banzi

-banzí (canonical)
engibanzi (first-person positive singular)
engingebanzi (first-person negative singular)
ngibanzi (copulative first-person positive singular)
angibanzi (copulative first-person negative singular)
obanzi (positive second-person singular)
ongebanzi (negative second-person singular)
ubanzi (copulative positive second-person singular)
awubanzi (copulative negative second-person singular)
esibanzi (first-person plural positive)
esingebanzi (first-person negative plural)
sibanzi (copulative first-person plural positive)
asibanzi (copulative first-person negative plural)
enibanzi (plural positive second-person)
eningebanzi (negative plural second-person)
nibanzi (copulative plural positive second-person)
anibanzi (copulative negative plural second-person)
obanzi (class-1 positive)
ongebanzi (class-1 negative)
ubanzi (class-1 copulative positive)
akabanzi (class-1 copulative negative)
ababanzi (class-2 positive)
abangebanzi (class-2 negative)
babanzi (class-2 copulative positive)
ababanzi (class-2 copulative negative)
obanzi (class-3 positive)
ongebanzi (class-3 negative)
ubanzi (class-3 copulative positive)
awubanzi (class-3 copulative negative)
ebanzi (class-4 positive)
engebanzi (class-4 negative)
ibanzi (class-4 copulative positive)
ayibanzi (class-4 copulative negative)
elibanzi (class-5 positive)
elingebanzi (class-5 negative)
libanzi (class-5 copulative positive)
alibanzi (class-5 copulative negative)
abanzi (class-6 positive)
angebanzi (class-6 negative)
abanzi (class-6 copulative positive)
awabanzi (class-6 copulative negative)
esibanzi (class-7 positive)
esingebanzi (class-7 negative)
sibanzi (class-7 copulative positive)
asibanzi (class-7 copulative negative)
ezibanzi (class-8 positive)
ezingebanzi (class-8 negative)
zibanzi (class-8 copulative positive)
azibanzi (class-8 copulative negative)
ebanzi (class-9 positive)
engebanzi (class-9 negative)
ibanzi (class-9 copulative positive)
ayibanzi (class-9 copulative negative)
ezibanzi (class-10 positive)
ezingebanzi (class-10 negative)
zibanzi (class-10 copulative positive)
azibanzi (class-10 copulative negative)
olubanzi (class-11 positive)
olungebanzi (class-11 negative)
lubanzi (class-11 copulative positive)
alubanzi (class-11 copulative negative)
obubanzi (class-14 positive)
obungebanzi (class-14 negative)
bubanzi (class-14 copulative positive)
abubanzi (class-14 copulative negative)
okubanzi (class-15 positive)
okungebanzi (class-15 negative)
kubanzi (class-15 copulative positive)
akubanzi (class-15 copulative negative)
okubanzi (class-17 positive)
okungebanzi (class-17 negative)
kubanzi (class-17 copulative positive)
akubanzi (class-17 copulative negative)


asof

From Dutch alsof, analysable as Afrikaans as + of.


noudat

Univerbation of nou (“now”) + dat (“that”).

univerbation

now that (because, in light of the fact)


solank

From Dutch zolang, from Middle Dutch so langhe. Equivalent to so + lank.


más bien

La obra de Johann Sebastian Bach es un ejemplo, más bien una evidencia, quizá única en la historia del arte, de un fenómeno que se me ocurre llamar destilación genética.

2015 October 20, Jordi Soler, “La destilación genética”, in El País:

Johann Sebastian Bach's oeuvre is an example, or rather evidence, perhaps unique in the history of art, of a phenomenon I like to call genetic distillation.


yaman

Compare Bikol Central yaman and Masbatenyo yaman.


dokulaž

1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, ISBN 3-740-1667-9, p. 22

Martin wants to visit his friend today because he is sick.

Měto co źinsa k swójomu pśijaśeloju woglědaś, dokulaž jo chóry.


toisc gur

head

toisc gur (used in a clause beginning with a verb in the past tense, with the exception of some irregular verbs)

toisc go

for nonpast tenses and for some irregular verbs even in past tenses


或是

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/hiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si²²/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² si²²/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² si³³/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/hiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si²²/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² si²²/

/hiɪk̚⁴⁻³² si³³/

2000, “後來”, 施人誠 (lyrics), performed by 劉若英:

Nǐ dōu rúhé huíyì wǒ, dài zhe xiào huò shì hěn chénmò

你都如何回憶我 帶著笑或是很沉默

你都如何回忆我 带着笑或是很沉默


wijl

From Middle Dutch wile (“while”), Old Dutch *wīla, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu.
Cognate with English while, Low German Wiel, German Weile.


ewéi

Hatt war ewéi eng Schwëster fir mech.

Ech si méi staark ewéi hien.


kāpēc

From kā (“what[gen.]”) + pēc (“after; for”).

(a) subject:

nav saprotams, kāpēc viņš tā runā

viņiem te jāzina viss, kādi mēs esam un kāpēc neko nedarām

they had to know everything, what we are and why we do nothing

jaunajam cilvēkiemm ne prātā neienāca, kāpēc meitene tik labi atceras vēstuļu skaitu ― (the reason) why the girl remembered the number of letters so well didn't enter into the new guy's mind

(b) (secondary) predicate, attributive complement:

grūti uztvert stāsta galveno ideju, mērķi, kāpēc tās radīts ― it was difficult to perceive the story's main idea, the target (= reason) why it was created

(c) direct object (e.g., reporting a question)

es nezinu, kāpēc viņš nenāk

pajautāšu, kāpēc viņš raud

tagad sapratu arī to, kāpēc pie mājas nav pasta kastītes, kāpēc logos aizkaru vietā dzeltē papīri, kāpēc te tāds klusums... un kāpēc neviens no šejienes nav aicināts kažās

then I understood why at (those) houses there are no mail boxes, why on the windows there is yellowish paper instead of curtains... and why nobody from here was invited to the wedding

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

why; used to introduce subordinate clauses indicating cause, motive, purpose, and relating to elements of the main clause with various different functions:

meži gadu aiz gada tika tālāk izcirsti, kāpēc katru gadu meža cirtējiem bija jānocilpo aizvien garāks gabals

the forests are being further and further cut down, because every ear the lumbermen had to cover a longer (= larger) piece (of territory)

(colloquial, syn. tāpēc) because; used to link two relatively independent sentence components


šim

East Semitic:

Akkadian: 𒋳𒈠 (šumma)

Proto-West Semitic: *him

Central Semitic:

Arabic: إِن (ʔin)

Dadanitic: 𐪑𐪌 (ʾn /ʾin/)

Safaitic: 𐪑𐪌 (ʾn /ʾin/)

Northwest Semitic:

Aramaic: הן (hen, hin), אן (ʾen, ʾin)

Classical Syriac: ܐܢ (ʾen)

Canaanite:

Hebrew: אִם (ʾim)

Samaritan Hebrew: ࠀࠌ (ʾam)

Ugaritic: 𐎅𐎎 (hm), 𐎛𐎎 (ỉm)

Old South Arabian: 𐩠𐩣 (hm), 𐩠𐩣𐩺 (hmy), 𐩠𐩣𐩥 (hmw)

Ethiopian Semitic:

Ge'ez: እም (ʾəm), እመ (ʾəmä)


de manera que

De manera que el Procurador tendrá 30 días hábiles para dar un concepto, que no obliga, sobre la ley que aprobó el referendo reeleccionista.

2009 November 12, “Tiempos del referendo reeleccionista en la Corte Constitucional siguen alargándose”, in El Tiempo:


a fin de que

Te dejé una nota a fin de que no te olvides de comprar leche"

I left you a note so that you don't forget to buy milk.

Se ha instalado en el proceder de radicales puristas y escrupulosos que, señalando yerros de la MUD y obviando sus aciertos, promueven frentes y movimientos de signo negativo para restar y dividir, en sintonía con lo que buscan los hegemones, a fin de que sus partidarios sigan siendo «botones que balbucean imperativos» y, gritando sus «vivas y mueras prefijados», continúen, disciplinadamente, «usurpando el lugar de la lucidez».

2017 April 2, “Las dictaduras según Borges”, in El Nacional:

It has settled in the behavior of purist and scrupulous radicals who, pointing out the MUD's mistakes and ignoring its successes, promote negative fronts and movements to subtract and divide, in line with what the hegemons seek, so that their supporters continue to be «buttons that babble imperatives» and, shouting their «prefixed live and dies», continue, disciplined, «usurping the place of lucidity».

(followed by a subjunctive) so that, in order that, in order for


si bien

Si bien es cierto su ‘framing’ discursivo suena a izquierda pasadista, incorpora nuevos elementos del antiestablishment trasnacional, sobre todo émulos europeos como Podemos de España.

2016 July 16, ““Con poncho y sombrerito”, por Carlos Meléndez”, in El Comercio:


ຫຼື

cog

Thai หรือ (rʉ̌ʉ)


bèdar

From Middle High German weder, from Old High German wedar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz (“which, what (of the two)”). Cognate with German weder, Dutch weder, English whether, Icelandic hvor.

inh

bèdar ze prechtet odar sbaighet


bénne

From Middle High German wenne, wanne, from Old High German hwenne, hwanne, from Proto-West Germanic *hwannā, from *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan (“when”). Cognate with German wenn, wann, English when.

Ail bénne ich rüufedar.

Bénne 'snaibet stéet innont.


tāpēc ka

viņš neaizbrauca, tāpēc ka bija saslimis

Ješka nepaguva atbildēt, tāpēc ka papriekš gribēja iedzert

Ješka couldn't answer, because he first wanted to drink


tāpēc

From tā (“that[gen.]”) + pēc (“because of”).

upe plūst ļoti strauji, tāpēc puikas peldas īpatnējā veidā

the river is flowing too quickly, so / because of that the boy is swimming in a strange way

tā ir laba un interesanta grāmata, neskaitāmas reizes gājusi no rokas rokā, tāpēc arī paplukuši

this is a good and interesting book, gone dozens of times from hand to hand, (and) therefore (it had) also lost color, faded

pus pasaules vēl jāapskrien, tāpēc viņš traucas laukā no egļu un ošu pakrēšļa

he still had to run around half the world, so he rushed out of the shade of the spurce and ash trees

(used to indicate a cause-and-effect or intention-and-effect relation between clauses); so..., therefore..., because of that...

redziet, tā ir Studentu iela, tāpēc ka atrodas līdzās mūsu skolai un kalnu tehnikumam

look, this is the Students' street, because it is located in the vicinity of our school and of the hills' technical school

(in the combination tāpēc ka) used to indicate cause; because...


por ende

Así Dios me salve como no he pensado en otros lectores que vosotros al escribir este libro. Y declarado esto, declarado queda, por ende, que a vuestros juicios le someto y que sólo con vuestro fallo me conformo.

God save me if I haven't thought of any other readers except you to write this book to. And, thus, having declared that, I leave it to you to cast your opinions and I shall make do with your verdict.

El duelo, el proceso psicológico y social a través del cual se reconoce pública y privadamente la pérdida del otro, es acaso la instancia más obvia de nuestra vulnerabilidad y, por ende, de nuestra condición humana.

2015 November 1, “El duelo como forma de exigir justicia”, in El País:

Mourning, the psychological and social process by which we recognize publicly and privately the loss of another, is perhaps the most obvious instance of our vulnerability, and therefore, our human condition.

Esta semana apreciamos cómo los deltanos salieron a rebelarse ante un gobierno indolente, incapaz y al cual la única región que según los últimos sondeos de opinión tenía aún mayoría oficialista, y por ende la posibilidad de mantener un gobernador rojo rojito.

2016 July 5, “La catástrofe se encuentra en Miraflores”, in El Nacional:

This week we appreciate how the people of Delta Amacuaro came out in rebellion against a lazy and incapable government, for which according to the latest polls it was the only region that still had a pro-government majority, and therefore could possibly keep a far-left governor.


акопрем

а̏копрем (canonical)
ȁkoprem (romanization)


ἐάν

head

ἐᾱ́ν • (eā́n)

grc-conjunction

ἐᾱ́ν • (eā́n)

Greek: αν (an)

Greek: εάν (eán)

Univerbation of εἰ (ei, “if”) and ἄν (án, subjunctive particle). The process by which the diphthong ει (ei) and short ᾰ (a) developed into short ε (e) and long ᾱ (ā) may be quantitative metathesis.

if (for more depth see εἰ (ei) and ἄν (án)


תׄם

תׄם מאת יוסף וגׄמיע אכׄותה וגׄמיע אהל דׄלך אלגׄיל׃

c. 10th century, Saadia Gaon, Tafsir, 1:6:

Then Joseph died and all his brethren and all the people of that generation.

ṯumma māta yūsufu wa-jamīʕu ʔiḵwatihi wa-jamīʕu ʔahli ḏālika l-jīli.

ثُمَّ ثم#Arabic

Judeo-Arabic spelling of ثُمَّ (ṯumma, “then”)


لأن

ar-con

لِأَنَّ • (liʔanna)

لِأَنَّ (canonical)
liʔanna (romanization)
لِأَنَّ (stem)
لِأَنَّنِي (feminine first-person masculine singular)
لِأَنَّنَا (common-gender dual feminine first-person masculine plural)
لِأَنَّكَ (masculine second-person singular)
لِأَنَّكِ (feminine second-person singular)
لِأَنَّكُمَا (common-gender dual second-person)
لِأَنَّكُمْ (masculine plural second-person)
لِأَنَّكُنَّ (feminine plural second-person)
لِأَنَّهُ (masculine singular third-person)
لِأَنَّهَا (feminine singular third-person)
لِأَنَّهُمَا (common-gender dual third-person)
لِأَنَّهُمْ (masculine plural third-person)
لِأَنَّهُنَّ (feminine plural third-person)

Morphologically لِـ (li-, “for”) + أَنَّ (ʔanna, “that”)


لأن

ar-con

لِأَنْ • (liʔan)

Compound of لِـ (li-, “for”) + أَنْ (ʔan, “that”) with the same grammatical rules as أَنْ (ʔan, “to, that”).

that, for that, so that, in order that, in order to (used with the subjunctive)


لأن

لأنّـ (canonical)
liʔann- (romanization)
لأنّـ
لأنّي (first-person singular)
لأنّا (first-person plural)
لأنّك (masculine second-person singular)
لأنّك (feminine second-person singular)
لأنكم (plural second-person)
لأنّه (masculine singular third-person)
لأنها (feminine singular third-person)
لأنهم (plural third-person)

Learned borrowing from Arabic لِأَنَّ (liʔanna).

lbor

Invariable form: لأنّه (liʔanno)


ἕως

head

ἕως • (héōs)

grc-conjunction

ἕως • (héōs)

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂wot. Cognates include Sanskrit यावत् (yāvat, “until”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.342, (compare Odyssey 5.123)

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 225, (compare Aeschylus, The Persians 428.464)

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 506B, (compare Cratylus 396C)

(relative particle, used to express the point of time up to which an action goes)

(with indicative) of a fact in past time

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.291, (compare 24.183)

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 810

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 555

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 147

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 764

(with subjunctive, relating to an uncertain event in the future)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.386, (compare 9.376)

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 766

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 59D

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.78

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 101D, (compare Sophocles, Women of Trachis 687)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.386

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.800

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.367

(with optative, relating to an uncertain event in the past)

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.1.25

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.143

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 1:24

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.108

New Testament, First Epistle of John 2:9

50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 23:5

(with single words, mostly of adverbs of time)

Palatine Anthology 5.201

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.11.14

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1435

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 85B

(mostly at the beginning of a verse in Homer) while, as long as

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 155A

(with optative, in case of repeated action)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.315, (compare 17.358)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1026

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 710

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.40

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.90

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.328

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.15

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.507

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.41

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.193

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.120


οὐδέ

head

οὐδέ • (oudé)

grc-conjunction

οὐδέ • (oudé)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.138

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.418

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.21

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.25

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.375

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 324

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 756

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.97

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.95

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Pr.716

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 2

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 39

(more often) and not, nor
(without a negative preceding)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.379

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.226

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 691

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.215

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.55

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Androtion 4

(more often) and not, nor
(with a simple negative preceding)


ὅταν

head

ὅτᾰν • (hótan)

grc-conjunction

ὅτᾰν • (hótan)

Coptic: ϩⲟⲧⲁⲛ (hotan)

Greek: όταν (ótan)

Univerbation of ὅτ’ (hót’, “when”) + ἄν (án, modal particle)

Σωκράτης σκόπει δή, ὅταν τί ἑκάστου τούτων ἡγῆται, ὠφελεῖ ἡμᾶς, καὶ ὅταν τί, βλάπτει.

Socrates: Now look at what, when it guides each of these things, benefits us, and what, when it [guides things], harms [us].

Sōkrátēs skópei dḗ, hótan tí hekástou toútōn hēgêtai, ōpheleî hēmâs, kaì hótan tí, bláptei.

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.519

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.6

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.397

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.567

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.225

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 301

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 565A

(with a conditional force, about events likely to recur) whenever, when


ὅτε

head

ὅτε • (hóte)

From ὅς (hós) and τε (te). Compare τότε (tóte), πότε (póte), ποτέ (poté).

never used in Classical Attic proseRelative also used in exclamations

indefinite relative used in indirect questions

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.471

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.259

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.6

(with indicative, to denote single events) when

(with present, of a thing now happening)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.272

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.397

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.392

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.7.35

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.115

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 354

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.21

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.397

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.627

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.55

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.429

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 726

(with optative, to denote repeated events or actions in past time)

(of future events which are represented as uncertain, in clauses dependent on a verb in optative or subjunctive)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.337

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.323

(only in Epic and Lyric poets, with subjunctive)

to denote repeated events or actions in past time; only in Epic and Lyric poets; only in Epic and Lyric poets

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.610

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.216

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.147

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.130

6, 506

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.364

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.12

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.462

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.394

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.462

(of time) when
(in Homer, to introduce a simile)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.433

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.29

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1095

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 918

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 206A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 354C

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.92

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 428

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 34

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 2.2.16

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.49

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.599

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.64

300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1270

3rd century CE, Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers 2.106

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1.10.5

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 7.13.2

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Poetics 3.2

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.566

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 56

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 5.8


զերդ

զերդ մի եղնիկ


λοιπόν

λοιπόν • (loipón)

el-conjunction

λοιπόν • (loipón)

→ Romanian: lipon

From Koine Greek λοιπόν (loipón), from Ancient Greek λοιπός (loipós, “remaining, the rest”).

inh

Δεν έχουμε λεφτά· λοιπόν, δεν θα πάμε διακοπές φέτος.

We have no money; so we won't go on holiday this year.

Den échoume leftá; loipón, den tha páme diakopés fétos.

so, therefore, right, well, then (introduces a logical conclusion)

Λοιπόν, ας περάσουμε στο επόμενο θέμα.

Anyway, let's move on to the next topic.

so, anyway (changing the subject or introducing a new topic)

Λοιπόν;

Και λοιπόν;

Άντε λοιπόν!


որպեսզի

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian որպէս զի (orpēs zi, “in order that, that, to the end that, so that; because, for”).


bɛ́n

[Somebody would like to eat some meat, but sees that the pot is empty. His mother says:]
Bɛ́n nâ ùsɔ́ ꜜtédé bínùtɛ̀n bítán, ŋgé úꜜkwáb tíd.

2008, Mark Van de Velde, A Grammar of Eton, →ISBN:

If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have found meat.


гэж

Coordinating form of the verb гэх (gex, “to say”); compare Kalmyk гиҗ (gij).

шувууг саад боллоо гэж мориороо хөөж

chasing the bird on his horse because it had become an obstacle.

(coordinating conjunction, copulative) that, because (literally, saying)


untaz

From unz + daz. Compare Old Saxon untat, Old English oþþæt.


albiet

Ye state na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,'

1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 1-2:

The condition, this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation,


ούτε

head

ούτε • (oúte)

el-conjunction

ούτε • (oúte)

Inherited from Ancient Greek οὔτε (oúte).

ούτ' εγώ ― oút' egó ― neither do I -ούτ(ε) followed by vowel-

Ούτε έφαγα, ούτε ήπια.

Δε θέλω ούτε ζάχαρη, ούτε γάλα.

Δεν είχε αυτοκίνητο, ούτε καν ένα ποδήλατο.

Den eíche aftokínito, oúte kan éna podílato.


ніж

From Proto-Slavic *neže. Cogntates include Polish niż, Ukrainian ніж (niž), Russian не́же (néže) (archaic).

лепш по́зна, ніж ніко́лі


ніж

Inherited from Old Ruthenian нижъ, нѣжъ, нежъ (niž, něž, než), all of which derive from either Proto-Slavic *ni že or *ne že, or both at the same time. Compare Czech než, Polish niż, Belarusian ніж (niž), (archaic) Russian не́же (néže), (archaic) Bulgarian не́же (néže), Old Church Slavonic неже (neže).

inh

нижъ, нѣжъ, нежъ

inh+

нижъ, нѣжъ, нежъ

Він зна́є украї́нську кра́ще, ніж росі́йську.

Vin znáje ukrajínsʹku krášče, niž rosíjsʹku.


бөгөөд

mn-conjunction

бөгөөд • (bögööd)


taču

From earlier (18th-century) tadšu, from the adverb tad (“then”) and an old particle *-šu, found also as the second element in jebšu, kauču (< kaut + šu), from earlier *-šau, from *-tyau. Cognates include Lithuanian tačiaũ.

(a) between sentence elements at the same level:

briesmīgas ir domas, kādas Nadīna domā par Jurģi... briesmīgas, taču... patiesas

terrible were the thoughts that Nadīna thought about Jurģis... terrible, but... true

mazā sanitāra pavēli zināja, taču bija izmanījusies neaizbraukt

the small sanitary (detachment) knew the order (to leave), but had decided not to leave

Adži ir viltīgs; viņš bezgala mīl Odesu, mīl Tbilisi, taču nekad nesāks klaji slavēt tās ― Adži is cunning; he loves (the cities of) Odessa and Tbilisi very much, but he would never openly praise them

(b) between coordinate clauses in a complex sentence

cilvēka iedarbība uz dabu sākās jau ar cilvēka tapšanu, taču cilvēka attīstības pirmsākuma laikā šī ietekme bija gandrīz nemanāma

human effects on the environment began already with the appearance of humans, but during the initial stages of human development their influence was almost imperceptible

rudens vējš nav sevišķi maigs, taču zēns, Daiņa jaunākais dēls, norūdījies

the autumn wind was not particularly mild, but the boy, Dainis' youngest son, was well seasoned

Nikolajs uzmanīgi skatās, taču viņa palīdzības šoreiz nevajag ― Nikolajs watched carefullyl, but his help was not necessary this time

(c) between a sentence and the preceding context

Bērni tomēr bija aizgājuši. Trīs dienas viņus neredzēja. Taču ceturtās dienas novakarē viņi izkāpa no autobusa, kam pie liepas bija pietura

The children, however, had left. For three days he didn't see them. But in the evening of the fourth day they got off the bus, which had a stop near the linden tree

but, but also; adversative conjunction, used to express strong opposition or contrast, with a nuance of surprise, inconsistency or contradiction, in various syntactic contexts:


a não ser que

unless (except on a specified condition)


efu

A krabdagu taki: - Angri e kiri mi ba. A di mi si yu e nyan, ne mi kon.
Adyuku taki: - We san mi e nyan, mi no sabi efu yu sa nyan en. Na kasaba dokun mi tyari. Efu yu sa nyan en, dan mi sa gi yu.

1975, “Basya Adyuku koni”, in Ursy M. Lichtveld, Jan Voorhoeve, editors, Creole drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Surinam, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 86:

The crab-eating raccoon said: 'I'm starving, brother. When I saw that you're eating, I came over immediately.
Adyuku said: 'I say, I don't know whether you'll want to eat what I'm eating. I brought cassava duckanoo. If you'll eat it, then I'll give it to you.


болон

Compare Mongolian болон (bolon) and Kalmyk болн (boln).


болон

From бол- (bol-, “to be; to become; etc.”, verb stem) + -он (-on, associative converbal suffix).


kdyby

kdybych (first-person singular)
kdybychom (first-person plural)
kdybys (second-person singular)
kdybyste (plural second-person)
kdyby (singular third-person)
kdyby (plural third-person)

Inherited from Old Czech kdyby. By surface analysis, univerbation of kdy + by.

surf

Kdybyste dostali letenku zdarma, kam byste se vydali?.

If you got a plane ticket for free, where would you head off to?


kdyby

kdybych (first-person singular)
kdybychově (-va) (dual first-person)
kdybychom (-me/-my) (first-person plural)
kdyby (second-person singular)
kdybysta (-šta) (dual second-person)
kdybyste (-šte) (plural second-person)
kdyby (singular third-person)
kdyby (dual third-person)
kdybysta (-šta) (dual third-person)
kdyby (plural third-person)
kdybychu (plural third-person)

Czech: kdyby


ὥστε

head

ὥστε • (hṓste)

grc-conjunction

ὥστε • (hṓste)

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.5.17

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1293

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1107

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 230

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.13.3

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 314B

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 80

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.109

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.61

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49, (compare Sophocles, Oedipus the King 374)

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.37, (compare Xenophon, Anabasis 5.6.26)

(to express the actual or intended result, the effect)

(after comparatives with ἤ (ḗ), when the possibility of consequence is denied)

(used with infinitive, of contingencies which may be more or less improbable)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.42

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.21

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 44

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.96

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 9.113

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 5.2.64

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1327

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 656

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.17

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.13

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.2.4

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 595

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 75

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 65

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1172

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.18

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 70

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 2.3.13

(with the indicative, to express the actual result with emphasis)

(at the beginning of a sentence, to mark a strong conclusion) therefore, consequently

to express the actual or intended result; the effect; to express the actual result with emphasis; at the beginning of a sentence; to mark a strong conclusion; at the beginning of a sentence; to mark a strong conclusion


яагаад гэвэл

mn-conjunction

ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ

яагаад гэвэл • (jaagaad gevel) (Mongolian spelling ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ
ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ (yaɣakiɣad gebel))

jaagaad gevel (romanization)
ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ (Mongolian)


ao passo que

whereas (but in contrast; whilst on the contrary…)


apesar de que

Ele decidiu viajar, apesar de que estava chovendo muito.

He decided to travel, even though it was raining heavily.


さもなくば

移行を導くか、さもなくば退陣するかである。

Ikō o michibiku ka, samonakuba taijin suru ka de aru.

He can lead that transition, or get out of the way.


εἴτε

head

εἴτε • (eíte)

grc-conjunction

εἴτε • (eíte)

From εἰ (ei, “if”) + τε (te, “even, and”).

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 606

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.349

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1049

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 843

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 683

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 345

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phil. 34B

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 471D

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.138

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1403

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 994

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 517

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 864A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.35

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 768

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 468

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.7

458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 895

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 277D

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 178

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 114

(generally doubled) either...or, whether..or


pourquoi que

— Mais enfin, disait-il, pourquoi que tu te noircis comme ça?

1926, Marcel Aymé, Brûlebois, Éditions Gallimard, chap. III, 1975 ed., p. 33

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


μηδέ

head

μηδέ • (mēdé)

grc-conjunction

μηδέ • (mēdé)

From μή (mḗ, “not”) + δέ (dé, “and, but”). Compare οὐδέ (oudé, “but not, and not”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.550, (compare 4.302)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 754, (compare The Eumenides 714, The Suppliants 409)

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 481

(connecting two clauses, used with the same constructions as μή (mḗ)) but not, and not, nor

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.303

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 2.65

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 771

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 327C

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 255

(doubled, μηδέ...μηδέ, opposing the two clauses of a sentence)

connecting two clauses; doubled; opposing the two clauses of a sentence; doubled; opposing the two clauses of a sentence


μήπως

head

μήπως • (mípos)

el-conjunction

μήπως • (mípos)

Inherited from Ancient Greek [Term?] phrase μή (mḗ) πως (pōs).

Μήπως θέλεις να βγούμε;

Μήπως είδες το παιδί μου;

Μήπως δεν τον βοήθησα τόσες φορές;

as if, didn't? (forming rhetorical questions that indicate the opposite of the question is true)

Φοβήθηκα μήπως του έγινε κάτι, αργεί πολύ.

I'm worried in case something happened to him, he's very late.

Fovíthika mípos tou égine káti, argeí polý.


διό

Univerbation of δι' ὅ (di' hó); see δῐᾰ́ (diá, “because of”) and ὅ (hó, “which”).

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 358D

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.21

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 518A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 258E

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 203C

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.71

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.120

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.92

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Plants 2.4.5


quankam

Borrowed from Esperanto kvankam, Latin quanquam.


ὅπως

head

ὅπως • (hópōs)

grc-conjunction

ὅπως • (hópōs)

From ὅς (hós, “who, which”) + πῶς (pôs, “how”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.181

(after principal tenses, or after subjunctive or imperative)

391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 117

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.73

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.31

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.96

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.17

(after historical tenses, when there is no perfect form, or when the aorist represents the perfect)

when there is no perfect form; or when the aorist represents the perfect; when there is no perfect form; or when the aorist represents the perfect

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.547

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.318

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.312

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.160

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.472

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1005

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1305

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.25

360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 77E

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 450

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.7.19

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 297

that, in order that
(with optative after historical tenses)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 196

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On his Return 21

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, For Phormio 20

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 749

(of historical tenses, to express a consequence which has not followed, or cannot follow)

to express a consequence which has not followed; or cannot follow; to express a consequence which has not followed; or cannot follow

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.57

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 43

343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 316

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 263

that, in order that
(with indicative)
(of future)


gach uair dá

gach uair (“every time”) + de (“of”) + a

compound

Gach uair dá bhfaca mé é, ní raibh sé ag obair.

Every time that I saw him, he wasn't working.


ἄχρι

head

ἄχρῐ • (ákhri)

grc-conjunction

ἄχρῐ • (ákhri)

Zero grade of μέχρῐ (mékhri), from Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.37

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.2

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Collected Works 884F

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Collected Works 553

150—50 BC, Bion, Collected Works 1.47

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.117

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.4.16

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, How to Write History 9


而是

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ siː²²/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ siː²²/

不是A而是B


jakkolwiek

From jak + -kolwiek. Compare Czech jakkoli, Slovak akokoľvek.


üm

From Middle Low German ümme, from Old Saxon umbi, from Proto-Germanic *umbi.


基於

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ y³⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ y³⁵/

because of; on the basis of; in view of; on account of


一方面

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ miːn²²/

/iɪʔ³³ fɑ̃⁵⁵ mi²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ miːn²²/

/iɪʔ³³ fɑ̃⁵⁵ mi²¹/

on the one hand..., on the other hand...

一方面……，一方面……

on one side; on the one hand; on the other hand


derweil

/ˈdeːɐ̯ˈvaɪ̯l/


以至

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jiː¹³ t͡siː³³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡si²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/jiː¹³ t͡siː³³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡si²¹/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

even; even if; go so far as to; to the extent that


atawa

Borrowed from Sanskrit अथवा (athavā, “or”).


atawa

Borrowed from Sanskrit अथवा (athavā, “or, rather”).


indessen

Er zog näher zu seiner Arbeitsstelle, indessen die Firma ihn nach drei Monaten entließ.

He moved closer to his workplace, and the firm still fired him after three months.

Ich bekam einen Asthmaanfall, indessen ich spazieren ging.

I had an asthma attack while I was going for a walk.


