See tNɕaːm on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-ban-pro",
"2": "*t(n)haːm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bahnaric: *t(n)haːm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Bahnaric: *t(n)haːm (Sidwell, 2011) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-khm-pro",
"2": "*taːm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Khmuic: *taːm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Khmuic: *taːm (Sidwell, 2013) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Monic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omx",
"2": "diñcām ~ dincām"
},
"expansion": "Old Mon: diñcām ~ dincām",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Mon: diñcām ~ dincām"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-mmn",
"2": "dacām ~ dacāṁm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Mon: dacām ~ dacāṁm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Mon: dacām ~ dacāṁm"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "၈"
},
"expansion": "Mon: ၈",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mon: ၈"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cbn",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Nyah Kur:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nyah Kur: ɲcaam"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mun-pro",
"2": "*tam"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Munda: *tam",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Munda: *tam (Rau, 2019) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pkn-pro",
"2": "*saːmʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Pakanic: *saːmʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Pakanic: *saːmʔ (Hsiu, 2016) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ply",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Bolyu:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bolyu: saːm⁵³"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Palaungic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dnu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Danau:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danau: ʦɑn⁴"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-vie-pro",
"2": "*saːmʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic: *saːmʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Vietic: *saːmʔ (Ferlus, 2007) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "tám"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese: tám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vietnamese: tám"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "*thaːm"
},
"expansion": "*thaːm",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-ɕ-"
},
"expansion": "*-ɕ-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*Ch-"
},
"expansion": "*Ch-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-h-"
},
"expansion": "*-h-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kjg",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Khmu",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-h-"
},
"expansion": "*-h-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "phĭ"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar phĭ",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-h-"
},
"expansion": "*-h-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bru",
"2": "pasâi"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Bru pasâi",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "tám"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese tám",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kjg",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Khmu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/t/"
},
"expansion": "/t/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-ɕ-"
},
"expansion": "*-ɕ-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/t/"
},
"expansion": "/t/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*t-"
},
"expansion": "*t-",
"name": "IPAfont"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Austroasiatic: *tNɕaːm (Sidwell, 2024, #AA338)\n* Proto-Mon-Khmer: *t₁haam (Shorto, 2006, #1431.A)\nThe Pre-Proto-Khmuic form was something like *thaːm, with typical debuccalization of the medial sibilant (reconstructed here as *-ɕ- by Sidwell (2024)). Due to Proto-Khmuic's constraint against *Ch- onsets, medial *-h- was then lost; compare the triplet Khmu [Cuang] biʔ (\"full, sated\") (loss of debuccazed *-h-) vs. Bahnar phĭ (preservation of debuccazed *-h-) vs. Eastern Bru pasâi (preservation of the original sibilant). Bahnaric similarly also shows debuccalization. Pakanic and Vietic, on the other hand, preserved the sibilant but dropped the presyllable. Thus, Vietnamese tám and Khmu [Cuang] taːm, despite being cognates, contain onsets of different origins: Vietnamese /t/ reflected what reconstructed as *-ɕ- here, while Khmu /t/ reflected *t-.\nOld Mon was conservative in neither showing debuccalization nor loss of the presyllable.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*tNɕaːm",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
"lang_code": "aav-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/tNɕaːm",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Austroasiatic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"eight"
],
"id": "en-tNɕaːm-aav-pro-num-wZXS2HVi",
"links": [
[
"eight",
"eight"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tNɕaːm"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-ban-pro",
"2": "*t(n)haːm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Bahnaric: *t(n)haːm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Bahnaric: *t(n)haːm (Sidwell, 2011) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-khm-pro",
"2": "*taːm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Khmuic: *taːm",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Khmuic: *taːm (Sidwell, 2013) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Monic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omx",
"2": "diñcām ~ dincām"
},
"expansion": "Old Mon: diñcām ~ dincām",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Mon: diñcām ~ dincām"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-mmn",
"2": "dacām ~ dacāṁm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Mon: dacām ~ dacāṁm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Mon: dacām ~ dacāṁm"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "၈"
},
"expansion": "Mon: ၈",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mon: ၈"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cbn",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Nyah Kur:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nyah Kur: ɲcaam"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mun-pro",
"2": "*tam"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Munda: *tam",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Munda: *tam (Rau, 2019) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pkn-pro",
"2": "*saːmʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Pakanic: *saːmʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Pakanic: *saːmʔ (Hsiu, 2016) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ply",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Bolyu:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bolyu: saːm⁵³"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Palaungic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dnu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Danau:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danau: ʦɑn⁴"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-vie-pro",
"2": "*saːmʔ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Vietic: *saːmʔ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Vietic: *saːmʔ (Ferlus, 2007) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "tám"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese: tám",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vietnamese: tám"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "*thaːm"
},
"expansion": "*thaːm",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-ɕ-"
},
"expansion": "*-ɕ-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*Ch-"
},
"expansion": "*Ch-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-h-"
},
"expansion": "*-h-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kjg",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Khmu",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-h-"
},
"expansion": "*-h-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bdq",
"2": "phĭ"
},
"expansion": "Bahnar phĭ",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-h-"
},
"expansion": "*-h-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bru",
"2": "pasâi"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Bru pasâi",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "tám"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese tám",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kjg",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Khmu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/t/"
},
"expansion": "/t/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*-ɕ-"
},
"expansion": "*-ɕ-",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/t/"
},
"expansion": "/t/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "*t-"
},
"expansion": "*t-",
"name": "IPAfont"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Austroasiatic: *tNɕaːm (Sidwell, 2024, #AA338)\n* Proto-Mon-Khmer: *t₁haam (Shorto, 2006, #1431.A)\nThe Pre-Proto-Khmuic form was something like *thaːm, with typical debuccalization of the medial sibilant (reconstructed here as *-ɕ- by Sidwell (2024)). Due to Proto-Khmuic's constraint against *Ch- onsets, medial *-h- was then lost; compare the triplet Khmu [Cuang] biʔ (\"full, sated\") (loss of debuccazed *-h-) vs. Bahnar phĭ (preservation of debuccazed *-h-) vs. Eastern Bru pasâi (preservation of the original sibilant). Bahnaric similarly also shows debuccalization. Pakanic and Vietic, on the other hand, preserved the sibilant but dropped the presyllable. Thus, Vietnamese tám and Khmu [Cuang] taːm, despite being cognates, contain onsets of different origins: Vietnamese /t/ reflected what reconstructed as *-ɕ- here, while Khmu /t/ reflected *t-.\nOld Mon was conservative in neither showing debuccalization nor loss of the presyllable.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*tNɕaːm",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
"lang_code": "aav-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/tNɕaːm",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Austroasiatic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Austroasiatic lemmas",
"Proto-Austroasiatic numerals",
"aav-pro:Eight"
],
"glosses": [
"eight"
],
"links": [
[
"eight",
"eight"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tNɕaːm"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tNɕaːm meaning in All languages combined (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (7cef23e and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.