amazing that I couldn't help scooching down behind the bayberries and looking at it.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

With the result that; for that reason; therefore.

“Where were you born?” ― “So I was born in London.”

(informal) Used as a sentence-starting filler or introductory word with no particular meaning.

So how does this story end?

Used to connect previous conversation or events to the following question.

“We'd like to visit but I don't know if we can afford a hotel.” — “So who's staying in a hotel? Stay with us.”

Used to introduce a rhetorical question.

Speed. ‘Item: She doth talk in her sleep.’
Launce. It’s no matter for that, so she sleep not in her talk.

c. 1590–1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Two Gentlemen of Verona”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

As we cal money not onely that which is true and good, but also the false; so it be currant.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 18, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

[…] though all the windes of doctrin were let loose play upon the earth, so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously by licencing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength.

1644, John Milton, Areopagitica; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 35:

I went away very well satisfy’d, not caring where I was sent, so it was but out of his Sight; for he now became more my Aversion than ever.

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London, page 111:

(archaic) Provided that; on condition that; as long as.


so

From Middle High German sō, from Old High German sō, from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē, compare with Old Dutch so and Dutch zo.

Im Einzelnen ist die Abgrenzung zwischen Bekenntnisfreiheit und Religionsausübungsfreiheit unsicher. So kann etwa die religiöse Kleidung auch der Religionsausübungsfreiheit zugeordnet werden.

2018, Gerhard Czermak, Eric Hilgendorf, Religions- und Weltanschauungsrecht. Eine Einführung, 2nd edition, Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, § 7 Individuelle Religions- und Weltanschauungsfreiheit Rn. 130, page 68:

In detail the difference between freedom of confessing and freedom of practicing religion is insecure. Thus for instance, religious clothing can be assigned to the freedom of practicing religion as well.

(coordinating) thus, so, pursuant to the aforementioned premises

So es Euch beliebt.

(subordinating, chiefly archaic, sometimes law and regional) an, if


so

Wa mek unu kip dis-ya ruum so chaka-chaka?


so

Dutch: zo

Limburgish: zoe, zoea

From Old Dutch sō, from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from Proto-Germanic *swa.


so

From Middle Norwegian so, svo, from Old Norse svá, from Proto-Indo-European *swa. Akin to English so.

Eg barberte meg, so ho skulle synast eg var fin.

I shaved so that she would think I looked nice.


save

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sl̥h₂-wós
Proto-Italic *salawos
Latin salvus
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin salvō
Latin salvāre
Old French sauverbor.
Middle English saven
English save
From Middle English saven, sauven, a borrowing from Old French sauver, from Late Latin salvāre (“to save”).

etymon

Only the parties may institute proceedings, save where the law shall provide otherwise.

2009, Nicolas Brooke (translator), French Code of Civil Procedure in English 2008, Article 1 of Book One, quoted after: 2016, Laverne Jacobs and Sasha Baglay, The Nature of Inquisitorial Processes in Administrative Regimes: Global Perspectives, published by Routledge (first published in 2013 by Ashgate Publishing), p. 8

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact), page 382, column 1:

a prophet is not without honor save in his own country


dove

From Latin dē ubi, or from a strengthening of the older form ove with a prothetic d-. Compare Piedmontese doa.

Lo troverai dove l'hai lasciato.


choose

From Middle English cheosen, chesen, from Old English ċēosan (“to choose, seek out, select, elect, decide, test, accept, settle for, approve”), from Proto-West Germanic *keusan, from Proto-Germanic *keusaną (“to taste, choose”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwseti, from *ǵews- (“to taste, try”).
Cognate with Scots chuise, cheese (“to choose”), North Frisian kese (“to choose”), Saterland Frisian kjoze (“to choose”), West Frisian kieze (“to choose”), Dutch kiezen (“to choose”), French choisir (“to choose”), Low German kesen (“to choose”), German Low German kiesen (“to pick, select”), archaic and partially obsolete German kiesen (“to choose”), Danish kyse (“to frighten (via ‘to charm, allure’ and ‘to enchant’)”), Norwegian kjose (“to choose”), Swedish tjusa (“to charm, allure, enchant”), Icelandic kjósa (“to choose, vote, elect”), Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan, “to test”), Latin gustō (“I taste, sample”), Ancient Greek γεύω (geúō, “to feed”), Sanskrit जोषति (jóṣati, “to like, enjoy”), Russian кушать (kúšatʹ, “to have a meal, to eat”).

cog

The number of distinct subsets of size k from a set of size n is tbinom nk or "n choose k".

(mathematics) The binomial coefficient of the previous and following number.


tak

Kami mending, tak iya aja diasuh kami bejaku

The rest of us heard, but only he is asked by us to speak.


tak

Polish: tak

Silesian: tak

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tako. First attested in the 15th century.

(in conjunction with jako) as well as, both, and


that

From Middle English that, from Old English þæt (“the, that”, neuter definite article and relative pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *þat, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Cognate to Saterland Frisian dät, West Frisian dat, Dutch dat, Low German dat, German dass and das, Danish det, Swedish det, Icelandic það, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata). Further from Proto-Indo-European *tód; compare Ancient Greek τό (tó), Sanskrit तद् (tád), Waigali ta.

inh

أَنَّ (ʔanna) (+ subject in the accusative case)

(rendered by means of accusative plus infinitive)

He told me that the book is a good read.

I believe that it is true.

I can see that the ladder won't reach.

Introducing a clause that is the object of a verb, especially a reporting verb or verb expressing belief, knowledge, perception, etc.

It is almost certain that she will come.

It amazes me that people still believe this nonsense.

Introducing a clause that is the subject of a verb, especially the 'be' verb or a verb expressing judgement, opinion, etc.

That she will come is almost certain.

That people still believe this nonsense amazes me.

I'm sure that you are right.

She is convinced that he is British.

Introducing a clause that complements an adjective or passive participle.

Be glad that you have enough to eat.

Expressing a reason or cause: because, in that.

Was John there? — Not that I saw.

How often did she visit him? — Twice that I saw.

c. 1867, Anthony Trollope, The Claverings:

Introducing a subordinate clause modifying an adverb.

I heard a rumour that they got married.

Reports that he left the country are circulating.

Introducing a clause that describes the information content of a preceding reporting noun.

The noise was so loud that she woke up.

The problem was sufficiently important that it had to be addressed.

My dad apparently always said that no child of his would ever be harassed for its poor eating habits, and then I arrived, and I was so disgusting that he revised his opinion.

2008 May 23, Zoe Williams, “I swore I wouldn't be an embarrassing mother. But the key to being a success in life is changing your mind, right?”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-08-14:

Introducing — especially, but not exclusively, with an antecedent like so or such — a subordinate clause expressing a result, consequence, or effect.

He fought that others might have peace.

Baſſ[anio]. Be aſſured you may. / Shy[lock]. I will be aſſured I may: and that I may be aſſured, I will bethinke me, may I ſpeake with Anthonio?

c. 1596–1598 (date written), W[illiam] Shakespeare, The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. […] (First Quarto), [London]: […] J[ames] Roberts [for Thomas Heyes], published 1600, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], signature B2, verso:

When hungry Judges ſoon the Sentence ſign, / And Wretches hang that Jury-men may Dine; […]

1712 May, [Alexander Pope], “The Rape of the Locke. An Heroi-comical Poem.”, in Miscellaneous Poems and Translations. […], London: […] Bernard Lintott […], →OCLC, canto I, page 360:

Ellen's mamma was going out to pay a visit, but she left the children a large piece of rich plumcake to divide between them, that they might play at making feasts.

1833, Parley's Magazine, volume 1, page 23:

That he might ascertain whether any of the cloths of ancient Egypt were made of hemp, M. Dutrochet has examined with the microscope the weavable filaments of this last vegetable.

1837, The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, volume 23, page 222:

[…]Since one might well forget to weep who bore / Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby. / But love me for love's sake, that evermore / Thou may'st love on through love's eternity.

c. 1845–1846, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “Sonnets from the Portuguese”, in Poems. […], new edition, volume II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], published 1850, →OCLC, sonnet XIV, page 451:

In the olden days people had a stronger belief in all kinds of witchery; now they pretend not to believe in it, that they may be looked upon as sensible and educated people, as you say.

1881, P. Chr. Asbjörnsen [i.e., Peter Christen Asbjørnsen], “Legends of the Mill”, in H. L. Brækstad, transl., Round the Yule Log. Norwegian Folk and Fairy Tales, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, →OCLC, page 156:

Now one day of the days,[…]the Sultan cast his eyes upon her as she stood before him, and said to his Grand Wazir, "This be the very woman whereof I spake to thee yesterday, so do thou straightway bring her before me, that I may see what be her suit and fulfil her need."

1887, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, “Alaeddin; or, The Wonderful Lamp. [Night 547.]”, in Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume III, [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC, page 108:

Jesus died that we might live "through" Him.

2009, Dallas R. Burdette, Biblical Preaching and Teaching, →ISBN, page 340:

(dated) Introducing a subordinate clause that expresses an aim, purpose, or goal ("final"), and usually contains the auxiliaries may, might, or should: so, so that, in order that.

لِكَيْ

connecting a clause indicating purpose ("final")

What are you mad, that you doe reaſon ſo?

c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 91, column 2:

[I]n short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.

