ani

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ani. First attested in 1386.

Palatinus nigdi ne bil tey nyue w dzerzenu, o yansz zalowal, any gospodarzem

1915 [1396], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, Krakow, page 537:

Falislaw s Wiszni ne wsząl gymena v Maczea za gedennacze grziwen... ani mney, ani wanczey

1895 [1420], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 152:

Ne szabyay bratha svadą, rąką, caszną any slą radą

15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume III, number 3:

Ne szabyay bratha swadą any røkø, kasnø, any radø

1399, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume III, number 1:

Non occides nicogo røkø ani szlim przicladem, ani rzeczø slowa slego, ani k[a]sznø, ani kthorą szlą radą

1440, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume V, number 4:

Nechaycze molwicz... lichoty. Bo ani ode wzchoda, ani od zachoda, ani od pustich gor (neque ab oriente, neque ab occidente, neque a desertis montibus, Puł: ny... ny... ny), bo bog sødzø iest

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 74, 6:

Raczcze any zadny czlowyek ma szadzycz przyszasznyka... przesz gego vyny

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, volume VI, page 364:

Ani czy dedziczi, ani Borek byli gospodarzmi dzedziny[e]

1856-1870 [1399], Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, editor, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki, volume VIII, number 8277:

Any lylya byalosczya, czyrvona roza krassznosczya, any nardus szva vonyosczya, zamorszky kvyat szva drogosczya Maryey szya rowna

1874-1891 [1453], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXV, page 212:

Czterdzesczy grzywen possasnich, a ne skodnich any platowych, Vochna... wnosla do Lubanyey

1895 [1427], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 167:

Braczya wszythczy... mayą myeczi odzyenye schare pospolyczye any barzo byale, any barzo czarne (in... colore non prorsus albo vel nigro)

1892 [1484], Hieronim Łopaciński, editor, Reguła trzeciego zakonu św. Franciszka i drobniejsze zabytki języka polskiego z końca w. XV i początku XVI, Krakow, page 708:

Dzerszek yest krwø bliszszi... ku Szacovu nisz Ramsz ani gego strig

1902 [1406], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 306:

(attested in Lesser Poland) connects negated elements; not, and not

Pecz ne vcradl duos equos... ani tego wzitka jma

Szpowadami szø..., yszeszmi... podrosznika na nocz ne polozili any yemw drogy ne wkazali

End of the 14th century, Spowiedź powszechna - Confessio generalis, number 1:

Jacobus... za poczestnego, czsnego od zadnego w szadnem zawodze podesrzany ani yest nalesøn y prze dobri luth... za *tagego myan, dzirsan y chowan

1915 [1474], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, Sieradz, page 540:

Ani przebiwacz bødze przi tobe zglobliwi, any przebywacz bødø neprawy (neque habitabit iuxta te malignus, neque permanebunt iniusti)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 5, 5:

Ianow oczecz any szam ne prossyl kmeczy pana Yanowich do Zagorzicz..., any naymowal

1895 [1426], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 166:

W xanzeyi pusczyey... any stampycz na swyerz nye stawyam, anym xanzego swyaza ny[e] pokrathl

1921 [1471], Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editor, Procesy twórcze formowania się społeczeństwa polskiego w wiekach średnich, page 197:

Abiscze vy tose ne kradly any slodzegmy byly, any ktorego cloueka szabyly

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 175a:

Ne gest powyszono sercze moge any wznesle gesta se oczy moge, any chodzyl gesm w welykych, any w dzywech nad mø (non est exaltatum... neque elati sunt..., neque ambulavi..., neque in mirabilibus super me)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 130, 1–2:

Sczepan Brilewsky Thomy dwayczy ne *szodzal w klodą y dwayczy ne wyszadzal any mu mecza gwaltem wsąl

1861 [1435–1437], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 24:

Oczecz od nikogo iest vczynyon any stworzon, any porodzon (pater a nullo est factus nec creatus nec genitus Ath 20)

1887 [Fifteenth century], Wacław Ubogi z Brodni, edited by Lucjan Malinowski, Modlitwy Wacława. Zabytek języka polskiego z wieku XV odkryty i skopjowany przez Aleksandra Przezdzieckiego wydał i objaśnił Lucyjan Malinowski, Krakow, Brodnia, page 111a:

Strzegl iesm drog boszich any iesm zle nosil od boga (custodivi vias domini nec impie gessi a deo)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 17, 24:

Then czlowyek sbyegl any nye vczynyw dosszycz podle prawa, nye oszadzywsszy podla szemszkyego wkładu

1925 [1432-1437], Roczniki Historyczne, volume XV, Pyzdry, page 68:

(reduplicated, attesed in, Lesser Poland, Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) neither … nor

Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; Lesser Poland; Greater Poland


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni.

surf

Nie chce mi się ani jeść, ani pić.

I feel neither like eating nor drinking.

Nie było ani jednego ciasteczka.


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni


ani

Nechce sa mi ani jesť ani piť.

Ani neviem.


until

From Middle English vntil, until, untill, ontil, ontill, perhaps representing a northern variant of Middle English unto (see Modern English unto). By surface analysis, un- (“against; toward; up to”) + till.

it's all fun and games until someone loses an eye

never put off until tomorrow what you can do today

the jug goes to the well until it breaks

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street.[…]. He halted opposite the Privy Gardens, and, with his face turned skywards, listened until the sound of the Tower guns smote again on the ear and dispelled his doubts.

1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., →OCLC, page 01:

Imagine a country where children do nothing but play until they start compulsory schooling at age seven. Then, without exception, they attend comprehensives until the age of 16. Charging school fees is illegal, and so is sorting pupils into ability groups by streaming or setting.

2013 July 19, Peter Wilby, “Finland spreads word on schools”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 30:

Up to the time that (a condition becomes true).

It is never possible to settle down to the ordinary routine of life at sea until the screw begins to revolve. There is an hour or two, after the passengers have embarked, which is disquieting and fussy.

1915, G[eorge] A. Birmingham [pseudonym; James Owen Hannay], chapter I, in Gossamer, New York, N.Y.: George H. Doran Company, →OCLC:


che

Nu’ iè truvato spada, che me talgia

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 68:

I have not found a sword that would cut me


che

From Latin quod, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷod.

che la sfida abbia inizio!

che Dio ti aiuti


being

Originated 1250–1300 from Middle English being; see be + -ing.

’Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being they are so various and many […].


albo

Polish: albo

Silesian: albo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *alibo. First attested in 1424.

Za wykupyene albo za zbawenye duszch swych (pro redemptione animarum suarum)

1424, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume III, page 52:

Obyatuyemy thobye za czyrkew swantø albo za zgromadzenye wyernego krzesczyanstthwa (offerimus pro ecclesia tua sancta catholica)

1426, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume IV, page 313:

Puste albo ploche sweszrą indomita fera

1874-1891 [XV p. pr.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XLVII, page 358:

Nie było im łacno albo podobno kogo ukrzyżować

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 774:

Czyebe tego dlya albo przeto namiloscziwszy oczcze... prosymi (te igitur clementissime pater... rogamus)

1424, Kanon mszy św., Canon missae., volume III, page 50:

Abychø zyawily albo zwyestowaly (ut annuntient)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 101, 22:

Acz tesz... vmowa nye vczyaszi albo nye barso vraszi, szlowye nye vdraczy

1884 [c. 1455-1460], “Die Magdeburger Urtheile. Ein Deutschen Rechtes in polnischer Sprache aus der Mitte des XV Jahrhunderts”, in Aleksander Brückner, editor, Archiv für slavische Philologie, volume VII, page 573:

W pamøcz wroczy se lychota elbo zglowa, albo neprawedlnost oczcz[o]w yego (iniquitas patrum eius)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 108, 13:

Gospodzyn... wezrzal gest..., bi rozwøzal syny zagubonych albo zabitich, albo zginolich (pro zginølich) (ut solveret filios interemptorum)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 101, 20–21:

(attested in Lesser Poland) or, that is, i.e.

Jako ya thakan ymal vmowan s Falkem, kedybych yemu szytho spasl albo lankan, tedi myal bracz othe *mye szytho za szitho a trawan za trawan

1950 [1427], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 275, Warsaw:

Jako mne vinouath Stanislaw dwadzescye groszy za yastrab albo dobri crogulecz

1950 [1427], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 223, Warsaw:

Gdy mąszczyszną... szwey zenye wyanvge... stho grzywyen albo mnyey lubo [w]wyączey

Thy albo ga moszesz dzysza albo iutrze s tego svatha szycz

Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie, Krakow, page 14b:

Lepey syą modlicz, nysze cziscz albo syą vczicz

1874-1891 [XV med.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 242:

Elzbyetha... jezdzila do Sczepana w dom, aby yey spelnil pyenandze podlug zapysu... albo wwązane dal

1895 [1423], Archiwum Komisji Prawniczej. Collectanea ex Archivo Collegii Iuridici, volume VIIIa, page 162:

Kyedy komv s prawa przyszagą szkazą albo o dlug, albo o layanye, albo o czokoly bandz..., a then, czo by myal nosycz przyszagą, nye bylby..., czo gest o to prawo?

1886 [c. 1455-1460], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Die polnische Recension der Magdeburger Urtheile und die einschlägigen deutschen, lateinischen und czechischen Sammlungen, page 212:

W onich takye ma vzrzecz albo thu, albo onam vczyechą

1874-1891 [XV med.], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 238:

(attested in Masovia, Lesser Poland) either, or

attested in Masovia; Lesser Poland; attested in Masovia; Lesser Poland

Davam szya vynyen bogv *wszechmogocemv..., czom szgrzessyl... dotknyenym albo *szmyecham

15th century, Spowiedź powszechna - Confessio generalis, number 3:

*Podrossznye albo blakąyączye et egenos vagosque induc in domum tuam

1880-1894 [XV p. pr.], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume I, page 300:

Gospodne, takoly szywø albo w takych szywot dvcha mego (si sic vivitur et in talibus vita spiritus mei)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ez 10:

Moui to slouo albo sedøcim, albo spøcim, albo lezøcim, albo uma[rłym]... a tim usem tecto bog mylosciuy moui

c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie, Miechów, page br 11:

Vszrzal bog, isto zemya gest szø skaszyla, albo bilo wszitko stworzenye (omnis quippe caro), isto szø skazylo

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 6, 12:

Panye,... przecz yesz myø poslal? Albo støøt, yakoszesm szedl ku ffaraonowy..., znødzyl lyud twoy (quare misisti me? Ex eo enim, quo ingressus sum ad pharaonem..., afflixit populum meum)

1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 5, 23:


albo

Możesz mieć albo to, albo to.


segundo

From Old Galician-Portuguese segundo, from Latin secundus, probably taken as a semi-learned term.

Saíam segundo chegávamos.

