-o

áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + -o → afró!

báraz (“equal”, adverb) + -o → barazó! (“eqalize!”)

kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + -o → krahasó!

pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + -o → pastró! (“cleanse”)

zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + -o → zhurmó!

Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.


-o

kid + -o → kiddo

ugly + -o → uggo

Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’

1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:

A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.

Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.


-o

no problemo

(humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.


-o

Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.


-o

amiko (“friend”)

patro (“father”)

vorto (“word”)

Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)

kio (“what?, what”)

tio (“that”)

ĉio (“everything”)

io (“something”)

nenio (“nothing”)

* From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (окно (okno))
* Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
* Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.


-o

huutaa (“shout”) + -o → huuto (“shout”)

keittää (“boil, cook”) + -o → keitto (“cooking; soup”)

nähdä (“see”) + -o → näkö (“vision”) (ability to see)

Forms result or action nouns from verbs.

hilla (“cloudberry”) + -o → hillo (“jam”)

lehti (“leaf”) + -o → lehto (“grove”)

tasa (“level”) + -o → taso (“plane”)

Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.

head

-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö, linguistic notation -O)

-ö (front-vowel)
-o (nominative singular)
-ot (nominative plural)
-o (accusative nominative singular)
-ot (accusative nominative plural)
-on (accusative genitive singular)
-ot (accusative genitive plural)
-on (genitive singular)
-ojen (genitive plural)
-oa (partitive singular)
-oja (partitive plural)
-ossa (inessive singular)
-oissa (inessive plural)
-osta (elative singular)
-oista (elative plural)
-oon (illative singular)
-oihin (illative plural)
-olla (adessive singular)
-oilla (adessive plural)
-olta (ablative singular)
-oilta (ablative plural)
-olle (allative singular)
-oille (allative plural)
-ona (essive singular)
-oina (essive plural)
-oksi (singular translative)
-oiksi (plural translative)
-otta (abessive singular)
-oitta (abessive plural)
-oin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-oni (nominative singular)
-oni (nominative plural)
-oni (accusative nominative singular)
-oni (accusative nominative plural)
-oni (accusative genitive singular)
-oni (accusative genitive plural)
-oni (genitive singular)
-ojeni (genitive plural)
-oani (partitive singular)
-ojani (partitive plural)
-ossani (inessive singular)
-oissani (inessive plural)
-ostani (elative singular)
-oistani (elative plural)
-ooni (illative singular)
-oihini (illative plural)
-ollani (adessive singular)
-oillani (adessive plural)
-oltani (ablative singular)
-oiltani (ablative plural)
-olleni (allative singular)
-oilleni (allative plural)
-onani (essive singular)
-oinani (essive plural)
-okseni (singular translative)
-oikseni (plural translative)
-ottani (abessive singular)
-oittani (abessive plural)
-oineni (comitative plural)
-osi (nominative singular)
-osi (nominative plural)
-osi (accusative nominative singular)
-osi (accusative nominative plural)
-osi (accusative genitive singular)
-osi (accusative genitive plural)
-osi (genitive singular)
-ojesi (genitive plural)
-oasi (partitive singular)
-ojasi (partitive plural)
-ossasi (inessive singular)
-oissasi (inessive plural)
-ostasi (elative singular)
-oistasi (elative plural)
-oosi (illative singular)
-oihisi (illative plural)
-ollasi (adessive singular)
-oillasi (adessive plural)
-oltasi (ablative singular)
-oiltasi (ablative plural)
-ollesi (allative singular)
-oillesi (allative plural)
-onasi (essive singular)