1859, Charles Dickens, “The Period”, in A Tale of Two Cities, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book I (Recalled to Life), page 1:

“She must be wonderfully fascinating,” said Mrs Morel, with scathing satire. “She must be very wonderful, that you should trail eight miles, backward and forward, after eight o’clock at night.”

c. 1911, D.H. Lawrence, third draft of what became Sons and Lovers, in Helen Baron (editor), Paul Morel, Cambridge University Press (2003), page 234

(archaic or poetic) Introducing a premise or supposition for consideration: seeing as; inasmuch as; given that; as would appear from the fact that.

Oh that spring would come!

O that they were wiſe, and vnderſtoode, […]

1609, The Holie Bible, […] (Douay–Rheims Bible), Doway: Lavrence Kellam, […], →OCLC, Devteronomie 32:29, page 463:

'Would that my rage and wrath would somehow stir me, / Here as I am, to cut off thy raw flesh / And eat it, […]

1864, T. S. Norgate's translation of the Iliad, book 10, page 613

(archaic or poetic) Introducing an exclamation expressing a desire or wish.

That men should behave in such a way!

I pray thee marke me, that a brother ſhould / Be ſo perfidious: […]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 2, column 2:

(archaic or poetic) Introducing an exclamation expressing a strong emotion such as sadness or surprise.


that

English: that

Scots: that

Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

From Old English þæt, þat, þet (“the, that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat.


that

Maade a nicest coolecannan that e'er ye did zee.

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 94:

Made the nicest coolecannan that ever you did see.


thy

For-thy it round and hollow shaped was, Like to the world itselfe, and seem'd aworld of glass.

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene:

Wallace knew well the Englishmen would flee, For thy he thrusted in the thickest to be, Hewing full fast on whomsoever he fought, Against his dint fine steel availed nought.

1713, Robert Sanders, transl., The Life and Acts of Sir William Wallace:

For thy it bring: us nearer to the Godhead is nonsense, Daya, if not blasphemy.

1791, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, William TAYLOR (of Norwich.), Nathan the Wise. A dramatic poem, page 24:

(obsolete) Only used in for thy, for-thy, which is an alternative form of forthy (“because, therefore”)


bad

Bad ki blei jong ki kin long jingriam ïa phi.

1891, “Nongbishar 2:3”, in Ka Baibl (Khasi Bible):

And their gods shall be a snare unto you.


ba

Probably from Bengali বা (ba), which is a short form of কিংবা (kiṅba).


ba

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, contrastive) but; just


ba

Lithuanian: bà

Proto-Slavic: *bo (see there for further descendants)


we

Uman we a mada an pikni disorv speshal kier an elp.

2023, Yuunivorshal Deklarieshan a Yuuman Raits, United Nations, Aatikl 25:

Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance.


we

Wen im go iina wan ous, tel di uona fi di ous se, "Di tiicha se fi aks yu se: We di ges ruum de we mi kyan nyam di Paasuova fuud wid mi speshal falara dem?"

2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Maak 14:14:

and when he goes into a house, ask the owner where I and my disciples can celebrate the Passover.


all

From Middle English all, from Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz, of uncertain origin but perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with West Frisian al (“all”), Dutch al (“all”), Scots a' (“all”), German all (“all”), Swedish all (“all”), Norwegian all (“all”), Icelandic allur (“all”), Welsh holl (“all”), Irish uile (“all”), Lithuanian aliái (“all, each, every”).
The dialectal sense “all gone” is a calque of German alle. The use in who all, where all etc. also has equivalents in German (see alles).

der

And those two froward sisters, their faire loves, / Came with them eke, all they were wondrous loth.

1596, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, volume 2, London: Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

all over the place like a mad woman's custard

all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

driveway doesn't go all the way to the road

given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow

it's all fun and games until someone loses an eye

one's elevator doesn't go all the way to the top

the first turn of the screw pays all debts

the love of money is the root of all evil

think all one's Christmases have come at once


bet

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *bet. Cognates include Latvian bet and Lithuanian bet.
Not related to English but.


bet

From Proto-Baltic *bet, from Proto-Indo-European *be, *bʰe (“outside, without”) (whence also the Latvian preposition bez), to which an old particle -t was added, visible also in the Latvian particle it and the adverb šeit (“here”). Cognates include Lithuanian bèt, Sudovian bat.

istaba bija maza, bet mājīga

komandiera īsais, bet atlētiskais augums veidoja neskaidru siluetu

the commander's short but athletic body (lit. size) made an unclear, vague silhouette

adversative conjunction, used to express contrast or opposition; but

stiprs un izturīgs, bet tomēr tāds kā paviegls, likās, visvairāk tikai aiz lielības Martiņš te skrēja

strong and enduring, yet somewhat light; it seemed that Martiņš was running there rather because of posturing (= to be able to boast about it)

(with tomēr) expressing contrast, opposition with a nuance of concession; yet, but still

tur nestāvēja rakstāmgaldi, bet gan parasti virtuves galdi ar vienu atvilktni

the desks weren't there, but instead simple kitchen tables with (only) one drawer

Šellija Prometejs neienīst savu mocītāju Jupiteru, bet gan sirsnīgi nožēlo

Shelley's Prometheus does not hate his tormentor Jupiter, but instead sincerely regrets (what he did)

(with gan) expressing strong contrast, opposition; but, but instead

atnāca Jānis, bet nevis Pēteris

etiķim jābūt dzidram, skābam, bet ne asam, kodīgam

vinegar must be clear, acid, but not sharp, harsh (= ‘biting’)

(with ne, nevis) expressing strong contrast, opposition; but not

tas, kas neredzams sēž uz soliņa man līdzās, nav Roberts, bet Harijs

the one sitting invisibly on the bench near me is not Roberts, but Harijs

vīnu apkārt dodama, viņa nenolaida acu, bet skatījās katram taisni sējā

(while) giving wine around, she did not lower her eyes, but (instead) looked straight in the face of every one (of them)

ne atpakaļ, bet uz priekšu iet mūsu dzīves gaita!

not backward, but forward our life's pace goes!

automobilis brauca nevis pa lielceļu, bet taisni pa meža ceļu

the car did not go on the highway, but straight along the forest road

(with a preceding negative clause) (expressing strong contrast, opposition)

Sīmanis gan mantu novēlēja, bet mir nenomira

Sīmanis did indeed want the property, but die, he didn't (= he did not go as far as dying for it)

rokas gan pieķēris ratu malai, bet neparko nevarēja attrāpīt ass galu

(his) hands did (manage to) catch the edge of the wheel, but couldn't reach the end of the axle

(with gan in the preceding sentence) expressing opposition to the preceding event, which did not achieve its goal, was frustrated (indeed) ... but

lietus beidzot pārgājis, bet saules nav

the rain has finally passed, but there is no sun

meitenes bārienu gaida, bet štāba priekšnieks smaida...

the girls were expecting a scolding, but the chief of staff smiled...

Jānis Bruzils juta, ka viena acs tam pamazām aiztūkst un apmiglo kā ar sarkanu miglu, bet toties otra kļūst arvien skaidrāka

Jānis Bruzils felt that one eye was slowly swelling and becoming covered with a red mist, but in contrast the other was becoming clearer and clearer

used to express an inconsistency or contradiction between two clauses, or a frustrated expectation

Līzei bija bezgala žēl izmocītās jaunās sievas. Bet nu bija jāiet iekšā un jārunājas ar citiem

Līze was infinitely sorry for the exhausted young woman. But she had to go in and talk to others.

pēc svētkiem Kārlēns aizgāja un solījās pārnākt atkal rudenī. Bet nepārnāca ne rudenī, ne pavasarī...

after the festivities Kārlēns went (away), promising to stay there again next fall. But he didn't come neither next fall, nor next spring...

used to connect a sentence to the preceding context, indicating an inconsistency or contradiction, or a frustrated expectation; But...

lai kāds dzērājs Vanags, bet ataugu viņš taupīja, ragavām ilksi, pat to viņš neļāva nocirst savā mežā

that Vanags may be a drunkard, but he conserved the (new) forest growth, sleigh lumber (= wood for making sleighs), he didn't let it be cut in his forest

used to connect a subordinate clause indicating concession to a main clause; but

riekstu eļļa noder ne vien uzturam, bet arī parfimērijas un laku pagatavošanai

hazelnut oil is useful not only for consumption, but also for perfume and varnish producers

Nikolajs Sņegovs bija ļoti aizrāvies ne tikai ar matemātiku, bet arī ar seno laiku vēsturi

Nikolajs Sņegovs was very fascinated not only by mathematics, but also by ancient history

(in combinations like ne vien ..., bet arī, ne tikai ..., bet arī, ne tikvien ..., bet arī) used to coordinate clause elements; not only ..., but also

bet tad nosēts linu lauks, bez vienas svītrinas, kā ar palagu noklāts!

but then the flax field was (fully) strewn, as if covered with a blanket

bet tad ir gan milzenis akmens!

(with tad) used to strengthen emotionally the idea expressed in a sentence as opposed to some expectation but...!, but then...!

šim pasākumam ir savs “bet”

this undertaking has its own but (= there is an obstacle to it)

tas jau slikti nebūtu, sieviņ, bet ir viens bet

that wouldn't be bad, wifey, but there is one “but”...

(used as a noun) obstacle, hindrance, “but”


bet

From bè (“without”) + a particle -t of indeterminate origin. This particle may come from tè (“let, may it be”); compare nèt (“even”) < nete. Cognate with Latvian bet.

