See bʰedʰ- on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [],
"etymology_number": 1,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 0 10 22 22 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 5 26 26 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 3 30 30 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 1 30 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 0 33 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative reconstruction of *bʰedʰh₂- (“to pierce, dig, burrow”)"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:pierce",
"links": [
[
"*bʰedʰh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:pierce"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Proto-Indo-European phonology#Roots",
"de:Brian D. Joseph"
],
"word": "bʰedʰ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰḗdʰ-t (“to press”, root aorist?)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*bʰādʰ-",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Or perhaps from the fossilized o-grade <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰodʰ-</i> which had lengthened in prevocalic positions due to Brugmann's law.",
"group": "note",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bādʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाध्",
"3": "बाधति",
"tr2": "bā́dhati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाध् (bādh), बाधति (bā́dhati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाध् (bādh), बाधति (bā́dhati)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*bād-",
"t": "to press; to agglomerate, curdle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀",
"alt": "𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀",
"der": "1",
"t": "due to pressure"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xco",
"2": "",
"der": "1",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*ham-</i> (“together”)",
"t": "to cause to curdle",
"tr": "ʾn-bʾzy-"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*bastáh",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"t": "curdled"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bal",
"2": "",
"tr": "bast"
},
"expansion": "Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "",
"tr": "bastah"
},
"expansion": "Persian: [script needed] (bastah)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: [script needed] (bastah)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*bʰḗdʰ-e-tor",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"group": "note",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*bʰā́dʰatay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bā́dʰatay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाधते",
"t": "to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain",
"tr": "bā́dhate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*bʰēdʰ-eh₂",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"t": "*oppressing > adversity"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*bḗdāˀ",
"t": "trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "No consensus on etymology: suggested alternatives are <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰeydʰ-</i> (if the Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic, though Derksen doubts this) and <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i>.",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bēda",
"3": "bę̀da"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: bēda, bę̀da",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: bēda, bę̀da"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bėdà"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: bėdà",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: bėdà"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bě̄dà"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *bě̄dà",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *bě̄dà (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*bʰādʰáH",
"qq": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰodʰ-éh₂</i>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bādʰáH"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰáH",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰáH"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाधा"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाधा (bādhā)\n→ Tamil: வாதை (vātai)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाधा (bādhā)\n→ Tamil: வாதை (vātai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰ-né-dʰ-ti (nasal-infixed present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰendʰ-",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"qq": "reanalyzed root",
"t": "to bind, tie",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰedʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bidjaną",
"t": "to pray, request, bid",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bend (to another's will)"
},
"expansion": "“to bend (to another's will)”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bow, kneel"
},
"expansion": "“to bow, kneel”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to ask humbly"
},
"expansion": "“to ask humbly”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "worship"
},
"expansion": "“worship”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bíndem",
"3": "",
"4": "to bow down, obey"
},
"expansion": "Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Alternatively from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʷʰedʰ-</i> (“to ask for, beseech, pray”), which, at least in terms of semantics<ref name=EDPG2/> and Indo-European cognates, is more convincing, despite requiring the controversial sound shift *gʷʰ > *b without a clear motivation. Another phonetically problematic etymology assumes back-formation from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*bīdaną</i> (“to wait”). If indeed from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ-</i>, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sq\">bíndem</i> (“to bow down, obey”).",
"group": "note",
"name": "n2"
},
"expansion": "If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”).",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”) If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”). (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰedʰ-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bedō",
"t": "prayer, request",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"group": "note",
"name": "n2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰodʰ-o-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badą",
"t": "pressure; trouble, distress"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*bað",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: *bað n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: *bað n"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bad",
"t": "damage, destruction, fight"
},
"expansion": "Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "East Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "bad",
"t": "effort, trouble, fear"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "badde",
"bor": "1",
"t": "evil, bad",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad\nEnglish: bad\nScots: bad",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad\nEnglish: bad\nScots: bad"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badōną",
"alt": "*badō(ja)ną",
"der": "1",
"qq": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti</i>",
"t": "to press; to distress, frighten"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰodʰ-o-s (“torment; tormenter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*badas",
"t": "lack, hunger, starvation",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *badas (“lack, hunger, starvation”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Alternatively from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i> (“to pierce”), referring to the sharp pains of prolonged hunger.<ref name=EDBIL/>",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *badas (“lack, hunger, starvation”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bads"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: bads",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: bads"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bãdas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: bãdas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: bãdas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*bʰādʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bādʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाध",
"tr": "bādhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Synchronically contains the root <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">बाध्</i> (bādh) as if from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰēdʰ-</i> above.",
"group": "note",
"name": "n5"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰedʰ-r-(o-m)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"alt": "*bedra"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bedrò",
"3": "*bȅdro",
"4": "*bedrà",
"t3": "thigh",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *bedrò, *bȅdro, *bedrà (“thigh”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *bedrò, *bȅdro, *bedrà (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰodʰ-yo-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badją",
"t": "bed",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dug-out plot"
},
"expansion": "“dug-out plot”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*bedom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *bedom",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bend"
},
"expansion": "“to bend”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bed"
},
"expansion": "“bed”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gulta",
"3": "",
"4": "bed"
},
"expansion": "Latvian gulta (“bed”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κλῑ́νη",
"3": "",
"4": "bed, couch"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ふす",
"t": "to bend down, lie down in bed",
"tr": "fusu"
},
"expansion": "Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर्यङ्क",
"3": "",
"4": "bed, couch"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Several other etymologies have been proposed but with unconvincing semantics, such as from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i> (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"cel-pro\">*bedom</i>. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lv\">gulta</i> (“bed”) from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lv\">gult</i> (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek <i class=\"Polyt mention\" lang=\"grc\">κλῑ́νη</i> (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from <i class=\"Polyt mention\" lang=\"grc\">κλῑ́νω</i> (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">ふす</i> (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">पर्यङ्क</i> (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">अङ्क</i> (aṅká, “bend, curve”).",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”).",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”) such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”). (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵnu-bʰedʰ- (“to bend the knee, kneel (in reverence), pray?”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bend the knee"
},
"expansion": "“to bend the knee”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Independent derivatives from the root of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*bedō</i> and <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*bidjaną</i> (see s.v. <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ-ye-ti</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ-eh₂</i>), but no related verb meaning “to bend the knee” is reconstructible, rendering the etymology questionable.",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "cnēowġebed",
"alt": "cnēow-ġebed",
"lit": "knee-prayer",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ang\">ġebed</i>",
"t": "prayer on one's knees"
},
"expansion": "Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "kneobeda",
"alt": "kneo-beda",
"lit": "knee-prayer",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"osx\">beda</i>",
"t": "prayer on one's knees"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*badją"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *badją",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "knébeðr",
"alt": "kné-beðr",
"lit": "knee-bed",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"non\">beðr</i> (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*badją</i>",
"t": "hassock",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ज्ञुबाध",
"alt": "ज्ञु-बाध",
"pos": "a",
"t": "bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence",
"tr": "jñu-bā́dha"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: ज्ञु-बाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence”, adjective)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"group": "note",
"name": "n5"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: ज्ञु-बाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence”, adjective)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bashkr",
"t": "together",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Albanian: bashkr (“together”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Albanian: bashkr (“together”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bodùs",
"3": "bodė́ti",
"t1": "disgusting",
"t2": "to despise, be disgusted by",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "poto",
"t": "worship<abbr title=\"uncertain\">^?</abbr>"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: poto (“worship”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: poto (“worship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "peti",
"t": "flattery<abbr title=\"uncertain\">^?</abbr>"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: peti (“flattery”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: peti (“flattery”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to bend, fold"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:bend",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:bend"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:press",
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:press"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pres-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 0 10 22 22 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 5 26 26 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 3 30 30 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 1 30 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 0 33 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress",
"to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:press1",
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
],
[
"push",
"push"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:press"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pres-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 0 10 22 22 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 5 26 26 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 3 30 30 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 1 30 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 0 33 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress",
"to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress",
"hardship, suffering"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:press1",
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
],
[
"push",
"push"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
],
[
"hardship",
"hardship"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:press"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pres-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 0 10 22 22 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 5 26 26 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 3 30 30 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeC-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 0 1 30 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 0 0 33 33 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bow down, obey"
],
"id": "en-bʰedʰ--ine-pro-root-ctpsWo07",
"links": [
[
"bow down",
"bow down"
],
[
"obey",
"obey"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Brugmann's law",
"Wojciech Smoczyński"
],
"word": "bʰedʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [],
"etymology_number": 1,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Alternative reconstruction of *bʰedʰh₂- (“to pierce, dig, burrow”)"
],
"links": [
[
"*bʰedʰh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:pierce"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Proto-Indo-European phonology#Roots",
"de:Brian D. Joseph"
],
"word": "bʰedʰ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeC-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰḗdʰ-t (“to press”, root aorist?)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*bʰādʰ-",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Or perhaps from the fossilized o-grade <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰodʰ-</i> which had lengthened in prevocalic positions due to Brugmann's law.",
"group": "note",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bādʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰ-"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाध्",
"3": "बाधति",
"tr2": "bā́dhati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाध् (bādh), बाधति (bā́dhati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाध् (bādh), बाधति (bā́dhati)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*bād-",
"t": "to press; to agglomerate, curdle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *bād- (“to press; to agglomerate, curdle”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀",
"alt": "𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀",
"der": "1",
"t": "due to pressure"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 (auui-bāδa, “due to pressure”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xco",
"2": "",
"der": "1",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*ham-</i> (“together”)",
"t": "to cause to curdle",
"tr": "ʾn-bʾzy-"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾn-bʾzy-, “to cause to curdle”) (with *ham- (“together”))"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*bastáh",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"t": "curdled"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *bastáh (“curdled”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bal",
"2": "",
"tr": "bast"
},
"expansion": "Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Baluchi: [script needed] (bast)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "",
"tr": "bastah"
},
"expansion": "Persian: [script needed] (bastah)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: [script needed] (bastah)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*bʰḗdʰ-e-tor",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"group": "note",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *bʰḗdʰ-e-tor"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*bʰā́dʰatay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰā́dʰatay"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bā́dʰatay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bā́dʰatay"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाधते",
"t": "to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain",
"tr": "bā́dhate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाधते (bā́dhate, “to press, force (away); to oppress, oppose, disturb, cause pain”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*bʰēdʰ-eh₂",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"t": "*oppressing > adversity"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *bʰēdʰ-eh₂ (“*oppressing > adversity”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*bḗdāˀ",
"t": "trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "No consensus on etymology: suggested alternatives are <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰeydʰ-</i> (if the Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic, though Derksen doubts this) and <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i>.",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bḗdāˀ (“trouble, misfortune; need; (Baltic) guilt”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bēda",
"3": "bę̀da"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: bēda, bę̀da",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: bēda, bę̀da"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bėdà"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: bėdà",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: bėdà"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bě̄dà"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *bě̄dà",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *bě̄dà (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*bʰādʰáH",
"qq": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰodʰ-éh₂</i>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰáH (or from *bʰodʰ-éh₂)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bādʰáH"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰáH",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰáH"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाधा"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाधा (bādhā)\n→ Tamil: வாதை (vātai)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाधा (bādhā)\n→ Tamil: வாதை (vātai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰ-né-dʰ-ti (nasal-infixed present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰendʰ-",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1",
"qq": "reanalyzed root",
"t": "to bind, tie",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒? *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”) (reanalyzed root)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰedʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bidjaną",
"t": "to pray, request, bid",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bend (to another's will)"
},
"expansion": "“to bend (to another's will)”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bow, kneel"
},
"expansion": "“to bow, kneel”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to ask humbly"
},
"expansion": "“to ask humbly”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "worship"
},
"expansion": "“worship”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bíndem",
"3": "",
"4": "to bow down, obey"
},
"expansion": "Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Alternatively from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*gʷʰedʰ-</i> (“to ask for, beseech, pray”), which, at least in terms of semantics<ref name=EDPG2/> and Indo-European cognates, is more convincing, despite requiring the controversial sound shift *gʷʰ > *b without a clear motivation. Another phonetically problematic etymology assumes back-formation from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*bīdaną</i> (“to wait”). If indeed from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ-</i>, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sq\">bíndem</i> (“to bow down, obey”).",
"group": "note",
"name": "n2"
},
"expansion": "If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”).",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to pray, request, bid”) If indeed from *bʰedʰ-, the semantic development could be “to bend (to another's will)” or “to bow, kneel” > “to ask humbly”; compare the potential Tocharian cognates, if the gloss “worship” is accurate, as well as Albanian bíndem (“to bow down, obey”). (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰedʰ-eh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bedō",
"t": "prayer, request",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"group": "note",
"name": "n2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“prayer, request”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰodʰ-o-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badą",
"t": "pressure; trouble, distress"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *badą (“pressure; trouble, distress”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*bað",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: *bað n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: *bað n"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bad",
"t": "damage, destruction, fight"
},
"expansion": "Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "East Danish: bad (“damage, destruction, fight”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "bad",
"t": "effort, trouble, fear"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: bad (“effort, trouble, fear”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "badde",
"bor": "1",
"t": "evil, bad",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad\nEnglish: bad\nScots: bad",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→? Middle English: badde (“evil, bad”), bad\nEnglish: bad\nScots: bad"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badōną",
"alt": "*badō(ja)ną",
"der": "1",
"qq": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti</i>",
"t": "to press; to distress, frighten"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *badō(ja)ną (“to press; to distress, frighten”) (or from *bʰodʰ-eh₂-ye-ti) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰodʰ-o-s (“torment; tormenter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*badas",
"t": "lack, hunger, starvation",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *badas (“lack, hunger, starvation”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Alternatively from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i> (“to pierce”), referring to the sharp pains of prolonged hunger.<ref name=EDBIL/>",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *badas (“lack, hunger, starvation”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bads"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: bads",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: bads"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bãdas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: bãdas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: bãdas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*bʰādʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰādʰás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": "*bādʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bādʰás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बाध",
"tr": "bādhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Synchronically contains the root <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">बाध्</i> (bādh) as if from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰēdʰ-</i> above.",
"group": "note",
"name": "n5"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: बाध (bādhá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰedʰ-r-(o-m)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"alt": "*bedra"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bedra"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bedrò",
"3": "*bȅdro",
"4": "*bedrà",
"t3": "thigh",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *bedrò, *bȅdro, *bedrà (“thigh”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *bedrò, *bȅdro, *bedrà (“thigh”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*bʰodʰ-yo-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badją",
"t": "bed",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dug-out plot"
},
"expansion": "“dug-out plot”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*bedom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *bedom",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bend"
},
"expansion": "“to bend”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bed"
},
"expansion": "“bed”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "gulta",
"3": "",
"4": "bed"
},
"expansion": "Latvian gulta (“bed”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κλῑ́νη",
"3": "",
"4": "bed, couch"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ふす",
"t": "to bend down, lie down in bed",
"tr": "fusu"
},
"expansion": "Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर्यङ्क",
"3": "",
"4": "bed, couch"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Several other etymologies have been proposed but with unconvincing semantics, such as from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ(h₂)-</i> (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"cel-pro\">*bedom</i>. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lv\">gulta</i> (“bed”) from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"lv\">gult</i> (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek <i class=\"Polyt mention\" lang=\"grc\">κλῑ́νη</i> (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from <i class=\"Polyt mention\" lang=\"grc\">κλῑ́νω</i> (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese <i class=\"Jpan mention\" lang=\"ja\">ふす</i> (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">पर्यङ्क</i> (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">अङ्क</i> (aṅká, “bend, curve”).",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”).",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed”) such as from *bʰedʰ(h₂)- (“to dig”), which assumes an intermediate meaning “dug-out plot” as in Proto-Celtic *bedom. For the semantic development “to bend” ⇒ “bed”, compare Latvian gulta (“bed”) from gult (“to bend; to lie down”), Ancient Greek κλῑ́νη (klī́nē, “bed, couch”) from κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “to bend, slant, lean”), Japanese ふす (fusu, “to bend down, lie down in bed”), and possibly Sanskrit पर्यङ्क (paryaṅka, “bed, couch”) if it contains अङ्क (aṅká, “bend, curve”). (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*ǵnu-bʰedʰ- (“to bend the knee, kneel (in reverence), pray?”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"der": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒? Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to bend the knee"
},
"expansion": "“to bend the knee”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Independent derivatives from the root of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*bedō</i> and <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*bidjaną</i> (see s.v. <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ-ye-ti</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*bʰedʰ-eh₂</i>), but no related verb meaning “to bend the knee” is reconstructible, rendering the etymology questionable.",
"group": "note"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "⇒? Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "cnēowġebed",
"alt": "cnēow-ġebed",
"lit": "knee-prayer",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ang\">ġebed</i>",
"t": "prayer on one's knees"
},
"expansion": "Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: cnēow-ġebed (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with ġebed)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "kneobeda",
"alt": "kneo-beda",
"lit": "knee-prayer",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"osx\">beda</i>",
"t": "prayer on one's knees"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: kneo-beda (“prayer on one's knees”, literally “knee-prayer”) (with beda)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*badją"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *badją",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "knébeðr",
"alt": "kné-beðr",
"lit": "knee-bed",
"qq": "with <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"non\">beðr</i> (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*badją</i>",
"t": "hassock",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Norse: kné-beðr (“hassock”, literally “knee-bed”) (with beðr (“bed”) ⇐ Proto-Germanic *badją)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"alt": "*ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s",
"der": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ *ǵnu-bʰódʰ-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"alt": "*ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́nu-bʰā́dʰas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"alt": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ज्ञुबाध",
"alt": "ज्ञु-बाध",
"pos": "a",
"t": "bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence",
"tr": "jñu-bā́dha"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: ज्ञु-बाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence”, adjective)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"group": "note",
"name": "n5"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: ज्ञु-बाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee(s), kneeling in reverence”, adjective)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bashkr",
"t": "together",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Albanian: bashkr (“together”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Albanian: bashkr (“together”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bodùs",
"3": "bodė́ti",
"t1": "disgusting",
"t2": "to despise, be disgusted by",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Lithuanian: bodùs (“disgusting”), bodė́ti (“to despise, be disgusted by”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "poto",
"t": "worship<abbr title=\"uncertain\">^?</abbr>"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: poto (“worship”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: poto (“worship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "peti",
"t": "flattery<abbr title=\"uncertain\">^?</abbr>"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: peti (“flattery”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: peti (“flattery”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to bend, fold"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:bend"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress"
],
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:press"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pres-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress",
"to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress"
],
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
],
[
"push",
"push"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:press"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pres-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to press (together), bind; to press down on, oppress",
"to push to limits; to cause trouble, distress",
"hardship, suffering"
],
"links": [
[
"press",
"press"
],
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"oppress",
"oppress"
],
[
"push",
"push"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
],
[
"distress",
"distress"
],
[
"hardship",
"hardship"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:press"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pres-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to bow down, obey"
],
"links": [
[
"bow down",
"bow down"
],
[
"obey",
"obey"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Brugmann's law",
"Wojciech Smoczyński"
],
"word": "bʰedʰ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bʰedʰ- meaning in All languages combined (24.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.