以免

/i²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁵³/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ biɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁵³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁵³/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁴¹/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ mieŋ⁵²/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ miaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/i²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁵³/

/i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ biɛn⁵⁵⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁵³/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁵³/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ biɛn⁴¹/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ mieŋ⁵²/

/ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ miaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

以免發生危險

以免发生危险

仔細檢查以免出錯。

仔细检查以免出错。

Please pay attention to the boarding time so you don't miss your flight.

Qǐng liúyì nín chéngzuò hángbān de dēngjī shíjiān, yǐmiǎn wùjī.

請留意您乘坐航班的登機時間，以免誤機。

请留意您乘坐航班的登机时间，以免误机。


если бы

head

е́сли бы • (jésli by)

е́сли бы (canonical)
jésli by (romanization)

[ˈjes⁽ʲ⁾lʲɪ‿bɨ]

Е́сли бы я знал, что вы бу́дете до́ма, я бы пришёл.

If I knew you were going to be home, I would have come.

Jésli by ja znal, što vy búdete dóma, ja by prišól.


anderenfalls

sonst wersonst einersonst jemand(ein) anderer


zanim

Univerbation of za + nim. Compare Polish zanim.


zanim

zanimem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
zanimeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
zanimeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
zanimeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
zanim (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
zanim (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Univerbation of za + nim. First attested in 1612. Compare Kashubian zanim and Silesian zanim.

ref

Szymon Wysocki, transl. (1612), Wielkie zwierciadło przykładow Więcey niźli z ośmidźieśiąt Autorow, poboznośćią, náuką, y stárowiecznośćią przezacnych: ták że z rozmáitych Historiy, Tráktatow, y kśiążek wyięte, przez iednego niemiánowánego, ktory żył około Roku Páńskiego 1480. (in Polish), page 169(268)


cóż

Polish: cóż

Silesian: cōż

From co + -ż. First attested in 1301–1350. Compare Old Czech což and Old Slovak čož.

Expurgans innocenciam suam al. szwoyą nyevynoscz, czosch byla obwyny[o]na o bothy *zyamischowa

1923 [1478], Helena Polaczkówna, editor, Najstarsza księga sądowa wsi Trześniowa 1419-1609, Trześniów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, page 100:

(emphatic, attested in Lesser Poland) because


すると

From する (suru, “to do”) + と (to, “when, whenever”, temporal particle). Literally, "when doing [whatever came before], then [whatever comes after]".


maintenant que

Maintenant que j’ai ton numéro de téléphone, je vais t’appeler environ cinq fois par jour.

Now that I have your number, I can call you five times a day.


agora que

/ɐˈɡɔ.ɾɐ kɨ/

[ɐˈɣɔ.ɾɐ kɨ]


für den Fall, dass

Wir müssen das Fenster schließen für den Fall, dass es anfängt zu regnen.

We need to close the window, in case it starts raining.


μήτε

head

μήτε • (mḗte)

grc-conjunction

μήτε • (mḗte)

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 358

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 472

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.308

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.230

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.63

430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 454

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Eratosthenes 72

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 421

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 627E

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 496

407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 978

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 771

(mostly doubled, sometimes with μηδέ (mēdé)) and not, neither...nor


μήτε

head

μήτε • (míte)

el-conjunction

μήτε • (míte)


πλήν

head

πλήν • (plḗn)

grc-conjunction

πλήν • (plḗn)

Greek: πλην (plin)

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with πέλας (pélas), πλησίος (plēsíos), ἔμπλην (émplēn, “near, close by”) and many more in root page.
Compare the meaning and history of English besides.

der

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1238

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1161

458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 752

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 414

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 125

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 646

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 737

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 529A

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 299

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panathenaicus 19

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1053

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 118

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 100

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 125

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 236

388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 106

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.1

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 334B

430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 231

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Minos 318E

361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 179

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians 3.5

(with single words and phrases, especially when a negative precedes)

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 18D

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 177D

349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 18

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic 39

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 260

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 293

64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 7.3.8

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 554B.2

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with εἰ (ei))
(followed by a verb)

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 601

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.21

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 286D

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption 323B.26

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On the Soul 406B

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 43A.39

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Causes of Plants 1.10.6

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.74

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Soloecista 7

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with εἰ (ei))
(with a verb omitted)

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 361

411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 532

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.111

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 42A

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 981A.18

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with ἤ (ḗ))

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 1.18

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 45

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Dionysodorus 23

except, save
(often joined with other particles)
(with οὐ (ou)) only not

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1429

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.189

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 183A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57B

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pelopidas 4

(with ὅτι (hóti)) except that, save that

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.32

60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 1.23

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 456A

155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 72.19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.88

(with ὅσον (hóson)) except or save so far as

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1509

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.23

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 670A

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 856D

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1124B.30

(without a verb expressed) save so far as

except, save
except or save so far as
save so far as

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.69.14

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.17.1

53 CE – 55 CE, Paul the Apostle, First Epistle to the Corinthians 11:11

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Diogenes of Oenoanda, Oenoandan Inscription 8

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pericles 34

46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pyrrhus 5

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Prometheus 20

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead 13.3

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead 20.4

125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, A Professor of Public Speaking 24

(to break off and pass to another subject) only

introducing a clause; to break off and pass to another subject; to break off and pass to another subject

170 CE – 240 CE, Herodian, History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus 3.4.1

200 CE – 400 CE, Heliodorus of Emesa, Aethiopica 6.7

except, save
(introducing a clause)
(late prose)

introducing a clause; late prose; late prose

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 5

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 41

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.20

200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.18.2

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.32

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1643

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.70

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 328E


nyulu

-nyulu (canonical)
endinyulu (attributive first-person positive singular)
endingenyulu (attributive first-person negative singular)
ndinyulu (attributive copulative first-person positive singular)
andinyulu (attributive copulative first-person negative singular)
onyulu (attributive positive second-person singular)
ongenyulu (attributive negative second-person singular)
unyulu (attributive copulative positive second-person singular)
awunyulu (attributive copulative negative second-person singular)
esinyulu (attributive first-person plural positive)
esingenyulu (attributive first-person negative plural)
sinyulu (attributive copulative first-person plural positive)
asinyulu (attributive copulative first-person negative plural)
eninyulu (attributive plural positive second-person)
eningenyulu (attributive negative plural second-person)
ninyulu (attributive copulative plural positive second-person)
aninyulu (attributive copulative negative plural second-person)
onyulu (attributive class-1 positive)
ongenyulu (attributive class-1 negative)
unyulu (attributive class-1 copulative positive)
akanyulu (attributive class-1 copulative negative)
abanyulu (attributive class-2 positive)
abangenyulu (attributive class-2 negative)
banyulu (attributive class-2 copulative positive)
abanyulu (attributive class-2 copulative negative)
onyulu (attributive class-3 positive)
ongenyulu (attributive class-3 negative)
unyulu (attributive class-3 copulative positive)
awunyulu (attributive class-3 copulative negative)
enyulu (attributive class-4 positive)
engenyulu (attributive class-4 negative)
inyulu (attributive class-4 copulative positive)
ayinyulu (attributive class-4 copulative negative)
elinyulu (attributive class-5 positive)
elingenyulu (attributive class-5 negative)
linyulu (attributive class-5 copulative positive)
alinyulu (attributive class-5 copulative negative)
anyulu (attributive class-6 positive)
angenyulu (attributive class-6 negative)
anyulu (attributive class-6 copulative positive)
awanyulu (attributive class-6 copulative negative)
esinyulu (attributive class-7 positive)
esingenyulu (attributive class-7 negative)
sinyulu (attributive class-7 copulative positive)
asinyulu (attributive class-7 copulative negative)
ezinyulu (attributive class-8 positive)
ezingenyulu (attributive class-8 negative)
zinyulu (attributive class-8 copulative positive)
azinyulu (attributive class-8 copulative negative)
enyulu (attributive class-9 positive)
engenyulu (attributive class-9 negative)
inyulu (attributive class-9 copulative positive)
ayinyulu (attributive class-9 copulative negative)
ezinyulu (attributive class-10 positive)
ezingenyulu (attributive class-10 negative)
zinyulu (attributive class-10 copulative positive)
azinyulu (attributive class-10 copulative negative)
olunyulu (attributive class-11 positive)
olungenyulu (attributive class-11 negative)
lunyulu (attributive class-11 copulative positive)
alunyulu (attributive class-11 copulative negative)
obunyulu (attributive class-14 positive)
obungenyulu (attributive class-14 negative)
bunyulu (attributive class-14 copulative positive)
abunyulu (attributive class-14 copulative negative)
okunyulu (attributive class-15 positive)
okungenyulu (attributive class-15 negative)
kunyulu (attributive class-15 copulative positive)
akunyulu (attributive class-15 copulative negative)
okunyulu (attributive class-17 positive)
okungenyulu (attributive class-17 negative)
kunyulu (attributive class-17 copulative positive)
akunyulu (attributive class-17 copulative negative)


𡝕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 𠀧 (ba)

Han compound

Alternative form of 吧 (“Nôm form of và (“and, also, with, as well as”).”)


μήποτε

head

μήποτε • (mḗpote)

grc-conjunction

μήποτε • (mḗpote)

From μή (mḗ, “not”) + ποτέ (poté, “ever, at some time”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.324

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.77

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53


ἕνεκα

head

ἕνεκᾰ • (héneka)

grc-conjunction

ἕνεκᾰ • (héneka)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀚𐀏 (e-ne-ka); otherwise unknown. Formerly thought a composite of ἕν (hén) and *ϝέκα (*wéka) (see: ἑκών (hekṓn)). However no trace of ϝ (/w/) is seen in the Mycenaean Linear B record. Alternatively may be connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₁neḱ- (“to carry, bring”) as in ἐνεγκεῖν (enenkeîn) (compare Lithuanian nèšti), if such a root exists.

der

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 554

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.92

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.31

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 701D

7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 199

310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Aetia 3.1.6

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 8.35


ἐπεί

head

ἐπεί • (epeí)

grc-conjunction

ἐπεί • (epeí)

(of time) after, after that, since, when

(of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly with aorist)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.2

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.68

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 40

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 15

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.117

(with implied reference to some later time)

with implied reference to some later time

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.458

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.3

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1354

413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 260

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.1

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 42

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.5.27

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.238

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.764

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.23

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.153

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Eubulides 16

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.29

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.412

361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 34

(with subjunctive, ἄν (án) often being added)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.221

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.409

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.34

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.86

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.478

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1225

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1025

(referring generally to any one of a number of instances, with a present apodosis of repeated action) whenever, when once

after, after that, since, when
whenever, when once

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1175

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 983

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Fractures 6

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.412

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 516A

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.227

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.105

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.14

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.9

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.3.55

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.38

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 59D

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 315B

(more frequently, referring generally to any one of a number of past instances, with a past apodosis of repeated action)