Nóriu, bèt negaliù

Paskutìnis, bèt nè prasčiáusias

(adversative) but, yet, though (introduces an idea contrary to or a concession to the previous statement)


though

From Middle English thaugh, thagh, from Old English þēah (“though, although, even if, that, however, nevertheless, yet, still; whether”), later superseded in many dialects by Middle English though, thogh, from Old Norse *þóh (later þó); both from Proto-Germanic *þauh (“though”), from Proto-Indo-European *to-, suffixed with Proto-Germanic *-hw < Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”).
Akin to Scots thoch (“though”), Saterland Frisian dach (“though”), West Frisian dôch, dochs (“though”), Dutch doch (“though”), German doch (“though”), Swedish dock (“however, still”), Icelandic þó (“though”). More at that.

inh

Though it is risky, it is worth taking the chance.

Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

We shall be not sorry though the man die tonight.

"Though we called your friend from his bed this night, he could not speak for you, / "For the race is run by one and one and never by two and two."

Walk on through the wind, / Walk on through the rain, / Though your dreams be tossed and blown.

1945, Oscar Hammerstein II, “You’ll Never Walk Alone” (song), in Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, Carousel (musical)


ye

Söl: ‚Tarnow’ äbinom konletan zilik dinas valik teföl valemapükis valasotik. Bukem valemapükik omik, kel äbinon ba gretikün un Deutän, ye pedistukon ti löliko.

1946, “Nuns”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:

Mr. Tarnow was an industrious collector of all things in the field of world languages of all kinds. His library about world languages, which was perhaps the largest in Germany, has, however, been almost completely destroyed.


er

Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).

Judges 2:19

But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.

En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.

Þar er ég kom.

Þá er myndin var búin.

(with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time


er

desctree

Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.


er

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.


er

Icelandic: er

Faroese: er

Old Swedish: ær

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

inh

En er hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin

and when he died, the whole world cried.


er

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.


er

From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).

cog

Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.

2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.

Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …

2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …


won

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whanne


chance

[ˈt͡ʃãn̟.θe]

Borrowed from French chance or, in Mexico, from English chance. Doublet of cadencia.

(Mexico) maybe, perchance, perhaps or possibly


ven

Ven älabom lifayelis lul äprimom ad golön lü jul.

1937, “‚Johann Martin Schleyer’”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 34:

When he was five years old, he started going to school.

Ven nu Yesus pimotom, tö ‚Bethlehem’ in Yudän timü hireg: ‚Herodes’, ekö! sapans anik se lofüdän äkömoms ini ‚Hierusalem’.

1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:

After Jesus had been born at Bethlehem in Judaea during the reign of King Herod, suddenly some wise men came to Jerusalem from the east.


do

From de + o, from Latin dē (“from”) + ubi (“where”).


hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Welsh: hyd


vel

Ka vu volas manjor vel hamburger vel pizza?

Do you want to eat a hamburger and/or a pizza?

Me certe prenos akompananto: vel mea frato, vel mea kuzo.

1914, Félix Mirot, La Langue Auxiliaire, page 90:

I will certainly bring company: either my sibling and/or my cousin.


vel

Translingual: ∨ (symbol of disjunction)

English: vel sim., vel

From earlier *well, from *wels, from *welsi (“you wish”), thus originally the second-person singular present active indicative form of volō (“I will, I wish”). The semantic development may have been helped by the fortuitous similarity to -ve.

In theatro comediae vel tragediae aguntur.

2005, D.J. Krus, Elements of Propositional Calculus:

In theater, comedies or tragedies are played.


come

come arrivò…


nin

From Old Galician-Portuguese nen, nin, from Latin nor; and not. Akin to Portuguese nem.


then

From Middle English then(ne), than(ne), from Old English þonne, þanne, þænne (“then, at that time”), from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“at that (time), then”), from earlier *þam, from Proto-Indo-European *tóm, accusative masculine of *só (“demonstrative pronoun, that”).
Cognate with Dutch dan (“then”), German dann (“then”), Icelandic þá (“then”). Doublet of than.

inh

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every now and then

[…]his hand, more ſad [i.e., heavy, hard] then lomp of lead,[…]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 30, page 299:

And as a Pible caſt into a Spring, / Wee ſee a ſort of trembling cirkles riſe, / One forming other in theyr iſſuing / Till ouer all the Fount they circulize, / So this perpetuall-motion-making kiſſe, / Is propagate through all my faculties, / And makes my breaſt an endleſſe Fount of bliſſe, / Of which, if Gods could drink, theyr matchleſſe fare / Would make them much more bleſſed then they are.

1595, Ouids Banquet of Sence. A Coronet for his Miſtreſſe Philoſophie, and his amorous Zodiacke. VVith a tranſlation of a Latine coppie, written by a Fryer, Anno Dom. 1400, London: I. R. for Richard Smith:

Clow[ne]. O they haue lyud long on the almſbaſket of wordes. I maruaile thy M.hath not eaten thee for a worde, for thou art not ſo long by the head as honorificabilitudinitatibus: Thou art eaſier ſwallowed then a flapdragon.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), W. Shakespere [i.e., William Shakespeare], A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto), London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, published 1598, →OCLC; republished as Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5), London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

To ſet the minde on the racke of long meditation (you ſay) is a torment: to follow the ſwift foote of your hound alday long, hath no wearineſſe: what would you ſay of him that finds better game in his ſtudie, then you in the fielde, and would account your diſport his puniſhment? ſuch there are, though you doubt and wonder.

1611, Joseph Hall, “Epistle VIII. To E.B. Dedicated to Sir George Goring.”, in Epistles […], volume III, London: […] [William Stansby and William Jaggard] for Samuell Macham, […], →OCLC, 5th decade, pages 95–96:


era

and then (only used for occurrences in chronological order)


before

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Inherited from Middle English before／bifore, from Old English beforan, from be- + foran (“before”), from fore, from Proto-Germanic *furai, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“front”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian befoar (“before”), German Low German bevör (“before”), German bevor (“before”).

inh+

check yourself before you wreck yourself

don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched

don't count your chickens before they're hatched

it is always darkest just before the dawn

nothing is said that has not been said before

the darkest hour is always just before the dawn

the darkest hour is just before the dawn

Brush your teeth before you go to bed.

But before this elaborate treatise can become of universal use and ornament to my native country, two points[…] are absolutely necessary.

1731 (date written), Simon Wagstaff [pseudonym; Jonathan Swift], “An Introduction to the Following Treatise”, in A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation, […], London: […] B[enjamin] Motte […], published 1738, →OCLC, page xiv:

Stephen Ward then had to time his tackle excellently to deny Tarmo Kink as the Wolves winger slid the ball out of play before the Estonian could attempt to beat Given.

2011 November 11, Rory Houston, “Estonia 0-4 Republic of Ireland”, in RTE Sport:

I'll die before I'll tell you anything about it.


else

From Middle English ells, elles, from Old English elles (“other, otherwise, different”), from Proto-West Germanic *alljas, from Proto-Germanic *aljas (“of another, of something else”), genitive of *aljaz (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos, from *h₂el- (“other”).
Cognate with Old Frisian elles (“other”), Old High German elles, ellies (“other”), Danish eller (“or”), Danish ellers (“otherwise”), Swedish eljes, eljest (“or else, otherwise”), Norwegian elles (“else, otherwise”), Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), Latin alius (“other, another”), Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos), Arcadocypriot αἶλος (aîlos), modern Greek αλλιώς (alliós, “otherwise, else”).

cog

Then the Wronskian of f and g must be nonzero, else they could not be linearly independent.

He had never seen dogs fight as these wolfish creatures fought, and his first experience taught him an unforgetable lesson. It is true, it was a vicarious experience, else he would not have lived to profit by it.

1903 July, Jack London, “The Law of Club and Fang”, in The Call of the Wild, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, page 44:


et

From Proto-Finnic *että (compare Finnish että), from the same Proto-Uralic root *e- (“this”) as Hungarian ez.

Ma tean, et sa oled julm.

Ma sõitsin poodi, et viina osta.


et

(coordinating) And, especially as symbolized by an ampersand.


et

Mauritian Creole: e, ek

→ English: et

Inherited from Middle French et, from Old French et, from Latin et.


et

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: e

Romanian: e

Dalmatian:

e

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: e

Italian: e

Judeo-Italian: אֵי (e)

Neapolitan: e

Sicilian: e

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: e

Ligurian: e

Piedmontese: e

Romagnol: e

Friulian: e

Istriot: e

Ladin: y

Romansch: e, ed

Venetian: e

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: i

Franco-Provençal: et

desctree

Old French: et, e
Middle French: et
French: et
Mauritian Creole: e, ek
→ English: et
Norman: et
Picard: et
Walloon: et, eyet

Old Occitan: e
Occitan: e

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: y

Mozarabic: א (ʔ)

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: y, ya

Extremaduran: i

Leonese: y

Mirandese: i

Old Galician-Portuguese: e (see there for further descendants)

Galician: e

Portuguese: e

Old Spanish: é (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: e

From Proto-Italic *et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti or Proto-Indo-European *h₁eti.
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔτι (éti), Sanskrit अति (ati), Gothic 𐌹𐌸 (iþ, “and, but, however, yet”), Old English prefix ed- (“re-”). More at ed-.

cog

de gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum

Duo et duo sunt quattuor.


et

desctree

French: et
Mauritian Creole: e, ek
→ English: et


et

Dans les clios étout nou vait des tracteurs et des machinnes tandi qu'lé travas du fèrmyi r'prend san rhythme coumme tréjous.

