-ja

(colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.


-ja

-er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones

-ja (genitive)
-jat (partitive)
-ja (nominative singular)
-jad (nominative plural)
-ja (accusative nominative singular)
-jad (accusative nominative plural)
-ja (accusative genitive singular)
-jad (accusative genitive plural)
-ja (genitive singular)
-jate (genitive plural)
-jat (partitive singular)
-jaid (partitive plural)
-jasse (illative singular)
-jatesse (illative plural)
-jaisse (illative plural)
-jas (inessive singular)
-jates (inessive plural)
-jais (inessive plural)
-jast (elative singular)
-jatest (elative plural)
-jaist (elative plural)
-jale (allative singular)
-jatele (allative plural)
-jaile (allative plural)
-jal (adessive singular)
-jatel (adessive plural)
-jail (adessive plural)
-jalt (ablative singular)
-jatelt (ablative plural)
-jailt (ablative plural)
-jaks (singular translative)
-jateks (plural translative)
-jaiks (plural translative)
-jani (singular terminative)
-jateni (plural terminative)
-jana (essive singular)
-jatena (essive plural)
-jata (abessive singular)
-jateta (abessive plural)
-jaga (comitative singular)
-jatega (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.


-ja

sala "secretly" → salaja "secretly"


-ja

katsoa (“to watch”) + -ja → katsoja (“a watcher, spectator”)

tehdä (“to do”) + -ja → tekijä (“a doer; a writer, author, playwright; a factor”)

syyttää (“to blame”) + -ja → syyttäjä (“prosecutor”)

Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er

head

-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)

