aby

abych (first-person singular)
abychom (first-person plural)
abys (second-person singular)
abyste (plural second-person)
aby (singular third-person)
aby (plural third-person)

Inherited from Old Czech aby, from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by.


aby

abych (first-person singular)
abychově (-va) (dual first-person)
abychom (-me/-my) (first-person plural)
aby (second-person singular)
abysta (-šta) (dual second-person)
abyste (-šte) (plural second-person)
aby (singular third-person)
aby (dual third-person)
abysta (-šta) (dual third-person)
aby (plural third-person)
abychu (plural third-person)

Czech: aby

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by.

Introduces a subordinate clause expressing doubt.

Introduces a subordinate clause with subjunctive meaning; let, may

Introduces a subordinate clause with admissive meaning; even if, though


aby

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by. First attested in the 14th century.

Czczy matka j occza twego, abi wsedl gnew mego

End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume V, number 1:

Ona bila nan fszadla, abycz ona sfvim nogam bila malo othpoczynøla

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 3b:

Osweczi oblicze swe nad nami y smiluy se nad nami, abichom poznali na zemi drogø twoiø (misereatur nostri, ut cognoscamus... viam tuam)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 66, 1:

Nasz Xt mily gest szø on byl naszim othczom vkaszal gneflyvy i tesze prycry, tego dla abicz go ony svymy grzechy ne gneualy

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 175b:

Szatan... odstąpił od niego na chwilę, iże mogł żałować tego Judasz, co uczynił, aby potem s tej boleści stąpił weń wtore

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 769:

Ne precipitaret aby nye vpadl

c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 87r:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) introduces a clause of aim; to, in order to, so that [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

introduces a clause of aim; to, in order to, so that

[Day]..., aby... oth grzechu bychom zawszdy wyszwoleny (da..., ut... a peccato simus semper liberi)

1413-1414, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume I, Iłża, page 263:

Kaszø boszø moczø, aby thy natichmasth fstala

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 183b:

Czyebye, kaplanye..., prossa, aby mya rosd[r]zessyl

15th century, Spowiedź powszechna - Confessio generalis, number 3:

Prygaczele szøcz gø ony byly do swøtego Gana prynesly prosøcz go, abicz gø byl s marthvy krzesil

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 183a:

Rzecze k nyemu Thobyas: Gdze chcesz, bichoua otpoczinøla (ubi vis, ut maneamus)?

1930 [c. 1455], “Tob”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 6, 10:

Pomny swanczicz nedzele y swante czy, aby sze ne vrich[l]il na uczynek przeklanty

Wipowedzø sinom swogim, abi poloszili w bodze nadzeiø swoiø a bichø ne zapomneli dzal boszych (narrabunt filiis suis, ut ponant in deo spem suam et non obliviscantur operum dei)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 77, 9:

Czso na mø zaloval czesnik o *sszecz marc., abich gemv popral owsza lesnego y penødzi, tegom ya nie popral

1902 [1404], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 209:

Bubaczy timent, aby gym nye sklasl brzuch

1885-2024 [c. 1450], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne, volume IV, page 572:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) Introduces an object clause; to, in order to, so that

Ktorykole chcze zbawon bycz przede wszym potrz[e]byszno gest, aby dzerszal krzescyanskø werø (quicumque vult salvus esse ante omnia opus est, ut teneat catholicam fidem)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ath 1:

Tho ne gest f [s]twe voly, abicz thobe Xpt dal dludze stroue

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 14b:

(attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces a subject clause; to, in order to, so that

Nedawno mą rzecz byla pothkala, abich barzo crasznø pannø mylowal

1885-2024 [c. 1428], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne, volume I, Międzyrzecz, Warsaw, page 481:

(attested in Greater Poland, Masovia) Introduces a qualifier clause; to, in order to, so that

Czsosmi chczyely vczynycz, yszesmi puszczyly Izrahelya, abi nam nye sluszyl (quid voluimus facere, ut dimitteremus Israel, ne serviret nobis)?

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 14, 5:

Introduces a resultative clause; to, in order to, so that

Aby mi s tobą vmrzecz, y[e]szcze ssze czebye nye zaprza et si optinuerit me mori tecum, non te negabo

1885-2024 [c. 1410], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne, volume IV, page 616:

Kalsdy prelath malbi szø on o crifdø kosczelnø... fszøcz, abycz mu sza to ssmercz podgøcz

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 178a:

(attested in Lesser Poland) even though, although

Zawołali potem wszyscy: ... Abyć nie był złodziej (si non esset hic malefactor Jo 18, 30), azabychmy ji podali tobie?

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 770:

Vczynycz raczy, aby nam czyalo y krew badze namyleyszego syna twego (ut nobis corpus et sanguis fiat dilectissimi filii tui)

1456, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume VI, Sandomierz, page 261:

Day..., aby... od grzecha bylybychoom wolny (ut... a peccato simus semper liberi) y od wszelkego zameszkanya przeszpeczny

1424, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume III, page 63:

Modlimy scha y thesz prosimi, aby przyemnye malby (uti accepta habeas) y przezegnay tho danye, thy dary

XV p. pr., Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume IX, page 258:

Przetosz nynye przysyøszta mi na pana boga, aby yakozem ya s wami milosyernye vczinila, takyesz y vy vczincze s domem otcza mego (ut quomodo ego misericoridam feci vobiscum, ita et vos faciatis)

1930 [c. 1455], “Jos”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 2, 12:

Vczin, gospodne, w dobrey woli twey Syon, abi sprawoni muri ierusalemske (ut aedificentur muri Ierusalem)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 50, 19:

Jesus kazał im, aby natychmiast milczeć (Jesus autem, ut tacerent, ipsis imperavit)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 291:

(attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces an unreal conditional; if

Bo gdy bądzye lakozyrcza, obiczagya gynako thego nye odmyeny y nye odeymye aby z szmyerczyą (qui gulosus effectus est, vix aliter quam morte moris mutabit)

1874-1891 [XV p. post.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume I, page XLI:


aby

abym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
abyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
abyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
abyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
aby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
aby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by.

Mówię po to, aby nie było cicho.

Chcę, abyś jutro przyszedł.

to, in order to, so that (connects sentences either to express the goal of a speaker, when the speaker wishes to communicate a command or wish) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

Usiadł, aby znowu wstać.

to (used to connect a sequence of actions) [with infinitive ‘to do what’]

Zrób to byle jak, aby szybciej

Do it any which way, as long as it's faster.

so long as (used to express a wish for anything) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

Czytał aby czytał

(Masuria) introduces a conditional clause; if

(Ostróda) introduces a comparative clause; as if


aby

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: абꙑ (aby)

Old Ruthenian: абы (aby)

Belarusian: абы (aby)

Ukrainian: аби́ (abý)

Russian: абы́ (abý), а́бы (áby)

Old Novgorodian: абꙑ (aby)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: абꙑ (aby)

West Slavic:

Kashubian: abë

Old Czech: aby
Czech: aby

desctree

Old Polish: aby
Polish: aby
Silesian: aby

Slovak: aby

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: aby

Upper Sorbian: aby


kun

Kun may dudumanon ka, maiba lugod ako saimo.

If you're going somewhere, I'll come with you then.


kun

The singular instructive case of kuka. Originally a lesser used variant of kuin; modern differences between the two were introduced when the language was standardized.

Sain viestisi, kun olin jo matkalla lentokentälle.

I got your message when I was already on my way to the airport.

Hän ilmestyi antamaan ohjeita, kun olin jo saanut työn valmiiksi.

He showed up to give instructions when I had already finished the job.

when, as, while (temporal: at the same time or instant that)

Tulen tapaamaan sinua, kun(han) saan tämän valmiiksi.

I will come to see you as soon as I finish this job.

as soon as, once; expresses that the event of the main clause takes place immediately after that of the subclause, often used with the clitic -han

Hän menetti työpaikkansa, kun tuli aina myöhässä.

She lost her job because she was always late.

En voi tulla huomenna, minulla kun on aamuvuoro.

I cannot come tomorrow as I have the morning shift.


dat

Pronuctiation spelling of that,
representing dialects with th-stopping. Compare Dutch dat, Low German dat, and German dat.

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(dialectal, nonstandard, African-American Vernacular, MLE, Ireland, foreign accents, or humorous) Pronunciation spelling of that.

African-American Vernacular; foreign accents; African-American Vernacular; foreign accents


dat

From Dutch dat, from Middle Dutch dat, from Old Dutch that, from Proto-Germanic *þat.


dat

From Middle High German dat, daz, from Old High German daz, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Cognate with German das, dass, Dutch dat, English that, Faroese tað.

Amme lésten hattar bostant dat ze habenten galummet so borhantan.

Finally he understood that they were teasing him.

Net alle de lòite klóobent dat d'èerda ist pummalot.

Not everyone believes that the earth is round.


dat

Afrikaans: dat

Negerhollands: dat

From Middle Dutch dat, from Old Dutch that, from Proto-Germanic *þat, neuter form of *sa.
Cognate with German das, English that.

