See lak ~ C-jak on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for lak ~ C-jak meaning in All languages combined (8.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "翼",
"t": "wing; to support with hand; to help",
"tr": "*ɢrək < **ɢrəp (Baxter-Sagart); *lɯɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "翼 (*ɢrək < **ɢrəp (Baxter-Sagart); *lɯɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “wing; to support with hand; to help”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "翼 (*ɢrək < **ɢrəp (Baxter-Sagart); *lɯɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “wing; to support with hand; to help”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "亦"
},
"expansion": "亦 (yì)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "腋",
"t": "armpit",
"tr": "*m-qak (Baxter-Sagart); *laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "腋 (*m-qak (Baxter-Sagart); *laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "亦 (yì), 腋 (*m-qak (Baxter-Sagart); *laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "掖",
"t": "to support somebody with hand; armpit",
"tr": "*laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "掖 (*laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “to support somebody with hand; armpit”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "掖 (*laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “to support somebody with hand; armpit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "胳",
"t": "armpit",
"tr": "*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "胳 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "胳 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "袼",
"t": "sleeve suture",
"tr": "*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "袼 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “sleeve suture”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "袼 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “sleeve suture”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ལག"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ལག (lag)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ལག་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "hand, arm"
},
"expansion": "ལག་པ (lag pa, “hand, arm”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཕྱག",
"3": "",
"4": "hand (honorific)"
},
"expansion": "ཕྱག (phyag, “hand (honorific)”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ལག (lag), ལག་པ (lag pa, “hand, arm”), ཕྱག (phyag, “hand (honorific)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𗁅",
"t": "hand"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𗁅 (*lạ¹, “hand”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𗁅 (*lạ¹, “hand”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-zbu",
"2": "jâx"
},
"expansion": "Zbu: jâx",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Zbu: jâx"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "jak",
"t": "hand"
},
"expansion": "Garo: jak (“hand”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Garo: jak (“hand”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "လက်",
"t": "hand, arm"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: လက် (lak, “hand, arm”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: လက် (lak, “hand, arm”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Maruic"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lsi",
"2": "lò"
},
"expansion": "Lashi: lò",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lashi: lò"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꇇ",
"3": "",
"4": "hand"
},
"expansion": "ꇇ (lot, “hand”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꇇ (lot, “hand”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nmy",
"2": "lä̆qä̆"
},
"expansion": "Namuyi: lä̆qä̆",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Namuyi: lä̆qä̆"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཕྱག"
},
"expansion": "ཕྱག",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*la ~ ja",
"3": "",
"4": "leg, foot"
},
"expansion": "*la ~ ja (“leg, foot”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*p(l)a",
"3": "",
"4": "palm, sole"
},
"expansion": "*p(l)a (“palm, sole”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*s-la(p) ~ laj",
"3": "",
"4": "leaf"
},
"expansion": "*s-la(p) ~ laj (“leaf”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "手"
},
