See g-sum on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 三 /*srum/ (\"three\"), /*s.rəm-s/ (\"thrice\")"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "FOUR"
},
"expansion": "FOUR",
"name": "monospace"
}
],
"text": "Note: The initial *sr- in Old Chinese irregularly developed into Middle Chinese *s- (not the expected *ʃ-), possibly due to influence by the next numeral 四 (sì) (*s.l- > s-) (⇒ *b-ləj), FOUR."
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Thai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lao",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Proto-Tai",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"tai-pro\">*saːm</i> (“three”) (whence Thai <i class=\"Thai mention\" lang=\"th\">สาม</i> (sǎam), Lao <i class=\"Laoo mention\" lang=\"lo\">ສາມ</i> (sām))",
"l": "y"
},
"expansion": "→Proto-Tai: *saːm (“three”) (whence Thai สาม (sǎam), Lao ສາມ (sām))",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Proto-Tai: *saːm (“three”) (whence Thai สาม (sǎam), Lao ສາມ (sām))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 三 (\"three\") (sān, /san⁵⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Chengdu: 三 /san⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Guangzhou: 三 /säːm⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Taishan: 三 /ɬam³³/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hakka"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sixian: 三 /sam²⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Meixian: 三 /sam⁴⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 三 /se̞⁵³/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Fuzhou: 三 /saŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jian'ou: 三 /saŋ⁵⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan-hbl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hokkien:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hokkien:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Quanzhou: 三 /sã³³/ (colloquial), /sam³³/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Taipei: 三 /sã⁴⁴/ (colloquial), /sam⁴⁴/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan-tws",
"2": "三"
},
"expansion": "Teochew: 三",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Teochew: 三 /sã³³/ (colloquial), /sam³³/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "\"North Assam\""
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tani"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*ɦum/ (\"three\") (Sun, 1993)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kuki-Chin"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*thum/ (\"three\") (VanBik, 2009)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "\"Naga\""
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Naga/Konyak"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "*C̬-sum (“three”) (French, 1983)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangkhulic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*tʰum/ (\"three\") (Mortensen, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "གསུམ",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: གསུམ (gsum, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: གསུམ (gsum, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Tibetan (Lhasa): /sum˥˥/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Bodish:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xkz",
"2": "སུམ"
},
"expansion": "Kurtöp: སུམ (sum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kurtöp: སུམ (sum)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lep",
"2": "ᰠᰦᰮ",
"sc": "Lepc",
"t": "three",
"tr": "sám"
},
"expansion": "Lepcha: ᰠᰦᰮ (sám, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lepcha: ᰠᰦᰮ (sám, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tamangic/West Bodish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ᴮsom (“three”) (Mazaudon, 1994)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Newar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Newar (Dolakhali): सों (sõ, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Newar (Kathmandu): सो (swɔ, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mahakiranti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kiranti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Kiranti = Rai"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lif",
"2": "ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Limbu: ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ (sumsi, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limbu: ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ (sumsi, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𘕕",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𘕕 (*sọ¹, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𘕕 (*sọ¹, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "kəsam"
},
"expansion": "Situ: kəsam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: kəsam"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho-Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho [Kachin]: masum (“three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "gittim",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Garo: gittim (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "probably"
},
"expansion": "(probably)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Garo: gittim (“three”) (probably)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trp",
"2": "tham",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Kokborok: tham (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kokborok: tham (“three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "သုံး",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: သုံး (sum:, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: သုံး (sum:, “three”) /θóʊɴ/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-lol-pro",
"2": "*C-sum²",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Loloish: *C-sum² (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Loloish: *C-sum² (“three”) (Bradley, 1979)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꌕ (suo, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lisu (Southern): ꓢꓺ (sɑ̱, “three”) (ꓢꓽ (sɑ̀) / ꓢꓼ (sɑ̱̀) before most mid tone classifiers)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*səmᴬ",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *səmᴬ (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *səmᴬ (“three”) (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "သၢ"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: သၢ (thuh)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: သၢ (thuh)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "blk",
"2": "သွံ"
},
"expansion": "Pa'o Karen: သွံ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pa'o Karen: သွံ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "ၥၧၫ့"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: ၥၧၫ့",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: ၥၧၫ့"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kyu",
"2": "ꤞꤛꤣ꤭"
},
"expansion": "Western Kayah: ꤞꤛꤣ꤭ (thūeoe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Kayah: ꤞꤛꤣ꤭ (thūeoe)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bai: sanl (“three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-khb-pro",
"2": "*um"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kho-Bwa: *um",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kho-Bwa: *um (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "THREE"
},
"expansion": "THREE",
"name": "monospace"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g-sum (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *g-sum (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; LaPolla, 1987)\nThis is perhaps the most stable numeral in Proto-Sino-Tibetan, with virtually no daughter language failing to show some reflex of this root. This stability can be attributed to various factors: the stability of the consonants \"s\" and \"m\", and the saliency of the numeral THREE itself. The velar prefix g/k- is the only prefix reconstructable for this root (another manifestation of well-preservedness); this is of course disregarding other prefixes in modern languages which resulted from an innovative prefix run in all of the lower numerals, for example Jingpho (m- in 3-5).\nSome languages also show /a/ vocalism (e.g. Chinese), which some dismiss (somewhat unconvincingly) as secondary development. It is very likely that ablaut of *u ~ *a existed in the proto-language, i.e. *g-sum ⪤ *g-sam, analogous to *b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ (“fragrance”) (Matisoff, 1997).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*g-sum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/g-sum",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"three"
],
"id": "en-g-sum-sit-pro-num-i1udsME9",
"links": [
[
"three",
"three"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "g-sum"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 三 /*srum/ (\"three\"), /*s.rəm-s/ (\"thrice\")"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "FOUR"
},
"expansion": "FOUR",
"name": "monospace"
}
],
"text": "Note: The initial *sr- in Old Chinese irregularly developed into Middle Chinese *s- (not the expected *ʃ-), possibly due to influence by the next numeral 四 (sì) (*s.l- > s-) (⇒ *b-ləj), FOUR."
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tai-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Thai",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lao",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Proto-Tai",
"2": "<i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"tai-pro\">*saːm</i> (“three”) (whence Thai <i class=\"Thai mention\" lang=\"th\">สาม</i> (sǎam), Lao <i class=\"Laoo mention\" lang=\"lo\">ສາມ</i> (sām))",
"l": "y"
},
"expansion": "→Proto-Tai: *saːm (“three”) (whence Thai สาม (sǎam), Lao ສາມ (sām))",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Proto-Tai: *saːm (“three”) (whence Thai สาม (sǎam), Lao ສາມ (sām))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 三 (\"three\") (sān, /san⁵⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Chengdu: 三 /san⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Guangzhou: 三 /säːm⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Taishan: 三 /ɬam³³/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hakka"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sixian: 三 /sam²⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Meixian: 三 /sam⁴⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 三 /se̞⁵³/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Fuzhou: 三 /saŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jian'ou: 三 /saŋ⁵⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan-hbl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hokkien:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hokkien:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Quanzhou: 三 /sã³³/ (colloquial), /sam³³/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Taipei: 三 /sã⁴⁴/ (colloquial), /sam⁴⁴/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan-tws",
"2": "三"
},
"expansion": "Teochew: 三",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Teochew: 三 /sã³³/ (colloquial), /sam³³/ (literary)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kamarupan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "\"North Assam\""
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tani"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*ɦum/ (\"three\") (Sun, 1993)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kuki-Chin"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*thum/ (\"three\") (VanBik, 2009)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "\"Naga\""
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Naga/Konyak"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "*C̬-sum (“three”) (French, 1983)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangkhulic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "/*tʰum/ (\"three\") (Mortensen, 2012)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "གསུམ",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: གསུམ (gsum, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: གསུམ (gsum, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Tibetan (Lhasa): /sum˥˥/"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Bodish:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xkz",
"2": "སུམ"
},
"expansion": "Kurtöp: སུམ (sum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kurtöp: སུམ (sum)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lep",
"2": "ᰠᰦᰮ",
"sc": "Lepc",
"t": "three",
"tr": "sám"
},
"expansion": "Lepcha: ᰠᰦᰮ (sám, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lepcha: ᰠᰦᰮ (sám, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tamangic/West Bodish"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ᴮsom (“three”) (Mazaudon, 1994)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Newar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Newar (Dolakhali): सों (sõ, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Newar (Kathmandu): सो (swɔ, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Mahakiranti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kiranti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Kiranti = Rai"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lif",
"2": "ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Limbu: ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ (sumsi, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limbu: ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ (sumsi, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𘕕",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𘕕 (*sọ¹, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𘕕 (*sọ¹, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "kəsam"
},
"expansion": "Situ: kəsam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: kəsam"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho-Asakian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Jingpho [Kachin]: masum (“three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sal"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodo-Garo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grt",
"2": "gittim",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Garo: gittim (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "probably"
},
"expansion": "(probably)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Garo: gittim (“three”) (probably)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trp",
"2": "tham",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Kokborok: tham (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kokborok: tham (“three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "သုံး",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: သုံး (sum:, “three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: သုံး (sum:, “three”) /θóʊɴ/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-lol-pro",
"2": "*C-sum²",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Loloish: *C-sum² (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Loloish: *C-sum² (“three”) (Bradley, 1979)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꌕ (suo, “three”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lisu (Southern): ꓢꓺ (sɑ̱, “three”) (ꓢꓽ (sɑ̀) / ꓢꓼ (sɑ̱̀) before most mid tone classifiers)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*səmᴬ",
"t": "three"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *səmᴬ (“three”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *səmᴬ (“three”) (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ksw",
"2": "သၢ"
},
"expansion": "S'gaw Karen: သၢ (thuh)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "S'gaw Karen: သၢ (thuh)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "blk",
"2": "သွံ"
},
"expansion": "Pa'o Karen: သွံ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pa'o Karen: သွံ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pwo",
"2": "ၥၧၫ့"
},
"expansion": "Western Pwo: ၥၧၫ့",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Pwo: ၥၧၫ့"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kyu",
"2": "ꤞꤛꤣ꤭"
},
"expansion": "Western Kayah: ꤞꤛꤣ꤭ (thūeoe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Western Kayah: ꤞꤛꤣ꤭ (thūeoe)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bai: sanl (“three”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-khb-pro",
"2": "*um"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kho-Bwa: *um",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kho-Bwa: *um (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "THREE"
},
"expansion": "THREE",
"name": "monospace"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g-sum (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *g-sum (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; LaPolla, 1987)\nThis is perhaps the most stable numeral in Proto-Sino-Tibetan, with virtually no daughter language failing to show some reflex of this root. This stability can be attributed to various factors: the stability of the consonants \"s\" and \"m\", and the saliency of the numeral THREE itself. The velar prefix g/k- is the only prefix reconstructable for this root (another manifestation of well-preservedness); this is of course disregarding other prefixes in modern languages which resulted from an innovative prefix run in all of the lower numerals, for example Jingpho (m- in 3-5).\nSome languages also show /a/ vocalism (e.g. Chinese), which some dismiss (somewhat unconvincingly) as secondary development. It is very likely that ablaut of *u ~ *a existed in the proto-language, i.e. *g-sum ⪤ *g-sam, analogous to *b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ (“fragrance”) (Matisoff, 1997).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "numeral"
},
"expansion": "*g-sum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/g-sum",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan numerals",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"three"
],
"links": [
[
"three",
"three"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "g-sum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for g-sum meaning in All languages combined (10.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.