-jä (front-vowel)
-ja (nominative singular)
-jat (nominative plural)
-ja (accusative nominative singular)
-jat (accusative nominative plural)
-jan (accusative genitive singular)
-jat (accusative genitive plural)
-jan (genitive singular)
-joiden (genitive plural)
-joitten (genitive plural)
-jain (genitive plural rare)
-jaa (partitive singular)
-joita (partitive plural)
-jassa (inessive singular)
-joissa (inessive plural)
-jasta (elative singular)
-joista (elative plural)
-jaan (illative singular)
-joihin (illative plural)
-jalla (adessive singular)
-joilla (adessive plural)
-jalta (ablative singular)
-joilta (ablative plural)
-jalle (allative singular)
-joille (allative plural)
-jana (essive singular)
-joina (essive plural)
-jaksi (singular translative)
-joiksi (plural translative)
-jatta (abessive singular)
-joitta (abessive plural)
-join (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-jani (nominative singular)
-jani (nominative plural)
-jani (accusative nominative singular)
-jani (accusative nominative plural)
-jani (accusative genitive singular)
-jani (accusative genitive plural)
-jani (genitive singular)
-joideni (genitive plural)
-joitteni (genitive plural)
-jaini (genitive plural rare)
-jaani (partitive singular)
-joitani (partitive plural)
-jassani (inessive singular)
-joissani (inessive plural)
-jastani (elative singular)
-joistani (elative plural)
-jaani (illative singular)
-joihini (illative plural)
-jallani (adessive singular)
-joillani (adessive plural)
-jaltani (ablative singular)
-joiltani (ablative plural)
-jalleni (allative singular)
-joilleni (allative plural)
-janani (essive singular)
-joinani (essive plural)
-jakseni (singular translative)
-joikseni (plural translative)
-jattani (abessive singular)
-joittani (abessive plural)
-joineni (comitative plural)
-jasi (nominative singular)
-jasi (nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative nominative singular)
-jasi (accusative nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative genitive singular)
-jasi (accusative genitive plural)
-jasi (genitive singular)
-joidesi (genitive plural)
-joittesi (genitive plural)
-jaisi (genitive plural rare)
-jaasi (partitive singular)
-joitasi (partitive plural)
-jassasi (inessive singular)
-joissasi (inessive plural)
-jastasi (elative singular)
-joistasi (elative plural)
-jaasi (illative singular)
-joihisi (illative plural)
-jallasi (adessive singular)
-joillasi (adessive plural)
-jaltasi (ablative singular)
-joiltasi (ablative plural)
-jallesi (allative singular)
-joillesi (allative plural)
-janasi (essive singular)
-joinasi (essive plural)
-jaksesi (singular translative)
-joiksesi (plural translative)
-jattasi (abessive singular)
-joittasi (abessive plural)
-joinesi (comitative plural)
-jamme (nominative singular)
-jamme (nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative nominative singular)
-jamme (accusative nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative genitive singular)
-jamme (accusative genitive plural)
-jamme (genitive singular)
-joidemme (genitive plural)
-joittemme (genitive plural)
-jaimme (genitive plural rare)
-jaamme (partitive singular)
-joitamme (partitive plural)
-jassamme (inessive singular)
-joissamme (inessive plural)
-jastamme (elative singular)
-joistamme (elative plural)
-jaamme (illative singular)
-joihimme (illative plural)
-jallamme (adessive singular)
-joillamme (adessive plural)
-jaltamme (ablative singular)
-joiltamme (ablative plural)
-jallemme (allative singular)
-joillemme (allative plural)
-janamme (essive singular)
-joinamme (essive plural)
-jaksemme (singular translative)
-joiksemme (plural translative)
-jattamme (abessive singular)
-joittamme (abessive plural)
-joinemme (comitative plural)
-janne (nominative singular)
-janne (nominative plural)
-janne (accusative nominative singular)
-janne (accusative nominative plural)
-janne (accusative genitive singular)
-janne (accusative genitive plural)
-janne (genitive singular)
-joidenne (genitive plural)
-joittenne (genitive plural)
-jainne (genitive plural rare)
-jaanne (partitive singular)
-joitanne (partitive plural)
-jassanne (inessive singular)
-joissanne (inessive plural)
-jastanne (elative singular)
-joistanne (elative plural)
-jaanne (illative singular)
-joihinne (illative plural)
-jallanne (adessive singular)
-joillanne (adessive plural)
-jaltanne (ablative singular)
-joiltanne (ablative plural)
-jallenne (allative singular)
-joillenne (allative plural)
-jananne (essive singular)
-joinanne (essive plural)
-jaksenne (singular translative)
-joiksenne (plural translative)
-jattanne (abessive singular)
-joittanne (abessive plural)
-joinenne (comitative plural)
-jansa (nominative singular)
-jansa (nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative nominative singular)
-jansa (accusative nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative genitive singular)
-jansa (accusative genitive plural)
-jansa (genitive singular)
-joidensa (genitive plural)
-joittensa (genitive plural)
-jainsa (genitive plural rare)
-jaansa (partitive singular)
-joitaan (partitive plural)
-joitansa (partitive plural)
-jassaan (inessive singular)
-jassansa (inessive singular)
-joissaan (inessive plural)
-joissansa (inessive plural)
-jastaan (elative singular)
-jastansa (elative singular)
-joistaan (elative plural)
-joistansa (elative plural)
-jaansa (illative singular)
-joihinsa (illative plural)
-jallaan (adessive singular)
-jallansa (adessive singular)
-joillaan (adessive plural)
-joillansa (adessive plural)
-jaltaan (ablative singular)
-jaltansa (ablative singular)
-joiltaan (ablative plural)
-joiltansa (ablative plural)
-jalleen (allative singular)
-jallensa (allative singular)
-joilleen (allative plural)
-joillensa (allative plural)
-janaan (essive singular)
-janansa (essive singular)
-joinaan (essive plural)
-joinansa (essive plural)
-jakseen (singular translative)
-jaksensa (singular translative)
-joikseen (plural translative)
-joiksensa (plural translative)
-jattaan (abessive singular)
-jattansa (abessive singular)
