"byrgan" meaning in All languages combined

See byrgan on Wiktionary

Verb [Old English]

IPA: /ˈbyr.jɑn/, [ˈbyrˠ.jɑn]
Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *burgijan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną. Etymology templates: {{root|ang|ine-pro|*bʰergʰ-}}, {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*burgijan}} Proto-West Germanic *burgijan, {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*burgijaną}} Proto-Germanic *burgijaną Head templates: {{ang-verb|byrġan}} byrġan Inflection templates: {{ang-conj|byrġan<w1>}} Forms: byrġan [canonical], weak [table-tags], byrġan [infinitive], byrġenne [infinitive], byrġe [first-person, present, singular], byrġde [first-person, past, singular], byrġest [present, second-person, singular], byrġst [present, second-person, singular], byrġdest [past, second-person, singular], byrġeþ [present, singular, third-person], byrġþ [present, singular, third-person], byrġde [past, singular, third-person], byrġaþ [plural, present], byrġdon [past, plural], byrġe [present, singular], byrġde [past, singular], byrġen [plural, present], byrġden [past, plural], byrġ [imperative, past, present, singular], byrġaþ [imperative, past, plural, present], byrġende [imperative, present], byrġed [imperative, past], ġebyrġed [imperative, past]
  1. to hide
    Sense id: en-byrgan-ang-verb-4XrLpRlL
  2. to bury Categories (topical): Burial
    Sense id: en-byrgan-ang-verb-mlQnl6VX Disambiguation of Burial: 0 94 6
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: birġan Derived forms: bebyrġan
Etymology number: 1

Verb [Old English]

IPA: /ˈbyr.jɑn/, [ˈbyrˠ.jɑn]
Head templates: {{ang-verb|byrġan}} byrġan Inflection templates: {{ang-conj|byrġan<w1>}} Forms: byrġan [canonical], weak [table-tags], byrġan [infinitive], byrġenne [infinitive], byrġe [first-person, present, singular], byrġde [first-person, past, singular], byrġest [present, second-person, singular], byrġst [present, second-person, singular], byrġdest [past, second-person, singular], byrġeþ [present, singular, third-person], byrġþ [present, singular, third-person], byrġde [past, singular, third-person], byrġaþ [plural, present], byrġdon [past, plural], byrġe [present, singular], byrġde [past, singular], byrġen [plural, present], byrġden [past, plural], byrġ [imperative, past, present, singular], byrġaþ [imperative, past, plural, present], byrġende [imperative, present], byrġed [imperative, past], ġebyrġed [imperative, past]
  1. Alternative form of bierġan Tags: alt-of, alternative Alternative form of: bierġan
    Sense id: en-byrgan-ang-verb-RWTqHYKG Categories (other): Old English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Old English entries with incorrect language header: 15 28 58
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Download JSON data for byrgan meaning in All languages combined (6.4kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "bebyrġan"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "berien"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: berien",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "burien"
          },
          "expansion": "burien",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: berien, burien"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "bury"
          },
          "expansion": "English: bury",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: bury"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰergʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*burgijan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *burgijan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*burgijaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgijaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *burgijan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġeþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ġebyrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan"
      },
      "expansion": "byrġan",
      "name": "ang-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan<w1>"
      },
      "name": "ang-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to hide"
      ],
      "id": "en-byrgan-ang-verb-4XrLpRlL",
      "links": [
        [
          "hide",
          "hide"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 94 6",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "ang",
          "name": "Burial",
          "orig": "ang:Burial",
          "parents": [
            "Death",
            "Society",
            "Body",
            "Life",
            "All topics",
            "Human",
            "Nature",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to bury"
      ],
      "id": "en-byrgan-ang-verb-mlQnl6VX",
      "links": [
        [
          "bury",
          "bury"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbyr.jɑn/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈbyrˠ.jɑn]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "birġan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byrgan"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġeþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ġebyrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan"
      },
      "expansion": "byrġan",
      "name": "ang-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan<w1>"
      },
      "name": "ang-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "bierġan"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "15 28 58",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of bierġan"
      ],
      "id": "en-byrgan-ang-verb-RWTqHYKG",
      "links": [
        [
          "bierġan",
          "biergan#Old English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbyr.jɑn/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈbyrˠ.jɑn]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byrgan"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Old English class 1 weak verbs",
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰergʰ-",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English verbs",
    "ang:Burial"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "bebyrġan"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "berien"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: berien",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "burien"
          },
          "expansion": "burien",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: berien, burien"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "bury"
          },
          "expansion": "English: bury",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: bury"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰergʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*burgijan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *burgijan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*burgijaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgijaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *burgijan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġeþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ġebyrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan"
      },
      "expansion": "byrġan",
      "name": "ang-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan<w1>"
      },
      "name": "ang-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to hide"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hide",
          "hide"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to bury"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bury",
          "bury"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbyr.jɑn/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈbyrˠ.jɑn]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "birġan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byrgan"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English class 1 weak verbs",
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English verbs",
    "ang:Burial"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġan",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġeþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġdon",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġde",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġaþ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ġebyrġed",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan"
      },
      "expansion": "byrġan",
      "name": "ang-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "byrġan<w1>"
      },
      "name": "ang-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "bierġan"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of bierġan"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bierġan",
          "biergan#Old English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbyr.jɑn/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈbyrˠ.jɑn]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byrgan"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.