Ik zag dat het goed was.


dat

A regional form adopted into colloquial standard German. In western Germany from Central Franconian dat, from northern Middle High German dat, from northern Old High German that, dat, an unshifted relict form possibly due to Frankish influence. In northern Germany from German Low German dat, from Middle Low German dat, from Old Saxon that.

Ich glaub, dat der 'n bisschen übertreibt.

I believe that he's exaggerating a little.

(colloquial, regional) Alternative form of dass


dat

Sęd ik, dat ik Kauken hęw?

As dai Lü saiht¹⁹, dat se vüar dem Spouke nitt mär sloapen könt, do trecket²⁰ se uut dem Hüseken un saüket²¹ sick ne annere Wuǝninge.

Friedrich Woeste, Märkische Schreckmärchen, in: Monatsschrift für rheinisch-westfälische Geschichtsforschung und Altertumskunde, edited by Richard Pick, vol. 1, Bonn, 1875, p. 487–489, here p. 487, in nr. 1 De dicke Nunne


dat

Dutch: dat, het

Afrikaans: dat

Limburgish: det

From Old Dutch that, from Proto-Germanic *þat.


dat

Middle High German: dat

Central Franconian: dat, datt

Luxembourgish: dat, datt

From Proto-Germanic *þat, neuter of *sa (“the”). More at that.


the

Borrowed from English the, which sounds similar to Serbo-Croatian da.

neki kreten the ih drka emotivno

the ovo okačim na fb wall, garant ne bih opstala od borKINJa za ženska prava

if I posted this on my FB wall, I surely wouldn't survive the women rights fighters

(Internet slang) Alternative spelling of da


fa

Apparently a derivative of some form of the copula is that is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.


fa

win edeng fa iunge


cum

From Vulgar Latin *quomo, from Latin quōmodo.


cum

From Old Latin quom, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóm, accusative of *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare its feminine form quam (as in tum-tam).

+obj

(causal) when, after [with imperfect subjunctive or pluperfect subjunctive]

(temporal) when, while [with present indicative or perfect indicative]


cum

Inherited from Late Latin quomo, from Latin quōmodo.

(informal) Synonym of de cum (“as soon as”)


also

From Middle High German alles, from Old High German also, alsō (“as, like”); equivalent to all + so. Cognate with English also, as.

Er aß zu viel Kuchen, also wurde er krank.


also

Middle Dutch: alse

Dutch: als

From Proto-West Germanic *allswā, corresponding to al + sō.


y

From Latin et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.


y

From Spanish y and Portuguese e and Kabuverdianu i.


y

Inherited from Old Spanish è or e, from Latin et.

Es, pues, de saber que este sobredicho hidalgo, los ratos que estaba ocioso —que eran los más del año—, se daba a leer libros de caballerías, con tanta afición y gusto, que olvidó casi de todo punto el ejercicio de la caza y aun la administración de su hacienda; y llegó a tanto su curiosidad y desatino en esto, que vendió muchas hanegas de tierra de sembradura para comprar libros de caballerías en que leer, y, así, llevó a su casa todos cuantos pudo haber dellos.

1605, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quijote de la Mancha¹, Chapter I

You must know, then, that the above-named gentleman whenever he was at leisure (which was mostly all the year round) gave himself up to reading books of chivalry with such ardour and avidity that he almost entirely neglected the pursuit of his field-sports, and even the management of his property; and to such a pitch did his eagerness and infatuation go that he sold many an acre of tillageland to buy books of chivalry to read, and brought home as many of them as he could get.

setenta y seis

uno y uno son dos

¡Y por supuesto!

Pero, ¿y el concierto? ¿Ya no vamos?

But what about the concert? Are we not going anymore?

¿Y la niña? ¿Está a salvo?

¿Y los archivos? Debo echarles un vistazo.

Where are the files? I should take a look at them.

(informal) what about, how about, where is/are the


nu

From Old Norse nú (“now”), from Proto-Germanic *nu (“now”), from Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”). Cognate with English now.


nu

From Middle Dutch nu, from Old Dutch nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu.

Nu je het zegt, weet ik het weer.


nu

Dutch: nu

Limburgish: noe

From Old Dutch nu, from Proto-Germanic *nu.


nu

From Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu.


os

Middle Irish: os

Hamp derives this from Proto-Celtic *sonts, plural *sontes (whence ot); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts. Copular origin explains the use of independent subject pronouns with this conjunction, which otherwise are usually used with the copula is.
A more traditional theory, assumed by Pedersen and Thurneysen among others, supposes that this is a contraction of ocus (“and”), with the apparent copular behaviour being analogical.


os

Os ydw i’n iawn, yna mae wedi canu arnat ti.

if (used with factual conditionals, i.e., those that are considered likely or plausible)


and

From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Yiddish און (un, “and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic and Norwegian enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”). Doublet of an ("if").

inh

facing opposite, near, in front of, before

cog

Icelandic and Norwegian enn (“still, yet”)

(unstressed form, also for some speakers stressed form) end

-и

used to connect two similar words, phrases, et cetera

-kä (in a negative clause; prefixed with a negation verb)

en

used to string together sentences or sentence fragments in chronological order

as well as

used to connect two similar words or phrases

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11

Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:1:

as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.

1817 (date written), [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volume (please specify |volume=III or IV), London: John Murray, […], 20 December 1817 (indicated as 1818), →OCLC:

‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’

2011 November 5, Mark Townsend, The Guardian:

As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.

Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs.

y

used at the end of a list to indicate the last item

When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.

"Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.

2011 November 5, Helena Smith, Tom Kington, The Guardian:

Simply connecting two clauses or sentences.

‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’

1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:

One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.

2004 August 22, Will Buckley, The Observer:

2007: Jimmy Carr, 8 out of 10 Cats, 13th day of July episode
Romance is dead; men killed it, and made women clean up the mess.

Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first.

Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew XXII::

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

1863 November 19, Abraham Lincoln, Dedicatory Remarks (Gettysburg Address)^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Address_(Bliss_copy)), near Soldiers' National Cemetery, →LCCN, Bliss copy, page 1:

In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.

1905, Upton Sinclair, chapter XXVI, in The Jungle, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 26 February 1906, →OCLC:

The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.

Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes.

And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.

1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!

1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay)

(now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.

I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms CXLV::

He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’

2011 March 18, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian:

Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition.

The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.

1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:

President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.

Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause.

And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps[…].

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation XIV::

‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth[…].

1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:

‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair[…].’

1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:

Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.

Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?

1817 (date written), Jane Austen, edited by R[aymond] W[ilson] Chambers, Fragment of a Novel Written by Jane Austen, January–March 1817 […] [Sanditon], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1925, →OCLC:

"What have you a been and given Pitt's wife?" said the individual in ribbons, when Pitt and Lady Jane had taken leave of the old gentleman.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.

(now dialectal or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try.

Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.

"There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."

Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other".

‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed[…].’

1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:

‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’

1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:

Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb).

"Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:

Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew:

"And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."

1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:

(heading) Expressing a condition.
(now US dialect) If; provided that.

Expressing a condition.
If; provided that.

I will roare you, and 'twere any Nightingale.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Innovations”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

(heading) Expressing a condition.
(obsolete) As if, as though.

Expressing a condition.
As if, as though.

well-formed formulas
well-formed formula

(mathematics, logic) Connecting two well-formed formulas to create a new well-formed formula that requires it to only be true when both of the two formulas are true.


and

English: and

Scots: an

Yola: an, an', and

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

"Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]"

c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:

"Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)

(rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.


and

desctree

Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en, ⁊, &
English: and
Scots: an
Yola: an, an', and

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.


and

North Frisian: en

Saterland Frisian: un

West Frisian: en, in

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.


and

Jaude and maude.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:

"steoute and straung,"

1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:


um

From Old Norse um, from Proto-Germanic *umbi. Cognate with Swedish om.


um

From Old Norse umb, from Proto-Germanic *umbi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”).


um

From Middle High German umbe, ümbe, from Old High German umbi, from Proto-West Germanic *umbi.
Central German dialects show regular umlaut; the standard form is from Upper German, where umlaut of -u- was blocked before labial geminates and clusters. Cognate with Luxembourgish ëm, Dutch om, English umbe.

Wir sind gekommen, um zu helfen.


is

Dia is Muire duit.

Hello to you, too. (lit. God and Mary to you.)

wil nə fatī xō mŭȧ, s dūŕc šē?

1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 1:

ə ʒēĺǵə, l̄aurīr ə gūǵə mūn, ńī h-ønn̥̄ ī s ə ʒēlgə š agń̥ə

The Irish used in Munster isn’t the same as our Irish.


is

Clipping of agus (“as well as”). Cognate with Irish is.


ci

Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínna

Musa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today

Used to order actions temporally: then; and


ci

Nici eu, ci el.

(adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite


te

te šur, te tur


te

-té (canonical)
legite (first-person singular)
gite (copulative first-person singular)
lote (second-person singular)
ute (copulative second-person singular)
lesite (first-person plural)
site (copulative first-person plural)
lelite (plural second-person)
lite (copulative plural second-person)
lote (class-1)
ute (class-1 copulative)
labate (class-2)
bate (class-2 copulative)
lote (class-3)
ute (class-3 copulative)
lete (class-4)
ite (class-4 copulative)
lelite (class-5)
lite (class-5 copulative)
late (class-6)
ate (class-6 copulative)
lesite (class-7)
site (class-7 copulative)
letite (class-8)
tite (class-8 copulative)
lete (class-9)
ite (class-9 copulative)
letite (class-10)
tite (class-10 copulative)
lobute (class-14)
bute (class-14 copulative)
lokute (class-15)
kute (class-15 copulative)
lokute (class-17)
kute (class-17 copulative)


te

From Proto-Slavic *ta. Compare Ukrainian та (ta).

Poskliznuo sam se te pao.

and (following a cause; lit. and thereby, and thus)

U posljednjih godinu dana bio sam u Beogradu, Zagrebu, Sarajevu te Podgorici.
In the past year, I have been to Belgrade, Zagreb, Sarajevo and Podgorica.

Obukao sam se, izašao iz kuće, zaključao vrata te otišao na posao.

I got dressed up, got out of the house, locked the door and then went to work.

and, and then (before the last thing in order of mention or occurrence)

Problemi gdje god pogledaš! Te tu, te tamo!

Problems, wherever you look! Now here, now there!

(Croatia) now (chiefly used in stock phrases)


te

Te yu no man fu tyari akata / yu no mu trobi matuku

1984, “Nioni”, in Telefôn' mi koe mi koenoe, performed by The Exmo Stars and Boogie:

If you aren't able to carry a headpad / you shouldn't bother with a basket


on

The native form in most dialects was Old High German indi, whence the variant en. In parts of the Eifel, this indi regularly becomes on (compare Luxembourgish an). In southern and eastern dialects, on the other hand, on may have been inherited from the Old High German variant unde (unti). From these two groups of dialects, the form will have spread, without doubt under influence of German und.

Salz on Päfer


on

Melk on Brot

(in several dialects, including Low Prussian) Alternative form of un (and)


because

From Middle English bi cause, from bi (“by”) + cause, modelled on Old French par cause.

I hid myself because I was afraid.

I was about to say that I had known the Celebrity from the time he wore kilts. But I see I will have to amend that, because he was not a celebrity then, nor, indeed, did he achieve fame until some time after I left New York for the West.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

“Perhaps it is because I have been excommunicated. It's absurd, but I feel like the Jackdaw of Rheims.” ¶ She winced and bowed her head. Each time that he spoke flippantly of the Church he caused her pain.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that.

избанзар

by or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that

It must be broken, because I pressed the button and nothing happened.

I don't think he is a nice person, because he yells at people for no reason.

As is known, inferred, or determined from the fact that.

কেননা

as known because; as inferred because; as determined because

Simon[…]set the house on fire where he was born, because nobody should point at it.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 2:


now

From Middle English now, nou, nu, from Old English nū, from Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu, from Proto-Indo-European *nū (“now”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots noo (“now”), Saterland Frisian nu (“now”), West Frisian no (“now”), Dutch nu, nou (“now”), German nu, nun (“now”), Norwegian Bokmål nå (“now”), Norwegian Nynorsk no (“now”), Swedish and Danish nu (“now”), Icelandic nú (“now”), Latin num (“even now, whether”), Latin nunc (“now”), Albanian ni (“now”), Lithuanian nù (“now”), Avestan 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”), Sanskrit नु (nu, “now”).

Now all the children have grown up and left, the house is very quiet.

Now that my sister has gotten rid of their cat, we can go to her house this coming Thanksgiving.

We can play football now that the rain has stopped.

Now that you mention it, I am kind of hungry.

Now that we're all here, let's start the meeting.

Since, because, in light of the fact; often with that.


de

For the adverbial use, compare Polish ale.

Nem voltál itt! – De ott voltam.

(oh) yes!, surely! (used as a positive contradiction to a negative statement)


de

Am așteptat de ne-am plictisit.

Cum a jucat echipa de a pierdut așa de rău?

E o căldură de nu ar ieși nimeni din casă.

There’s [such] heat that no one would go outside.

Mașina a demarat de i-au scârțâit cauciucurile.

The car sped off [so fast] that its tyres screeched.

Am bani de nu știu ce să fac cu ei.

I have [so much] money that I don’t know what to do with it.

(archaic) while (whereas, despite the fact that)


de

'o 'esa de 'o dea

coordinating conjunction between two nouns: and

'una wigogama de witirine

coordinating conjunction between two clauses: and


de

From Ottoman Turkish ده (da, de, “conj. also, and, moreover, again”), from Proto-Turkic *tākı (“conj. and”).

Özer de sorunun yanıtını biliyor.

Özer also knows the answer of the question.

Berker de bizimle geliyor.

Utku da dondurma yemeyi sever.

Herkes iddia ediyor ki boyum uzamış da ben fark etmiyorum.

Everyone claims that I've gotten taller however I don't really notice it.


dar

From Old Norse þar, from Proto-Germanic *þar. Cognate with Swedish där.


dar

Cognate with Lithuanian dabar (“now”), Armenian դեռ (deṙ, “still, yet”), Proto-Slavic *dobrъ (“good, suitable”).


dar

Uncertain. Probably from a compound of de and iar(ă). It may also perhaps come from an intermediate form *deară, from Latin dē vērō, or from dē eā rē. See also doar.


dar

Possibly a reduced form of nuair (“when”) (MacBain) or possibly from early modern an tan a, an dan a, from Old Irish in tan (“when”) from acc. sg. of Old Irish tan (“time”) (Seosamh Watson).

Bha sinne air na cuairteachdainn leis a’ Ghàidhlig dar a bha sinn nana cloinn

2005, Roy G. Wentworth, Rannsachadh air Fòn-eòlas Dualchainnt Ghàidhlig Gheàrrloch, Siorrachd Rois, page 3:

We had been surrounded with Gaelic when we were children

(Ross-shire, Inverness-shire, Mull, Perthshire) when (relative/non-interrogative)


yet

From Middle English yet, yit, from Old English ġīet, gȳta, from Proto-West Germanic *jūta, from Proto-Germanic *juta (compare West Frisian jit, jitte (“yet”), Dutch ooit (“ever”), German jetzt (“now”)), compound of (1) *ju (“already”, adverb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-, accusative of *h₂óyu (“long time”) and (2) the Proto-Germanic *ta (“to, towards”), from Proto-Indo-European *do. More at aye and -th.

I thought I knew you, yet how wrong was I!

It’s incredible yet true.

Nor Court nor Citie had ſhe ſeene, yeat eithers prayſe ſhe had: / So much more vvorth by hovve much leſſe ſhe vvas vn-nicely clad.

1602, William Warner, “The Seventh Booke. Chapter XXXVI.”, in Albions England. A Continued Historie of the Same Kingdome, from the Originals of the First Inhabitants thereof: […], 5th edition, London: […] Edm[und] Bollifant for George Potter, […], →OCLC, page 173:

Emaciated little creatures, with skin harsh and rough, rapid pulse, nerves ever on the strain—have yet a look of lively intelligence.

1907, Margaret McMillan, Labour and Childhood, page 10:

Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition to state that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter II, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Thus the red damask curtains which now shut out the fog-laden, drizzling atmosphere of the Marylebone Road, had cost a mere song, and yet they might have been warranted to last another thirty years. A great bargain also had been the excellent Axminster carpet which covered the floor;[…].

1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0016:

In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year. Yet of those who received unsolicited adverts through the post, only 3% bought anything as a result.

2013 May 25, “No hiding place”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8837, page 74:

Nevertheless; however; but; despite that.


be

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


can

Tan m'es bel quan n'aug ben dire.

c. 1200, Peire Vidal, Ab l'alen tir vas me l'aire:

So much it pleases me when I hear it spoken of well.


but

From Middle English but, buten, boute, bouten, from Old English būtan (“without, outside of, except, only”), from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out. Cognate with Scots but, bot (“outside, without, but”), Saterland Frisian buute (“without”), West Frisian bûten (“outside of, apart from, other than, except, but”), Dutch buiten (“outside”), Dutch Low Saxon buten (“outside”), German Low German buuten, buute (“outside”), obsolete German baußen (“outside”), Luxembourgish baussen. Compare bin, about.

cog

She is very old but still attractive.

You told me I could do that, but she said that I could not.

on the other hand
on the other hand#English

However, although, nevertheless, on the other hand (introducing a clause contrary to prior belief or in contrast with the preceding clause or sentence).

I am not rich but [I am] poor.  Not John but Peter went there.

On the contrary, rather (as a regular adversative conjunction, introducing a word or clause in contrast or contradiction with the preceding negative clause or sentence).

But I never said you could do that!

In reality, I apprehend every amorous widow on the stage would run the hazard of being condemned as a servile imitation of Dido, but that happily very few of our play-house critics understand enough of Latin to read Virgil.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume IV, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book X:

Irregular bedtimes may disrupt healthy brain development in young children, according to a study of intelligence and sleeping habits.
Going to bed at a different time each night affected girls more than boys, but both fared worse on mental tasks than children who had a set bedtime, researchers found.