Comprava livros segundo permitia seu salário.


porno

1966, Translation of the New Testament, Epistle to Romans, ch. 8, v. 18

I find that sufferings of this time are nothing in contrast to the future glory that is coming upon us.

Mam za to, zo njejsu ćerpjenja tutoho časa ničo porno přichodnej krasnosći, kotraž so nad nami zjewi.


ahogy

Úgy tett, ahogy mondták.

ahogy megérkezett


ut

Some supposed ut < uti < utī < utei < *utai < *uta + i, with this *uta corresponding to ita (and utinam < *utanam). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis, *kʷos and *só. See ubi for the loss of c.
Jussive and optative sentences were often followed by some adverbial ut(i), originally meaning "in some way" (sometimes interchangeable with instrumental qui (“by some means”)). Ut becoming habitual, lost its full meaning and was weakened to the conjunction ut, which now fell to govern the subjunctive mood. This was the epitome of the evolution of subordinate clauses in Latin.

† Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated° Rare‡only used as a conjunction

Spero ut pacem habeant semper.

Tollensque illud portavit ad domum suam occulte ut dum sol occubuisset caute sepeliret eum.

And taking it up carried it privately to his house, that after the sun was down, he might bury him cautiously.

Et missus est angelus Domini sanctus Rafahel ut curaret ambos quorum uno tempore fuerat oratio in conspectu Domini recitata.

And the holy angel of the Lord, Raphael was sent to heal them both, whose prayers at one time were rehearsed in the sight of the Lord.

that, so that, to, in order to, in order that; introduces the subject or object clause of a verb; note that quō replaces ut when there is a comparative in the subordinate clause of purpose.

Nescio quid dicam, ita enim perturbatus sum ut rationem nulli possim reddere.

I don't know what to say, for thus I was upset that I can give an explanation to no one.

Quod ut audērem, Ōrigenis mē studium prōuocāuit...

c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Jerome, Biblia Sacra Vulgāta In Pentateuchō

Although I dared it, Origen's zeal provoked me...

Ut ager, quamvīs fertilis, sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā animus.

c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 2.13

Just as the field, however fertile, without cultivation cannot be fruitful, likewise the soul without education.


hol

Hol itt, hol ott bukkant ki egy delfin a vízből.

Sometimes here, sometimes there, a dolphin would pop out of the water.

Mindig van valami: hol áramszünet, hol csőtörés.

There’s always something: either it’s a blackout or a burst pipe.

Hol volt, hol nem volt, volt egyszer egy király.

Once upon a time there was a king. (literally, “now there was, now there wasn’t…”)

now… now, sometimes… sometimes, either… or


off

From Old Limburgish ova, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.

(subordinating) Introduces an indirect question, a doubt. if, whether.


bathe

(Northern) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


only

From Middle English oonly, onli, onlych, onelich, anely, from Old English ānlīċ, ǣnlīċ (“like; similar; equal”), from Proto-Germanic *ainalīkaz, equivalent to one + -ly. Cognate with obsolete Dutch eenlijk, German ähnlich (“similar”), Old Norse álíkr, Swedish enlig (“unified”). Regarding the different phonological development of only and one, see the note in one.

You're welcome to borrow my bicycle, only please take care of it.

(informal) Under the condition that; but.

I would enjoy running, only I have this broken leg.

She would get good results only she gets nervous.

[…] and pleasant it was, only for the dust.

1664 April 22, The Diary of Samuel Pepys:

And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 8:28:


ellen

Univerbation of ellä (“if”) (dialectal) + en

univ

Ellen syö, jään nälkäiseksi.


por

From po. Alternatively from Latin porrō (“then, moreover; but”), the loss of the final -r a result of the permanent unstressed position of the conjunction.


pues

From Vulgar Latin *pos, from Classical Latin post. Compare English post-, Old Galician-Portuguese pós, Italian poi, Romanian păi, apoi.

Pues me voy.

Es el mismo gato, pues tiene la misma apariencia.

It is the same cat, since it has the same appearance.


iff

A rectangle is a square iff all four of its sides have the same length.

(mathematics, logic) Short for if and only if.


iff

For iff the patient be aſhamed to diſcloſe hiſ wounde to the phyſician which knoweth it not , phyſicke can not helpe him.

1565, Thomas Stapleton, A Fortreſſe of the Faith &c., Ihon Laet, the 2. part. 112


兼

/kem/ → /kemʉ/ → /keɴ/
From Middle Chinese 兼 (MC kem|kemH).

書斎兼応接間

首相兼外相

someone who holds the offices of both Prime Minister and Foreign Minister


ergo

From Middle English ergo, from Latin ergō.


ergo

Ergo: Europa sollte vorbereitet sein.

2022 April 28, Barbara Oertel, “Russlands Zündelei in Transnistrien: Eskalation mit Ansage”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz, →ISSN:


ergo

Equivalent to an adverbial derivation from *ēregō, presumably ex- + regō, with sense similar to cognate pergō (“I proceed”).
See also ergā. Compare with the adverbial use of ē regiōne (“directly, against”), with the same elements.

Cogito, ergo sum.

1637, René Descartes', Discourse on the Method:

therefore, because, hence, consequently, thus


ergo

Simple lang ang kanilang pinanghahawakan: ang daigdig ng mga materya ay sa demonyo, ang daigdig ng espiritu ang sa Diyos. Ergo, iwasan ang daigdig ng materya.

What they uphold is simple: the material world is for the Devil, the spiritual world is God's. Ergo, avoid the material world.

Ang isang dahilan, magulo kasi tayo. Hindi magkaisa; puro kudeta at rebelyon. Ergo, ang kailangan nati'y isang diwang magbibigkis sa atin.

1998, Virgilio S. Almario, Kalahating siglo sa ibabaw ng mundo at mga kataka-takang: alaala't engkuwentro, →ISBN, page 93:

One reason is that we are disorderly. We can't unite; we are always on coup d'état and rebellion. Ergo, what we need is a consciousness that unites us.

Ergo, ang paglikha ng kaalaman ay may dalawang daan

2017, Jubert Cabrezos, Naturalismo, AuthorHouse, →ISBN:

Therefore, there are two ways for the creation of knowledge

Ergo, wala rin silang kita.

2020 April 27, Baby E, “Performers ng comedy bar umaaray na, Noel Cabangon humihingi na rin ng tulong”, in Pang-Masa - Palaban, Maaasahan (Philstar.com):


אם

אם תצליחי או לא נהיה איתך.

Whether you (f) succeed or not we will be with you.

אִם אַתָּה רוֹצֶה, אֲנִי אוּכַל לָבוֹא מָחָר.


ako

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).

inh+

ako ovo je kraj


að

From Old Norse at (“that”). From Proto-Germanic *þat (“that”). Cognate with Old English þæt, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata).

Hún sagði mér að þessi bók væri góð lesning.

She told me that this book was a good read.


è

From Latin et, from Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognates include Italian e and Portuguese e.


and/or

List three personal and/or business references.
(meaning that these three references could be all personal, all business, or a combination of both)

[Howland Owl:] There wasn't no everybody else... 'cept them what was in jail and/or dead.
[Albert:] Since when is it a crime to be dead?

1960, Walt Kelly, Pogo, January 21 comic strip (→ISBN, p. 113)

Joins two alternatives to mean either or both; indicates that inclusive or is meant where or alone might be taken to mean exclusive or.


jus

Borrowed from Finnic (compare Finnish jos).


ou

Inherited from Old French ou, from Latin aut.

La baladodiffusion est ainsi utilisée comme outil à potentiel cognitif, parce qu’elle permet, relativement facilement, de diffuser un contenu audio ou vidéo qui peut, par la suite, être écouté ou vu à tout moment par l’apprenant.

2011, Christian Depover, Thierry Karsenti, Enseigner avec les technologies: Favoriser les apprentissages, développer des compétences, PUQ, →ISBN:

Therefore, podcasting is used as a tool for cognitive potential, because it allows for the relatively easy distribution of audio or video content, which, as a result, can be listened to or watched at any moment by the learner.

Ou il est fou ou il est bête.


ou

From Old Galician-Portuguese ou, from Latin aut.


ou

French: ou


ou

Macanese: ó

Escolhe a opção um ou a opção dois.

or (connects at least two alternative words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. each of which could make a passage true)

Mianmar, ou Birmânia, fica na Ásia.


kai

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kai; compare Old Prussian kāi (“when”), Latvian kâ(i) (“when”), Old Church Slavonic цѣ (cě, “and also, besides”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoy; compare Ancient Greek ποῖ (poî, “whereto”). Perhaps ultimately the locative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, kʷis (“question particle”); see kas (“what”). Also, compare with tai (“that”).


да

LL-Q7918 (bul)-Kiril kovachev-да (unstressed).wav

From Proto-Slavic *da (in the conjunction sense), related to the first etymology.

Искам да напусна.

Не знам как да го кажа.

Да се греши е човешко.

Започва да вали.

Да ти кажа истината,...

Мога да плувам.

Трябва да тръгвам.

particle: used to mark an infinitive, to (or in some other cases, such as with modal verbs, it is not translated)

Да си беше свършил работата както трябва, сега нямаше да сме забъркани в тази каша.

Had you done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.

Da si beše svǎršil rabotata kakto trjabva, sega njamaše da sme zabǎrkani v tazi kaša.

if (only for conditions that are known to be false)


да

йӱр чарныш, да кече ончале

it stopped raining, and the sun started shining

ыштынем, да ом мошто


да

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *da. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic да (da) and Old Polish da.

рече бо въ сьрдьци моѥмь съкрꙑхъ словеса твоꙗ да не съгрѣшѫ тебѣ·

For [one] said: In my heart I hid your words so' I won't commit a sin before you

reče bo vŭ sĭrdĭci mojemĭ sŭkryxŭ slovesa tvoja da ne sŭgrěšǫ tebě·


да

→ Ingrian: da

→ Karelian:

South Karelian: da

→ Komi-Zyrian: да (da)

Inherited from Old East Slavic да (da), from Proto-Slavic *da.

Он сам о себе́ говори́л, что ему́, как импера́тору Ка́рлу Вели́кому, недосу́г учи́ться чита́ть да писа́ть.

He said of himself that he was like the Emperor Charlemagne, too busy to learn to read and write.

On sam o sebé govoríl, što jemú, kak imperátoru Kárlu Velíkomu, nedosúg učítʹsja čitátʹ da pisátʹ.

ходи́ть вокру́г да о́коло

to beat around the bush (literally, “to walk around and about”)

е́сли бы да кабы́

should've, would've, could've / if only (literally, “if only and if only”)

Да грана́ты у него́ не той систе́мы!

It's just - his grenades are the wrong caliber! (Quoted from White Sun of the Desert after antagonist fails to obtain grenades.)


да

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *da, probably old imperative of the word да̏ти, itself from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”).

рекао је да ће доћи

одговорио сам му да немам појма о чему прича

I've told him that I have no idea what he was talking about

дошао је да ми све исприча

стигао је у нашу земљу да научи наш језик

he arrived in our country in order to learn our language

он хоће да му покажете пут до станице

he wants you to show him the way to the station

to (when the subjects of both clauses are not the same)

он жели да прича с вама

(Serbia) to (when the subjects of both clauses are the same; for western Serbo-Croatian use infinitive instead of да + present tense)

да сам на вашем м(ј)есту, не бих се пуно замарао таквим детаљима

if I were you, I wouldn't bother too much with such details

да си више радио, зарадио би више новца

if you worked harder, you would have earned more money

с(ј)ећам се, као да је било јуче(р)

као да не знаш о чему причам

as if you don't know what I'm talking about

не могу се укључити у расправу, а да не направим неред

I cannot enter a discussion without making a mess

одлази, а да није рекао ни збогом

he's leaving without even saying goodbye

(а + да + не) without (usually after negative verbs)

а и да јесам то направио, не би то учинило неку разлику

even if I did it, it wouldn't have made much of a difference

онај који се бори против чудовишта треба пазити да тиме и сам не постане чудовиште

he who fights with monsters might take care lest he thereby become a monster


ali

Univerbation of a + li. First attested in the 15th century.

Rudda nye othworzila szye na roly... woytha, aly othworzila szye na roly claszthorney

1880-1894 [1436], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume III, Krakow, page 332:

(attested in Lesser Poland) Introduces a contradicting clause; but

Kristus... rzekł ku swem zwolenikom: Kiedym was słał przez moszny, przez toboły..., azali wam czego niedostawało? A oni rzekli: Wszegośmy dosyć mieli. Ali już kto ma mosznę, weźmi i tobołę (sed nunc qui habet sacculum, tollat... peram Luc 22, 36)

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 638:

Iakom ya ne mal dzewcze mey vosza ani con[a dacz], ali na mego concza smerczy

1920 [1424], Marceli Handelsman, Antoni Rybarski, Kazimierz Tymieniecki, editors, Najdawniejsze księgi sądowe mazowieckie, volume II, number 237, Zakroczym:


ali

Inherited from Old Polish ali. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + li.


abo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *abo. First attested in the 14th century.

Werzø w... szwøtych v *polszpostwo abo opczowane (credo in... sanctorum communionem)

Vbaczywszy abo vznawszy (considerantes I Petr 2, 12)

1874-1891 [1449], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXV, page 165:

Laska pokriwa wy[e]loscz abo wyelycoscz abo przeszlysnoscz grzechow (multitudinem peccatorum I Petr 4, 8)

Azaly placzesch... nądze abo szmyerczy an forte ploras... miseriam, an forte mortem?

1880-1894 [Middle of the 15th century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume V, page 260:

Zemsczy pyszarze... bracz mayą... za kaszde wpyszanye asz do koncza rzeczy geden grosz abo na począthkv rzeczy pol grosza (unum grossum aut in principio medium... grossum)

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 79:

Moge na prawo abo na lewo

1879 [1424], Jan Tadeusz Lubomirski, editor, Księga ziemi czerskiej 1404-1425. Liber terrae Cernensis, Masovia, page 298:

Tako mi pomozi bog..., ezem ymal s panø potkomorzinø smowø, eze ymala wzøcz penøcze za Ziroslawicze abo veczne docupicz

1888 [1400], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 77:

(attested in Masovia, Greater Poland) (whether...) or

attested in Masovia; Greater Poland; attested in Masovia; Greater Poland

*Jakøm ya nye wyrambyl drew abo drzewą w lessye

1950 [1470], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 2992, Warsaw:

Spowadaycze se gospodnw myloserdza yego... Zbo starl yest wrota moszøndzowa (confiteantur domino misericordiae..., quia contrivit portas aereas)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 106, 16:

Duch moy nye bødze w czlowyecze na wyeky przebi[wa]wacz, abo gest czyalo (quia caro est)

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 6, 3:


abo

(archaic or dialectal, Poznań, Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) or


abo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *abo. By surface analysis, a + bo.

Što preferuješ: dźěłać abo bjez pjenjez być?

What do you prefer: working or being without money?


abo

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: або (abo)

Old Ruthenian: або (abo)

Belarusian: або́ (abó)

Carpathian Rusyn: або́ (abó)

Ukrainian: або́ (abó)

Russian: а́бо (ábo)

South Slavic:

⇒ Slovene: àboj (dialectal)

West Slavic:

desctree

Old Polish: abo
Polish: abo
Silesian: abo

Old Slovak: abo

Pannonian Rusyn: або (abo)

Slovak: abo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: abò

Slovincian: abô

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: abo

Upper Sorbian: abo


either

From Middle English either, from Old English ǣġhwæþer, from *aiwon + *gahwaþera. Akin to Old Saxon eogihwethar, iahwethar (Low German jeed); Old Dutch *iogewether, *iowether, *iother (Dutch ieder); Old High German eogihwedar, iegihweder, ieweder (German jeder).

Either you eat your dinner or you go to your room.

You can have either potatoes or rice with that, but not both.

You'll be either early, late, or on time.

You can't be a table and a chair. You're either a Jew or a gentile.

2006 December 5, Jackie Mason, quotee, “Mason drops lawsuit vs. Jews for Jesus”, in USA Today:

Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language[…]his clerks[…]understood him very well. If he had written a love letter, or a farce, or a ballade, or a story, no one, either clerks, or friends, or compositors, would have understood anything but a word here and a word there.

1893, Walter Besant, “Prologue”, in The Ivory Gate:

Introduces the first of two (or occasionally more) options or possibilities, the second (or last) of which is introduced by “or”.


ko

Se oli ko hää ei mahtant vennäheks läätä.

2008, “Läkkäämmä omal viisii [We're speaking [our] own way]”, in Inkeri, volume 4, number 69, St. Petersburg, page 12:

That was how she couldn't speak Russian.


ko

From Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”). Cognate with Serbo-Croatian ako.

pride dan, ko nimas energije

there comes a day when you have no energy


καί

Greek: και (kai, “and”)

Italiot Greek: ce

Mariupol Greek: ки (ki)

Tsakonian: τσαι (tsai)

Coptic: ⲕⲁⲓ (kai)

→ Esperanto: kaj (“and”)

From earlier *kahi ← *kasi (still seen in κασίγνητος (kasígnētos, “brother”)) ← *kati, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥t-, from *ḱóm (“with”). Compare Hittite [script needed] (kat-ti, “along with”).

cog

καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν

both ... and ... (when used in the construction καί ... καί ...)


senza

From Latin sine (“without”) conflated with absentia (“without, in the absence of”).


mes

French: mais


zo

Afrikaans: so

Negerhollands: soo, so

From Middle Dutch sô, from Old Dutch sō, from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from a merger of Proto-Germanic *swa and *swē.

Heeft u bezwaren? Zo ja, gelieve te verduidelijken.

Do you have any objections? If so, please elaborate.


lo

Muhammad lo Hasan

namu de esi lo ifa

imaa me lo ido me

awoinye lo minye

atus siwe lo awoisiwe lo siwe

nine hundred and ninety-nine (literally, “nine hundred and ninety and nine”)


kama

Kama ulivyosema.


va

sen va men


tra

From Proto-Brythonic *trans, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-. Cognate with English through, Latin trans.

Tra môr yn fur i'r bur hoff bau

While the sea is a wall to the pure loved land

Mae Cymru yn aros tra bod Llafur yn trafod


protože

Hledáme lékárnu, protože chceme koupit léky.

We are looking for a pharmacy because we want to buy medicines.


fur

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


parce que

Inherited from Old French par cel que (literally “by this that”). Cognates with Catalan perquè; Italian perché; Portuguese and Spanish porque.


par

French: par
→ English: par

Comment Epistemon qui avoit la teste tranchée, fut guery habillement par Panurge.

How Epistemon who had his head cut off was adroitly cured by Panurge


par

desctree

Middle French: par
French: par
→ English: par

Lorrain: poir

Picard: per

Tost m'oceïst par son orguel.

c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

Premiers sont au mostier venu,
La furent par devocion

The first ones came to the minster,
they were there to pray

because of; due to (introduces a medium)

L'une a l'autre par la main prise,

Li cheval par le chanp s'an fuient.

"Sire, par Deu et par sa croiz!


εντούτοις

head

εντούτοις • (entoútois)

el-conjunction

εντούτοις • (entoútois)

εν (en) + τούτοις (toútois) (dative plural of Medieval τοῦτος (toûtos) from Ancient Greek οὗτος (hoûtos)). Learned borrowing from Byzantine Greek ἐν τούτοις (en toútois, “in the meantime”).

lbor

Προσπάθησε πολύ· εντούτοις δεν τα κατάφερε.

Prospáthise polý; entoútois den ta katáfere.


Alternative form of 就是霸氣就是狂／就是霸气就是狂 (jiùshì bàqì jiùshì kuáng)

(chiefly Taiwan, Internet slang, leetspeak) Alternative form of 就是 (jiùshì)


des

Jo større den er, des gladere bliver jeg.

The larger it is, the gladder I shall be.


des

Des te vaker de mensen Willem de rug toekeren des te beter!

The more often people turn their back at Willem the better!

the ... the (used with te as an intensifier to indicate the degree of an action)


ё

Имрӯз ё фардо меравед?


kde

Czech: kde


like

Adjective from Middle English lik, lyk, lich, like, from Old English ġelīċ by shortening, influenced by Old Norse líkr, glíkr; both from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“like, similar, same”). Related to alike; more distantly, with lich and -ly. Cognate with West Frisian like (“like; as”), Saterland Frisian gliek (“like”), Danish lig (“alike”), Dutch gelijk (“like, alike”), German gleich (“equal, like”), Icelandic líkur (“alike, like, similar”), Norwegian lik (“like, alike”) Swedish lik (“like, similar”)
Adverb from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, from Old English ġelīċe (“likewise, also, as, in like manner, similarly”) and Old Norse líka (“also, likewise”); both from Proto-Germanic *galīkê, from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“same, like, similar”).
Conjunction from Middle English like, lyke, lik, lyk, from the adverb Middle English like.
Preposition from Middle English like, lyke, liche, lyche, lijc, liih (“similar to, like, equal to, comparable with”), from Middle English like (adjective) and like (adverb).

der

1966, Advertising slogan for Winston cigarettes
Winston tastes good like a cigarette should

But if you do right to me, baby
I’ll do right to you, too
Ya got to do unto others
Like you’d have them, like you’d have them, do unto you

It looks like you've finished the project.