-joittaan (abessive plural)
-joittansa (abessive plural)
-joineen (comitative plural)
-joinensa (comitative plural)
-ja (nominative singular)
-jat (nominative plural)
-ja (accusative nominative singular)
-jat (accusative nominative plural)
-jan (accusative genitive singular)
-jat (accusative genitive plural)
-jan (genitive singular)
-jien (genitive plural)
-jain (genitive plural rare)
-jaa (partitive singular)
-jia (partitive plural)
-jassa (inessive singular)
-jissa (inessive plural)
-jasta (elative singular)
-jista (elative plural)
-jaan (illative singular)
-jiin (illative plural)
-jalla (adessive singular)
-jilla (adessive plural)
-jalta (ablative singular)
-jilta (ablative plural)
-jalle (allative singular)
-jille (allative plural)
-jana (essive singular)
-jina (essive plural)
-jaksi (singular translative)
-jiksi (plural translative)
-jatta (abessive singular)
-jitta (abessive plural)
-jin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-jani (nominative singular)
-jani (nominative plural)
-jani (accusative nominative singular)
-jani (accusative nominative plural)
-jani (accusative genitive singular)
-jani (accusative genitive plural)
-jani (genitive singular)
-jieni (genitive plural)
-jaini (genitive plural rare)
-jaani (partitive singular)
-jiani (partitive plural)
-jassani (inessive singular)
-jissani (inessive plural)
-jastani (elative singular)
-jistani (elative plural)
-jaani (illative singular)
-jiini (illative plural)
-jallani (adessive singular)
-jillani (adessive plural)
-jaltani (ablative singular)
-jiltani (ablative plural)
-jalleni (allative singular)
-jilleni (allative plural)
-janani (essive singular)
-jinani (essive plural)
-jakseni (singular translative)
-jikseni (plural translative)
-jattani (abessive singular)
-jittani (abessive plural)
-jineni (comitative plural)
-jasi (nominative singular)
-jasi (nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative nominative singular)
-jasi (accusative nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative genitive singular)
-jasi (accusative genitive plural)
-jasi (genitive singular)
-jiesi (genitive plural)
-jaisi (genitive plural rare)
-jaasi (partitive singular)
-jiasi (partitive plural)
-jassasi (inessive singular)
-jissasi (inessive plural)
-jastasi (elative singular)
-jistasi (elative plural)
-jaasi (illative singular)
-jiisi (illative plural)
-jallasi (adessive singular)
-jillasi (adessive plural)
-jaltasi (ablative singular)
-jiltasi (ablative plural)
-jallesi (allative singular)
-jillesi (allative plural)
-janasi (essive singular)
-jinasi (essive plural)
-jaksesi (singular translative)
-jiksesi (plural translative)
-jattasi (abessive singular)
-jittasi (abessive plural)
-jinesi (comitative plural)
-jamme (nominative singular)
-jamme (nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative nominative singular)
-jamme (accusative nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative genitive singular)
-jamme (accusative genitive plural)
-jamme (genitive singular)
-jiemme (genitive plural)
-jaimme (genitive plural rare)
-jaamme (partitive singular)
-jiamme (partitive plural)
-jassamme (inessive singular)
-jissamme (inessive plural)
-jastamme (elative singular)
-jistamme (elative plural)
-jaamme (illative singular)
-jiimme (illative plural)
-jallamme (adessive singular)
-jillamme (adessive plural)
-jaltamme (ablative singular)
-jiltamme (ablative plural)
-jallemme (allative singular)
-jillemme (allative plural)
-janamme (essive singular)
-jinamme (essive plural)
-jaksemme (singular translative)
-jiksemme (plural translative)
-jattamme (abessive singular)
-jittamme (abessive plural)
-jinemme (comitative plural)
-janne (nominative singular)
-janne (nominative plural)
-janne (accusative nominative singular)
-janne (accusative nominative plural)
-janne (accusative genitive singular)
-janne (accusative genitive plural)
-janne (genitive singular)
-jienne (genitive plural)
-jainne (genitive plural rare)
-jaanne (partitive singular)
-jianne (partitive plural)
-jassanne (inessive singular)
-jissanne (inessive plural)
-jastanne (elative singular)
-jistanne (elative plural)
-jaanne (illative singular)
-jiinne (illative plural)
-jallanne (adessive singular)
-jillanne (adessive plural)
-jaltanne (ablative singular)
-jiltanne (ablative plural)
-jallenne (allative singular)
-jillenne (allative plural)
-jananne (essive singular)
-jinanne (essive plural)
-jaksenne (singular translative)
-jiksenne (plural translative)
-jattanne (abessive singular)
-jittanne (abessive plural)
-jinenne (comitative plural)
-jansa (nominative singular)
-jansa (nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative nominative singular)
-jansa (accusative nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative genitive singular)
-jansa (accusative genitive plural)
-jansa (genitive singular)
-jiensa (genitive plural)
-jainsa (genitive plural rare)
-jaansa (partitive singular)
-jiaan (partitive plural)
-jiansa (partitive plural)
-jassaan (inessive singular)
-jassansa (inessive singular)
-jissaan (inessive plural)
-jissansa (inessive plural)
-jastaan (elative singular)
-jastansa (elative singular)
-jistaan (elative plural)
-jistansa (elative plural)
-jaansa (illative singular)
-jiinsa (illative plural)
-jallaan (adessive singular)
-jallansa (adessive singular)
-jillaan (adessive plural)
-jillansa (adessive plural)
-jaltaan (ablative singular)
-jaltansa (ablative singular)
-jiltaan (ablative plural)
-jiltansa (ablative plural)
-jalleen (allative singular)
-jallensa (allative singular)
-jilleen (allative plural)
-jillensa (allative plural)
-janaan (essive singular)
-janansa (essive singular)
-jinaan (essive plural)
-jinansa (essive plural)
-jakseen (singular translative)
-jaksensa (singular translative)
-jikseen (plural translative)
-jiksensa (plural translative)
-jattaan (abessive singular)
-jattansa (abessive singular)
-jittaan (abessive plural)
-jittansa (abessive plural)
-jineen (comitative plural)
-jinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).