2013 July 19, Ian Sample, “Irregular bedtimes may affect children's brains”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 34:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 55:

(colloquial) Used at the beginning of a sentence to express opposition to a remark.

I cannot but feel offended.

And Crispin Crispian shall ne’er go by,
From this day to the ending of the world,
But we in it shall be rememberèd—

1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

There is no reason but hath another contrary unto it, saith the wisest party of Philosophers.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 15, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

And but my noble Moor is true of mind
[…] it were enough to put him to ill thinking.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

A deadly silence step by step increased,
 Until it seem'd a horrid presence there,
 And not a man but felt the terror in his hair.

1819, John Keats, “Lamia”, in Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems, London: […] [Thomas Davison] for Taylor and Hessey, […], published 1820, →OCLC, part II, page 43:

In those days, when my hands were much employed, I read but little, but the least scraps of paper which lay on the ground, my holder, or tablecloth, afforded me as much entertainment, in fact answered the same purpose as the Iliad.

1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

Except that (introducing a subordinate clause which qualifies a negative statement); also, with omission of the subject of the subordinate clause, acting as a negative relative, "except one that", "except such that".

Wow! But that's amazing!

"Jakers, but we worked." With a long breath she shut her eyes. "But it was too much for one woman and a half-grown girl […]"

2013, Nora Roberts, Irish Thoroughbred, Little, Brown, →ISBN, page 25:

(colloquial) Used to link an interjection to the following remark as an intensifier.

It never rains but it pours.

No arboret with painted blossomes drest, / And smelling sweet, but there it might be found […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

For there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

(archaic) Without it also being the case that; unless that (introducing a necessary concomitant).

This man unable to manage his own happineſſe, grew ſo inſolent that he could not go, but either ſpurning his equals, or trampling on his inferiours.

1639, Thomas Fuller, “Unseasonable Discords betwixt King Baldwine and His Mother; Her Strength in Yeelding to Her Sonne”, in The Historie of the Holy Warre, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] Thomas Buck, one of the printers to the Universitie of Cambridge [and sold by John Williams, London], →OCLC, book II, page 84:

(obsolete) Except with; unless with; without.

Observe but how their own principles combat one another.

1641 May, John Milton, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England: And the Cavvses that hitherto have Hindred it; republished as Will Taliaferro Hale, editor, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England (Yale Studies in English; LIV), New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916, →OCLC:

a formidable man but to his friends

1717, John Dryden [et al.], “(please specify |book=I to XV)”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

'Tshall not be long but I'll be here again.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

It is not impossible but next year I may have the honour of waiting on your Lordship at St. Asaph, If I go to Ireland I certainly will go that way.

1784, Joshua Reynolds, edited by John Ingamells and John Edgcumbe, The Letters of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Yale, published 2000, page 131:

“I am convinced, if you were to press this matter earnestly upon her, she would consent.”
“It is not impossible but she might,” said Madame de Seidlits […].

1789, John Moore, Zeluco, Valancourt, published 2008, page 132:

It is not improbable but future observations will add Pliny's Well to the class of irregular reciprocators.

1813 July, Journal of Natural Philosophy:

(obsolete, following a negated expression of improbability) That.


but

English: but

Scots: but

Yola: mot

From Old English būtan, from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out.


qua

(as a preposition) by virtue of (because of)


orang

From Malay orang, from Old Malay urang, from Proto-Malayic *uraŋ (“person”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀaŋ (“outsider”). Doublet of bong and wong.


of

From Dutch of, from Middle Dutch of, ofte.


of

Afrikaans: of

Jersey Dutch: ov, of

Negerhollands: of

→ Aukan: ofu

→ Papiamentu: òf, of

From Middle Dutch of, ofte. In Middle Dutch the two words merged; the form of derives from Old Dutch of, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.

Wil je thee, of heb je liever koffie?

Do you want tea, or would you prefer coffee?

Ik weet niet of dat wel zo'n goed idee is.

I don't know if that's such a good idea.

Je kan kiezen: of je bent stil, of je vertrekt.

You can choose: either you stay quiet, or you get out.

Ik weet niet of ik moet vertrekken of dat ik het haar moet uitleggen.

I don't know whether I should leave or I should explain it to her.


of

Dutch: of

Limburgish: óf


of

An alteration of oth, from Old English oþ.


of

Apheresis of thof, a variation of though, from Old English þēah.


of

Middle Dutch: of


of

From Old Frisian jef, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.


i

Hi ha moltes colomes i teuladins.

Ella escriu els articles i ell els il·lustra amb els seus dibuixos.

She writes the articles and he illustrates them with his drawings.

and; used to connect two similar words, phrases, sentences, etc.; as well as; together with; in addition to


i

I slepá veverka někdy najde ořech.

Even a blind squirrel finds an acorn sometimes.

even (implying an extreme example, used at the beginning of sentences)


i

and (expressing two elements to be taken together)


i

From Portuguese e. Cognate with Spanish y.


i

Miä läkkään ižoraks i soomeks.

Repo i kana.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 19:


i

Shortened from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (“thus”), preserved as such in Latvian ir and Lithuanian ir. Not related to Proto-Slavic *i and its descendants.


i

Polish: i

Silesian: i

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *i. First attested in the 14th century.

and (cumulative coordinating conjunction)


i

From Spanish y and Portuguese e and Kabuverdianu i.


i

Adam i Ewa tylko zjedli jabłko.

Patrzę na nią i oczom nie wierzę.

I look at her and can't believe my eyes.

Wychodząc i kaloryfer nam naprawił.

I ślepa wiewiórka czasem znajdzie orzech.

Ja krowy to i w telewizji nigdy nie widziałem.

I mnie się podoba wasz wybór.

Czy i my?

Zmęczyłem się i nie byłem już w stanie grać w koszykówkę.

I grew tired, so I couldn't play basketball anymore.

Byłeś głupi, i cierp teraz.

Polsce potrzebne są i armia, i flota.

I dobrze.


i

Ivica i Marica se vole

i tako dalje

ne možeš istovremeno i tužiti i suditi.

you can't simultaneously both sue and judge

i meni se sviđa vaš odabir

(čak) i ja sam pozvan na zabavu!

on je ne samo darovit, nego i jako marljiv

he is not only talented, but also very industrious

umorio sam se i nisam mogao više igrati košarku

I grew tired, so I couldn't play basketball anymore


i

Derived from Proto-Slavic *i (“and”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *éy, an early locative singular determiner, formed from the root *h₁e-, *h₁o-. Cognates with Serbo-Croatian i, Macedonian и (i), Bulgarian и (i), Old Church Slavonic и (i), Czech i, Polish i, Kashubian ë, Slovak i, Belarusian і (i), Belarusian й (j), Carpathian Rusyn й (j), Ukrainian і (i), Ukrainian й (j), and Russian и (i).


i

East Slavic:

desctree

Old East Slavic: и (i)
Old Ruthenian: и (i)
Belarusian: і (i), й (j)
Carpathian Rusyn: й (j)
Ukrainian: і (i), й (j)
Russian: и (i) (see there for further descendants)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: и (i)

Glagolitic: ⰹ (i)

Bulgarian: и (i)

Macedonian: и (i)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: и

Latin script: i

Slovene: in, i

West Slavic:

Czech: i

Old Polish: i
Polish: i
Silesian: i

Slovak: i

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: i, ë

Slovincian: ë

From Proto-Indo-European *ei, an early locative singular determiner, formed from the root *h₁é-, *h₁o-. Compare Ancient Greek εἰ (ei, “if”), Gothic 𐌴𐌹 (ei, “and, so that, be it”). Follows from ablative Proto-Indo-European *ed.


toe

From Dutch toe (“then”), a chiefly dialect variant of toen, from Middle Dutch doe. The -n in Dutch toen was added by analogy with dan (“then”).

Toe ek by my skoonouers kuier, het ons elke dag gebraaide vleis geëet.

When I stayed at my in-laws’, we had fried meat every day.

wanneer

when; referring to the present and future


toe

(now dialectal) Alternative form of toen


o

From Latin aut. Cognates include Italian o and Spanish o.


o

From Latin aut. Cognates include Spanish o and Italian o.


o

From Old Galician-Portuguese ou, from Latin aut (“or”).

Poin encontralsi, a o millol, hasta “oito” o mais.

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme 6:

There can be found, at best, up to “eight” or more.


o

od

used optionally before words beginning with a vowel


o

Mangan ka o pinandit naka?

Mansanas o sagin.


o

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō. Cognate with Latgalian a and Proto-Slavic *a (“and, but”). From Proto-Indo-European *h₁od; compare Sanskrit आत् (āt, “afterwards, then, so”), Avestan 𐬁𐬀𐬝 (āat̰, “afterward, then”), perhaps the ablative singular of *h₁e- (“demonstrative pronoun”).

cog

Taĩ ne kažkàs, ką̃ víenas gãli darýti, õ kìtas – nè.

It's not something that some people can do and others can't.