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.27

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.5.18

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.21

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.80

(in indirect speech after past tenses, representing a subjunctive in direct speech)

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 619C

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 174D

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.10

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.150

(with infinitive, only be assimilation in indirect speech)

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.6

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 3.3.22

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1284A.40

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.2.4

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 1.35

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 310C

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Pantaenetus 41

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 325C

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.426

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.57

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.4

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.9

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.90

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.119

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.153

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.278

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 4.16

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.3.4

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.80

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 335C

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 854

(causal) since, seeing that
(with indicative)

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1037

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.228

330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 49

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 948

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 9.29

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 433

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.7.14

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 352

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 969

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 390

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 73

380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 473E

423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 688

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 7.5

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 214

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 139

(in most of the constructions which are found in independent sentences)

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 353A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.111

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.93

(causal) since, seeing that
(with infinitive in indirect speech)

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 333C

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 317A

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 19E

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 187A

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1121A.19

(causal) since, seeing that
(in various elliptical expressions)

399 BCE, Plato, Euthyphro 4C

(sometimes epexegetic, introducing a narrative)

causal; sometimes epexegetic; introducing a narrative; sometimes epexegetic; introducing a narrative

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.185

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.352

750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 171

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Cyclops 181

428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 955

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 77D

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 29

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 631

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 87C

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 923

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.18

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.169

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.276

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.447

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.181

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 822

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 75

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 114D

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 437

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 495

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 433

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.379

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 446

(causal) since, seeing that
(with other particles)


zatem

Polish: zatem

Silesian: zatym

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *za tomь. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + tym, influenced by potem. First attested in the 14th century.

surf

Nicholt tenetur sex marcas, veniens ad iudicium... sigillum recepit, satim sø uyednal pro duabus marcis sza poswem

1897 [1398], Teki Adolfa Pawińskiego, volume IV, number 456, Łęczyca Land:

Jaco Michal wysnal szą Swąskowy przed prawem y przeprosil go trzemi grz[y]wnami a szatim mu Swąsek [t]rzich policzcow nye dal

1960 [1415], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty pyzdrskie, volume II, number 427, Pyzdry:

Jaco Meczslaw rzekl *Boguslaowi: Y ot onegos zdraczcze ot Potra, czso braczø zdradza, y zatim i ranil

1960 [1395], Henryk Kowalewicz, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, editors, Wielkopolskie roty sądowe XIV-XV wieku, Roty pyzdrskie, volume II, number 15, Pyzdry:

(attested in Sieradz-Łęczyca, Greater Poland) and then, after that

Ktho swyeczą przy zwadze w noczi zagasi, a zathym kogo vranyą, ma rannemv o rani bicz skazan

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 15:

(attested in Masovia) that's why; consequently

[…] A zatym vzrzely wylka a on wyeprza zasyø nyesye

1896 [Middle of the 15th century], Lucjan Malinowski, editor, Żywot świętego Błażeja. Zabytek języka polskiego z początku wieku XV,, page 320:

Zatym sebrawszi syø (congregantes autem) Fylystinowye... prziszly do Sochot

1930 [c. 1455], “I Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 17, 1:

Vdzalal oltarz y nakladl nan drew. A zatym røkøø podnyeszye myecz (extenditque manum et arripuit gladium)

1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 22, 10:

A zathym przystampyącz byskupovye... począly nan s pelna zalovacz

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 797:

Thedi przebiwacze tego *myascza przysząngą, iako wynowaczcza yąncz nye mogli... Zathym (extunc) byskvp... slozy... interdicht prawem polozoni

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 4:

Prziszly a wzdzalaly sobye twyrdze w Sunnam. A zatim takesz sebral Saul (congregavit autem et Saul) wszitek lyvd israhelski

1930 [c. 1455], “I Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 28, 4:

A zatim (igitur) Iozve powstaw w noczi... a viszedwszi s Sethim prziszli sø kv Iordanv

1930 [c. 1455], “Jos”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka), 3, 1:

Nye bądzye, kto by vass bronyl... Tako zathem rzekly zvolenyczy (at illi dixerunt Luc 22, 38): Gospodnye, ymamy thv dva myecza

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 582:

(attested in Masovia) refers a new sentence to the previous context specifying the temporal sequence of a given action; then


zatem

Inherited from Old Polish zatem. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + tym.

zatém

pre-reform orthography (1936) or regional


oherwydd

/ɔˈheːrʊi̯ð/


und/oder

Das Opfer wurde erstickt und/oder erdrosselt.


ancje

Possibly from Latin hanc hodie. Compare Italian anche, Venetian, Istriot, and Dalmatian anca, Occitan ancui.


藉由

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ joʊ̯³⁵/


進而

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɵn³³ jiː²¹/

/t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li²⁴/

/t͡sin¹¹⁻⁵³ li²⁴/

/t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ li²⁴/

/t͡sin²¹⁻⁴¹ zi²³/

/t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi¹³/

/t͡ɕin³³ ɦəl⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɵn³³ jiː²¹/

/t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li²⁴/

/t͡sin¹¹⁻⁵³ li²⁴/

/t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ li²⁴/

/t͡sin²¹⁻⁴¹ zi²³/

/t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi¹³/

/t͡ɕin³³ ɦəl⁴⁴/


之所以

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/

The reason why you are not interested is because you don't understand it at all.

Nǐ zhīsuǒyǐ bù gǎn xìngqù, shì yīnwèi nǐ gēnběn jiù bù liǎojiě tā.

你之所以不感興趣，是因為你根本就不了解它。

你之所以不感兴趣，是因为你根本就不了解它。


就算

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯än⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯²² syːn³³/

/tiu³² ɬᵘɔn³³/

/t͡siu²²⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/t͡siu³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/t͡siu⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍⁴¹/

/t͡siu³³⁻¹¹ sŋ̍¹¹/

/t͡siu²²⁻²¹ suĩ²¹/

/to³³⁻¹¹ sŋ̍¹¹/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/tiɤ³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/tio³³⁻¹¹ sŋ̍¹¹/

/t͡siu³⁵⁻¹¹ sɯŋ²¹³/

/ʑiɤ²² sø⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiɤ²² sø⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su̯än⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯²² syːn³³/

/tiu³² ɬᵘɔn³³/

/t͡siu²²⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/t͡siu³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/t͡siu⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍⁴¹/

/t͡siu³³⁻¹¹ sŋ̍¹¹/

/t͡siu²²⁻²¹ suĩ²¹/

/to³³⁻¹¹ sŋ̍¹¹/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/tiɤ³³⁻²¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/tio³³⁻¹¹ sŋ̍¹¹/

/t͡siu³⁵⁻¹¹ sɯŋ²¹³/

/ʑiɤ²² sø⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑiɤ²² sø⁴⁴/

Even if I fail, I still cannot be disappointed and downhearted

Tiō-sǹg sit-pāi mā bōe-tàng sit-ì koh sit-chì

就算失敗嘛抺凍失意擱失志

就算失败嘛抺冻失意搁失志

I sing louder and louder, even if I sing until my voice get hoarse, no worries.

Góa lú chhiùⁿ lú tōa-siaⁿ, tō-sǹg ē chhiùⁿ kah lóng sau-siaⁿ, bián-kiaⁿ.

我越唱越大聲，就算會唱到攏燒聲，不驚。

我越唱越大声，就算会唱到拢烧声，不惊。


鑒於

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ y³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ y³⁵/


à medida que

[ɐ mɨˈði.ðɐ kɨ]

O porco engordava à medida que lhe davam mais lavagem.

The pig fattened as they gave him more slop.

as (varying through time to the same proportion that)


如果說

ㄖㄨˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ ㄕㄨㄛ

/ʐu³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ʐu³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵/


түгел

head

түгел • (tügel)

From Proto-Turkic *tegül (“is not”).
Cognate with
Old Turkic [script needed] (tügül, “is not; not only”) (in Kul Tigin inscription);
Karakhanid [script needed] (tegül, “is not”);
Kazakh түгіл (tügıl),
Kyrgyz түгүл (tügül),
Kumyk тюгюл (tügül),
Karachay-Balkar тюл (tül),
Turkish değil (“is not”).

cog

Кешене атай-әсәй генә түгел, мөхит тә тәрбиәләй.

It not only the parents, but also the environment that raises a person.

Keşene atay-əsəy genə tügel, möxit tə tərbiələy.

Тап шундай берәҙәк эттәр ваҡ мал һәм ҡош-ҡорт өсөн генә түгел, кеше өсөн дә хәүефле.

Exactly this type of stray dogs is dangerous not only to small cattle and poultry, but also to humans.

Tap şunday berəźək ettər vaq mal həm qoş-qort ösön genə tügel, keşe ösön də xəwefle.

Бөгөнгө көндә ҡул сәғәте ваҡытты ғына түгел, кешенең абруйын да күрһәтеп тора.

These days, a watch not only shows the time, but also the person's social status.

Bögöngö köndə qul səğəte vaqıttı ğına tügel, keşeneñ abruyın da kürhətep tora.

ғына ғына#English

генә генә#English

(typically preceded by ғына/генә) not (only), but (also)

Беҙҙең илебеҙҙә Интернет түгел, гәзит барып етмәгән, почтальон аяғы баҫмаған мөйөштәр бар һаман.

There are still locations in our country where newspapers do not reach, (where) postman's feet hasn't touched yet, let alone the Internet.

Beźźeñ ilebeźźə İnternet tügel, gəzit barıp yetməgən, poçtalʹon ayağı baśmağan möyöştər bar haman.

Шартлау тулҡынына биш ҡатлы йорттарҙа быялалар ватылыу ғына түгел, хатта эске металл ишектәр ҙә емерелгән.

(As a result of) the air blast wave, not only did window panes shatter in the 5-storeyed buildings, but even the internal metal doors were broken.

Şartlaw tulqınına biş qatlı yorttarźa bıyalalar vatılıw ğına tügel, xatta eske metall işektər źə yemerelgən.


ἐπειδή

head

ἐπειδή • (epeidḗ)

grc-conjunction

ἐπειδή • (epeidḗ)

Greek: επειδή (epeidí)

From ἐπεί (epeí, “after, since”) + δή (dḗ, “emphatic particle”).

(strengthened form of ἐπεί (epeí)) after, since


καθότι

head

καθότι • (kathóti)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek καθότι (kathóti) with semantic loan from French en tant que.


