See Tower Hill on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "Tower Hill"
},
"expansion": "Tower Hill",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Neighbourhoods in Greater London, England",
"orig": "en:Neighbourhoods in Greater London, England",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Greater London, England",
"orig": "en:Places in Greater London, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 11 8 15 11 9 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 8 13 8 16 11 8 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 13 8 15 11 7 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A small urban area next to the Tower of London, borough of Tower Hamlets, Greater London (OS grid ref TQ3380)."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-np~2hDkl",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"urban",
"urban"
],
[
"Tower of London",
"Tower of London#English"
],
[
"Tower Hamlets",
"Tower Hamlets#English"
],
[
"Greater London",
"Greater London#English"
],
[
"OS",
"OS"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Hertfordshire, England",
"orig": "en:Places in Hertfordshire, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in England",
"orig": "en:Villages in England",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in Hertfordshire, England",
"orig": "en:Villages in Hertfordshire, England",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A village in Chipperfield parish, Dacorum borough, Hertfordshire (OS grid ref TL0302)."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-r4aQo5~7",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"Chipperfield",
"Chipperfield#English"
],
[
"Dacorum",
"Dacorum#English"
],
[
"Hertfordshire",
"Hertfordshire#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Merseyside, England",
"orig": "en:Places in Merseyside, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Suburbs in Merseyside, England",
"orig": "en:Suburbs in Merseyside, England",
"parents": [
"Suburbs",
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A suburb of Kirkby, Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside (OS grid ref SD4100)."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-noHiHq-G",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
],
[
"Kirkby",
"Kirkby#English"
],
[
"Knowsley",
"Knowsley#English"
],
[
"Merseyside",
"Merseyside#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Surrey, England",
"orig": "en:Places in Surrey, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Suburbs in Surrey, England",
"orig": "en:Suburbs in Surrey, England",
"parents": [
"Suburbs",
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 11 8 15 11 9 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 8 13 8 16 11 8 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 13 8 15 11 7 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A suburb of Dorking, Mole Valley district, Surrey (OS grid ref TQ1648)."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-wT6Ino74",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
],
[
"Dorking",
"Dorking#English"
],
[
"Mole Valley",
"Mole Valley#English"
],
[
"Surrey",
"Surrey#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Birmingham",
"orig": "en:Places in Birmingham",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in the West Midlands, England",
"orig": "en:Places in the West Midlands, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Suburbs in the West Midlands, England",
"orig": "en:Suburbs in the West Midlands, England",
"parents": [
"Suburbs",
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A suburb of the city of Birmingham, West Midlands (OS grid ref SP0592)."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-6gUp0Yfy",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
],
[
"Birmingham",
"Birmingham#English"
],
[
"West Midlands",
"West Midlands#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in West Sussex, England",
"orig": "en:Places in West Sussex, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in England",
"orig": "en:Villages in England",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in West Sussex, England",
"orig": "en:Villages in West Sussex, England",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 11 8 15 11 9 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 8 13 8 16 11 8 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 13 8 15 11 7 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A small village near Horsham, Horsham district, West Sussex (OS grid ref TQ1629)."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-JgFJkvLT",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"Horsham",
"Horsham#English"
],
[
"West Sussex",
"West Sussex#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hills",
"orig": "en:Hills",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in England",
"orig": "en:Places in England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Kent, England",
"orig": "en:Places in Kent, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Oxfordshire, England",
"orig": "en:Places in Oxfordshire, England",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 11 8 15 11 9 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 8 13 8 16 11 8 6 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 8 8 13 8 15 11 7 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A couple of hills, in Vale of White Horse district, Oxfordshire and Medway, Kent."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-xiYuXJJ1",
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"Vale of White Horse",
"Vale of White Horse#English"
],
[
"Oxfordshire",
"Oxfordshire#English"
],
[
"Medway",
"Medway#English"
],
[
"Kent",
"Kent#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Illinois, USA",
"orig": "en:Places in Illinois, USA",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in the United States",
"orig": "en:Places in the United States",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in Illinois, USA",
"orig": "en:Villages in Illinois, USA",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in the United States",
"orig": "en:Villages in the United States",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A village in Shelby County, Illinois, United States."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-bHDaZTBq",
"links": [
[
"Shelby County",
"Shelby County#English"
],
[
"Illinois",
"Illinois#English"
],
[
"United States",
"United States#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Belize",
"orig": "en:Places in Belize",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Villages in Belize",
"orig": "en:Villages in Belize",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A village in Orange Walk District, Belize."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-p5D6L7Ip",
"links": [
[
"Belize",
"Belize#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Neighbourhoods in Sierra Leone",
"orig": "en:Neighbourhoods in Sierra Leone",
"parents": [
"Sierra Leone",
"Africa",
"Earth",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Sierra Leone",
"orig": "en:Places in Sierra Leone",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A neighbourhood in Freetown, Sierra Leone."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-J6yUjzIG",
"links": [
[
"Freetown",
"Freetown#English"
],
[
"Sierra Leone",
"Sierra Leone#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mountains",
"orig": "en:Mountains",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Australia",
"orig": "en:Places in Australia",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Victoria",
"orig": "en:Places in Victoria",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Volcanoes",
"orig": "en:Volcanoes",
"parents": [
"Landforms",
"Earth",
"Places",
"Nature",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An inactive volcano in Victoria, Australia."
],
"id": "en-Tower_Hill-en-name-5svuESw1",
"links": [
[
"inactive",
"inactive"
],
[
"volcano",
"volcano"
],
[
"Victoria",
"Victoria#English"
],
[
"Australia",
"Australia#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "Tower Hill"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English proper nouns",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "Tower Hill"
},
"expansion": "Tower Hill",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Neighbourhoods in Greater London, England",
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in Greater London, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A small urban area next to the Tower of London, borough of Tower Hamlets, Greater London (OS grid ref TQ3380)."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"urban",
"urban"
],
[
"Tower of London",
"Tower of London#English"
],
[
"Tower Hamlets",
"Tower Hamlets#English"
],
[
"Greater London",
"Greater London#English"
],
[
"OS",
"OS"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in Hertfordshire, England",
"en:Villages in England",
"en:Villages in Hertfordshire, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A village in Chipperfield parish, Dacorum borough, Hertfordshire (OS grid ref TL0302)."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"Chipperfield",
"Chipperfield#English"
],
[
"Dacorum",
"Dacorum#English"
],
[
"Hertfordshire",
"Hertfordshire#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in Merseyside, England",
"en:Suburbs in Merseyside, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A suburb of Kirkby, Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside (OS grid ref SD4100)."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
],
[
"Kirkby",
"Kirkby#English"
],
[
"Knowsley",
"Knowsley#English"
],
[
"Merseyside",
"Merseyside#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in Surrey, England",
"en:Suburbs in Surrey, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A suburb of Dorking, Mole Valley district, Surrey (OS grid ref TQ1648)."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
],
[
"Dorking",
"Dorking#English"
],
[
"Mole Valley",
"Mole Valley#English"
],
[
"Surrey",
"Surrey#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in Birmingham",
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in the West Midlands, England",
"en:Suburbs in the West Midlands, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A suburb of the city of Birmingham, West Midlands (OS grid ref SP0592)."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"suburb",
"suburb"
],
[
"Birmingham",
"Birmingham#English"
],
[
"West Midlands",
"West Midlands#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in West Sussex, England",
"en:Villages in England",
"en:Villages in West Sussex, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A small village near Horsham, Horsham district, West Sussex (OS grid ref TQ1629)."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"Horsham",
"Horsham#English"
],
[
"West Sussex",
"West Sussex#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Hills",
"en:Places in England",
"en:Places in Kent, England",
"en:Places in Oxfordshire, England"
],
"glosses": [
"A number of places in England:",
"A couple of hills, in Vale of White Horse district, Oxfordshire and Medway, Kent."
],
"links": [
[
"England",
"England#English"
],
[
"Vale of White Horse",
"Vale of White Horse#English"
],
[
"Oxfordshire",
"Oxfordshire#English"
],
[
"Medway",
"Medway#English"
],
[
"Kent",
"Kent#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in Illinois, USA",
"en:Places in the United States",
"en:Villages in Illinois, USA",
"en:Villages in the United States"
],
"glosses": [
"A village in Shelby County, Illinois, United States."
],
"links": [
[
"Shelby County",
"Shelby County#English"
],
[
"Illinois",
"Illinois#English"
],
[
"United States",
"United States#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Places in Belize",
"en:Villages in Belize"
],
"glosses": [
"A village in Orange Walk District, Belize."
],
"links": [
[
"Belize",
"Belize#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Neighbourhoods in Sierra Leone",
"en:Places in Sierra Leone"
],
"glosses": [
"A neighbourhood in Freetown, Sierra Leone."
],
"links": [
[
"Freetown",
"Freetown#English"
],
[
"Sierra Leone",
"Sierra Leone#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Mountains",
"en:Places in Australia",
"en:Places in Victoria",
"en:Volcanoes"
],
"glosses": [
"An inactive volcano in Victoria, Australia."
],
"links": [
[
"inactive",
"inactive"
],
[
"volcano",
"volcano"
],
[
"Victoria",
"Victoria#English"
],
[
"Australia",
"Australia#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "Tower Hill"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Tower Hill meaning in All languages combined (4.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.