"korľь" meaning in All languages combined

See korľь on Wiktionary

Noun [Proto-Slavic]

Etymology: Generally agreed to derive from Old High German Karl, name of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne (742-814) who ruled the western areas of Slavdom, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”). Extended derivation: * Old High German Karl > Late Proto-Slavic *kõrľь The shift from hard o-stem to the soft jo-stem, as outlined in the chronology above, has several theories of origin: * Holzer explains the j-suffix as originating from a substantivized possessive adjective * Schenker suggests analogical replacement after agent nouns ending in *-teľь or other words denoting leaders such as *cěsařь and *kъnędzь * Pronk-Tiethoff suggests the final *-ľь is due to the fact that Proto-Slavs likely perceived the Old High German final consonant as soft, similarly as in the loanword *grędeľь. The word has been described as "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff 2013) due to the fact that it's the only loanword in Slavic that can actually be dated, thus giving clues to the absolute dating of Proto-Slavic phonological developments. The fact that it regularly underwent historical Proto-Slavic sound laws, and that it's reflected in all three branches, is one of the chief indications to date Late Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) to the ninth century. However, this is comparatively late (only a century before Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were written), so other etymologies have been suggested: * Holzer derives it from the name of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel (688-741). The issue with this theory is that Charles Martel was not particularly important to the contemporary Slavs. * Stender-Petersen derives it from Proto-Germanic *kar(i)laz (“free man”) (Old High German karl (“man”)) with a semantic shift explained as "very ordinary". These theories are generally thought of as less convincing than from Karl "Charlemagne", who was an actual king of (some) Slavs. Etymology templates: {{der|sla-pro|goh|Karl}} Old High German Karl, {{der|sla-pro|gem-pro|*karilaz|t=free man}} Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”), {{der|sla-pro|gem-pro|*karilaz|*kar(i)laz|free man}} Proto-Germanic *kar(i)laz (“free man”) Inflection templates: {{sla-decl-noun|ap=b}} Forms: kõrľь [canonical, masculine], no-table-tags [table-tags], b [accent-paradigm], kõrľь [nominative, singular], kōrľà [dual, nominative], kōrľì [nominative, plural], kōrľà [genitive, singular], kōrľù [dual, genitive], kõrľь [genitive, plural], kōrľù [dative, singular], kōrľèma [dative, dual], kõrľemъ [dative, plural], kõrľь [accusative, singular], kōrľà [accusative, dual], kōrľę̇̀ [accusative, plural], kōrľь̀mь [instrumental, singular], kōrľèmь [instrumental, singular], kōrľèma [dual, instrumental], kõrľi [instrumental, plural], kōrľì [locative, singular], kōrľù [dual, locative], kõrľixъ [locative, plural], korľu [singular, vocative], kōrľà [dual, vocative], kōrľì [plural, vocative]
  1. king Wikipedia link: Charlemagne, Charles Martel, Marko Snoj Tags: reconstruction Derived forms: korľevъ (english: king's), korľevьskъ (english: royal), korľevьstvo (english: kingdom), korľica (english: queen)
    Sense id: en-korľь-sla-pro-noun-6B3-aYQa Categories (other): Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header, Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b

Download JSON data for korľь meaning in All languages combined (10.0kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "король"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: король (korolĭ)\nOld Ruthenian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\nBelarusian: каро́ль (karólʹ)\nUkrainian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Old Lithuanian: karãlius\nLithuanian: karãlius\n→ Latvian: karalis\nRussian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Kazakh: король (korol)\n→ Kyrgyz: король (korol)\n→ Tatar: король (qorol’)\n→ Turkmen: korol\n→ Uzbek: korol",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: король (korolĭ)\nOld Ruthenian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\nBelarusian: каро́ль (karólʹ)\nUkrainian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Old Lithuanian: karãlius\nLithuanian: karãlius\n→ Latvian: karalis\nRussian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Kazakh: король (korol)\n→ Kyrgyz: король (korol)\n→ Tatar: король (qorol’)\n→ Turkmen: korol\n→ Uzbek: korol"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "крал"
          },
          "expansion": "Bulgarian: крал (kral)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bulgarian: крал (kral)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mk",
            "2": "крал"
          },
          "expansion": "Macedonian: крал (kral)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Macedonian: крал (kral)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "кра̑љ",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: кра̑љ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: кра̑љ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "krȃlj",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin script: krȃlj",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin script: krȃlj"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "králj",
            "alt": "",
            "bor": "",
            "der": "",
            "g": "",
            "pos": "",
            "t": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: králj",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tonal orthography"
          },
          "expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
          "name": "i"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "králj"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: králj (tonal orthography)",
          "name": "desc/sl-tonal"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: králj (tonal orthography)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hu",
            "2": "király",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Hungarian: király",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Hungarian: király"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ota",
            "2": "قرال",
            "bor": "1",
            "tr": "kral"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: قرال (kral)\nTurkish: kral\n→ Northern Kurdish: kral, qral\n→ Azerbaijani: kral\n→ Crimean Tatar: qıral",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: قرال (kral)\nTurkish: kral\n→ Northern Kurdish: kral, qral\n→ Azerbaijani: kral\n→ Crimean Tatar: qıral"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "crai",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Romanian: crai",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Romanian: crai"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "král"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Czech: král, kráľ\nCzech: král\n→ Lower Sorbian: kral\n→ Upper Sorbian: kral\n→ Russian: краль (kralʹ)\nKnaanic: קרל (krl)\n→ Old Ruthenian: краль (kralʹ)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Czech: král, kráľ\nCzech: král\n→ Lower Sorbian: kral\n→ Upper Sorbian: kral\n→ Russian: краль (kralʹ)\nKnaanic: קרל (krl)\n→ Old Ruthenian: краль (kralʹ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-opl",
            "2": "król"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Polish: król\nMasurian: król\nPolish: król\nSilesian: krōl\n→ Old Ruthenian: кроль (krolʹ), круль (krulʹ)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Polish: król\nMasurian: król\nPolish: król\nSilesian: krōl\n→ Old Ruthenian: кроль (krolʹ), круль (krulʹ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-osk",
            "2": "kráľ"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Slovak: kráľ\nPannonian Rusyn: краль (kralʹ)\nSlovak: kráľ",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Slovak: kráľ\nPannonian Rusyn: краль (kralʹ)\nSlovak: kráľ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Pomeranian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "król"
          },
          "expansion": "Kashubian: król",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kashubian: król"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-slv",
            "2": "król"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovincian: król",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovincian: król"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "krol"
          },
          "expansion": "Lower Sorbian: krol",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lower Sorbian: krol"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "Karl"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German Karl",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*karilaz",
        "t": "free man"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*karilaz",
        "4": "*kar(i)laz",
        "5": "free man"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kar(i)laz (“free man”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Generally agreed to derive from Old High German Karl, name of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne (742-814) who ruled the western areas of Slavdom, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”).\nExtended derivation:\n* Old High German Karl > Late Proto-Slavic *kõrľь\nThe shift from hard o-stem to the soft jo-stem, as outlined in the chronology above, has several theories of origin:\n* Holzer explains the j-suffix as originating from a substantivized possessive adjective\n* Schenker suggests analogical replacement after agent nouns ending in *-teľь or other words denoting leaders such as *cěsařь and *kъnędzь\n* Pronk-Tiethoff suggests the final *-ľь is due to the fact that Proto-Slavs likely perceived the Old High German final consonant as soft, similarly as in the loanword *grędeľь.\nThe word has been described as \"without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic\" (Pronk-Tiethoff 2013) due to the fact that it's the only loanword in Slavic that can actually be dated, thus giving clues to the absolute dating of Proto-Slavic phonological developments. The fact that it regularly underwent historical Proto-Slavic sound laws, and that it's reflected in all three branches, is one of the chief indications to date Late Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) to the ninth century.\nHowever, this is comparatively late (only a century before Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were written), so other etymologies have been suggested:\n* Holzer derives it from the name of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel (688-741). The issue with this theory is that Charles Martel was not particularly important to the contemporary Slavs.\n* Stender-Petersen derives it from Proto-Germanic *kar(i)laz (“free man”) (Old High German karl (“man”)) with a semantic shift explained as \"very ordinary\".\nThese theories are generally thought of as less convincing than from Karl \"Charlemagne\", who was an actual king of (some) Slavs.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "b",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľì",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľèma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľemъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľę̇̀",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľь̀mь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľèmь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľèma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľì",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľixъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "korľu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľì",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "ap": "b"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/korľь",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "english": "king's",
          "word": "korľevъ"
        },
        {
          "english": "royal",
          "word": "korľevьskъ"
        },
        {
          "english": "kingdom",
          "word": "korľevьstvo"
        },
        {
          "english": "queen",
          "word": "korľica"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "king"
      ],
      "id": "en-korľь-sla-pro-noun-6B3-aYQa",
      "links": [
        [
          "king",
          "king"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Charlemagne",
        "Charles Martel",
        "Marko Snoj"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "korľь"
}
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "king's",
      "word": "korľevъ"
    },
    {
      "english": "royal",
      "word": "korľevьskъ"
    },
    {
      "english": "kingdom",
      "word": "korľevьstvo"
    },
    {
      "english": "queen",
      "word": "korľica"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "East Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "orv",
            "2": "король"
          },
          "expansion": "Old East Slavic: король (korolĭ)\nOld Ruthenian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\nBelarusian: каро́ль (karólʹ)\nUkrainian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Old Lithuanian: karãlius\nLithuanian: karãlius\n→ Latvian: karalis\nRussian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Kazakh: король (korol)\n→ Kyrgyz: король (korol)\n→ Tatar: король (qorol’)\n→ Turkmen: korol\n→ Uzbek: korol",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old East Slavic: король (korolĭ)\nOld Ruthenian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\nBelarusian: каро́ль (karólʹ)\nUkrainian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Old Lithuanian: karãlius\nLithuanian: karãlius\n→ Latvian: karalis\nRussian: коро́ль (korólʹ)\n→ Kazakh: король (korol)\n→ Kyrgyz: король (korol)\n→ Tatar: король (qorol’)\n→ Turkmen: korol\n→ Uzbek: korol"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "South Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "крал"
          },
          "expansion": "Bulgarian: крал (kral)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bulgarian: крал (kral)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mk",
            "2": "крал"
          },
          "expansion": "Macedonian: крал (kral)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Macedonian: крал (kral)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "кра̑љ",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: кра̑љ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: кра̑љ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "krȃlj",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin script: krȃlj",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin script: krȃlj"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "králj",
            "alt": "",
            "bor": "",
            "der": "",
            "g": "",
            "pos": "",
            "t": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: králj",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tonal orthography"
          },
          "expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
          "name": "i"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "králj"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: králj (tonal orthography)",
          "name": "desc/sl-tonal"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: králj (tonal orthography)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hu",
            "2": "király",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Hungarian: király",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Hungarian: király"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ota",
            "2": "قرال",
            "bor": "1",
            "tr": "kral"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: قرال (kral)\nTurkish: kral\n→ Northern Kurdish: kral, qral\n→ Azerbaijani: kral\n→ Crimean Tatar: qıral",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: قرال (kral)\nTurkish: kral\n→ Northern Kurdish: kral, qral\n→ Azerbaijani: kral\n→ Crimean Tatar: qıral"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "crai",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Romanian: crai",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Romanian: crai"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Slavic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "král"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Czech: král, kráľ\nCzech: král\n→ Lower Sorbian: kral\n→ Upper Sorbian: kral\n→ Russian: краль (kralʹ)\nKnaanic: קרל (krl)\n→ Old Ruthenian: краль (kralʹ)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Czech: král, kráľ\nCzech: král\n→ Lower Sorbian: kral\n→ Upper Sorbian: kral\n→ Russian: краль (kralʹ)\nKnaanic: קרל (krl)\n→ Old Ruthenian: краль (kralʹ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-opl",
            "2": "król"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Polish: król\nMasurian: król\nPolish: król\nSilesian: krōl\n→ Old Ruthenian: кроль (krolʹ), круль (krulʹ)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Polish: król\nMasurian: król\nPolish: król\nSilesian: krōl\n→ Old Ruthenian: кроль (krolʹ), круль (krulʹ)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-osk",
            "2": "kráľ"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Slovak: kráľ\nPannonian Rusyn: краль (kralʹ)\nSlovak: kráľ",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Slovak: kráľ\nPannonian Rusyn: краль (kralʹ)\nSlovak: kráľ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Pomeranian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "csb",
            "2": "król"
          },
          "expansion": "Kashubian: król",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kashubian: król"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-slv",
            "2": "król"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovincian: król",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovincian: król"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Sorbian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "krol"
          },
          "expansion": "Lower Sorbian: krol",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lower Sorbian: krol"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "Karl"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German Karl",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*karilaz",
        "t": "free man"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sla-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*karilaz",
        "4": "*kar(i)laz",
        "5": "free man"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kar(i)laz (“free man”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Generally agreed to derive from Old High German Karl, name of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne (742-814) who ruled the western areas of Slavdom, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”).\nExtended derivation:\n* Old High German Karl > Late Proto-Slavic *kõrľь\nThe shift from hard o-stem to the soft jo-stem, as outlined in the chronology above, has several theories of origin:\n* Holzer explains the j-suffix as originating from a substantivized possessive adjective\n* Schenker suggests analogical replacement after agent nouns ending in *-teľь or other words denoting leaders such as *cěsařь and *kъnędzь\n* Pronk-Tiethoff suggests the final *-ľь is due to the fact that Proto-Slavs likely perceived the Old High German final consonant as soft, similarly as in the loanword *grędeľь.\nThe word has been described as \"without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic\" (Pronk-Tiethoff 2013) due to the fact that it's the only loanword in Slavic that can actually be dated, thus giving clues to the absolute dating of Proto-Slavic phonological developments. The fact that it regularly underwent historical Proto-Slavic sound laws, and that it's reflected in all three branches, is one of the chief indications to date Late Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) to the ninth century.\nHowever, this is comparatively late (only a century before Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were written), so other etymologies have been suggested:\n* Holzer derives it from the name of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel (688-741). The issue with this theory is that Charles Martel was not particularly important to the contemporary Slavs.\n* Stender-Petersen derives it from Proto-Germanic *kar(i)laz (“free man”) (Old High German karl (“man”)) with a semantic shift explained as \"very ordinary\".\nThese theories are generally thought of as less convincing than from Karl \"Charlemagne\", who was an actual king of (some) Slavs.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sla-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "o-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "b",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accent-paradigm"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľì",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľèma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľemъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľę̇̀",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľь̀mь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľèmь",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľèma",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľì",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľù",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "locative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kõrľixъ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "korľu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľà",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "kōrľì",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "ap": "b"
      },
      "name": "sla-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Slavic",
  "lang_code": "sla-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/korľь",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Slavic lemmas",
        "Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm b",
        "Proto-Slavic nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic soft masculine o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic soft o-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Old High German",
        "Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Slovene terms with quotations",
        "Undetermined terms with quotations",
        "sla-pro:People"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "king"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "king",
          "king"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Charlemagne",
        "Charles Martel",
        "Marko Snoj"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "korľь"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-06 using wiktextract (372f256 and 664a3bc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.