-s

dien + -s → diens

appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun


-s

redakteur + -s → redakteurs

Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -ie, etc.

ateljee + -s → ateljees

Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin.

Inherited from Dutch -s (a suffix for forming plurals).


-s

nuut → iets nuuts

groot → niks groots nie

Used to form the partitive form of the adjective

Inherited from Dutch -s, from the genitive case of Dutch masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, Middle Dutch -s, -es, from Old Dutch -es, -is, from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.


-s

winter (“winter”) + -s → winters (“wintery”)

spel (“game”) + -s → speels (“playful”)

Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns.

Engeland (“England”) + -s → Engels (“English”)

Finland (“Finland”) + -s → Fins (“Finnish”)

Used to form adjectives or language names from place names.

Inherited from Dutch -s, from earlier -sch, from Middle Dutch -sch, from Old Dutch -isc, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.


-s

Possibly akin to Old Armenian -իչ (-ičʻ), both reconstructible to a tentative Proto-Indo-European *-ikʷyo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to gather”), whence also Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to do”), Sanskrit चिनोति (cinóti, “to arrange, pile up”).


-s

有車s有樓s

有车s有楼s

(Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, humorous or sarcastic, rare, written only) Used to emphasise that there are multiple instances of the noun

Borrowed from English -s (“plural suffix”).


-s

Danmarks dronning

Københavns snefald

Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.

Inherited from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with Swedish -s.


-s

bodem + -s → bodems

Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -je, etc.

telefoon + -s → telefoons

Unknown. Not present in Old Dutch, which used -a from Proto-Germanic *-ōz as the plural ending. Possibly spread from Middle Low German -s, -es, from Old Saxon -os, -as, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs. Further etymology is unknown, but cognate with Old English -as (English -s).


-s

tijd → de tand des tijds

(archaic, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.

Pieter → Pieters jas

iemand → iemands jas

Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns and some pronouns.

lief → iets liefs

stad → steeds

From the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, Middle Dutch -s, -es, from Old Dutch -es, -is, from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is.


-s

spel (“game”) + -s → speels (“playful”)

Used to form adjectives or language names from names of nations or countries.

From earlier -sch, from Middle Dutch -sch, from Old Dutch -isc, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (from which also -isch via German), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.


-s

From earlier forms such as -sz, -se, -sen; all ultimately from the patronymic use of zoon with a connecting genitival interfix -s-. Bare -s as a patronymic may also represent an underlying patronymic use of dochter, as in the name Neeltje Jansdochter, which could reduce to Neeltje Jans by simple elision of -dochter.


-s

one computer → five computers

shorts

sunglasses

Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).

We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses.

The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes].

The temperature today will be in the low 30s.

He placed in the 200s in the end.

When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures.

→ Cantonese: -s

→ Japanese: ズ (-zu)

→ Malayalam: -സ് (-sŭ)

→ Swedish: -s

→ Tagalog: -s

→ Welsh: -s

供

plural markers for humans, non-mandatory

Inherited from Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to German -er (plural ending) which has a different origin.


-s

to eat → he eats

Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.

From Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from Old English -(e)þ, -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.
It is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).
An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.


-s

forward + -s → forwards

downward + -s → downwards

alway + -s → always

sometime + -s → sometimes

betime + -s → betimes

while + -s → whiles

betide + -s → betides

toward + -s → towards

beside + -s → besides

evening + -s → evenings

unaware + -s → unawares

Used in the formation of certain English adverbs.

From Middle English -es, from Old English -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.


-s

hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs

(neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs

(on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker.

devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings

(on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s

A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.


-s

Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots

(informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix

American Heritage Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary

Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g., puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.


-s

au (“honour”) + -s → aus (“honest”)

ilu (“beauty”) + -s → ilus (“beautiful”)

lõbu (“pleasure”) + -s → lõbus (“fun”)

head

-s (genitive -sa, partitive -sat, comparative -sam, superlative kõige -sam)

-sa (genitive)
-sat (partitive)
-sam (comparative)
kõige -sam (superlative)
-s (nominative singular)
-sad (nominative plural)
-s (accusative nominative singular)
-sad (accusative nominative plural)
-sa (accusative genitive singular)
-sad (accusative genitive plural)
-sa (genitive singular)
-sate (genitive plural)
-sat (partitive singular)
-said (partitive plural)
-sasse (illative singular)
-satesse (illative plural)
-saisse (illative plural)
-sas (inessive singular)
-sates (inessive plural)
-sais (inessive plural)
-sast (elative singular)
-satest (elative plural)
-saist (elative plural)
-sale (allative singular)
-satele (allative plural)
-saile (allative plural)
-sal (adessive singular)
-satel (adessive plural)
-sail (adessive plural)
-salt (ablative singular)
-satelt (ablative plural)
-sailt (ablative plural)
-saks (singular translative)
-sateks (plural translative)
-saiks (plural translative)
-sani (singular terminative)
-sateni (plural terminative)
-sana (essive singular)
-satena (essive plural)
-sata (abessive singular)
-sateta (abessive plural)
-saga (comitative singular)
-satega (comitative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-isa. Related to Finnish -isa, Ingrian -isa, Votic -sa.


-s

kolm (“three”) + -s → kolmas (“third”)

kuus (“six”) + -s → kuues (“sixth”)

forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers

-nda (genitive)
-ndat (partitive)
-s (nominative singular)
-ndad (nominative plural)
-s (accusative nominative singular)
-ndad (accusative nominative plural)
-nda (accusative genitive singular)
-ndad (accusative genitive plural)
-nda (genitive singular)
-ndate (genitive plural)
-ndat (partitive singular)
-ndaid (partitive plural)
-ndasse (illative singular)
-ndatesse (illative plural)
-ndaisse (illative plural)
-ndas (inessive singular)
-ndates (inessive plural)
-ndais (inessive plural)
-ndast (elative singular)
-ndatest (elative plural)
-ndaist (elative plural)
-ndale (allative singular)
-ndatele (allative plural)
-ndaile (allative plural)
-ndal (adessive singular)
-ndatel (adessive plural)
-ndail (adessive plural)
-ndalt (ablative singular)
-ndatelt (ablative plural)
-ndailt (ablative plural)
-ndaks (singular translative)
-ndateks (plural translative)
-ndaiks (plural translative)
-ndani (singular terminative)
-ndateni (plural terminative)
-ndana (essive singular)
-ndatena (essive plural)
-ndata (abessive singular)
-ndateta (abessive plural)
-ndaga (comitative singular)
-ndatega (comitative plural)


-s

Kuules nyt! (addressing one person. quite an established expression of frustration, speaker very impatient)

Kuulkaas nyt! (addressing many people, same tone as above)

Tees nämä tehtävät. (addressing one person, tone less impatient)

When appended to a second-person singular or plural imperative, gives the command or request slightly rude or impatient tone—often with different verbs and different independent particles adjacent, the tone is different.

Laitapas lautaset pöytään.

When appended to the particle -pa/-pä that is appended to a second-person imperative, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone.

Jaksatkos sinä?

Eikös Saara opiskele oikeustieteitä?

Mainly in informal contexts: a particle appended to an interrogative suffix -ko/-kö of the verb conjugated in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity—sometimes very difficult to translate well into English, in some cases corresponds to tag questions.

Tehdääs tämä huomenna.

(colloquial) appended to the shortened impersonal indicative present form (-n omitted) to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive.

Mikäs se Suomen pääkaupunki olikaan?

Kukas heistä olikaan sinun lapsesi?

Softens interrogative words, particularly mikä, kuka and their inflected and derived forms, such as when the speaker expects the person addressed to know the answer.

Contracted from the second-person singular pronoun sa, sä (sinä in modern standard language), but no longer tied to being used in second-person.


-s

jalka (“foot”) + -s → jalas (“runner, skid”)

liha (“meat”) + -s → lihas (“muscle”)

kolmas + -s → kolmannes

Forms fractional numbers from ordinal numbers.

-s (nominative singular)
-kset (nominative plural)
-s (accusative nominative singular)
-kset (accusative nominative plural)
-ksen (accusative genitive singular)
-kset (accusative genitive plural)
-ksen (genitive singular)
-sten (genitive plural)
-ksien (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-ksia (partitive plural)
-ksessa (inessive singular)
-ksissa (inessive plural)
-ksesta (elative singular)
-ksista (elative plural)
-kseen (illative singular)
-ksiin (illative plural)
-ksella (adessive singular)
-ksilla (adessive plural)
-kselta (ablative singular)
-ksilta (ablative plural)
-kselle (allative singular)
-ksille (allative plural)
-ksena (essive singular)
-ksina (essive plural)
-kseksi (singular translative)
-ksiksi (plural translative)
-ksetta (abessive singular)
-ksitta (abessive plural)
-ksin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-kseni (nominative singular)
-kseni (nominative plural)
-kseni (accusative nominative singular)
-kseni (accusative nominative plural)
-kseni (accusative genitive singular)
-kseni (accusative genitive plural)
-kseni (genitive singular)
-steni (genitive plural)
-ksieni (genitive plural)
-stani (partitive singular)
-ksiani (partitive plural)
-ksessani (inessive singular)
-ksissani (inessive plural)
-ksestani (elative singular)
-ksistani (elative plural)
-kseeni (illative singular)
-ksiini (illative plural)
-ksellani (adessive singular)
-ksillani (adessive plural)
-kseltani (ablative singular)
-ksiltani (ablative plural)
-kselleni (allative singular)
-ksilleni (allative plural)
-ksenani (essive singular)
-ksinani (essive plural)
-ksekseni (singular translative)
-ksikseni (plural translative)
-ksettani (abessive singular)
-ksittani (abessive plural)
-ksineni (comitative plural)
-ksesi (nominative singular)
-ksesi (nominative plural)
-ksesi (accusative nominative singular)
-ksesi (accusative nominative plural)
-ksesi (accusative genitive singular)
-ksesi (accusative genitive plural)
-ksesi (genitive singular)
-stesi (genitive plural)
-ksiesi (genitive plural)
-stasi (partitive singular)
-ksiasi (partitive plural)
-ksessasi (inessive singular)
-ksissasi (inessive plural)
-ksestasi (elative singular)
-ksistasi (elative plural)
-kseesi (illative singular)
-ksiisi (illative plural)
-ksellasi (adessive singular)
-ksillasi (adessive plural)
-kseltasi (ablative singular)
-ksiltasi (ablative plural)
-ksellesi (allative singular)
-ksillesi (allative plural)
-ksenasi (essive singular)
-ksinasi (essive plural)
-kseksesi (singular translative)
-ksiksesi (plural translative)
-ksettasi (abessive singular)
-ksittasi (abessive plural)
-ksinesi (comitative plural)
-ksemme (nominative singular)
-ksemme (nominative plural)
-ksemme (accusative nominative singular)
-ksemme (accusative nominative plural)
-ksemme (accusative genitive singular)
-ksemme (accusative genitive plural)
-ksemme (genitive singular)
-stemme (genitive plural)
-ksiemme (genitive plural)
-stamme (partitive singular)
-ksiamme (partitive plural)
-ksessamme (inessive singular)
-ksissamme (inessive plural)
-ksestamme (elative singular)
-ksistamme (elative plural)
-kseemme (illative singular)
-ksiimme (illative plural)
-ksellamme (adessive singular)
-ksillamme (adessive plural)
-kseltamme (ablative singular)
-ksiltamme (ablative plural)
-ksellemme (allative singular)
-ksillemme (allative plural)
-ksenamme (essive singular)
-ksinamme (essive plural)
-kseksemme (singular translative)
-ksiksemme (plural translative)
-ksettamme (abessive singular)
-ksittamme (abessive plural)
-ksinemme (comitative plural)
-ksenne (nominative singular)
-ksenne (nominative plural)
-ksenne (accusative nominative singular)
-ksenne (accusative nominative plural)
-ksenne (accusative genitive singular)
-ksenne (accusative genitive plural)
-ksenne (genitive singular)
-stenne (genitive plural)
-ksienne (genitive plural)
-stanne (partitive singular)
-ksianne (partitive plural)
-ksessanne (inessive singular)
-ksissanne (inessive plural)
-ksestanne (elative singular)
-ksistanne (elative plural)
-kseenne (illative singular)
-ksiinne (illative plural)
-ksellanne (adessive singular)
-ksillanne (adessive plural)
-kseltanne (ablative singular)
-ksiltanne (ablative plural)
-ksellenne (allative singular)
-ksillenne (allative plural)
-ksenanne (essive singular)
-ksinanne (essive plural)
-kseksenne (singular translative)
-ksiksenne (plural translative)
-ksettanne (abessive singular)
-ksittanne (abessive plural)
-ksinenne (comitative plural)
-ksensa (nominative singular)
-ksensa (nominative plural)
-ksensa (accusative nominative singular)
-ksensa (accusative nominative plural)
-ksensa (accusative genitive singular)
-ksensa (accusative genitive plural)
-ksensa (genitive singular)
-stensa (genitive plural)
-ksiensa (genitive plural)
-staan (partitive singular)
-stansa (partitive singular)
-ksiaan (partitive plural)
-ksiansa (partitive plural)
-ksessaan (inessive singular)
-ksessansa (inessive singular)
-ksissaan (inessive plural)
-ksissansa (inessive plural)
-ksestaan (elative singular)
-ksestansa (elative singular)
-ksistaan (elative plural)
-ksistansa (elative plural)
-kseensa (illative singular)
-ksiinsa (illative plural)
-ksellaan (adessive singular)
-ksellansa (adessive singular)
-ksillaan (adessive plural)
-ksillansa (adessive plural)
-kseltaan (ablative singular)
-kseltansa (ablative singular)
-ksiltaan (ablative plural)
-ksiltansa (ablative plural)
-kselleen (allative singular)
-ksellensa (allative singular)
-ksilleen (allative plural)
-ksillensa (allative plural)
-ksenaan (essive singular)
-ksenansa (essive singular)
-ksinaan (essive plural)
-ksinansa (essive plural)
-ksekseen (singular translative)
-kseksensa (singular translative)
-ksikseen (plural translative)
-ksiksensa (plural translative)
-ksettaan (abessive singular)
-ksettansa (abessive singular)
-ksittaan (abessive plural)
-ksittansa (abessive plural)
-ksineen (comitative plural)
-ksinensa (comitative plural)
-s (nominative singular)
-kset (nominative plural)
-s (accusative nominative singular)
-kset (accusative nominative plural)
-ksen (accusative genitive singular)
-kset (accusative genitive plural)
-ksen (genitive singular)
-sten (genitive plural)
-ksien (genitive plural)
-stä (partitive singular)
-ksiä (partitive plural)
-ksessä (inessive singular)
-ksissä (inessive plural)
-ksestä (elative singular)
-ksistä (elative plural)
-kseen (illative singular)
-ksiin (illative plural)
-ksellä (adessive singular)
-ksillä (adessive plural)
-kseltä (ablative singular)
-ksiltä (ablative plural)
-kselle (allative singular)
-ksille (allative plural)
-ksenä (essive singular)
-ksinä (essive plural)
-kseksi (singular translative)
-ksiksi (plural translative)
-ksettä (abessive singular)
-ksittä (abessive plural)
-ksin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-kseni (nominative singular)
-kseni (nominative plural)
-kseni (accusative nominative singular)
-kseni (accusative nominative plural)
-kseni (accusative genitive singular)
-kseni (accusative genitive plural)
-kseni (genitive singular)
-steni (genitive plural)
-ksieni (genitive plural)
-stäni (partitive singular)
-ksiäni (partitive plural)
-ksessäni (inessive singular)
-ksissäni (inessive plural)
-ksestäni (elative singular)
-ksistäni (elative plural)
-kseeni (illative singular)
-ksiini (illative plural)
-kselläni (adessive singular)
-ksilläni (adessive plural)
-kseltäni (ablative singular)
-ksiltäni (ablative plural)
-kselleni (allative singular)
-ksilleni (allative plural)
-ksenäni (essive singular)
-ksinäni (essive plural)
-ksekseni (singular translative)
-ksikseni (plural translative)
-ksettäni (abessive singular)
-ksittäni (abessive plural)
-ksineni (comitative plural)
-ksesi (nominative singular)
-ksesi (nominative plural)
-ksesi (accusative nominative singular)
-ksesi (accusative nominative plural)
-ksesi (accusative genitive singular)
-ksesi (accusative genitive plural)
-ksesi (genitive singular)
-stesi (genitive plural)
-ksiesi (genitive plural)
-stäsi (partitive singular)
-ksiäsi (partitive plural)
-ksessäsi (inessive singular)
-ksissäsi (inessive plural)
-ksestäsi (elative singular)
-ksistäsi (elative plural)
-kseesi (illative singular)
-ksiisi (illative plural)
-kselläsi (adessive singular)
-ksilläsi (adessive plural)
-kseltäsi (ablative singular)
-ksiltäsi (ablative plural)
-ksellesi (allative singular)
-ksillesi (allative plural)
-ksenäsi (essive singular)
-ksinäsi (essive plural)
-kseksesi (singular translative)
-ksiksesi (plural translative)
-ksettäsi (abessive singular)
-ksittäsi (abessive plural)
-ksinesi (comitative plural)
-ksemme (nominative singular)
-ksemme (nominative plural)
-ksemme (accusative nominative singular)
-ksemme (accusative nominative plural)
-ksemme (accusative genitive singular)
-ksemme (accusative genitive plural)
-ksemme (genitive singular)
-stemme (genitive plural)
-ksiemme (genitive plural)
-stämme (partitive singular)
-ksiämme (partitive plural)
-ksessämme (inessive singular)
-ksissämme (inessive plural)
-ksestämme (elative singular)
-ksistämme (elative plural)
-kseemme (illative singular)
-ksiimme (illative plural)
-ksellämme (adessive singular)
-ksillämme (adessive plural)
-kseltämme (ablative singular)
-ksiltämme (ablative plural)
-ksellemme (allative singular)
-ksillemme (allative plural)
-ksenämme (essive singular)
-ksinämme (essive plural)
-kseksemme (singular translative)
-ksiksemme (plural translative)
-ksettämme (abessive singular)
-ksittämme (abessive plural)
-ksinemme (comitative plural)
-ksenne (nominative singular)
-ksenne (nominative plural)
-ksenne (accusative nominative singular)
-ksenne (accusative nominative plural)
-ksenne (accusative genitive singular)
-ksenne (accusative genitive plural)
-ksenne (genitive singular)
-stenne (genitive plural)
-ksienne (genitive plural)
-stänne (partitive singular)
-ksiänne (partitive plural)
-ksessänne (inessive singular)
-ksissänne (inessive plural)
-ksestänne (elative singular)
-ksistänne (elative plural)
-kseenne (illative singular)
-ksiinne (illative plural)
-ksellänne (adessive singular)
-ksillänne (adessive plural)
-kseltänne (ablative singular)
-ksiltänne (ablative plural)
-ksellenne (allative singular)
-ksillenne (allative plural)
-ksenänne (essive singular)
-ksinänne (essive plural)
-kseksenne (singular translative)
-ksiksenne (plural translative)
-ksettänne (abessive singular)
-ksittänne (abessive plural)
-ksinenne (comitative plural)
-ksensä (nominative singular)
-ksensä (nominative plural)
-ksensä (accusative nominative singular)
-ksensä (accusative nominative plural)
-ksensä (accusative genitive singular)
-ksensä (accusative genitive plural)
-ksensä (genitive singular)
-stensä (genitive plural)
-ksiensä (genitive plural)
-stään (partitive singular)
-stänsä (partitive singular)
-ksiään (partitive plural)
-ksiänsä (partitive plural)
-ksessään (inessive singular)
-ksessänsä (inessive singular)
-ksissään (inessive plural)
-ksissänsä (inessive plural)
-ksestään (elative singular)
-ksestänsä (elative singular)
-ksistään (elative plural)
-ksistänsä (elative plural)
-kseensä (illative singular)
-ksiinsä (illative plural)
-ksellään (adessive singular)
-ksellänsä (adessive singular)
-ksillään (adessive plural)
-ksillänsä (adessive plural)
-kseltään (ablative singular)
-kseltänsä (ablative singular)
-ksiltään (ablative plural)
-ksiltänsä (ablative plural)
-kselleen (allative singular)
-ksellensä (allative singular)
-ksilleen (allative plural)
-ksillensä (allative plural)
-ksenään (essive singular)
-ksenänsä (essive singular)
-ksinään (essive plural)
-ksinänsä (essive plural)
-ksekseen (singular translative)
-kseksensä (singular translative)
-ksikseen (plural translative)
-ksiksensä (plural translative)
-ksettään (abessive singular)
-ksettänsä (abessive singular)
-ksittään (abessive plural)
-ksittänsä (abessive plural)
-ksineen (comitative plural)
-ksinensä (comitative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Finno-Permic *-kse (compare Erzya and Moksha -кс (-ks, nominalizing suffix)).


-s

moni + -s → mones

Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers, or ordinal pronouns.

-s (nominative singular)
-nnet (nominative plural)
-s (accusative nominative singular)
-nnet (accusative nominative plural)
-nnen (accusative genitive singular)
-nnet (accusative genitive plural)
-nnen (genitive singular)
-nsien (genitive plural)
-tta (partitive singular)
-nsia (partitive plural)
-nnessa (inessive singular)
-nsissa (inessive plural)
-nnesta (elative singular)
-nsista (elative plural)
-nteen (illative singular)
-nsiin (illative plural)
-nnella (adessive singular)
-nsilla (adessive plural)
-nnelta (ablative singular)
-nsilta (ablative plural)
-nnelle (allative singular)
-nsille (allative plural)
-ntena (essive singular)
-nsina (essive plural)
-nneksi (singular translative)
-nsiksi (plural translative)
-nnetta (abessive singular)
-nsitta (abessive plural)
-nsin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-nteni (nominative singular)
-nteni (nominative plural)
-nteni (accusative nominative singular)
-nteni (accusative nominative plural)
-nteni (accusative genitive singular)
-nteni (accusative genitive plural)
-nteni (genitive singular)
-nsieni (genitive plural)
-ttani (partitive singular)
-nsiani (partitive plural)
-nnessani (inessive singular)
-nsissani (inessive plural)
-nnestani (elative singular)
-nsistani (elative plural)
-nteeni (illative singular)
-nsiini (illative plural)
-nnellani (adessive singular)
-nsillani (adessive plural)
-nneltani (ablative singular)
-nsiltani (ablative plural)
-nnelleni (allative singular)
-nsilleni (allative plural)
-ntenani (essive singular)
-nsinani (essive plural)
-nnekseni (singular translative)
-nsikseni (plural translative)
-nnettani (abessive singular)
-nsittani (abessive plural)
-nsineni (comitative plural)
-ntesi (nominative singular)
-ntesi (nominative plural)
-ntesi (accusative nominative singular)
-ntesi (accusative nominative plural)
-ntesi (accusative genitive singular)
-ntesi (accusative genitive plural)
-ntesi (genitive singular)
-nsiesi (genitive plural)
-ttasi (partitive singular)
-nsiasi (partitive plural)
-nnessasi (inessive singular)
-nsissasi (inessive plural)
-nnestasi (elative singular)
-nsistasi (elative plural)
-nteesi (illative singular)
-nsiisi (illative plural)
-nnellasi (adessive singular)
-nsillasi (adessive plural)
-nneltasi (ablative singular)
-nsiltasi (ablative plural)
-nnellesi (allative singular)
-nsillesi (allative plural)
-ntenasi (essive singular)
-nsinasi (essive plural)
-nneksesi (singular translative)
-nsiksesi (plural translative)
-nnettasi (abessive singular)
-nsittasi (abessive plural)
-nsinesi (comitative plural)
-ntemme (nominative singular)
-ntemme (nominative plural)
-ntemme (accusative nominative singular)
-ntemme (accusative nominative plural)
-ntemme (accusative genitive singular)
-ntemme (accusative genitive plural)
-ntemme (genitive singular)
-nsiemme (genitive plural)
-ttamme (partitive singular)
-nsiamme (partitive plural)
-nnessamme (inessive singular)
-nsissamme (inessive plural)
-nnestamme (elative singular)
-nsistamme (elative plural)
-nteemme (illative singular)
-nsiimme (illative plural)
-nnellamme (adessive singular)
-nsillamme (adessive plural)
-nneltamme (ablative singular)
-nsiltamme (ablative plural)
-nnellemme (allative singular)
-nsillemme (allative plural)
-ntenamme (essive singular)
-nsinamme (essive plural)
-nneksemme (singular translative)
-nsiksemme (plural translative)
-nnettamme (abessive singular)
-nsittamme (abessive plural)
-nsinemme (comitative plural)
-ntenne (nominative singular)
-ntenne (nominative plural)
-ntenne (accusative nominative singular)
-ntenne (accusative nominative plural)
-ntenne (accusative genitive singular)
-ntenne (accusative genitive plural)
-ntenne (genitive singular)
-nsienne (genitive plural)
-ttanne (partitive singular)
-nsianne (partitive plural)
-nnessanne (inessive singular)
-nsissanne (inessive plural)
-nnestanne (elative singular)
-nsistanne (elative plural)
-nteenne (illative singular)
-nsiinne (illative plural)
-nnellanne (adessive singular)
-nsillanne (adessive plural)
-nneltanne (ablative singular)
-nsiltanne (ablative plural)
-nnellenne (allative singular)
-nsillenne (allative plural)
-ntenanne (essive singular)
-nsinanne (essive plural)
-nneksenne (singular translative)
-nsiksenne (plural translative)
-nnettanne (abessive singular)
-nsittanne (abessive plural)
-nsinenne (comitative plural)
-ntensa (nominative singular)
-ntensa (nominative plural)
-ntensa (accusative nominative singular)
-ntensa (accusative nominative plural)
-ntensa (accusative genitive singular)
-ntensa (accusative genitive plural)
-ntensa (genitive singular)
-nsiensa (genitive plural)
-ttaan (partitive singular)
-ttansa (partitive singular)
-nsiaan (partitive plural)
-nsiansa (partitive plural)
-nnessaan (inessive singular)
-nnessansa (inessive singular)
-nsissaan (inessive plural)
-nsissansa (inessive plural)
-nnestaan (elative singular)
-nnestansa (elative singular)
-nsistaan (elative plural)
-nsistansa (elative plural)
-nteensa (illative singular)
-nsiinsa (illative plural)
-nnellaan (adessive singular)
-nnellansa (adessive singular)
-nsillaan (adessive plural)
-nsillansa (adessive plural)
-nneltaan (ablative singular)
-nneltansa (ablative singular)
-nsiltaan (ablative plural)
-nsiltansa (ablative plural)
-nnelleen (allative singular)
-nnellensa (allative singular)
-nsilleen (allative plural)
-nsillensa (allative plural)
-ntenaan (essive singular)
-ntenansa (essive singular)
-nsinaan (essive plural)
-nsinansa (essive plural)
-nnekseen (singular translative)
-nneksensa (singular translative)
-nsikseen (plural translative)
-nsiksensa (plural translative)
-nnettaan (abessive singular)
-nnettansa (abessive singular)
-nsittaan (abessive plural)
-nsittansa (abessive plural)
-nsineen (comitative plural)
-nsinensa (comitative plural)
-s (nominative singular)
-nnet (nominative plural)
-s (accusative nominative singular)
-nnet (accusative nominative plural)
-nnen (accusative genitive singular)
-nnet (accusative genitive plural)
-nnen (genitive singular)
-nsien (genitive plural)
-ttä (partitive singular)
-nsiä (partitive plural)
-nnessä (inessive singular)
-nsissä (inessive plural)
-nnestä (elative singular)
-nsistä (elative plural)
-nteen (illative singular)
-nsiin (illative plural)
-nnellä (adessive singular)
-nsillä (adessive plural)
-nneltä (ablative singular)
-nsiltä (ablative plural)
-nnelle (allative singular)
-nsille (allative plural)
-ntenä (essive singular)
-nsinä (essive plural)
-nneksi (singular translative)
-nsiksi (plural translative)
-nnettä (abessive singular)
-nsittä (abessive plural)
-nsin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-nteni (nominative singular)
-nteni (nominative plural)
-nteni (accusative nominative singular)
-nteni (accusative nominative plural)
-nteni (accusative genitive singular)
-nteni (accusative genitive plural)
-nteni (genitive singular)
-nsieni (genitive plural)
-ttäni (partitive singular)
-nsiäni (partitive plural)
-nnessäni (inessive singular)
-nsissäni (inessive plural)
-nnestäni (elative singular)
-nsistäni (elative plural)
-nteeni (illative singular)
-nsiini (illative plural)
-nnelläni (adessive singular)
-nsilläni (adessive plural)
-nneltäni (ablative singular)
-nsiltäni (ablative plural)
-nnelleni (allative singular)
-nsilleni (allative plural)
-ntenäni (essive singular)
-nsinäni (essive plural)
-nnekseni (singular translative)
-nsikseni (plural translative)
-nnettäni (abessive singular)
-nsittäni (abessive plural)
-nsineni (comitative plural)
-ntesi (nominative singular)
-ntesi (nominative plural)
-ntesi (accusative nominative singular)
-ntesi (accusative nominative plural)
-ntesi (accusative genitive singular)
-ntesi (accusative genitive plural)
-ntesi (genitive singular)
-nsiesi (genitive plural)
-ttäsi (partitive singular)
-nsiäsi (partitive plural)
-nnessäsi (inessive singular)
-nsissäsi (inessive plural)
-nnestäsi (elative singular)
-nsistäsi (elative plural)
-nteesi (illative singular)
-nsiisi (illative plural)
-nnelläsi (adessive singular)
-nsilläsi (adessive plural)
-nneltäsi (ablative singular)
-nsiltäsi (ablative plural)
-nnellesi (allative singular)
-nsillesi (allative plural)
-ntenäsi (essive singular)
-nsinäsi (essive plural)
-nneksesi (singular translative)
-nsiksesi (plural translative)
-nnettäsi (abessive singular)
-nsittäsi (abessive plural)
-nsinesi (comitative plural)
-ntemme (nominative singular)
-ntemme (nominative plural)
-ntemme (accusative nominative singular)
-ntemme (accusative nominative plural)
-ntemme (accusative genitive singular)
-ntemme (accusative genitive plural)
-ntemme (genitive singular)
-nsiemme (genitive plural)
-ttämme (partitive singular)
-nsiämme (partitive plural)
-nnessämme (inessive singular)
-nsissämme (inessive plural)
-nnestämme (elative singular)
-nsistämme (elative plural)
-nteemme (illative singular)
-nsiimme (illative plural)
-nnellämme (adessive singular)
-nsillämme (adessive plural)
-nneltämme (ablative singular)
-nsiltämme (ablative plural)
-nnellemme (allative singular)
-nsillemme (allative plural)
-ntenämme (essive singular)
-nsinämme (essive plural)
-nneksemme (singular translative)
-nsiksemme (plural translative)
-nnettämme (abessive singular)
-nsittämme (abessive plural)
-nsinemme (comitative plural)
-ntenne (nominative singular)
-ntenne (nominative plural)
-ntenne (accusative nominative singular)
-ntenne (accusative nominative plural)
-ntenne (accusative genitive singular)
-ntenne (accusative genitive plural)
-ntenne (genitive singular)
-nsienne (genitive plural)
-ttänne (partitive singular)
-nsiänne (partitive plural)
-nnessänne (inessive singular)
-nsissänne (inessive plural)
-nnestänne (elative singular)
-nsistänne (elative plural)
-nteenne (illative singular)
-nsiinne (illative plural)
-nnellänne (adessive singular)
-nsillänne (adessive plural)
-nneltänne (ablative singular)
-nsiltänne (ablative plural)
-nnellenne (allative singular)
-nsillenne (allative plural)
-ntenänne (essive singular)
-nsinänne (essive plural)
-nneksenne (singular translative)
-nsiksenne (plural translative)
-nnettänne (abessive singular)
-nsittänne (abessive plural)
-nsinenne (comitative plural)
-ntensä (nominative singular)
-ntensä (nominative plural)
-ntensä (accusative nominative singular)
-ntensä (accusative nominative plural)
-ntensä (accusative genitive singular)
-ntensä (accusative genitive plural)
-ntensä (genitive singular)
-nsiensä (genitive plural)
-ttään (partitive singular)
-ttänsä (partitive singular)
-nsiään (partitive plural)
-nsiänsä (partitive plural)
-nnessään (inessive singular)
-nnessänsä (inessive singular)
-nsissään (inessive plural)
-nsissänsä (inessive plural)
-nnestään (elative singular)
-nnestänsä (elative singular)
-nsistään (elative plural)
-nsistänsä (elative plural)
-nteensä (illative singular)
-nsiinsä (illative plural)
-nnellään (adessive singular)
-nnellänsä (adessive singular)
-nsillään (adessive plural)
-nsillänsä (adessive plural)
-nneltään (ablative singular)
-nneltänsä (ablative singular)
-nsiltään (ablative plural)
-nsiltänsä (ablative plural)
-nnelleen (allative singular)
-nnellensä (allative singular)
-nsilleen (allative plural)
-nsillensä (allative plural)
-ntenään (essive singular)
-ntenänsä (essive singular)
-nsinään (essive plural)
-nsinänsä (essive plural)
-nnekseen (singular translative)
-nneksensä (singular translative)
-nsikseen (plural translative)
-nsiksensä (plural translative)
-nnettään (abessive singular)
-nnettänsä (abessive singular)
-nsittään (abessive plural)
-nsittänsä (abessive plural)
-nsineen (comitative plural)
-nsinensä (comitative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte.


-s

ala- (“below, down, lower”) + -s → alas (“down”)

lative
Appendix:Finnish adverbial cases#Lative

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Uralic *-s (compare Erzya -с (-s) in эйс (ejs, “into”)). Sometimes considered a reduction of *-kse (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s.


-s

(case suffix, colloquial or dialectal) Alternative form of -ssa (inessive)

From apocope of the final vowel of -ssa, -ssä.


-s

homme + -s → hommes

bon + -s → bons

Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives.

landau + -s → landaus

bleu + -s → bleus

carnaval + -s → carnavals

Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in -au, -eu (which regularly add -x) and in -al (which regularly make -aux).

Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -os, -es (accusative plural).


-s

Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations.

Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations.

Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -es, -is (second-person singular).
The spread of this suffix to the first-person singular started out from Old French verbs whose stems happened to end in a sibilant, most notably the regular conjugation in -ir, e.g., je fenis, tu fenis (from Vulgar Latin fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is). In later Old French, final /s/ was only pronounced in liaison and in pausa. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others.


-s

used to form the genitive singular of most masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and proper nouns of all genders

Inherited from Middle High German -es, from Old High German [Term?].

-ens

proper nouns ending with a sibilant consonant; dated

-'s

proper nouns; correct in certain cases, but often seen as a misspelling


-s

klacken + -s → Klacks

schnappen + -s → Schnaps

Probably derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), but developed into a noun-forming suffix in German Low German and Central German dialects.


-s

Used to form the plurals of personal names, particularly family names.

Borrowed from Middle Low German [Term?]. Reinforced by the fact that French and English also use -s as a plural suffix.

-ens

family names ending with a sibilant consonant


-s

só (“salt”) + -s → sós (“salty”)

(adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.

hajó (“ship”) + -s → hajós (“sailor”)

(noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.

nulla (“zero”) + -s → nullás (“the digit or figure 0”)

the relevant template
Template:U:hu:nominal numerals#English

(number-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.

(frequentative suffix, obsolete) Forms verbs with repetitive meaning. In today's Hungarian language, it is completely obsolete, and its old derivatives are also obscured, e.g. olvas (“to read”), keres (“to seek”), futos (“to run around”).

Presumably can be traced back to a Proto-Uralic *-ć suffix.


-s

Used to form the inessive case; in, inside

-ssaan (first-person possessive singular)
-ssamme (first-person plural possessive)
-ssaas (possessive second-person singular)
-ssanne (plural possessive second-person)
-ssaa (possessive singular third-person)
-ssasse (plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-ssa. Cognates include Finnish -ssa and Estonian -s.


-s

Used to form ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers; -th

-s (nominative singular)
-nnet (nominative plural)
-nnen (genitive singular)
-nsiin (genitive plural)
-ttä (partitive singular)
-nsiä (partitive plural)
-ntee (illative singular)
-nsii (illative plural)
-nnees (inessive singular)
-nsiis (inessive plural)
-nnest (elative singular)
-nsist (elative plural)
-nnelle (allative singular)
-nsille (allative plural)
-nneel (adessive singular)
-nsiil (adessive plural)
-nnelt (ablative singular)
-nsilt (ablative plural)
-nneks (singular translative)
-nsiks (plural translative)
-ntennä (essive singular)
-nteen (essive singular)
-nsiinnä (essive plural)
-nsiin (essive plural)
-nnent (exessive singular)
-nsint (exessive plural)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte. Cognates include Finnish -s and Estonian -s.


-s

Niin mamallees i saoki.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

(obsolete) Used to mark the possession of the second person singular; thy, your

-n (first-person possessive singular)
-mme (first-person plural possessive)
-s (possessive second-person singular)
-nne (plural possessive second-person)
-V (possessive singular third-person)
-sse (plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-ci, from Proto-Uralic *-ti. Cognates include Finnish -si.


-s

ohja (“rein”) + -s → ohjas (“rein”)

(non-productive) Used to form nouns from other nouns

back-vocalic
-s (nominative singular)
-kset (nominative plural)
-ksen (genitive singular)
-ksiin (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-st (partitive singular)
-ksia (partitive plural)
-ksee (illative singular)
-ksii (illative plural)
-ksees (inessive singular)
-ksiis (inessive plural)
-ksest (elative singular)
-ksist (elative plural)
-kselle (allative singular)
-ksille (allative plural)
-kseel (adessive singular)
-ksiil (adessive plural)
-kselt (ablative singular)
-ksilt (ablative plural)
-kseks (singular translative)
-ksiks (plural translative)
-ksenna (essive singular)
-kseen (essive singular)
-ksinna (essive plural)
-ksiin (essive plural)
-ksent (exessive singular)
-ksint (exessive plural)
-s (nominative singular)
-kset (nominative plural)
-ksen (genitive singular)
-ksiin (genitive plural)
-stä (partitive singular)
-st (partitive singular)
-ksiä (partitive plural)
-ksee (illative singular)
-ksii (illative plural)
-ksees (inessive singular)
-ksiis (inessive plural)
-ksest (elative singular)
-ksist (elative plural)
-kselle (allative singular)
-ksille (allative plural)
-kseel (adessive singular)
-ksiil (adessive plural)
-kselt (ablative singular)
-ksilt (ablative plural)
-kseks (singular translative)
-ksiks (plural translative)
-ksennä (essive singular)
-kseen (essive singular)
-ksinnä (essive plural)
-ksiin (essive plural)
-ksent (exessive singular)
-ksint (exessive plural)

Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-s. Cognates include Finnish -s.


-s

jalka (“leg”) → jalkas (“your leg(s)”)

Used to mark the possession of the second person; thy, your


-s

chto (“who”) + -s → chtos (“someone”)

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun#English

appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *si. Cognates include Polish -ś and Slovincian -sz.


-s

first
Appendix:Latin first declension#English

suffix marking the nominative singular form of non-neuter nouns in declensions other than the first.

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-s. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ς (-s).


-s

(archaic) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.

(rare) Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns.

groot → wat groots

Used to form the partitive form of the adjective

Nacht → nachts

Inherited from Middle Low German -es, from Old Saxon -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns.


-s

From Old Irish -sa (first person singular) and -su (second person singular).


-s

Adverbial genitive ending, developed into the -ce at the end of some words

q

fossilized in <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">whilst</i>

English: -s(t) (fossilized in whilst), -ce (mostly fossilized in hence, thence, whence)


-s

habitual verb suffix
in verbal nouns: -er

in adjectival verbs, indicates that the subject is not singular


-s

golbma (“three”) + -s → golmmas (“group of three”)

Forms nouns from numbers, indicating a group.

-s (nominative singular)
-sat (nominative plural)
-sa (accusative singular)
-siid (accusative plural)
-sa (genitive singular)
-siid (genitive plural)
-sii (illative singular)
-siidda (illative plural)
-sis (locative singular)
-siin (locative plural)
-siin (comitative singular)
-siiguin (comitative plural)
-sin (essive)
-san (first-person possessive singular)
-seamẹ (dual first-person possessive)
-seamẹt (first-person plural possessive)
-sat (possessive second-person singular)
-seattẹ (dual possessive second-person)
-seattẹt (plural possessive second-person)
-sis (possessive singular third-person)
-seaskkạ (dual possessive third-person)
-seasẹt (plural possessive third-person)


-s

buorre (“good”) + -s → būres (“well”)

Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives.


-s

davvi (“north”) + -s → davás (“northwards”)

dálvi (“winter”) + -s → dálvvás (“for the winter”)

Forms adverbs indicating direction or a span of time.

Inherited from Proto-Samic *-ksë. Cognate with the Finnish translative ending -ksi.


-s

The ending of the locative singular case.

From a merger of two older case endings:
* Inessive, Proto-Samic *-snē. Cognate with Finnish -ssa.
* Elative, Proto-Samic *-stē. Cognate with Finnish -sta.


-s

Used to form the passive voice of verbs.

From Danish -s, from Old Norse -sk, a grammaticalisation of Proto-Germanic *sek (reflexive pronoun).


-s

Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.

From Danish -s, from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns.


-s

milde (“gentle, mild”) + -s → milts (“mercy”) (earlier milds)

līþe (“gentle, limber”) + -s → liss (“grace”) (earlier liþs)

cweþan (“to say, speak”) + -s → cwiss (“a saying”) (earlier cwiþs)

(often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants; may or may not cause i-mutation; often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants; may or may not cause i-mutation

-s (nominative singular)
-sa (nominative plural)
-se (nominative plural)
-se (accusative singular)
-sa (accusative plural)
-se (accusative plural)
-se (genitive singular)
-sa (genitive plural)
-se (dative singular)
-sum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-issju, *-ussju, from Proto-Germanic *-isjō, *-usjō.


-s

indicates a nominative singular of a masculine noun or adjective

indicates an oblique plural of a masculine noun or adjective

indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective

Middle French: -s

French: -s


-s

Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...

2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:

Did you notice her hair, it's dark and bright and soft...

used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives, especially those that end in vowels

-es

after certain consonants and nasal vowels


-s

foi mal (“sorry”) + -s → foi mals (“soz”)

grande coisa (“big deal”) + -s → grandes coisa (“biggie”)

valeu (“thank you”) + -s → valeus (“thanks”)

(Brazil, slang) used to form slangier forms of certain words


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-ksët (nominative plural)
-ksën (accusative singular)
-ksët (accusative plural)
-ksën (genitive singular)
-stën (genitive plural)
-ksidën (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-ksita (partitive plural)
-ksëssa (inessive singular)
-ksëhna (inessive singular)
-ksissa (inessive plural)
-ksihna (inessive plural)
-ksësta (elative singular)
-ksista (elative plural)
-ksësën (illative singular)
-ksisën (illative plural)
-ksëlla (adessive singular)
-ksilla (adessive plural)
-ksëlta (ablative singular)
-ksilta (ablative plural)
-ksëlën (allative singular)
-ksëlëk (allative singular)
-ksilën (allative plural)
-ksilëk (allative plural)
-ssa (essive singular)
-ksina (essive plural)
-ksëksi (singular translative)
-ksiksi (plural translative)
-ksën (instructive singular)
-ksin (instructive plural)
-ssëk (comitative singular)
-ksinëk (comitative plural)
-ksëtta (abessive singular)
-ksitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -s

Ingrian: -s


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-hët (nominative plural)
-hën (accusative singular)
-hët (accusative plural)
-hën (genitive singular)
-stën (genitive plural)
-hidën (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-hita (partitive plural)
-hëssa (inessive singular)
-hëhna (inessive singular)
-hissa (inessive plural)
-hihna (inessive plural)
-hësta (elative singular)
-hista (elative plural)
-hësën (illative singular)
-hisën (illative plural)
-hëlla (adessive singular)
-hilla (adessive plural)
-hëlta (ablative singular)
-hilta (ablative plural)
-hëlën (allative singular)
-hëlëk (allative singular)
-hilën (allative plural)
-hilëk (allative plural)
-ssa (essive singular)
-hina (essive plural)
-hëksi (singular translative)
-hiksi (plural translative)
-hën (instructive singular)
-hin (instructive plural)
-ssëk (comitative singular)
-hinëk (comitative plural)
-hëtta (abessive singular)
-hitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -as (with analogously re-extracted vowel)


-s

Finnish: -s

Either akin to the translative suffix *-ksi or alternatively from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-s (lative suffix).


-s

Derives feminine mobile-accented root nouns from roots.

-s (nominative singular)
é-s (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
é-es (nominative plural)
é- (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
é-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
é-m̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
é-m̥s (accusative plural)
-és (genitive singular)
Ø-és (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
Ø-óHom (genitive plural)
-és (ablative singular)
Ø-és (ablative singular)
-mós (ablative plural)
Ø-mós (ablative plural)
-éy (dative singular)
Ø-éy (dative singular)
-mós (dative plural)
Ø-mós (dative plural)
é- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
Ø-sú (locative plural)
-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-mís (instrumental plural)


-s

Derives feminine acrostatic root nouns from roots.

-s (nominative singular)
ó-s (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
ó-es (nominative plural)
ó- (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
ó-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
ó-m̥s (accusative plural)
-s (genitive singular)
é-s (genitive singular)
-oHom (genitive plural)
é-oHom (genitive plural)
-s (ablative singular)
é-s (ablative singular)
-mos (ablative plural)
é-mos (ablative plural)
-ey (dative singular)
é-ey (dative singular)
-mos (dative plural)
é-mos (dative plural)
é- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-su (locative plural)
é-su (locative plural)
é-h₁ (instrumental singular)
-mis (instrumental plural)
é-mis (instrumental plural)


-s

Derives neuter Narten-type acrostatic root nouns from roots.

-s (nominative singular)
ḗ-s (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
é-es (nominative plural)
é- (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
é-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
é-m̥ (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
é-m̥s (accusative plural)
-os (genitive singular)
é-os (genitive singular)
-ooHom (genitive plural)
é-ooHom (genitive plural)
-os (ablative singular)
é-os (ablative singular)
-omos (ablative plural)
é-omos (ablative plural)
-oey (dative singular)
é-oey (dative singular)
-omos (dative plural)
é-omos (dative plural)
-o (locative singular)
é-o (locative singular)
-oy (locative singular)
é-oy (locative singular)
-osu (locative plural)
é-osu (locative plural)
-omis (instrumental plural)
é-omis (instrumental plural)


-s

Derives masculine acrostatic root nouns with lengthened o-grade nominative singular from roots.

-s (nominative singular)
ṓ-s (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-es (nominative plural)
ó-es (nominative plural)
ó- (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-es (plural vocative)
ó-es (plural vocative)
-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó-m̥ (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-m̥s (accusative plural)
ó-m̥s (accusative plural)
-és (genitive singular)
e-és (genitive singular)
-óHom (genitive plural)
e-óHom (genitive plural)
-és (ablative singular)
e-és (ablative singular)
-mós (ablative plural)
e-mós (ablative plural)
-éy (dative singular)
e-éy (dative singular)
-mós (dative plural)
e-mós (dative plural)
ó- (locative singular)
-i (locative singular)
ó-i (locative singular)
-sú (locative plural)
e-sú (locative plural)
-éh₁ (instrumental singular)
-mís (instrumental plural)
e-mís (instrumental plural)

Ancient Greek: -ς (-s)

Latin: -s


-s

Proto-Georgian-Zan:

Old Georgian: -ს (-s)

Zan:

Laz: -ს (-s), -ზ (-z), -სო (-so)

Mingrelian: -ს (-s), -ც (-c)

Svan: -ს (-s)


-s

Qusqumantas kanki.

Inisqa qayna ñañantas watukusqan.

Inez visited her sister yesterday (so I heard).

Evidential suffix, second-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has not directly experienced the information at hand; hearsay


-s

amigo (“friend”) + -s → amigos (“friends”)

cocina (“kitchen”) + -s → cocinas (“kitchens”)

Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives which end in vowels.

Derived from the Latin accusative plural endings (-ās, -ōs, -ēs).


-s

Used to form genitive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.

Inherited from Old Swedish -s, from Old Norse -s, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with Danish -s. The frequent use of the suffix in written and modern colloquial Swedish is possibly the result of foreign influence, either Latin or Middle Low German.


-s

Bilen kör

Bilen körs

Bilen körde.

Bilen kördes.

Grisen äter.

Grisen äts.

Det är en rikedom att få älska och att älskas.

1995, Peter Grönvall, Maria Rådsten, Nanne Grönvall (lyrics and music), “Det vackraste [The most beautiful thing ["thing" from being nominalized]]”performed by Cecilia Vennersten:

It is a richness to get to love and to be loved.

(productive) Used to form the passive voice of verbs.

Jag mötte honom.

Vi möttes.

We met up. (literally, “We met each other.”)

Han slog mig.

Vi slogs.

We fought. (literally, “We hit each other.”)

(chiefly unproductive) Used to form the middle (reflexive and reciprocal) voice of verbs.

Var försiktig! Hästen sparkas.

Be careful! The horse kicks [has a disposition to kick].

Hunden bits.

Han knuffas mycket.

(by extension) Used with certain transitive verbs, but without an object, to indicate a habitual or natural action.

Inherited from Old Norse -sk, a grammaticalisation of Proto-Germanic *sek (reflexive pronoun).


-s

partner + -s → partners

fan + -s → fans

taco + -s → tacos

(chiefly colloquial, often proscribed) Used to form the plural form of some words, mostly loanwords


-s

söndag (“Sunday”) + -s → i söndags (“last Sunday”)

Used to derive some adverbs from nouns or adjectives

Originally from Old Swedish -s, a genitive suffix. Many of the examples are later analogically derived from each other.


-s

pwede + -s → pweds

(slang, generally humorous) suffix added in slang, especially in place of reduplication


-s

bàth (“bath”) + -s → baths (“baths”)

tomato (“tomato”) + -s → tomatos (“tomatoes”)

gwdihŵ (“owl”) + -s → gwdihŵs (“owls”)


-s

Nis gwelais erioed.

Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml.

That is a phrase which is not often heard. (literally, "There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often."

Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir.

The language is not alive unless it is used. (literally, "…unless one uses it.")

1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant.
But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.

(literary, otherwise obsolete) him, her, it, them

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”).