2013 March 5, Geraint Jennings, “Mar martello”, in The Town Crier, archived from the original on 2016-03-13, page 20:

In the fields tractors and machines can be seen too as farm work picks up again as always.


et

Middle French: et
French: et
Mauritian Creole: e, ek
→ English: et

Norman: et

Picard: et

Walloon: et, eyet

Blanches et verz, bloes et jaunes

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:


et

Latin: et (see there for further descendants)

Paelignian: et

Umbrian: 𐌄𐌕 (et), et

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éti (“yet, still, also”), which De Vaan further believes to be an "old locative singular to a root noun from *h₁et- (“to go beyond”)."


cause

* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.
* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.


ir

From Proto-Baltic *ir, from the reduced grade *h₂r̥ of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“so, then; question particle”) (whence also Latvian ar (“with”); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and”), Old Prussian ir (“also”), er (“(along) with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ', ῥά (ára, ár', rhá, “so, then, therefore”).

cog

ἄρα, ἄρ', ῥά

gribējas ir smieties, ir raudāt

nāca ir jaunie, ir vecie

tolaik ir tēvs, ir māte bija miruši

at that time, both the father and the mother had died

tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būt ir jautra, ir nopietna

that was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to be both cheerful and serious

nakts kā jau nakts: ir mēness spīd, ir tālē rūsa plaiksnī

the night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shines and also in the distance silent lightning flashes

additive conjunction used to join several similar sentence elements, indicating their similar nature: both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...


ir

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir (“and, also”), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (“and, even”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (“thus, so”); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (“fit together”), see artì (“near”) for more.
Proto-Slavic *i (“and, even”) is probably not related.

Bùvo gražùs óras, ir̃ mẽs nùtarėme keliáuti.

the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.

(coordinating, correlative) both … and …


pos

From Vulgar Latin *pos, from Latin post.


pos

(Latin America) Alternative spelling of pues


end

From Old Norse en, earlier an, probably from Proto-Germanic *þan (“then”), like English than, German denn (“than, for”). For the loss of þ-, compare Old Norse at (“that”) from Proto-Germanic *þat (“that”).

Han er venligere end hende.

Han er venligere end hun er.


sin

sin aliter/minus/secus

Nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit?

If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? (Genesis 4:7, God speaking to Cain)


if

From Middle English if, yif, yef, from Old English ġif (“if”), from Proto-West Germanic *jabu, *jabē, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”). Cognate with Scots gif (“if, whether”), Saterland Frisian af, of (“if, whether”), West Frisian oft (“whether”), Dutch of (“or, whether, but”), Middle Low German ef, if, af, of ("if; whether"; > German Low German of), German ob (“if, whether”), Icelandic ef (“if”).

gloss

"if; whether"; > German Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="nds-de">of</i>

one's damned if one does and one's damned if one doesn't

would lose one's head if it wasn't bolted on

would lose one's head if it wasn't glued on

would lose one's head if it wasn't screwed on

would lose one's head if it wasn't stuck on

would lose one's head if it wasn't tied on

would lose one's head if it weren't attached

If it rains, I shall get wet.

I'll do it next year —if at all.

Supposing that, assuming that, in the circumstances that; used to introduce a condition or choice.

If A, then B, else C.

(computing) In the event that a statement is true (a programming statement that acts in a similar manner).

I would prefer it if you took your shoes off.

I would be unhappy if you had not talked with me yesterday.

If I were you, I wouldn't go there alone.

Supposing that; used with past or past perfect subjunctive indicating that the condition is closed.

If that's true, we had better get moving!

O what of Gods then boots it to be borne, / If old Aveugles ſonnes ſo euill heare?

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part I (books I–III), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza ii, page 66:

Supposing that; given that; supposing it is the case that.

Both Spear & Davis were indicted in the witchhunt surrounding the sensational (if nonexistent) "Revere sex ring."

1981 April 11, Mitzel, “Kopacz Acquitted In Barbre Killing”, in Gay Community News, page 1:

He was a great friend, if a little stingy at the bar.

She won her team's admiration, if not its award, for her performance.

Although; used to introduce a concession.

যদিও

although; used to introduce a concession

I don't know if I want to go or not.

Quoth Matthew, “ […] / She doubts if two and two make four, / […] ”

1715–1717, Matthew Prior, Alma; or, The Progress of the Mind, Canto III

It is doubtful if the Victorian Londoner needed any warning, for the artful mobsmen, toolers, whizzers and dippers, together with their stickman accomplices, were everywhere in the crowds, in the underground, on railway trains […]

1976, Michael Harrison, Beyond Baker Street: A Sherlockian Anthology, page 117:

(sometimes proscribed) Whether; used to introduce a noun clause, an indirect question, that functions as the direct object of certain verbs.

“Wait a minute!” said the girl: “I wouldn’t hurry by, if it was you that was coming out to be hung, the next time eight o’clock struck, Bill. I’d walk round and round the place till I dropped, if the snow was on the ground, and I hadn’t a shawl to cover me.”

1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:

If it’s the last thing I do / If it takes me from Tubilo to Timbuktu / If it’s the last thing I do / I’m gonna dodge every road block, speed trap, county cop / To get my hands on you / If it’s the last thing I do.

2004, David Lee Murphy and Kim Tribble (writers), Montgomery Gentry (singers), “If It’s The Last Thing I Do” (song), in You Do Your Thing (album)

(usually hyperbolic) Even if; even in the circumstances that.

I have leftover cake if you want some.

relevance conditional
relevance conditional#English


if

English: if, yif

Scots: gif, gyf, gin

Yola: yith, if

From Old English ġif, from Proto-West Germanic *jabē, *jabu, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.


if

If laboböv moni, remoböv ole buki at.

1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 19:

Binols sal taleda; ab if sal vedonöv nensmelik, me kin osalöfükoy üfo?

1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: V:

You are salt for the earth. But if salt loses its taste, what can make it salty again?


if

Thou leeesth if thou wasth Saan Vinteen, an Saan Vinteen agyne.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 52:

Thou liest if thou wast St. Finton, and St. Finton again.

If ich hadh Peeougheen a Buch, Meyleare a Slut, Peedher Ghiel-laaune, an Jackeen Bugaaune,

1867, “JAMEEN QOUGEELY EE-PEALTHE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 110, lines 5-6:

If I had Hugh the Buck, Meyler the Sloven, Peter the Smart Man, and John Boggan,


mal

Latin language
Old Galician-Portuguese language
pt:mal

From Old Galician-Portuguese mal, from Latin male (“badly; wrongly”).

mar

eye dialect spelling, representing Caipira Portuguese

Mal tinha saído quando a encontrei.


set

sexies viginti petre faciunt carrum plumbi scilicet magnum carrum London’ set carrus del Peek est multo minus.

c. 1300, Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris:

Six times twenty stone make the load of lead, scilicet the great London load, but the load of Peek is much less.


mana

მანა მანა#Laz


ano

Polish: ano

Silesian: ano

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ano. First attested in 1400.

Essze yeszmy sandzili Jakuba sz panem Paszkem, ano m[e]y geszmy gemu skaszaly XXX grziwen

1879 [1411], Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, editor, Księga ziemi czerskiej 1404-1425. Liber terrae Cernensis, Masovia, page 344:

Potrasz stawil sø na ten rok, iaco mal, ano go ne chczano prziyancz

1902 [1400], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 19:

Iako mne pan kaszal na przewoth, ano nye bil moy

1895 [1422], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 45:

Gdisz przestøpyla przes prog domowi, nalyazla, ano dzeczø vmarlo (cumque illa ingrederetur limen domus, puer mortuus est)

1930 [c. 1455], “III Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 14, 17:

Synowye izrahelsczy... uczynyly søø... chleb prazny, bo nye mogly ukwaszycz, ano ge nøkaly Egipsczy (cogentibus... Aegyptiis)

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 12, 39:


ano

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, Warmia) used to present something; and here

(Masuria, Ostróda, contrastive) but; just


bi

Wọ́n kọ́ wa bí a ti lè ṣe é.

Alternative spelling of bíi (“like, as”)


bi

Bí a ti jáde ni wọ́n dé.


bi

subordinating conjunction used solely with intensifiers such as àfi, àyàmọ̀, àyàṣe, and àdàmọ̀


weer

From older weder, from Middle Dutch wēder, from Old Dutch *wether, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz.

common Belgian and South Dutch realisations

North and East of the Netherlands, audio example


where

From Middle English wher, from Old English hwǣr (“where”, literally “at what place”), from Proto-Germanic *hwar (“where”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo- (interrogative pronoun).

哪裡

if the place is unknown or is an answer of a question

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame. With more settled people, animals were harnessed to capstans or caged in treadmills to turn grist into meal.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him.

1967, Barbara Sleigh, Jessamy, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, published 1993, →ISBN, page 122:

I've forgotten where I was in this book, but it was probably around chapter four.

I hardly knew where I was going.

Stay where you are.

Go back where you came from.

Let's go where it's warmer.

In, at or to the place (that) or a place (that).

Please sit where you like.

Their job is to go where they are called.

In, at or to any place (that); wherever; anywhere.

You cannot be too careful where explosives are involved.

Where no provision under this Act is applicable, the case shall be decided in accordance with the customary practices.

And flight and die is death destroying death; Where fearing dying pays death servile breath.

