See kl(j)u(ŋ/k) on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 江 (jiāng) /*kˤroŋ/ (B-S), /*kroːŋ/ (ZS) (\"river\"); 港 /*kroːŋʔ, ɡloːŋs/ (ZS) (\"harbour\"); 谷 /*C.qˤok/ (B-S), /*ɦkroːɡ, kloːɡ, ɡloːɡ/ (ZS)."
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 江 (jiāng) /kˠʌŋ/; 港 /kˠʌŋˣ/; 谷 /kuk̚/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Chinese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 江 (jiāng, /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/, “river”); 港 (gǎng, /kɑŋ²¹⁴/, “harbour”); 谷 (gǔ, /ku²¹⁴/, “valley”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese: /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/; /kɔːŋ³⁵/; /kʊk̚⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu: /kɑ̃⁵³/; /kɑ̃³⁴/; /kʊʔ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan: /kaŋ⁴⁴/; /kaŋ⁴¹/; /kɔk̚³²/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangkhulic: /*koŋ/ (Mortensen, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangkhul: kong (“river”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kac",
"2": "kung",
"t": "river",
"tr": "/kuŋ/"
},
"expansion": "Jingpho: kung (/kuŋ/, “river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jingpho: kung (/kuŋ/, “river”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཀླུང",
"3": "ཀླུང་མ",
"t": "river",
"t2": "river"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཀླུང (klung, “river”), ཀླུང་མ (klung ma, “river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tibetan: ཀླུང (klung, “river”), ཀླུང་མ (klung ma, “river”); ལྗོངས (ljongs, “valley, stream”), ལུང་པ (lung pa, “valley”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nusu: /khɹoŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း",
"alt": "ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း",
"t": "valley"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း (hkyuing.hwam:, “valley”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း (hkyuing.hwam:, “valley”); ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream, brook”); ချောက် (hkyauk, “chasm, gulf, ravine”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tvn",
"2": "ခ္လောင်း",
"t": "stream, brook, creek"
},
"expansion": "Tavoyan: ခ္လောင်း (“stream, brook, creek”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tavoyan: ခ္လောင်း (“stream, brook, creek”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*ruŋ",
"3": "*ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ",
"4": "river, valley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (“river, valley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "sông"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese sông",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "okz",
"2": "*ghloṅ",
"t": "passage, way; waterway"
},
"expansion": "Old Khmer *ghloṅ (“passage, way; waterway”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pac",
"2": "cruang"
},
"expansion": "Pacoh cruang",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "คลอง",
"3": "",
"4": "channel"
},
"expansion": "Thai คลอง (klɔɔng, “channel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cjm",
"2": "krăwng",
"3": "",
"4": "river",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Cham krăwng (“river”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ace",
"2": "kruëng",
"3": "",
"4": "river",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Acehnese kruëng (“river”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "江",
"2": "river"
},
"expansion": "江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "港",
"2": "harbour"
},
"expansion": "港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "谷",
"2": "valley"
},
"expansion": "谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “valley”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*grawk",
"3": "",
"4": "valley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grawk (“valley”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *klu(ː)ŋ ~ *k(l)uk ~ *klyoŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *kluːŋ (Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972)\nThis word is fairly common in the Mainland Southeast Asian Sprachbund (Matisoff, 1991). The PTB etymon is probably a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (“river, valley”). Compare for instance Vietnamese sông, Old Khmer *ghloṅ (“passage, way; waterway”) and Pacoh cruang. Other borrowings from PMK are Thai คลอง (klɔɔng, “channel”) in Tai-Kadai and Eastern Cham krăwng (“river”), Acehnese kruëng (“river”) in Austronesian.\nIn Chinese there are two kind of reflexes: one with a nasal coda, found in 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) and its derivate 港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”), and one with the correspondent velar stop, reconstructed for 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “valley”).\nThis root appear to be somehow related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grawk (“valley”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "k",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*k)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kl(j)u(ŋ/k)",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "valley",
"word": "grawk"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"river"
],
"id": "en-kl(j)u(ŋ/k)-sit-pro-noun-X1qO2PE5",
"links": [
[
"river",
"river"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"valley"
],
"id": "en-kl(j)u(ŋ/k)-sit-pro-noun-Yn~T0FpJ",
"links": [
[
"valley",
"valley"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kl(j)u(ŋ/k)"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 江 (jiāng) /*kˤroŋ/ (B-S), /*kroːŋ/ (ZS) (\"river\"); 港 /*kroːŋʔ, ɡloːŋs/ (ZS) (\"harbour\"); 谷 /*C.qˤok/ (B-S), /*ɦkroːɡ, kloːɡ, ɡloːɡ/ (ZS)."
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 江 (jiāng) /kˠʌŋ/; 港 /kˠʌŋˣ/; 谷 /kuk̚/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Chinese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 江 (jiāng, /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/, “river”); 港 (gǎng, /kɑŋ²¹⁴/, “harbour”); 谷 (gǔ, /ku²¹⁴/, “valley”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese: /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/; /kɔːŋ³⁵/; /kʊk̚⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu: /kɑ̃⁵³/; /kɑ̃³⁴/; /kʊʔ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan: /kaŋ⁴⁴/; /kaŋ⁴¹/; /kɔk̚³²/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangkhulic: /*koŋ/ (Mortensen, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangkhul: kong (“river”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kac",
"2": "kung",
"t": "river",
"tr": "/kuŋ/"
},
"expansion": "Jingpho: kung (/kuŋ/, “river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jingpho: kung (/kuŋ/, “river”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "ཀླུང",
"3": "ཀླུང་མ",
"t": "river",
"t2": "river"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: ཀླུང (klung, “river”), ཀླུང་མ (klung ma, “river”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tibetan: ཀླུང (klung, “river”), ཀླུང་མ (klung ma, “river”); ལྗོངས (ljongs, “valley, stream”), ལུང་པ (lung pa, “valley”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nusu: /khɹoŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း",
"alt": "ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း",
"t": "valley"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း (hkyuing.hwam:, “valley”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း (hkyuing.hwam:, “valley”); ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream, brook”); ချောက် (hkyauk, “chasm, gulf, ravine”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tvn",
"2": "ခ္လောင်း",
"t": "stream, brook, creek"
},
"expansion": "Tavoyan: ခ္လောင်း (“stream, brook, creek”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tavoyan: ခ္လောင်း (“stream, brook, creek”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*ruŋ",
"3": "*ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ",
"4": "river, valley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (“river, valley”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "sông"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese sông",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "okz",
"2": "*ghloṅ",
"t": "passage, way; waterway"
},
"expansion": "Old Khmer *ghloṅ (“passage, way; waterway”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pac",
"2": "cruang"
},
"expansion": "Pacoh cruang",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "คลอง",
"3": "",
"4": "channel"
},
"expansion": "Thai คลอง (klɔɔng, “channel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cjm",
"2": "krăwng",
"3": "",
"4": "river",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Cham krăwng (“river”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ace",
"2": "kruëng",
"3": "",
"4": "river",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Acehnese kruëng (“river”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "江",
"2": "river"
},
"expansion": "江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "港",
"2": "harbour"
},
"expansion": "港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "谷",
"2": "valley"
},
"expansion": "谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “valley”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*grawk",
"3": "",
"4": "valley"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grawk (“valley”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *klu(ː)ŋ ~ *k(l)uk ~ *klyoŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *kluːŋ (Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972)\nThis word is fairly common in the Mainland Southeast Asian Sprachbund (Matisoff, 1991). The PTB etymon is probably a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (“river, valley”). Compare for instance Vietnamese sông, Old Khmer *ghloṅ (“passage, way; waterway”) and Pacoh cruang. Other borrowings from PMK are Thai คลอง (klɔɔng, “channel”) in Tai-Kadai and Eastern Cham krăwng (“river”), Acehnese kruëng (“river”) in Austronesian.\nIn Chinese there are two kind of reflexes: one with a nasal coda, found in 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) and its derivate 港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”), and one with the correspondent velar stop, reconstructed for 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “valley”).\nThis root appear to be somehow related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grawk (“valley”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "k",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*k)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kl(j)u(ŋ/k)",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "valley",
"word": "grawk"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"river"
],
"links": [
[
"river",
"river"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"valley"
],
"links": [
[
"valley",
"valley"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kl(j)u(ŋ/k)"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kl(j)u(ŋ/k) meaning in All languages combined (5.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.