It seemed like you didn't care.


para

Para makapasok sa eskuwelahan, kailangan mo ng valid ID.

In order to be able to go inside the school, you need a valid ID.


ἀλλά

head

ἀλλά • (allá)

grc-conjunction

ἀλλά • (allá)

Greek: αλλά (allá)

Cappadocian Greek: αλά (alá)

Tsakonian: αλλά (allá)

→ Coptic: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ (alla)

→ Laz: ალა (ala)

Originally the neuter accusative plural of ἄλλος (állos, “another, different”) with shifted accent in an adverbial sense, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”). Cognates include Latin alius, Old Irish aile, Old Armenian այլ (ayl), and Old English elles (English else).


διότι

head

δῐότῐ • (dióti)

grc-conjunction

δῐότῐ • (dióti)

Univerbation of δι’ (di’), apocopic form of διά (diá, “because of”), and ὅτι (hóti, “that”, conjunction).


διότι

head

διότι • (dióti)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek διότι (dióti).


εἰ

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *éy, a locative form of *h₁e (“the”). See its sense, “that”, in ἐπεί (epeí) and compare the history of Latin sī.


mar

(colloquial, dialectal) Alternative form of maar


mar

Fan mar atá tú.


az

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā.

an, az wee verilie chote,

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, line 3:

az avare ye trad dicke londe yer name waz ee-kent var ee vriene o' livertie, an He fo brake ye neckarès o' zlaves.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 12-14:

for before your foot pressed the soil, your name was known to us as the friend of liberty, and he who broke the fetters of the slave.

Mang ourzels——var wee dwytheth an Irelonde az ure generale haime——

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 14-15:

Unto ourselves——for we look on Ireland to be our common country——

proo'th, y'at wee alane needeth ye giftes o'generale rights, az be displayte bie ee factes o'thie goveremente.

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 23-24:

proves that we alone stood in need of the enjoyment of common privileges, as is demonstrated by the results of your government.

az Irishmen, an az dwellerès na cosh an loyale o' Baronie Forthe,

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 10-11:

as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth,


ә

Ә был йортта малай йәнһүрәт ҡарай.

And in this home, a boy is watching a cartoon.

Был һыуҙы эскән һәр кем йәнә һыуһар, ә Мин биргән һыуҙы эскән кеше бер ҡасан да һыуһамаҫ. (John 4:13-14.)

Everyone who drinks this water will again get thirsty, but the person who drinks the water I give will never get thirsty.

Bıl hıwźı eskən hər kem yənə hıwhar, ə Min birgən hıwźı eskən keşe ber qasan da hıwhamaś.

introduces a new subject, object or circumstance: and, but

Ә һеҙ бала тапҡас һимерҙегеҙме?

And what about you, did you gain weight after giving birth to a child?

To repeat a question but referring to a different subject or object: and what about...


aba

Cognate with Latvian aba and Lithuanian aba.


aba

Cognate with Latvian and Latgalian aba, as well as modern Lithuanian arba.


le

Middle Polish: le

*Nyą raczy mą zapomneczi, le mą raczy szobe przypyszaczy

1874-1891 [15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 60:

Bo yako gymyenya wyeloscz a czczi tego swyata nabiczye cziny ludzi nadąte a pischne, tako potąpyenye a vbostwo, le skromne, czini vbogye duchem

1874-1891 [Middle of the 15th century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 235:

Gorze temv, lye duschy y czyalv ktorego..., yen nye zdradzyl

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 546:

Iesus... dluzey począl szye modlycz, lye przeto dluzey szye modly, yze blyzey ku smyerczy ydzye

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 599:


jak

Inherited from Old Czech jak, from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).

jak Petr tak Pavel

jak se do lesa volá, tak se z lesa ozývá

as you call into the forest, you hear from the forest; what goes around comes around


jak

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).


jak

Czech: jak


jak

Polish: jak

Silesian: jak

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”). First attested in the 15th century.


jak

Jak widać, jeszcze nie skończyłam.

Jego ojciec jest silny jak wół.

as (in the same way or manner that; to the same degree that)

Wyglądasz jak obcokrajowiec.

like, as if, as though (in a manner suggesting)

Jak byłem w lesie, to widziałem niedźwiedzia.

(colloquial or dialectal, Kuyavia) replaces kiedy and gdy; when (during the time that)

Jak będziesz dalej tak robiła, to w końcu cię rzuci.

If you keep doing that, he'll eventually dump you.

(colloquial or dialectal, Kuyavia) replaces jeśli and jeżeli; if (supposing that, assuming that, in the circumstances that)

Typ nie miał więcej jak metr sześćdziesiąt.

The guy was no taller than five feet three.

(colloquial or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia) replaces niż; than (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)

Zrobię to jak najszybciej.

used with a superlative; as much as, as soon as (used to say that two things are equal in amount or degree)


tot

From Dutch tot, from Middle Dutch tot, tōte, from Old Dutch tote, toti (“to, until”).


tot

From Middle Dutch tot, tōte, from Old Dutch tote, toti (“to, until”), equivalent to toe + te. Compare Old Saxon tōte (“to, until”), Old Frisian tot (“until”), Old High German zuo ze.

Ik kan niet wachten tot het hier ook weer gaat sneeuwen!

I can't wait till it snows here as well!


ok

From earlier auk, from Proto-Germanic *auk (“also”). Cognate with Old English ēac, Old Frisian āk, Old Saxon ōk, Old High German ouh, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk).

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ok.


yea

From Middle English ye, ȝea, ya, ȝa, from Old English ġēa, iā (“yea, yes”), from Proto-West Germanic *jā.

[N]ow ſuch a liue vngodly, vvithout a care of doing the wil of the Lord (though they profeſſe him in their mouths, yea though they beleeue and acknowledge all the Articles of the Creed, yea haue knowledge of the Scripturs) yet if they liue vngodly, they deny God, and therefore ſhal be denied, […]
(with modern spelling) [N]ow such a life ungodly, without a care of doing the will of the Lord (though they profess him in their mouths, yea though they believe and acknowledge all the Articles of the Creed, yea have knowledge of the Scriptures) yet if they live ungodly, they deny God, and therefore shall be denied

1604, Jeremy Corderoy, A Short Dialogve, wherein is Proved, that No Man can be Saved without Good VVorkes, 2nd edition, Oxford: Printed by Ioseph Barnes, and are to be sold in Paules Church-yard at the signe of the Crowne, by Simon Waterson, →OCLC, page 40

O stay, three lives in one flea spare,
Where we almost, yea, more than married are.

(archaic) Or even, or more like, nay. Introduces a stronger and more appropriate expression than the preceding one.


þe

late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...

But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.


gad

gad (mutation mutation-radical)
ghad (lenition mutation)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


всё-таки

[ˈfsʲɵtəkʲɪ]

Бегом бежи́т, а всё-таки отстаёт.

(Can we date this quote?), Daniil Kharms, Рассказы для детей [Stories for Children]:

He runs quickly, and all the same falls behind.

Всё-таки, — поду́мал он, — э́то что́-то вро́де многоярусного гаража́

However, – he thought, – it's some kind of multistory garage.

Vsjo-taki, — podúmal on, — éto štó-to vróde mnogojarusnovo garažá

И вот, зная вперёд, что не даст, вы всё-таки отправляетесь в путь и...

1866, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Преступление и наказание [Crime and Punishment]:

And so, knowing in advance, that he will not give any, you nevertheless you still set off on your way and...

I vot, znaja vperjód, što ne dast, vy vsjo-taki otpravljajetesʹ v putʹ i...

and again, and yet, however, yet (reinforcing something)


vet

Jo vet ono lumi maas.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 56:

There's already snow on the ground, after all.

Miä vet saan lypsää, - halliaal meeleel vastais Ksenja.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

I can milk, after all - Ksenja answered in a grieving mood.


pus

Inherited from Old Catalan pus, from Latin post.


lase

head

lase (followed by a nasalizing relative clause)

Univerbation of la (“with”) + so (“this”)

univ

lase celebirsimme

hi sunt tra con·ricc frissa lind serb in chúrsachta lase fo·ruillecta beóil in chalich di mil cosse anall

Herein, then, he comes into contact with the bitter drink of the reproval, whereas the lips of the chalice have hitherto been smeared with honey


jos

From Proto-Finnic *jos. Originally the lative singular of joka; jo- + -s (lative suffix).

mitä jos...

nyt jos koskaan

jos niin ajattelee

tulee jos on tullakseen

Ostan hienon auton, jos voitan lotossa.

I will buy a fancy car if I win the lottery.

Jos saisit valita, minkä näistä ottaisit?

If you could choose, which one of these would you take?

Jos nyt kerran kuuntelisit, ehkä saisimme jotain aikaankin!

If you listened for once, maybe we could get somewhere!

Jos metsässä kaatuu puu ja kukaan ei ole kuulemassa, kuuluuko siitä ääni?

If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?

Kuka muu se voisi olla, jos et sinä?

Mikä olisi ollut ammattisi, jos olisit elänyt 200 vuotta sitten?

What would have been your job if you had lived 200 years ago?

Tuo jos mikä(än) osoittaa sinun olevan väärässä.

That, if anything, proves you are wrong.

Hän jos kuka(an) on plagiaristi.

He's a plagiarist if ever there was one.

When followed by mikä/mikään or kuka/kukaan, serves to emphasize the truth of a characterization; often preceded by a demonstrative or personal pronoun.

Jos tulisit katsomaan.

(colloquial, proscribed) if, whether (used to introduce an indirect question)


jos

From Proto-Finnic *jos. Cognates include Finnish jos and Livvi jos.

Jos kynnetyn maan pääl möö kaivaamma havvan, nii havvan servääs möö näemmä slojan mustaa tali harmaata maata.

1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. I. Molotsova, Loonnontiito (ensimäin osa): oppikirja alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

If in the surface of the earth we dig a pit, then on the edge of the pit we see a layer of black or grey soil.


jos

Borrowed from Finnic (compare Finnish jos).


jos

Finnish: jos

Ingrian: jos

Karelian: jos

Livonian: aʼž, jaž, joz

Livvi: jos

Võro: jos

Votic: (Kattila, Mati) jos


's

Contractions of various words ending in s.

All’s he wanted was to go home.

(UK, dialect) Contraction of as (when it is (nonstandardly) used as a relative conjunction, or like a relative pronoun, meaning "that").


sino

Univerbation of si (“if”) + no (“not”). Compare Portuguese senão, French sinon.

No es cantante, sino actor.

but (after a negative clause) (i.e., "but rather", "but only", or "but rather only")

Todos fueron al parque, sino María.

Everyone went to the park, except Maria.

No eres sino un alumno.


yen

Yen (hike) me.


ma

Borrowed from French mais, Italian ma, Portuguese and Spanish mas, all from Latin magis, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s.


ma

Ma sulo i tuoi bai uoci, anema meîa,

1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 68:

But only your beautiful eyes, oh soul of mine


ma

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used to this day.