-oinasi (essive plural)
-oksesi (singular translative)
-oiksesi (plural translative)
-ottasi (abessive singular)
-oittasi (abessive plural)
-oinesi (comitative plural)
-omme (nominative singular)
-omme (nominative plural)
-omme (accusative nominative singular)
-omme (accusative nominative plural)
-omme (accusative genitive singular)
-omme (accusative genitive plural)
-omme (genitive singular)
-ojemme (genitive plural)
-oamme (partitive singular)
-ojamme (partitive plural)
-ossamme (inessive singular)
-oissamme (inessive plural)
-ostamme (elative singular)
-oistamme (elative plural)
-oomme (illative singular)
-oihimme (illative plural)
-ollamme (adessive singular)
-oillamme (adessive plural)
-oltamme (ablative singular)
-oiltamme (ablative plural)
-ollemme (allative singular)
-oillemme (allative plural)
-onamme (essive singular)
-oinamme (essive plural)
-oksemme (singular translative)
-oiksemme (plural translative)
-ottamme (abessive singular)
-oittamme (abessive plural)
-oinemme (comitative plural)
-onne (nominative singular)
-onne (nominative plural)
-onne (accusative nominative singular)
-onne (accusative nominative plural)
-onne (accusative genitive singular)
-onne (accusative genitive plural)
-onne (genitive singular)
-ojenne (genitive plural)
-oanne (partitive singular)
-ojanne (partitive plural)
-ossanne (inessive singular)
-oissanne (inessive plural)
-ostanne (elative singular)
-oistanne (elative plural)
-oonne (illative singular)
-oihinne (illative plural)
-ollanne (adessive singular)
-oillanne (adessive plural)
-oltanne (ablative singular)
-oiltanne (ablative plural)
-ollenne (allative singular)
-oillenne (allative plural)
-onanne (essive singular)
-oinanne (essive plural)
-oksenne (singular translative)
-oiksenne (plural translative)
-ottanne (abessive singular)
-oittanne (abessive plural)
-oinenne (comitative plural)
-onsa (nominative singular)
-onsa (nominative plural)
-onsa (accusative nominative singular)
-onsa (accusative nominative plural)
-onsa (accusative genitive singular)
-onsa (accusative genitive plural)
-onsa (genitive singular)
-ojensa (genitive plural)
-oaan (partitive singular)
-oansa (partitive singular)
-ojaan (partitive plural)
-ojansa (partitive plural)
-ossaan (inessive singular)
-ossansa (inessive singular)
-oissaan (inessive plural)
-oissansa (inessive plural)
-ostaan (elative singular)
-ostansa (elative singular)
-oistaan (elative plural)
-oistansa (elative plural)
-oonsa (illative singular)
-oihinsa (illative plural)
-ollaan (adessive singular)
-ollansa (adessive singular)
-oillaan (adessive plural)
-oillansa (adessive plural)
-oltaan (ablative singular)
-oltansa (ablative singular)
-oiltaan (ablative plural)
-oiltansa (ablative plural)
-olleen (allative singular)
-ollensa (allative singular)
-oilleen (allative plural)
-oillensa (allative plural)
-onaan (essive singular)
-onansa (essive singular)
-oinaan (essive plural)
-oinansa (essive plural)
-okseen (singular translative)
-oksensa (singular translative)
-oikseen (plural translative)
-oiksensa (plural translative)
-ottaan (abessive singular)
-ottansa (abessive singular)
-oittaan (abessive plural)
-oittansa (abessive plural)
-oineen (comitative plural)
-oinensa (comitative plural)

Conflated:
* from Proto-Finnic *-o (forms action/result nouns), from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -a).
* from Proto-Finnic *-oi (variant/diminutive), from Proto-Uralic *-j (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.


-o

Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as vélo, resto < vélocipède, restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from -aud.


-o

(inflectional suffix) forms the locative case


-o

Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o.

From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.


-o

Used to form result or action nouns from verbs.

(rare) Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun.

