See induration on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "induracioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English induracioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "induracion",
"4": "",
"5": "hardness, obstinacy"
},
"expansion": "Old French induracion (“hardness, obstinacy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "induratiō"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin induratiō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English induracioun, from Old French induracion (“hardness, obstinacy”) or directly from Medieval Latin induratiō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "indurations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "induration (countable and uncountable, plural indurations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980. Anthony Burgess, Earthly Powers",
"text": "The voice was harder than I had known, and not only in stony reaction to long floods of wholly just selfpity, also roughened with gin and smoke, perhaps also assimilated to New York induration, the hardness of culture as well as of pain."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hardness."
],
"id": "en-induration-en-noun-BF9GCFHs",
"links": [
[
"Hardness",
"hardness"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Process of becoming hard."
],
"id": "en-induration-en-noun-Gv2Y3VYX",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 2 17 28 29 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 18 29 32 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration."
],
"id": "en-induration-en-noun-nONmPS82",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"inflammation",
"inflammation"
],
[
"neoplastic",
"neoplastic"
],
[
"infiltration",
"infiltration"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 2 57 31 5 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavane",
"sense": "medical: hardening of an area of the body",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "втвърдяване"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 57 31 5 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medical: hardening of an area of the body",
"word": "kovettuminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 57 31 5 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "medical: hardening of an area of the body",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "stwardnienie"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 2 17 28 29 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 18 29 32 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2005. Kimura, et al. \"Comparison of erythema and induration as results of tuberculin tests.\" Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(8):853-7. PMID 16104630",
"text": "Both erythema and induration appear to be adequate indices of tuberculin sensitivity."
},
{
"ref": "2005. Race, et al. \"Painful nodule with induration and spreading erythema.\" Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 2005;18(4):401–404",
"text": "The erythema had spread to 20 cm, and the central induration had spread to 9 cm."
}
],
"glosses": [
"An area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction. Most often this term is used to describe dermatologic findings."
],
"id": "en-induration-en-noun-dBYPVbC7",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"dermatologic",
"dermatologic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) An area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction. Most often this term is used to describe dermatologic findings."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 2 17 28 29 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 18 18 38 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 23 24 32 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 18 29 32 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 15 20 41 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 15 21 40 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 16 22 35 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "\"Induration is a measure of rock \"strength\" and is defined as the ratio of the measured frame modulus to the maximum frame modulus allowed by the Gassmann-Biot model.\" Spratt, R. S.; Goins, N. R. and Fitch, T. J. (1993) \"Pseudo-shear — The analysis of AVO.\" Castagna, John P. and Backus, Milo M. (eds.) Offset-Dependent Reflectivity — Theory and Practice of AVO Analysis. Series: Investigation in Geophysics volume 8. Tulsa : Society of Exploration Geophysicistspp. 37-56, page 37, isbn 978-1-56080-059-0."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The quality of non-friability; the extent to which a rock does not crumble; rock strength."
],
"id": "en-induration-en-noun-M4N3OUQg",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"friability",
"friability"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) The quality of non-friability; the extent to which a rock does not crumble; rock strength."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "en:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 2 17 28 29 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 18 29 32 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "\"Induration of carbonate rocks proceeds predominately in the early stages (prior to diagenesis) by compaction and expulsion of fluids.\" Whittaker, Alun (1985) Formation Evaluation: Geological Procedures Dordrecht : Springer Verlag page 104, isbn 978-94-010-8861-9."
},
{
"text": "\"At a given degree of induration, massive rocks of sandstone, siltstone, and limestone are the strongest, while shaly rocks with more or less parallel, closely spaced separation surfaces created during sedimentation in thin layers are the weakest.\" Committee on Underground Coal Mine Safety (1982) Toward Safer Underground Coal Mines Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, page 32, isbn 978-0-309-03298-8."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The process of the strengthening of rocks by heating, compaction or cementation, or a combination thereof."
],
"id": "en-induration-en-noun-tk0ZinYc",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) The process of the strengthening of rocks by heating, compaction or cementation, or a combination thereof."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪndjʊˈɹeɪʃən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "enduration"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 2 34 35 13 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medical: hardened area of the body",
"word": "kovettuma"
}
],
"word": "induration"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "induratiō",
"4": "indurātiōnem"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin indurātiōnem",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin indurātiōnem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "indurations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "induration f (plural indurations)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "fr:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"induration, (hardening of tissue)"
],
"id": "en-induration-fr-noun-DrdmCanX",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"induration",
"induration#English"
],
[
"hardening",
"hardening"
],
[
"tissue",
"tissue"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) induration, (hardening of tissue)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ̃.dy.ʁa.sjɔ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-induration.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "induration"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "induracioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English induracioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "induracion",
"4": "",
"5": "hardness, obstinacy"
},
"expansion": "Old French induracion (“hardness, obstinacy”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "induratiō"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin induratiō",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English induracioun, from Old French induracion (“hardness, obstinacy”) or directly from Medieval Latin induratiō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "indurations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "induration (countable and uncountable, plural indurations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980. Anthony Burgess, Earthly Powers",
"text": "The voice was harder than I had known, and not only in stony reaction to long floods of wholly just selfpity, also roughened with gin and smoke, perhaps also assimilated to New York induration, the hardness of culture as well as of pain."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hardness."
],
"links": [
[
"Hardness",
"hardness"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Process of becoming hard."
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"Hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"inflammation",
"inflammation"
],
[
"neoplastic",
"neoplastic"
],
[
"infiltration",
"infiltration"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Medicine"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2005. Kimura, et al. \"Comparison of erythema and induration as results of tuberculin tests.\" Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9(8):853-7. PMID 16104630",
"text": "Both erythema and induration appear to be adequate indices of tuberculin sensitivity."
},
{
"ref": "2005. Race, et al. \"Painful nodule with induration and spreading erythema.\" Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 2005;18(4):401–404",
"text": "The erythema had spread to 20 cm, and the central induration had spread to 9 cm."
}
],
"glosses": [
"An area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction. Most often this term is used to describe dermatologic findings."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"dermatologic",
"dermatologic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) An area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction. Most often this term is used to describe dermatologic findings."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "\"Induration is a measure of rock \"strength\" and is defined as the ratio of the measured frame modulus to the maximum frame modulus allowed by the Gassmann-Biot model.\" Spratt, R. S.; Goins, N. R. and Fitch, T. J. (1993) \"Pseudo-shear — The analysis of AVO.\" Castagna, John P. and Backus, Milo M. (eds.) Offset-Dependent Reflectivity — Theory and Practice of AVO Analysis. Series: Investigation in Geophysics volume 8. Tulsa : Society of Exploration Geophysicistspp. 37-56, page 37, isbn 978-1-56080-059-0."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The quality of non-friability; the extent to which a rock does not crumble; rock strength."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"friability",
"friability"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) The quality of non-friability; the extent to which a rock does not crumble; rock strength."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "\"Induration of carbonate rocks proceeds predominately in the early stages (prior to diagenesis) by compaction and expulsion of fluids.\" Whittaker, Alun (1985) Formation Evaluation: Geological Procedures Dordrecht : Springer Verlag page 104, isbn 978-94-010-8861-9."
},
{
"text": "\"At a given degree of induration, massive rocks of sandstone, siltstone, and limestone are the strongest, while shaly rocks with more or less parallel, closely spaced separation surfaces created during sedimentation in thin layers are the weakest.\" Committee on Underground Coal Mine Safety (1982) Toward Safer Underground Coal Mines Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, page 32, isbn 978-0-309-03298-8."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The process of the strengthening of rocks by heating, compaction or cementation, or a combination thereof."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) The process of the strengthening of rocks by heating, compaction or cementation, or a combination thereof."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪndjʊˈɹeɪʃən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "enduration"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavane",
"sense": "medical: hardening of an area of the body",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "втвърдяване"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medical: hardening of an area of the body",
"word": "kovettuminen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "medical: hardening of an area of the body",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "stwardnienie"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medical: hardened area of the body",
"word": "kovettuma"
}
],
"word": "induration"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "induratiō",
"4": "indurātiōnem"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin indurātiōnem",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin indurātiōnem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "indurations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "induration f (plural indurations)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 4-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
"French lemmas",
"French nouns",
"French terms borrowed from Medieval Latin",
"French terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"fr:Medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"induration, (hardening of tissue)"
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"induration",
"induration#English"
],
[
"hardening",
"hardening"
],
[
"tissue",
"tissue"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) induration, (hardening of tissue)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛ̃.dy.ʁa.sjɔ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-induration.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-induration.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "induration"
}
Download raw JSONL data for induration meaning in All languages combined (7.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.