(coordinating, adversative) and, but (used to express binary contrasts)


o

From Italian o (“or”), from Latin aut (“or”), from Proto-Italic *auti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti (“on the other hand”), derived from *h₂ew (“away from, off”). Doublet of a.


o

O ti manci ssa minestra o ti jetti dâ finestra.

Either you eat soup or you throw yourself out the window.


o

u

used before words beginning with an ‘o’ sound

ó

used near numbers to avoid confusion with a zero: 2 ó 3

¿Quieres un café o algo más?


o

Snyggt o prydligt.


o

Borrowed from Spanish o (“or”), from Latin aut.

Sasama ka ba o dito ka lang?

Are you coming along or will you just be here?


o

Possibly a conjunctive use of Etymology 3. Compare Old Irish ó (“when”).


en

Ek sit en drink koeldrank

En?


en

Afrikaans: en

Berbice Creole Dutch: an

Jersey Dutch: en

Negerhollands: en, an

Petjo: en

Sranan Tongo: èn

From Middle Dutch ende, from Old Dutch ande, inde, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.

De oude man en de zee.

En, hoe gaat het ermee?

En?

En, wat zou dat?

Drie en vier is zeven.


en

From Old Norse en. the comparative superior conjunction & the hesitational cunjunction have developed seperately into the same form. the comparative cunjunction is -an in the old language, -þan on runestone probably is related to -then, while the other form (hesitational) has formed from the augmentive.

Ég drekk kaffi en ég drekk ekki te.

Ég ætla að fá brauð en ekki mjólk.

Ég er betri en bróðir minn.

Hún er skemmtilegri en ég.

than (with an adjective in the comparative)

Rannsókn embættis sérstaks saksóknara á meintum innherjasvikum Baldurs Guðlaugssonar stóð yfir í rúmlega ár, en FME kærði málið með bréfi til embættisins hinn 9. júlí á síðasta ári.

(formal written language) used to join closely linked sentences, similar to a semicolon in English

Sonur hans hét Jón, en dóttir hans Ása.

His son was named John and his daughter was named Ása.

Veðrið var ekki gott framan af: rigning á fjallinu, en þoka í byggð.

The weather was not good to begin with: rain in the mountains, and fog in the countryside.


en

From Dutch en. Cognates include Afrikaans en.

Hai waz nît tevrêde täus en […]

1912, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche taal— en letterkunde, volumes 31-32, page 309:


en

stopp en hal
stopp en hal#Norwegian_Nynorsk

Used as part of the expression stopp en hal


en

Icelandic: en

Norwegian Nynorsk: enn, en

Norwegian Bokmål: enn

Old Swedish: æn

Swedish: än

Danish: end

From Proto-Germanic *anþi, *andi. Unstressed doublet of enn (“yet, still”).


en

Icelandic: en

Norwegian Nynorsk: enn

Norwegian Bokmål: enn

Old Swedish: æn

Swedish: än

Danish: end

From earlier an (“than”). Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þan, possibly through *þannai, whence cognate with Old English þonne (“than”). For similar loss of þ- compare at from earlier Proto-Norse ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt).


en

From Old Frisian and, ende, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entí.


or

From Middle English or; partially contracted from other, auther, from Old English āþor, āwþer, āhwæþer ("some, any, either"; > either); and partially from Middle English oththe, from Old English oþþe, from Proto-Germanic *efþau (“or”).

You may either stay or come.

He might get cancer, or be hit by a bus, or God knows what.

Connects at least two alternative words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc., each of which could make a passage true.

(logic) An operator denoting the disjunction of two propositions or truth values. There are two forms, the inclusive or and the exclusive or.

od

euphonic alt. form used before a vowel, especially "o"

Counts the elements before and after as two possibilities.

It's raining! Come inside or you'll catch a cold!

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or otherwise his man would be there with a message to say that his master would shortly join me if I would kindly wait.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 46:

Otherwise (a consequence of the condition that the previous is false).

The country Myanmar, or Burma


or

From Old French ore, from Vulgar Latin hā horā, alteration of hāc horā (“(in) this hour”, ablative). Compare Spanish ahora, Portuguese agora.

yet, however, now, that said, as it happens (introduces the second term in a syllogism)


or

Borrowing from French or, Italian ora and Spanish ahora.


or

A variant of ere, obsolete in modern English.

It'll nae be lang or A gang ma holiday.- It'll not be long until/ before I go on holiday

before or until (only in certain senses)


or

Wich ad wough bethther kwingokee or baagchoosee vursth?

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 78:

Whether had we better churn or bake first?

Na, now or neveare! w' cry't t' Tommeen,

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:

Up caame ee ball, an a dap or a kewe

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 11, page 88:

Hea pryet ich mought na ha chicke or hen,

1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:

He prayed I might not have chicken nor hen,


my

From Old Irish má, from Proto-Celtic *mā, *ma (compare Cornish and Breton mar), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂.


sun

Possibly from sun (etymology 2), originally as a replacement of mun, eroded variant of muin which was reinterpreted as the genitive singular of mä.

En nyt jouda, kun tässä on sitä sun tätä tekemistä.

I don't have time for that because I have this and that to do (miscellaneous stuff/things to do).

Lautanen oli täynnä makaroonilaatikkoa, makkaraa, salaattia, perunamuussia sun muuta pöperöä.

The plate was full of macaroni casserole, sausage, salad, mashed potatoes and other grub.

(coordinating) A coordinating conjunction expressing generality.


sun

[…] preſſo a monte Giulio Ceſare ſi puoſe la milizia di Magrino […], & in ſun’unaltro monte preſſo a quello […]

mid 13ᵗʰ century–1280s, Ricordano Malispini, “Come Catellino e sua gente sconfissano e amazorono Fiorino; e della venuta di Giulio Cesare con l’oste de’ romani [How Catiline and his people defeated and killed Fiorinus; and of the arrival of Julius Caesar with the Roman host]” (chapter 16), in Istoria antica; republished as Istoria antica di Ricordano Malespini gentil'uomo fiorentino dall’edificazione di Fiorenza insino all'anno MCCLXXXI, con l'aggiunta di Giachetto suo nipote dal detto anno per insino al 1286, Florence: Stamperia Giunti, 1568, page 9:

[…] Macrinus' force was stationed near Mount Julius Caesar […] ; and, on another mountain, near that one […]

(poetic, rare) Alternative form of su used before a vowel


for

From Middle English for, from Old English for (“for, because of”), from Proto-Germanic *furi (“for”), from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.
Cognate with West Frisian foar (“for”), Dutch voor (“for”), German für (“for”), Danish for (“for”), Swedish för (“for”), Norwegian for (“for”), Icelandic fyrir (“for”), Latin per (“by, through, for, by means of”) and Romance language successors (e.g. Spanish para (“for”)), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “for, about, toward”), Lithuanian per (“by, through, during”), Sanskrit परि (pári, “over, around”).

cog

I had to stay with my wicked stepmother, for I had nowhere else to go.

[…]Dismount thy tuck, be yare in thy preparation, for thy assailant is quick, skillful and deadly.

c. 1601, William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act 3, scene 4:

[…]nor is there found, in sea or on land, a sweeter or pleasanter of gifts than she; for she is prime in comeliness and seemlihead of face and symmetrical shape of perfect grace; her check is ruddy dight, her brow flower white, her teeth gem-bright, her eyes blackest black and whitest white, her hips of heavy weight, her waist slight and her favour exquisite.

1885, Richard Francis Burton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night:

"By means of the Golden Cap I shall command the Winged Monkeys to carry you to the gates of the Emerald City," said Glinda, "for it would be a shame to deprive the people of so wonderful a ruler."

1900, L[yman] Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz:


for

From Old Danish for, from Proto-Germanic *furai (in Western Old Norse replaced by the variant Old Norse fyrr, from Proto-Germanic *furiz, *furi, = Danish before).


for

English: for

Scots: for

Yola: vor, var

From Old English for, from Proto-Germanic *fura, *furi.


for

Eg joggar kvar dag, for eg vil ikkje bli feit.

I jog every day, because I don't want to get fat.


again

From Middle English agayn, again, ayain, ayen, anȝen, from Old English āġēan, onġēan, onġeġn (“towards, against, opposite to, contrary to, against, in exchange for, opposite, back, again, anew, also”).


non

Êtes-vous toujours en prière ?
 Êtes-vous des astres blessés ?
 Car ce sont des pleurs de lumière,
 Non des rayons, que vous versez.

1869, Sully Prudhomme, “La Voie lactée”, in Les Solitudes:

Are you still in prayer?
 Are you hurt stars?
 Because it is cries of light,
 Not rays, that you pour.


pi

"Blanc d’or rouge noir pi toute"

1963, Jack Kerouac, Visions of Gerard, page 8:

(Quebec, colloquial) Alternative spelling of pis (“and”)


after

Northern England, other non-rhotic without the trap–bath split

From Middle English after, from Old English æfter, from Proto-West Germanic *aftar, from Proto-Germanic *after, *aftiri, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epoteros (“further behind, further away”), from *h₂epo (“off, away”).
Cognate with Scots efter (“after”), North Frisian efter (“after, behind”), West Frisian after, achter, efter (“behind; after”), Low German/Dutch achter (“behind”), German after- (“after-”), Swedish/Danish efter (“after”), Norwegian etter (“after”), Icelandic eftir (“after”), aftur (“back, again”).
The Irish usage to indicate recent completion of an activity is a calque of the Irish collocation Táim tar éis... (“I have just...”, literally “I am after...”).

inh

The show ends after the fat lady sings.