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

July 18 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Dark Knight Riseshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-dark-knight-rises-review-batman,82624/
Where the Joker preys on our fears of random, irrational acts of terror, Bane has an all-consuming, dictatorial agenda that’s more stable and permanent, a New World Order that’s been planned out with the precision of a military coup.

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013 June 14, Jonathan Freedland, “Obama's once hip brand is now tainted”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 1, page 18:

Where Susy has trouble coloring inside the lines, Johnny has already mastered shading.

While on the contrary; although; whereas.

siinä missä

while on the contrary, although, whereas


bo

Bo mèront hatzich, bo mèeront bilzich.


bo

Inherited from Old Czech bo, from Proto-Slavic *bo. Compare Polish bo.


bo

Czech: bo


bo

Polish: bo

Silesian: bo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bo. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

etydate

Czso posual Jacub medzi mnø a medzi Bodzechnø, tho posual po prawe, bosmi tho sandzili

1887, 1889 [1388], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume I, number 461, Poznań:

Moui... pocazuiø, iz sø gresnicy ctuoracy; bo moui to slouo albo sedøcim, albo spøcim, albo lezøcim, albo uma[rłym]

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page br 10:

Panye woyczye, yusz bo czyą [y] pytham na prawye... yesthly to szlubyenye moczno

1858 [c. 1408], Wojciech Szurkowski z Ponieca, “Wyroki sądów miejskich czyli ortyle [Urban court rulings i.e. "Ortyls"]”, in Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Historia prawodawstw słowiańskich [History of Slavic lawmaking], volume 6, Poniec, page 71:


bo

Nie zadzwoniłem, bo spałem.

Bo nie.

Bo tak.

Bo co?

Wstawaj już, bo spóźnisz się do szkoły!

Get up now or you'll be late for school!

On nie jest miły, bo nie chciał dać mi swoich ciasteczek.

He isn't nice because he didn't want to give me his cookies.

because (as is known, inferred, or determined from the fact that)

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Moab y Agarenowie Gebalitowie j Amon y Amalech/ y cżudzoziemci z mieſzkaiącimi w Tirze. [...] Boy Aſſur prziſzedł ſnimi j ſtał ſie na pomoc ſinom Lotowym. [Etenim Assur venit cum illis: facti sunt in adiutorium filiis Loth]

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page 82/9:

[Confitebuntur coeli mirabilia tua domine: etenim veritatem tuam in ecclesia santorum] Będą wyznawać niebioſa czuda twoie miły panie bo y prawdę twoię będę wyſlawiać w zebraniu ſwiętych.

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page 88/6:


bo

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: бо (bo)
Old Ruthenian: бо (bo)
Belarusian: бо (bo)
Carpathian Rusyn: бо (bo)
Ukrainian: бо (bo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: бо (bo)

Glagolitic: ⰱⱁ (bo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо

Latin script: bo

West Slavic:

Old Czech: bo

Czech: bo (dialectal)

Kashubian: bò

Old Polish: bo
Polish: bo
Silesian: bo

Old Slovak: bo

Pannonian Rusyn: бо (bo)

Slovak: bo

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: bo

Lower Sorbian: bo

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ba, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰo. According to ЭССЯ it is a prosodic variant of *ba.


by

Czech: by

second/third-person singular aorist of býti

Introduces a clause two which the speaker has reservations or uncertainty.

Especially with a negated verb; expresses concern.

Introduces a clause of intention; in order to; would that

Especially after a negated verb; expresses that the viewer sees something as unrealistic.


by

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *by. First attested in the 14th century.

Grzeszni... godzi, bi vlapil vbogego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 9, 31:

Orandowal i[e]szm do gich domv, by penødze brali

1887, 1889 [1395], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number 1773, Pyzdry, Gniezno, Kościan:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) introduces a clause of aim; to, so that, in order to

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

Pamyantay, tobe vyele, by czczil suato y nyedzela

End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume III, number 2:

Micolay prosil prze bok, by mu othpustil przisi[an]gą

1861 [1398], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 34:

Nye chczemy, by tho zgromadzenye navyedzal... kthory lagyk (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)

1892 [1484], Hieronim Łopaciński, editor, Reguła trzeciego zakonu św. Franciszka i drobniejsze zabytki języka polskiego z końca w. XV i początku XVI, Krakow, page 721:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces a command; to

Swyøty Blaszey gemu rzekl: Wylo, mnymasz, by *twey møky mogly odyøcz miloscz bozø

1896 [Middle of the 15th century], Lucjan Malinowski, editor, Żywot świętego Błażeja. Zabytek języka polskiego z początku wieku XV,, page 320:

Roman Ianoui ne slubowal, bi mu szø gwalth ne sstal w gego domu

1902 [1405], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 272:

Sczepan zalowal, bi Przibkowa dzewka mu pancz grziwen wcradla

1888 [1401], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 109:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces a clarifying clause; to

Boymisch syą, bichom pichą krolewstwa nyebyeskyego ny straczily

1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 235:

Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali; a kiedy przyszedł a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom, by jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 610:

Tocz yest volą bogą naszego, bychom pelnyly przykaząnye *yago

End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume II, number 1:

introduces a subjective clause; in order to

Micol[ay] s Wawrzincem ne vmawal nigednei vmo[wi], bi meli pusczicz na przyaczele

1887, 1889 [1399], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number 1376, Pyzdry, Gniezno, Kościan:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces an attributive clause; in order to

Nie jesteśmy tako źli, bychmy to uczynili

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 790:

introduces a clausal clause; in order to

Bo by bog ne podpomogl me, przes mala przebiwalabi bila w pekle dusza moia (nisi quia dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 93, 17:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces an unreal conditional clause; if

(Pothkomorze wszącz ma)... dwa rydla a nye wyączey, by tesz dwye alybo trzy dzedzyny myedzy dwyema granyczyl (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 63:

(attested in Masovia) admissive; albeit, although


by

bym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
byśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
byś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
byście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
by (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
by (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to [with past-tense clause]

Near-synonyms: bodaj, bodajby, byle, byleby, niech, niechaj, niechajże, niechby, niechże, oby

creates an optative clause; if only, had better, let [with past-tense clause]

creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to [with infinitive]

introduces a subordinate clause expression doubt; if


by

From Middle English by, from Old English bi, from Proto-West Germanic *bī. Cognates include English by and Yola bee.


by

bych (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
bychmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
byś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
byście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
by (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
by (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


k

Io mortis en Hispanio k io ega k brilega naskiĝis.

1938, Alardo Prats, translated by Pario, Fronto k Postfronto de Aragonio, page 24:

Cetere li bone konsciis sian valoron, tiris el ĝi orgojlon, kompleze flegadis sian « mi », k rapide senpacienciĝis, se li renkontis kontraŭulon, kiu rifuzis lasi sin persvadi de liaj rezonoj.

1948, Gaston Waringhien, Leteroj de L.-L. Zamenhof: La Tragedio de Lia Vivo Rivelita de Lia Ĵus Retrovita Korespondo kun la Francaj Eminentuloj, Edlonis S.A.T., →OCLC, page 9:

SAS estas ja nur aerkompanio de tiuj tri landoj. (Ferooj k Gr(o)enlando apartenas al Danio, Islando havas propran kompanion Loftleidir (krom pli nova Viking Air).)

2003 January 13, Sebastian Hartwig, “Re: 'Ghisdate pri Esperanto' hodiau en la boksmala”, in soc.culture.esperanto (Usenet), retrieved 2017-05-17:

SAS is really just an airline of those three countries. (the Faroe Islands and Greenland belong to Denmark, Iceland has its own company Loftleidir (besides a newer Viking Air).)


go

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”), Russian ко (ko, “to”).

inh

Deir sé go bhfuil deifir air.

that (used to introduce a subordinate clause)

Go gcuidí Dia leo.

Go maire tú é!

Go raibh maith agat.

Thank you. (literally, “May you have good.”)

used to introduce a subjunctive hortative

Fan go dtiocfaidh sé.


w

Superseded spelling of u before or after a vowel.


wherefore

/ˈwɛə(ɹ)ˌfɔː(ɹ)/

/ˈʍɛə(ɹ)ˌfɔː(ɹ)/

/ˈʍɜːɹˌfɔːɹ/

From Middle English wherfor, wherfore, hwarfore, equivalent to where- (“what”) + for. Compare Dutch waarvoor (“what for, wherefore”), German wofür (“for what, what for, why”), Danish and Norwegian hvorfor (“wherefore, why”), Swedish varför (“wherefore, why”). More at where, for.

cog

Wherefore, thus ſaith the holy one of Iſrael, Becauſe ye deſpise this word, and truſt in oppreſſion and peruerſeneſſe, and ſtay thereon: Therefore this iniquitie ſhalbe to you as a breach ready to fall, ſwelling out in a high wall, whoſe breaking commeth ſuddenly at an inſtant.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 30:12–13, column 1:

Wherefore it was that by the time the authorities awoke to the fact that something had happened Billy Byrne was fifty miles west of Joliet, bowling along aboard a fast Santa Fe freight.

