"crabbe" meaning in All languages combined

See crabbe on Wiktionary

Noun [Middle English]

IPA: /ˈkrab(ə)/ Forms: crabbes [plural], crabben [plural]
Etymology: Inherited from Old English crabba, from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô. Etymology templates: {{inh|enm|ang|crabba}} Old English crabba, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*krabbō}} Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*krabbô}} Proto-Germanic *krabbô Head templates: {{head|enm|nouns|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} crabbe, {{enm-noun|pl=crabbes|pl2=crabben}} crabbe (plural crabbes or crabben)
  1. crab (kind of crustacean)
    Sense id: en-crabbe-enm-noun-enm:crab
  2. A crayfish, lobster or similar crustacean. Categories (lifeform): Fruits
    Sense id: en-crabbe-enm-noun-JCKRJSC8 Disambiguation of Fruits: 1 39 9 42 9
  3. (astronomy) Cancer (constellation) Categories (topical): Astronomy
    Sense id: en-crabbe-enm-noun-65gbqAT~ Topics: astronomy, natural-sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: crabb, crab Derived forms: crabbed
Etymology number: 1

Noun [Middle English]

IPA: /ˈkrab(ə)/, /ˈskrab(ə)/ Forms: crabbes [plural], crabben [plural]
Etymology: Of Germanic origin, perhaps influenced by sense 1 or the adjective crabbed and altered from Scots and northern English scrab, of the same meaning, plausibly ultimately from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect scrabba, krabbäpple. Etymology templates: {{der|enm|gem|-}} Germanic, {{der|enm|sco|-}} Scots, {{der|enm|gmq|-}} North Germanic Head templates: {{head|enm|nouns|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} crabbe, {{enm-noun|pl=crabbes|pl2=crabben}} crabbe (plural crabbes or crabben)
  1. A crabapple tree. Categories (lifeform): Crustaceans, Fruits, Trees
    Sense id: en-crabbe-enm-noun-enm:crabapple Disambiguation of Crustaceans: 8 11 12 67 2 Disambiguation of Fruits: 1 39 9 42 9 Disambiguation of Trees: 2 7 16 73 2 Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Middle English links with manual fragments, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 1 7 16 75 1 Disambiguation of Middle English links with manual fragments: 2 12 29 55 2 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 2 5 13 78 2 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 1 3 12 83 1
  2. A crabapple fruit.
    Sense id: en-crabbe-enm-noun-mkDKAFE1
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: crab, scrabbe
Etymology number: 2

Noun [Norman]

Forms: crabbes [plural]
Etymology: Borrowed from Old Norse krabbi. Etymology templates: {{bor|nrf|non|krabbi}} Old Norse krabbi Head templates: {{head|nrf|noun|||plural|crabbes||||||{{{3}}}|f2accel-form=p|g=f|g2=|head=}} crabbe f (plural crabbes), {{nrf-noun|f}} crabbe f (plural crabbes)
  1. (Guernsey) crab Tags: Guernsey, feminine Categories (lifeform): Crabs Synonyms: crabe [Jersey]

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "crabbed"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "crab"
          },
          "expansion": "English: crab",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: crab"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "crab",
            "3": "craib"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: crab, craib",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: crab, craib"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "crabba"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English crabba",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*krabbō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krabbō",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krabbô"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krabbô",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English crabba, from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crabbes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crabben",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "pl": "crabbes",
        "pl2": "crabben"
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe (plural crabbes or crabben)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "crab (kind of crustacean)"
      ],
      "id": "en-crabbe-enm-noun-enm:crab",
      "links": [
        [
          "crab",
          "crab"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "enm:crab"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 39 9 42 9",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fruits",
          "orig": "enm:Fruits",
          "parents": [
            "Foods",
            "Plants",
            "Eating",
            "Food and drink",
            "Lifeforms",
            "Human behaviour",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Human",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A crayfish, lobster or similar crustacean."
      ],
      "id": "en-crabbe-enm-noun-JCKRJSC8",
      "links": [
        [
          "crayfish",
          "crayfish"
        ],
        [
          "lobster",
          "lobster"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Astronomy",
          "orig": "enm:Astronomy",
          "parents": [
            "Sciences",
            "Space",
            "All topics",
            "Nature",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Cancer (constellation)"
      ],
      "id": "en-crabbe-enm-noun-65gbqAT~",
      "links": [
        [
          "astronomy",
          "astronomy"
        ],
        [
          "Cancer",
          "Cancer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(astronomy) Cancer (constellation)"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "astronomy",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkrab(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "crabb"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crab"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crabbe"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "crab",
            "3": "scrab"
          },
          "expansion": "English: crab, scrab",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: crab, scrab"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "scrab"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: scrab",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: scrab"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "sco",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmq",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "North Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Of Germanic origin, perhaps influenced by sense 1 or the adjective crabbed and altered from Scots and northern English scrab, of the same meaning, plausibly ultimately from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect scrabba, krabbäpple.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crabbes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crabben",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "pl": "crabbes",
        "pl2": "crabben"
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe (plural crabbes or crabben)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 7 16 75 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 12 29 55 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 5 13 78 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 3 12 83 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 11 12 67 2",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Crustaceans",
          "orig": "enm:Crustaceans",
          "parents": [
            "Arthropods",
            "Animals",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 39 9 42 9",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fruits",
          "orig": "enm:Fruits",
          "parents": [
            "Foods",
            "Plants",
            "Eating",
            "Food and drink",
            "Lifeforms",
            "Human behaviour",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Human",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 7 16 73 2",
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Trees",
          "orig": "enm:Trees",
          "parents": [
            "Plants",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A crabapple tree."
      ],
      "id": "en-crabbe-enm-noun-enm:crabapple",
      "links": [
        [
          "crabapple",
          "crabapple"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "enm:crabapple"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A crabapple fruit."
      ],
      "id": "en-crabbe-enm-noun-mkDKAFE1",
      "links": [
        [
          "crabapple",
          "crabapple"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkrab(ə)/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈskrab(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crab"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "scrabbe"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crabbe"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "krabbi"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse krabbi",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse krabbi.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crabbes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "{{{3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "plural",
        "6": "crabbes",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "f2accel-form": "p",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe f (plural crabbes)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe f (plural crabbes)",
      "name": "nrf-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norman",
  "lang_code": "nrm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Guernsey Norman",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "nrf",
          "name": "Crabs",
          "orig": "nrf:Crabs",
          "parents": [
            "Crustaceans",
            "Decapods",
            "Arthropods",
            "Animals",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "crab"
      ],
      "id": "en-crabbe-nrm-noun-M0mpFffN",
      "links": [
        [
          "crab",
          "crab"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Guernsey) crab"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "Jersey"
          ],
          "word": "crabe"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Guernsey",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "crabbe"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English links with manual fragments",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Germanic languages",
    "Middle English terms derived from North Germanic languages",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Scots",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Crustaceans",
    "enm:Fruits",
    "enm:Trees"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "crabbed"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "crab"
          },
          "expansion": "English: crab",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: crab"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "crab",
            "3": "craib"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: crab, craib",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: crab, craib"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "crabba"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English crabba",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*krabbō"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krabbō",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krabbô"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krabbô",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English crabba, from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crabbes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crabben",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "pl": "crabbes",
        "pl2": "crabben"
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe (plural crabbes or crabben)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "crab (kind of crustacean)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crab",
          "crab"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "enm:crab"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A crayfish, lobster or similar crustacean."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crayfish",
          "crayfish"
        ],
        [
          "lobster",
          "lobster"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "enm:Astronomy"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Cancer (constellation)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "astronomy",
          "astronomy"
        ],
        [
          "Cancer",
          "Cancer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(astronomy) Cancer (constellation)"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "astronomy",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkrab(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "crabb"
    },
    {
      "word": "crab"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crabbe"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English links with manual fragments",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Germanic languages",
    "Middle English terms derived from North Germanic languages",
    "Middle English terms derived from Scots",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Crustaceans",
    "enm:Fruits",
    "enm:Trees"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "crab",
            "3": "scrab"
          },
          "expansion": "English: crab, scrab",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: crab, scrab"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "scrab"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: scrab",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: scrab"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "sco",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmq",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "North Germanic",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Of Germanic origin, perhaps influenced by sense 1 or the adjective crabbed and altered from Scots and northern English scrab, of the same meaning, plausibly ultimately from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect scrabba, krabbäpple.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crabbes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crabben",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "pl": "crabbes",
        "pl2": "crabben"
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe (plural crabbes or crabben)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A crabapple tree."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crabapple",
          "crabapple"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "enm:crabapple"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A crabapple fruit."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crabapple",
          "crabapple"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkrab(ə)/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈskrab(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "crab"
    },
    {
      "word": "scrabbe"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crabbe"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "krabbi"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse krabbi",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old Norse krabbi.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crabbes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nrf",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "{{{3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "plural",
        "6": "crabbes",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "f2accel-form": "p",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe f (plural crabbes)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "crabbe f (plural crabbes)",
      "name": "nrf-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Norman",
  "lang_code": "nrm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Guernsey Norman",
        "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
        "Norman feminine nouns",
        "Norman lemmas",
        "Norman nouns",
        "Norman terms borrowed from Old Norse",
        "Norman terms derived from Old Norse",
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "nrf:Crabs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "crab"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crab",
          "crab"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Guernsey) crab"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Guernsey",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Jersey"
      ],
      "word": "crabe"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crabbe"
}

Download raw JSONL data for crabbe meaning in All languages combined (5.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.