-ja

Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.


-ja

ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)

(with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …

Possessive (and genitive) suffix:
his, her, its …

Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)

(with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)

a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)

(with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)

Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el.

S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.

(with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)

Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád.

We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.

(with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)

jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)

legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

(mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)

Possessive (and genitive) suffix:
of …, out of … (partitive sense)

-ja (nominative singular)
-ját (accusative singular)
-jának (dative singular)
-jával (instrumental singular)
-jáért (causal-final singular)
-jává (singular translative)
-jáig (singular terminative)
-jaként (essive-formal singular)
-jául (essive-modal singular)
-jában (inessive singular)
-ján (singular superessive)
-jánál (adessive singular)
-jába (illative singular)
-jára (singular sublative)
-jához (allative singular)
-jából (elative singular)
-járól (delative singular)
-jától (ablative singular)
-jáé (singular)
-jáéi (singular)


-ja

tud (“to know”) + -ja → tudja (“he/she knows”)

Tudja, hogy mit akar.

tartalmaz (“to contain”) + -ja → tartalmazza (“it contains [that]”)

tart (“to hold, keep”) + -ja → tartja (“[formal] you are holding/keeping [him/her/it] or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it]”)

(personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):

megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg!

“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”

tartalmaz (“to contain”) + -ja → tartalmazza!

“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”

tart (“to hold, keep”) + -ja → tartsa!

“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”


-ja

kirjuttaa (“to write”) + -ja → kirjuttaja (“writer”)

Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er

-Vja (nominative singular)
-Vjat (nominative plural)
-Vjan (genitive singular)
-Vjiin (genitive plural)
-Vjaa (partitive singular)
-Vjia (partitive plural)
-Vjaa (illative singular)
-Vjii (illative plural)
-Vjas (inessive singular)
-Vjis (inessive plural)
-Vjast (elative singular)
-Vjist (elative plural)
-Vjalle (allative singular)
-Vjille (allative plural)
-Vjal (adessive singular)
-Vjil (adessive plural)
-Vjalt (ablative singular)
-Vjilt (ablative plural)
-Vjaks (singular translative)
-Vjiks (plural translative)
-Vjanna (essive singular)
-Vjaan (essive singular)
-Vjinna (essive plural)
-Vjiin (essive plural)
-Vjant (exessive singular)
-Vjint (exessive plural)
-ija (nominative singular)
-ijat (nominative plural)
-ijan (genitive singular)
-ijoin (genitive plural)
-ijaa (partitive singular)
-ijoja (partitive plural)
-ijaa (illative singular)
-ijoihe (illative plural)
-ijaas (inessive singular)
-ijois (inessive plural)
-ijast (elative singular)
-ijoist (elative plural)
-ijalle (allative singular)
-ijoille (allative plural)
-ijaal (adessive singular)
-ijoil (adessive plural)
-ijalt (ablative singular)
-ijoilt (ablative plural)
-ijaks (singular translative)
-ijoiks (plural translative)
-ijanna (essive singular)
-ijaan (essive singular)
-ijoinna (essive plural)
-ijoin (essive plural)
-ijant (exessive singular)
-ijoint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.