After we had decided to call it a day, I went home.

It is never possible to settle down to the ordinary routine of life at sea until the screw begins to revolve. There is an hour or two, after the passengers have embarked, which is disquieting and fussy.

1915, G[eorge] A. Birmingham [pseudonym; James Owen Hannay], chapter I, in Gossamer, New York, N.Y.: George H. Doran Company, →OCLC:

1991, Donald "Shadow" Rimgale (character), Robert DeNiro (actor), Backdraft
So you punched out a window for ventilation. Was that before or after you noticed you were standing in a lake of gasoline?

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

Signifies that the action of the clause it starts takes place before the action of the other clause.

بَعْدَمَا

signifies that the action of its clause takes place before the action of the other clause


men

Same origin as Old Norse meðan (“while”).

Jeg kan høre, der er et men.


men

From Danish men derived from Old Norse meðan (“while”).


men

Haplologised variant of менен (menen), from original برلان (birlān /birlän/, attested to be pronounced as mınen).

ata men ana


men

Via Swedish and Danish men, same origin as Old Norse meðan (“while”).

But, however; introducing a clause that contrasts with the preceding clause, sentence or common belief.

Han er en fin kar, men han snakker litt for mye. – He is a nice guy, but he talks a bit too much.


men

but, however; introducing a clause that contrasts with the preceding clause, sentence or common belief.


men

From Old Swedish men, from Middle Low German men, man (“but, only”), probably from Old Saxon niwan; possibly under the influence of Old Swedish men (“while, during”) (modern Swedish medan, medans, mens). Cognate with modern Low German man.

but; introducing a clause that contrasts with the preceding clause, sentence or common belief.

John har bott i staden i fem år, men aldrig besökt slottet.

John has lived in the city for five years, yet never visited the castle.


abolla

From privative a- + *bolla, from Proto-Albanian *bāl-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to be”). Related to Old English bēon (“to be”), Latin fierī (“to become”), Proto-Slavic *byti (“to be”).

(regional, northwest Gheg) so as, so that, for


mind

mind a magánéletben, mind a munkában


however

From Middle English however, how-ever, how-evere; equivalent to how + ever. Compare howsoever.

Let me know when you've had your interview, however it goes.

However we do this, it isn't going to work.

But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention. Partly, this is a result of how online advertising has traditionally worked: advertisers pay for clicks, and a click is a click, however it's obtained.

2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:

She offered to help however she could.

Wear your hair however you want.

She wanted to go, however she decided against it. (proscribed)

(proscribed) But, yet, though, although.


both

From Middle English bothe, boþe, from Old English bā þā (“both the; both those”) and possibly reinforced by Old Norse báðir, from Proto-Germanic *bai. Cognate with Saterland Frisian bee (“both”), West Frisian beide (“both”), Dutch beide (“both”), German beide (“both”), Swedish både, båda, Danish både, Norwegian både, Icelandic báðir. Replaced Middle English bō, from Old English bā, a form of Old English bēġen.

Both you and I are students.

Mind you, clothes were clothes in those days. There was a great deal of them, lavish both in material and in workmanship.

1977, Agatha Christie, chapter 4, in An Autobiography, part II, London: Collins, →ISBN:

[…] having much aduantage both in number, valure, and forepreparation […]

1598, Philip Sidney, The countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia, page 211:

Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound.

1766, [Oliver Goldsmith], The Vicar of Wakefield: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), Salisbury, Wiltshire: […] B. Collins, for F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC:

He prayeth well who loveth well both man and bird and beast.

1797–1798 (date written), [Samuel Taylor Coleridge], “The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere”, in Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems, London: […] J[ohn] & A[rthur] Arch, […], published 1798, →OCLC:

[…] as he appreciates its beauty and its rich gifts, as he regards it with venerant love, fed by both his intellectual powers, his contemplation, and his meditation.

1892, Richard Congreve, Essays Political, Social, and Religious, volume 2, page 615:

(obsolete) Including all of (used with and).


bei

According to Fraenkel, from bè (“without”) + particle -i(d).

Miške gyvena vilkai bei lapės, ir pelės bei voverės.

In the forest, there are wolves and foxes, and mice and squirrels.

and (used to link words, not phrases, that are very similar in meaning)


air

From the same root as ar (“for”, preposition).


wei

From the accusative of Middle High German wīle, from Old High German wīla, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu, from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”).


car

Inherited from Latin quārē (“how; why”). Compare French car.


car

From Old French quer (“as, since, because, for”), from Latin quārē (“how; why”). Compare Catalan car.

inh

J’ai ouvert mon parapluie car il pleuvait.

I opened my umbrella because it was raining.

Car dans la création de l’homme Adam en était le témoin et le dépositaire de la promesse du sauveur qui devait naître de la femme, lorsque les hommes étaient encore si proches de la Création qu’ils ne pouvaient avoir oublié leur création et leur chute.

c. 1656–1662, Blaise Pascal, “Dossier de travail - Fragment n° 10 / 35”, in Pensées [Thoughts]:

For in the creation of man, Adam was the witness and the depositary of the promise of the saviour who would be born of woman, when the men were still so close to the Creation that they could not have forgotten their creation and their fall.


car

French: car


OR

(logic) Inclusive or; either one proposition or the other is true or both.

(computer science) A lexical symbol to implement inclusive or in a computer language.

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) A logical gate to implement inclusive or.


om

From Old Danish ef, em, um, from Old Norse ef, from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”). Cognate with English if, German ob (“if”).

Jeg skulle spørge om du havde fem minutter.

I have been asked to ask [you] if you have five minutes.

whether (introducing an indirect question)

Fjern om nødvendigt jorden.

Om du bare ville lytte, skal jeg forklare alt.

If only you would listen, I shall explain everything.

(formal) if (introducing a conditional clause)

Hun var om ikke død, så i hvert fald stærkt såret.

She was, if not dead, then at least seriously wounded.

2013, Gyldendal, Breve hjem: Danske soldater i Første Verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN
... men du, jeg vil have den; før holder jeg ikke op, om så jeg skal med i en krig til.

... but hey, I want [a medal]; I shall not stop before [getting it], even if I shall have to go to another war.


om

From Middle Dutch ombe, omme, from Old Dutch umbi, umbe, from Proto-West Germanic *umbi.

Ik ga naar de winkel om boodschappen te kopen.

I am going to the shop to buy some groceries.

(om te) in order to; shortening of om te


om

From Old Norse um, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about”).
* As a conjunction, um superseded or blended with Old Norse ef and em, taking on their function as well. This is from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”), whence also English if and German ob.

De spurte om jeg ville komme.


om

From the earlier, Old Norse preposition um, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“by, around”), from earlier *h₂ntbʰi, instrumental case form to *h₂énts (“face”). Doublet of ambi- and amfi.
* As a conjunction, um superseded or blended with Old Norse ef and em, taking on their function as well. This is from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”), whence also English if and German ob.


om

From Old Norse um, from Proto-Germanic *umbi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi.
* As a conjunction, um superseded or blended with Old Norse ef and em, taking on their function as well. This is from Proto-Germanic *jabai (“when, if”), whence also English if and German ob.


gun

an t-amadan sin gun do thagh thu

am fear gum pòs aig deireadh na mìosa

the man that will marry at the end of the month

an taigh gu bheil aice


gun

1911 (Birlinn Limited), Edward Dwelly: The Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary:
Duine gun mhath gun chron, is motha a chron na a mhath. ― A man that's neither good nor ill is more ill than good.


other

From Old English ōþer. Compare German oder.

And if that I had nat had my prevy thoughtis to returne to youre love agayne as I do, I had sene as grete mysteryes as ever saw my sonne Sir Galahad other Percivale, other Sir Bors.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


how

From Middle English how, hou, hu, hwu, from Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō (“through what, how”), from the same root as hwæt (“who, what”). /hw/ > /h/ due to wh-cluster reduction in Old English; compare who, which underwent this change later, and thus is spelt wh (Middle English spelling of /hw/) but pronounced /h/ (it previously had a different vowel, hence avoided the spelling and sound change in Old English). Vowel change per Great Vowel Shift.
Akin to Scots hoo, foo (“how”), Saterland Frisian wo (“how”), West Frisian hoe (“how”), Low German ho, wo, wu (“how”), Dutch hoe (“how”), German wie (“how”), Swedish hur (“how”). See who and compare why.

I remember how I solved this puzzle.

People should be free to live how they want.

In any way in which; in whatever way; however.

She told me how her father was a doctor.

“There’s this real Al Capone fear that they’re going to get our guys, not on marijuana, but on something else,” Mr. Edson said, referring to how Capone was eventually charged with tax evasion rather than criminal activity.