1914 October – 1916 July, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Mucker, Chicago, Ill.: A[lexander] C[aldwell] McClurg & Co., published 31 October 1921, →OCLC:


h

(Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of hogy (“that”).


n

Alternative form: 'n'

rock n roll

Contraction of and; chiefly used in set phrases.


n

(text messaging, slang) Abbreviation of dan.


when

From Middle English when(ne), whanne, from Old English hwonne, from Proto-West Germanic *hwannē, from Proto-West Germanic *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan (“at what time, when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis (interrogative base).
Cognate with Dutch wanneer (“when”) and wen (“when, if”), Low German wannehr (“when”), wann (“when”) and wenn (“if, when”), German wann (“when”) and wenn (“when, if”), Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ƕan, “when, how”), Latin quandō (“when”). More at who.
Interjection sense: a playful misunderstanding of "say when" (i.e. say something / speak up when you want me to stop) as "say [the word] when".

der

Pavlov's dogs salivate when [i.e. at any and every time that] they hear a bell.

When [i.e. at any and every time that] he speaks to her, he is always polite.

Put your pencil down when [i.e. as soon as, at the moment that] the timer goes off.

A player wins when [as soon as, or at any time that, if] she has four cards of the same suit.

A student is disqualified when [as soon as, if] they cheat.

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact), page 382, column 1:

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

At (or as soon as) that time that; at the (or any and every) time that; if.

They dream when [i.e. during the time that] they sleep.

I'm happiest when [during the time that, or at any time that] I’m working.

It was raining when I came yesterday.

The game is over when the referee says it is.

Be careful when crossing the street.

When (you are) angry, count to ten before speaking or acting.

The Baggies had offered little threat until the 28th minute, but when their first chance came it was a clear one.

2012 April 22, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0-1 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

During the time that; at the time of the action of the following clause or participle phrase.

I am here till Friday, when [i.e. at which time] I leave for Senegal.

I was just walking down the street, when [i.e. at which time] all of a sudden it started to rain.

I am at London only to provide for Monday, when I shall use that favour which my Lady Bedford hath afforded me, of giving her name to my daughter; which I mention to you, […]

1839, John Donne, The Works of John Donne: Sermons, Letters, Poems, page 310:

He sat at the door of his kitchen watching, and seeing there was nothing else for it we buckled to and soon had the job done; when we were admitted to the kitchen and given a really good meal.

1929, Donald John Munro, The Roaring Forties and After, page 38:

I don't see the point of putting up Christmas decorations when I am the only person who is going to see them.

Since; given the fact that; considering that.

kun

since; given the fact that; considering that

You're picking at your scabs when you should be letting them heal.

He keeps changing things when the existing system works perfectly well.

Oh age! / Where only wealthy men are counted happy: / How ſhall I pleaſe thee? how deſerve thy ſmiles? / When I am only rich in miſery?

c. 1604–1626, doubtfully attributed to Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “The Faithful Friends”, in Henry [William] Weber, editor, The Works of Beaumont and Fletcher, in Fourteen Volumes: […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] F[rancis] C[harles] and J[ohn] Rivington; […], published 1812, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii, page 53:

Whereas; although; at the same time as; in spite of the fact that.

vaikka

whereas; although; in spite of the fact that


d

From Proto-Berber *d. Cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⴷ (d).

Nekk d gma neggan.


d

From da with the same meaning, from Proto-Slavic *da, from Proto-Indo-European *doh₂, which is pronoun Proto-Indo-European *de-, Proto-Indo-European *do- 'this' in lative case. Simplification occurred due to modern vowel reduction as the final /a/ reduced to /ə/.

ko treniraš s prevelikimi težami si rekel d se rast ustavi, ker telo vso enrgijo porab za mišice, kaj pa če s tem prenehaš a pol se rast spet začne?

2007 October 11, “Športna medicina: forum”, in The nutriitiion.com:

When you are training with too heavy weights, you said that the growth stops because the body uses all the energy for the muscles, but what if you stop doing it, does the growth begin again?


й

and (variant of і (i), sometimes used after vowels in the Taraškievica standard and in poetry)


agora

Agora ele sai, sua mai sâm mais feliçata.

Since he left, his mom has been happier.

Io sâm remana, agora io irmam sâm adap.

I am rich, while my brother’s hard for cash.

(rare, possibly archaic) on the other hand; while


agora

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese agora, from Latin hāc hōrā. Compare Galician agora and Spanish ahora.

inh+

Eu leio um livro todos os meses, agora (os) meus amigos não leem nem um por ano.

I read one book every month; my friends, on the other hand, don’t even read one per year.

on the other hand; whereas; while (introduces an example that is the opposite of the previous example)

Agora comemos carne, agora comemos salada.

Sometimes we eat meat, sometimes we eat salad.

(familiar, introducing various clauses) sometimes … sometimes


ч

both...and; neither...nor (with one ч after the first term, and another after the second)


и

Момчета и момичета излизат да играят.

and (used to connect two homogeneous similar words or phrases)

хляб, масло и сирене

and (used at the end of a list to indicate the last item)

Поправих стола и той отново се счупи.

and (used to join sentences or sentence fragments in chronological order)

Още веднъж ме попитай за определението на „и“ и ще изкрещя.
Ošte vednǎž me popitaj za opredelenieto na „i“ i šte izkreštja.
Ask me the definition of “and” again and I’ll scream.

„Нямам ключ.“   „И...“   „И ми трябва, за да вляза.“
„Njamam ključ.“   „I...“   „I mi trjabva, za da vljaza.“
“I don't have a key.”   “And...”   “And I need one to get in.”

И аз няма да бъда там.

И аз ще бъда там.

I shall be there, too./I shall also be there.

и двамата

Не съм го и видял.

even (implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)

Така и предполагах.

Пет и шест е единадесет.

(mathematics) and, plus (used to indicate addition)


и

И рацете и нозете ти се изгребани.

Both your arms and your legs are scratched.


и

Old Ruthenian: и (i)

Belarusian: і (i), й (j)

Carpathian Rusyn: й (j)

Ukrainian: і (i), й (j)

Russian: и (i) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Slavic *i. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic и (i) and Old Polish i.


и

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *i, from Proto-Indo-European *ei, an early locative singular determiner, formed from the root *h₁e-, *h₁o-. Compare Greek εἰ (ei, “if”), Gothic 𐌴𐌹 (ei, “and, so that, be it”). Follows from ablative Proto-Indo-European *ed.

Вот я́блоко и гру́ша.

Да и да́же уже́ не боли́т.

Да да́же уже́ и не боли́т.

Росси́и нужны́ и а́рмия, и фло́т.

Я и э́то зна́ю. ― Ja i éto znáju. ― I know that as well.

Бою́сь дана́йцев и дары́ принося́щих.

I fear the Danaans [Greeks], even those bearing gifts.

Да он и её не нашёл — сло́вно нас успе́ли обокра́сть. ― Da on i jejó ne našól — slóvno nas uspéli obokrástʹ. ― And he didn't find even that, as if someone had managed to rob us.

Ой, да я ж да́же и не пыта́лся! ― Oj, da ja ž dáže i ne pytálsja! ― Oh my! I didn't even try to put any effort! (It can be either sarcasm or not) (даже means "even" too)


и

From Proto-Slavic *i, from Proto-Indo-European *éy.

Ивица и Марица се воле

и тако даље

не можеш истовремено и тужити и судити.

you can't simultaneously both sue and judge

и мени се свиђа ваш одабир

(чак) и ја сам позван на забаву!

он је не само даровит, него и јако марљив

he is not only talented, but also very industrious

(не са̏мо .. не̏го/ве̏ћ и...) also, too

уморио сам се и нисам могао више играти кошарку

I grew tired, so I couldn't play basketball anymore


а

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a (“and, but”)

Не ён, а яна́.

but, and, and yet (deviates from the preceding idea in some manner; introduces a new or different meaning, as opposed to но (no), which usually indicates contrarity)


а

Мислехме си, че е арогантна, а всъщност просто беше много срамежлива.

We thought she was arrogant, whereas in fact she was just very shy.

Mislehme si, če e arogantna, a vsǎštnost prosto beše mnogo sramežliva.

Той има кафяви очи, а децата му имат зелени очи.

He has brown eyes whereas his children have green eyes.

Toj ima kafjavi oči, a decata mu imat zeleni oči.

Едни се раждат, а други умират.

used to describe how two facts are different: whereas, while

Не музиката не харесвам, а самата банда.

It's not the music I don't like but rather the band themselves.

Ne muzikata ne haresvam, a samata banda.

Тя получи повишението не заради късмет, а с усърдна работа.

She got the promotion not by luck but by hard work.

Tja poluči povišenieto ne zaradi kǎsmet, a s usǎrdna rabota.

Стените не бяха бели, а по-скоро мръсно сиви.

The walls were not white, but rather a sort of dirty grey.

Stenite ne bjaha beli, a po-skoro mrǎsno sivi.

Той има добра работа, а като че ли никога няма пари.

He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.

Toj ima dobra rabota, a kato če li nikoga njama pari.

Мислех си, че те познавам, а колко съм грешал.

I thought I knew you, yet how wrong I was.

Misleh si, če te poznavam, a kolko sǎm grešal.

Видях го вчера, а не днес.

used to introduce an idea that is different or opposite to the idea that is desired, expected or that you have stated previously: but, yet, rather

Минаха години и всичко се промени. А той все още не се завръщаше.

Years passed and everything changed. And he still hadn't come back.

Minaha godini i vsičko se promeni. A toj vse ošte ne se zavrǎštaše.

used to start a new sentence or clause that continues or adds to a previous sentence or clause: and


а

тиде тылат, а тиде мылам

and, but (used to connect two phrases when there is a contrast between them)

тышке огыл, а тушко

but, but instead (used in clauses preceded by negated clauses)

а вараже?

and, but (introduces supplementary questions)


а

Old Ruthenian: а (a)

Belarusian: а (a)

Carpathian Rusyn: а (a)

Ukrainian: а (a)

Russian: а (a) (see there for further descendants)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic а (a) and Old Polish a.


а

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a. First attested in c. 1025‒1050. Cognate with Old East Slavic а (a), Old Church Slavonic а (a), Old Polish a, Old Czech a.

… а ꙁамъке кѣле а двьри кѣлѣ а господарь въ не тѧжѣ не дѣе а продаи клеветьника того а оу сего смьръда въꙁ[ѧти] еп҃оу …

c. 1025‒1050, Jos Schaeken, transl., Берестяная грамота № 247 [Birchbark letter no. 247]:

But the lock is intact, the door is intact, and the master for that reason is not pursuing damages. So fine that false accuser, and the bishop is to take from this peasant […]

… нонѣ ӧсподо какъ ѻ мнѣ сѧ печалутесѧ : а ѧꙁъ вамъ свои ѻсподе чоломъ бью · …

c. 1430‒1450, Берестяная грамота № 962 [Birchbark letter no. 962]:

How, gentlemen, will you take care of me now? And I bow to you, my masters.


а

→ Eastern Mari: а (a)

→ Ingrian: a

→ Kildin Sami: а (a)

→ Votic: a

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a (“and, but”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ōd (presumed to be the ablative of *éy, h₁e). Cognate with Lithuanian õ (“and, but”).
Possible link with Lithuanian ar̃ (“question particle”). Compare Russian а (a, “and, but”), и (i, “and”) and да (da, “and, but”) with Lithuanian ar̃ (“if, whether”), ir̃ (“and”) and dár (“still, yet”).

Сего́дня тепло́, а вчера́ бы́ло хо́лодно.

It is warm today, but yesterday it was cold.

Э́то не я́блоко, а гру́ша.

А что?

а то

but, and (deviates from the preceding idea in some manner; introduces a new or different meaning, as opposed to но (no), which usually indicates contrarity)


а

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *a (“and, but”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō.

учио сам ц(иј)ело посл(иј)еподне, а ништа нисам научио

I studied for the whole afternoon, but I didn't learn anything

а како бисте ви то направили?

столови су црвени, а столице су зелене

the tables are red, whereas the chairs are green

не могу се укључити у расправу, а да не направим неред

I cannot enter a discussion without making a mess

одлази, а да није рекао ни збогом

he's leaving without even saying goodbye

(with да не) without (usually after negative verbs)

прави пријатељ зна све о теби, а ипак те воли

the real friend knows everything about you, and yet he loves you

у мору лоших в(иј)ести тешко је остати објективан, а камоли оптимистичан

in the sea of bad news it's hard to stay objective, let alone optimistic

а и да јесам то направио, не би то учинило неку разлику

even if I did it, it wouldn't have made much of a difference

свиђају ми се плавуше, а и ја се покојој свидим

I like blondes, and some of them even like me

били су жалосни, а и ја сам


а

Не він, а вона.


hem

Borrowed from Persian هم (ham). Doublet of homo-.

Hem bu hem şu.


u

From Proto-Semitic *wa (“and”). Cognate with Arabic وَ (wa) and Biblical Hebrew וְ־ (wə̆-).

𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒁁𒂖 𒊭𒈨𒂊 𒅇 𒅕𒍢𒁴

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by CDLI, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Prologue, lines 3-5:

𒅇 𒅆𒅅𒁕𒄠 𒋗𒁉𒇴 [u šiqdam šūbilam]

𒋳𒈠𒀸𒊭𒀜 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒀉𒋾𒍣𒅗𒊑𒅎 𒊭𒉌𒅎 𒄿𒈾𒄿𒌅𒅆 𒀉𒋫𒊍𒁁 𒄿𒅗𒍪𒋗𒉡𒋾𒈠 𒀀𒈾 𒈨𒂊 𒄿𒈾𒀜𒁺𒌑 𒋗𒉡𒋾 𒋳𒈠𒁁𒂖 𒀸𒊭𒁴 𒀸𒊭𒍪𒌑𒁀𒆷𒀜 𒅇 𒊬𒊒𒌝 𒀵𒍪𒌑𒁀𒆷𒀜

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 129:

If an awīlum's wife has been caught lying with another man, they will be bound and thrown into the water; if the wife's lord wishes to spare his wife, also the king may spare his servant.

šum-ma aš-ša-at a-wi-lim it-ti zi-ka-ri-im ša-ni-im i-na i-tu-lim it-ta-aṣ-bat i-ka-su₂-šu-nu-ti-ma a-na me-e i-na-ad-du-u₂-šu-nu-ti šum-ma be-el aš-ša-tim aš-ša-su₂ u₂-ba-la-aṭ u₃ šar-ru-um IR₃-su₂ u₂-ba-la-aṭ


u

Si hei glachet u der Grossätti het gfunge: „So, jetz wärs Zyt für no chlei öppis z Znacht - u nächär göh mir de ungere.

2008, Ulrich Stuber, Der Bettleschloss-Tüfel:

She laughed and the grandpa opined: „So, now is the time for a little bit of dinner - and afterwards we'll go downstairs.


u

From Arabic وَ (wa), from Proto-Semitic *wa. Cognate with Hebrew וְ־ (wə-).

w

superseded representation of the consonantal pronunciation

il-kelb u l-qattus

tpejjep u tixrob

Kulħadd jibża’ u ħadd ma jabbuża jmissu!

2008, Trevor Żahra, Il-Ġenn li Jżommni f’Sikti, Merlin Publishers, →ISBN:

and; used to connect words, phrases, etc.

huma u reqdin

when they were sleeping (literally, “they and sleeping”)

aħna u nitkellmu

when we were talking (literally, “we and we talk”)

when, as; used after a personal pronoun and followed by an active participle or imperfect verb


u

diez u once


want

From Dutch want, from Middle Dutch want, from Old Dutch wanda, from Proto-Germanic *hwandê.


want

Afrikaans: want

Negerhollands: want

→ Kwinti: want

From Middle Dutch want, from Old Dutch wanda, from Proto-Germanic *hwandê. Cognate with Old High German wanta, Middle High German wante.

Hij had haast, want hij dreigde de trein te missen.

He was in a hurry, for he was about to miss the train.

Ze ging vroeg naar bed, want ze was erg moe.

She went to bed early, because she was very tired.

Hij gaf haar bloemen, want hij wilde haar laten glimlachen.

He gave her flowers, as he wanted to make her smile.


want

Dutch: want

from Old Dutch wanda, from Proto-Germanic *hwandē.


want

From Old Frisian hwant, hwante, hwande, hwanda, from Proto-Germanic *hwandê.


吧

Nôm form of và (“and, with, as well as”).


e

* Conjunction e (“and, also”): according to Orel from Proto-Albanian *ō(d), from Proto-Indo-European *ēd ~ *ōd (ablative sg. stem of Proto-Indo-European *ē- ~ *ō-).


e

From Latin et, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éti.


e

Túa irmá e eu fomos cear e despois ao cine.

Your sister and I went to have dinner and then to the cinema.


e

From Portuguese e. Cognate with Kabuverdianu e.


e

Trasê tamêm um vaquinh bem gord e matá par nós comê e par nós regalá

1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:

Bring also a small and very fat cow and kill (it) for us to eat and for us to feast on

and (expresses two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other)


e

Caro, cun quil visito bianco e russo.

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 128:

Dear, with that little white and red face.


e

ed

before a word starting with a vowel, especially /e ɛ/.

Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura ¶ esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte ¶ che nel pensier rinova la paura!

1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto I”, in Inferno [Hell], lines 4–6; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2ⁿᵈ revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:

Ah me! how hard a thing it is to say ¶ What was this forest savage, rough, and stern, ¶ Which in the very thought renews the fear.

(archaic, literary) (e... e) both... and or just ... and


e

From Latin et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti (“beyond, over”).


e

Fala: i

Galician: e

desctree

Portuguese: e
Guinea-Bissau Creole: i, e
Indo-Portuguese: e
Kabuverdianu: y, i, e
Papiamentu: i, y

From Latin et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.


e

Occitan: e


e

Spanish: y, e

c. 1200: Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 64v.
e el reẏ con ſana q́ auie mando que mataſen todos los ſabios de babilonna e demandaron a danel e aſos conpaneros por matar

And the king, full of anger, ordered all the wise men of Babylon be put to death, and they sought Daniel and his companions to put them to death.


e

Guinea-Bissau Creole: i, e

Indo-Portuguese: e

Kabuverdianu: y, i, e

Papiamentu: i, y

From Old Galician-Portuguese e (“and”), from Latin et (“and”), from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Eu vim e eles saíram.

Mandaram lacrar todas as saídas e não deixar ninguém...

2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 211:

They ordered me to seal all the exits and not to let anyone...

and (connects two clauses indicating that the events occurred together, one after the other or without any special implication)

Eu e ele vamos embora.

Tenho quatro frutas: uma maçã, uma pera, uma laranja e uma uva.

I have four fruits: an apple, a pear, an orange and a grape.

and (connects the last and penultimate elements in a list)

Ela é baixa, e burra, e preguiçosa, e feia.

