by

From Dutch bij, from Middle Dutch bi, from Old Dutch bī.


by

From Dutch bij, from Middle Dutch bie, from Old Dutch *bīa.


by

by某現任立委本人所說

by某现任立委本人所说


by

Vstával by dřív, ale to by si napřed musel koupit budík.

He would be getting up earlier, but then he would have to buy an alarm clock first.

third-person singular conditional subjunctive of být; would

Byl by tam šel, kdyby mě byli pozvali.

I would have gone there if they had invited me.

My by tam šli, kdyby nás byli pozvali.

We would have gone there if they had invited us.

Inherited from Old Czech by, from Proto-Slavic *by.


by

head

by c (singular definite byen, plural indefinite byer)

byen (definite singular)
byer (indefinite plural)
by (indefinite nominative singular)
byen (definite nominative singular)
byer (indefinite nominative plural)
byerne (definite nominative plural)
bys (genitive indefinite singular)
byens (definite genitive singular)
byers (genitive indefinite plural)
byernes (definite genitive plural)


by

The mailbox is by the bus stop.

The stream runs by our back door.

He ran straight by me.

From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.

Be back by ten o'clock!.

We'll find someone by the end of March.

We will send it by the first week of July.

Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).

The matter was decided by the chairman.

The boat was swamped by the water.

He was protected by his body armour.

Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenetting by Pablo Hernandez.

2011 September 28, Jon Smith, “Valencia 1-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of.

There was a call by the unions for a 30% pay rise.

I was aghast by what I saw.

In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour by the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred […].

1874, Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109

(not in common modern use) Following an adjective.

There are many well-known plays by William Shakespeare

Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.

I avoided the guards by moving only when they weren't looking.

By Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hypotenuse.

We went by bus.

I discovered it by chance.

By 'maybe' she means 'no'.

The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.

"I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal.[…]"

1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC:

Players: Can we get there by candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.

1945, Neva L. Boyd, Handbook of Recreational Games, Dover, published 1975, →ISBN, page 16:

By the light of the moon, / by the light of a star / they walked all night

1960, Dr. Seuss, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish:

Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.

By the power vested in me, I now pronounce you man and wife.

Indicates an authority according to which something is done.

By Jove! I think she's got it!

By all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.

By yonder moon I swear you do me wrong

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

'By my soul! I believe something bad has happened me,' he muttered, and popped up his window, and looked out, half dreaming over the church-yard on the park beyond […]

1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:

I sorted the items by category.

Table 1 shows details of our employees broken down by sex and age.

Indicates a means of classification or organisation.

Our stock is up by ten percent.

His date of birth was wrong by ten years.

Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy

We went through the book page by page.

We crawled forward by inches.

In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another.

sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross

He drinks brandy by the bucketful!

(with the) Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically)

His health was deteriorating by the day.

The pickers are paid by the bushel.

He cheated by his own admission.

By my reckoning, we should be nearly there.

Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions of letterd and philoſophical men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each other by their own tenents ; when both of them cannot be in the right, and it is well if either of them are.

1722, William Wollaston, “Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.”, in The Religion of Nature Delineated, page 81:

Indicates a referenced source: According to.

It is easy to invert a 2-by-2 matrix.

The room was about 4 foot by 6 foot.

The bricks used to build the wall measured 10 by 20 by 30 cm.

Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.

She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.

(horse breeding) Designates a horse's male parent (sire); cf. out of.

Are you eating by Rabbi Fischer? (at the house of)

By Chabad, it's different. (with, among)

→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)

тарафынан (tarafınan) (used in postposition)

ἐν (en) (+ dative, inanimate instrument)

-ra

(indicates an oath) with the authority of

podle

indicating means of classification or organisation

o

indicating amount of change, difference or discrepancy

nominative + ablative (e.g. talo talolta "house by house")

-e (quantity of the first dimension in the dative)

From Middle English by, bi, from Old English bī (“by; near; around”), from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi (“near; by; around; about”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognate with West Frisian by (“by; near”), Afrikaans by (“at; by; near”), Saterland Frisian bie (“near; by”), Dutch bij (“near; by”), German Low German bi (“by; near; at”), German bei (“by; near; at”).

bye

archaic for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection


by

I watched the parade as it passed by.

Along a path which runs past someone or something.

There was a shepherd close by.

[The helmsman] steered with no end of a swagger while you were by; but if he lost sight of you, he became instantly the prey of an abject funk […]

1899 March, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number MI, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part II:

I'll stop by on my way home from work.

We're right near the lifeguard station. Come by before you leave.

To or at a place, as a residence or place of business.

The women spent much time after harvest putting jams by for winter and spring.

(uncommon outside the phrase 'put by') Aside, away.


by

a by path; a by room

by catch; a by issue


by

2002, https://tcrf.net/Super_Monkey_Ball_2#Test_Level_Messages
ココにはバッファから生成したMAPのTEXTURE希望 by JAMAD

"I want the texture of the MAP generated from the buffer here" — JAMAD

2007, 『さよなら絶望先生』 第5話
己を知らされば、戦う毎に必ず殆し。by 孫子

"If one is ignorant of oneself, one is bound to be in danger with every battle" — Sun Tzu

2009, 『けいおん！』 第4話
めざせ武道館！！ by 軽音部！

"Aim for the Budokan!" — Light Music Club

(informal) Used to sign off a message/attribute a text.


by

Njecynimy to, dokulaž by jim škóźeło.

We don’t do that because it would hurt them.

would (used with the past active participle to form a conditional)

From Proto-Slavic *by (third-person singular aorist of *byti).

der

third-person singular aorist of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sla-pro">*byti</i>


by

By vie lhiam goll myrgeddin.

B'laik lhiam briaght jiu c'red bare lhiu jannoo jiu.

I'd like to ask you what you'd prefer to do today.

yn dooinney by hroshey

(dated) Past and conditional form of s' (used to introduce the comparative and superlative form of adjectives)


by

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

desctree

English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)

Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'

Yola: bee, be, bie, by

Inherited from Old English bī, from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.


by

town, city (regardless of population size or land area)

byen (definite singular)
byer (indefinite plural)
byene (definite plural)

From Old Norse býr (“place (to camp or settle), land, property, lot; and later settlement”).


by

head

by (imperative by, present tense byr, simple past bød or bøy or bydde, past participle budt or bydd)

by (imperative)
byr (present)
bød (past)
bøy (past)
bydde (past)
budt (participle past)
bydd (participle past)

From byde, from Old Norse bjóða, from Proto-Germanic *beudaną (“to offer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake, rise up”).


by

byen (definite singular)
byar (indefinite plural)
byane (definite plural)

From Old Norse býr m, from Proto-Germanic *būwiz. Doublet of bø.


by

Eg byd deg å stoppe.

Eg byd deg 100 kroner.

Bestemor baud på småkaker.

head

by (present tense byr, past tense baud or bydde, supine bode or bydd or bydt, past participle boden or bydd, present participle bydande, imperative by)

byr (present)
baud (past)
bydde (past)
bode (supine)
bydd (supine)
bydt (supine)
boden (participle past)
bydd (participle past)
bydande (participle present)
by (imperative)

From Old Norse bjóða, from Proto-Germanic *beudaną (“to offer”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake, rise up”). Akin to English bid.


by

second/third-person singular aorist of býti

Introduces a clause two which the speaker has reservations or uncertainty.

Especially with a negated verb; expresses concern.

Introduces a clause of intention; in order to; would that

Especially after a negated verb; expresses that the viewer sees something as unrealistic.

Czech: by


by

Grzeszni... godzi, bi vlapil vbogego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 9, 31:

Orandowal i[e]szm do gich domv, by penødze brali

1887, 1889 [1395], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number 1773, Pyzdry, Gniezno, Kościan:

(attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) introduces a clause of aim; to, so that, in order to

attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland; attested in Lesser Poland; Greater Poland

Pamyantay, tobe vyele, by czczil suato y nyedzela

End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume III, number 2:

Micolay prosil prze bok, by mu othpustil przisi[an]gą

1861 [1398], Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi, volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page 34:

Nye chczemy, by tho zgromadzenye navyedzal... kthory lagyk (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)

1892 [1484], Hieronim Łopaciński, editor, Reguła trzeciego zakonu św. Franciszka i drobniejsze zabytki języka polskiego z końca w. XV i początku XVI, Krakow, page 721:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces a command; to

Swyøty Blaszey gemu rzekl: Wylo, mnymasz, by *twey møky mogly odyøcz miloscz bozø

1896 [Middle of the 15th century], Lucjan Malinowski, editor, Żywot świętego Błażeja. Zabytek języka polskiego z początku wieku XV,, page 320:

Roman Ianoui ne slubowal, bi mu szø gwalth ne sstal w gego domu

1902 [1405], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor, Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego, volume 6, Poznań, Pyzdry, Kościan, Gniezno, page 272:

Sczepan zalowal, bi Przibkowa dzewka mu pancz grziwen wcradla

1888 [1401], Romuald Hube, editor, Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV, Greater Poland, page 109:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces a clarifying clause; to

Boymisch syą, bichom pichą krolewstwa nyebyeskyego ny straczily

1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century], Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności, volume XXII, page 235:

Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali; a kiedy przyszedł a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom, by jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 610:

Tocz yest volą bogą naszego, bychom pelnyly przykaząnye *yago

End of the 15th century, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume II, number 1:

introduces a subjective clause; in order to

Micol[ay] s Wawrzincem ne vmawal nigednei vmo[wi], bi meli pusczicz na przyaczele

1887, 1889 [1399], Józef Lekszycki, editor, Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number 1376, Pyzdry, Gniezno, Kościan:

(attested in Greater Poland) introduces an attributive clause; in order to

Nie jesteśmy tako źli, bychmy to uczynili

Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa, page 790:

introduces a clausal clause; in order to

Bo by bog ne podpomogl me, przes mala przebiwalabi bila w pekle dusza moia (nisi quia dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 93, 17:

(attested in Lesser Poland) introduces an unreal conditional clause; if

(Pothkomorze wszącz ma)... dwa rydla a nye wyączey, by tesz dwye alybo trzy dzedzyny myedzy dwyema granyczyl (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)

1895 [1448–1450], Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński, Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów, Warka, page 63:

(attested in Masovia) admissive; albeit, although

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *by. First attested in the 14th century.


by

Bosze moy, ne milczy ote mne, bi negdi ne milczal ote mne (deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)

1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 27, 1:

(attested in Lesser Poland) expresses optative meaning; if only, had better, let

Polish: by

Silesian: by


by

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


by

On by tam nie poszedł./On nie poszedłby tam.

forms the conditional mood; would, would've


by

creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to [with past-tense clause]

Near-synonyms: bodaj, bodajby, byle, byleby, niech, niechaj, niechajże, niechby, niechże, oby

creates an optative clause; if only, had better, let [with past-tense clause]

creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to [with infinitive]

introduces a subordinate clause expression doubt; if

bym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
byśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
byś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
byście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
by (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
by (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


by

second-person singular perfective aorist of *byti

third-person singular perfective aorist of *byti

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: бꙑ (by)

Old Ruthenian: бы (by)

Ukrainian: (dialectal) би (by)

Russian: бы (by)

Old Novgorodian: бꙑ (by)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: би (bi)

Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: bi

Cyrillic script: би

Slovene: bi

West Slavic:

Old Czech: by
Czech: by

Old Polish: by
Polish: by
Silesian: by

Old Slovak: by

Pannonian Rusyn: би (bi)

Slovak: (poetic) by

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: bë

Slovincian: bë, b

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: by

Upper Sorbian: by


by

Archie was auld by me.

1894, Robert Hunter, A Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant:

From Middle English by, from Old English bi, from Proto-West Germanic *bī. Cognates include English by and Yola bee.


by

bych (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
bychmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
byś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
byście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
by (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
by (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


by

Išiel by som tam, keby som mohol.

Used to form the conditional mood: would.

čo by aj

Vstal ako by nič.

Bodaj by nešiel.

Used as an independent part of some conjunctions, often expressing comparison or concession.


by

(subordinating, literary) Alternative form of aby (“so that; in order to”).

Reduction of aby, inherited from Proto-Slavic *aby.


by

by (indefinite nominative singular)
bys (genitive indefinite singular)
byn (definite nominative singular)
byns (definite genitive singular)
byar (indefinite nominative plural)
byars (genitive indefinite plural)
byarna (definite nominative plural)
byarnas (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish bȳr, bȳ (“village, farm, town”), from Old Norse býr. Cognate with Danish by (“town, city”, whence also Faroese býur with the same meaning), Norwegian Bokmål by (“town, city”) and Norwegian Nynorsk by (“town, city”).


by

From Dutch bui or Low German bö, böe, böje. Cognate with Danish byge, Norwegian Bokmål byge, bøye and Norwegian Nynorsk bye, bøye.


by

second/third-person singular conditional of być


by

By âlds


by

At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 84:

Many a bra draught by Tommeen was ee-maate;

1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 6, page 86: