See tsil on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for tsil meaning in All languages combined (8.7kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂"
},
"expansion": "脂 (zhī)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 脂 (zhī) /*kij/ (B-S), /*kji/ (ZS) (\"fat, grease\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂"
},
"expansion": "脂 (zhī)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 脂 (zhī) tsyij (/t͡ɕiɪ/) (\"fat, grease\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂",
"t": "fat, grease",
"tr": "zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/"
},
"expansion": "脂 (zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Beijing: 脂 (zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yue"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂",
"t": "fat, grease",
"tr": "/t͡siː⁵⁵/"
},
"expansion": "脂 (/t͡siː⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Cantonese: 脂 (/t͡siː⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂",
"t": "fat, grease",
"tr": "/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/"
},
"expansion": "脂 (/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Xiamen: 脂 (/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/, “fat, grease”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𘙏𘙆",
"t": "fat"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𘙏𘙆 (*tsjọ¹ wiə¹, “fat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"s": "5007"
},
"expansion": "* Sofronov, Mikhail Viktorovich (1968) Грамматика тангутского языка [Grammatika tangutskovo jazyka, Grammar of the Tangut Language] (in Russian), character 5007",
"name": "txg-ref"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𘙏𘙆 (*tsjọ¹ wiə¹, “fat”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiangic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pmi",
"2": "tsʰɿ³⁵",
"3": "",
"4": "fat (pig)"
},
"expansion": "tsʰɿ³⁵ (“fat (pig)”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Pumi: tsʰɿ³⁵ (“fat (pig)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kfk",
"2": "tsil",
"3": "",
"4": "marrow"
},
"expansion": "tsil (“marrow”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Kanauri: tsil (“marrow”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ",
"t": "grease, fat"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཚིལ (tshil, “grease, fat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ་བུ",
"3": "",
"4": "grease, fat"
},
"expansion": "ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ་ལུ",
"3": "",
"4": "animal fat"
},
"expansion": "ཚིལ་ལུ (tshil lu, “animal fat”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "གྲོད་ཚིལ",
"3": "",
"4": "lard, suet"
},
"expansion": "གྲོད་ཚིལ (grod tshil, “lard, suet”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ཚིལ (tshil, “grease, fat”), ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”); ཚིལ་ལུ (tshil lu, “animal fat”); གྲོད་ཚིལ (grod tshil, “lard, suet”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tsu¹ (Matisoff, 1978)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "脂",
"2": "fat"
},
"expansion": "脂 (OC *kji, “fat”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "旨"
},
"expansion": "旨 (OC *kjiʔ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "旨",
"2": "fine, tasteful"
},
"expansion": "旨 (OC *kjiʔ, “fine, tasteful”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zhx-min-pro",
"2": "*tšiᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Min *tšiᴮ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "指",
"2": "finger"
},
"expansion": "指 (OC *kjiʔ, “finger”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zhx-min-pro",
"2": "*-kiᴮ ~ *-tšiᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Min *-kiᴮ ~ *-tšiᴮ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "206 <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small> — 9 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>"
},
"expansion": "[206 BCE — 9 CE]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "旨"
},
"expansion": "旨 (OC *kjiʔ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1046 <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small> — 256 <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>"
},
"expansion": "[1046 BCE — 256 BCE]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "脂",
"2": "fat, grease"
},
"expansion": "脂 (OC *kji, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ་བུ",
"3": "",
"4": "grease, fat"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ဆီ",
"3": "",
"4": "fat, oil"
},
"expansion": "Burmese ဆီ (hci, “fat, oil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "កន្ឋុល",
"3": "",
"4": "fat, obese"
},
"expansion": "Khmer កន្ឋុល (kɑɑkɑnthol, “fat, obese”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *tsil (Matisoff, STEDT; Chou, 1972)\nOld Chinese 脂 (OC *kji, “fat”) possibly derives from this root, although the initials do not match. According to Schuessler (2007), words belonging to 旨 (OC *kjiʔ) phonetic series generally show a velar initial in Old Chinese. However, in modern Min varieties they sometimes have multiple reflexes, some of which retain the original velar, while others exhibit a palatalization:\n* 旨 (OC *kjiʔ, “fine, tasteful”) > Mandarin zhǐ, Hokkien /t͡ɕi⁵³/ (POJ chí) (? < Proto-Min *tšiᴮ).\n* 指 (OC *kjiʔ, “finger”) > Mandarin zhǐ, Hokkien /ki⁵³/ (POJ kí) or /t͡saɪ⁵³/ (POJ chái) (? < Proto-Min *-kiᴮ ~ *-tšiᴮ respectively).\nEarliest layers of Min have escaped the first palatalization of velars, dated by Schuessler (2010) to the Western Han period [206 BCE — 9 CE], so it is generally assumed that Proto-Min separated from mainstream Chinese before that time (Baxter-Sagart, 2014: 33). Therefore these multiple reflexes in 旨 (OC *kjiʔ) phonetic series suggest that it originally had an initial velar stop, but underwent an early palatalization so early in the Zhou period [1046 BCE — 256 BCE] that it could also be used to write words with dental initials (Schuessler, 2007). This could explain the difficulty in reconstructing the nature of the initial segment of Old Chinese 脂 (OC *kji, “fat, grease”).\nIn Sino-Tibetan languages words meaning “grease, fat” can be reconstructed with the final *-il in PTB, but their initial consonants are not easy to reconcile with the Chinese comparandum, e.g. Tibetan ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”), Burmese ဆီ (hci, “fat, oil”), but see also Khmer កន្ឋុល (kɑɑkɑnthol, “fat, obese”) (Schuessler, 2007).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*tsil",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/tsil",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fat, grease"
],
"id": "en-tsil-sit-pro-noun-EuGcpI1R",
"links": [
[
"fat",
"fat"
],
[
"grease",
"grease"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"oil"
],
"id": "en-tsil-sit-pro-noun-q3kCvL2R",
"links": [
[
"oil",
"oil"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fat, omentum",
"word": "tsow-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fat; swell; rounded part",
"word": "s-bʷa(m"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fat; swell; rounded part",
"word": "p)"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fat person",
"word": "s-l(a"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fat person",
"word": "u)p"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "fat, grease, oil (vegetal)",
"word": "s-rjak"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hokkien",
"Mandarin Chinese",
"Western Han",
"Zhou dynasty"
],
"word": "tsil"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using bad params when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂"
},
"expansion": "脂 (zhī)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 脂 (zhī) /*kij/ (B-S), /*kji/ (ZS) (\"fat, grease\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂"
},
"expansion": "脂 (zhī)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 脂 (zhī) tsyij (/t͡ɕiɪ/) (\"fat, grease\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂",
"t": "fat, grease",
"tr": "zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/"
},
"expansion": "脂 (zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Beijing: 脂 (zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yue"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂",
"t": "fat, grease",
"tr": "/t͡siː⁵⁵/"
},
"expansion": "脂 (/t͡siː⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Cantonese: 脂 (/t͡siː⁵⁵/, “fat, grease”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "脂",
"t": "fat, grease",
"tr": "/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/"
},
"expansion": "脂 (/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Xiamen: 脂 (/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/, “fat, grease”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𘙏𘙆",
"t": "fat"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𘙏𘙆 (*tsjọ¹ wiə¹, “fat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"s": "5007"
},
"expansion": "* Sofronov, Mikhail Viktorovich (1968) Грамматика тангутского языка [Grammatika tangutskovo jazyka, Grammar of the Tangut Language] (in Russian), character 5007",
"name": "txg-ref"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𘙏𘙆 (*tsjọ¹ wiə¹, “fat”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiangic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pmi",
"2": "tsʰɿ³⁵",
"3": "",
"4": "fat (pig)"
},
"expansion": "tsʰɿ³⁵ (“fat (pig)”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Pumi: tsʰɿ³⁵ (“fat (pig)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kfk",
"2": "tsil",
"3": "",
"4": "marrow"
},
"expansion": "tsil (“marrow”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Kanauri: tsil (“marrow”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ",
"t": "grease, fat"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཚིལ (tshil, “grease, fat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ་བུ",
"3": "",
"4": "grease, fat"
},