She is short, and stupid, and lazy, and ugly.

Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...

2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix [Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix] (Harry Potter; 5), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:

You noticed her hair, it's dark and brilliant and soft...

(emphatic) and (connects every element of a list)

Verdadeiro e falso dá falso.

(logic) and (indicates a conjunction operation)

Esperei por anos e anos.

(in the format “X e X”) and (indicates a great number of something)


e

From Latin et, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éti or *h₁eti.


e

Yo hablo francés e inglés.


e

Liegikans e pöfikans binons deadöfiks.

1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 12:


than

then (unstressed form, also for some speakers stressed form)

From Middle English than, thanne, from Old English þanne, a variant of þonne (“then, since, because”), from Proto-West Germanic *þan, from Proto-Germanic *þan (“at that, at that time, then”), from earlier *þam, from Proto-Indo-European *tóm, accusative masculine of *só (“demonstrative pronoun, that”).
Cognate with Dutch dan (“than”), German denn (“than”), German dann (“then”). Doublet of then.

inh

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine. The machine gun is so much more lethal than the bow and arrow that comparisons are meaningless.

2013 July 20, “Old Soldiers?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

Answer me if you can, any other way, than because the Scriptures, which are infallible, Say so.

1665, Edward Stillingfleet, William Laud, Thomas Carwell, A Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion:

she's taller than I am; she found his advice more witty than helpful; we have less work today than we had yesterday; We had no choice than to return home

Used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison.

If thou say yes, then puttest thou on Christ (that is, the wisdome of God, the Father) unkunning, unpower, or euil will: for than he could not make his rule so good as an other did his.

You shall also take the fine earth or mould which is found in the hollow of old Willow trees, rising from the root almost to the middle of the Tree, at least so far as the tree is hollow, for than this, there is no earth or mould finer or richer.

1668, William Lawson, A Way to Get Wealth:

(obsolete outside dialects, usually used with for) Because; for.


than

English: than

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


than

from there, therefore, if, because, after


ile

From Ottoman Turkish ایله (ile, “with”), from Proto-Turkic *bile (“with; together, also”)

Ateşle barut yan yana durmaz.

Fire and gunpowder, side by side, do not last.


後

Originally an extension of 跡(あと) (ato, “footprint; leftover”), itself a compound of 足(あ) (a, “foot”) + 所(と) (to, “place”).

後、気付いたことはありませんか。


च

Kalasha: že

Pali: ca

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *-ća, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ča, from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Avestan 𐬗𐬀 (ca), Old Persian -𐎨𐎠 (-c-a /cā/), Latin -que, Ancient Greek τε (te), Gothic -𐌿𐌷 (-uh).

अविर् अश्वाश् च


爲

爲(Vì)埃(ai)𨢟(gây)孕(dựng)朱(cho)𢧚(nên)餒(nỗi)尼(này)

18th century, Đặng Trần Côn (鄧陳琨) (circa 1705–1745) (original Chinese), translated by Đoàn Thị Điểm (段氏點) (1705–1746/1748) (traditionally claimed), might actually be translated by Phan Huy Ích (潘輝益) (1751–1822), Chinh phụ ngâm khúc (征婦吟曲) [The Song of a Soldier's Wife], line 4:


bath

(Northern) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


ah

(Anglian) Alternative form of ac (“but”)


ah

I sukuhl, ah e doadoahk.

Ma Soulik pahn iang, ah I sohte pahn iang.


sei

Latin: sī

From *sei, an innovated thematic locative singular of Proto-Indo-European *só.


ha

From Proto-Brythonic *(h)a, from Proto-Indo-European *ad-gʰe (compare with Cornish ha, Welsh a, ag).


ha

From Proto-Brythonic *(h)a, from Proto-Indo-European *ad-gʰe (compare with Breton ha, Welsh a, ag).

Yma hwans dhymm a diwes hag avel.

hag ev owth oberi


ha

Lexicalization of the h- stem of hogy + -á (lative case suffix). The original form was probably há, where the ending later shortened to -a.

ha a hegy nem megy Mohamedhez, Mohamed megy a hegyhez

ha nincs otthon a macska, cincognak az egerek

if (introducing a conditional clause; often coupled with akkor (“then”))

Ha meglátod a parkot, fordulj jobbra.


fast

From Old Swedish faster, from Old Norse fastr, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

Farsan löper också bra, fast inte lika fort.

Dad also runs well, although not as fast.


eta

Unknown, perhaps from Latin et (“and”). Unrelated to the suffix -eta.

katuak eta txakurrak

bat eta bat bi dira

Hotelera ailegatu eta igerilekura joan ziren.

They went to the swimming pool just after arriving at the hotel.

Ezin dut kakaueterik jan, alergikoa naiz eta.

I can't eat peanuts because I'm allergic


hyphen

From Late Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑφέν (huphén, “together”), contracted from ὑφ’ ἕν (huph’ hén, “under one”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ἕν (hén, “one”), neuter of εἷς (heîs, “one”).

You are sitting at the wrong table, if I may be so bold, among the misguided who believe in the mass murder of mentalities, otherwise known as the liberal arts hyphen vocational training hyphen education.

1945, Robert Gessner, Youth is the time:

Ax was now a Hollywood hyphenated man. An actor hyphen director hyphen writer.

He described himself as a poet-composer and actually said the word hyphen when he did so: "I'm a poet hyphen composer.

He is an actor (hyphen) writer (hyphen) director. In the fifth year of the series Alan Alda added another title to his growing list — that of creative consultant.

1983, David S. Reiss, M*A*S*H: the exclusive, inside story of TV's most popular show:

One reason he has avoided reading legal thrillers is that “they seem really to have been written by lawyer-hyphen-authors.”

2007, Stephen M. Murphy, What If Holden Caulfield Went to Law School?, page 65:

Used to emphasize the coordinating function usually indicated by the punctuation "-".


once

From Middle English ones, from Old English ānes, a remodelling (after ān (“one”)) of ǣnes, itself an extension of ǣne (“once”) with the genitival suffix -es. Compare Old Saxon ēnes (“once”), Old High German eines, einēst (“once”), modern German einst (“once”). More at one (including regarding the development of the pronunciation) and -s.

We'll get a move on once we find the damn car keys!

Once you have obtained the elven bow, return to the troll bridge and trade it for the sleeping potion.

Once he is married, he will be able to claim the inheritance.

Not only were Jupp Heynckes' team pacey in attack but they were relentless in their pursuit of the ball once they had lost it, and as the game wore on they merely increased their dominance as City wilted in the Allianz Arena.

2011 September 27, Alistair Magowan, “Bayern Munich 2 - 0 Man City”, in BBC Sport:

In his submission to the UN, [Christof] Heyns points to the experience of drones. Unmanned aerial vehicles were intended initially only for surveillance, and their use for offensive purposes was prohibited, yet once strategists realised their perceived advantages as a means of carrying out targeted killings, all objections were swept out of the way.

2013 June 7, Ed Pilkington, “‘Killer robots’ should be banned in advance, UN told”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 6:


con

From Old Galician-Portuguese con, from Latin cum (“with”).


con

con (mutation mutation-radical)
chon (mutation mutation-nasal)
con (mutation)

con festar cách


ol

Ŝi estas pli bela ol li.

La vulpo estas pli granda ol la kapro.


ol

ol is lond [translating commotus est]


ol

in bec máo .i. is bec as máo ol dáu-sa .i. is bec in derscugud

a little greater i.e. she is a little greater than I (am), i.e. the distinction is small


without

From Middle English withoute, withouten, from Old English wiþūtan (literally “against the outside of”). Compare Dutch buiten (“outside of, without”), Danish uden (“without”), Swedish utan (“without”), Norwegian uten (“without”). By surface analysis, with- + out.

You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," but that ain't no matter.

1884 December 10, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter I, in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: (Tom Sawyer’s Comrade) […], London: Chatto & Windus, […], →OCLC, page 1:

‘Why,’ he blurted, ‘because they say I've no right to come up like this—without we mean to marry—’

1913, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth & Co. […], →OCLC:

(archaic or dialectal) Unless, except (introducing a clause).


mint

Lexicalization of mi (“what?”) + -n (case suffix) + -t (locative suffix).

af

a hazug embert hamarabb utolérik, mint a sánta kutyát

jobb ma egy veréb, mint holnap egy túzok

A kastély nagyobb, mint a kutyaház.

The castle is bigger than the dog-house.

(comparison of things with a quality present at different degrees) than

Olyan nagy a házam, mint a tiéd.

(comparison of things with a quality present at the same degree) as …… as

Olyan ez a ház, mint egy kastély.

(comparison of things with some similar quality) like

Mint mondtam, ő nem tud ma eljönni.

(somewhat formal, pointing at a comparable feature at a different instance) as

János mint zsűritag vett részt az eseményen.

János took part in the event as a member of the jury.

(stating someone's capacity in a situation) as


ta

Nag(p)uli na sana kami, ta banggi na.

We just went home because it's already nighttime.


ta

Borrowed from Ilocano ta, from Proto-Philippine *taq (“because”).

Nag-jeep ako ta wala nang taxi.

I rode a jeep because there wasn't any taxi anymore.


ta

Clipping of petai (“if it were”), itself a combination of pe (“if”) + tai (“third-person singular counterfactual impferfect subjunctive of bod (“to be”)”).

ngd

third-person singular counterfactual impferfect subjunctive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">bod</i> (“to be”)