2010 April 24, Jesse McKinley, “Don’t Call It ‘Pot’ in This Circle; It’s a Profession”, in The New York Times, page A1:


how

English: how

Geordie English: hoo

Scots: hoo, how, foo

From Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō.


at

From Old Norse at. Cognate with Swedish att, Norwegian at. Probably from Proto-Germanic *þat, a demonstrative pronoun used as a conjunction; compare English that, German dass, Dutch dat.

Knud hørte, at bedstefaren lagde værktøjet fra sig

1986, Knud Erik Larsen, Bare ikke om søndagen:

Knud heard that his grandfather put down the tool.

Hun var overbevist om at det var sandt.

1876, J.P. Jacobsen, Fru Marie Grubbe, volume 1, page 67:

that (introduces a noun clause functioning as the subject, object or predicative of a verb, or as the object of a prepositional phrase)

Og Hjorten vil jeg fange, | At Korset jeg kan faae.

1856, Christian Winther, Hr. Peder Jernskjæg, from Hjortens Flugt / https://kalliope.org/da/text/winther2018100610

And the deer, I will catch, that I may win the cross.

det er helvedes svært, at du bare ved det.

1987, Thomas Bruun, Et paradisisk blik. Humoresker og grotesker:

it is damned difficult, just that you know it.

(archaic) that, in order that, so that (introduces an adverbial clause stating the purpose)

Jeg er saa fattig, at jeg sulter paa Sjæl og Legeme.

I am so poor that I starve in my soul and my body.

that, so that (introduces an adverbial clause stating the result, normally after a demonstrative adverb or pronoun)

At De kan synge saa tidligt om Morgenen.

That you can sing that early in the morning.

that, why (introducing an independent clause, expressing passion, surprise, anger, or joy)

Forbavset aner min forstand, | at denne scenes sære magt | kun begribes, hvis at man | bevæger sig i dansetakt.

2009, Frank Colding, Sejleren, p. 32 / https://books.google.dk/books?id=HCNperkZeKIC&pg=PA32

Astonished, my mind senses that the strange power of this scene can only be understood if one moves in dance steps.

(proscribed) added pleonastically to other conjunctions: fordi at, hvis at, når at


at

From Old Norse at (“that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat (“that”). Cognate with Middle English at (“that”, conjunction and relative pronoun), Scots at (“that”, conjunction and relative pronoun). More at that.


at

Compare Pangasinan ta and tan, Remontado Agta at, Tagalog at, Malay dan, Indonesian dan, Hawaiian a.

Pakibilisan at bawal mabagal.


at

At rēgīna ….

But the Queen ….
(This phrase, which begins Book 4, recurs twice more to begin subsections within the book: cf. 4.296, 4.504.)

introduces a different but not completely opposing thought: but, yet, moreover, on the other hand, on the contrary, still


at

From Old Norse at. Cognate with Danish at and Swedish att.


at

Icelandic: að

Faroese: at

Norwegian: at

Swedish: att

Danish: at

From Proto-Germanic *þat (“that”). Cognate with Old English þæt, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata). Doublet of þat; for similar loss of þ- compare an from Proto-Germanic *þan.


at

Compare Pangasinan ta (“because”) and tan (“and”), and Remontado Agta at (“and; because”).

Bilisan mo at ako'y aalis na.


to

From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.


to

Polish: to

Silesian: to

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to. First attested in the 14th century.

then (in that case, used in if constructions)

secondary clause equivalent in superordinate clauses


to

Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, dass, English that.

Janek to mój brat.

Górnicy to jest takie specyficzne społeczeństwo.

used to attribute to the known object a characteristic that helps one know more about the topic; may optionally be followed by jest [with nominative]

Chcieć to móc.

Where there's a will there's a way. (literally, “To want is to be able to.”)

Ciekawość to pierwszy stopień do piekła.

Curiosity killed the cat. (literally, “Curiosity is the first step to hell.”)

used to juxtapose elements that are equivalent

Nasze straty są minimalne, ale bez śmierci się nie obejdzie. Wojna to wojna.

Our losses are minimal but some casualties are inevitable. War is war.

No, ale rozkaz to rozkaz. Nie mnie podważać.

Well, but an order is an order. Not for me to question.

used to indicate that the subject of the conversation has peculiarities which are familiar to the interlocutors, so that nothing else needs to be said about it in order to understand the topic

Coordinate term: jeśli

„Wiem, co chcę zrobić.” „To to zrób”.

“I know what I want to do.” “Then do it.”

Jeśli to zrobisz, to daj mi znać.

„Jeżeli zbuduję sobie kiedyś własny dom, to właśnie taki” – myślałam.

“If I ever build my own house one day, this is the one,” I thought.

in that case, then (used in if-constructions)


al

From Dutch al, from Middle Dutch al, from Old Dutch al, from Proto-West Germanic *all.


al

From Middle Dutch al, from Old Dutch al, from Proto-West Germanic *all.

Al zou ik het willen...


al

Dutch: al

Afrikaans: al

Limburgish: al

From Old Dutch al, from Proto-Germanic *allaz.


al

Middle Dutch: al

Dutch: al

Afrikaans: al

Limburgish: al

From Proto-West Germanic *all. Cognates include Old High German al and Old Saxon al.

Ire beider sculde waren grozlich, al newæren sie nieht gelich.

Both their debts were great, even though they weren't equal.


although

From Middle English althagh, from Old English compound of eall (“all (emphatic)”) + þēah (“though”).

Although it was very muddy, the football game went on.

The patients, (al)though getting stronger, will not come off their medications.

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 78:

The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen.[…]The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 249:

With the north London derby to come at the weekend, Spurs boss Harry Redknapp opted to rest many of his key players, although he brought back Aaron Lennon after a month out through injury.

2011 September 29, Jon Smith, “Tottenham 3-1 Shamrock Rovers”, in BBC Sport:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012 March 5, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2012-06-14, page 128:

Though, even though, in spite of or despite the fact that: introducing a clause that expresses a concession.

It was difficult, although not as difficult as we had expected.


baru

Baru dong seret de ke sumur, […]

2023, Wyclyff translators, Melayu Papua, Genesis 37:24:

And then they brought him to a well, […]

[…] de jatu baru motor tindis dia

2008 September 23, Papuan Malay corpus, recording 10, line 12:

[…] he fell and then the motorbike crushed him


as

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā (“just so; as”), thus representing a reduced form of also. Compare German Low German as, German als, Dutch als.

She's twice as strong as I was two years ago.

It's not so complicated as I expected.

In the (same) way or manner that; to the (same) degree that.

Used after so or as to introduce a comparison.

[...] that the Board of Regents had fallen into disrepute; that intelligent men inquired what the board was; he said that it was a quiet body, and kept out of the newspapers — and so quiet as to lead many to suppose tho board had ceased to exist.

1868, Proceedings and Debates of the [New York] Constitutional Convention Held in 1867 and 1868 in the City of Albany, page 2853:

It was a talent he had developed; he could actually be so quiet as to be practically invisible. In class, he was rarely called upon to answer any questions. In the crowded hallways, he could slip in and out without offending any of the local bullies ...

2006, Eric Manasse, The Twenty-First Man, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 7:

Under most circumstances, it will be possible to draw a distinction sufficiently clear as to allow an unambiguous allocation to one or other category.

2011, Herwig C. H. Hofmann, Gerard C. Rowe, Alexander H. Türk, Administrative Law and Policy of the European Union, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 507:

Used to introduce a result: with the result that it is.

1843 (first published), Thomas Babington Macaulay, Essays
We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited.

If this happens, be patient and, difficult as it may be, try not to take these reactions personally.

2009, Matthew Friedman, Laurie B. Slone, J Friedman, After the War Zone, →ISBN:

Do as I say!

I'm under a lot of pressure, as you know.

As you wish, my lord!

The kidnappers released him as agreed.

"But he's good as dead, and I ain't about to waste a bullet."

2001, Jason Manning, Mountain Honor, Signet Book, →ISBN:

As I came in, she fled.

At the same instant or moment that: when.

He sleeps as the rain falls.

At the same time that, during the same time when: while.

As my fear grew, so did my legs become heavy.

As she grew older, she grew wiser.

Varying through time in the same proportion that.

a mesura que

varying through time to the same proportion that

As it’s too late, I quit.

Being that, considering that, because, since.

I start as from some dreadful dream.

1681, John Dryden, The Spanish Fryar: Or, the Double Discovery. […], London: […] Richard Tonson and Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, (please specify the page number):

And sodenly there cam a sounde from heven as it had bene the commynge off a myghty wynde […]

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts ij:

Oft haue I ſeene the haughty Cardinall,
 More like a Souldier then a man o' th' Church,
 As ſtout and proud as he were Lord of all […]

1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

I feel securely fixed on the careering chair, and with the momentum gained I steer myself as on skis to the guard and come to a stop with a happy little flourish.

1990, Andrew Fetler, “The third count”, in Triquarterly, number Spring:

They think they are romantic, tragic figures, exiled as on Elba. They picture themselves as enlightened barons bringing civilization, opportunity, and kindness to the brown-skinned.

1992/1993 Winter, Katherine Weissman, “The Divorce Gang”, in Ploughshares, volume 18, number 4, page 202:

Newspapers and magazines would load their graphics, and you could doodle as on the Sony Reader Daily Edition.

2011 January 30, Kyle Wagner, “E-readers lighten a traveler's load But choosing the right unit means weighing features, cost, ease of use”, in Denver Post, page Travel 1:

(dated) Introducing a comparison with a hypothetical state (+ subjunctive, or with the verb elided): as though, as if.

The case is dismissed as between Jones and Smith. (makes explicit that the case is continued between other parties to the litigation)

The case is dismissed as against Smith. (makes explicit that it is continued against some other defendant)

(law) used before a preposition to clarify that the prepositional phrase restricts the meaning of the sentence; specifically.

He had the same problem as she did getting the lock open.

Now will he sit under a medlar tree,
And wish his mistress were that kind of fruit,
As maids call medlars, when they laugh alone.

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

the temper is to be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and brain […]

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 1, subsection v:

‘Sissy is not a name,’ said Mr. Gradgrind. ‘Don’t call yourself Sissy. Call yourself Cecilia.’
‘It’s father as calls me Sissy, sir,’ returned the young girl in a trembling voice, and with another curtsey.

1854, Charles Dickens, “Book I, Chapter II”, in Hard Times. For These Times, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], →OCLC:

“If I had, if I could hold me head up with the better folk, perhaps I'd think again, but I don't reckon as that's very likely now.”

2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, published 2016, page 99:

Functioning as a relative conjunction, and sometimes like a relative pronoun: that, which, who. (See usage notes.)

The king was not more forward to bestow favours on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors.

1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):

Darkness itself is no more opposite to light as their actions were diametricall to their words.

1660, James Howell, Parly of Beasts, page 48:

(rare, now England, Midland US and Southern US, possibly obsolete) Than.


as

As ze alle khödent azò misses zèinan baar.


as

(The Hague dialect) Alternative spelling of als


as

From Old Irish ocus (“and", originally "proximity”), from Proto-Celtic *adgostus (“near”).


as

English: as

Scots: as

Yola: az, as

Reduction of alswo, alswa, also, from Old English eallswā. The reduced form is more common in this sense from c. 1200.


as

Compare German als, Dutch als, English as.

As ich des Poscht schreib...


as

From Old Frisian as, ase, asa, als, alse, alsa, equivalent to al + so. More at as.


as

Grut as in hûs.

as, like (used to form an equating phrase)

Grutter as in hûs.


which

From English which (“non-restrictive relative clause marker”).

der

(Hong Kong Cantonese) which; discourse marker introducing personal assessment or comment of the preceding clause


daar

From Dutch daar, from Old Dutch thār, from Proto-Germanic *þar.


daar

Afrikaans: daar

From Middle Dutch dâer, from Old Dutch thār, from Proto-West Germanic *þār.

Daar ze geen zin heeft, komt ze niet

Since she doesn't feel like it, she won't come

since (preceding a reason why something is like it is)


ia

From Proto-Germanic *jahw, cognate with Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old English ġe.

c390, De conviviis barbaris
Inter eils Gothicum scapia matzia ia drincan / non audet quisquam dignos educere versus.

Between the Gothic [cries] “Hail” and “Let’s get [something to] eat and drink” / nobody dares to put forth decent verses.


dia

Middle Irish: dia

Irish: dá

Manx: dy

Scottish Gaelic: nan


whether

From Middle English whether, whather, from Old English hweþer, hwæþer, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz, comparative form of *hwaz (“who”). Cognate with German weder (“neither”), Swedish var, Icelandic hvor (“each of two, which of two”).

cog

He chose the correct answer, but whether by luck or by skill I don't know.

As a political system democracy seems to me extraordinarily foolish,[…]. My servant is, so far as I am concerned, welcome to as many votes as he can get.[…]I do not suppose that it matters much in reality whether laws are made by dukes or cornerboys, but I like, as far as possible, to associate with gentlemen in private life.

1915, G[eorge] A. Birmingham [pseudonym; James Owen Hannay], chapter I, in Gossamer, New York, N.Y.: George H. Doran Company, →OCLC:

The incident immediately revived the debate about goal-line technology, with a final decision on whether it is introduced expected to be taken in Zurich on 5 July.

2012 June 19, Phil McNulty, “England 1–0 Ukraine”, in BBC Sport:

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine. The machine gun is so much more lethal than the bow and arrow that comparisons are meaningless. One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished.

2013 July 20, “Old soldiers?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

Indicates doubt between possibilities (usually with correlative or).

Do you know whether he's coming?

Without a correlative, introduces a simple indirect question.

ли

placed after the first word in the sentence or phrase

He's coming, whether you like it or not.

Whether or not you're successful, you can be sure you did your best.

The years have gone by and still we know not whether or no Mallory and Irvine reached the summit. But the will to climb Mount Everest is still alive.

1931 April, Francis Younghusband, “Preface”, in The Epic of Mount Everest, London: Edward Arnold & Co., →OCLC, →OL, page 5:

Introduces a disjunctive adverbial clause qualifying the main clause (with correlative or).

是否

introducing adverbial clause; no matter whether or not

whether ys it easyer to saye to the sicke of the palsey, thy synnes ar forgeven the: or to saye, aryse, take uppe thy beed and walke?

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Mark ij:[9]:

Whether hadst thou rather be a Faulconbridge, [...] Or the reputed sonne of Cordelion?

c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

(obsolete) Introduces a direct question between alternatives (often with correlative or).


while

From Middle English whyle, from Old English hwīl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu, from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (compare Dutch wijl, Low German Wiel, German Weile, Danish hvile (“rest”), Norwegian Bokmål hvile (“rest”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”). Cognate with Albanian sillë (“breakfast”), Latin tranquillus, Sanskrit चिर (cirá), Persian شاد (šâd).

He was sleeping while I was singing.

Driving while intoxicated is against the law.

While the powwow was going on the big woman came back again. She was consider'ble rumpled and scratched up, but there was fire in her eye.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter XII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

While De Anza was exploring the Bay of San Francisco, seeking a site for the presidio, the American colonists on the eastern seaboard, three thousand miles away, were celebrating the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

1948, Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico / The Spanish-Speaking People of The United States, J. B. Lippincott Company, page 25:

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 36:

This case, while interesting, is a bit frustrating.

While I would love to help, I am very busy at the moment.

While Britain’s recession has been deep and unforgiving, in London it has been relatively shallow.

2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-09-28:

kun taas

at the beginning of a clause, contrasting

I'll wait while you've finished painting.

To dark is still used in Swaledale (Yorkshire) in the sense of to lie hid, as, 'Te rattens [rats] mun ha bin darkin whel nu [till now]; we hannot heerd tem tis last fortnith'.

1873, Richard Morris, Walter William Skeat, “Glossarial Index”, in Specimens of Early English, volumes II: From Robert of Gloucester to Gower, A.D. 1298—A.D. 1393, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 490:

While you're at school you may live at home.

Use your memory; you will sensibly experience a gradual improvement, while you take care not to load it to excess.

1725, Isaac Watts, Logick: Or, The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry after Truth, […], 2nd edition, London: […] John Clark and Richard Hett, […], Emanuel Matthews, […], and Richard Ford, […], published 1726, →OCLC:

He was detained for four hours at the store yesterday. His crime? Shopping while black.

Ms. Syed, along with many of her American Muslim friends and Islamic-rights advocates, is all too familiar with what many refer to as the stigma of traveling while Muslim.

2016 November 7, Michael T. Luongo, “Traveling While Muslim Complicates Air Travel”, in The New York Times:

He added that the case took an emotional toll and left him humiliated by the accusations when, in fact, all he had been doing was "gardening while black".

2019 March 8, Tom Perkins, “'Gardening while black': lawsuit targets white accusers over 'outrageous' claims”, in The Guardian:

racial profiling
racial profiling#English

(media, public policy) Used to denote a person experiencing racial profiling when performing a seemingly benign activity.


since

From Middle English syns, synnes, contraction of earlier sithens, sithence, from sithen (“after, since”) ( + -s, adverbial genitive suffix), from Old English sīþþan, from the phrase sīþ þǣm (“after/since that (time)”), from sīþ (“since, after”) + þǣm dative singular of þæt. Cognate with Dutch sinds (“since”), German seit (“since”), Danish siden (“since”), Icelandic síðan (“since”) Scots syne (“since”).

I have loved you since I first met you.

He had one hand on the bounce bottle—and he'd never let go of that since he got back to the table—but he had a handkerchief in the other and was swabbing his deadlights with it.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

Since you didn't call, we left without you.

The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen.[…]The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 249:

Since disbursement is the last step in the process of creating a mortgage instrument, the disbursement date may lag the transaction date by a considerable period.

1970, Jack M. Guttentag, “New Series on Home Mortgage Yields Since 1951, Volume 92”, in National Bureau of Economic Research, page 132:

O ſir Iohn, doe you remember ſince wee lay all night in the Winde-mill, in S Georges field.

c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 87, column 2: