See k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ meaning in All languages combined (10.5kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "馬"
},
"expansion": "馬／马 (mǎ)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 馬／马 (mǎ) /*mˤraʔ/ (B-S), /*mraːʔ/ (ZS) (\"horse\")"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "(in the oracle bone script)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Assam"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Deng"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhu",
"2": "mɑ³¹ ɹoŋ⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Taraon: mɑ³¹ ɹoŋ⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Taraon: mɑ³¹ ɹoŋ⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kuki-Chin: *raŋ (\"horse\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Chin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnh",
"2": "ràŋ"
},
"expansion": "Lai: ràŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lai: ràŋ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Maraic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lakher [Mara]: /ā rā/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "\"Naga\""
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Naga"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wancho: /man/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨང",
"t": "(archaic, rare) horse"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: རྨང (rmang, “(archaic, rare) horse”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: རྨང (rmang, “(archaic, rare) horse”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zhang-Zhung: /hraŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kanauri: /raɴ/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pattani [Manchati]: /hraŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mahakiranti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cdm",
"2": "sĕraŋ"
},
"expansion": "Chepang: sĕraŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chepang: sĕraŋ"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiangic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pmj",
"2": "zgyɛ̃¹³"
},
"expansion": "Southern Pumi: zgyɛ̃¹³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Pumi: zgyɛ̃¹³"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiang (Longxi): /ʁò/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiang (Mawo): /ɹu/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiang (Mianchi): /ʐòu/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Queyu (Xinlong): /bre¹³/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shixing: /rõ³⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zhaba (Daofu County): /mbʐo¹³/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ero",
"tr": "/ʐɣi/"
},
"expansion": "Horpa: [script needed] (/ʐɣi/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Horpa: [script needed] (/ʐɣi/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-jap",
"2": "mbro"
},
"expansion": "Japhug: mbro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japhug: mbro"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "mbro"
},
"expansion": "Situ: mbro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: mbro /mbroʔ/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-tsh",
"2": "ⁿbri"
},
"expansion": "Tshobdun: ⁿbri",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tshobdun: ⁿbri"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho-Nung-Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kac",
"2": "kum³¹ ʒa³¹"
},
"expansion": "Jingpho: kum³¹ ʒa³¹",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jingpho: kum³¹ ʒa³¹"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nungic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nung: /mɛn³¹/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "duu",
"2": "mɯ³¹ gɯ⁵³"
},
"expansion": "Drung: mɯ³¹ gɯ⁵³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Drung: mɯ³¹ gɯ⁵³"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sak: /məráŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tujia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tujia: /ma⁵³/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*mraŋ²/ (\"horse\") (Matisoff, 2003)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Na (Yongning): /ʐwæ⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bca",
"2": "maix",
"gloss": "horse"
},
"expansion": "maix (“horse”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Bai: maix (“horse”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*maːꟲ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*maːꟲ (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ม้า",
"sc": "Thai",
"tr": "máa"
},
"expansion": "ม้า (máa)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ມ້າ"
},
"expansion": "ມ້າ (mā)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hmn-pro",
"2": "*mjænᴮ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*mjænᴮ (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*mraŋ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*mraŋ (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Benedict (1972)"
},
"expansion": "Benedict (1972)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "морь",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "морь (morʹ, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnc",
"2": "ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "말",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "말 (mal, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "馬",
"pos": "ancient *mma, modern uma, “horse”"
},
"expansion": "馬 (ancient *mma, modern uma, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ain",
"2": "ウンマ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse",
"tr": "umma"
},
"expansion": "ウンマ (umma, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "niv",
"2": "мурӈ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse",
"tr": "murŋ"
},
"expansion": "мурӈ (murŋ, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*marhaz",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *marhaz (“horse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mare"
},
"expansion": "mare",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*markos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *markos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "marc"
},
"expansion": "marc",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oty",
"2": "𑀫𑀸"
},
"expansion": "Old Tamil 𑀫𑀸 (mā)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Sagart et al (2019)"
},
"expansion": "Sagart et al (2019)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྟ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "རྟ (rta, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*rta",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*rta (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *k-m-raŋ ⪤ s-raŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *m-raŋ ⪤ s-raŋ (Weidert, 1987; Benedict, 1972).\nSimilar roots also exist in other families in the region, cf.\n* Languages of Southeast Asia\n** Proto-Tai: *maːꟲ (“horse”), a loan from Middle Chinese, whence Thai ม้า (máa), Lao ມ້າ (mā) (Pittayaporn, 2009)\n** Proto-Hmong: *mjænᴮ (“horse”), possibly a loan from some Tibeto-Burman language\n** Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mraŋ (“horse”), Shorto #707;\nAccording to Benedict (1972), Proto-Mon-Khmer and Proto-Tibeto-Burman forms *m-raŋ and Old Chinese *mraʔ all descended from a plurisyllabic *m()raŋ() of unknown origin; further cf.\n* Languages of Northeast Asia\n** Mongolian: морь (morʹ, “horse”)\n** Manchu: ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”)\n** Korean: 말 (mal, “horse”)\n** Japanese: 馬 (ancient *mma, modern uma, “horse”)\n*** Ainu: ウンマ (umma, “horse”)\n** Nivkh: мурӈ (murŋ, “horse”).\nCompare also Proto-Germanic *marhaz (“horse”) > English mare, Proto-Celtic *markos > Irish marc (Pulleyblank 1966), Nahali māv (\"horse\"), and Old Tamil 𑀫𑀸 (mā).\nSagart et al (2019) contended that Proto-Sino-Tibetan lacked an original word for \"horse\" owing to these reasons:\n*Horses' remains appeared late in archaelogical records from East Asia;\n*A root verb *√raŋ might have yielded various indigenous derivations accounting for the attested forms: prefixation with nominalizers *m- (> Taraon: mɑ31 ɹoŋ55; Sak: məráŋ; Japhug mbro) or *s- (> Chepang sĕraŋ, Bunan ʂaŋs) or ∅ (> Lai Hakha ràŋ).\n*The word in some branches may be a result of \"secondary spread of domesticated horses within the family\". While the forms of some branches exhibit regular sound correspondence, irregular forms like Jingpo kum31 ʒa31 and OC 馬 *mˤraʔ lack nasal endings, indicating that these might've been loaned from a different Sino-Tibetan source language wherein [mraŋ]'s rhyme had become [mrã].\nWritten Tibetan རྟ (rta, “horse”) is from a different proto-Tibeto-Burman source *rta (“horse”) and is hence unrelated.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ"
},
"expansion": "*k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"horse"
],
"id": "en-k-m-raŋ_~_s-raŋ-sit-pro-noun-~WKGK23C",
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Eastern Han Dynasty",
"Mongolian horse",
"Nahali"
]
}
],
"word": "k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "馬"
},
"expansion": "馬／马 (mǎ)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 馬／马 (mǎ) /*mˤraʔ/ (B-S), /*mraːʔ/ (ZS) (\"horse\")"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "(in the oracle bone script)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Assam"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Deng"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhu",
"2": "mɑ³¹ ɹoŋ⁵⁵"
},
"expansion": "Taraon: mɑ³¹ ɹoŋ⁵⁵",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Taraon: mɑ³¹ ɹoŋ⁵⁵"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kuki-Chin: *raŋ (\"horse\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Chin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnh",
"2": "ràŋ"
},
"expansion": "Lai: ràŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lai: ràŋ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Maraic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lakher [Mara]: /ā rā/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "\"Naga\""
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Naga"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wancho: /man/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྨང",
"t": "(archaic, rare) horse"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: རྨང (rmang, “(archaic, rare) horse”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: རྨང (rmang, “(archaic, rare) horse”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zhang-Zhung: /hraŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kanauri: /raɴ/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pattani [Manchati]: /hraŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mahakiranti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cdm",
"2": "sĕraŋ"
},
"expansion": "Chepang: sĕraŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chepang: sĕraŋ"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiangic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pmj",
"2": "zgyɛ̃¹³"
},
"expansion": "Southern Pumi: zgyɛ̃¹³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Pumi: zgyɛ̃¹³"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiang (Longxi): /ʁò/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiang (Mawo): /ɹu/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Qiang (Mianchi): /ʐòu/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Queyu (Xinlong): /bre¹³/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shixing: /rõ³⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zhaba (Daofu County): /mbʐo¹³/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ero",
"tr": "/ʐɣi/"
},
"expansion": "Horpa: [script needed] (/ʐɣi/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Horpa: [script needed] (/ʐɣi/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-jap",
"2": "mbro"
},
"expansion": "Japhug: mbro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Japhug: mbro"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "mbro"
},
"expansion": "Situ: mbro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: mbro /mbroʔ/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-tsh",
"2": "ⁿbri"
},
"expansion": "Tshobdun: ⁿbri",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tshobdun: ⁿbri"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho-Nung-Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kac",
"2": "kum³¹ ʒa³¹"
},
"expansion": "Jingpho: kum³¹ ʒa³¹",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jingpho: kum³¹ ʒa³¹"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nungic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nung: /mɛn³¹/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "duu",
"2": "mɯ³¹ gɯ⁵³"
},
"expansion": "Drung: mɯ³¹ gɯ⁵³",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Drung: mɯ³¹ gɯ⁵³"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sak: /məráŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tujia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tujia: /ma⁵³/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*mraŋ²/ (\"horse\") (Matisoff, 2003)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Na (Yongning): /ʐwæ⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bca",
"2": "maix",
"gloss": "horse"
},
"expansion": "maix (“horse”)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Bai: maix (“horse”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "*maːꟲ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*maːꟲ (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ม้า",
"sc": "Thai",
"tr": "máa"
},
"expansion": "ม้า (máa)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ມ້າ"
},
"expansion": "ມ້າ (mā)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hmn-pro",
"2": "*mjænᴮ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*mjænᴮ (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*mraŋ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*mraŋ (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Benedict (1972)"
},
"expansion": "Benedict (1972)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "морь",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "морь (morʹ, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnc",
"2": "ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "말",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "말 (mal, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "馬",
"pos": "ancient *mma, modern uma, “horse”"
},
"expansion": "馬 (ancient *mma, modern uma, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ain",
"2": "ウンマ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse",
"tr": "umma"
},
"expansion": "ウンマ (umma, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "niv",
"2": "мурӈ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse",
"tr": "murŋ"
},
"expansion": "мурӈ (murŋ, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*marhaz",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *marhaz (“horse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mare"
},
"expansion": "mare",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*markos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *markos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "marc"
},
"expansion": "marc",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oty",
"2": "𑀫𑀸"
},
"expansion": "Old Tamil 𑀫𑀸 (mā)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Sagart et al (2019)"
},
"expansion": "Sagart et al (2019)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྟ",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "རྟ (rta, “horse”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "*rta",
"3": "",
"4": "horse"
},
"expansion": "*rta (“horse”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *k-m-raŋ ⪤ s-raŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *m-raŋ ⪤ s-raŋ (Weidert, 1987; Benedict, 1972).\nSimilar roots also exist in other families in the region, cf.\n* Languages of Southeast Asia\n** Proto-Tai: *maːꟲ (“horse”), a loan from Middle Chinese, whence Thai ม้า (máa), Lao ມ້າ (mā) (Pittayaporn, 2009)\n** Proto-Hmong: *mjænᴮ (“horse”), possibly a loan from some Tibeto-Burman language\n** Proto-Mon-Khmer: *mraŋ (“horse”), Shorto #707;\nAccording to Benedict (1972), Proto-Mon-Khmer and Proto-Tibeto-Burman forms *m-raŋ and Old Chinese *mraʔ all descended from a plurisyllabic *m()raŋ() of unknown origin; further cf.\n* Languages of Northeast Asia\n** Mongolian: морь (morʹ, “horse”)\n** Manchu: ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”)\n** Korean: 말 (mal, “horse”)\n** Japanese: 馬 (ancient *mma, modern uma, “horse”)\n*** Ainu: ウンマ (umma, “horse”)\n** Nivkh: мурӈ (murŋ, “horse”).\nCompare also Proto-Germanic *marhaz (“horse”) > English mare, Proto-Celtic *markos > Irish marc (Pulleyblank 1966), Nahali māv (\"horse\"), and Old Tamil 𑀫𑀸 (mā).\nSagart et al (2019) contended that Proto-Sino-Tibetan lacked an original word for \"horse\" owing to these reasons:\n*Horses' remains appeared late in archaelogical records from East Asia;\n*A root verb *√raŋ might have yielded various indigenous derivations accounting for the attested forms: prefixation with nominalizers *m- (> Taraon: mɑ31 ɹoŋ55; Sak: məráŋ; Japhug mbro) or *s- (> Chepang sĕraŋ, Bunan ʂaŋs) or ∅ (> Lai Hakha ràŋ).\n*The word in some branches may be a result of \"secondary spread of domesticated horses within the family\". While the forms of some branches exhibit regular sound correspondence, irregular forms like Jingpo kum31 ʒa31 and OC 馬 *mˤraʔ lack nasal endings, indicating that these might've been loaned from a different Sino-Tibetan source language wherein [mraŋ]'s rhyme had become [mrã].\nWritten Tibetan རྟ (rta, “horse”) is from a different proto-Tibeto-Burman source *rta (“horse”) and is hence unrelated.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ"
},
"expansion": "*k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with redundant head parameter",
"sit-pro:Animals"
],
"glosses": [
"horse"
],
"links": [
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Eastern Han Dynasty",
"Mongolian horse",
"Nahali"
]
}
],
"word": "k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.