"imkal" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bbl",
            "2": "აქლამ",
            "g": "cdd",
            "unc": "1"
          },
          "expansion": ">? Bats: აქლამ class dd (aklam)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "< obl. <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"cau-nkh-pro\">*amkal-</i>"
          },
          "expansion": "(< obl. *amkal-)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": ">? Bats: აქლამ class dd (aklam) (< obl. *amkal-)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Vainakh:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ce",
            "2": "эмкал",
            "g": "cjj"
          },
          "expansion": "Chechen: эмкал class jj (emkal)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "< obl. <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"cau-nkh-pro\">*amkal-</i>"
          },
          "expansion": "(< obl. *amkal-)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Chechen: эмкал class jj (emkal) (< obl. *amkal-)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "inh",
            "2": "инкал",
            "g": "cjj"
          },
          "expansion": "Ingush: инкал class jj (inkal)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ingush: инкал class jj (inkal)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "აქლემი"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "جَمَل"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic جَمَل (jamal)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κᾰ́μηλος"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κᾰ́μηλος (kắmēlos)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "oṅkaläm",
        "t": "elephant"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "",
        "3": "эмкалан"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen эмкалан (emkalan)",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Compare with Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi), Arabic جَمَل (jamal), Ancient Greek κᾰ́μηλος (kắmēlos) and Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”).\nDutch linguist Peter Schrijver, reconstructs the oblique stem *amkil- for the Chechen reflex. However, Uslar’s work contains a form in the genitive singular емкелің with -e- in the second syllable:\n* *amkaliᶰ (assimilation 1) > *amkeliᶰ (assimilation 2) > *emkeliᶰ (reduction) > Chechen эмкалан (emkalan).\nTherefore, there is no need to reconstruct an oblique stem with *i, cf. *He (“steam”).\nThe Chechen paradigm was aligned (after the second assimilation) on an oblique stem, whereas the Ingush paradigm was aligned on a direct stem. Where Chechen dialects had no assimilation phenomenon, the form анкал (ankal) is present, i.e. the paradigm also aligned on an oblique stem. In Ingush there has been an assimilation of *-mk- to -nk-. The Bats form was probably also aligned on an oblique stem and heavily influenced by the Georgian form აქლემი (aklemi), but borrowing cannot be ruled out. On this subject, Schrijver writes: “<…> but there is no apparent reason why aklem- should have become Batsbi aklam. In general, Batsbi has many instances of the sequence a - e, e.g. bader ‘child’, pχaner ‘shoulder’, sakʾer ‘neck’. It is perhaps conceivable that aklam represents a cross between borrowed aklem- and the native Nakh stem amkal-.”\nIn Schiefner’s work on Chechen, the Bats form ამქელ (amkel) is presented, which seems to be a misprint, copying the Chechen form and changing the letter. Whereas in his work on Bats has a completely different form, which has been attested by other dictionaries.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "amkal-",
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cau-nkh-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "stem",
        "4": "*amkal-"
      },
      "expansion": "*imkal (stem *amkal-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Nakh",
  "lang_code": "cau-nkh-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Nakh/imkal",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Nakh entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "camel"
      ],
      "id": "en-imkal-cau-nkh-pro-noun-SBJYXpRJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "camel",
          "camel"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Peter Schrijver"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "imkal"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bbl",
            "2": "აქლამ",
            "g": "cdd",
            "unc": "1"
          },
          "expansion": ">? Bats: აქლამ class dd (aklam)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "< obl. <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"cau-nkh-pro\">*amkal-</i>"
          },
          "expansion": "(< obl. *amkal-)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": ">? Bats: აქლამ class dd (aklam) (< obl. *amkal-)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Vainakh:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ce",
            "2": "эмкал",
            "g": "cjj"
          },
          "expansion": "Chechen: эмкал class jj (emkal)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "< obl. <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"cau-nkh-pro\">*amkal-</i>"
          },
          "expansion": "(< obl. *amkal-)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Chechen: эмкал class jj (emkal) (< obl. *amkal-)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "inh",
            "2": "инкал",
            "g": "cjj"
          },
          "expansion": "Ingush: инкал class jj (inkal)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ingush: инкал class jj (inkal)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "oge",
        "2": "აქლემი"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "جَمَل"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic جَمَل (jamal)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "κᾰ́μηλος"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek κᾰ́μηλος (kắmēlos)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "oṅkaläm",
        "t": "elephant"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”)",
      "name": "ncog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ce",
        "2": "",
        "3": "эмкалан"
      },
      "expansion": "Chechen эмкалан (emkalan)",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Compare with Old Georgian აქლემი (aklemi), Arabic جَمَل (jamal), Ancient Greek κᾰ́μηλος (kắmēlos) and Tocharian A oṅkaläm (“elephant”).\nDutch linguist Peter Schrijver, reconstructs the oblique stem *amkil- for the Chechen reflex. However, Uslar’s work contains a form in the genitive singular емкелің with -e- in the second syllable:\n* *amkaliᶰ (assimilation 1) > *amkeliᶰ (assimilation 2) > *emkeliᶰ (reduction) > Chechen эмкалан (emkalan).\nTherefore, there is no need to reconstruct an oblique stem with *i, cf. *He (“steam”).\nThe Chechen paradigm was aligned (after the second assimilation) on an oblique stem, whereas the Ingush paradigm was aligned on a direct stem. Where Chechen dialects had no assimilation phenomenon, the form анкал (ankal) is present, i.e. the paradigm also aligned on an oblique stem. In Ingush there has been an assimilation of *-mk- to -nk-. The Bats form was probably also aligned on an oblique stem and heavily influenced by the Georgian form აქლემი (aklemi), but borrowing cannot be ruled out. On this subject, Schrijver writes: “<…> but there is no apparent reason why aklem- should have become Batsbi aklam. In general, Batsbi has many instances of the sequence a - e, e.g. bader ‘child’, pχaner ‘shoulder’, sakʾer ‘neck’. It is perhaps conceivable that aklam represents a cross between borrowed aklem- and the native Nakh stem amkal-.”\nIn Schiefner’s work on Chechen, the Bats form ამქელ (amkel) is presented, which seems to be a misprint, copying the Chechen form and changing the letter. Whereas in his work on Bats has a completely different form, which has been attested by other dictionaries.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "amkal-",
      "tags": [
        "stem"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cau-nkh-pro",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "stem",
        "4": "*amkal-"
      },
      "expansion": "*imkal (stem *amkal-)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Nakh",
  "lang_code": "cau-nkh-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Nakh/imkal",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Nakh entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Nakh lemmas",
        "Proto-Nakh nouns",
        "Requests for transliteration of Russian quotations"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "camel"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "camel",
          "camel"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Peter Schrijver"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "imkal"
}