-o (nominative singular)
-ot (nominative plural)
-on (genitive singular)
-oin (genitive plural)
-oloin (genitive plural)
-oa (partitive singular)
-oja (partitive plural)
-oloja (partitive plural)
-oo (illative singular)
-oi (illative plural)
-oloihe (illative plural)
-os (inessive singular)
-ois (inessive plural)
-olois (inessive plural)
-ost (elative singular)
-oist (elative plural)
-oloist (elative plural)
-olle (allative singular)
-oille (allative plural)
-oloille (allative plural)
-ol (adessive singular)
-oil (adessive plural)
-oloil (adessive plural)
-olt (ablative singular)
-oilt (ablative plural)
-oloilt (ablative plural)
-oks (singular translative)
-oiks (plural translative)
-oloiks (plural translative)
-onna (essive singular)
-oon (essive singular)
-oinna (essive plural)
-oloinna (essive plural)
-oin (essive plural)
-oloin (essive plural)
-ont (exessive singular)
-oint (exessive plural)
-oloint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-o. Cognates include Finnish -o.


-o

From Proto-Finnic *-oi. Cognates include Finnish -o.


-o

(productive) used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun, usually a deverbal

Inherited from Latin -us, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates action nouns from verbs).


-o

(not productive) used with a verb stem to form a past participle

it-pp

-o (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -a, masculine plural -i, feminine plural -e)

participle-forming suffix (past)
-a (feminine)
-e (feminine plural)


-o

(productive) used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-


-o

combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)

vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)

?cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)

centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)

mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)

Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)

Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:

forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.

aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)

incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)

cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō

cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō

vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō

catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō

conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)

(Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.

-ō (canonical masculine)
-ōnis (genitive)
-ō (nominative singular)
-ōnēs (nominative plural)
-ōnis (genitive singular)
-ōnum (genitive plural)
-ōnī (dative singular)
-ōnibus (dative plural)
-ōnem (accusative singular)
-ōnēs (accusative plural)
-ōne (ablative singular)
-ōnibus (ablative plural)
-ō (singular vocative)
-ōnēs (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: -on

French: -on
→ English: -oon

Italian: -one

Portuguese: -ão

Romanian: -oi, -oni

Sicilian: -uni, -una

Spanish: -ón

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂-der.
Latin -o
From Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f, -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.


-o

prīmus + -ō → prīmō

tūtus + -ō → tūtō

-ō (canonical)
-ius (comparative)
-issimō (superlative)

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.


-o

cūra + -ō → cūrō

dōnum + -ō → dōnō

laus (stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō

multa + -ō → multō

nūndinae + -or → nūndinor (deponent)

suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs

-ō (canonical)
-āre (infinitive present)
-āvī (active perfect)
-ātum (supine)
-ō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-ās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-at (active indicative present singular third-person)
-āmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-ant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-ābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-āvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-āvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-āt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-āvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-āmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-āvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-āram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-āverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-ārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-āverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-ārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-āverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-ārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-āverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-ārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-āverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-ārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-āverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-ārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-āveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-āverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-ārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-āverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-ārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-āveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-āverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-āssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-āssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-or (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-āris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-āre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-āmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-āminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-antur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-āberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-ātus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-āssor (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-āsseris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssitur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-em (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-et (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-ārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-ārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-ārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-āverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-āverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-ārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-āverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-āverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-ārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-āssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-āvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-āsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-āvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-āssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-āvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-āssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-āvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-āssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-er (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-ēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-ēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-entur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-ārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-ārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-āte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-antō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-āre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-āminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-antor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-āre (active imperative infinitive present)
-āvisse (active imperative infinitive perfect)
-āsse (active imperative infinitive perfect)
-ātūrum esse (active future imperative infinitive)
-ārī (imperative infinitive passive present)
-ārier (imperative infinitive passive present)
-ātum esse (imperative infinitive passive perfect)
-ātum īrī (future imperative infinitive passive)
-āns (active imperative participle present)
-ātūrus (active future imperative participle)
-ātus (imperative participle passive perfect)
-andus (future imperative participle passive)
-andī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
-ō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-ās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-at (active indicative present singular third-person)
-āmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-ant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-ābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-uī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-uistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-uit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-uimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-uistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-uērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-uēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-uerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-uerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-uerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-uerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-uerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-uerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-ueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-uerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-uerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-ueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-uerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-āssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-āssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-āssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-or (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-āris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-āre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-āmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-āminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-antur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-āberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-ātus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-āssor (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-āsseris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssitur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-em (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-et (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-ārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-āret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-ārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-uerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-uerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-uerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-uerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-uerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-uerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-uissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-uissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-uisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-uissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-uissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-uissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-āssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-āssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-āssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-āssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-āssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-er (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-ēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-ēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-ēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-entur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-ārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-ārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-āte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-antō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-āre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-āminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-antor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-āre (active imperative infinitive present)
-uisse (active imperative infinitive perfect)
-ātūrum esse (active future imperative infinitive)
-ārī (imperative infinitive passive present)
-ārier (imperative infinitive passive present)
-ātum esse (imperative infinitive passive perfect)
-ātum īrī (future imperative infinitive passive)
-āns (active imperative participle present)
-ātūrus (active future imperative participle)
-ātus (imperative participle passive perfect)
-andus (future imperative participle passive)
-andī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-andō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-ātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Asturian: -ar