Devemos de saver ke el antisemitizmo es una de las formas ekstremas del rasizmo ma ay otras formas de rasizmo i devemos de luchar kon todo modo forma del rasizmo.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

We must know that antisemitism is one of the extreme forms of racism, but there are other forms of racism and we must fight every form of racism.


ma

From Latin magis. Compare Italian ma, French mais.


ma

From Old Irish má, from Proto-Celtic *mā, *ma (compare Cornish and Breton mar), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂.

Ma tha thu ’g iarrraidh sin…

Ma bhios tu…/Ma bhitheas tu…


ma

From Proto-Polynesian *ma. Cognates include Maori mā and Samoan ma.

Ko te fakavae tenei e matea i nā nuku ma kafai ona tagata e faifaimea fakatahi, ma nonofo fakatahi i te filemu ma te fiafia.

1948, Tūlāfono fakavae a Tokelau [Constitution of Tokelau], page 1:

This foundation is recognised in the villages and if its people repeatedly do things together, and [if] they live together in peace and happiness.


ma

toi ipongi, ma tasagal yo


coz

Informal spelling of 'cause (“because”).


kuna

Originally essive singular form of Proto-Finnic *ku.

Ma ei lähe homme kooli, kuna ma pean linna minema.

I won't go to school tomorrow, because I have to go to the city.

Ema tõusis hommikul varakult, kuna pere jäi veel magama.

Mother rose early, as the family was still sleeping.


なぜなら

なぜなら古いからだ。

何故なら: that is because; literally, “if (you ask) why”


å

aa

Etymologies 2-6, obsolete typography (pre-1917)


å

Korv å mos

(colloquial) Contraction of och (“and”).


auk

Icelandic: auk, og

Faroese: og

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: og, au, aug; (dialectal) ok, auk, ug

→ Norwegian Bokmål: au

Jamtish: og

Elfdalian: og

Old Swedish: ok, oc, och, ogh

Swedish: och, ock

Old Danish: oc

Danish: og

Norwegian Bokmål: og

→ Middle English: oc, ok

⇒ Scots: okname, ockname

From Proto-Germanic *auk (“also”). Cognate with Old English ēac, Old Frisian āk, Old Saxon ōk, Old High German ouh, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk).


auk

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, again”) + *ge (intensifier); compare Ancient Greek αὖ (aû, “again”), γε (ge, “at least, at any rate”), also found as Ancient Greek αὖγε (aûge). But compare also Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-.


oo

and (in verb and adjective constructions)


joss

Calque of English iff, jos with the final consonant doubled


amo

(subordinating) because, since (literally, "the reason is")


quod

Aromanian: cã, che

Dalmatian: co

Old Neapolitan: ko (Placiti Cassinesi)

Romanian: că

Romansch: cu

Inflection of quī (“who, which”), corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *kʷod, whence also Old English hwæt (English what).

Fui quod es, eris quod sum.

I once was what you are; one day you shall be what I am.

13th century, “Dies Irae”
Recordare, Jesu pie, quod sum causa tuae viae

Remember, holy Jesus, that I am the reason for your journey.

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) that (in indirect speech)


toby

tobym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
tobyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
tobyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
tobyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
toby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
toby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


rondo

-rondo (canonical)
engirondo (first-person singular)
ngirondo (copulative first-person singular)
orondo (second-person singular)
urondo (copulative second-person singular)
esirondo (first-person plural)
sirondo (copulative first-person plural)
enirondo (plural second-person)
nirondo (copulative plural second-person)
orondo (class-1)
urondo (class-1 copulative)
abarondo (class-2)
barondo (class-2 copulative)
orondo (class-3)
urondo (class-3 copulative)
erondo (class-4)
irondo (class-4 copulative)
elirondo (class-5)
lirondo (class-5 copulative)
arondo (class-6)
arondo (class-6 copulative)
esirondo (class-7)
sirondo (class-7 copulative)
ezirondo (class-8)
zirondo (class-8 copulative)
erondo (class-9)
irondo (class-9 copulative)
ezirondo (class-10)
zirondo (class-10 copulative)
oburondo (class-14)
burondo (class-14 copulative)
okurondo (class-15)
kurondo (class-15 copulative)
okurondo (class-17)
kurondo (class-17 copulative)


jot

From Proto-Finnic *jotta. Cognates include Finnish jotta and Karelian jotta.

Tuli niin, jot möö mänimmä ääree seitsemän kilometran päähä laagerist.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

So it turned out, that we went about seven kilometers away from the camp.

Kaik lapset oktjabrenkaks, jot ei kenkää toisist jäis.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 46:

All children as little octobrists, so that nobody of the others is left behind.

Jot iƶoran keeli elis, sil pitää läätää, kirjuttaa kirjoja ja tehä grammatikkaa

2008, Сойкинский Край, number 7, page 1:

In order for the Ingrian language to live, it's necessary to speak, write books and to make use of grammar

Sitä vart, jot hyväst saavva tolkku ympäröiväst paikast, pittää tuntaa löytää pooli ja matka, tuntaa katsoa paikan plaanua.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:

For this, to understand the surrounding area well, one has to be able to find the direction and the distance, to be able to look at the map of the area.


salvo

From Latin salvus. Cognate to French sauf.

except that; save that, unless, if... not


From Old Irish dïa n- (“if, when”) with irregular change of initial d- to n-. Cognate with Irish dá (“if”).

Nan robh mi beartach, b'urrainn dhomh taigh mór a cheannach.

Bhiodh gràdh agam air fhathast nan robh e beartach neo bochd.

I would still love him whether he were rich or poor.


pois

From Old Galician-Portuguese pois, from Vulgar Latin *postius (“after”). Compare with French puis, Spanish pues, Italian poi.


pois

From Old Galician-Portuguese pois, from Vulgar Latin *pos, from Classical Latin post (“after”). Compare with French puis, Spanish pues, Italian poi, and Romanian apoi (from ad post).

Gostei do livro, pois foi interessante.

I liked the book, because it was interesting.


duma

-dúma (canonical)
engiduma (first-person singular)
ngiduma (copulative first-person singular)
oduma (second-person singular)
uduma (copulative second-person singular)
esiduma (first-person plural)
siduma (copulative first-person plural)
eniduma (plural second-person)
niduma (copulative plural second-person)
oduma (class-1)
uduma (class-1 copulative)
abaduma (class-2)
baduma (class-2 copulative)
oduma (class-3)
uduma (class-3 copulative)
eduma (class-4)
iduma (class-4 copulative)
eliduma (class-5)
liduma (class-5 copulative)
aduma (class-6)
aduma (class-6 copulative)
esiduma (class-7)
siduma (class-7 copulative)
eziduma (class-8)
ziduma (class-8 copulative)
eduma (class-9)
iduma (class-9 copulative)
eziduma (class-10)
ziduma (class-10 copulative)
obuduma (class-14)
buduma (class-14 copulative)
okuduma (class-15)
kuduma (class-15 copulative)
okuduma (class-17)
kuduma (class-17 copulative)


duma

-dúma (canonical)
engiduma (first-person positive singular)
engingeduma (first-person negative singular)
ngiduma (copulative first-person positive singular)
angiduma (copulative first-person negative singular)
oduma (positive second-person singular)
ongeduma (negative second-person singular)
uduma (copulative positive second-person singular)
awuduma (copulative negative second-person singular)
esiduma (first-person plural positive)
esingeduma (first-person negative plural)
siduma (copulative first-person plural positive)
asiduma (copulative first-person negative plural)
eniduma (plural positive second-person)
eningeduma (negative plural second-person)
niduma (copulative plural positive second-person)
aniduma (copulative negative plural second-person)
oduma (class-1 positive)
ongeduma (class-1 negative)
uduma (class-1 copulative positive)
akaduma (class-1 copulative negative)
abaduma (class-2 positive)
abangeduma (class-2 negative)
baduma (class-2 copulative positive)
abaduma (class-2 copulative negative)
oduma (class-3 positive)
ongeduma (class-3 negative)
uduma (class-3 copulative positive)
awuduma (class-3 copulative negative)
eduma (class-4 positive)
engeduma (class-4 negative)
iduma (class-4 copulative positive)
ayiduma (class-4 copulative negative)
eliduma (class-5 positive)
elingeduma (class-5 negative)
liduma (class-5 copulative positive)
aliduma (class-5 copulative negative)
aduma (class-6 positive)
angeduma (class-6 negative)
aduma (class-6 copulative positive)
awaduma (class-6 copulative negative)
esiduma (class-7 positive)
esingeduma (class-7 negative)
siduma (class-7 copulative positive)
asiduma (class-7 copulative negative)
eziduma (class-8 positive)
ezingeduma (class-8 negative)
ziduma (class-8 copulative positive)
aziduma (class-8 copulative negative)
eduma (class-9 positive)
engeduma (class-9 negative)
iduma (class-9 copulative positive)
ayiduma (class-9 copulative negative)
eziduma (class-10 positive)
ezingeduma (class-10 negative)
ziduma (class-10 copulative positive)
aziduma (class-10 copulative negative)
oluduma (class-11 positive)
olungeduma (class-11 negative)
luduma (class-11 copulative positive)
aluduma (class-11 copulative negative)
obuduma (class-14 positive)
obungeduma (class-14 negative)
buduma (class-14 copulative positive)
abuduma (class-14 copulative negative)
okuduma (class-15 positive)
okungeduma (class-15 negative)
kuduma (class-15 copulative positive)
akuduma (class-15 copulative negative)
okuduma (class-17 positive)
okungeduma (class-17 negative)
kuduma (class-17 copulative positive)
akuduma (class-17 copulative negative)


ere

From Middle English er, from Old English ǣr (adverb, conjunction, and preposition), from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, comparative of Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyeri (“day, morning”) (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬫𐬀𐬭 (ayar, “day”), Gk. ἠέριος (ēérios, “at daybreak”), see also era, Albanian herët (“early in the morning, at daybreak”) ). The adverb erstwhile retains the Old English superlative ǣrest (“earliest”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eer (“before”), Dutch eer (“before, sooner than”), German ehe (“before”).

Syꝛ, come downe ere my child die.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 4:49, column 1:


jo

Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.

The more I run, the more tired I become.


bail

Bail de khatza napfet de mòize spiilnt.


pas

Possibly borrowed and adapted from Dutch pas, a deverbal from passen, from Middle Dutch passen, from pas, from Old French pas, from Latin passus. Therefore related to etymology 1.


lest

c. 1200, contracted from Middle English les te (“less that”), from Old English þȳ lǣs þe (“whereby less that”), from þȳ (instrumental case of demonstrative article þæt “that”) + lǣs (“less”) + þe (“that,” relative particle). The þȳ was dropped and the remaining two words contracted into leste.