"expansion": "ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ་ལུ",
"3": "",
"4": "animal fat"
},
"expansion": "ཚིལ་ལུ (tshil lu, “animal fat”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "གྲོད་ཚིལ",
"3": "",
"4": "lard, suet"
},
"expansion": "གྲོད་ཚིལ (grod tshil, “lard, suet”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ཚིལ (tshil, “grease, fat”), ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”); ཚིལ་ལུ (tshil lu, “animal fat”); གྲོད་ཚིལ (grod tshil, “lard, suet”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tsu¹ (Matisoff, 1978)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "脂",
"2": "fat"
},
"expansion": "脂 (OC *kji, “fat”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "旨"
},
"expansion": "旨 (OC *kjiʔ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "旨",
"2": "fine, tasteful"
},
"expansion": "旨 (OC *kjiʔ, “fine, tasteful”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zhx-min-pro",
"2": "*tšiᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Min *tšiᴮ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "指",
"2": "finger"
},
"expansion": "指 (OC *kjiʔ, “finger”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zhx-min-pro",
"2": "*-kiᴮ ~ *-tšiᴮ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Min *-kiᴮ ~ *-tšiᴮ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "CE",
"name": "CE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "206 <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small> — 9 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>"
},
"expansion": "[206 BCE — 9 CE]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "旨"
},
"expansion": "旨 (OC *kjiʔ)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1046 <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small> — 256 <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>"
},
"expansion": "[1046 BCE — 256 BCE]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "脂",
"2": "fat, grease"
},
"expansion": "脂 (OC *kji, “fat, grease”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཚིལ་བུ",
"3": "",
"4": "grease, fat"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ဆီ",
"3": "",
"4": "fat, oil"
},
"expansion": "Burmese ဆီ (hci, “fat, oil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "កន្ឋុល",
"3": "",
"4": "fat, obese"
},
"expansion": "Khmer កន្ឋុល (kɑɑkɑnthol, “fat, obese”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *tsil (Matisoff, STEDT; Chou, 1972)\nOld Chinese 脂 (OC *kji, “fat”) possibly derives from this root, although the initials do not match. According to Schuessler (2007), words belonging to 旨 (OC *kjiʔ) phonetic series generally show a velar initial in Old Chinese. However, in modern Min varieties they sometimes have multiple reflexes, some of which retain the original velar, while others exhibit a palatalization:\n* 旨 (OC *kjiʔ, “fine, tasteful”) > Mandarin zhǐ, Hokkien /t͡ɕi⁵³/ (POJ chí) (? < Proto-Min *tšiᴮ).\n* 指 (OC *kjiʔ, “finger”) > Mandarin zhǐ, Hokkien /ki⁵³/ (POJ kí) or /t͡saɪ⁵³/ (POJ chái) (? < Proto-Min *-kiᴮ ~ *-tšiᴮ respectively).\nEarliest layers of Min have escaped the first palatalization of velars, dated by Schuessler (2010) to the Western Han period [206 BCE — 9 CE], so it is generally assumed that Proto-Min separated from mainstream Chinese before that time (Baxter-Sagart, 2014: 33). Therefore these multiple reflexes in 旨 (OC *kjiʔ) phonetic series suggest that it originally had an initial velar stop, but underwent an early palatalization so early in the Zhou period [1046 BCE — 256 BCE] that it could also be used to write words with dental initials (Schuessler, 2007). This could explain the difficulty in reconstructing the nature of the initial segment of Old Chinese 脂 (OC *kji, “fat, grease”).\nIn Sino-Tibetan languages words meaning “grease, fat” can be reconstructed with the final *-il in PTB, but their initial consonants are not easy to reconcile with the Chinese comparandum, e.g. Tibetan ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, “grease, fat”), Burmese ဆီ (hci, “fat, oil”), but see also Khmer កន្ឋុល (kɑɑkɑnthol, “fat, obese”) (Schuessler, 2007).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*tsil",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/tsil",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"fat, grease"
],
"links": [
[
"fat",
"fat"
],
[
"grease",
"grease"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"oil"
],
"links": [
[
"oil",
"oil"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "fat, omentum",
"word": "tsow-s"
},
{
"english": "fat; swell; rounded part",
"word": "s-bʷa(m"
},
{
"english": "fat; swell; rounded part",
"word": "p)"
},
{
"english": "fat person",
"word": "s-l(a"
},
{
"english": "fat person",
"word": "u)p"
},
{
"english": "fat, grease, oil (vegetal)",
"word": "s-rjak"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hokkien",
"Mandarin Chinese",
"Western Han",
"Zhou dynasty"
],
"word": "tsil"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.