Catalan: -ar

Italian: -are

Franco-Provençal: -ar

Friulian: -â

Occitan: -ar

desctree

Old French: -er, -ier
Middle French: -er
French: -er
Gallo: -ieu
→ Middle High German: -ieren
German: -ieren, -iren (obsolete, used alternatively until ca. 1900)
→ Bulgarian: -ирам (-iram)
→ Russian: -ировать (-irovatʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: -irati
Norman: -yi (Jersey)

Old Galician-Portuguese: -ar

Galician: -ar

Portuguese: -ar

Romanian: -a

Sardinian: -are

Sicilian: -ari

Spanish: -ar

Borrowings:

→ English: -ate

→ Ido: -ar

From Proto-Italic *-āō, from denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō). Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically:
* Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
* Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
* Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
* In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).


-o

com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)

prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs

-ō (canonical)
-āre (infinitive present)
-āvī (active perfect)
-ātum (supine)

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.


-o

-ō (canonical)
-ere (infinitive present)
-ī (active perfect)
-um (supine)
-ō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-is (active indicative present second-person singular)
-it (active indicative present singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-itis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-unt (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-am (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
-et (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ent (active future indicative plural third-person)
-ī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-istī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-it (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-istis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-ērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-eram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-erās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-erat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-erāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-erātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-erant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-erō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-eris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-erit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-erimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-eritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-erint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-is (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-it (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-imus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-itis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-int (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-or (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-eris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-itur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-imur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-iminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-untur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-ēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-entur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-us + present active indicative of sum (indicative passive perfect)
-us + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-or (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-eris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-itur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-am (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-ās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-at (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-āmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-erem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-erēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-eret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-erētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-erim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-erīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-erit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-erīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-erītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-issem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-issēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-isset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-issēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-issētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-issent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-im (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-īs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-īt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-īmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-ītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-int (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-ar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-āris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-āre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-ātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-āmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-āminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-antur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-erer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-erēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-erēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-erētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-erēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-erēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-erentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-us + present active subjunctive of sum (passive perfect subjunctive)
-e (active imperative present second-person singular)
-ite (active imperative plural present second-person)
-itō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-itō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-itōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-untō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-ere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-iminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-itor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-itor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-untor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-ere (active imperative infinitive present)
-isse (active imperative infinitive perfect)
-ūrum esse (active future imperative infinitive)
-ī (imperative infinitive passive present)
-um esse (imperative infinitive passive perfect)
-um īrī (future imperative infinitive passive)
-ēns (active imperative participle present)
-ūrus (active future imperative participle)
-us (imperative participle passive perfect)
-endus (future imperative participle passive)
-undus (future imperative participle passive)
-endī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-endō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-endum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-endō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-um (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-ū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:
# Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquo < *pékʷeti).
# Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti).


-o

dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us

Dative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey.
Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.


-o

Aplis m + -o → Aplo f

Baezus m + -o → Baezo f

Dasant- m + -o → Dasto f

Ditus m + -o → Dito f

Paius m + -o → Paio f

Vendes m + -o → Vendo f

form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia

-ō (canonical feminine)
-ōnis (genitive)

Borrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.


