See pénkʷe on Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*penče"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *penče",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *penče (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒉺𒀭𒋫",
"tr": "paⁿta"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒉺𒀭𒋫 (paⁿta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒉺𒀭𒋫 (paⁿta)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հինգ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "հինգ"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: հինգ (hing)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: հինգ (hing)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pénki"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pénki",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pénki (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*kʷenkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fimf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fimf",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fimf (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pénkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pénkʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pénkʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pánča"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pánča",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*kʷenkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *kʷenkʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cms",
"2": "𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀-",
"tr": "penka-"
},
"expansion": "Messapic: 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀- (penka-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Messapic: 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀- (penka-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpg",
"2": "πινκε"
},
"expansion": "Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*p'ä́ñćä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *p'ä́ñćä",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *p'ä́ñćä (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "five"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*pn̥kʷ-sti-s",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*funhstiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *funhstiz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūsti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūsti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fȳst",
"3": "",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Old English fȳst (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fest",
"3": "",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fest (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fūst",
"3": "",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German fūst (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pę̑stь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kumštis"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kumštis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*penkʷ-ró-s",
"4": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fingraz",
"3": "",
"4": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃",
"3": "",
"4": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fingr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fingr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Old English finger",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fingar",
"3": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Old High German finger",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cūnctus"
},
"expansion": "Latin cūnctus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑",
"t": "family",
"tr": "pa-an-ku-uš"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Usually explained as a derivation from the words for “fist” and “finger”:\n* Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz > Proto-West Germanic *fūsti (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”)); Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь, Lithuanian kumštis.\n* Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse fingr, Old English finger, Old High German finger)\nUltimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), though such a verb is not attested in any of the daughter languages. In contrast, Blažek (1999: 229) argues that the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary. A relation to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”) has also been suggested, possibly seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning “the whole (hand)”.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*pénkʷe",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"five"
],
"id": "en-pénkʷe-ine-pro-num-IisL1R~O",
"links": [
[
"five",
"five"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hand (older)"
],
"id": "en-pénkʷe-ine-pro-num-3mJAOzb5",
"links": [
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pénkʷe"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέντε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέντε (pénte)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέντε (pénte)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Aeolic Greek: πέμπε (pémpe)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pénkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*pénkʷe",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/pénkʷe",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Proto-Hellenic cardinal numbers",
"parents": [
"Cardinal numbers",
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Hellenic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"five"
],
"id": "en-pénkʷe-grk-pro-num-IisL1R~O",
"links": [
[
"five",
"five"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pénkʷe"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέντε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέντε (pénte)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέντε (pénte)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Aeolic Greek: πέμπε (pémpe)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pénkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*pénkʷe",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/pénkʷe",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Hellenic cardinal numbers",
"Proto-Hellenic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Hellenic lemmas",
"Proto-Hellenic numerals",
"Proto-Hellenic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Hellenic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"five"
],
"links": [
[
"five",
"five"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pénkʷe"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European numerals"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*penče"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *penče",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *penče (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒉺𒀭𒋫",
"tr": "paⁿta"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒉺𒀭𒋫 (paⁿta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒉺𒀭𒋫 (paⁿta)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հինգ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "հինգ"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: հինգ (hing)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: հինգ (hing)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pénki"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pénki",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pénki (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*kʷenkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fimf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fimf",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fimf (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pénkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pénkʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pénkʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pánča"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pánča",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*kʷenkʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *kʷenkʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cms",
"2": "𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀-",
"tr": "penka-"
},
"expansion": "Messapic: 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀- (penka-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Messapic: 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀- (penka-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpg",
"2": "πινκε"
},
"expansion": "Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*p'ä́ñćä"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *p'ä́ñćä",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *p'ä́ñćä (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "five"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*pn̥kʷ-sti-s",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*funhstiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *funhstiz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūsti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūsti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fȳst",
"3": "",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Old English fȳst (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fest",
"3": "",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fest (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fūst",
"3": "",
"4": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German fūst (“fist”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pę̑stь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kumštis"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kumštis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*penkʷ-ró-s",
"4": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fingraz",
"3": "",
"4": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃",
"3": "",
"4": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fingr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fingr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Old English finger",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fingar",
"3": "finger"
},
"expansion": "Old High German finger",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cūnctus"
},
"expansion": "Latin cūnctus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑",
"t": "family",
"tr": "pa-an-ku-uš"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Usually explained as a derivation from the words for “fist” and “finger”:\n* Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz > Proto-West Germanic *fūsti (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”)); Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь, Lithuanian kumštis.\n* Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse fingr, Old English finger, Old High German finger)\nUltimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), though such a verb is not attested in any of the daughter languages. In contrast, Blažek (1999: 229) argues that the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary. A relation to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”) has also been suggested, possibly seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning “the whole (hand)”.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*pénkʷe",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"five"
],
"links": [
[
"five",
"five"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hand (older)"
],
"links": [
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pénkʷe"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pénkʷe meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.