He won't go outside, lest he be eaten by those ravenous eagles.

I brought my notes lest faulty memory lead me astray.

I thought to haue told thee of it, but I fear'd / Leaſt I might anger thee.

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 15, column 2:

And then Robert Loo came out swiftly with the half-filled jar lest more be said.

1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 565:

Stay free from petty jealousies / Live by no man's code / And hold your judgment for yourself / Lest you wind up on this road

1967, “I Am a Lonesome Hobo”, in Bob Dylan (music), John Wesley Harding:

Lest any astrologer reading this result get cocky, Dr Cajochen does not believe that what he has found is directly influenced by the Moon through, say, some tidal effect. What he thinks he has discovered is an additional hand on the body’s clock-face.

2013 July 27, “Lunacy?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8846:

For fear that; that not; in order to prevent something from happening; in case.

pour que (+ ne ... pas + verb in subj. mood)

There was danger/alarm lest the plan become known.

I am afraid lest I revealed too much.

That you and I should be in the same house together and not able to speak to each other is in itself a misery, but this is terribly enhanced by the dread lest this state of things should be made to continue.

1869 May, Anthony Trollope, “Lady Milborough as Ambassador”, in He Knew He Was Right, volume I, London: Strahan and Company, […], →OCLC, page 81:

[M]y ward, or rather my adopted son Leo Vincey and myself have recently passed through a real African adventure, of a nature so much more marvellous than the one which you describe, that to tell the truth I am almost ashamed to submit it to you lest you should disbelieve my tale.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

Mr. Cooke at once began a tirade against the residents of Asquith for permitting a sandy and generally disgraceful condition of the roads. So roundly did he vituperate the inn management in particular, and with such a loud flow of words, that I trembled lest he should be heard on the veranda.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

(after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension) that (without the negative particle; introduces the reason for an emotion.)

että (alternatively expressed with a participial phrase)


except

Borrowed from Middle French excepter, from Latin exceptus.

You look a bit like my sister, except (that) she has longer hair.

I never made fun of her except teasingly.

To survive, I did everything except steal.

Come any time except between ten and twelve.

"I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal.[…]."

1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

Used to introduce a clause, phrase, verb infinitive, adverb or other non-noun complement forming an exception or qualification to something previously stated.

إِلَّا

Introducing a non-noun complement forming an exception or qualification

They fired tear gas at us, except the wind was blowing the wrong way.

I almost walked out, except I remembered the promise I had made.

(informal) Loosely, used to introduce a contrastive statement explaining why something wasn't successful, didn't happen, etc.

And they sayde: We have no moo but five loves and two fisshes, except we shulde goo and bye meate for all this people.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Luke:

If I ſay ſooth, I muſt report they were / As Cannons ouer-charg'd with double Cracks, / So they doubly redoubled ſtroakes vpon the Foe: / Except they meant to bathe in reeking Wounds, / Or memorize another Golgotha, / I cannot tell: but I am faint, / My Gaſhes cry for helpe.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 131, column 2:

Offensive wars, except the cause be very just, I will not allow of.

1621, Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, New York, published 2001, page 106:

I am […] not so clear how you will be able to avoid it, except you assert the independence to which your estate gives you a title.

1748, [Samuel Richardson], “Letter XXVII”, in Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], →OCLC:

(archaic) Unless; used to introduce a hypothetical case in which an exception may exist.


o'

O hardïshe o' anoor.

1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 45:


यदि

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit यदि (yadi).


यदि

यदि भोलि पानी पर्यो भने, म कार्यालय जान्नँ।

If it rains tomorrow, I'm not going to office.

yadi bholi pānī paryo bhane, ma kāryālaya jānnã.


यदि

head

यदि • (yádi)

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𐨩𐨡𐨁 (yadi)
Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀬𑀇 (yaï), 𑀬𑀤𑀺 (yadi)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀇 (jaï)
Old Bengali: জই
Old Gujarati: जइ (jaï)
Marwari: जे (je), जै (jai), जइ (jai)
Maithili:
Devanagari script: जँ (jã), जऽ (ja²), ज' (ja')
Tirhuta script: 𑒖𑒿 (jã), 𑒖𑓄, 𑒖' (ja')
Old Marathi: jaiṃ
Devanagari script: जैं
Modi script: 𑘕𑘺𑘽
Marathi: जई (jaī) (poetic)
Old Punjabi: ਜਿ (ji), ਜੇ (je)
Punjabi: jē
Gurmukhi script: ਜੇ
Shahmukhi script: جے
⇒ Old Punjabi: ਜੇਕਰਿ (jēkari)
Sindhi: je
Arabic script: جي
Devanagari script: जे
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀇 (jaï), 𑀚𑀤𑀺 (jadi)

Pali: yadi

→ Bengali: যদি (jodi)

→ Hindi: यदि (yadi)

→ Nepali: यदि (yadi)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyádi (“if, when”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós (“that, who, which”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬈𐬌𐬜𐬌 (yeⁱδi), 𐬫𐬈𐬜𐬌 (yeδi, “if, when”), Old Persian 𐎹𐎮𐎹 (y-di-y /yadiy/, “if”).

inh

यदि अहं तस्याः गृहं गच्छेयम्, तर्हि अहं तुष्येयम्।

If I had gone to his house then I would have been happy.

yadi ahaṃ tasyāḥ gṛhaṃ gaccheyam, tarhi ahaṃ tuṣyeyam.


whilst

From Late Middle English whilst, whilest, qwhilste (Northern England), quilest (Northwest Midlands) [and other forms], from whiles (“during the time that, while; only so long as; provided that; because, since; until”) + -t (excrescent suffix, perhaps due to a combination of -(e)s and the following word the, or influenced by the superlative suffix -est). Whiles is derived from whiles (“period of time, a while”, noun) (probably from the second element of adverbs and conjunctions like otherwhiles and somewhiles), from while (“period of time, a while”, noun) + -s (suffix forming adverbs of manner, space, and time); and while is from Old English hwīl (“period of time, a while”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (“period of time, a while; period of rest, break, pause”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest; peace, rest”). The English word can be analysed as whiles + -t (excrescent suffix appended to words suffixed with -s).
cognates
* West Frisian wylst (“whilst”)

nb...

whylest, whylst, (Northwest Midlands) quilist, quylest, quylist

suffix

Drivers must switch off engines whilst on stand. ― instruction on a bus stand sign

I ſaw a Smith ſtand with his hammer (thus) / The whilſt his Iron did on the Anuile coole.

c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], page 16, column 1:

[…] Ile nere be drunk whilſt I liue againe, but in honeſt, ciuill, godly company for this tricke: if I be drunke, Ile be drunke with thoſe that haue the feare of God, and not with drunken knaues.

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merry Wiues of Windsor”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 40, column 2:

VVell, make your mirth, the whilſt I bear my miſery: / Honeſt minds vvould have better thoughts.

1633 May 21 (licensing date; Gregorian calendar), John Fletcher, [James Shirley], The Night-Walker, or The Little Thief. A Comedy, […], London: […] Andrew Crook[e], published 1661, →OCLC, Act I:

And thus with lame pretences they revive / Thoſe Lines when Dead, he bluſh'd at whilſt alive: / As if Mankind could not diſcern their Evil, / Without a naked Viſion of the Devil.

1703, [Daniel Defoe], More Reformation. A Satyr upon Himself. […], [London: s.n.], →OCLC, page 12:

Elizabeth, as she affectionately embraced her, whilst tears filled the eyes of both, lost not a moment in asking whether any thing had been heard of the fugitives.

1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter V, in Pride and Prejudice: […], volume III, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 92:

The locomotive [...] was quietly "blowing off" on one Ross "pop" valve, whilst the rhythmic clanging of the fireman's shovel, the black smoke pouring from her chimney, and the harsh sound of the blower told of the proximity of departure time.

1942 July-August, Philip Spencer, “On the Footplate in Egypt”, in Railway Magazine, page 208:

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, literary or rare in North America) Synonym of while

During the whole, or until the end, of the time that; as long as, at the same time.

[P]ray, step down to the cellar and fetch us a bottle of the Burgundy, 1678—it is the fourth bin from the right-hand turn—And I say, Craigie—you may fetch up half-a-dozen whilst you are about it—Egad, we'll make a night on't.

1819, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VII, in Tales of My Landlord, Third Series. […], volume II (The Bride of Lammermoor), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 172:

Within, or before the end, of the time that.

His company must do his minions grace, / Whil'ſt I at home ſtarue for a merrie looke: / Hath homelie age th'alluring beauty tooke / From my poore cheeke?

c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], page 88, column 1:

So then I am not lame, poore, nor diſpiſ'd, / VVhilſt that this ſhadow doth ſuch ſubſtance giue, / That I in thy abundance am ſuffic'd, / And by a part of all thy glory liue: […]

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 37”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

There is a place near St. Paul's in London, called in the old records "Diana's chamber," where, in the days of king Edward I. thousands of the heads of oxen were digged up; whereat the ignorant wondered, whilst the learned well understood them to be the proper sacrifices to Diana, whose great temple was built thereabout.

1655, Thomas Fuller, “Section I. The First Century.”, in The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI), subsection 2 (Their Principal Idols), page 6:

Whilst her appearance was an utter failure (as her husband felt with a sort of rage), Mrs. Rawdon Crawley's début was, on the contrary, very brilliant.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, “Brussels”, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC, page 253:

Synonym of while
Although; in contrast; whereas.

Modern engine sheds of advanced design have also been built at Radyr, Abercynon, and elsewhere, whilst other depots have been remodelled and re-equipped.

1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 161:

The face which emerged was not reassuring. It was blunt and grey, the nose springing thick and flat from high on the frontal bone of the forehead, whilst his eyes were narrow slits of dark in a tight bandage of tissue.

1963, Margery Allingham, “The Boy in the Corner”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 214:

Synonym of while
Only if; provided that; as long as.


nang

Natutulog na ang mga bata nang dumating kami.

The children were already sleeping when we came.

when, at the time of (referring to past events)

Bilisan mo nang makahabol ka pa!


kdy

Inherited from Old Czech kdy, from Proto-Slavic *kъdy.

Ptá se, kdy tam zajdete.


kdy

Czech: kdy


kdy

(Middle Polish, Kuyavia) Alternative form of gdy


provided

You can go to the party provided you finish all your homework first.

Only if (the stipulation that follows is true).

υπό την προϋπόθεση ότι (ypó tin proÿpóthesi óti, literally “under the condition that”)


सह

चसहग्गहणेन धकारस्स हकारादेसो होति;

c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar], page 12; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

By taking it together with 'ca', one gets a change of 'dh' to 'h';

Casahaggahaṇena dhakārassa hakārādeso hoti;

Devanagari script form of saha (“together with”)


quim

Vêlo, tudo lô ficá; Quim azinha, quim vagá.

Everyone will grow old; Some quickly, some slowly.


però

Inherited from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”).


però

→ Maltese: però

Inherited from Late Latin per hoc (“for this reason”, literally “through this”). The original meaning of però was “for this reason, therefore”. Cognate with Spanish pero, Old Francoprovençal enperoi.


ned

Al valente Signore,
Di cui non so migliore
Sù la terra trovare;
Che non avete pare
Nè ’n pace, ned in guerra

c. 1260s, Brunetto Latini, Il tesoretto [The Treasure], collected in Raccolta di rime antiche toscane: Volume primo, Palermo: Giuseppe Assenzio, published 1817, page 9, lines 1–5:

To the valiant Lord, better of whom I can not find anyone on earth, for you have no peer, neither in peace nor in war

(poetic, rare) Alternative form of né used before a vowel


mai

Mae’n dweud mai athro yw ef. (formal)

Mae o’n deud mai athro ’dy o. (North Wales, colloquial)

Byddai buddugoliaeth i Bontypridd yn sicrhau mai nhw fydd yn gorffen y tymor ar frig y tabl.

2012 April 27, “Uchafbwynt Uwchgynghrair Rygbi”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

Victory for Pontypridd would ensure that they finish the season at the top of the table.

(formal and North Wales colloquial) that (introduces a noun clause, marking it for emphasis)


sia

Degotalls que s'estimballen des dels cingles fins al riu, i calmosament davallen, sia hivern o sia estiu.

1961, Joan Lluís, El meu Pallars: El Pallars Sobirà:

Stalactites that fling themselves from the cliffs into the river, and calmly descend, be it winter or be it summer.

El cas és que posaren altre cop en pràctica allò de destruir tot el que havien fet els altres, ja sia bo o dolent, i es complagueren amb la revenja […]

1975, Narcís Xifra i Riera, Montserrat, juliol de 1936:

The thing is that they reimplemented that destruction of everything that others had made, whether it be good or bad, and they were pleased with revenge […]


sia

whether (used the first time in a sentence)


eh

From Middle High German ē (“earlier, ere”), originally ēr. Modern Standard German uses the lengthened form ehe (only as a conjunction).

Lass uns gehn, eh wir den Bus verpassen!


onda

From the earlier form *onъgda by analogy with *tъgda (compare tàdā).


quando

Si partirà quando sarai pronta.

la neve arrivò quando ce l'aspettavamo

Cosa vuoi fare quando sarai grande?

What do you want to do when you grow up?


quando

Aromanian: cãndu, cãnd, chend, kend

Asturian: cuando

Catalan: quan

Dalmatian: cand

→ English: cue

Franco-Provençal: quand

French: quand

Friulian: cuant, cuand

Galician: cando

→ Interlingua: quando

Italian: quando

Megleno-Romanian: cǫn

Mirandese: quando

Mozarabic: כנד (knd)

Neapolitan: quanno

Norman: qùaund (Normandy), quaend (Guernsey)

Occitan: quan

Portuguese: quando

Romanian: când

Romansch: quant, quaunt

Sardinian: cando, canno, candu

Sicilian: quannu

Spanish: cuando (obsolete quando)

Venetian: cuando

[ˈkʷän̪d̪oː]

Univerbation of quam (“how, as”) + *dō (“then, until”), the second part being from Proto-Indo-European *doh₁, instrumental of *de.

univ

quandō aliud mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa relīquī

“since now I have left nothing else for my wretched self”

(causal) since, inasmuch as, seeing that, because


quando

From Old Galician-Portuguese quando, from Latin quandō.

Fico feliz quando encontro um bom livro.

Gastamos nosso dinheiro quando deveríamos tê-lo economizado.

We spent our money when we should have saved it.


logo

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese logo, from Latin loco (“in the place of, instead of, for”), ablative of locus; from Old Latin stlocus, from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place, locate”). Cognate with Portuguese logo and Spanish luego.

der

Penso, logo existo.

—E logo por que non vés connosco?.

—Non vou. —E logo?


logo

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese logo, from Latin locō (“in the place of, instead of, for”, ablative), from Old Latin stlocus, from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place, locate”). Compare Galician logo and Spanish luego. Doublet of lócus.

inh

Penso, logo existo.


tai

[ˈt̪ɑ̝i̯(ʔ)]

From earlier tahi (*tahdik), probably originally tah- + -i (lative suffix), the stem of which is that of tahtoa (and also tahansa, tahallaan).

Sinä tai minä.

Tajusin rakastuneeni, halusin tai en.

I realised I'd fallen in love, whether I wanted to or not.

(coordinating; in affirmative clauses) or


tai

Derived from an unattested neuter form *ta, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tas, taˀ, ta (“that”); see tas for more. Evidence for a Common Baltic neuter form *ta (matching Proto-Slavic *to) can be observed in Old Prussian stas, sta(i), sta and the Latvian particle ta-. The suffix -aĩ is apparently formed by analogy with kai (“when, while”); see this entry for more.

der

Jéi nóri, taĩ ir̃ reĩkia.

Vìskas, kõ norė́jau, taĩ tìk išsimiegóti.

All I wanted was to have a good night's sleep.

(subordinating) that, then (in that case); introduces a complement to the main clause

Taĩ víenas, taĩ kìtas ateĩna.

(coordinating, correlative) first … then …


tho

From Middle English tho, tha, from Old English þā (“then, when”), from Proto-Germanic *þa- (“that”), from Proto-Indo-European *to-, *só (“that”). See also German da (“then, thereupon”).


makar

From Greek μακάρι (makári, “if only, I wish”). Compare Romanian măcar (“at least, not even”).

bor

makar le të vijë edhe ai

introduces a down-scaled desire. at least

makar të binte një shi

makar unë makar ti

exclusive disjunction
exclusive disjunction#English

(repeated) indicates exclusive disjunction. either... or


qui

Inherited from Middle French qui, from Old French qui, from Latin quī.

Qui elle en a, ça va faire.


qui

From a merger of Portuguese que, quer, and quão.

Iou sintí qui vôs pôde vai

comê quí ravirâ

to stuff oneself (literally, “to eat to the point of turning (around)”)

rí qui istripâ

to laugh one's head off (literally, “to laugh to the point of disembowelment”)

pió qui


qui

qui aqui, qui alí


if and only if

A rectangle is a square if and only if all four of its sides have the same length.

An integer is even if and only if its square is also even.

(logic, mathematics) Is equivalent to; implies and is implied by; is true and false in the same cases as.

тогда́ и то́лько тогда́

, когда́ ...

(by extension, informal) Synonym of if (with added intensity)


eb

According to Ernst Göpfert, from Gothic 𐌹𐌱𐌰 (iba).


eb

Sie komme, eb-s Nacht werd.

Ich wesche die Henn, eb-ich esse gehn.

Mach das, ebst-du schlofst.


medan

From Old Norse meðan, from Proto-Germanic *medanō.

Kome seg heim att medan det er ljost ute.

Get back home while it's still light out.


medan

From Old Swedish mæþan, mædhan, from Old Norse meðan, from Proto-Germanic *medanō.


'n'

(colloquial) Contraction of and; used mainly in a few set phrases such as rock 'n' roll.


ku

Se ilmesty antamaan ohjeita ku mä olin jo saanu työn valmiiks.

He showed up to give instructions when I had already finished the job.


ku

From Proto-Finnic *ku, from Proto-Uralic *ku-. Akin to Finnish kun and Estonian kui.

Laukaal monikkaat äänet saotaa toiseel viisii, ku Soikkolas, sannoin painutos, sklonenja, Laukaal ono vähä toisenlaajain, ja Laukaal ono sanoja, kumpa Soikkolaas ei oo, tali kummat Soikkolaas merkitsööt toista assiaa, ku Laukaal.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 4:

In the Lower Luga dialect some sounds are pronounced in a different way, than in the Soikkola dialect, the inflection, declension of words, is a little different in Lower Luga, and Lower Luga has words, that aren't in Soikkola, or that in Soikkola mean different things, than in Lower Luga.

Miä muissin, kui möö hulkuimma metsää mööt, yhenlain ku sokkiat, ja nyt kovin meinaisin oppihussa löytämää teetä, samalviittää kui pioneerat.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:

I remembered, how we wandered along the forest, similar to blind people, and now I really decided to learn to find the way, just like the pioneers.


ku

Min bihîst ku ew pir dewlemend e.

that (connecting noun clause, introducing the result of the main clause)

Min tutişt tune ku bidim.

I have nothing to give. OR I have nothing that I give.

implied that (where it is grammatically necessary)


ku

From Portuguese com and Spanish con and Kabuverdianu ku.


ku

Cognate with Finnish kun and Ingrian ku.


benché

Benché sia giovane, è un ottimo medico.

Although he's young, he's an outstanding doctor.


perché

Univerbation of per (“for”) + che (“which”), probably inherited from Vulgar Latin. Compare Neapolitan pecché, Sicilian pirchì, and further Romance parallels such as Sardinian pro chite, French pourquoi, Spanish porque/por qué, Portuguese porque/por que.

univerbation

L'ho fatto perché volevo.

L'ho fatto perché potesse essere libero.


ki

Mən bilirəm ki, bu düzdür.

O mənə demişdir ki, hər şey yaxşı olacaq. Amma olmadı.

He told me that everything would be fine. But it wasn't.

Mən oraya getmişdim ki, lazım olanları alım.

I went there to buy whatever was needed.

Onlar onu evə göndərdilər ki, heç kim onu görməsin.

They sent him home so that nobody would see him.


ki

head

ki (conjunction, Perso-Arabic spelling کیۡ)


ki

Complementizer preceding extraposed complement clause


ki

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish كه (ki), from Classical Persian که.

Yaptım ki gidesin.

I did it so that you would (be able to) go.

Yaptım ki gitsin.

I did it so that they would (be able to) go.

Seni öpersem biliyorum ki, sana âşık olacağım.

If I kiss you, I know that I'll fall in love with you.

Neden ondan korkuyorsun? Yapmaz ki o bir bok.

Why are you even afraid of them? They won’t do shit anways.


falls

Falls es anfängt zu regnen, müssen wir das Fenster zumachen.

If it starts raining, we need to close the window.

Falls es keinen Nebel gibt, genießen Sie die Sonne.

(conditional, somewhat formal) if, in the event that

Lass uns das Fenster zumachen, falls es anfängt zu regnen.

Let's close the window, in case it starts raining.

(chiefly colloquial) in case, in order to be; prepared if


unless

I’m leaving unless I get a pay rise.

You can't go out unless it stops raining.

Secondly, When a body is once in motion it will continue to move forever, unless something stops it. When a ball is struck on the surface of the earth, the friction of the earth and the resistance of the air soon stop its motion.