-ja

nai- + -ja → naija

vee- + -ja → veejä

From Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognate with Finnish -da.


-ja

Alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j.


-ja

Alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.

-i

From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).


-ja

Estonian: -ja

Finnish: -ja

Ingrian: -ja

Karelian:

North Karelian: -ja

South Karelian: -ja

Livonian: -ji

Livvi: -i

Ludian: -i

Veps: -i

Võro: -ja, -j

Votic: -ja

From Proto-Uralic *-ja, which was originally a participle ending in Proto-Uralic. Related to Proto-Samic *-jē.


-ja

Forms nouns, mainly place names or other locative nouns, from nominal stems.

q

>? Finnish: -ja (in toponyms like Kytäjä, Lohtaja, Ypäjä)

Estonian: -ja (in dialectal edaja < *etä-jäk), possibly the same suffix as -ja in salaja

Finnish: -ia (in kahtia, kotia...)

>? Livonian: -i (in kuodāi < *kota-jak, if not *kota-jën)

Finnish: -alla, -alle, -alta (probably at least partially)

Probably cognate with Komi-Zyrian -я (-ja) (in e.g. дыря (dyra)) and Udmurt -я (-ja) (in e.g. дыря (dyra)), in which case from Proto-Finno-Permic *-ja. Compare the illative suffix *-jen (found in e.g. some Estonian dialects and cognate with Proto-Samic *-jën).


-ja

sěťi (“to cut, mow, chop”) → *sěča (“chopping, cutting”)

žędati (“to be thirsty”) → *žęďa (“thirst”)

pręsti (“to spin”) → *pręďa (“yarn”)

nomina instrumenti
nomen instrumenti#English

Suffix creating feminine action nouns, usually concretized in nomina instrumenti and nomina acti.

loviti → *lovľa

grabiti → *grabľa

gorditi → *gorďa

xoditi → *xoďa

suxъ (“dry”) → *suša (“drought”)

gǫstъ (“dense”) → *gǫšča (“thicket; slurry, sludge; something dense or densely arranged”)

mok- (“wet”) → *moča (“wetness”)

světъ (“light, brightness”) → *svěťa (“candle”)

koza (“goat”) → *koža (“skin, leather”)

duxъ (“spirit”) → *duša (“soul”)

tьstь (“father in law”) → *tьšča (“mother in law”)

gospodь (“lord, master”) → *gospoďa (“lady, mistress”)

zemь → *zemľa

-ja (nominative singular)
-ji (dual nominative)
-ję̇ (nominative plural)
-ję̇ (genitive singular)
-ju (dual genitive)
-jь (genitive plural)
-ji (dative singular)
-jama (dative dual)
-jamъ (dative plural)
-jǫ (accusative singular)
-ji (accusative dual)
-ję̇ (accusative plural)
-jejǫ (instrumental singular)
-jǫ (instrumental singular)
-jama (dual instrumental)
-jami (instrumental plural)
-ji (locative singular)
-ju (dual locative)
-jasъ (locative plural)
-jaxъ (locative plural)
-je (singular vocative)
-ji (dual vocative)
-ję̇ (plural vocative)
*-ťa (alternative)
verbs ending in -V- (alternative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -ia and -ja.


-ja

Proto-Mordvinic: *-ja

Erzya: -я (-ja)

Proto-Samic: *-jē (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *-ja (see there for further descendants)


-ja

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.


-ja

forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?


-ja

expresses complaint about the term it attaches to