εἴπερ

head

εἴπερ • (eíper)

grc-conjunction

εἴπερ • (eíper)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.25

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.117

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.167

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.35

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.225

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 198

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 312A

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 182C

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.81

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1249

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 275E

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.20

331 CE – 363 CE, Julian, Orations 216B

if really, if indeed, even if, even though


καίπερ

head

καίπερ • (kaíper)

grc-conjunction

καίπερ • (kaíper)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.224

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.70

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.577

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.125

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.135

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.555

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 8.4

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 6.6

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Fragments 199.2

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 907

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 712

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 377

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 495D

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1203

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1326

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.247

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.104

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1141

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 647

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 4.36

385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 219C


πρίν

head

πρῐ́ν or πρῑ́ν • (prín or prī́n)

grc-conjunction

πρῐ́ν or πρῑ́ν • (prín or prī́n)

πρῐ́ν (canonical)
πρῑ́ν (canonical)
prín (romanization)
prī́n (romanization)

Appears to be related to πρό (pró), Latin prior, priscus and Lithuanian prie, but the exact formation is uncertain. Perhaps from an old locative *pr-i of Proto-Indo-European *pró (“forward”).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.172

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.453

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.322

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.210

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.668

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.465

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.245

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.92

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 3.9

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 8.19

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.119

472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 712

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1539

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 120

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 396

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 281

424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 258

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 67

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.125

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.7

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 350B

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 1069

413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 524

c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 684

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 481

before that, before
(with infinitive)
(with aorist)
(after a positive clause)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.98

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.423

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.128

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.747

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1419

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 8

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 28

349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 12

396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 135

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.38

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 70

480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 453.6

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 632

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 362

c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 61

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 55

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 94

416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 605

346 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Peace 15

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 4.24

470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 772

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 769E

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.165

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.9

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.50

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.23

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 61A

before that, before
(with infinitive)
(with aorist)
(after a negative clause)

470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 702

458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1067

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 36

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 20

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 577

408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1095

411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 380

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 383

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.3

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.24

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 666A

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.25

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.40

(with present, conveying a sense of continuance)

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 79

458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 1069

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.25

408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1145

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 1034

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 1156

421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 375

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 322

405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1185

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 164C

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 320A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.116

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.10

before that, before
(with infinitive)
(with perfect)

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 481

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.45

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.132

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.101

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.61

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.79

414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 700

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.13

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4.58

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 266A

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians 12.5

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 86D

366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 165E

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Leptines 96

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.5.33

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.51

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.29

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 19

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 17

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 61

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with indicative, chiefly aorist)
(after negative clauses)

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.118

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 776

424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 131

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 1173

425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 1147

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.104

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.39

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.71

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with indicative, chiefly aorist)
(after positive clauses)

7th–6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 357

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.322

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.43

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.437

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.180

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.588

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.117

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.82

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.109

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 756

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 166

525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 177

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 909

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 48

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1041

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1529

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 2

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 276

431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 680

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 1145

407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 324

413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 19

413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1302

422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 920

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 176

446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 230

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 6.13

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.8

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.7.12

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 228C

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laches 187E

425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 704

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 917

442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 619

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 742

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 965

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 608

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 946

438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 849

408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1218

408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1357

391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 629

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.157

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.29

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 62C

390 BCE – 322 BCE, Hyperides, In Defence of Euxenippus 4

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.19

360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 57B

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.10

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against the Corn Dealers 4

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 16

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes 24

(with aorist, expressing an action preceding the action of the antecedent)

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1409

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 10

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 29

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.2.8

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 271C

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with subjunctive, after negatives)
(with present, rare)

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 173

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.175

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.135

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.190

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.781

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.374

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.477

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.580

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.488

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 551

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.14

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.19

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.2

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 36C

(representing subjective after historical tenses)

representing subjective after historical tenses

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 961

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 657

6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 126

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 799D

429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 505

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with optative)
(by assimilation)

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 34

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.48

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.18

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(with ἄν (án))

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.394

before that, before
(with a finite verb)
(without a verb)

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.98

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.481

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.475

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.355

416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 605

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.348

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.453

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.586

391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 620

341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 61

409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 199

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 62C

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 10

440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 1

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.2.9

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.9

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.92

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.128

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.219

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.322

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.79

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.104

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.97

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.12

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.25

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.288

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.266

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.136

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.165

445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Andocides 11

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 19

396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 128

389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 132

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.1

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 29.26


léiʼ

because, inasmuch as, in view of the fact that


massen

Switzerland and Liechtenstein standard spelling of maßen.


nii

Jos kovemmast veel noisemma kuumentammaa, nii pintamaan karva muuttuu mussast harmaks, tali punertavaks.

1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. I. Molotsova, Loonnontiito (ensimäin osa): oppikirja alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

If we start heating it up even more, then the colour of the topsoil will change from black to grey, or reddish.


nii

Cognate with Finnish niin, Ingrian nii and Estonian nii.


kaso

Hinihintay nga kitang magpunta sa beach para manggulo kaso hindi ka naman lumapit.

1996, Isagani R. Cruz, Elyria C. Bernardino, Creative economists, page 108:

I was waiting for you to go to the beach to cause a ruckus but you didn't come.


darămite

let alone, to say nothing of, not to mention


假設

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kaː³⁵ t͡sʰiːt̚³/

/ka⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛt̚³²/

/ka⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/ka⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛt̚³²/

/kɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛt̚³²/

/kĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ siek̚²/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kaː³⁵ t͡sʰiːt̚³/

/ka⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛt̚³²/

/ka⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/ka⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɛt̚³²/

/kɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɛt̚³²/

/kĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ siek̚²/


唯有

/weɪ̯³⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ jɐu̯¹³/

/weɪ̯³⁵ joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐi̯²¹ jɐu̯¹³/

Where I live now there is no sea, but only high mountains.

Wǒ xiànzài de zhùsuǒ wéiyǒu gāoshān, bù jiàn dàhǎi.

我現在的住所唯有高山，不見大海。

我现在的住所唯有高山，不见大海。


třeba

Inherited from Old Czech třěba, from Proto-Slavic *terba.


çünki

Borrowed from Classical Persian چُونْکِه (čūnki).


nancje

ni + ancje. Compare Italian neanche, Venetian gnanca, nianca, nanca, Istriot gnanca.


抑或

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jɪk̚⁵ waː²²/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jɪk̚⁵ waː²²/


不如

/pɐt̚⁵ jyː²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ lu²⁴/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ lu²⁴/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɯ²⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zi¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ zu²³/

/pəʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/pɐt̚⁵ jyː²¹/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ lu²⁴/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ lu²⁴/

/put̚⁵⁻²⁴ lɯ²⁴/

/put̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zi¹³/

/put̚³²⁻⁴ zu²³/

/pəʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

bat¹ jyu⁴ gam¹ jat⁶ heoi³ jau⁴ seoi² laa¹!

不如今日去游水啦！

it would be better to; might as well; let's


nehw

Proto-West Germanic: *nehw, *nehu, *neh

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *nehwain, *nehain

Old Saxon: nihēn, niēn, nigēn

Middle Low German: nechên, gên, kein

German Low German: geen, gien, keen, kien

Old Dutch: nehein, ghein, chein

Middle Dutch: negeen, gein

Dutch: geen

→? West Frisian: gjin

Old High German: nehein, nihein

Middle High German: nehein, nihein, nechein, nichein

gl

⇒ Middle High German: kein (merger of Middle High German nechein and dechein)

German: kein

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *nehwan (conjunction)

>? Old English: nefne, nemne, nymne, nemþe, nymþe, nimþe

Old Saxon: newan, niwan, nowan, newa, neva, nevo, nevu

⇒ Middle Low German: mēven

Old Dutch: novan, navo, nova

⇒ Old Dutch: novanthoh

Old High German: niwan

Middle High German: niwen, niuwen, niewen

Old Norse: né

Icelandic: né

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih)

From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe. Equivalent to *ne + *-hw. Cognate with Latin neque (“nor”), Proto-Celtic *nekʷe.


同埋

/tʰʊŋ²¹ maːi̯²¹/

/hɵŋ²² ᵐbᵘɔi²²/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ maːi̯²¹/

/hɵŋ²² ᵐbᵘɔi²²/

我同埋你


係咪

/hɐi̯²² mɐi̯²²/

/hɐi̯²² mɐi̯²²/

keoi⁵ hai⁶ mai⁶ bun² dei⁶ jan⁴ lai⁴ gaa³?

佢係咪本地人嚟㗎？

佢系咪本地人嚟㗎？

keoi⁵ hai⁶ mai⁶ dou¹ wui⁵ heoi³ gaa³ laa¹.

佢係咪都會去㗎啦。

佢系咪都会去㗎啦。

(Cantonese, always followed by 都 (dou¹)) no matter what


mesmo que

Ele não queria ir à festa, mesmo que todos os amigos estivessem lá.

He didn't want to go to the party, even if all his friends were there.


кадар

From Proto-Turkic *Kat- (“to mix, add”).

Он кадар беш он беш болур.


muito menos

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see muito, menos.

Não saio de casa sozinho, muito menos à noite

I do not go out alone, let alone at night

let alone (introduces an even more negative clause after another negative clause)


затоа што

head

затоа што • (zatoa što)


освен што

освен што • (osven što)


сѐ додека

сѐ додека • (sè dodeka)


макар што

макар што • (makar što)


во случај да

во случај да • (vo slučaj da)


ниту

Ниту јаде ниту пие.


така што

така што • (taka što)

Опстануваа така што просеа на улица.

They would survive by begging on the street.


каде што

каде што • (kade što)

Ова е просторијата каде што ги мачеле.

This is the room where they tortured them.


со оглед на тоа што

со оглед на тоа што • (so ogled na toa što)

considering that, seeing that, bearing in mind that


како што

како што • (kako što)

Се лизна на мразот како што предвидов.

Не се однесува како што треба.

as (indicates two parallel developments)


штом

штом • (štom)

Innovational inflection of што (što) with the archaic instrumental suffix *-omъ. Cf. nonstandard чим (čim), which is etymologically not an innovation but inherited from Proto-Slavic *čimь.


туку

Доматите не се зеленчук, туку овошје.

but (instead) (showing an opposite idea)


отколку што

отколку што • (otkolku što)

Почесто чита книги отколку што излегува со другарите.

He reads books more often than he goes out with his friends.

Počesto čita knigi otkolku što izleguva so drugarite.


колку што

колку што • (kolku što)

Немам толку пари колку што ти требаат.


mar gheall ar go

mar gheall ar go (used before affirmative clauses in a nonpast tense or, with certain irregular verbs, the past tense)

[mˠaɾˠ jaul̪ˠ ɛrʲ ɡɔ]

[mˠaɾˠ jɑːl̪ˠ ɛrʲ ɡɔ]

[mˠaɾˠ jal̪ˠ ɛrʲ ɡə]

mar gheall ar gur

used before affirmative clauses in the past tense, except with certain irregular verbs

mar gheall ar nach

used before negative clauses in a nonpast tense or, with certain irregular verbs, the past tense

mar gheall ar nár

used before negative clauses in the past tense, except with certain irregular verbs


cé go

cé go (used before positive clauses starting with a nonpast tense or, for certain irregular verbs, the past tense)

Cé go raibh siad bocht bhí siad fial.

Even though they were poor they were generous.

cé nár

used before a negative clause in the past tense


cé nach

cé nach (used before negative clauses starting with a nonpast tense or, for certain irregular verbs, the past tense)

Is cás liom í cé nach bhfuil aithne agam uirthi.

I feel sorry for her although I don’t know her.

although... not, though... not, even though... not

cé go

used before a positive clause in the present tense

cé gur

used before a positive clause in the past tense


כאָטש

From Polish choć, Belarusian хоць (xocʹ), and/or Ukrainian хоч (xoč).


wannehr

From Middle Low German wannêr, from Old Saxon hwanēr (“when”), probably a compound of Proto-West Germanic *hwan (“when”) and *airi (“earlier”).
Related to wann and wenn, Dutch wanneer and wen, High German wann and wenn, English when.

Ik weet nich, wann(ehr) he kümmt.


phan

pan (mutation mutation-radical)
ban (mutation mutation-soft)
mhan (mutation mutation-nasal)
phan (mutation mutation-aspirate)


móide

a deich móide a dó

plus (sum of the previous one and the following one)


ಇಲ್ಲವೆ

ನನಗೆ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕೊಡು ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಸಾವನ್ನು ಕೊಡು!

nanage svatantryavannu koḍu illave sāvannu koḍu!


ಅಥವಾ

ಅವನು ಅಥವಾ ನಾನು ಅಂಗಡಿಗೆ ಹೋದೆವು.


然則

/ʐän³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ʐän³⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/


ವಾ

ಅವನು ವಾ ನಾನು ಅಂಗಡಿಗೆ ಹೋದೆವು.


ಯಾ

Ultimately from Classical Persian یا (yā). Compare Hindi या (yā).

ಅವನು ಯಾ ನಾನು ಅಂಗಡಿಗೆ ಹೋದೆವು.


თორე

თორემ თორემ#Georgian


თორემ

დაუჩქარე, თორემ დაგაგვიანდება


სანამ

სანამ მე ცოცხალი ვარ პრობლემები არ იქნება

While I am alive the will never be problems

sanam me cocxali var ṗroblemebi ar ikneba


ოღონდ

ოღონდ • (oɣond)

მოკვდი, ოღონდ ახლა არა

მაგას ისედაც ვაკეთებდი, ოღონდ ცოტა სხვანაირად

I have already been doing that, except a little differently

magas isedac vaḳetebdi, oɣond coṭa sxvanairad

შენ ოღონდ წადი და ყველაფერს შეგისრულებ.

Please, you go, and (only if you do go) I'll do anything you wish. (Though it isn't sure if the 2nd person will do anything)

šen oɣond c̣adi da q̇velapers šegisruleb.

ოღონდ ოღონდ#Georgian

(often humorous) Untranslatable. The word is used in the following pattern ოღონდ (oɣond) ... და (da) ..., where the first gap is for a speaker's condition and the other is the ultimate consequence (often exaggerated) that may be accepted if the condition is fulfilled


免得

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴ d̥ə⁴/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tit̚⁵/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴ d̥ə⁴/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tit̚⁵/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/

/biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tit̚³²/


amennyiben

[ˈɒmɛɲːibɛn]


senón

From Old Galician-Portuguese senon, from se (“if”) + non (“not”). Cognate with Portuguese senão, Spanish sinó, French sinon.

Dime algùnha còusa dòce
como habes doito, é catá,
que si así no no fazèdes,
me escatìmo, évelo hàs.
Ven sabedes, vaiche bòa!
como estas cousas se fàn,
è madia tendes, senon
eu êime de encabuxar.

1775, María Francisca Isla y Losada, Romance:

Tell me something sweet
As you use to, but beware,
if you don't do it like that
I'll take offence, you'll see.
You know well, it could not be otherwise,
how these things are done,
no doubt about it, or else
I'll get angry

Non só os coches particulares son responsábeis da contaminación, senón os centos de cruceiros xigantescos, os milleiros de avións, as ducias de milleiros de iates deportivos.

2019 September 3, Manuel Mera, “O mundo no límite ecolóxico”, in Galicia Hoxe, archived from the original on 2019-09-04:

Not only personal cars are responsible for pollution, but rather the hundreds of gigantic cruise ships, the thousands of airplanes, the dozens of thousands of sports yachts.


เหมือน

th-con

เหมือน • (mʉ̌ʉan)

Cognate with Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨾᩮᩬᩥᩁ, Isan เหมือน or เหมียน, Lao ເໝືອນ (mư̄an), Lü ᦵᦖᦲᧃ (ṁoen), Shan မိူၼ် (mǒen), Tai Nüa ᥛᥫᥢᥴ (móen), Ahom 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜃𑜫 (mün).

cog

Lü ᦵᦖᦲᧃ (ṁoen)


miután

Miután elolvasta a levelet, azt kérdezte…

Miután befejezte a történetet, csend támadt.

When he had finished the story, there was a pause.


bởi

head

罢, 𪽝, 摆, 罷, 𤳷

vi-conj

罢, 𪽝, 摆, 罷, 𤳷

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bởi.wav

A Nan bởi ngôi mà dậy.
Ānanda stands up from his seat.

Bởi chồng cờ bạc nên lòng không yêu.

I don't love my husband because he gambles.

Bởi vậy!


onde quer que

/ˈõ.dɨ ˈkɛɾ kɨ/

/ˈõ.dɨ ˈkɛɾ kɨ/

Onde quer que você esteja, eu vou estar lá.

(followed by a verb in the subjunctive) wherever (in any place, anywhere)


sinó

Els pares no es van barallar sinó que van anar al cinema.

The old ones were not angry with each other, but they went to the cinema together.


mégsem

mégis

introducing a positive statement in contrast with a negative antecedent

(quasi-synonyms; as opposed to mégsem, these conjunctions need to be followed by a negative particle such as nem to express negation)

Mégsem tettek semmit.

– Végül talán mégsem kell katasztrófára számítanunk – mondta.

1991 (publication of the translation), Frederick Forsyth, András Bánfalvi (translator), The Devil’s Alternative, Chapter Thirteen

“It looks as if we may not face the catastrophe after all,” she said.

(in declarative sentences, used with indicative or conditional moods) yet, still, but, however, nevertheless, all the same, notwithstanding, after all (all followed by negation in English; introducing a negative statement in contrast with an affirmative antecedent; the opposite of mégis)

a Mégsem gomb

(software) cancel, undo (as an instruction; its literal meaning can be derived from mégsem ezt szeretném “and yet I do not want that”)


só que

Eu achei que terminaria o livro hoje, só que ainda falta ler três capítulos.

I thought I would finish the book today, but there are still three chapters to read.

but, however (implies that the following clause is contrary to prior belief)


illetőleg

[ˈilːɛtøːlɛɡ]

(formal) Synonym of illetve (“or rather”, making corrections to what one previously said)

illetve

Ez az igazgatónak, illetőleg a helyettesének a dolga.

This is the responsibility of the director and his deputy.

(formal) indicating that a statement relates to all mentioned


ಅಥವ

ಅಥವಾ ಅಥವಾ#Kannada


bahawa

Indonesian: bahwa

Saya tahu bahawa dialah orangnya.


除此而外

ㄔㄨˊ ㄘˇ ㄦˊ ㄨㄞˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ jiː²¹ ŋɔːi̯²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀɤɻ³⁵ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ jiː²¹ ŋɔːi̯²²/


除此以外

ㄔㄨˊ ㄘˇ ㄧˇ ㄨㄞˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ jiː¹³ ŋɔːi̯²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ jiː¹³ ŋɔːi̯²²/


ចង់

km-con

ចង់ • (cɑng)

From Old Khmer caṅa (“to wish, to want”). Compare Old Chinese 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs, “will; going to”). Cognate with Thai จง (jong), Burmese ချင် (hkyang).


除此之外

ㄔㄨˊ ㄘˇ ㄓ ㄨㄞˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ ŋɔːi̯²²/

/tɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ ɡua¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ waɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵ ŋɔːi̯²²/

/tɯ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ ɡua¹¹/


baina

Nik joan nahi badut, baina nire ama ez dit uzten.

I do want to go, but my mum won’t let me.


swai

Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí), 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌉 (svai), suae

South Picene: 𐌔𐌖𐌀𐌉 (suai)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌅𐌄 (sve), sue

From an innovated thematic feminine locative singular of Proto-Indo-European *swé.


hogyha

(colloquial) Synonym of ha (“if, when, supposing, presuming”)


будући да

бу̏дӯћи да (canonical)
bȕdūći da (romanization)


pošto

odmorili smo se odmah pošto smo stigli

after (indicating that the action of the main clause occurred after the action of the dependent clause)

ne mogu pošto nemam vremena

I can't because I do not have (enough) time

(colloquial) as, because, due to, since (indicating the cause of the action in the main clause)


budući da

sh-conjunction

bȕdūći da (Cyrillic spelling бу̏дӯћи да)

bȕdūći da (canonical)
бу̏дӯћи да (Cyrillic)

biti + da. Literal translation would be "being that".

Budući da se dobro pripremio, pobijedio je na natjecanju.

He won the competition because he prepared well.

Budući da nije došao na vrijeme, zakasnio je na autobus.

Because he didn't arrive on time, he was late for the bus.


xq

(text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of porque.


пошто

head

пошто • (pošto)


пошто

одморили смо се одмах пошто смо стигли

(immediately) after (indicating that the action of the main clause occurred after the action of the dependent clause)

не могу пошто немам времена

(colloquial) because, due to, since (indicating the cause of the action in the main clause)


giá

Possibly Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 假 (SV: giả)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">giả</i>

vi-etym-sino

Giá trời không mưa thì giờ ta đã đến nơi rồi.

If it had not rained we would have already arrived.


perquai

(Rumantsch Grischun, Vallader) therefore, thus, for that reason


perquei

(Sursilvan) therefore, thus, for that reason


parquegl

(Sutsilvan) therefore, thus, for that reason


perchegl

(Surmiran) therefore, thus, for that reason


perque

(Puter) therefore, thus, for that reason


holott

(literary) though, although, albeit, whereas, but

1846, János Arany, Toldi, canto 7, stanza 6, trans. by Watson Kirkconnell

Why should not Nicholas make her grief his own, / Having a heart much softer than a stone?

Hát Miklós ugyan hogy ne szánná meg nagyon, / Holott neki kőnél lágyabb szíve vagyon?


一面……一面……

ㄧ ㄇㄧㄢˋ ... ㄧ ㄇㄧㄢˋ ...

yīmiàn ... yīmiàn ... [Phonetic:yímiàn ... yímiàn ...]

имянь ... имянь ...

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹ i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ miːn²² jɐt̚⁵ miːn²²/

/iɪʔ³³ mi⁴⁴ iɪʔ³³ mi⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹ i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ miːn²² jɐt̚⁵ miːn²²/

/iɪʔ³³ mi⁴⁴ iɪʔ³³ mi⁴⁴/

on the one hand ..., on the other hand ...


аднак

head

адна́к • (adnák)


-wē

(possibly) Proto-Germanic: *-u

Proto-Hellenic: *ḗ-we (< *h₁ḗ-we), *ē-wé (< *h₁ē-wé)

Ancient Greek: ἤ (ḗ), ἠέ (ēé)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wā (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-we

Latin: -ve

Proto-Tocharian: *wā

Tocharian A: pat

Tocharian B: wat

ceu

Proto-Italic: *keiwe (< *ḱe (“here”) + *(h₁)i-we)


ապա

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian ապա (apa).

lbor

ապա ուրեմն

ապա թե ոչ


אילו

head

אילו / אִלּוּ

אילו / אִלּוּ • (ílu)

אִלּוּ אלו#Hebrew


b'cause

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of because, representing dialectal English.


إذا

ar-con

إِذَا • (ʔiḏā)

Equivalent to a univerbation of إِن (ʔin, “if, introduces protasis”) + ذَا (ḏā, “this, demonstrative pronoun”). A retroactively added protasis may be instead understood by the hearer as a new main clause, therefore “when” became “then”. Like in Latin—well-known—relative pronouns are used as proximal demonstrative pronouns indistinctly: quod erat demonstrandum.
Compare to Hebrew אָז (ʾāz, “so, therefore, then”), Hebrew אַזַי, Aramaic אֱדַיִן (ʾĕḏáyin, “then, at that time”), which may in lack of attestations of conjunctional use instead parallel هٰذَا (hāḏā) however.

cog

إِذَا جِئْتَ فَاتَّصِلْ بِي

وَٱبْتَلُوا ٱلْيَتَامَى حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغُوا ٱلنِّكَاحَ فَإِنْ آنَسْتُم مِّنْهُمْ رُشْدًا فَٱدْفَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ وَلَا تَأْكُلُوهَا إِسْرَافًا وَبِدَارًا أَن يَكْبَرُوا وَمَن كَانَ غَنِيًّا فَلْيَسْتَعْفِفْ وَمَن كَانَ فَقِيرًا فَلْيَأْكُلْ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ فَإِذَا دَفَعْتُمْ إِلَيْهِمْ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فَأَشْهِدُوا عَلَيْهِمْ وَكَفَى بِٱللَّهِ حَسِيبًا

And examine the orphans till they seem able to bear intercourse. If you sense prudence from them, pass their money to them, and do not eat it extravangantly nor hastily before their growing up. Whoever is rich should abstain, and whoever is poor may eat [from it] as is custom. And when you pass them the money, summon someone to be a witness against them. It is Allah who is the Reckoner [and who counts your deeds].

wa-btalū l-yatāmā ḥattā ʔiḏā balaḡū n-nikāḥa fa-ʔin ʔānastum minhum rušdan fa-dfaʕū ʔilayhim ʔamwālahum wa-lā taʔkulūhā ʔisrāfan wa-bidāran ʔan yakbarū wa-man kāna ḡaniyyan fal-yastaʕfif wa-man kāna faqīran fal-yaʔkul bi-l-maʕrūfi fa-ʔiḏā dafaʕtum ʔilayhim ʔamwālahum fa-ʔašhidū ʕalayhim wa-kafā bi-llahi ḥasīban

إِذَا الشَّعْبُ يَوْمًا أَرَادَ الْحَيَاة / فَلَا بُدَّ أَنْ يَسْتَجِيبَ الْقَدَر

1930s, “حُمَاةَ ٱلْحِمَى”, أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِمِ ٱلشَّابِيّ, مُصْطَفَى صَادِق الرَّافِعِي (lyrics), مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلْوَهَّاب (music):

When a prideful people wills to live, / Destiny itself will grant their wish.

ʔiḏā aš-šaʕbu yawman ʔarāda l-ḥayā(t) / fa-lā budda ʔan yastajība l-qadar

خَرَجْتُ فَإِذَا الْمَطَرُ يَنْهَمِرُ

وَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَى مُوسَى أَنْ أَلْقِ عَصَاكَ فَإِذَا هِيَ تَلْقَفُ مَا يَأْفِكُونَ

And We inspired Moses [and said,] "Cast your staff", whereupon it devoured what they were forging.

wa-ʔawḥaynā ʔilā mūsā ʔan ʔalqi ʕaṣāka fa-ʔiḏā hiya talqafu mā yaʔfikūna

(indicates perception, as of a sudden or concurrent action) (with فَ (fa, “then”)) and then, and; thereupon, whereupon; when behold, then behold


إذا

head

إذا • (ʔiza)

Learned borrowing from Arabic إِذَا (ʔiḏā).

lbor

إذا كان معاك فلوس سلفني خمسين جنيه

If you have some money, lend me fifty pounds.

ʔiza kān maʕak flūs sallifni ḵamsīn ginīh

إذا مفيش مشكلة

اسأله إذا كان معاه سمك


إذا

ajp-conjunction

إذا • (ʔiza)

إسأله إذا المدير موجود.

ما بعرف إذا برجع ولّا لأ.

I don't know whether he's coming back or not.

إذا رجع بكير، بقلّك.


如若

/ʐu³⁵ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jyː²¹ jœːk̚²/

/ʐu³⁵ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jyː²¹ jœːk̚²/


別管

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

no matter (what, how, etc.); regardless of; whether


非但

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/hui³³⁻²³ taŋ³⁵/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/hui³³⁻²³ taŋ³⁵/


縱使

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ siː³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ siː³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ su⁵³/


設若

/ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ jœːk̚²/

/ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ jœːk̚²/


ἀλλ'

head

ἀλλ’ • (all’)

grc-conjunction

ἀλλ’ • (all’)


縱令

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ lɪŋ²²/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ³³ lɪŋ²²/


ایرا

head

ایرا • (irâ)

From Middle Persian ʾyd rʾy (ēd rāy, “on account of this, because”), the latter a lexicalization of the locative singular of Proto-Iranian *rād-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange, accomplish”).

der

(obsolete) herefore, for this reason, because


跟著

/kən⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə²/

/kɐn⁵⁵ t͡sœːk̚²/

/kən⁵⁵ ɖ͡ʐ̥ə²/

/kɐn⁵⁵ t͡sœːk̚²/


以至於

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ y³⁵/

/jiː¹³ t͡siː³³ jyː⁵⁵/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/

/i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ y³⁵/

/jiː¹³ t͡siː³³ jyː⁵⁵/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/

Long-distance love brings us so much joy, so much so that we put real faith in it.

Yìdìliàn néng gěi wǒmen dàilái duōshǎo de huānlè, yǐzhìyú wǒmen shì nàme de xìnyǎng.

異地戀能給我們帶來多少的歡樂，以至於我們是那麼的信仰。

异地恋能给我们带来多少的欢乐，以至于我们是那么的信仰。

even; even if; go so far as to; to the extent that


甚或

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ɔ⁵¹/

so much so that, to the extent that, even


或則

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ɦoʔ¹¹ t͡səʔ²³/

/ɦoʔ²² t͡səʔ³⁴/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ɦoʔ¹¹ t͡səʔ²³/

/ɦoʔ²² t͡səʔ³⁴/


別看

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰän⁵¹/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰän⁵¹/

(colloquial) in spite of; despite; for all that


若要

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːk̚² jiːu̯³³/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːk̚² jiːu̯³³/

if it's necessary (that); if somebody wants


借以

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

so as to, for the purpose of, in order to


藉以

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


משמע

he-con

מַשְׁמָע • (mashmá')

מַשְׁמָע (canonical)
mashmá' (romanization)

אני חושב, משמע אני קיים


hvorvidt

Jeg vet ikke hvorvidt hun liker å stå på ski (eller ikke).

I do not know whether she likes to ski (or not).

whether (Without a correlative, used to introduce a simple indirect question; if, whether or not.)

Han bestod prøven, hvorvidt det var flaks eller ferdigheter vet jeg ikke

He passed the test, whether it was luck or skills I don't know.

whether (Used to introduce an indirect interrogative question that consists of multiple alternative possibilities)


lyg

Related to lýgus (“flat, even, equal”); see there for more.


pq

(Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of porque (“because”).


hyd oni

head

triggers mixed mutation except of forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">bod</i>

hyd oni (triggers mixed mutation except of forms of bod)

Thorne, David A. (1993) A Comprehensive Welsh Grammar (Reference Grammars), Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, § 123, page 66

He was not to be released until he agreed to return.

Nid oedd i’w ollwng hyd oni chytunai ddychwelyd.


כאילו

he-con

כאילו / כְּאִלּוּ • (k'ílu)

כְּאִלּוּ (canonical)
k'ílu (romanization)

כְּ־ (k'-, “as”) + אילו \ אִלּוּ ('ílu, “if”)

prefix

אילו \ אִלּוּ


ಆದರೆ

head

ಆದರೆ • (ādare)

ಆತನು ನನ್ನ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದಿದ್ದನು ಆದರೆ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ನೋಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ.

He came to my state, but he did not come to see me.

ātanu nanna rāṣṭrakke bandiddanu ādare nannannu nōḍalikke baralilla.


etiamtunc

etiamtunc (chiefly with imperfect tense verbs)

[ɛt̪iˈän̪t̪ʊŋk]

Univerbation of etiam (“yet”) + tunc (“then”).


etiamtum

head

etiamtum (chiefly with imperfect tense verbs)

[ɛt̪iˈän̪t̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Univerbation of etiam (“yet”) + tum (“then”).

univ

even then, till that time, till then, still


乃至於

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ y³⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ t͡siː³³ jyː⁵⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ y³⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ t͡siː³³ jyː⁵⁵/

(literary) even; even if; go so far as to; to the extent that


甚至於

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ y³⁵/

/sɐm²² t͡siː³³ jyː⁵⁵/

/sɨm³¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ i¹¹/

/zən²² t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/

/ʂən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ y³⁵/

/sɐm²² t͡siː³³ jyː⁵⁵/

/sɨm³¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵ i¹¹/

/zən²² t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɦy²¹/