1839, Denison Olmsted, A Compendium of Astronomy, page 95:

Unless someone like you...cares a whole awful lot...nothing is going to get better...It's not.

Except on a specified condition; if not.

Who would know of Alexander or Caesar, or would respect the Stoics or the Peripatetics, unless they had been distinguished by the memorials of writers?

1159, John of Salisbury, Policraticus, edited by Cary J. Nederman, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 3 (Google Books view)

And Joab said, As God liveth, unless thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up every one from following his brother.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Samuel 2:27:

Unless He were omnipotent, we could not be sure of His ability to bless us.

1867, William Robinson Pirie, Natural Theology: An Inquiry Into the Fundamental Principles of Religious, Moral, and Political Science, page 75 (Google Books view)

If not; used with counterfactual conditionals.

Q. If Lieutenant P. had given the word "Fire," would you have fired, and at what?—A. I should not have known, unless he had told me what to fire at.

1809, The Naval Chronicle for 1809: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects. Vol. XXII. (from July to December), Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 482 (Google Books view)

Lie down and finish out the night, since you are here; but, for heaven's sake! don't repeat that horrid noise: nothing could excuse it, unless you were having your throat cut!

1847, Emily Brontë, chapter III, in Wuthering Heights:

Suppose Breugel had done the whole painting with no legs. Then, titled as it is, it would be mystifying, unless someone were to say: the boy has fallen in the waters and they have closed over him, calm is restored, life goes on (as in The Israelites Crossing the Red Sea).

1981, Arthur C. Danto, The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art, page 118 (Google Books view)

Except if; used with hypothetical conditionals.


basta

Borrowed from Spanish basta, from Vulgar Latin *bastāre, from Ancient Greek βαστάζω (bastázō).


basta

bastá (canonical)
basta (canonical)
ᜊᜐ᜔ᜆ (Baybayin)

Kahit mahirap, basta't masipag, ay aasenso.

Even in poverty, as long as one is hardworking, one's lifestyle will improve.


nebo

Probably from ne (“not”) + Old Czech *bo (cognate with Czech ba); basically formed in the meaning of “if not”.


plus

Let's go home now. It's late, plus I'm not feeling too well.


plus

Dva plus dva je čtyři.


plus

Twee plus twee is vier.


plus

Borrowed from Latin plūs. First attested in the early 19th century, acquiring non-mathematical senses by the middle of that century.


pecché

By surface analysis, pe (“for”) + ché (“what”), with its various Romance cognates (Italian perché, French pourquoi, Spanish porqué) suggestive of a Vulgar Latin *[prō quid] ~ *[per quid].


ora

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese ora, a semi-learned borrowing from Latin hōra (“hour”). Doublet of hora.

inh+

Ora rin, ora choran


ora

From Latin hōrā, ablative case of hōra (“hour”).


ora

ora mi ama ora mi odia

one moment she loves me, the next she hates me

first... then...; one moment... the next..


ora

From Old Galician-Portuguese ora, from Latin hōra (“hour”). Doublet of hora.

Ora ele ri, ora chora.


ora

Tomando ora la espada, ora la pluma.

Taking at times the sword, at times the pen.

Daba grandes tumbos a babor y estribor, mostrando ora la horrible panza, ora la cubierta en desorden, negra y húmeda, las escotillas, el cajón de la máquina[…]

now (something), now something else; sometimes something, sometimes something else; at times something, at times something else (used to introduce opposing ideas)


mil

Kord tuleb päev, mil tuleb minna.

There will once be a day when we have to go.


que

Inherited from Latin quid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, compare *kʷis.


que

From Old Galician-Portuguese que, from Latin quid (“that”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid.

I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

And if “a man’s homeland is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is beyond borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

Cumu to é cuestión de proporciós, sin que sirva de argumentu por nun fel falta, poemus vel que en a misma Europa hai Estaus Soberarius con menus territoriu que os tres lugaris nossus, cumu:

2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 2: Númerus:

As everything is a matter of proportions, without its presence being an argument, we can see that even in Europe there are Sovereign States with less territory than our three places, such as:

than (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)


que

Inherited from Latin quid, usurping some of the roles of Latin quod.

Je vois que tu parles bien français.

Si on s’en allait tout là-haut, si on prenait de la hauteur, tu verrais que le monde est beau, beau.

If we went all the way up there, if we got higher, you would see that the world is beautiful, beautiful.

that (introduces a subordinate noun clause and connects it to its parent clause)

Si le temps est beau et que tout le monde est d’accord, nous mangerons en plein air.

If the weather is nice and if everyone likes the idea, we'll eat outside.

Substitutes for another, previously stated conjunction.

Il était à peine parti qu’elle a téléphoné à la police.

No sooner had he left when she called the police.

—Quelle grande bête, avec tout son esprit, que votre marquise, pour vous avoir dit pareille chose! — fit la duchesse […].

1874, Barbey d'Aurevilly, ‘Le Bonheur dans le crime’, Les Diaboliques:

‘What a beast your marquise is, for all her spirit, for having told you such a thing!’ said the duchess.

Quelle belle fleur que la rose! dit-elle soudain, alors qu’aucune rose n’était en vue […].

1918, Jean Giradoux, Simon le pathétique:

‘What a beautiful flower the rose is!’ she said suddenly, though no rose was in sight.

Links two noun phrases in apposition forming a clause without a (finite) verb, such that the complement acts as predicate.


que

Il est plus grand que son père.

(comparisons of superiority or inferiority) than

Elle est aussi intelligente que toi.

introduces a comparison
(comparisons of equality) as

Je ne mange que des fruits.

Nous souhaitons la vérité et ne trouvons en nous qu’incertitude. Nous recherchons le bonheur et ne trouvons que misère et mort.

c. 1656–1662, Blaise Pascal, “Dossier de travail - Fragment n° 19 / 35”, in Pensées [Thoughts]:

We hope for truth and find in ourselves nothing but uncertainty. We search again for happiness and find only misery and death.

(used with ne) only, just; but, nothing but

Que c’est beau!

Mais que t’es drôle, quoi.


que

From Old Galician-Portuguese que, from Latin quid.

O inverno é mais frío que o verán.


que

Pra xogar , non vos fai falta que vos den consello.

To play, It isn't necessary that you give advice.


que

From Latin quid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, compare *kʷis.


que

Middle French: que

French: que


que

Fala: que

Galician: que

Portuguese: que

Indo-Portuguese: que

From Latin quid (“what”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid.


que

From Old Galician-Portuguese que, from Latin quid (“what”) (usurping as well the roles of Latin quod), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, compare *kʷis. Cognate with English who.

Pensei que você tivesse dito que ela estava só mandando você escrever!

2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix [Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix] (Harry Potter; 5), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 227:

I thought that you had said that she was just ordering you to write!

Pensei que eles fossem invisíveis.

2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 588:

Está tão frio que os canos congelaram.

that (introducing the result of the main clause)

O inverno é mais frio que o verão.

Espere um pouco que a chuva já vai parar.

Wait a little: for the rain is about to stop.

Nas horas de lazer, tratava Inácio do querido instrumento e fazia vibrar todas as cordas do coração, derramando as suas harmonias interiores, e fazendo chorar a boa velha de melancolia e gosto, que ambos estes sentimentos lhe inspirava a música do filho.

1878, Machado de Assis, O Machete (short story):

In his times of leisure, Inácio took care of the loved instrument and made all heartstrings vibrate, outpouring his inner harmonies, and making the good old woman cry with melancholy and pleasure: for both these feelings the son’s music inspired in her.

(only in subordinate clauses) seeing as; since; for; because (introduces explanatory clause)

Quebre as regras que você será punido.

Break the rules and you will be arrested.

(only in subordinate clauses) and (indicating the consequences of an action, often threateningly)

Levantem os pés, que eu vou esfregar o chão.

Raise your feet, cause I am going to scrub the floor.


que

Inherited from Latin quid (“what”), but usurping all the roles of Latin quod. Cognate with English who.

Él dice que está triste.

Llego más tarde que tú.

¡Ve más lento, que es resbaloso!

Que te vaya bien.

Que Dios me perdone.

indicating desire or permission; may (used with the subjunctive)


mens

From Danish mens, from older medens, from Old Norse meðan.


mens

Syncopic form of medans, in turn a colloquial form of medan (“while”).

Jag dukar fram frukost mens du duschar.

I’ll arrange breakfast while you take a shower.


di mana

Aku berada di tempat di mana matahari jarang terbenam.

I am at the place where the sun rarely sets.

Di mana ada gula, ada semut.

(nonstandard) where; at or in which place or situation


solo

se solo lui non fosse qui ...

[…] solo se lui non è qui.


oare

Either borrowed from an early form of Albanian vallë, or from Vulgar Latin *volet, a popular variant of vult, form of the verb Latin volō (“I want, wish”). See also the variant ori.


من

From Arabic مِن (min, “from, of, than”). Possibly conflated with Arabic مُنْذُ (munḏu, “since, for”) in some senses.

من أنا وصغير

من نحنا وبالمدرسة مش حاكيين

We haven't spoken since we were in school.

since ... was/were; followed by a personal pronoun + و to express a now-untrue past state


aŭ

Se estos malsato en la lando, aŭ se estos pesto, brulsekeco, velkado, akridoj, aŭ vermoj […]

1915, “II Kroniko 6:28 [2 Chronicles]”, in L. L. Zamenhof, transl., Malnova Testamento [Old Testament]^(https://eo.wikisource.org/wiki/Malnova_Testamento_(Zamenhof)):

If there is hunger in the land, or if there is a plague, a drought, a blight, locusts, or worms […]


ze

Adi adi ce Jaungoycoa dagoc adi.

1596, Joseba Lakarra, editor, Refranes y sentencias [Sayings and sentences] (Euskararen Lekukoak; 19), Bilbao: Eusklatzaindia, published 1996, →ISBN, page 248:

Nayago dot to bat, çe amaui emon deyat.

1596, Joseba Lakarra, editor, Refranes y sentencias [Sayings and sentences] (Euskararen Lekukoak; 19), Bilbao: Eusklatzaindia, published 1996, →ISBN, page 262:

I prefer a "take one" over twelve "I'll give you one".

Ala çara mudaduco, ce / ez çau inorc eçautuco

c. 1567, Joan Perez de Lazarraga, “Doncellachoa, orain çaoz...”, in Lazarraga Eskuizkribuaren edizioa eta azterketa. II. Testua, EHU Press, published 2020, →ISBN:

You'll change so much that / nobody will recognize you

(Biscayan, Gipuzkoan) Introduces a subordinate clause expressing a result, consequence or effect; that

(archaic, possibly obsolete) Introduces a clause that is the subject or object of a verb; that