See cratch on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for cratch meaning in All languages combined (8.5kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cratchen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cratchen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cracchen",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "cracchen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "*cratsen",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "*cratsen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "*kratsa"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse *kratsa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "kratsen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German kratsen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "krassen",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "krassen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "goh",
"3": "krazzōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German krazzōn",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "crazōn",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "crazōn (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krattōną",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krattōną (“to scratch”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gred-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gred-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*grod-",
"t": "to scratch, scrape"
},
"expansion": "*grod- (“to scratch, scrape”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "krota",
"3": "",
"4": "to engrave"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic krota (“to engrave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "krassa",
"3": "",
"4": "to scrawl"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic krassa (“to scrawl”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kradse",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch, scrape, claw"
},
"expansion": "Danish kradse (“to scratch, scrape, claw”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kratsa",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kratsa (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kratsen",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kratsen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kratzen",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "German kratzen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "gërresë",
"t": "rasp, scraper"
},
"expansion": "Albanian gërresë (“rasp, scraper”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cratchen, cracchen (“to scratch”), alteration of *cratsen (“to scratch”), from Old Norse *kratsa or Middle Low German kratsen, krassen (“to scratch”), both ultimately from Old High German krazzōn, crazōn (“to scratch”), from Proto-Germanic *krattōną (“to scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gred-, *grod- (“to scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Icelandic krota (“to engrave”). Compare also Icelandic krassa (“to scrawl”), Danish kradse (“to scratch, scrape, claw”), Swedish kratsa (“to scratch”), Dutch kratsen (“to scratch”), German kratzen (“to scratch”), and Albanian gërresë (“rasp, scraper”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cratches",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cratching",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cratched",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cratched",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cratch (third-person singular simple present cratches, present participle cratching, simple past and past participle cratched)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A good pair of nails to cratch and claw.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To scratch."
],
"id": "en-cratch-en-verb-ELMmLkb2",
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To scratch."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæt͡ʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ætʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cratch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "cratch"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cratch cradle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cratche"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cratche",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cracche"
},
"expansion": "cracche",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "crecche",
"3": "",
"4": "crib"
},
"expansion": "crecche (“crib”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "creche",
"4": "",
"5": "crib, manger"
},
"expansion": "Old French creche (“crib, manger”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*krippjā"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *krippjā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frk",
"2": "*kribbjā",
"t": "crib"
},
"expansion": "*kribbjā (“crib”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kribjǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "creche"
},
"expansion": "creche",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crib"
},
"expansion": "crib",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cratche, cracche, crecche (“crib”), from Old French creche (“crib, manger”), from Frankish *krippjā, *kribbjā (“crib”), from Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ. More at creche, crib.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cratches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cratch (plural cratches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1596, Edmund Spenser, A Hymne of Heavenly Love",
"text": "Begin from first where He encradled was, / In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A grated crib or manger."
],
"id": "en-cratch-en-noun-en:crib",
"links": [
[
"crib",
"crib"
],
[
"manger",
"manger"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A grated crib or manger."
],
"senseid": [
"en:crib"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "28 68 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, Gervis Frere-Cook, The decorative arts of the mariner",
"text": "The fore-end of the cargo space terminates in a triangular board, called the cratch, raised to the same height as the cabin roof and connected to it […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The vertical planks at the forward end of the hold of a traditional English narrowboat which constrain the cargo and support the top plank or walkway."
],
"id": "en-cratch-en-noun-jMua0-ze",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) The vertical planks at the forward end of the hold of a traditional English narrowboat which constrain the cargo and support the top plank or walkway."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæt͡ʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ætʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cratch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "cratch"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"forms": [
{
"form": "cratches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cratch (plural cratches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A swelling on a horse's pastern, under the fetlock."
],
"id": "en-cratch-en-noun-pBhaPDFc",
"links": [
[
"swelling",
"swelling"
],
[
"horse",
"horse"
],
[
"pastern",
"pastern"
],
[
"fetlock",
"fetlock"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæt͡ʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ætʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cratch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "cratch"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle Low German",
"English terms derived from Old High German",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ætʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ætʃ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cratchen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cratchen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cracchen",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "cracchen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "*cratsen",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "*cratsen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "*kratsa"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse *kratsa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "kratsen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German kratsen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "krassen",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "krassen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "goh",
"3": "krazzōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German krazzōn",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "crazōn",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "crazōn (“to scratch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krattōną",
"t": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krattōną (“to scratch”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gred-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gred-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*grod-",
"t": "to scratch, scrape"
},
"expansion": "*grod- (“to scratch, scrape”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "krota",
"3": "",
"4": "to engrave"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic krota (“to engrave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "krassa",
"3": "",
"4": "to scrawl"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic krassa (“to scrawl”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kradse",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch, scrape, claw"
},
"expansion": "Danish kradse (“to scratch, scrape, claw”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kratsa",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kratsa (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kratsen",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kratsen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kratzen",
"3": "",
"4": "to scratch"
},
"expansion": "German kratzen (“to scratch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "gërresë",
"t": "rasp, scraper"
},
"expansion": "Albanian gërresë (“rasp, scraper”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cratchen, cracchen (“to scratch”), alteration of *cratsen (“to scratch”), from Old Norse *kratsa or Middle Low German kratsen, krassen (“to scratch”), both ultimately from Old High German krazzōn, crazōn (“to scratch”), from Proto-Germanic *krattōną (“to scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gred-, *grod- (“to scratch, scrape”). Cognate with Icelandic krota (“to engrave”). Compare also Icelandic krassa (“to scrawl”), Danish kradse (“to scratch, scrape, claw”), Swedish kratsa (“to scratch”), Dutch kratsen (“to scratch”), German kratzen (“to scratch”), and Albanian gërresë (“rasp, scraper”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cratches",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cratching",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cratched",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cratched",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cratch (third-person singular simple present cratches, present participle cratching, simple past and past participle cratched)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A good pair of nails to cratch and claw.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To scratch."
],
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To scratch."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæt͡ʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ætʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cratch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "cratch"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Frankish",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ætʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ætʃ/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cratch cradle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cratche"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cratche",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cracche"
},
"expansion": "cracche",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "crecche",
"3": "",
"4": "crib"
},
"expansion": "crecche (“crib”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "creche",
"4": "",
"5": "crib, manger"
},
"expansion": "Old French creche (“crib, manger”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*krippjā"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *krippjā",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frk",
"2": "*kribbjā",
"t": "crib"
},
"expansion": "*kribbjā (“crib”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kribjǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "creche"
},
"expansion": "creche",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crib"
},
"expansion": "crib",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cratche, cracche, crecche (“crib”), from Old French creche (“crib, manger”), from Frankish *krippjā, *kribbjā (“crib”), from Proto-Germanic *kribjǭ. More at creche, crib.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cratches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cratch (plural cratches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1596, Edmund Spenser, A Hymne of Heavenly Love",
"text": "Begin from first where He encradled was, / In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A grated crib or manger."
],
"links": [
[
"crib",
"crib"
],
[
"manger",
"manger"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A grated crib or manger."
],
"senseid": [
"en:crib"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Nautical"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, Gervis Frere-Cook, The decorative arts of the mariner",
"text": "The fore-end of the cargo space terminates in a triangular board, called the cratch, raised to the same height as the cabin roof and connected to it […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The vertical planks at the forward end of the hold of a traditional English narrowboat which constrain the cargo and support the top plank or walkway."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) The vertical planks at the forward end of the hold of a traditional English narrowboat which constrain the cargo and support the top plank or walkway."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæt͡ʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ætʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cratch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "cratch"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ætʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ætʃ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"forms": [
{
"form": "cratches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cratch (plural cratches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A swelling on a horse's pastern, under the fetlock."
],
"links": [
[
"swelling",
"swelling"
],
[
"horse",
"horse"
],
[
"pastern",
"pastern"
],
[
"fetlock",
"fetlock"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæt͡ʃ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ætʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cratch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cratch.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "cratch"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.