"expansion": "手 (shǒu)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lək (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *lak ~ C-jak (Matisoff, STEDT); *lak (Benedict, 1972; Coblin, 1986; Michailovsky, 1991); *g-lɑk (Chou, 1972); *g-lak ~ lak (Weidert, 1987)\nThis root is widely attested in Sino-Tibetan languages, and exhibits considerable morphophonemic and lexemical variation. The basic form of the root seems to be *lak, and in some languages the initial has changed into a yod *jak, which may further fricatise into z- or ʑ-. To the yodated form can various prefixes be added.\nWith *d- this prefixation gives *d-jak, another common allofam, which can undergo affricatisation to yield dʑ- or prefix preemption to yield *dak. Note that *dak may as well result from delateralisation of *l-, presumably through an intermediate stage *ʎ- < *lj-. Some languages show forms which seem to have arisen from *ld-, either through reprefixation *lə- on *d- prefixed allofams or metathesis of the *d- prefixed allofam *ld- < *d-l-.\nWith *g- prefixation gives *g-jak, with secondary meanings such as \"cubit, armpit\".\nWith *p- prefixation gives *p-jak, represented mainly by Written Tibetan ཕྱག (phyag, \"hand (honorific)\").\nNote that this root bears some interesting resemblance to *la ~ ja (“leg, foot”), *p(l)a (“palm, sole”) and *s-la(p) ~ laj (“leaf”).\nThe following allofams are listed in STEDT:\n*1 #377 *lak ⪤ C-jak (\"arm, hand, wing\")\n**1a #695 *lak (\"hand, limb\")\n**1b #696 *jak (\"arm, hand, armpit, tickle\")\n**1c #699 *d-jak (\"hand, arm, leaf\")\n**1d #700 *dak (\"arm, hand\")\n**1e #702 *g-jak (\"arm, hand, cubit\")\n**1f #705 *p-jak (\"arm\")\n**1g #350 *la (\"leg, foot\")\n**1h #375 *ja (\"leg, foot\")\n**1i #888 *d-ja OR g-ja (\"foot\")\nThe Chinese word for \"hand\" 手 (shǒu) is unrelated.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "roots"
},
"expansion": "*lak ~ C-jak",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/lak ~ C-jak",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "leg, foot",
"word": "la Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "leg, foot",
"word": "lak ~ C-jak ja"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "palm, sole",
"word": "p(l)a"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "leaf",
"word": "s-la(p) Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "leaf",
"word": "lak ~ C-jak laj"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "bird, feather, wing",
"word": "wa Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 47 0 53",
"english": "bird, feather, wing",
"word": "lak ~ C-jak wu"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hand"
],
"id": "en-lak_~_C-jak-sit-pro-noun-GwAXBqQY",
"links": [
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 66 6 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 88 2 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 83 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 89 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"arm, limb"
],
"id": "en-lak_~_C-jak-sit-pro-noun-x4Z9Rwy~",
"links": [
[
"arm",
"arm"
],
[
"limb",
"limb"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wing"
],
"id": "en-lak_~_C-jak-sit-pro-noun-wEfK75W0",
"links": [
[
"wing",
"wing"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cubit, armpit"
],
"id": "en-lak_~_C-jak-sit-pro-noun-yQxUtNV8",
"links": [
[
"cubit",
"cubit"
],
[
"armpit",
"armpit"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "lak ~ C-jak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"sit-pro:Anatomy"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "翼",
"t": "wing; to support with hand; to help",
"tr": "*ɢrək < **ɢrəp (Baxter-Sagart); *lɯɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "翼 (*ɢrək < **ɢrəp (Baxter-Sagart); *lɯɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “wing; to support with hand; to help”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "翼 (*ɢrək < **ɢrəp (Baxter-Sagart); *lɯɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “wing; to support with hand; to help”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "亦"
},
"expansion": "亦 (yì)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "腋",
"t": "armpit",
"tr": "*m-qak (Baxter-Sagart); *laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "腋 (*m-qak (Baxter-Sagart); *laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "亦 (yì), 腋 (*m-qak (Baxter-Sagart); *laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "掖",
"t": "to support somebody with hand; armpit",
"tr": "*laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "掖 (*laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “to support somebody with hand; armpit”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "掖 (*laːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “to support somebody with hand; armpit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "胳",
"t": "armpit",
"tr": "*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "胳 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "胳 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “armpit”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "袼",
"t": "sleeve suture",
"tr": "*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang)"
},
"expansion": "袼 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “sleeve suture”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "袼 (*klaːɡ (Zhengzhang Shangfang), “sleeve suture”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ལག"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ལག (lag)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ལག་པ",
"3": "",
"4": "hand, arm"
},
"expansion": "ལག་པ (lag pa, “hand, arm”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཕྱག",
"3": "",
"4": "hand (honorific)"
},
"expansion": "ཕྱག (phyag, “hand (honorific)”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: ལག (lag), ལག་པ (lag pa, “hand, arm”), ཕྱག (phyag, “hand (honorific)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𗁅",
"t": "hand"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𗁅 (*lạ¹, “hand”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𗁅 (*lạ¹, “hand”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-zbu",
"2": "jâx"
},
"expansion": "Zbu: jâx",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Zbu: jâx"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "jak",
"t": "hand"
},
"expansion": "Garo: jak (“hand”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Garo: jak (“hand”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "လက်",
"t": "hand, arm"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: လက် (lak, “hand, arm”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: လက် (lak, “hand, arm”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Maruic"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lsi",
"2": "lò"
},
"expansion": "Lashi: lò",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lashi: lò"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "ꇇ",
"3": "",
"4": "hand"
},
"expansion": "ꇇ (lot, “hand”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꇇ (lot, “hand”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nmy",
"2": "lä̆qä̆"
},
"expansion": "Namuyi: lä̆qä̆",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Namuyi: lä̆qä̆"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཕྱག"
},
"expansion": "ཕྱག",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*la ~ ja",
"3": "",
"4": "leg, foot"
},
"expansion": "*la ~ ja (“leg, foot”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*p(l)a",
"3": "",
"4": "palm, sole"
},
"expansion": "*p(l)a (“palm, sole”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*s-la(p) ~ laj",
"3": "",
"4": "leaf"
},
"expansion": "*s-la(p) ~ laj (“leaf”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "手"
},
"expansion": "手 (shǒu)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *lək (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *lak ~ C-jak (Matisoff, STEDT); *lak (Benedict, 1972; Coblin, 1986; Michailovsky, 1991); *g-lɑk (Chou, 1972); *g-lak ~ lak (Weidert, 1987)\nThis root is widely attested in Sino-Tibetan languages, and exhibits considerable morphophonemic and lexemical variation. The basic form of the root seems to be *lak, and in some languages the initial has changed into a yod *jak, which may further fricatise into z- or ʑ-. To the yodated form can various prefixes be added.\nWith *d- this prefixation gives *d-jak, another common allofam, which can undergo affricatisation to yield dʑ- or prefix preemption to yield *dak. Note that *dak may as well result from delateralisation of *l-, presumably through an intermediate stage *ʎ- < *lj-. Some languages show forms which seem to have arisen from *ld-, either through reprefixation *lə- on *d- prefixed allofams or metathesis of the *d- prefixed allofam *ld- < *d-l-.\nWith *g- prefixation gives *g-jak, with secondary meanings such as \"cubit, armpit\".\nWith *p- prefixation gives *p-jak, represented mainly by Written Tibetan ཕྱག (phyag, \"hand (honorific)\").\nNote that this root bears some interesting resemblance to *la ~ ja (“leg, foot”), *p(l)a (“palm, sole”) and *s-la(p) ~ laj (“leaf”).\nThe following allofams are listed in STEDT:\n*1 #377 *lak ⪤ C-jak (\"arm, hand, wing\")\n**1a #695 *lak (\"hand, limb\")\n**1b #696 *jak (\"arm, hand, armpit, tickle\")\n**1c #699 *d-jak (\"hand, arm, leaf\")\n**1d #700 *dak (\"arm, hand\")\n**1e #702 *g-jak (\"arm, hand, cubit\")\n**1f #705 *p-jak (\"arm\")\n**1g #350 *la (\"leg, foot\")\n**1h #375 *ja (\"leg, foot\")\n**1i #888 *d-ja OR g-ja (\"foot\")\nThe Chinese word for \"hand\" 手 (shǒu) is unrelated.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "roots"
},
"expansion": "*lak ~ C-jak",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/lak ~ C-jak",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "leg, foot",
"word": "la Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "leg, foot",
"word": "lak ~ C-jak ja"
},
{
"english": "palm, sole",
"word": "p(l)a"
},
{
"english": "leaf",
"word": "s-la(p) Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "leaf",
"word": "lak ~ C-jak laj"
},
{
"english": "bird, feather, wing",
"word": "wa Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan"
},
{
"english": "bird, feather, wing",
"word": "lak ~ C-jak wu"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hand"
],
"links": [
[
"hand",
"hand"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"arm, limb"
],
"links": [
[
"arm",
"arm"
],
[
"limb",
"limb"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wing"
],
"links": [
[
"wing",
"wing"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cubit, armpit"
],
"links": [
[
"cubit",
"cubit"
],
[
"armpit",
"armpit"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "lak ~ C-jak"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.