steel

af-verb

gesteel </b>or (adjectivally, dated)<b> gestole

steel (present steel, present participle stelende, past participle gesteel or (adjectivally, dated) gestole)

steel (present)
stelende (participle present)
gesteel (participle past)
gestole (dated participle past)

From Dutch stelen, from Middle Dutch stelen.


steel

nl-noun

steel m (plural stelen, diminutive steeltje n)

stelen (plural)
steeltje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch stēle, from Old Dutch *stelo, from Proto-West Germanic *stelō, *stalu, from Proto-Germanic *staluz, *steluz (“post, trunk, stump, stem, tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place”). Cognate with dialectal English steal (“stem, stalk”), Scots steel, stiel (“stalk”).


steel

first-person singular present indicative

(in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


steel

Ocearium stæli.

Accearium steeli.

Þe alle þine leomen wule to-draȝen. þeh þu weore stel al.

Employeng the steell of his swerd the most best wyse that in hym was possible.

c. 1473, Raoul Le Fèvre, translated by William Caxton, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, section I:

Weman...with wordis cane rycht wele our-cum mene hard as stele.

c. 1480, St. Mary Magdalen, 408 in 1896, W. M. Metcalfe, Legends Saints Sc. Dial., I 267

The purest part thereof [of iron ore] which in Latine is called Nucleus ferri, i. the kernell or heart of the yron (and it is that which we call steele)

1601, Pliny, translated by P. Holland, Hist. World, II xxxiv xiv 514:

Shall yron breake the Northren yron, and the steele?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 15:12:

...Like a man of Steele.

c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv], line 33:

The bars are exposed to two or three successive processes of cementation, and are hence said to be twice or thrice converted into steels.

1839, A. Ure, Dict. Arts, published 1172:

Steel may be roughly defined as an alloy of iron and carbon containing up to 1.7% carbon, all of the carbon being in the combined condition. A second definition, distinguishing it from cast or wrought iron, is that it has been produced in the molten condition, and a third states that steel can be hardened by quenching from a suitably high temperature. There are...certain exceptions to all these definitions.

1946, Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, 4th edition, VII 47 1:

For the iron to be made into steel (defined as iron with a carefully controlled carbon content of 1.7 percent or less) the sulfur, the silicon, and the excess carbon must be removed.

(countable, uncountable) An artificial metal produced from iron, harder and more elastic than elemental iron; used figuratively as a symbol of hardness.

For heom ne may halter ne bridel Bringe from here wode wyse, Ne mon mid stele ne mid ire.

c. 1250, The Owl & the Nightengale, published 1030:

For braue Macbeth (well hee deſerues that Name)
Diſdayning Fortune, with his brandiſht Steele,
Which ſmoak'd with bloody execution
(Like Valours Minion) caru'd out his paſſage.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], line 35:

But who wou'd dream that out of abundant Charity and Brotherly Love shou'd come Steel, Fire, Gibbets, Rods.

1712, Lord Shaftesbury, Characteristicks, III 115:

They have asked for the steel. They shall have it now; Out cutlasses and board!

1892, Rudyard Kipling, Barrack-room Ballads, section 139:

While one man was beating off the swords, the waters stole up silently and took him. Contrariwise, another was struggling with the waves, when the steel came up and encompassed him. The flowing waters were befouled with the gory spray. Thus the Ruthenians were conquered...

1905, Saxo Grammaticus, translated by Oliver Elton, The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, section II:

(countable) Any item made of this metal, particularly including:

Bladed or pointed weapons, as swords, javelins, daggers.

Of ston mid stel in ðe tunder wel to brennen one ðis wunder.

The Cock falling with its wonted violence upon the Steel.

1660, Robert Boyle, New Experiments Physico-mechanicall, XIV 89:

A piece used for striking sparks from flint.

A piece used for striking sparks from flint.

Þai gun hem boþe armi In iren and stiel þat tide.

In compleate steele.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv], page 33:

She that has [chastity], is clad in compleat steel.

1634 October 9 (first performance), [John Milton], edited by H[enry] Lawes, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […] [Comus], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC, page 421:

The steill to scherp the schawing jrne.

1541 in 1844, J. Stuart, Extracts of the Council Register of Aberdeen, I 176

When he came to Nottingham, he entered that part of the market where butchers stood, and took up his inn in the best place he could find. Next, he opened his stall and spread his meat upon the bench, then, taking his cleaver and steel and clattering them together, he trolled aloud in merry tones...

1883, Howard Pyle, chapter V, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood […], New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:

A honing steel, a tool used to sharpen or hone metal blades.

I haue a ruffe is a quarter deep, measured by the yeard... You haue a pretty set too, how big is the steele you set with?

1608, G. Markham et al., Dumbe Knight, section I:

I suppose the bullet must have struck the steels in my corsets.

(sewing) Pieces used to strengthen, support, or expand an item of clothing.

One of them having occasion to use a Steele, smoothing Iron, or some such kinde of Laundry Instrument.

1638, J. Taylor, Bull, Beare, & Horse, C5:

The threaded steel...Flies swiftly.

(sewing, dialectal) A sewing needle; a knitting needle; a sharp metal stylus.

1843, J. Ballantine, The gaberlunzie's wallet. With numerous illustrations on steel and wood.:

A re-issue of the Examples of the Architecture of Venice. By John Ruskin... With the Text, and the 16 Plates (10 Steels and 6 Lithographs) as originally published.

The crews at the port batteries were pumping steel at the enemy.

A trailing skirt embroidered in what is termed fine steel.

(sewing) A fringe of beads or decoration of this metal.

A fringe of beads or decoration of this metal.

(music, guitar) A type of slide used while playing the steel guitar.

A type of slide used while playing the steel guitar.

A stronger physick is now necessary, perhaps a whole course of steel: A physick, God knowes, that this Kingdome hath been under five or six yeares.

1649, H. Hammond, Christians Obligations, X 253:

Steel is not so good as Iron for Medicinal Operation.

1704, J. Harris, Lexicon Technicum, volume L:

The Doctor tells me I must go into a Course of Steel, tho I have not the Spleen.

1712 September 18, Journal to Stella, Jonathan Swift, II 558:

I...am really only kept alive by steel.

1866, Princess Alice, Mem., section 158:

(uncountable, medicine, obsolete) Medicinal consumption of this metal; chalybeate medicine; (eventually) any iron or iron-treated water consumed as a medical treatment.

Falkenhayn gave...to Jane a steel glacé silk dress.

1851 Dec 28, E. Ruskin, letter in 1965, M. Lutyens, Effie in Venice, II 236

It was a clear steel-blue day. The firmaments of air and sea were hardly separable in that all-pervading azure; only, the pensive air was transparently pure and soft, with a woman’s look, and the robust and man-like sea heaved with long, strong, lingering swells, as Samson’s chest in his sleep.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “Chapter 132”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

(uncountable, colors) The gray hue of this metal; steel-gray, or steel blue.

(figurative) Extreme hardness or resilience.

en-noun

steel (countable and uncountable, plural steels)

From Middle English stele, stel, from Old English stīele, from Proto-West Germanic *stahlī (“something made of steel”), enlargement of *stahl (“steel”), from Proto-Germanic *stahlą, from *stah- or *stag- (“to be firm, rigid”), from Proto-Indo-European *stak- (“to stay, to be firm”). Compare Scots stele, Yola stehli.

der

Proto-Indo-European *stak- (“to stay, to be firm”)


steel

Strained in stel ger on steedes of might.

The tyrant custome...Hath made the flinty and steele Cooch of warre, My thrice driuen bed of downe.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], line 229:

I will grasp the mountain-hedgehog, prickles and all, with my steel-gauntlet.

1829 May 2, [Walter Scott], chapter III, in Anne of Geierstein; or, The Maiden of the Mist. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] [Ballantyne and Company] for Cadell and Co., […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, […], →OCLC, page 78:

King Peter attributed his father's, King Alexander's, death to the fact that...he had not worn his steel-mesh bullet-proof shirt.

1976, J. Wheeler-Bennett, Friends, Enemies, & Sovereigns, V, 156:

Wher neuer cessing soyle doth steelebright stuff send out from mines.

c. 1560, Vergil, translated by T. Phaer, Nyne Fyrst Books of the Eneidos, section X:

Prison my heart in thy steele bosomes warde.

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 133”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

Similar to steel in color, strength, or the like; steely.

[T]he discoverie of the yron and steele mines.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book VII.] LVI.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 188:

From their new dungeons at Chantilly, Aristocrats may hear the rustle of our new steel furnace there.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, chapter VI, in The French Revolution: A History […], volume III (The Guillotine), London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, book V (Terror the Order of the Day), page 327:

East Chicago, Ind., a smoky Lake Michigan steel town that isn't exactly famous for its esthetic splendor even when the sun shines.

1976 January 24, National Observer, 1, 1:

(business) Of or belonging to the manufacture or trade in steel.

To mix some Sugar of steel, or steel wine with the first glass.

1652, J. French, York-shire Spaw, X, 92:

I have found a singular Virtue in Steel drops, præpared after my Mode.

1675, G. Harvey, Dis. of London, XXIV, 264:

I...take some nasty steel drops, & may head has been bettr.

1713 February 17, Journal to Stella, Jonathan Swift, II, 622:

The best picture I have had yet is the steel frontis-piece to my new book.

acerado

similar to steel in color, strength, or the like


steel

Hure þolien ant a beoren hare unirude duntes wið mealles istelet.

c. 1240, “Sawles Warde”, in The Cotton Homilies, section 253:

When God...draws aside his curtain, and shows his arsenal and his armory, full of arrows steeled with wrath.

1651, Bishop Jeremy Taylor, XXVIII Sermons Preacht at Golden Grove, Being for the Summer Half-year, XIX 248:

It was the common notion...that the art of steeling tools in the highest degree of perfection was certainly lost to the moderns.

1831, John Holland, A Treatise on the Progressive Improvement and Present State of the Manufactures in Metal, I 220:

(literally) To treat or furnish with or transform into steel.

Nay, a Crystall glasse will not show a man his face, except it be steeled, except it be darkned on the backside.

(obsolete, of mirrors) To back with steel.

She drunk her drink steeled, with which she was cured.

1657, J. Hall, translated by J. Cooke, Cures, section 117:

(obsolete, medicine) To treat a liquid with steel for medicinal purposes.

My large dry-point,...called Two Stumps of Driftwood, gave 1000 copies (after being steeled) without perceptible wearing.

1880, P. G. Hamerton, Etching & Etchers, 3rd edition, section 342:

To electroplate an item (particularly an engraving plate) with a layer of iron.

By passing an electric current thus through the bars the operation of steeling is much hastened.

It seems evident that by the beginning of the 10th century B.C. blacksmiths were intentionally steeling iron.

But stil he was so steelde With heart so good, as victor he dead left them in the field.

1581, Homer, translated by A. Hall, 10 Bks. Iliades, VI 110:

Giue me my heart...O giue it me lest thy hard heart do steele it, And being steeld, soft sighes can neuer graue it.

1593, [William Shakespeare], Venus and Adonis, London: […] Richard Field, […], →OCLC:

Ile in to vrge his hatred more to Clarence, With lies well steeld with weighty arguments.

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], line 148:

Steel yourself, then, firmly to withstand attacks from the cruel and unfeeling.

The rich experience of a long life steeled in the victorious struggle with every unchristian element.

1882, F. W. Farrar, Early Days Christianity, II 380

(figuratively) To cause to resemble steel.

To harden or strengthen; to nerve or make obdurate; to fortify against.

And lo! those waters, steeled By breezeless air to smoothest polish, yield A vivid repetition of the stars.

1807, William Wordsworth, Sonn. to Liberty, II v:

(literary or poetic) To give (something) the appearance of steel.

Tha hasn't tha Sense to stile thy own Dressing.

1746, Exmoor Scolding, 3rd edition, II 14:

en-verb

steel (third-person singular simple present steels, present participle steeling, simple past and past participle steeled)

steels (present singular third-person)
steeling (participle present)
steeled (participle past)
steeled (past)

втвърдявам се

To harden or strengthen; to nerve or to fortify against, to brace oneself.


steel

I was lugged before the beak, who gave me six doss in the steel. [...] six months in the Bastille (the old House of Corrections), Coldbath Fields.

1862, Havelock Ellis, The Criminal, page 162:

He said he had been in the “steel” (Coldbath Fields Prison) eight times.

1866, George Augustus Sala, Edmund Hodgson Yates, Temple Bar, volume 16, page 507:

This time I got two moon for assaulting the reelers when canon. For this I went to the Steel (Bastile^([sic]) — Coldbath Fields Prison), having a new suit of clobber on me and about fifty blow in my brigh (pocket).

1879, Macmillan's Magazine, volume 40, page 502:

(UK, crime, slang, obsolete) Coldbath Fields Prison in London, closed in 1877.


steel

steel (infinitive infinitive-i)
steelen (infinitive infinitive-ii)
tu steelen (infinitive infinitive-ii)
steelen (participle past)
steel (imperative singular)
steel’m (imperative plural)
steel (first-person present singular)
stääl (first-person past singular)
stäälst (present second-person singular)
stäälst (past second-person singular)
stäält (present singular third-person)
stääl (past singular third-person)
steel (plural present)
stääl (past plural)
haa steelen (first-person perfect singular)
hed steelen (first-person pluperfect singular)
heest steelen (perfect second-person singular)
hedst steelen (pluperfect second-person singular)
hee steelen (perfect singular third-person)
hed steelen (pluperfect singular third-person)
haa steelen (perfect plural)
hed steelen (pluperfect plural)
skal steel (first-person future singular)
wal steel (first-person future singular)
skääl steel (future second-person singular)
wääl steel (future second-person singular)
skal steel (future singular third-person)
wal steel (future singular third-person)
skel steel (future plural)
wel steel (future plural)