-o

Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.

Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).


-o

Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.

Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.


-o

namas + -o → namo


-o

-ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)


-o

rais (“rice”) + -o → raisso (“that rice over there, yon rice”)

Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)


-o

Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns

(non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns

(archaic, nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense


-o

-o (nominative singular)
-on (nominative plural)
-on (accusative singular)
-on (accusative plural)
-in (genitive singular)
-ono (genitive plural)
-in (dative singular)
-on (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: -e

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.


-o

From Proto-West Germanic *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *-jô.


-o

(Anglian, Kentish) Alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs


-o

forms the masculine of nouns and adjectives

Galician: -o

Portuguese: -o


-o

amar (“to love”) + -o → amo (“[I] love”)

querer (“to want”) + -o → quero (“[I] want”)

first-person singular
first-person singular#English

a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

Galician: -o

Portuguese: -o


-o

Middle High German: -e


-o

geban (“to give”) + -o → gëbo (“giver”)

sprehhan (“to speak”) + -o → sprëhho (“speaker”)

biotan (“to offer, send, command”) + -o → boto (“messenger”)

ziohan (“to pull, lead”) + -o → herizogo (“army leader”)

sagēn (“to say”) + -o → fora-sago (“prophet”)

used to form masculine agents from verbs

Middle High German: -e

German: -e

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).
In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).


-o

barzy + -o → barzo


-o

gevan (“to give”) + -o → gevo (“giver”)

beddi (“bed”) + -o → gibeddio (“bedfellow”)

used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns

Middle Low German: -e

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).


-o

beztroski + -o → beztrosko

dziad + -o → dziadzio

forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant


-o

forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.


-o

a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ar

comer (“to eat”) + -o → como (“[I] eat”)

a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -er

unir (“to unite”) + -o → uno (“[I] unite”)

a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ir

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō, -eō, -iō. Compare Galician and Spanish -o.


-o

Forms mainly diminutive nouns from nominal stems.

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-oi</i>

Finnish: -o (merged with *-oi)

Ingrian: -o

From Proto-Uralic *-w, originally specifically when attached to *-a- stems (as opposed to *-u), although the suffixes later came to be used more generally.


-o

Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns

Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives

Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs


-o

mamă (“mother”) + -o → mamo

focă (“seal”) + -o → foco

-e

used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns


-o

primjeran + -o → primjerno

naporan + -o → naporno

budan + -o → budno


-o

azafata (“female flight-attendant”) + -o → azafato (“male flight-attendant”)

Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun

Inherited from Latin -um, accusative of -us.


-o

first-person singular
first-person singular

suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs


-o

-penda (“to love”) + -o → upendo (“love”)

-enda (“to go”) + -o → mwendo (“motion”)

suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as -aji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix

[[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#M-wa class|wa class_((II))]], [[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#M-mi class|m class_((III))]], and [[Appendix:Swahili_noun_classes#U class|u class_((XI))]] relative marker

For a full table including first and second person


-o

Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao

(Can we date this quote?), K. Amri Abedi, Ukitaka moyo wangu:

If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you

nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes


-o

Inherited from Old Swedish -u, -o, from Old Norse -u.


-o

fylla (“drunkenness”) + -o → fyllo (“drunkard”)

fet (“fat”) + -o → fetto (“a fatty”)

snygg (“handsome”) + -o → snyggo (“handsome (noun)”)

puckad (“stupid”) + -o → pucko (“a stupid person”)

lycklig (“lucky, fortunate”) + -o → lyllo (“a fortunate person”)

(colloquial) Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent diminutive nuance.

* Possibly from Tavringer Romani -o, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. buro (“non-Traveller, farmer”), bölo (“bull”).


-o

-wise (in the matter of; with regard to)


-o

Dai + -o → Deio

Gwen + -o → Gwenno

Iorwerth + -o → Iolo


-o

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive


-o

-io

Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech

From Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃.